282 10 3494 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 852 Title A name given to the resource The Errors of Noun Case Morphemes (suffixes) Kyrgyz Students make While Learning Turkish Language of Turkey and Solutions to them (Kırgızların Türkiye Türkçesi Öğrenirken Ad Durum Biçimbirimleriyle İlgili Yaptıkları Hatalar ve Çözüm Önerileri) Author Author Gul Banu , Duman Abstract A summary of the resource. Teaching Turkish as foreign language is a new and rapidly developing area. Everyone agrees that teaching Turkish to cognate Turks and teaching Turkish to the foreigners of Turkish is different from each other in various aspects. Despite this acceptance, preparing special books for cognate Turk is not still enough .In other words, the realty, which we should prepare different course books and materials for cognate Turks, is not taken seriously into consideration, unfortunately. While teaching Turkish as foreign language, each grammatical unit must be examined separately and the common error should be corrected via intensive exercises. In this study, we have detected the errors of noun case morphemes Kirghiz students who are learning Turkish make. Then, we tried to find out the causes of these errors and we seek solutions to eliminate them. In this way we aimed to help the teachers who are teaching Turkish language in Kyrgyzstan. The errors that the students make are limited as “the errors in theme of noun case morphemes” and they were analyzed in this study Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/84432e46baa15f7477548acb0ff56f8e.pdf 42c9fd93f5727dceb19f1e715d10081e PDF Text Text     Journal of Economic and Social Studies The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria Monika Moraliyska University of National and World Economy Bulgaria mmoraliyska@unwe.bg Abstract:   The EU cohesion policy has been a major driver of change in the Member States, leading to positive effects as growth in employment, economic development and modern infrastructure. Since its EU accession in 2007, Bulgaria has been benefiting from the Union’s investment and structural funds at an increasing speed. Research shows that not only these funds contribute significantly to the Bulgarian economy, but they seem to be its major driver. Without them, the country would have recorded a zero growth in the EU’s financial framework 2007-2013, and could be dumped in an economic and social crisis. This paper explores the informational sources that assess the influence of the EU cohesion policy and its effects on Bulgaria. The goal of the paper is to make objective conclusions about the impact of the EU cohesion policy on the Bulgarian economy and how it has affected the level of economic and social cohesion between the country’s regions and the most advanced EU regions. For that purpose, the method of comparative analysis is applied, as well as a historical analysis..   Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Keywords:  EU Cohesion policy, Bulgaria, regional economic development JEL Classification: 05, F36, H77 Article History Submitted: 16 February, 2017 Resubmitted: 15 June 2017 Accepted: 11 September 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECO SS17713 5 �Monika Moraliyska   Introduction Overview of the EU’s Cohesion Policy The cohesion policy of the European Union aims to support the job creation, business competitiveness, economic growth, sustainable development, and overall quality of life in the European regions and cities. It is implemented through three main funds: the European Regional Development Fund, the Cohesion Fund and the European Social Fund. Together with the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund, they make up the European Structural and investment funds. These funds invest in different areas with the common objective to reduce the economic and social disparities among the EU Member States. The cohesion policy complements the other EU policies dealing with education, employment, energy, research and innovation, the environment, the single market and the like. The budget of the Cohesion Policy for 2014-2020 is 351.8 billion euros - one third of the EU’s total budget, which puts it on the second place after the Union’s Common Agricultural Policy. The EU’s regions (on NUTS2 leveli) are classified as “less developed” (in which the GDP per capita is less than 75 percent of the EU average), “in transition” (in which the GDP per capita is 75-90 percent of the EU average) and “more developed” (in which the GDP per capita exceeds 90 percent of the EU average). The European Union can provide 50-85 percent of the total financing of a project, with the poorest regions getting the highest co-financing rates. The potential beneficiaries of the funds include public institutions, companies, universities and nongovernmental organizations. For 2014-2020 the largest portion of the funds - 182 billion euros - will be used for the “less developed” regions, which represent 27% of the population in the EU. These include the bigger part of Poland, the Baltic States, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Portugal, as well as southern Italy and northern Greece. For many of these countries, the cohesion instruments are a key part of their economies (especially Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary). The EU’s cohesion policy is very important because it is the investment framework needed to meet the goals of the Europe 2020. 6 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria     Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth in the Union. It is the EU's major investment tool for creating growth and jobs, tackling climate change and energy dependence, and for reducing poverty and social exclusion. This policy underpins the European solidarity, because the bigger part of its funding is concentrated on less developed countries and regions to help them catch up and its goal is to reduce the economic, social and territorial disparities in the Union. In addition to that, the EU’s cohesion policy cushioned Member States from the worst effects of the economic and financial crisis. It also was of critical importance at a time of sustained fiscal consolidation and according to estimates, without it the much-needed public investment in the less developed Member States would have collapsed by an additional 45% during the crisis (European Commission, 2014a). The EU’s cohesion policy is also considered as a catalyst for further public and private funding, because it obliges Member States to co-finance the projects with funds from their national budgets, and also provokes investors’ confidence. The EU’s cohesion policy is also criticized. The main argument for its existence is that the funding it provides would eventually raise the different regions in the EU to the same level of economic development. But it seems like after decades of integration and billions of euros' worth of EU investment, a very modest level of economic cohesion in Europe is achieved. The reasons for the limited positive impact of the EU’s cohesion funds on the economic and social coherence of the Union are different. A major problem in numerous of the Member States is the high level of corruption, which prevent cohesion funds from being exploited exactly where they would be most useful. Besides that, Member States in many countries, particularly those in Southern and Eastern Europe, still experience difficulties in absorbing these funds. In some cases, the national and local authorities lack the know-how and institutional framework to successfully apply for these funds, while in others the countries lack the capacity to co-finance the projects supported by the European Union. Some experts think that the EU’s cohesion policy is too complex and lacks clear goals, and that the monitoring of the absorption of these funds has been controversial, because a full control of the use of the money is impossible (Stratfor, 2015). There are often cases of corruption, where state officials in Member States are bribed to award EU-financed contracts. In other cases, firms report inflated costs. There are also cases when infrastructure projects are undertaken just because money is available, and they are consequently abandoned for lack of use. Volume 7 | Issue 1 | 7 �Monika Moraliyska   The future development of the EU’s cohesion is unknown, as due to the expected Brexit, the estimated budget of the Union is going to be decreased significantly, and the discussions between the Member States are likely to lead to a decision towards cutting particularly the cohesion policy’s budget. Taking other conditions as equal, the biggest challenge would be to ensure that its resources are used in the most efficient way, helping the Member States to emerge from the continuing crisis and the least developed countries to catch up faster with the others. With a budget of over €450 billion (including national co-financing) for 2014 - 2020, the European cohesion policy is expected to continue to be the main investment tool of the Union and to make the largest contribution for supporting the SMEs, R&D and innovation, education, low carbon economy, the environment, the fight against unemployment and social exclusion, the infrastructure and Europe 2020 Strategy’s objectives for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Several sources provide information on the European cohesion policy’s effects and the extent to which it is successful in achieving these objectives. Firstly, there is quantitative information on the direct outcomes of the projects and measures monitored by the Managing Authorities responsible for the programs. These indicators are in the form either of the output produced (f.e. number of new businesses supported to start up) or the results which they brought to (f.e. the time/travel costs saved as a result of a new road opened). Secondly, there are evaluations of particular programs, which assess the effectiveness of the funding provided in achieving both the immediate objective of the measure and the wider aim of strengthening the development potential of the places concerned. Thirdly, there is an empirical evidence from the macroeconomic models that simulate how the economies function to estimate the effect of the Cohesion Policy, mainly in terms of main economic indicators, f.e. GDP, employment and trade. This they do by simulating the way the economy would have developed in the absence of the Cohesion Policy. There is also research (mainly econometric models) of independent organizations. Key Effects of the EU Cohesion Policy in the Period 2007 - 2013 The European Commission has analyzed the effects of the EU cohesion policy for the programming period 2007 - 2013 and concluded that it has substantially contributed to the investments in growth and employment in the Member States, especially when they cut spending in order to balance their budgets in times of crisis. The Commission’s estimates show that without the EU Cohesion policy the investments in the most-affected by the economic crisis Member States would have 8 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria     fallen by additional 50%, particularly in the Member States, which count significantly on the EU financing. In some of them the cohesion funding represents more than 60% of their public investment budget – Slovakia (over 90%), Hungary (less than 90%), Bulgaria (over 80%), followed by Lithuania, Estonia, Malta, Latvia, Poland and Portugal (European Commission, 2014b). Therefore in 2013, the Commission acted on the crisis by redirecting some of the cohesion funds - more than EUR 45 billion, to support measures against unemployment and social exclusion and in favor of research, business support, sustainable energy, social and education infrastructure. The empiric evidence suggests that the Cohesion policy funds have had a significant positive impact on the economic and social development of the EU Member States and brought to numerous positive effects in the programming period 2007-2013. In the first place, the cohesion policy of the EU has led to the creation of jobs and economic growth. The income has increased in the poorest EU regions with GDP per capita growing in these areas from 60.5 % in 2007 to 62.7 % of the EU average in 2010 (European Commission, 2016a). As a direct result of the cohesion policy, 769,900 new jobs were created in 20072013 (Figure 1), and 2.4 million participants in ESF actions supporting access to employment found a job within 6 months in 2007-2010 (European Commission, 2014b). In addition to that 225,560 small and medium-sized enterprises received direct investment aid and more than 274,000 jobs were created in SMEs. 97,640 start-ups were supported (Figure 2). Figure 1: Number of EU Aggregate Jobs Created by the Cohesion policy   Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Figure 2: Number of Start-Ups Supported by the Cohesion policy   9 �Monika Moraliyska   Positive effects were also created by the 72,920 research projects that were supported, and the 35,125 new long-term research jobs that were created. 27,800 co-operation projects were financed, and 5 million more EU citizens were covered by broadband connectivity. Concerning the environment, 11,050 projects connected with the cities’ sustainability were financed. Water supply systems were modernised, benefiting 4.2 million citizens (Figure 3). In terms of transport infrastructure, 3,752 km new roads were built (Figure 4) and 20,104 km were reconstructed. Also 335 km of railways were built and 3,128 km were reconstructed. In addition to that, more than 5.5 million citizens were served by waste water projects. Figure 3: Number of People Served by Water Projects Financed by the Cohesion Policy Source: European Commission, Regional Policy, https://cohesiondata.ec.europa.eu/en/dataset/CoreIndicators-2007-2013-EU-Water-projects-Chart/vziv5wz2 Figure 4: Km of New Roads Built by the Cohesion Policy Source: European Commission, Regional Policy, https://cohesiondata.ec.europa.eu/en/dataset/CoreIndicators-2007-2013-EU-new-roads-Chart/kb97-pmsd Monfort, Piculescu, Rillaers, Stryczynski, and Varga (2017), cited by the latest European Commission’s paper assessing the EU cohesion and rural development policies during the period 2007 - 2013 and their impact on the European economyii, provide further evidence that the cohesion and structural funds brought significant gains and contributed to the achievement of a more balanced structure of the Member States’ economies. The effects have resulted in increased GDP, which was on average 4.1% higher in the countries that joined the EU after 2004. The highest impact was found in Hungary (+ 5.3%), Latvia (+ 5.1%) and Poland (+4.3%)iii. Other positive effects in the long-term are associated with a significant positive impact on the factors’ productivity, as a result of the direct investments in technology but also because of the improved business conditions encouraging investment in tangible and intangible assets. 10 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria     Economic and Social Cohesion of the Bulgarian Regions Even though the EU’s cohesion policy is contributing to the growth goals of the Europe 2020 Strategy by creating jobs and reducing disparities across Europe, it is far from reaching its goals and the case of Bulgaria is an example that illustrates this policy’s low efficiency. Even though the legislative framework of Bulgaria’s regional policy is harmonized with the Europe’s ten years after the country became an EU member, it hasn’t shown a big progress in reaching even the EU average levels. The comparison covers both – the economic development in terms of GDP and the social development measured by the Social Progress Index (SPI). The comparison of the Bulgaria’s six NUTS 2 regions to the EU28 average in terms of generated GDP as purchasing power per inhabitant shows that the poorest region in Bulgaria (and in the whole EU), Severozapaden region (Northwest region), is under one third of the EU average, and almost 7 times less than the richest one – the region of Hamburg, Germany (Table 1). Table 1: GDP by Selected NUTS 2 Regions in the EU in 2014 Country Severozapaden Yuzhen tsentralen Severen tsentralen Severoiztochen Yugoiztochen Yugozapaden European Union (28 countries) Wien Noord-Holland Praha Île de France Hamburg Code Gross domestic product at current market prices (Purchasing Power Standard per inhabitant, Euro) BG31 BG42 BG32 BG33 BG34 BG41 EU28 8,200 8,700 9,300 10,800 10,800 20,600 27,500 Gross domestic product at current market prices (Purchasing Power Standards per inhabitant in percentage of the EU average) 30 32 34 39 39 75 100 AT13 NL32 CZ01 FR10 DE60 43,500 44,300 47,500 49,000 56,600 158 161 173 178 206 Source: Eurostat, 2016 At the same time, the draft version of the regional Social Progress Indexiv shows significant variations within and between EU Member States in terms of access to Volume 7 | Issue 1 | 11 �Monika Moraliyska   health care, quality and affordability of housing, personal safety, access to higher education, environmental pollution, etc. The SPI is an aggregate index of 50 social and environmental indicators that capture three dimensions of social progress: Basic Human Needs, Foundations of Wellbeing, and Opportunity. The index framework is identical to the one of the global SPI. It includes all 272 European regions and scores absolute performance on a 0-100 scale for each of the indicators included to measure the twelve social and environmental (not economic) indicatorsv. The Southeasteuropean states, among which the Bulgarian ones are, are among the most undeveloped in social terms (Figure 5). Figure 5: Map of the SPIin the EU in 2016 Gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant, in purchasing power standard (PPS) Gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant, in purchasing power standard (PPS), by NUTS level 2 region, 2013 (% of the EU-28 average, EU-28 = 100) (¹) Source: European Commission, 2016b. The SPI is the lowest in Bulgaria and Romania. The Bulgarian Southeast region has the lowest SPI value (38,7), less than half of the highest value of 81,3 in Övre Norrland, Sweden (Table 2). 12 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria     Table 2: Social Progress Index in selected EU regions (NUTS2) in 2016 Region’s Region’s name Basic Foundation Opportunity ID BG34 Yugoiztochen 42.5 45.8 28.8 EU SPI 38.7 BG31 Severozapaden 44.7 47.0 28.0 39.4 RO31 Sud - Muntenia 43.9 43.3 35.8 40.9 RO22 Sud-Est 43.3 45.5 37.2 41.9 RO21 Nord-Est 43.4 42.3 41.8 42.5 BG42 Yuzhen tsentralen 47.9 49.7 32.7 43.1 BG33 Severoiztochen 46.3 46.7 40.4 44.4 BG32 Severen tsentralen 47.3 49.3 38.7 45.0 RO41 Sud-Vest Oltenia 47.9 45.9 42.2 45.3 RO11 Nord-Vest 49.1 47.9 45.6 47.5 RO12 Centru 51.2 50.1 44.0 48.4 ITF3 Campania 62.0 48.1 37.3 48.6 RO42 Vest 51.9 49.4 45.5 48.9 ITG1 Sicilia 62.0 49.6 37.1 49.1 BG41 Yugozapaden 52.7 54.8 41.3 49.4 FI20 Åland …………. 88.6 72.8 79.8 80.3 DK04 Midtjylland 87.6 73.2 80.3 80.3 FI1B Helsinki-Uusimaa 84.6 74.0 82.6 80.4 DK01 Hovedstaden 86.6 71.9 84.6 80.9 SE33 Övre Norrland 89.4 73.9 81.0 81.3 Source: European Commission, 2016b It is also evident that all six Bulgarian regions are among the 15 least developed regions in the EU in terms of social progress. This is an indisputable empirical proof that the EU’s cohesion policy goals are far from achieved. On the other hand, its role as a major factor for regional development should not be exaggerated. The initial low level of economic and social progress and still ongoing transition to modern economy in Bulgaria is another reason why the positive progress of the country towards EU average levels remains almost invisible. Volume 7 | Issue 1 | 13 �Monika Moraliyska   Estimated Effects of EU’s Cohesion Policy in Bulgaria There are several different sources providing information about the effects of the European cohesion policy on Bulgaria. Even though the analyses made by different official instuitutions and organizations show overall dominating positive impact of the EU funds on the Bulgarian economy, it cannot be claimed with certainly that the EU’s cohesion policy has achieved its main goal aim in Bulgaria – to support the country in overcoming the enormous economic and social underdevelopment that differentiates the Bulgarian regions from the other European regions. The allocation from the Cohesion Policy funding for Bulgaria in the 2007 - 2013 period was €6.9 billion. According to the European Commission, it has helped the country to: create more than 1,300 jobs; serve over 280,000 more people by waste water projects; enable more than 137,000 persons to acquire or upgrade their vocational qualification and over 178,000 persons to acquire key competencies; implement many transport infrastructure projects (incl. Sofia metro extension, Sofia Airport); improve urban transport for 1,289,744 citizens, mainly in the 6 biggest cities (Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas, Pleven, Stara Zagora); improve educational infrastructure for over 30,000 students; enable more than 398,000 m² of renovated parks, pedestrian areas, bicycle lanes, playgrounds; provide scholarships to 172,000 students; provide social services in a family environment for more than 51,000 persons; modernise 20 cultural facilities; invest in energy saving measures in public buildings and schools (European Commission, 2015). A trustworthy model to estimate the effects of EU’s cohesion policy in Bulgaria is the macroeconomic model SIBILA - a SImulation model of the Bulgaria’s Investment in Long-term Advancevi (“long-term" because it evaluates the effects of the investment in human capital, ICT, R&D, infrastructure and physical capital, which are factors for long-term economic growth). It is based on the EU approaches to modeling of the impact of structural instruments, as well as on modern macroeconomic theory and it is adapted to the Bulgarian specifics. It consists of 170 equations, including econometric estimates, macroeconomic identities and calibrated dependencies (based on historical links and applying existing knowledge (ECORYS – CPM – NEW i”, 2011). The main objective of the model is to assess the net effects of the Structural and Cohesion Funds (SCF) on the Bulgarian economy (key macroeconomic indicators), as well as to support the decision-making process concerning the allocation of funds in the next programming period. It examines the economic development in two scenarios: baseline scenario in which there is no SCF, and an alternative scenario that 14 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria     considers the SCF funding. The difference between the results of these two scenarios in terms of economic indicators’ performance measures the net impact of SCF. In 2017, the Ministry of Finance of Bulgaria presented a report with detailed calculations of the SIBILA model, encompassing the period of Bulgarian membership in the EU from 1 January 2007 till the end of 2016. It showed that the overall effect of the EU investments on the added value of the Bulgarian economy is highly positive: - A cumulative increase of 11.5% of GDP by the end of 2016 in comparison to the baseline scenario with no EU funds (mainly through the positive effects of government spending on the production, and hence on the induced changes in private consumption and investments); - A cumulative increase in the volume of private investment by 22.3% by the end of 2016 compared to a scenario without EU funds (a large part of the measures under the operational programs are intended for investment; they also lead to additional investments by the business); - Reducing unemployment and boosting employment (as a result of the absorption of the EU funds by the end of 2016 the unemployment rate in the country was 6.5 percentage points lower than it would have been without the inflow of these funds.) At the same time, the number of employees in the economy increased by 15.2% towards the end of 2016 compared to the scenario in the absence of EU funds (almost 390 thousand employed people more); - Higher wage levels in the country - by the end of 2016 the cumulative increase in average wages compared to the scenario without EU funds was expected to reach 14.9%; - Increased export potential of the Bulgarian enterprises (By the end of 2016, Bulgaria's exports would be by 1.7% higher compared to the scenario without EU funds. The growth of the export potential is a long-term effect and is related to the improvement of the quantity and quality of the production factors, which in turn leads to an increase of the economic growth of the country); - A positive impact on the state of public finances (increased tax revenues outweigh the spending related to the absorption of EU funds, such as providing co-financing for some of the projects). By the end of 2016, the cumulative positive effect on the budget balance was 2.1 percentage points of GDP. The positive impact is expected to be sustained in the longer term as the increased production potential, higher employment and higher income imply higher values of the tax base, and hence higher tax revenues). Volume 7 | Issue 1 | 15 �Monika Moraliyska   The positive impact of the EU funds on the the country's economic development has been highlighted by eminent NGOs working in the economic field in Bulgaria. They stress on the fact that in the period between the start of the EU’s membership talks in 1999 and the country's accession to the EU in 2007, the GDP per capita in terms of purchasing power has increased from 27% to 40.8% of the EU average, and in 2016 it reached 48.1%. The EU’s cohesion policy has also helped to minimize the weight of the global crisis and has kept the unemployment rate in Bulgaria low, while labor productivity continued to increase. Positive effects are also identified in terms of improvements in various aspects of the business and civil infrastructure in the country constructed with the support of EU funding. In general, for the 10-year period of membership, the average annual net transfer from the EU to Bulgaria is about 4% of the country's GDP and this influx of funds is assessed to be of great macroeconomic importance given the unfavorable conditions of the global environment (Center for Liberal Stragtegies, 2017). However, the effects from the EU Cohesion policy on the Bulgarian economy and budget are also criticized by economists, arguing that the European funds in the country are widely considered as a gift or free money, which is not the case (Ganev, 2016). The data from recent years show that the European projects swallow an increasing share of the national resource and actually worsen the fiscal position of the country. The costs of the European programs in the country have been increasing steadily - in 2008 they were less than 1 billion BGN, in 2010 - 2 billion BGN, in 2014 they reached 4.5 billion BGN and in 2015 they boomed to 6.3 billion BGN. These costs are not funded only by the EU, as annually the state makes transfers from the national budget to the European programs. This is in practice the participation of the taxpayers in the European funding. In 2011 and 2015 the national transfers to the EU funds increased markedly and reached about 40% of the costs of the European programs. From almost 6.3bn BGN spent on EU programs in 2015, 2.5 billion BGN were paid by the Bulgarian taxpayer. And the share of national financing in the EU aid has been increasing at a high speed. This is a real cost, and when, in some cases, useless projects are implemented, or projects’ costs are inflated only to increase the absorption rate, this inevitably leads to a wastage of national resources (Ganev, 2016). Other deficiencies stemming from the EU funds’ absorption process also led to the lower efficiency of the EU’s cohesion policy in Bulgaria. The absorption of financial resources of the SCF in Bulgaria in the first for the country programming period 2007-2013 was accompanied by numerous problems. The absorption rate of Bulgaria in comparison to the other Member States was low and a major reason for 16 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria     that was the lack of administrative capacity and experience in the procedures of the operational programs’ project management. Even though the pre-accession programs included education and training of the employees in national administration, the administrative capacity was not satisfactory. One of the causes for the initial strong ineffiency of the Bulgarian administration, responsible for the EU funds absorption, is associated with its structure that is ineffectively organized into numerous operational programmes, which leads to the management of the same types of programmes in a different way and with varying effectiveness. The result is that many functions are duplicated and there is an increase in the budget costs (Nozharov, 2016). Another important factor was the comparatively small competence of the staff in the Bulgarian body managing the EU funds’ absorption. At least one third of the staff in the public administration responsible for this activity is appointed without a competition, and a big part of them is not highly-qualified, which leads to additional government costs for employees’ re-qualification and support of their work through outsourcing. In addition to that, there are considerable variations in the wages of staff responsible for the management of EU funds and the other staff with the same qualifications and fulfilling the same tasks (the former receiving five times more than the latter), which leads to a lack of motivaton and ineffectiveness of the financial processes at the public administration (Nozharov, 2014). The unpreparedness of the Bulgarian state administration in the EU funds’ absorption process is acknowledged in the latest report of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), which blames the Bulgarian institutions for the lower-than-expected results achieved by the country’s membership in the EU. The public administration was not ready and was unable to learn for a long time to apply the modern management style of the European Commission. It turned to be inadequately trained professionally, unsufficiently expeditious and unable to defend its independence from other state institutions and corporate interests, a part of which was due to the low remuneration of its employees that made them susceptible to corruption (Economic Research Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2017). BAS has also criticized the European institutions for their policies and requirements to the Bulgarian authorities that have not always been tailored to the specific characteristics and traditions of the country, as well as to its citizens’ preferences. Namely the Institute has criticized the international institutions and European Commission for the full opening the single European market to Bulgaria, which at that moment has been an unsustainable and low-competitive economy. The result of that is a total decline in a number of economic sectors, including a collapse of production, exports, employment, income, consumption, as well as other Volume 7 | Issue 1 | 17 �Monika Moraliyska   negative trends as emigration, social polarization, decline in budget revenues and others. However, this part of the analysis has not been supported by any econometric model or other mathematical or statistical tool that correlate the above-mentioned negative trends in the Bulgarian economy after 2007 with the country’s EU membership, which makes the report’s conclusions unreliable. After all, even the author of this part confesses that it is difficult to define exactly which of the Bulgarian economy’s weaknesses are a result of the EU membership or represent the deteorating consequences from the country’s unsuccessful transition to market economy after 1989vii. Kaneva (2015) identifies four different groups of problems that hinder the EU funds’ absorption process on the Bulgarian side – problems of the beneficiaries, a human capital problem, organizational problems, and specific for the respective Operational program problems. Her analysis proves that there are unsolved issues for both - the beneficiaries and the state administration. Many of the problems discussed are not reserved to Bulgaria only and could be addressed successfully by researching and applying other Member States’ best practices. Another serious problem was that the absorption process in Bulgaria was implemented in contrary to the main principle of the European cohesion policy, because instead of supporting the country’s underdeveloped regions, it concentrated on the richest Bulgarian region. During 2007-2013, the EU allocated more than 81.56% of the its budget to the less favored regions, while in Bulgaria 40% of the available resources were invested in the most developed one – the Southwest region (incl. the capital Sofia), and only 7.5% in the least developed (Galabinova, 2015). The Bulgarian Operational Programs in the 2014 - 2020 period follow the same logic – the country did not choose to create regional Operational Programs, which could support the underdeveloped regions, but seven national programsviii. There is a risk that the investment funds continue to be concentrated primarily in the Southwest region, which, instead of convergence of the level of development of the six NUTS 2 regions, will lead to even bigger regional disparities. The city of Sofia could be differentiated as a separate planning region, while the remaining of the current Southwest region could merge with the South-Central region. In order for greater socio-economic effect to be achieved, an analytical unit to assess the socioeconomic impact in terms of defined goals, not in terms of the funds utilized and activities implemented, could be established (Hadjinikolov, 2015). Besides that, some sectors of the Bulgarian economy still have not been restructured and even when the absorption of the EU funding followed the common policies, it 18 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria     was not efficient. The SMEs’ low awareness of the operational programs in the country was also a hinder and made it necessary to promote further the European funds’ opportunities (Nikolova, 2014). Conclusion Econometric research has showed that the EU Cohesion Policy funding has been an important driver for the reforms and economic development of Bulgaria since its accession to the EU. It will continue to play this role, and for the programming period 2014 - 2020 Bulgaria has been allocated around €7.6 billion in Cohesion policy funding. The investment priorities have been set out in a Partnership Agreement with the European Commission and include the raising of the competitiveness of the economy, research and innovation, transport infrastructure, urban development, improved water and waste management, employment, raising the share of persons with higher education, strengthening the capacity of public administration and the judiciary and promoting good governance (European Commission, 2015). However, in general the EU Cohesion policy has failed to achieve or still has not achieved its main goal: creating a more homogeneous Europe in economic and social terms. A proof of that are the vast economic gaps between Southern and Northern, and between Eastern and Western Europe. The record high unemployment levels, especially among the youth, the vast emigration from Eastern to Western Europe and the rise of political parties that criticize the European Union and propose to reverse the process of European integration, is another symptom of the lack of cohesion (Stratfor, 2015). However, analyses show that this unsuccessful story is tightly connected with the poorest Member States’ initial economic situation, which is the case with Bulgaria, and their inability to make most of these development funds on a later stage. The result of the analysis shows that the scientifically-proved (through econometric model) positive effects of the EU cohesion policy on the Bulgarian economy prevail over the negative, which remain quite hypothethic. The EU cohesion funds are a very important source of financing for the Bulgarian economy, the possibilities of which should be used to the fullest to support the economic growth and employment in the country. For their absorption rate and efficiency to be enhanced, however, further steps are necessary towards state admnistration’s strengthening, project management’s improvement, fight against corruption and others. Volume 7 | Issue 1 | 19 �Monika Moraliyska   References Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Economic Research Institute. (2017). Annual Report 2017. Economic Development and Policies in Bulgaria: Assessments and Expectations. Focus topic: “The road to the European Union and the first 10 years”, Gorex Press, Sofia. Retrieved from: https://www.iki.bas.bg/godishen-doklad-2017%E2%80%9Eikonomichesko-razvitie-i-politika-v-balgariia-ocenki-iochakvaniia%E2%80%9D-fokus-%E2%80%9Cpat Center for Liberal Strategies. (2017). Ten Years in the EU. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/bulgaria/sites/bulgaria/files/ec_doklad.pdf Consortium „ECORYS – CPM – NEW i”. (2011). Model for Impact Assessment of the Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund of the European Union in Bulgaria SIBILA: Simulation model of Bulgaria's Investment in Long-term Advance, Technical Documentation (data used, theoretical framework and model specification, data used, estimation and validation, technical appendices) European Commission. (2014a). Cohesion policy 2014-2020. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/what/future/index_en.cfm European Commission. (2014b). Investment for jobs and growth, Promoting development and good governance in EU regions and cities. Sixth report on economic, social and territorial cohesion, Brussels. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/cohesion6/6cr_e n.pdf European Commission. (2015). Cohesion policy and Bulgaria. European Commission Regional policy. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/information/cohesion-policyachievement-and-future-investment/factsheet/bulgaria_en.pdf European Commission. (2016a). Info Regio, Key achievements of Regional Policy. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/policy/what/key- 20 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria     achievements/#1 European Commission. (2016b). European Social Progress Index. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/maps/social_progress Eurostat. (2016). Eurostat statistics. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/regions/statistics-illustrated Galabinova, Y. (2015). Implementation of the EU cohesion policy: the case of Bulgaria. Department of Public Administration, New Bulgarian University, ISSN 1313-4760, Retrieved from: http://eprints.nbu.bg/2877/ Ganev, P. (2016). “Безплатните” европейски средства (“The Free European Funds”). The Market Economy Institute. Retrieved from: http://ime.bg/bg/articles/bezplatnite-evropeiski-sredstva/ Hadjinikolov, D. (2015). EU Cohesion Policy and Regional Differences in Bulgaria. Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, “Hanns Seidel” Foundation, Sofia, May 2014. Retrieved from: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/61319/, MPRA Paper No. 61319, posted 21 January 2015. Kaneva, A. (2015). Problems with the absorption of the Structural funds of the EU by Bulgaria. Economic and Social Alternatives Journal of the University of National and World Economy, 1. Retrieved from: http://www.unwe.bg/uploads/Alternatives/3Kaneva.pdf Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Bulgaria. (2016). EU funds in Bulgaria. Assessment of the macroeconomic effects of the implementation of the programs cofinanced by EU funds. Monfort P., Piculescu V., Rillaers A., Stryczynski K., & Varga J. (2017). The impact of cohesion and rural development policies 2007-2013: model simulations with quest III. Working Papers. A series of short papers on regional research and indicators produced by the Directorate-General for Regional Policy, European Commission, WP 05/2017. Retrieved from: Volume 7 | Issue 1 | 21 �Monika Moraliyska   http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/newsroom/news/2017/06/06-01-2017working-paper-the-impact-of-cohesion-and-rural-development-policies-2007-2013model-simulations-with-quest-iii Nikolova, I. (2014). Instruments of EU Cohesion Policy for Bulgaria. Economy & Business Journal of International Scientific Publications www.scientific-publications.net Department of Economics, New Bulgarian University, ISSN 1314-7242, Volume 8, 2014. Nozharov, S. (2014). Model of Effective Management of Bulgarian Public Administration Managing EU Funds. Journal of Economic Alternatives, 4, 64-77, ISSN: 1312-7462 Nozharov, S. (2016). Social Costs of the Inefficient Management of the EU Funds for Bulgaria. ECONSTOR, A Service of zbwLeibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre for Economics. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/148052 Stratfor. (2015). The Controversial EU Cohesion Policy Falls Short. Retrieved from: https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/controversial-eu-cohesion-policy-falls-short                                                                                                                         i See Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS). Based on a set of simulations conducted with QUEST, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with endogenous growth and human capital accumulation. iii In the EU-15, the impact is more modest but it remains substantial for some Member States like Greece (+2.2%), Portugal (+1.8%) and Spain (+0.7%) which benefited from support of the Cohesion Fund. iv The index is the result of cooperation among the Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy of the European Commission, the Social Progress Imperative and OrkestraBasque Institute of Competitiveness. It follows the overall framework of the global Social Progress Index, customised for the EU using indicators primarily drawn from Eurostat data. It isn’t created for the purpose of funding allocation and doesn’t bind the European Commission. v There are three dimensions of the SPI: 1) Basic Human needs incl: nutrition and basic medical care; water and sanitation; shelter; personal safety; 2) Foundations of Wellbeing, incl: access to basic knowledge; access to Information and Communications; Health and Wellness; Ecosystem Sustainability; 3) Opportunity, incl: Personal rights; Personal Freedom and Choice; Tolerance and Inclusion; Access to Advanced Education. ii 22 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             vi The development of the econometric model for impact assessment of the Structural and Cohesion Funds of the EU called SIBILA is implemented under project № 0018-ЦИО-3.2 „Development of a model for impact assessment of SCF”, financed by Operational Programme Technical Assistance. vii The authors of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences’ report have also reached the conclusion that “Bulgaria’s membership in the EU has no other alternative”. viii “Good Governance”, “Transport and Transport Infrastructure”, “Regions in Growth”, “Human Resources Development”, “Innovation and Competitiveness”, “Environment”, “Science and Education for Intelligent Growth”. Volume 7 | Issue 1 | 23 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3671 Title A name given to the resource The EU Cohesion Policy’s Impact on Regional Economic Development: The Case of Bulgaria Author Author Moraliyska, Monika Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: The EU cohesion policy has been a major driver of change in the Member States, leading to positive effects as growth in employment, economic development and modern infrastructure. Since its EU accession in 2007, Bulgaria has been benefiting from the Union’s investment and structural funds at an increasing speed. Research shows that not only these funds contribute significantly to the Bulgarian economy, but they seem to be its major driver. Without them, the country would have recorded a zero growth in the EU’s financial framework 2007-2013, and could be dumped in an economic and social crisis. This paper explores the informational sources that assess the influence of the EU cohesion policy and its effects on Bulgaria. The goal of the paper is to make objective conclusions about the impact of the EU cohesion policy on the Bulgarian economy and how it has affected the level of economic and social cohesion between the country’s regions and the most advanced EU regions. For that purpose, the method of comparative analysis is applied, as well as a historical analysis.. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed DOI Digital object identifier doi: 10.14706/JECOSS17713 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 1986 – 8502, HC Economic History and Conditions https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ba794ea282194819e0032dfd57c587c0.pdf dd0aa0160c601614ff744e51c00fa60d PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TCMB (2012) Elektronik Veri Dağıtım Sistemi (EVDS), www.tcmb.gov.tr Utkulu U. (2003) Türkiye’de Bütçe Açıkları ve Dış Ticaret Açıkları Gerçekten İkiz mi? Koentegrasyon ve Nedensellik Bulguları”, D.E.Ü. İİBF Dergisi, 1(18), 45–61. Sever, E. And M. Demir (2007) Türkiye’de Bütçe Açığı ile Cari Açık Arasındaki İlişkilerin VAR Analizi ie İncelenmesi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi,2(1),47-63. Vamvoukas, G. (1999) The Twin Deficits Phenomenon: Evidence From Greece, Applied Economics,31, 1093-1100. Zengin, A. (2000) İkiz Açıklar Hipotezi (Türkiye Uygulaması), Gazi Üniversitesi Ekonomik Yaklaşım Dergisi,11(39), 37–67. The Eu Integration And The Monetary Union: Why England Don’t Join The Euro Akcay Ekrem Yasar1,Akman Elvettin2,Akman Cigdem2 1Ankara Unıversity,Ankara/Turkey 2Suleyman Demirel University,Isparta/Turkey E-mails: ey_akcay@hotmail.com,elvettinakman@sdu.edu.tr, cigdemargun@sdu.edu.tr Abstract EU which was established in 1957 with Rome Treaties and in 1992 with Maastricht Treaty made process from economic union towards political union, also has tried considering the harmony many issues such as agriculture, commerce. One of these issues is monetary union. Within the Monetary Union that came into make its plans in 1969 and it was thought that could prevent the cycle and consider the common monetary policy. In this framework, in 1979, The European Monetary System was established and then in 1986 within the Single European Act, this process continued and in 1992 with Maastricht Treaty it became clearer. Then in 1997, The European Monetary Institute was established and finally in 1999, EURO was accepted as monetary unit for EU members. Now, 17 members put the EURO account but England hasn’t yet. There are many causes about this issues such as political, economics, social, national interests. for England. In addition, this issue or policy effected the other relationships of England. Keywords: EU, England, The Monetary Union, EURO, National Interests. 1. INTRODUCTION The idea of integration in Europe begins with Dante in the 13. Century, embodied by the Organization for European Coal and Steel established by the Treaty of Paris (ECSC) after World War II in 1951 and the European Economic Community (EEC) established by Treaties of Rome in 1957, the Union lived an important process of deepening and enlargement over time (Akçay, Akman and Argun, 2011). 268 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Union that also goes the political integration with the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992 and took the name of European Union (EU), started common policy in many areas such as Common Foreign and Security Policy, Common Commercial Policy, Common Monetary Policy for providing integration by all means. The foundation of the Common Monetary Policy which appears as one of these policies was implemented in the 1960s; concrete steps have been taken in 1999 by the acceptance and implementation of the euro as the currency (Karluk and Tonus, 1998). Economic crisis that has started in 2008 and influenced and many Community member countries such as Greece, Italy, influenced the world in general and the European Union in particular. Although many countries use the euro especially in a period when the future of the euro and the European Union is discussed, Britain's not use despite being a member of the Unity, is seen in the current situation provides an advantage to England. Our study focuses on why Britain doesn’t use the euro. In this sense, in our study, initially the Community's Common Monetary Policy’s historical process will be addressed, then British perception of the Community and the Common Monetary Policy will be mentioned and finally the question of why Britain did not want to use the euro will try to be answered. 2. Common Monetary Policy’s Historical Development Process The basis of the Common Monetary Policy are taken to the period starts with La Haye Summit in December 1969 and report that was prepared under the chairmanship of postperiod Luxembourg Prime Minister Pierre Werner and was named as "Werner Report". By the report that was completed in October 1970, Common Monetary Policy which is planned up to 10 years in three-stage is intended. The main objective of the Common Monetary Policy has been the liberalization of capital movements, fixing exchange rates and the creation of the single currency (Karluk and Tonus 1998). While the Common Monetary Policy is being designed in this way, the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in August 1971 and U.S.A.’s let to dollar fluctuate have created instability and made it difficult to make planned things. In this sense, monetary integration had been arrested. Thereupon, in March 1972, member states proposed the concept monetary snake "(Snake in the tunnel) (Gavin, 2002; Möckli, 2009). Accordingly, this system is the fluctuation of national coins against U.S. dollars, in a narrow margin (the tunnel). (snake) However, the oil crisis was lived during this period and the weaknesses of the dollar have completed this process, and a Mark region consists Germany, Benelux countries, Denmark was created (Karluk and Tone, 1998). Then, monetary integration was replicated with the support of France and Germany in 1979 and as a concrete step European Monetary System was established (Tunçsiper and Ruby, 1998). This system is based on fixed but adjustable exchange rates. All member states except Britain, has been included in this system. However, this system that is applied about 10 years did not create much change. A committee chaired by J. Delors who is the president of the European Commission was established at the European Summit in 1988 in Hanover, for economic and monetary integration and a report was presented in April 1989. According to this report, establishing an institution that is responsible for economics, political coordination, national budget deficits and monetary policy was suggested. 269 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In the light of this report and proposal, starting the first phase of the Economic and Monetary Union was decided at the Madrid Summit in June 1989 and even the United Kingdom is against, fully liberalization of capital movement in eight member states until 1 July 1990 was intended (Karluk and Tonus, 1998). However, with the Maastricht or European Union Treaty that was signed after the Maastricht Summit in 1992 Community came into a political integration process and completion of Common Monetary Policy process within a calendar was decided. In addition, in 10 January 1994, member states have agreed to the concrete but non-binding rules about the approximation of the economic policies. In parallel with these steps, European Monetary Institute was established for the coordination of monetary policy. After that, related to the single monetary policy, the national central banks have been left to the European System of Central Banks created by the European Central Bank and this structure has taken the place of the European Monetary Institute. Volatility in the U.S. dollar in 1995 has show that a single monetary policy is needed in the European Union and required, the decision of pass of the member states before 1 January 1999 to a single monetary policy that has been called "Euro”, is held at the Madrid Summit carried out at 15-16 December 1995 and the Amsterdam Summit in 1997. The design of euro banknotes that was accepted in 1999 passed in 2002 and while initially 12 member countries were participated in Euro, this number today has became 17. (Erçel, http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banka/emu/SORULAR5.html, 2012). 3. View of England to the EU and the Common Monetary Policy England, throughout history, didn’t look at to an integration that will be lived in Europe too hot. Because both it doesn’t consider such an integration could be achieved and doesn’t want the presence of another power in continental Europe except it. Historically, Commonwealth countries are important for both commercial and foreign policy in England. Commonwealth countries, has a share of 43% in British trade (Gavin, 2002). But the main point in here is that England makes cheap agricultural policy with the Commonwealth countries. In this sense, when look at to Europe, the Common Agricultural Policy, is a policy that is under the influence of France, and more expensive than Britain's Commonwealth policy. Because of expensiveness of Europe Common Agricultural Policy and scarcity of agricultural land in England, and therefore the fact that England will receive less money from Europe, than it pays, Britain was not hot to the issue, it has created hesitation. Because this policy will create a deficit on the balance of payments in England (Young, 2000). However, deteriorating relations with Commonwealth countries of England in time led it to the EEC. In fact, although United Kingdom wasn’t hot for EEC membership, it wanted to make a Free Trade Agreement with the EEC and thus close the trade deficit by continuing relations with the countries of the Commonwealth. However, the integration of Britain with EEC delayed due to political events such as both the common agricultural policy, both the pound and the Fouchet Plan area, Nassau Agreement with the EEC (Young, 2000). While England was trying to establish a relationship with the EEC, on the other hand, it tried to continue its relationship with countries of the Commonwealth. One of the important reasons of this is for this is Sterling Area. England uses Sterling in trade with Commonwealth countries and also uses excess of the sterling appears in the Commonwealth countries as a 270 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo result of being deposited to London banks, in the banking system and tries to eliminate trade deficit (Young, 2000). As addition to this, when it is looked to international conjuncture at the inter-war period, economic disturbances, and crises carried the world to the World War II, and the world is connected to dollars by Bretton Woods system that was made after war. With this system, members of the IMF were attached to a certain extent to the dollar and it was called the fixed exchange rate. With this system, states were connected their money to dollar, their dollars to the gold. Now, countries have excess of dollar at the end of trade started to take back this excess (Gavin, 2002). In this environment, even though Great Britain caught up advantage with the Pound Sterling Area, this situation began to deteriorate in 1949. Commonwealth countries wanted to convert their money in dollars but because of the absence of enough dollars in the hands of England, it was forced to devalue. In fact, Britain didn’t want to devalue, and resisted until the last point. In this sense, it banned the exits to abroad for tourism, made restriction of the sterling, restricted military expenditures, even began to withdraw from east of Suez. Because devaluation will be a significant loss of prestige for a strong state such as Britain. However, when the situation deteriorated, it had to go to the devaluation. By the devaluation, moneys value was devalued against other currencies, the price of manufactured goods was reduced over other currencies and exports have been encouraged (Parr, 2006). In this case although trade deficit is reduced and it also increases the value of reserves, Commonwealth countries that have more Sterling in their hands suffered a loss and England that is a major financial and banking center has experienced the loss of prestige. In addition, although it tries to reduce its burden of military spending by making offset agreements with Germany, it couldn’t be successful, and in 1967 it was forced to make one more devaluation (Zimmermenn, 2000). Britain's EEC approach was been as result of this situation but was rejected by De Gaulle because of the political and economic reasons At the same time, the dollar was connected to gold by the Bretton Woods system and gold wase demanded with the dollar surplus but because of the absence of gold reserves in the U.S. that will do so, United States began to fall into difficulty. When U.S.A. considered that it couldn’t protect the gold, it also directed to Germany like Britain and has worked to alleviate its burden by Offset Agreements. However, the devaluation in England in 1967 put also the United States into trouble. Because sterling is now transformed into dollar. Thereupon, when De Gaulle wanted to exchange gold in its hand to gold for political reasons, the United States lived a little more trouble and provided not to be gold demanded by applying pressure (Gavin, 2002; Hoffmann, 1964). In the meantime, Britain turned its famous banking infrastructure into a structure that based on dollars and has become the world's second largest market in dollar reserves. In other words, Britain now tied up its everything in dollars and became dependent on dollars by transforming into a structure that is finance dominated than industry 4. Instead of conclusion: Britain and the Euro Britain, whose EU membership was rejected by the French leader De Gaulle because of political and economic reasons between 1963 and 1967, became a member of the community after the death of De Gaulle in 1973. Since this date, although it is a member of the Community, it approached cautiously because of particularly the Community's Common Agricultural Policy (even it participates) and Common Monetary Policy.Because, also called two policies may cause ill effects at England's trade policy and the banking system such as trade deficit, deterioration in the balance of payments 271 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Although, England who connected itself to the U.S. dollar in terms of financial and banking system and convert its system from Sterling into dollars as the world's second largest dollar reserves, being a member of the community, it didn’t obey the Community's common monetary policy especially, refused to use the euro came into force in 1999. Britain's entry into the agricultural policy would harm Commonwealth countries, which have an important place with Britain, both politically and commercially. Britain that has already been damaged by the Community's agricultural policy, is working to resolve this situation by regional development policies (Eraktan, 2006). If we look at in terms of the Common Monetary Policy, Britain’s which is so dependent to U.S. Dollar; inclusion to Euro will cause its damage in terms of economic, political and prestige. In the environment that the EUROZONE whose basis was constructed by The Hague Summit in 1969 and Werner Report, became a threat to the EU’s future by recently living a difficult test because of the crisis, it is a fact that it provided a significant advantage to England. Eu Economic Integration Process Of Macedonia Agim Mamuti International Balkan University (IBU),Skopje, Macedonia agim.mamuti@yahoo.com Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide a general overview of the accession process with a special reference to the economic integration and the challenges of the Republic of Macedonia in the road of joining the European Union. The European Council of December 2005 granted the status of candidate country to the Republic of Macedonia. The Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) between the Republic of Macedonia and the EU was signed in April 2001 and entered into force in April 2004. The Council adopted the Accession Partnership for the country, including key priorities for reform, in February 2008. In October 2009, the Commission recommended to the Council to open negotiations with the country, as well as to move to the second phase of SAA Implementation. These recommendations were reiterated in 2010. The Council has not yet concluded its deliberations on the Commission's proposals. Visa liberalization for citizens travelling to the Schengen area has been in force since 19 December 2009. The country has a small, open economy, with total trade in goods and services recovering to a level of 114% of GDP in 2010, following the 2009 recession. Trade integration with the EU is advanced, with about 63% of all exports currently going to and about 53% of imports originating from the EU. The CEFTA region is the country's second most important trading region, accounting for around 24% of exports and around 10% of imports. The export structure continues to be highly concentrated on a limited range of products, with textiles and clothing accounting for about 17% of total exports and manufactured iron products for 26% in 272 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1333 Title A name given to the resource The Eu Integration And The Monetary Union: Why England Don’t Join The Euro Author Author Akcay , Ekrem Yasar Abstract A summary of the resource. EU which was established in 1957 with Rome Treaties and in 1992 with Maastricht Treaty made process from economic union towards political union, also has tried considering the harmony many issues such as agriculture, commerce. One of these issues is monetary union. Within the Monetary Union that came into make its plans in 1969 and it was thought that could prevent the cycle and consider the common monetary policy. In this framework, in 1979, The European Monetary System was established and then in 1986 within the Single European Act, this process continued and in 1992 with Maastricht Treaty it became clearer. Then in 1997, The European Monetary Institute was established and finally in 1999, EURO was accepted as monetary unit for EU members. Now, 17 members put the EURO account but England hasn’t yet. There are many causes about this issues such as political, economics, social, national interests. for England. In addition, this issue or policy effected the other relationships of England. Keywords: EU, England, The Monetary Union, EURO, National Interests. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6e8167d43c464664560cd06325de8bdb.pdf 9fa1d1241e6dae400f3fc8b89082ab83 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The European Union Developing As A Political System And Its Budget R. Tekeli1,H. Gül2 1 Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. 2Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. E-mails: rtekeli@adu.edu.tr ,huseyingul@adu.edu.tr Abstract In this article, the political system of European Union, which holds an important position in the international system with the Lisbon Treaty in 2009, and its budget procedure, which is an important issue in the political systems, are examined and investigated. States make the budget with the aim at achieving the revenues and expenditures effectively. In 1967, with the establishment of the EC (European Communities), the European Union (EU) as well as national governments initiated to make the Budget. The dream of setting up the Union in Europe has become reality as the EU has been formed. The EU plays a role as a political actor in the international system. In this study, the political institutions of the EU reached a position of political system and the budget positions of the institutions’ views in the budgetmaking process are discussed. Also, the budget of the period 2007 – 2013 created after the Lisbon Treaty is studied. The expenditure items given the highest priority in the EU Budget such as Sustainable Growth are discussed. 1.INTRODUCTION The European Union and the system introduced by the Union are extensively studied subjects among the scholars who studied on the international discipline. After the Second World War, Europe began seeking to build a new Europe took a firm step to turn the Founding Fathers’ dream into reality. In the Treaty of Rome which is the basis of this dream, the following task areas were determined for the European Economic Community (EEC): to create a common market, gradually to bring the economic policies of member states closer to each other, and to promote closer relations among member states within the Community. This target, together with the phenomenon of globalization, differs in the areas of sovereign states at the international level and enters into a period that has closely corresponded to a relationship. As a result of this process, new institutions or structures, where the sovereignty of the state becoming a matter of debate, have emerged in the international arena. One of the most important institutions is the European Union with its unique structure. In fact, the most fundamental feature that separates the EU from other international organizations is the bodies that took place in the political system of the Union. The central building blocks in the EU political system make up the organs of the Union. The Organs of 256 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the Union, using powers just as the authority of the national states (legislative, executive and judicial), take essentially similar binding decisions and carry out the decisions from a single center. The Organs of the Union speak on behalf of nearly 500 million citizens of the Union and 27 members of the country. "Brussels factor" attracted an increasing attention in the Union takes important decisions concerning the political life and enforces them. This situation has a legal basis in the Treaty of Lisbon. Significant changes in the EU's institutional structure and the decision-making processes have been made. A step towards the idea of "European United States" is successfully accomplished 4. In this paper, the political system of the EU will be explained and the budget process as an important issue of political systems will be discussed. The EU budget has taken the present form by the regulations as a parallel process of deepening the Union. Thus, in terms of acceptance procedures, operation principles, preparation, and the content, the EU budget substantially differs from the budget of any state or any international organization. It even exhibits characteristics which can be found quite complex. 2.The Political System of the European Union The EU defines itself a family of democratic European countries committed to working together for peace and prosperity. The decisions including specific matters of common interest to be taken democratically at the European level, Member States have formed the partner institutions handing over sovereignty partially. These institutions determine the EU policies. Just as the duties and the functioning of state organs at the national level, the EU institutions are also similar to those organs in terms of functions, duties and distribution of powers. The EU policies are determined by the political decisions taken by three major institutions. In other words, the political system of the European Union is operated by the European Council (which represents member states), the European Union Parliament (which represents the citizens) and the European Commission (which is a politically independent body established in order to consider the common European interests). This institutional triangle implements laws and policies throughout the EU. Primarily, the commission proposes laws, but the Parliament and the Council legislate them. In addition to these important political institutions, the European Court of Justice that ensures the European Law, and the European Court of Auditors that controls the activities of the Union's finances and budget, are two important "state" institutions. The functioning of the duties, powers and regulations about the Council, the Parliament and the Commission which have the most important position in the functioning of political systems of the EU will be explained below in the light of recent developments. 4 The concept of Europe united by politics was instated by Victor Hugo in the opening speech of Berlin Peace conference and European Union was set as its goal. The concept’s adoptation in politics was a big project announced by a famous English statesman W. Churchill in the opening speech of Zurich University of 19 Sep 1946. (Hocaoğlu 2007, p11 and 28) 257 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. The European Parliament The European Parliament (EP) is the only institution of the European Union directly to the public on the basis of legitimacy. The EP represents for people of the European Union member states. In other words, the EP is known as the voice of Community Nationals. In addition, the EP was established at Strasbourg in 1952 in order to control and provide information to the Council and the Commission5. The Parliament, currently composed of 785 members, two-thirds of which are female, exercises the legislative activity in Strasbourg. The Parliament cannot be easily characterized and structured as in conventional patterns. The jurisdiction of the parliamentary body of the EU system is often limited by the parliaments of member countries. However, a careful examination of the powers vested in the founding treaties of the Parliament shows that the parliament resembles the national parliaments. The purpose is, featuring similar powers to the legislature of the EP, to serve the goal of creating a political union of the EU. Similar with the National Parliaments, functional powers assigned to the EP can be listed under the following headings:     With the Treaty of Lisbon, the so-called participation of parliament in decisionmaking mechanisms through co-decision procedure, cooperation procedure, consultation procedure (consulting), and approval procedure (consent) gained the Parliament legitimacy by giving the authority to elect the President of the European Commission. The authority to make Budget: This authority is granted by the Treaty of Brussels which has strengthened the existing financial approval authority of the parliament by the Lisbon Treaty. Combining the expenditures which were approved separately by the Commission and the Parliament in previous periods, provided for two organizations to work together and provided a balance between the Commission and the Parliament6. Lisbon Treaty has given the EP a greater role in the commissioning of the EU Budget. Legislative Authority: "co-decision procedure" is re-named as the "natural legislative procedure", and many new fields have been included in7. Political Control Authority: The authority introduced by the Single Act includes authorities which are also used in national parliaments such as to censure, to ask questions, provide reports to the parliament, the appointment of public auditor and the right to petition. 8 5 Parliament working in three different cities formally took place in the EU Council Summit in Edinburgh in 1992 and the Amsterdam Treaty. 6 Akar Sevda, (2010), “Lizbon Antlaşmasının Avrupa Birliği Bütçe Sürecine Getirdiği Yenilikler ve 2010 Avrupa Birliği Bütçesi”, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 161. 7 Bayram Hanifi Mehmet, (2010) “Lizbon Antlaşması: Parlamentoların Avrupa Birliği Karar Alma Sürecindeki Yeni Rolü”, Uluslar arası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt 6, s.85. 8 Topal Emre, (2008), “Lizbon Antlaşması İle Avrupa Birliği’nde Yasama Niteliğindeki İşlemler ve Yasa Yapım Süreçlerine Getirilecek Değişikliklere Genel Bir Bakış”, Yasama Dergisi, Sayı:9, 2008, s. 25 258 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo    Approval of the international treaties, the accession to the Union, and the partnership agreements: With the Treaty of Lisbon, the consent of parliament for international agreements have been put to obtain9. The authority of filing a case against the Community institutions in the Court of Justice. As mentioned above, the EP does not still have a form of legislative initiative. As an exception, however, it has the authority to prepare a proposal for a single European election. The internal functioning of the EP is similar to its structure and distinct from other parliaments with its unique position. 785 parliamentarians deal with political issues under the roof of the European Parties. The parliamentary political landscape reflects a general political landscape and the diversity of views just as national political parties in National Parliaments. Number of seats is proportional to population distribution of the member countries. (Germany have 96 parliamentarians, Luxembourg have 6 parliamentarians). These quantitative criteria are fixed by the Treaty of Lisbon. 4. The European Council (summit) The Council is the European Union's main decision-making mechanism. Where the final decisions on the EU and member states are taken, the Council consists of presidents of a State or prime ministers who meet twice a year. In a political sense, it is the EU institution that located at the highest level. 10 In accordance with Article D of the EU agreement, the European Council provides the driving force required for the development of the Union and places the general political objectives in a specific location for this development. Although the authority is specified in this way, both coverage and density of the actual events and functions are differentiated and largely spread over a wide area. The tasks of the Council of Europe can be grouped under three main headings: architects who structure, to determine the basic outlines for the EU, and being the highest decision making body of the EU. In accordance with their national constitutions members of the Council of Europe are comprised of the top-level political decision units specified in each member state. Beside the heads of government, prime ministers and the chancellors, the presidents of France and Finland in accordance with their national procedures, are also members of the Council. President of the European Commission is also among the members of the Council of Europe. The Council is also open to the participation of foreign ministers and members of the Commission. Decision-making process within the Council of Europe has very different characteristics. The main element of decision makings is the negotiation among the member countries. Regarding many political areas only the heads of state and government can balance 9 ibid, p. 33. 10 Tekinalp ( 2000:218). Council of the EU which meet since 1974 was formalized with the Single European Act (1986) and the European Council became a legal entity which has gained the official status by the Maastricht Treaty. 259 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the decision-making process with the reciprocal demands and concessions. Development of the European Union significantly depends on the summit negotiations. In this regard, the heads of government mutually try to influence each other. 5.The European Commission The Commission is independent of national governments. Its duty is to represent and promote the interests of the EU. It makes the proposals for the EU and submits them to the European Parliament and the Council. At the same time the Commission is the EU's executive body and it is responsible for the implementation of the decisions taken by the Parliament and the Council. This means administration of daily operations such as the implementation of policies, implementation of programs, and spending of funds. Informally, the Commission members are known as the 'Commissioners'. The Commission members are committed to work for the common interests of the Union and do not take instructions from their national governments. Every five years, a new Commission is appointed within six months after the European Parliament elections. The Commission is politically responsible to the Parliament. The Commission attends to every meeting of the Parliament to explain and defend the policies. In addition, it will respond to the written and oral questions posed by the members of Parliament. The Commission's daily operations are carried out by administrative officials, experts, interpreters, translators, and the secretariat staff. The European Commission is a central entity in the preparation, the implementation and control of binding decisions of the European Union. The rights and duties of the Commission detected and stipulated by the founding treaty. In Agreement on the European Union (the first column), in addition to other duties and jurisdiction, the European Commission is equipped with three principal functions: The most important role of the Commission is being the engine of the EU's integration. The Council and the European Parliament can make legal regulations only on the suggestion of the Commission. The Commission, may take binding decisions about implementation under the jurisdiction of the executive branch, and may initiate negotiations on international agreements on behalf the Union. As the guardian of the Treaties, the Commission supervises the implementation of law arising from the Agreements. The formation of the Commission’s decision usually takes in three fields. The decisionmaking committee, which is usually composed of 27 members with the chairman of the Commission, is Kollegium. Management mechanism of the Commission, headquartered in Brussels, consists of 26 General Directorate and other services (General Secretariat, Legal Service, European Community Publications Department, Statistics Department, Translation 260 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Services, etc.). Comparable to the general directorates at the national level (Department, Resort) general directorates were created by functional and hierarchical structuring. Directorate General of Agriculture and Social Policy can be shown as an example. The basis of the decision formation within the Commission lies on the draft resolution which is prepared by the general directorate in coordination with other general directorates and Legal Services. Almost all over the world, the Commission is authorized as an effective entity because the EU representatives are administratively attached to the Commission in almost every region of the world. 5.1.Operation of the system Decision-making process at EU-level includes the institutions above and many other institutions. The European Commission, the European Parliament, the European Union Council are important decision makers. In fact, a new legislation is recommended by the European Commission, but it is the Council and the parliament that pass the laws. There are other institutions and organizations that have various roles in this process. The main characteristic of the European Union is that it has the authority in the issues which are falling entirely within the jurisdiction of a state such as to execute commercial arrangements and to determine the tax instruments. Organs of the Union provide the preparation, the execution and the control of decisions. Most notable of these processes is the decision-making mechanism that leads to the formation of a legal system which binds both the member states and the citizens of the Union. Rules and procedures of EU decision-making process are specified in the agreements. Every European law called "legal basis" based on the article of a specific agreement. There are three main procedures to implement a new EU law: Joint decision-making procedure, the consultation procedure and the procedure of finding appropriate (assent procedure). Legislative activity in the European Community is conducted within the framework of certain procedures under the above-mentioned institutions. In all of these procedures listed as Codecision, consultation and approval, legislative proposals in general are being prepared by the Commission. According to the procedures applied, Parliament's binding opinion is taken, and then the proposal is adjudicated by the Council after consulting with the other advisory bodies. 5.2.Basic Features of the EU Budget a - Basic Features of the Budget of the European Union The European Union's budget was created through the merger of the budgets of three Communities (ECSC, EEC and Euratom) which were combined with the Merger Treaty (1967). 11 11 Karluk Rıdvan, AB ve Türkiye, Altıncı Baskı, Beta Basım, İstanbul 2002, s. 415. 261 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The EU budget significantly differs from the budgets of other international organizations. Lacking defense and security spending which holds an important place in the state budget resulted in relatively small budget. 12 Nevertheless, the EU's budget is no different from any state budget in terms of income resources, revenues, expenses, content, acceptance procedure and provisions for implementation. The EU's budget, described as "a complex mechanism”, is still prepared by taking into consideration of the budgeting principles. 13 These budgeting principles are; Unity Principle: The community’s all income and expenditure laid down with a single document in accordance with the provisions stipulated by Article 268 of the Treaty which establishes the European Community. Universality Principle: This principle is based on two basic rules. Firstly, budget revenues cannot be specifically allocated to a certain items of expenditure; in accordance with the second rule, called "the gross budget rule" (gross budget principle), expenditure and revenue should take a full part in the budget without offsetting each other. Annuality Principle: In accordance with this principle, aimed at facilitating the process of operational control of Community’s expenditure and revenue, the process is considered within the framework of a budget year. Equivalency Principle: In accordance with this principle, income must be equal to the expenditure envisaged during for a fiscal year. Accordingly, additional borrowing cannot be made to close the budget deficit. If the budget is in surplus, the surplus is recorded as a revenue in the following budget. In the event of an additional expenditure, which is unforeseen during the preparation of the budget, either changes to budget (a new amended budget) is formed, or the additional resources outside of the budget is used. * Determination (Specification) Principle: this principle is brought to avoid confusion about how the budget allocations are used in areas. Accordingly, the purposes for which such expenditures are determined should be clearly identified. 12 Keskin Hakan; Doğru Sanılan Yanlışlarla Avrupa Birliği, Ankara 2010, s. 46. 13 European Commission, Fundamental Principles of the Community Budget, http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/budget/budget/index_en.htm#principles * Non budgetary sources are provided from debt financing from capital markets, sources from the European Investment Bank, or sources from European Investment Fund created by Edinburgh summit of 1992, and the European Development Fund financed directly by the member states established to provide financial assistance to African, Caribbean and Pacific (AKP) countries under the Lomé Conventions (Nugent Neill, The Government and Politics of the European Union, Macmillan Press, London, 1995, p339-340). 262 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The final principle related to underlying budget procedures, is that the Euro, the official currency of the Union from 1 January 1999, is to be used during these procedures. the Adoption and Process of the EU Budget before the Lisbon Treaty The formation process of the budget of the European Union is regulated with Article 272 of Community Founding Treaty that provisions the process of formation of the budget and time constraints of the rules that the Council and the Parliament, known as "the two wings of the budget authority", are obliged to comply with. Accordingly, the procedure of the budget covers a period between September 1 and December 31 belong to the budget prepared in the previous year. However, while keeping the validity of these principles established by the Founding Agreement, the Commission is the main organ which is responsible for preparation and implementation of the budget, in the case of the application, the budget procedure is considered a slightly longer period of time within the framework. Accordingly, as applied since 1977 the budget will be formed in the framework of the following stages: Until June 15, the first form of the draft budget (preliminary draft budget) prepared by the Commission presented to the budgetary authority (the Council and the Parliament).14 b- Adoption of the Draft Budget by the Council The Council reading the preliminary draft budget agrees upon a draft of the budget before July 31with a majority decision after consulting with a delegation from the Parliament.15 At this point, especially the distinction between mandatory and discretionary spending can lead to serious problems. One of these problems is that while on the one hand the Council saying the last word in determining the mandatory expenditure items, on the other hand Parliament has the final say on non-compulsory expenditure items. 16 Reading the Draft Budget by the Parliament During this phase that should occur in October, and also called the "first reading by the Parliament" the draft bill primarily examined by the Parliament's Budget Committee and then forwarded to the General Assembly. Two results may occur during the plenary discussions. The first of these is the draft budget may be adopted by the Parliament. This happens if the 14 European Commission, Main Stages of the Budgetary Procedure, http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/budget/budget/index_en.htm#stages 15 European Commission 16 Tekinalp, ibid p. 295. 263 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo bill is adopted by the majority of members of the Parliament within 45 days of negotiations takes place. 17 Council’s Reading Draft Budget for the Second Time After discussions with the delegates from the Parliament, this phase is expected to be completed during the 3rd week of November. At this stage, the Parliament's draft budget in relation to mandatory and non-compulsory expenditure items is re-arranged by the light of the above-mentioned changes. From the completion of these arrangements, the Council is authorized to have the final say on mandatory spending. The only exception is the entire rejection of the bill during the second reading of the Parliament after the second reading by the Council. Parliament's Second Reading and Adoption of Budget After the provisions concerning compulsory expenditure items of the budget bill by the Council, in the Parliament's second reading, mostly in December, the regulations regarding non-compulsory expenditure items are reviewed. 18 Then the Parliament, together with the small changes in the non-compulsory expenditure, accepts the budget by at least three fifths of the votes. Another case in this stage is that the Parliament rejects the entire budget by at least two-thirds of the members vote. In this case, the procedure starts again. The other case, which can be seen in the final stage of the budgetary procedure, is that the Parliament does not decide on the bill received from the Council. In this case, the budget is adopted as received from the Council. Although it is an exception, after the budget entering into force, the Commission can make changes to the budget by preparing the preliminary draft and proposing the necessary changes. In the event of the budget amendments proposed by the Commission, the abovementioned procedure in the budget preparation applies for. c -The changes to budget process introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon According to the budget process in the Treaty of Lisbon, the fiscal year from January 1 to December 31 has remained as the budget year; the budget will be made by the European Parliament and the Council. Complied with the condition on the procedure followed before the Treaty of Lisbon, duties and powers of the Parliament on the budget are expanded, and timetables are re-arranged. In addition, by removing the distinction between compulsory and non-compulsory expenditure in the budget, the budget process has become more effective 17 Tekinalp,ibid p. 296. 18 European Commission, ibid. 264 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo with the Treaty. As a consequence, the European Parliament has gained full co-decision power - together with the Council – over all expenditures including agriculture19. Based on the estimated expenditure sent to EU institutions as of July 1, the Commission initiates the budget process of preparing the draft budget. The draft budget submitted to the Council, becoming the budget bill is sent to the European Parliament for review within 42 days. The Parliament examines the bill through its sub-committees. The bill examined by the Parliamentary sub-committee is then sent to the General Assembly. As a result of subcommittee review, if the draft is accepted by the General Assembly, the budget is legalized. If an amendment is decided on the bill by a majority of members of the parliament, the amended draft budget is sent to the Council and the Commission by the parliament. The budget is finalized if the Council accepts the amendments of the budget draft within 10 days. However, if the Council does not accept the amendments made by the Parliament, the Conciliation Committee is formed. The committee members are formed by the equal number of members of the Council and the Parliament. The main task of the Committee is to establish a common bill by agreeing on a compromised budget bill. If the Conciliation Committee agrees on a common bill within 21 days, and if the Parliament and the Council review and accept this agreed common bill within 14 days, then the bill is approved by the Parliament and the Council. To approve the bill by a party shall be deemed accepted. At the end of the 21 days, if the Conciliation Committee cannot negotiate a common bill, a new draft budget is prepared by the Commission. When the budget procedure is completed, the EP President announces the acceptance of the budget. The Commission is responsible for implementing the new budget. By monitoring the financial situation of assets and liabilities of the EU, the Commission also delivers the budget evaluation reports to the Court of Auditors. 20 19 Seifert, Jan (2011:5), Change and stability in the EU budget, EU Centre in Singapore, Working Paper, no:3, p1-16. 20 European Commission, Treaty of Lisbon, s. 183. 265 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Graph: The European Union Budgetary Procedure21 6.Structure and Content of the EU Budget With the Merger Treaty combined the executive organs of the European Communities and entering into force on July 1, 1967, the Community budget is formed gathering the separate budgets of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community. Accordingly, since January 1, 1968 initially two communities made a single budget and from 1971 ECSC joined them. However, ECSC’s "operating budget" is excluded from this application. 22 The Community budget attains an independent structure of the member countries with the Luxembourg Agreement signed in Luxembourg April 22 1970 and came into force on January 1 1971. Accordingly, the Community's own budget resources replaced 21 http://ec.europa.eu/budget/figures/fin_fwk0713/fwk0713_en.cfm 22 Karluk, Rıdvan, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye, Beta Yayınları, 5. Baskı, İzmir, Haziran 1998, s. 327. 266 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the financial assistances received from member countries.23 After the own resources system was introduced, traditional taxes started to be collected, and as a result of the increase in the number of member states and the needs of more funding in the Community implemented programs, the size of the budget has increased over time.24. However, considering activities of the Union and the geographical area covered by the Union, the European Union's budget is found to be quite small. Table:Financial framework 2007 - 2013 Budget Terms of European Union25 Commitment appropriations Total 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2007- 2013 1. Sustainable Growth 53.979 57.653 61.696 63.555 63.974 66.964 69.957 437.778 1a. Competitiveness for 8.918 10.386 13.269 14.167 12.987 14.203 15.433 89.363 45.061 47.267 48.427 49.388 50.987 52.761 54.524 348.415 55.143 59.193 56.333 59.955 60.338 60.810 61.289 413.061 45.759 46.217 46.679 47.146 47.617 48.093 48.574 330.085 1.273 1.362 1.518 1.693 1.889 2.105 2.376 12.216 637 747 867 1.025 1.206 1.406 1.661 7.549 636 615 651 668 683 699 715 4.667 4. EU as a global player 6.578 7.002 7.440 7.893 8.430 8.997 9.595 55.935 5. Administration 7.039 7.380 7.525 7.882 8.334 8.670 9.095 55.925 6. Compensations 445 207 210 Total commitment 124.457 132.797 134.722 140.978 142.965 147.546 152.312 975.777 1,02% 1,08% 1,16% 1,18% 1,16% 1,13% 1,12% 1,12% Growth and Employment 1b. Cohesion for Growth and Employment 2. Preservation and Management of Natural Resources of which: market related expenditure and direct payments 3. Citizenship, freedom, security and justice 3a. Freedom, Security and Justice 3b. Citizenship 862 appropriations as a percentage of GNI 23 ibid,p. 329. 24 Nugent, p.340. 25 http://ec.europa.eu/budget/figures/fin_fwk0713/fwk0713_en.cfm 267 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The expenditure items included in the budgets of the EU fiscal year 2007-2013 is given in the table above. As clearly seen from the table the most important item of the EU budget is devoted to sustainable growth. In the expenditure item international competitiveness for sustainable growth, there are goals such as to do international research, to focus on new technologies, to support projects to help the EU is leading in key areas, to modernize etc. 26. Expenditure item in the second row is reserved for Natural Resources. The purpose here is to support the sustainable development of the rural population in the EU, to improve farmers' living standards by creating a healthy environment and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting organic farming. 27. The EU as a global player transferred resources to the Budget, in order to create global changes and democratic institutions of the EU. Citizenship, freedom, security and justice areas are targeted for the use of this resource. In fiscal year 2010 budget of the EU is 141.5 billion Euros. Every year there is approximately 2% gradual increase in the budget. For example, budget for fiscal year 2007 is 121.6 billion Euros; budget for fiscal year 2008 is 129 billion Euros and fiscal year 2009 budget is 133.8 billion Euros. 28 7.CONCLUSIONS Budget is an important issue in functioning the political system and administering the Union. Since the Lisbon Treaty which plays a in the EU role came into force, some important changes have been made in the Budgeting process. The most important change is the status of legislature which is an important factor in the political systems. Along with the Treaty it seems that the Parliament has an important position in the budget process as in many areas. Indeed, in order to reform a constitution of Europe, the Lisbon Treaty came into force on December 1, 2009 and introduced important regulations. Besides being an actor in the international system, the Union has laid the foundations to be the state entity symbolizing people’s unification such as flag, anthem, motto, currency, day of the establishment. One of the regulations is the budget reminiscent of the formation of a State. The budget of the European Union has gradually occurred as a part of EU integration process over time. The new budgets made, if it was necessary in the course of the changing, are quite different from the ones of any other states or institutions and have unique features and mechanism. This situation is connected to two reasons; unidentified economic and political structure in part 26 EU Commission EY Budget 2010. 27 EU Commission EY Budget 2010. 28 EU Budget Details, official web site of the EU is; //ue.europa.eu/budget/budget_detail/last year_en.htm 268 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo due to the complex characteristics of the European Union, on the other hand the integration process has not reached the final stage yet. Thus the EU budget has not finalized yet. These impressions and observations are confirmed by the changes in the preparation of the budget procedure as well as regulations depending on needs changing over the period for the income and expenditure items in terms of both content and ratio. Being significantly different from the budgets of other international organizations, the absence of defense and security spending, which hold an important portion in a state budget, resulted in relatively small EU budget. While the EU budget is prepared, the budgeting principles are in some way complied with. However, income and spending are equalized within the EU Budget. Consequently, the EU cannot borrow. When the EU budget is carefully examined, every year the budget is increased by 2%. The budget of this size is inversely proportional to the size of its own political system which appeals to a large geographic area and more than 500 million citizens. Member states are reluctant to transfer resources to the EU budget yet. This situation seems to become clearer by the EU integration process. Despite all these limitations, when we look at the expenditure items in the budget the largest share of the EU's budget sources are transferred to sustainable growth and sustainability of natural resources. The Treaty of Lisbon, bringing changes to ensure the EU's and its organs’ democratic legitimacy and representation, has created new structures for the EU to allow representation in the international arena and to eligible for the providence. The Treaty, besides being a single and under a new identity unified the Europe as "the Union", enhancing the role of the European Parliament in the legislative process and increasing the functional effect of important issues such as the budget of the Union are important steps towards becoming "United States of Europe". Adoption of the budget process being determined through the European Parliament stands out as an important regulation of the Lisbon Treaty. REFERENCES European Commission, Allocation of 2001 EU operating expenditure by Member State, Brüksel, Eylül, 2002. European Commission, Fundamental Principles of the Community Budget, http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/budget/budget/index_en.htm#principles , 06.03.2003. European Commission, Main Stages of the Budgetary Procedure, http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/budget/budget/index_en.htm#stages, 06.03.2003. Güran, Nevzat, Uluslararası Ekonomik Bütünleşme Ve Avrupa Birliği, Anadolu Matbaacılık, İzmir, 1999. Karluk Rıdvan, AB ve Türkiye, Altıncı Baskı, Beta Basım, İstanbul 2002 Nugent, Neill, The Government And Politics Of The European Union, Macmillan Press, Londra, 1995. 269 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Şahin, Ragıp, Avrupa Birliği Bütçesi - Fonları Ve Türkiye'nin Tam Üyeliği, Dpt, Ab İle İlişkiler Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 1998. Seifert, Jan (2011:5), Change and stability in the EU budget, EU Centre in Singapore, Working Paper, no:3, p1-16. Tekinalp, Ünal, Tekinalp/Tekinalp, Avrupa Birliği Hukuku, Güncelleştirilmiş 2. Baskı, Beta Yayınları: İstanbul, Mayıs 2000. Hocaoğlu Durmuş, (2007), Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği: Olmak ya da Olmamak, Türkhaber Yazılar Sıra No:08-27, İstanbul, No:08-27. Keskin Hakan; Doğru Sanılan Yanlışlarla Avrupa Birliği, AB Genel Sekreterliği Yayınları, Ankara 2010 European Commission, Fundamental Principles of the Community Budget, http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/budget/budget/index_en.htm#principles (access, 20.04.2012) http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/budget/budget/index_en.htm#stages, (access, 20.04.2012) European Commission, Treaty of Lisbon, http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/full_text/index_en.htm, (access, 25.04.2012) EU Commission EY Budget 2010. EU 2009 Budget in figures, AB resmi internet sitesi ue. europa.eu/budget/budget_detail/last year_en.htm EU Budget Details, AB resmi internet sitesi ue. europa.eu/budget/budget_detail/last year_en.htm Akar Sevda, “Lizbon Antlaşmasının Avrupa Birliği Bütçe Sürecine Getirdiği Yenilikler ve 2010 Avrupa Birliği Bütçesi”, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 2010. Topal Emre, “Lizbon Antlaşması İle Avrupa Birliği’nde Yasama Niteliğindeki İşlemler ve Yasa Yapım Süreçlerine Getirilecek Değişikliklere Genel Bir Bakış”, Yasama Dergisi, Sayı:9, 2008. Bayram Hanifi Mehmet (2010) “Lizbon Antlaşması: Parlamentoların Avrupa Birliği Karar Alma Sürecindeki Yeni Rolü”, Uluslar arası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt 6. European Commission (2008), European Union Public Finance, 4th Edition, Printed in Belgium. 270 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1123 Title A name given to the resource The European Union Developing As A Political System And Its Budget Author Author R., Tekeli Abstract A summary of the resource. In this article, the political system of European Union, which holds an important position in the international system with the Lisbon Treaty in 2009, and its budget procedure, which is an important issue in the political systems, are examined and investigated. States make the budget with the aim at achieving the revenues and expenditures effectively. In 1967, with the establishment of the EC (European Communities), the European Union (EU) as well as national governments initiated to make the Budget. The dream of setting up the Union in Europe has become reality as the EU has been formed. The EU plays a role as a political actor in the international system. In this study, the political institutions of the EU reached a position of political system and the budget positions of the institutions’ views in the budgetmaking process are discussed. Also, the budget of the period 2007 – 2013 created after the Lisbon Treaty is studied. The expenditure items given the highest priority in the EU Budget such as Sustainable Growth are discussed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/54152c71dfd7bfbb157284f736fbac63.docx 656b818ae6a6e2647eba0bfb62a5c0f5 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3ea364fdbca03ed0ff370ca40c0c4a57.pdf 831a9e7af7486e0691017bcccdea94fd PDF Text Text The Evaluation of an Online Practice Tool, the Views of Students and Teachers on How to Better Use the Online Practice Center Ufuk Bilki & Hakan Aydoğan Celal Bayar University/ Manisa, Turkey Key words: Online practice, evaluation, implementation, self-study ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the possible reasons behind the unsuccessful implementation of an online practice program by Oxford University Press in Celal Bayar University’s School of Foreign Languages and also attempts to find ways to turn around this unfortunate event in the following years. After looking at the numerical data, which showed that only 8 of the 589 students completed more than half of the practice program, the evaluator decided to set up interviews with select students and teachers to investigate the reasons behind the unsuccessful implementation.These 16 students along with 8 volunteer teachers from the institution were then asked several questions in the format of a semi-structured interview. The results show that there were several different reasons behind the unsuccessful implementation. The participants also offered some insights on how to deal with these issues and achieve a healthier practice program. The researcher hopes that this evaluation would prove useful in providing new ideas for future administrations of the program. Today most language schools boast big computer labs with state-of-the-art computers for each student, many teachers prefer to ‘hand out’ the external materials on-line, libraries slowly wane while search engines and ‘wikis’ grow to fill in, and students often ‘blog’ for millions to read and comment on instead of writing to their pen-friends who may or may not respond within the month. The self-study books and resources also grew in abundance and students can now easily find many opportunities to practice the target language in a number of paid or free sites which cover the language thoroughly from exercises on form to authentic listening or speaking tasks. This study aims to investigate the several possible reasons behind the unsuccessful implementation of such an online practice in the Celal Bayar University School of Foreign Languages. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1986 Title A name given to the resource The Evaluation of an Online Practice Tool, the Views of Students and Teachers on How to Better Use the Online Practice Center Author Author BILKI, Ufuk AYDOGAN, Hakan Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Online practice, evaluation, implementation, self-study ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the possible reasons behind the unsuccessful implementation of an online practice program by Oxford University Press in Celal Bayar University’s School of Foreign Languages and also attempts to find ways to turn around this unfortunate event in the following years. After looking at the numerical data, which showed that only 8 of the 589 students completed more than half of the practice program, the evaluator decided to set up interviews with select students and teachers to investigate the reasons behind the unsuccessful implementation.These 16 students along with 8 volunteer teachers from the institution were then asked several questions in the format of a semi-structured interview. The results show that there were several different reasons behind the unsuccessful implementation. The participants also offered some insights on how to deal with these issues and achieve a healthier practice program. The researcher hopes that this evaluation would prove useful in providing new ideas for future administrations of the program. Today most language schools boast big computer labs with state-of-the-art computers for each student, many teachers prefer to ‘hand out’ the external materials on-line, libraries slowly wane while search engines and ‘wikis’ grow to fill in, and students often ‘blog’ for millions to read and comment on instead of writing to their pen-friends who may or may not respond within the month. The self-study books and resources also grew in abundance and students can now easily find many opportunities to practice the target language in a number of paid or free sites which cover the language thoroughly from exercises on form to authentic listening or speaking tasks. This study aims to investigate the several possible reasons behind the unsuccessful implementation of such an online practice in the Celal Bayar University School of Foreign Languages. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3429 Title A name given to the resource THE EVALUATION OF EFL TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN TURKEY FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF PRE-SERVICE EFL TEACHERS AND THEIR INSTRUCTORS Author Author Karabuga, Ferhan Abstract A summary of the resource. The fact that teacher education programs need a systematic evaluation has been emphasised by many researchers (i.e. Richards, 1990, Wallace, 1991)). The present study aims to investigate the pre-service EFL teachers’ views on EFL teacher education programs they attend in Turkey and their instructors by means of Peacock’s (2009) recent evaluation model. The present study is based on the data collected from fourth grade pre-service EFL teachers and their instructors via questionnaires and interviews. The results obtained through data collection tools revealed that the pre-service EFL teachers had a strong agreement in general with the program they were attending. However, the program seemed to have some shortcomings from the perspectives of pre-service teachers and their instructors and they put forward some suggestions to be taken into consideration to overcome those shortcomings. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a51cb951932a7ceb37b0b73a6c5b2d56.pdf adb107680bb7ec5a5af28dbf13b71c95 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The Examination of Relationship between Social Support, Social Selfefficacy and Submissive Behavior Mehmet Çardak Ministery of Education, Turkey mcardak@hotmail.com Murat Đskender Sakarya University, Faculty of Education, Turkey iskender@sakarya.edu.tr Mustafa Koç Sakarya University, Faculty of Education, Turkey mkoc@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between social support, social self-efficacy and submissive behavior. Participants were 317 university students who completed a questionnaire package that included the Submissive Behavior Scale, the Social Self-efficacy Scale and the Multidimensional Scale for Social Support. The data were tested by correlational analysis. According to results; submissive behavior was related positively to social support and negatively to social self-efficacy. Results were discussed in the light of literature. Introduction Submissive behavior is a set of observable personality traits which involve avoiding to break others, trying to make everyone happy, being inclined to be very helpful, having difficulty with expressing the conditions s/he does not approve, having difficulty with expressing his/her anger, having difficulty with saying “no" and being inclined to say "yes", feeling the urge for continuous approval, being unable to defend their rights and thoughts (Göktuna, 2007). behaviors which start in an early age of childhood is a desired and admired feature as unconditional submission to orders of the state and authority in the local culture (Cüceloğlu, 2003) and in other words is dominant in the interpersonal relationships in Eastern culture rather than Western culture (Yildirim, 2003). There are cultural differences in the ways of submission. Some cultures give more importance to submission than other cultures (Karaoğlu, 2007). Individuals who feel themselves to be low rank, with a tendency to behave submissively, may be more self-focused to ensure monitoring of expressed behavior (Cheung, Gilbert, Irons, 2003). There are views, which suggest that submission is emerged with the effect of imitation and learning from a model. As it is in many behavior types, an individual may be inclined to act the way he observed in someone else. It was found that submission is more frequently observed in those who live in the nuclear family and males. Even if it is accepted that women are exposed to more violence and pressure in a male dominant social structure, it is a wonder that males are more inclined to develop conformist behavior (Kaya, Güneş, Kaya, Pehlivan, 2004). Based on findings on different researches, one can assume that dominance is more male-typed whereas submissiveness is more female-typed. However, this interpretation is only speculative and the gender-typed nature of dominant and submissive acts has yet to be clearly ascertained (McCreary & Rhodes, 2001). democracies, it is possible and expected not to be conformist; in totalitarian systems only a few outlaw heroes and people fighting for an aim are expected to reject submission. But despite this difference, conformism is observed in the overwhelming majority in a democratic society. The reason for this lies in the fact of having to find an answer for the concept of unity or be a part of the group by conforming if a better solution cannot be found. If the core of necessity of thinking differently is understood, the strength of the fear of being different and 294 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo being a few steps away from the flock may be understood. Fear of not being conformist turns into a potential threat of the fear of practical principles in the mind of the nonconformist. But in reality, people, at least in Western democracies, are more willing to conform than they are compelled to act so (Fromm, 1998). Gilbert et al (2003) claim that submissive behavior is then a tactic of defense and not a personal judgment. Apsler (1975) found that humiliating people and making them anxious increases submission. According to this, the reason of increase in submission results from the fear that person’s fault will be displayed or the willing to get rid of the uneasiness rather than the self-anxiety of showing himself/herself better in public (Freedman, Sears, Carlsmith, 1993). Lewis and Michalson (1983) one of the four factors in the emergence of anger is to have to obey the orders and sanctions or pressure or force to do something that the individual does not want to (Özmen, 2006). This condition constitutes an important factor in the deterioration of mental health of people. Studies conducted revealed significant relations between submissive behavior and depression (Gilbert, 2000; Gilbert, Cheung, Grandfield, Campey, Irons, 2003). Social support attributes to the supportive behaviors and resources of our social ties, including emotional support, intimacy, positive interaction, and tangible support (House, 1981; Williams et al, 2008). It can include emotional support, instrumental support, appraisal support, and informational support (House, 1981; Glazer, 2006). Social support has a positive influence on the ability to cope with negative life events. The beneficial effects of social support may occur through protecting individuals from the harmful effects of stress (Lakey & Cohen, 2000), contributing to adjustment and development (Clark, 1991), raising self-esteem (Lakey & Cassady, 1990; Kinnunen, Feldt, Kinnunen, Pulkkinen, 2008), and well-being (Sarason, Pierce, & Sarason, 1990; Cohen, & Wills, 1985). It reduces the intensity of the post-traumatic reactions and predicts better overall adjustment following a traumatic experience (Keppel-Benson, Ollendick, & Benson, 2002; Neria, Solomon, & Dekel, 1998), symptoms of distress and psychopathology (Lindorff, 2000), and symptoms of illness (Dolbier & Steinhardt, 2000). Studies about social support have shown significant relations between lower social support and depression (Keiley, Lofthouse, Bates, Dodge, & Petit, 2003; Young, Berenson, Cohen, & Garcia, 2005), conduct problems (Appleyard, Egeland, & Sroufe, 2007), academic performance (Heard, 2007), and depressive symptoms and hopelessness (Yang, & Clum, 1994). Social self-efficacy, one aspect of effective social skills, refers to a readiness to initiate behavior in social conditions (Sherer & Adams, 1983; Smith & Betz, 2000) and it also can be considered as the student’s expectancy that they can successfully perform or complete a target behavior in an academic or everyday situation involving social interaction (Connolly, 1989; Gresham, 1984). It is important not only in its possible relationship to effective social behavior but also it has been widely applied to psychological adjustment and mental health. Social self-efficacy skills mediated the relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptoms (Maciejewski, Prigerson, & Mazure, 2000). It has been consistently shown to be related to higher levels of global self-esteem (Connolly, 1989; Hermann & Betz, 2004, 2006; Smith & Betz, 2002). Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara, and Pastorelli (1996) found that social self-efficacy was related to the emotional wellbeing of high school students. Research has also indicated that lower levels of social self-efficacy are related to higher levels of depression (Hermann & Betz,2004, 2006; Smith & Betz, 2002), attachment anxiety (Mallinckrodt & Wei, 2005) and positively related to loneliness and social dissatisfaction (Galanaki & KalantziAzizi, 1999). 1. Method 1.1. Participants Participants were 317 university students enrolled in various undergraduate programs at Sakarya University, Turkey. Of the participants, 91 were first-year students, 67 were second-year students, 79 were third-year students, and 80 were fourth-year students. One hundred and fifty-two of the participants (48%) were females and 165 (52%) were males. A large majority of the students (94%) were between 17 and 22 years of age. 1.2. Measures Submissive behaviors were measured by Submissive Acts Scale (SAS, Gilbert & Allan, 1994). Turkish adaptation of the SAS had been done by Şahin and Şahin (1992. The adolescents were asked to indicate their degree of agreement with each statement on a 5-point scale ranging from this is a very bad description of me to 295 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo this is a very good description of me. The scale consists of 16 items (e.g., ‘‘Even if I don’t like it, I do things just because other people are also doing them.’’ and, ‘‘I allow other people to criticize and let me down and do not defend myself.’’). The Perceived Social Self-efficacy Scale (PSSS) was developed by Smith and Betz (2000) and contains 25 items on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). A sum of all scores yields a total score that ranges from 25 to 125; higher scores indicate higher level social self-efficacy. Turkish adaptation of this scale had been done by Palanci (2004). The Cronbach a internal consistency coefficient of the adapted Turkish form was .89. For test–retest reliability the scale was administered to 100 undergraduate students twice in 4 weeks. The Pearson correlation coefficient was .68. Social support was measured using Turkish version of the Multidimensional Scale for Social Support (MSPSS, Zimet et al., 1988; Eker, Arkar, 1995). The MSPSS consists of 12 items on a 7-point Likert scale, from not suitable at all (1) to very suitable (7). The students’ self reports also provided scores on three subscales, each subscale comprising four items: (a) family social support subscale, containing items such as ‘‘I can discuss my problems with my family’’ and ‘‘I get help and emotional support from my family’’; (b) friends’ support, consisting of items such as ‘‘I have friends with whom I can share my happiness and pain’’ and ‘‘I can count on my friends when problems arise’’; (c) the significant other’s support, with items such as ‘‘I have a close person who can encourage me’’ and ‘‘I have a close person who supports me when I am in need’’. Scores for each of this scale range from 12 to 84, where a higher score expresses higher social support. 2. Results 2.1. Descriptive Data and Inter-correlations When Table 1 is examined, it is seen that there are correlations between submissive behavior, social self-efficacy and social support. Submissive behavior related positively to social support (r = .11) and negatively to social self-efficacy (r = -.51). Variables 1. Submissive behavior 2. Social self-efficacy 3. Social support Mean Standard deviation ** p<.001, *p<.01 1 1.00 -.51** .11* 51.30 7.49 2 3 1.00 -.09 77.86 10.56 1.00 60.98 14.57 Table 1: Descriptive Statistics and Inter-correlations of the Variables 2.2. Gender differences When Table 2 is examined, there were no significant gender differences in submissive behavior, social selfefficacy and social support. 296 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Variable Submissive behavior Social self-efficacy Social support *** p<0.001 Females (N=152) Mean SD Males (N=165) Mean SD t p 51.52 6.79 51.09 8.10 .60 .61 77.86 60.98 11.15 14.83 79.55 61.32 9.96 14.37 -1.42 -.21 .15 .83 Table 2: Gender Differences in Submissive Behavior, Social Self-efficacy and Social Support 3. Discussion The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between social support, social self-efficacy and submissive behavior. Findings have demonstrated that there are relationships among these variables. Firstly, as hypothesized, submissive behavior predicted social self-efficacy negatively and social support positively. Recent studies on lower levels of social self-efficacy are related to higher levels of depression (Hermann & Betz, 2004, 2006; Smith & Betz, 2002), attachment anxiety (Mallinckrodt & Wei, 2005) and positively related to loneliness and social dissatisfaction (Galanaki & Kalantzi-Azizi, 1999) and emotional well-being (Caprara, & Pastorelli, 1996). Similarly, higher social support was found associated positively with well-being (Zimet et al, 1988) and negatively with depression (Keiley et al, 2003; Young et al, 2005), conduct problems (Appleyard et al, 2007), academic performance (Heard, 2007), depressive symptoms and hopelessness (Yang, & Clum, 1994). Research findings have demonstrated that there are no gender differences among social support, social selfefficacy and submissive behavior. The gender-typed nature of dominant and submissive acts has yet to be clearly ascertained (McCreary & Rhodes, 2001). This study has several implications for future research. Firstly, further research investigating the relationships between social support, social self-efficacy and submissive behavior, and other psychological constructs are needed, to reinforce the findings of this study. In addition interventions focused on increasing social support and social self-efficacy can be useful in decreasing submissive behavior. This study has several limitations. First, participants were university students and replication of this study for targeting other student populations should be made in order to generate a more solid relationship among constructs examined in this study, because generalization of the results is somewhat limited. Second, the data reported here for social support, social self-efficacy and submissive behavior are limited to self reported data. So, the current findings increase our understanding of the relationships social support, social self-efficacy and submissive behavior. References Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (2007). Direct social support for young high risk children: relations with behavioral and emotional outcomes across time. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychololgy, 35, 443-457. Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Multifaceted impact of self-efficacy belief on academic functioning. Child Development, 67, 1206–1222. Clark, M. L. (1991). Social identity, peer relations, and academic competence of African– American adolescents. Education and Urban Society, 24, 41–52. Cheung, M.S.P., Gilbert, P. & Irons, C., (2003). An Exploration of shame, social rank and rumination in relation to depression. 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Sherer, M., & Adams, C. H. (1983). Construct validation of the self-efficacy scale. Psychological Reports, 53, 899–902. Smith, H. M., & Betz, N. E. (2000). Development and validation of a scale of perceived social self-efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 8, 283–301. Smith, H. M., & Betz, N. E. (2002). An examination of efficacy and esteem pathways to depression in young adulthood. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 438–448. 299 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Williams, L., O’Connor, R.C., Howard, S., Hughes, B. M., Johnston, D. W., Hay, J. L., O’Connor, D. B., Lewis, C. A., Ferguson, E., Sheehy, N., Grealy, M. A., & O’Carroll, R. E. (2008).Type-D personality mechanisms of effect: The role of health-related behavior and social support. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 63– 69. Yang, B., & Clum, G. A. (1994). Life stress, social support, andproblem -solving skills predictive of depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in an Asian student population: a test of a model. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 24, 127–139. Yıldırım, Đ. (2004). Prevalence Of Submissive Acts Among High School Students. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 26 : 220-228. Young, J. F., Berenson, K., Cohen, P., & Garcia, J. (2005). The role of parent and peer support in predicting adolescent depression: A longitudinal community study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 407e423. Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. 300 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 710 Title A name given to the resource The Examination of Relationship between Social Support, Social Selfefficacy and Submissive Behavior Author Author Çardak, Mehmet İskender, Murat Koç, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between social support, social self-efficacy and submissive behavior. Participants were 317 university students who completed a questionnaire package that included the Submissive Behavior Scale, the Social Self-efficacy Scale and the Multidimensional Scale for Social Support. The data were tested by correlational analysis. According to results; submissive behavior was related positively to social support and negatively to social self-efficacy. Results were discussed in the light of literature. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/02a0f8dc8e5b6bdb83ab17d1c44d7264.docx 0d27bdf5dab17b1bf478ce29288ad456 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c987a3bf0e49018c02878cac312169f0.pdf 807bb0fc041553988e0c57d9c4a1beb6 PDF Text Text The Exchange Rate in Albania and its Connection with Import-Export Alba Cani Epoka University Albania acani10@epoka.edu.al Abstract: Recently, trade agreements among different countries are becoming more and more important. Exchange rate and its volatility are important elements taken into consideration when these trade agreement and exchanges are done. The history of Albania has had crucial developments in different periods. These changes and developments have had an impact not only in policy making process but also in the way how economic policies are compiled. Among the most important economic actions undertaken in the transition period is the adoption of flexible exchange rate. This paper is an attempt to explain the relationship that exists through the exchange rate and import-export as this is one of the traditional methods for long-term analysis taken into consideration in studying this connection. The aim of this research paper is to analyze the way how these variables are connected to each-other and to explain which factors have influenced in the volatility of exchange rate in these years in Albania. This study examines the effect of exchange rate volatility in imports and exports by using multiple regression analysis with exchange rate as dependent variable and trade balance, remittances, government spending as independent variables. Thus, an empirical method is used in order to prove whether there is a relationship between the exchange rate and its variables and import-export. Moreover, a detailed analysis of exchange rate volatility on trade balance connection is included. All the data are taken by Bank of Albania, Instat and World Bank and all the values of variables are in million Albanian Leke. The analysis is based on respective values of above mentioned variables for the period from 1996-2010 for Leke-Dollar exchange rate and from 1999-2010 for Leke-Euro exchange rate. The findings of this study conclude with the result that exchange rate volatility does not have significant impact on import because some of the products that Albania imports are basic products regarding the inelastic demand of these products. On the other hand, exchange rate volatility affects exports as exports are directly related with exchange rate volatility. Keywords:Exchange Rate, Volatility, Import, Export, Regression Analysis, Trade Balance, Government Spending. 86 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2521 Title A name given to the resource The Exchange Rate in Albania and its Connection with Import-Export Author Author CANI, Alba Abstract A summary of the resource. Recently, trade agreements among different countries are becoming more and more important. Exchange rate and its volatility are important elements taken into consideration when these trade agreement and exchanges are done. The history of Albania has had crucial developments in different periods. These changes and developments have had an impact not only in policy making process but also in the way how economic policies are compiled. Among the most important economic actions undertaken in the transition period is the adoption of flexible exchange rate. This paper is an attempt to explain the relationship that exists through the exchange rate and import-export as this is one of the traditional methods for long-term analysis taken into consideration in studying this connection. The aim of this research paper is to analyze the way how these variables are connected to each-other and to explain which factors have influenced in the volatility of exchange rate in these years in Albania. This study examines the effect of exchange rate volatility in imports and exports by using multiple regression analysis with exchange rate as dependent variable and trade balance, remittances, government spending as independent variables. Thus, an empirical method is used in order to prove whether there is a relationship between the exchange rate and its variables and import-export. Moreover, a detailed analysis of exchange rate volatility on trade balance connection is included. All the data are taken by Bank of Albania, Instat and World Bank and all the values of variables are in million Albanian Leke. The analysis is based on respective values of above mentioned variables for the period from 1996-2010 for Leke-Dollar exchange rate and from 1999-2010 for Leke-Euro exchange rate. The findings of this study conclude with the result that exchange rate volatility does not have significant impact on import because some of the products that Albania imports are basic products regarding the inelastic demand of these products. On the other hand, exchange rate volatility affects exports as exports are directly related with exchange rate volatility. Keywords:Exchange Rate, Volatility, Import, Export, Regression Analysis, Trade Balance, Government Spending. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c15003c04d0090b495aa9449c1e62e37.pdf a6d2d9f84212023cc86f449bf8605c6b PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The Experimental Fieldwork Study of Methodology, With Classification, On The Collected Bosniak Folk Tales and Identification of These Tales With Their Evaluation Yusuf Ziya Sümbüllü Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Arts and Sciences /Turkey yzsumbullu@yahoo.com Abstract: Tale, which has been the subject of research studies in Bosnia-Herzegovina and around the world, is a type of oral narrative which doesn’t have to be plausible, yet may make the reader believe in its plausibility; based on morality, useful and didactic; whose source dates back to ancient times and which are marked with characteristics from time and culture they were created in. There has been different opinions about the sources and classification of the tale which is in close relation with different sorts of narration. The history of tale extends back to the ages without writing however the history of tale studies could only be extended to the beginning of 20th century. The aim of this study is to bring interpretation to in particular, Bosanski tale culture, and in general, study of tales, in relation with the function and context of the fairy tale, the narrator, and the listener. By transferring social values from one generation to another, tales provide the continuity and unity of community in terms of training the young generations in a better way. Therefore, tales are important with their role and power on guiding and shaping new generations lives. Introduction The Balkans which are found on the strategic point where Black sea and Mediterranean sea touch each other are on the position of extension where old continent Europe connects with the East.( Selver, 2003) This strategic position which stems from geographical position of the Balkans is reflected in historical, political, and cultural facts.( Yürür, 2007) The region of overlapping Muslim, Christian and Jewish believes, the geography for triggering I and II world wars, this seems that as in history being away from the centers of heat and movement it will not loose on own importance in present and future. (Seyhan, 2007) Located in the center of Balkan region Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of three founding nationalities Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs. In the country word the Bosniak is usually identified with Muslim, Croat with Catholic, and Serb with Orthodox religion. Only in the Bosnia and Herzegovina from time to time ‘Bosnian’ and ‘Bosniak’ can be used as synonyms. On the “Muslim Intellectual Congress” in 1993 the name Bosniak was accepted and in this sense nation in question prior to 1993 was defined as “Bosniak”. Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs all together belong to the South Slavic branch of people, but when ethnicity is taken into account other factors in terms of cultural and religious preferences are peculiar to them. Each society preserves own cultural values and national identity with the lookout for their continuity. Be it material or if necessarily spiritual facts of culture, important part of them is consisted of the oral products. Among the fruits of oral culture the fairy tales play more important role in educational sense then the other kinds, they do not serve only the purposes for spending of time or to have a fun, but they rather firstly aim to be coding products of the society’s views on life. Important part of the Bosniak oral culture is fairytales whose structural characteristics constituted the starting point for our study. Types of Fairy Tales In the scope of folk literature products which are based on narration at the first place comes fairytales. The fairytales are anonymous works in an unknown time, at undetermined place, happening to imagined persons narrating a dangerous situation(s) happened to those persons. They are based on past and are important but at the same time are related to present. The most popular in the oral literature is the type of fairytale depicting knowledge models of individual and social life which is orally transferred from generation to generation. (Elçin, 1986) The fairytale which is defined as story said to children and mostly decorated with the supernatural events to attract attention (Agakay, 1966 ), was subject to many researches in the world. Definition of the fairytale can change in accordance of time and people. While Ahmet Vefik Pasa in his work called Lehçe-i Osmânî say:”Saying , still story, saga, in paragraph without thesis, informal postulate” Muallim Naci the word fairytale defines as: ”Saga, the famous story”. 374 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo As opposed to this Semseddin Sami in Kâmûs-i Türkî defines fairytale as: “A small story related to manners, morals and advices”, while Hüseyin Kâzım Kadri define in Türk Lügati:”Arabic parable, example of story, legend, saga” , Ferit Devellioglu in Ottoman-Turkish encyclopedic dictionary defines as: “Useful story purposed for discipline and good manners” (Sakaoğlu, 1995) While according to the Pertev Naili Boratav fairytale is; “Short narration said with prose, independent from religious and magic beliefs and customs, entirely fiction, unrelated to reality without pretension to convince those who listen to it. (Boratav, 1982) While Şükrü Elçin defines fairytale as:”In such a time, connected to a long tradition, with collective character, with a set of topics like; ‘dream-reality’, ‘abstract-concrete’, ‘materialspiritual’, then set of elements like adventure, case, problem and motive, narrated with the language of prose to spend a time, to educate people while having fun with the idea of moving, is written or said in a distinctive style”. Bilge Seyidoğlu says: “Fairytale is a specific oral type said among folk for centuries, contains supernatural persons and events, starts with clichés like “once upon time”, has a certain length, ends with words like “ate, drank, reached goal”, or “they achieved their goals let us be on their positions now”, “three apples have fallen from the sky one to the narrator, one to listener and one to me”, it is also without specified place and time. (Seyidoğlu, 1986) Umay Günay says:”According to the most widely assent logic of fairytales are life stories narrated in a distinctive way. Those life stories generally reflect the world different than ours, realize impossible, make heroes happy at the end and give hope to those who listen.(Günay, 1992) While Esma Şimşek defines fairytale as following: “Type of oral narration product which starts with cliché words, said by private persons in self purposeful framework of (supernatural) time, place and person, describes the real life lived together with imagined life in a systematic way” ( Şimşek, 2001) General Characteristics of The Bosniak Fairytales Bosniak fairytales from the general aspect of structure, framework, topic and heroes have common characteristics of the other fairytales. In this sense it easily can be expressed that Bosniak fairytales are generally similar to the other fairytales. But, with all similarities to the fairytales of the other people Bosniak fairytales again have their own distinctive characteristics. This distinction can be explained with the society’s cultural, economic and historical development in the civilization process. (Nametak, 1998) The Bosniak fairytales as stated above, although in terms of structural characteristics are universal, their mainline is national. It is because Bosniak fairytales reflect altogether interests of the Bosniak society, its needs and expectations with the views of life. These fairytales from the core give knowledge about Bosniak cultural structure, language characteristics, ways of life, religious and historical facts in such a way that from these aspects Bosniak fairytales are different than other fairytales in the world. Perhaps one of the most important distinction of the Bosniak fairytales which makes them national is the synthesis format that stems from the interaction of belief and culture. As a members of the South Slavic branch Bosniaks were exposed to the beliefs of Bogumil Christianity for a long time, in 1463 when starts Ottoman conquest they are directed to the process of Islamization that lasted for 200 of years. Be it ethnic structure or the cultural one, the influence of the new civilization circle was inevitable, and by the time ambivalent expressions in fairytales like mosque-church, Ayşe- Stefan, imam-monk, sultan-tzar seem to become a national character. ( Goric, 1976) One of the most important features of the Bosniak fairytales is stability in the specter of optimist views. In these fairytales there is no insurmountable obstacle, punishments are not creepy, the evil ones instead of being negative are rather passive and sometimes even in a funny role, narrator and listener are not concerned that heroes and good ones will succeed and this is more obvious than in the fairytales of other nations. In the Bosniak fairytales the most important stance is being very flexible with status quo. The youngest son of the poor family, the only son, the only daughter, extraordinary intelligence, taking help from supernatural beings because of the benevolent structure can be reason for changing the social class at once. Motives like; poor young man who becomes tzar, young man who marries tzar’s daughter, poor girl who becomes sultan’ bride, king who is in pathetic situation, expulsion of evil vezir from palace, when step-mothers evil becomes obvious and etc. are characteristics which show that Bosniak cultural structure does not have strong influence of bourgeois as it is case in the European fairytales. It is important to emphasize that during collecting and reviewing of 50 Bosniak fairytales which we had chance to find beside fairytales with supernatural characteristics there are also tales which focus the real life. Characters like king, tzar, ban, sultan, vezir, poor young man, poor girl, step mother, black smith, landlord, baker and etc. are the heroes which turn Bosniak fairytale to real life. Of course it is completely normal in Bosniak fairytales to meet frequently together with characters from the real life supernatural characters like demon, devil, nymph, titan, witch and etc. As it is known the fairytale is distinguished from other narrations not only by fiction but also by inquiries of time, place and person. 375 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Bosniak fairytales usually are realized in unknown part of a time. Long time ago, in very old time, in a time out of a mind and etc. are concepts of time that we meet in Bosniak fairytales. In the Bosniak fairytales place is with the main lines of the fairytale lands, sometimes is undetermined and sometimes it is real places like Istanbul, Sarajevo, Herzegovina and etc. As in the case of place notions Bosniak fairytales give the similar notions of persons who are sometimes real sometimes imaginary. Those Bosniak fairytales that were subject to our review give are shaped in framework of the most obvious messages like: the truth will be rewarded, evil will not be without response, justice will triumph, importance of work, damages of lies and etc. All Bosniak fairytales finish with happy end. This case is appropriate for the usual type of fairy tale fiction. The powers which represent good, beautiful, the right, fighting with the accumulated powers of evil make that good is rewarded and evil punished what at the end gives positive sense to the aim of the fairytale. This fact prepares Bosniak fairytales for the ground of pretty contrast elements like: good-evil, beauty-ugliness, justice-injustice, smart-stupid, big-small and etc. It is important to emphasize those most important contrasting elements in the Bosniak fairytales. There is no impossible in the world of fairytales and this base is also important source for the Bosniak fairytales. Insurmountable mountains, on travelling with winged horses, magic wand with ring, with sword, unopening doors, with magic word, roads old hundreds of years etc. all this can be opened with just one closure of eye. ( Softic, 1977) Classification of The Bosniak Fairytales As a result of our collecting and translation of the 50 fairytales which we had possibility to reach according to the international Andre-Arne catalogue of the fairytales it is possible to distinct three main groups of the Bosniak fairytales: supernatural fairytales, animal fairytales, and realist fairytales. . A. Supernatural Bosniak Fairytales Those fairytales which constitute majority of the Bosniak fairytales in the main line are mythological in the origin. The majority of these fairytales has a universal aspect when characteristics of fiction are taken into account. In terms of motive patterns these supernatural fairytales are in the parallel view of fairytales that belong to other nations. Elements valued in Bosniak culture should not be kept out of a sight. General view of the Bosniak supernatural fairytale is that they are in the framework where hero with help of other objects crosses many barriers and takes emperors daughter or takes the power of magical object. Those fairytales usually start when poor young man in search for solution of the situation leaves his home. Solving quiet hard problems he reaches his aim with his intelligence and courage and the help taken some times from the supernatural objects. Evil, unjust, tzar, sultan, witch, titan, step mother, wizard and trouble maker, if they are old die, lose their position or are turned into some another object. In the supernatural Bosniak fairytales part of the supernatural beings like nymphs, titans, demons, dragoons, flying horses, lord of snakes and etc. helps the hero while part of these supernatural beings are in mission to make the task for hero more harder. In the supernatural fairytales the enemy is usually strong, very dangerous and particularly very powerful. Their strength is much stronger than the strength an ordinary people. However as it is said above in the Bosniak fairytales there is no place for the impossible. Tasks like to reach soul of a hidden titan at the bottom of the sea, taking a magical ring which is source of power from a wizard woman that she does not feel it, despite of their hardship never can result with failure. (Softic, 1977) 376 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo B. Bosniak Animal Fairytales As it is known emergence of fairytales related to animals is older compared to other fairytale types. Considering educational aspect of these fairytales which can have characteristics of human-animal or as allegoric animal-animal relations we can say that they are the most practical means of communication. In these fairytales animals identify themselves with human characteristic and in onomatopoeic art speaks, thinks, argues, humiliates, and understands as a man. Bosniak animal fairytales are in the format where relations humansanimals, and animals-humans are depicted as relations between humans. In some animal fairytales dialogue between humans and animals even if it is little, still exists. In this fairytales we see animals as helping people who have right attributes or in a mission of competitor to an evil person or greedy person.(Softic, 1977) As it is case with the fairytales of other people in the Bosniak fairy tale animals like wolf, fox, bear, lion, snake and etc. are symbolically identified with some human characteristics which stem from their nature, some of those characteristics are smartness, greed, honesty and etc. In these fairytales physically stronger and wilder animals stand in opposition to meeker, small, and thin animal, with their anger, greed, being dishonest and etc, they are in function of reflecting the human relations. C. Bosniak Realist Fairytales The realist fairytales are more focused on the daily life that we know than the other two types. In the Bosniak realist fairytales, the tale events and heroes are shaped in the framework of heroes and events that we can meet in any moment in the daily life. Young girl, young man, poor peasant, rich man, step mother, merchant, robber, end etc. actors and actresses of the daily life, social and moral topics like honesty, injustice, justice, generosity, helpfulness and etc. the natural manners that man takes altogether. ( Hörmann, 1976) It is not striking that in the Bosniak realist fairytales this type of characteristics helps to the heroes to cross all barriers and achieve their aims without any supernatural help. In these fairytales there is no flying horse, magical stick, or nymph which helps to the hero. The hero with his intelligence, honesty, hard working, courage, intuition and personal skills succeeds in winning his competitors and reaches the happy end. In the Bosniak realist fairytales there are opposites on the main lines like; breaking of moral principles of society or individuals, good-evil, justice-injustice, hard working-laziness, smartness-stupidity, greedsatisfaction. Naturally in this type of the fairytales good is rewarded while evil is sanctioned. However in the realist fairytales differentiate from other two types because rewards and sanctions are more in reasonable. (Softıc, 1977) The Formal Structure of The Bosniak Fairytales The formal is defined stereotyped expression having exact particular shape. The fairytale formals firstly aim to take listener from the real life, have listener’s attention, bring him to imaginary world, make him more interested into the fairytale, give time to the narrator from the unknown point, using own skills of narrator he gives the purpose of the tale. The Bosniak fairytale formals are in the order as follows below\ 1. Staring formals In the Bosniak fairytales the starting formals are a little bit out of the usual standard rhyme form. In the Bosniak fairytales the staring formals on the main lines are: once upon time, in ancient times, in one of the times, in ancient time when demons, titans and humans all lived together., in old times. 2. Passing Formals The passing formals in the Bosniak fairytales are merely used. Except couple of examples in those fairytales, we do not have them. Months and months and years and years have passed after, less gone, nice gone, went one step to go away. 3. Ending Formals Bosniak fairytales usually finish with the same ending formals. They reached their goals, they have become happy, were happy, made a huge wedding, and lived happily after. 4. Number Formals In the Bosniak fairytales the numeric formals show the uniting characteristics of eastan west. Among the numbers listed below number 3 is seen more frequently than the others. Three girls, three boys, three titans. 377 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo While it can be seen that number 40 is more popular than other numbers after number 3. 40 titans, 40 gates, 40 bandits. Numbers in the fairytales can be listed as following: 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 21, 22, 40, 5. Time Formals One of the most important distinctions of the fairytale narrations is undetermined time. The Bosniak fairytales in this case do not show big structural difference from the fairytales of other people. The expressions of time in the Bosniak fairytale are as day, month and year. 3 days, 5 days , 7days, 3 months, 5 months, 10 months, 3 years, 5 years, 40 years. 6. Colors In the Bosniak fairytale we face color as related assets associated with function. For example if the demon is dark this mean he is very strong and dangerous, of horse is white this means he is supernatural. In this sense colors used in the fairytales are as following: black, white, yellow, red, blue. 7. Place Formals The most important characteristic of the fairytale is imaginary plot for place. It is impediment without which Bosniak fairytale cannot exist. It is possible to compare these places with the places in the real world. It is important to emphasize that in Bosniak fairytales places are under cultural influence as it is case in Turksih culture. Istanbul, Bosna, Sarajevo, Krajina, Travnik… Characters in the Bosniak Fairytales The first characters who took our attention in the Bosniak fairytales during reviewing is hunter-hero type. To hunt, it is self desire of a tzar who goes on journey, meets with supernatural beings or fighting with evil rulers, where he wins and his noble characteristics of hunter and tzar are listed. Another character that we meet in the Bosniak fairytales is the small boy character. The character of the small boy is widely spread not only in the Bosniak fairytales but in the fairytales of other nations, in Bosniak fairy tales it is a character of hunter-hero who either has ability to save people from supernatural beings, or is in the arbitrary function among siblings who quarrel and fight each other. One more character that we meet in the Bosniak fairytales is the bald character who with the main lines belongs to the Turkish fairytale character of the “bald boy” (keloğlan). In the Bosniak fairytales we see him successful with his vigilance, intelligence, and supernatural adventures which from time to tome need courage. In those fairytales poor bald thanks to ingenuity and foresight changes his status by marrying the tzar’s daughter. Another character in the Bosniak fairytales is the character of the poor young boy. In those fairytales because of search for the solution of material problems young man leaves old mother and father and way leads to one country. Under very hard conditions he succeeds with supernatural support to kill huge demon or dragoon which was the main problem of the country and as a reward marries the kings daughter. One more character that we meet in the Bosniak fairytales is old wise man. This character who is in mission to help a hero in the hardest times, he fulfills his duty by giving useful advices to hero how travel of fight efficiently. One of the very important types that appears in the fairytales is also the type of step mother. We can see her sometimes having also supernatural abilities, wants to remove daughter of her husband from the previous marriage, plays with all possible options without fear, but at the end is always defeated and gets punished. The last character we will present in the Bosniak fairytale is trouble maker or witch. In those fairytales young girl or old woman, represented as very ugly being, is one the most important rivals of heroes. Despite of her supernatural abilities, she cannot save herself from the defeat by hero and is mostly punished with death. Conclusion Bosniak fairytales in terms of quality and quantity keep very important place in the Bosniak folk literature. Type of tale which has the duty to save cultural values and transfer them to the new generations, are big concern because they are unfortunately forgotten very fast from the folk memory and there is lack of interest into field work to collect products of Bosniak culture. Rich both in fiction and structural elements, pretty rich in motives the Bosniak fairytales as it is said in the introduction have their own standing between east and west. Perhaps more attention is needed to the unknown period and elements of Islamic culture which occurred under specific circumstances when those these fairytales were shaped and re-shaped. Historical and social processes in their own conditions on the core of the human community transferred to future generation as any kind of material of spiritual culture as a whole are called culture. Culture which makes one society to be distinctive from another represent DNA of that society. Concern for protection of 378 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo cultural values is so important that question of national independence and national consciousness is nothing less important. A community’s perception, thinking and way of life directly overlap with the cultural views. As mentioned before importance of culture is vital what makes especially oral culture being more important with all types of narration in itself what again makes protection and recording of these types a must. Balkans which connect the Europe to the east have Bosnia and Herzegovina hosting the richest cultural samples as it is perceived, that will be even more richer when Bosniaks as one of the three constitutive nations start discover own cultural treasury. 379 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo References Boratav, P.N., (1982) 100 Soruda Türk Halk Edebiyatı, Gerçek Yay.,Đstanbul Elçin, Ş., (1986) Halk Edebiyatına Giriş, Akçağ Yay., Ankara Goric, M., (1976) Narodna Proza, Price Puslovice Pıtalıc I Zagonetke, Vaselin Masleca, Sarajevo Günay, U., (1992) Elazığ Masallarının Muhtevası. Fırat Üniversitesi, Fırat Havzası Folklor ve Etnografya Sempozyumu Bildirileri. Elazığ, s. 109. Hörmann,K., (1976) Narodne Pjesma Muslimana BĐH, Priredila Denana Buturovic, Sarajevo Nametak,A., (1998) Traza Zaboravka, Publishing, Sarajevo Sakaoğlu, Saim., (1992) Masallar Türk Dünyası Ortak Edebiyatı,TAV Yay., Ankara Selver, M., (2003)Balkanlara Stratejik Yaklaşım ve Bosna, IQ Kültür Yayıncılık, Đstanbul Seyhan, E. (2007) Bosna-Hersek’in Jeo-Stratejik Önemi ve Türkiye, Yayımlanmamış YL Tezi, Afyon Kocatepe Ünv. Sosyal Bililimler Enst., Afyon Seyidoğlu, B., (1975) Erzurum Masalları, Atatürk Ünv., Yay., Erzurum Softic, A., (1977) Antologija, Bošnjacke Usmene Price, Alef, Izdavacka Kuca, Sarajevo Şimşek, E., (2001) Yukarıçukurova Masallarında Motif ve Tip Araştırmas, ıKültür Bakanlığı Yay., Ankara Yürür, P., (2007) Uluslararası Toplumun Bosna-Hersek’i Yeniden Yapuılandırma Süreci ve Modeli, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Gazi Ünv. Sosyal Bilimler Enst., Ankara 380 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 721 Title A name given to the resource The Experimental Fieldwork Study of Methodology, With Classification, On The Collected Bosniak Folk Tales and Identification of These Tales With Their Evaluation Author Author Sümbüllü, Yusuf Ziya Abstract A summary of the resource. Tale, which has been the subject of research studies in Bosnia-Herzegovina and around the world, is a type of oral narrative which doesn’t have to be plausible, yet may make the reader believe in its plausibility; based on morality, useful and didactic; whose source dates back to ancient times and which are marked with characteristics from time and culture they were created in. There has been different opinions about the sources and classification of the tale which is in close relation with different sorts of narration. The history of tale extends back to the ages without writing however the history of tale studies could only be extended to the beginning of 20th century. The aim of this study is to bring interpretation to in particular, Bosanski tale culture, and in general, study of tales, in relation with the function and context of the fairy tale, the narrator, and the listener. By transferring social values from one generation to another, tales provide the continuity and unity of community in terms of training the young generations in a better way. Therefore, tales are important with their role and power on guiding and shaping new generations lives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3669d0bc42754bc5d5fe5a9500c4dd96.pdf 9fe74df41c2d912c5be1af160c3d3b6d PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Export Exceptional Application In Means Of Value Added Tax: The Example Of Antalya Serpil Ağcakaya1, Hidayet Şal2 1 Public Accountants and Financial Advisers for Antalya Room 1 In order to save space, the results from the panel unit root tests are not reported here, but available upon request. Abstract Purpose of this study is constituted by the exceptional VAT applied in export activities and the lineal and rudiments related to the rejection mechanism process. The exception included into this study, the one concerned with the exception are initially those real and legal persons involved in export activities in domestic borders and abroad, secondly the accountants of these persons, Public Accountant Members and finally the public closely related to the subject. Therefore; Value Added. Tax (VAT) is of great importance in means of tax collection in the Turkish Tax Structure. The 11th and 12th articles within the relative Law subjecting to the “export exceptions” and the 32nd article subjecting the discount applied to the process related to the exceptions are of great importance within the scope of the VAT. In the final division of the study there is a survey applied to the companies that realize export in Antalya in order to gain general information about the companies and the issues faced related to the reject mechanism of VAT that rise from the export realized by these companies. In general; it is noticed that most of the exporting companies in Antalya constitute of Small and Medium Size Enterprises and that they are generally complaining about the mass of official procedures and about the processes realized very slow. Keywords: Export Realized in Antalya, The Application of Exceptions in Export, Value Added Tax, Export Survey 1.INTRODUCTION Limitations in the commercial exchange of goods and services are disappeared with commerce agreements between countries created commerce and economic system that associations, and labor, customer, and capital are circulated in worldwide were settled. Dynamics such as the political changes all over the world, raising gap between rich countries and poor countries triggered international commerce. Being the world market such a large and its accessibility directed countries and companies to sell products that are not consumed in internal market to foreign market. The reason of that the new world pattern countries drag competition based on export is to expand bracket per country as an element of international development level. The purpose of this research is to examine export exemption and refund implementations since 1985 about refunding VAT to the exporter for goods and services that will export. VAT export exceptions, analysis of our country and the world export will be discussed, then, 201 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo a survey about refunding, implemented to exporters in Antalya, arising from the general export status and exceptions in export VAT will be involved. 2.IMPORTANCE OF VAT IN TURKISH TAX SYSTEM There have been many definitions of the tax until today. Tax, as a word, means “Impot” in France, and mainly is a Turkish term. It means generally gifted, disinterested given value. However, they are values as participation shares to public spending given by taxpayers to the government (SAYAR; Nihad Public Finance - Public Expenditure and Income Principles I-II, Sermet Printing House, Istanbul, 1970, pg.77) in financial meaning. Taxis defined with money today although, in financial meaning, it is actually the meaning of material values paid with money and goods. VAT, known as sales tax in tax system, is an impersonal, multi-stage, general turnover tax that grasps of every phase by the time that every stage of the production-consumption and import chain reach the final customer, received from the sale of the goods, and based on the increase in value by allow tax cuts. According to first item of TAX legislation numbered 3065, delivery of goods and services fulfillments in the framework of commercial, industrial, agricultural activities and independent business activities in Turkey are subjected to be implemented under all kinds of imports of goods and services, and other proceedings. As follows, the sum of VAT shown in documents are deducted from the sum of VAT shown in documents like bill etc. that are issued by that firm due to good sales or service fulfillment during the same period, because of goods and services bought by a firm with documents like bill etc. from another firms during the taxation period. Affirmative spread between these will be paid until the evening of 26th of the following month by declared to relevant tax authority until the evening of 24th of the following month. Negative spread between these will be transferred to the next period and the sum of VAT shown in documents like bill etc. that are issued by that firm due to goods or services during the taxation period will be added on the memorandum in this period. The essence of VAT is implemented in every stages from production or importation to consumption of goods and services, that tax value added in each stage. (YILDIRIM; Muhsin, BAĞRIAÇIK; Atila, Implemented VAT in Foreign Commerce Operations and Accounting , Science and Technology Publishing House, İstanbul 2000, page:1). In our country, principle adopted for international circulation of goods and services is “arrival country” principle. In other words, it is essential that Turkey is taxed by the countries where international movement of goods and services originating from Turkey arrived (consumed), is not taxed by countries where they emanate (produced). The two main methods, mainly taxation, are implemented in the Turkish Tax System. First of them is direct taxation group subjected under the name of income during the investigation of income. Second is indirect taxation group subjected under the name of tax conditions during spending income. (Essentials of refunding and VAT in import, İGEME – İSO, Joint Publication, İstanbul 2010, page:1). The biggest factor crowning The VAT, as an indirect tax, is the mechanism of reduction feature. The final customer, not the taxpayers who law is not mentioned as, undertake tax burden of goods or services by means of this reduction system. The cumulative tax receipt and the additional tax burden on goods and service will be prevented. 202 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.EXPORT EXCEPTION IN VAT It is necessary requirement that goods and services relating to export don’t burden VAT. On the other hand, competitive chance in international markets of these goods and services will be reduced. (MAÇ; Mehmet, VAT Implementation Electronic Book, 11th item, page: 3). Countries tent to sell goods and service to the abroad. In order to ease and increase doing this, they prepare essential substructure. Exportation are exempted in our country like all the countries where VAT is implemented. About exception of exportation, with the 11th item of VAT, exportation transactions will be subjected to a full exemption; in following 12th item, transactions which would meet the conditions will be exported. In the following 32th item, it is provisioned that taxpayers will offsetting VAT that they paid in used certificates from VAT counted (payable), but if this counted VAT is less than deductible VAT, VAT that we couldn’t deduct will be refunded to taxpayer within the framework conditions determined by the Ministry of Finance. Therefore, goods and services subjected to the exportation will disburden of VAT and be vested in the final customer. Exportation is exempted in countries where VAT is implemented. In our country, parallel with EU mandates, some principles are adopted during the harmonization process of common tax system in the unity. One of them is a destination principle (taxation in the country of destination), adopted by every country where VAT is implemented, goods and services are subjected to VAT in the countries where they are consumed and used. Importation of every goods and service is taxed in Turkey when exportation of every goods and services that will consumed in the abroad is extended. Therefore, competitiveness in international markets for goods and services can be increased and it is prevented that taxpayers and administration do the same thing twice by solving the double taxing problem. VAT refund system, refunding of burdens in goods production and procuration, was an important to international competitive and finance of exporters. Reason of this is that VAT rates differ between countries so that exportation are extended for VAT is based on this principle. According to destination principle, VAT burden on goods that were bought by tourists from Turkey to their countries and will be consumed in their countries should be vanished. Because, goods that are bought in such a way in Turkey, and received to abroad should be appraised as exportations, and this way in literature as a term is named as “retail exportation”(ÜNALAN;Sedat,http://www.yaklasim.com/mevzuat/dergi/makaleler/199508588 .htm). Parallel with the international implementation, in our country, (http://www.gib.gov.tr/index.php?id=1028);       Refunding of VAT that was paid to exported goods. (VAT , 32th ) Making arrangement to provide exporter buy goods without paying VAT(VAT, 11th/1) Not computing VAT in refunding relating to exportation (VAT, 11th / 1-a) With them, exempting exported goods from VAT completely, that means, provisions providing exceptional implementation are involved in VAT. Therefore, goods and services exempted from VAT will be subjected to VAT in arrival country. On the other hand, according to 11th /11-c item of VAT, It is provided in some conditions that exporter can get goods without paying VAT, and get rid of having deal with tax refunding. It is enabled that importer can get VAT that he couldn’t get from exporter from tax office, and get rid of finance burden by means of billing with VAT and showing this in his memorandum, and postponing VAT debts with interest free, in fact, offsetting to 203 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  the other tax debts or in cash this money if he does not pay the debt or the money is less than probation. (http://www.divandenetim.com.tr/Makaleler/Details.aspx?MakId=69f68255-0afb4ef4-9564-eb490b78aa1). 4.EXPORTATION ANALYSES IN OUR COUNTRY Sectors of commodities that are subjected to foreign-trade; agriculture, industry, and mining. In 2011, the sum of exportation in Turkey have reached 134.571.338 Thousands of USD , the maximum exportation is in 111.537.870 Thousands of USD in industry sector, second is 17.887.224 Thousands of USD in agriculture sector, and the last is 3.876.383 Thousands of USD in mining sector. (http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html). The maximum contribution to being the maximum exportation sector of Industry is industry products. In this subtitle, automotive industry has 15,16% of exportation in our country. (http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html). All sector figures that we get is comprised of 13 Exporter Associations General Secretaries and 61 Exporter Associations in General Secretariats. Each General Secretariat has different business segment; and it has total 24 different business segments. Exporter Associations which its members are exporters service as institutions connected with Turkish Republic Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade. According to information in 2011, association that has maximum exportation in Exporter Unions is Istanbul Mine and Metal Exporters' Association with 37.711.868 Thousands of USD that has 1/3 of the whole exportation, and association that has minimum exportation is Antalya Exporters Association with 1.073.591 thousands of USD and 0.8% contribution and it is the last of the list.(http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html). According to information about geographic area in 2011, we exported mostly to Europe. This found seems to be on the basis of the countries we export mostly. As follows, the first four countries that we export mostly are the countries that have the largest economy of Europe. We export mostly to Germany with 13.882.788 thousands of USD, 10.41%, and respectively UK, Italy and France. At the sum, Turkish products are exported to 229 different countries, pieces of land not declaring independence, or island communities.(http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracatihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html). Any other numerical information that should not be overlooked is increase variety of sector and country in exportation. This increase is very important to exhibit stable export performance with decreasing problems that may be in external demands. When looking at contribution of the first ten exported sectors, there is an increasing variety of products. In fact; contribution of the first ten sectors of 66 sub sectors in the exportation is 73.8% in 1996, but it is 65.6% in 2011. In addition, the another method is to look at equivalent sector number in order to observe change in sectoral variety. Equivalent sector number gives the number of the main sectors with equivalent contribution to the whole exportation by excluding unimportant sectors with minor contribution to the exportation. Equivalent sector number is 11 in 2000, but it is 18 in 2011. (http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Start.do). After the 2001 crisis, there was reduction in equivalent sector number, and after 2008 global crisis, there was increase in variety of our exportation. (ÖZLALE; Ümit, CUNEDİOĞLU; H. Ekrem, Turket Exportation Performance 2: Variety of the basis of sector, Competitiveness and Adaptation, Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV), Ankara 2011). 204 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5.SAMPLE OF ANTALYA CITY It can be understood that Antalya is not only a tourism city when information in Table 1 is examined. In addition to tourism, there are mainly fruit, vegetable and cut flower crops; industry products mainly cement and iron; mining. To sum up, in addition to city center and tourism, agriculture and industry was also developed. TABLE-1: Exportation in Antalya City on the Basis of Sectors (2011) SECTOR EXPORTATION (USD) Wood and Forest Products 77.264.878,18 Cement and Soil Products 15.461.467,49 Valuable Mine and Jewelry 9.311.771,28 Iron and Steel Products 18.225.319,94 Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals 19.671.854,44 Leather and Leather Products 23.887.470,28 Other Industrial Products 2.933.431,84 Electricity – Electronics 8.806.940,64 Hazelnut and Products 18.255,59 Ship and Yacht 2.808.782,75 Carpet 242.045,68 Clothing and Apparel 18.577.734,26 Cereals, Pulses, Oil Seeds and Products 21.697.295,84 Chemicals and Chemical Products 88.393.127,25 Dried Fruits and Products 312.435,76 Mining and Metals 154.697.026,55 Machinery and Parts 25.303.093,17 Fruit and Vegetable Products 22.475.160,48 Fisheries and Livestock Products 12.095.172,50 Ornamental Plants and Products 31.501.890,84 Automotive Parts and Supply Industry 7.254.041,52 205 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Textile and Raw Materials 43.977.145,17 Fresh Fruits and Vegetables 403.389.262,78 Olive and Olive Oil 444.394,38 TOTAL EXPORTS IN ANTALYA 1.008.749.998,61 SOURCE: http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html According to information in 2011, total exportation is 133.301.459.479,77 USD. Istanbul has the maximum exportation with 59.048.557 thousands of USD in the basis of the cities, and respectively Bursa and Kocaeli. Antalya, area where research was made at the end of the survey, has 1.008.749 Thousands of USD and it is 16th city in exportation. (http://www.aib.org.tr/html/). 5.1.SURVEY The purpose of this survey is to evaluate exportations and problems in duration of exportation in Antalya that contributed to exportation in our country by operating at the large area from the mining products to service exportation; agricultural products to industry. During the study, the main questions of sought answers are towards the intended targets. • What are the qualifications who carry out export activities? • What are the characteristics of firms that carry out export activities? • What do firms care except the financial income when firms export cares what? • What problems are seen frequently in the process of export? • What obstacles firms encounter the collection of export exemption arising from the VAT refund? • What aspects of Antalya are the advantages and disadvantages for export? In order to answer these questions, this survey was prepared and exportations in Antalya were tried to examine. 34 questions were directed to the exporters. This survey was sent to the 2.083 subjects (universe) via electronic message and 115 of them turned back (sample). Interpretation was prepared from these information to general. These participants were not chosen random, and it was tried to reach all the exportation firms. (simple random sampling) Here, it is wanted to help to get electronic mail of firms from professional chambers and associations. It should not be underestimated that attendance of exportation firms’ owners, their shareholders or employees is 5.52%. Time period that survey was done is the period when implementation of Some of the Restructuring of the Public Debt, and Social Insurance and the other General Health Insurance Law on Amendments to Some Laws and Decree Law. When this arrangement that a lot of companies benefit from is considered to make workload difficult, it can be said that this rate is too much and it is enough to induct. 5.1.1.SURVEY RESULTS Increase in exportation in our country since integrating European Customs Union in 1996 affected positively exportation in Antalya. Total exportation was increased 315% in the last 206 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 10 years, and exportation in Antalya was increased 706% so it gained acceleration 2 times higher than total exportation in the country. TABLE-2: Last 10 Year Analysis of Antalya and Turkey Exportations (Million USD) YEARS 2002 2 2003 2 2004 2 2005 2 2006 2 2007 6.059 3 7.252 4 3.167 6 3.476 7 5.534 8 1 1 1 1 1 07.271 32.027 02.135 13.682 30.769 60 1 22 2 56 2 89 3 39 4 48 TURKEY ANTALYA 2 2008 6 90 2 2009 8 13 2 2010 8 .130 2 2011 1 .009 2 1 SOURCE: Turkey Exporters Assembly (www.tim.org.tr) As the table suggests; hypothesis of “A couple of exportation enterprise in Antalya are the special exporters in first Mediterranean Sea, then Turkey, and then World in the immediate future by getting rid of structural problems; or with human capital, organizational capital, external capital, and exportation performances.” is realistic. As the same, being 500 billions of USD of our total exportation of TİM in 2023 is not a dream. 6.RESULT AND EVALUATION These findings are gotten by comparing 34 questions in survey to exportation firms with each other.Because 66% of attendants in survey says that 500 billions of USD goal is difficult reach under these current conditions, entrepreneur to export the administrative authority should be encouraged like free of charge in accommodation. In survey, being 54% of rate of firm without gadgets in foreign language is because of that 54% of them is comprised from enterprises that like KOBİ (Small and Medium Sized Enterprises) enterprises providing interim good to large companies rather than exporting their own brand. Another consequential result is 59% of real and legal persons dealing with exportations in Antalya are not interested in the relating activities. In this case, firms can’t know developments relating to their fields and Ar-Ge (R&D), and if they are going to behave like that, unavoidable results will appear day after day. However, attending enterprises with their own sectors and activities related to exportation will affect positively in a city with Expo exhibition and convention area. In the survey results, enterprises with exportation activities are mostly KOBİs. A lot of KOBİs begin to export because they emulate the other KOBİs or the foreign customer wants to goods from them. In this case, KOBİs are not completely related to scientifical facts of exportation. Most of KOBİs don’t know their rivals, how much rivals they have, whether they have any rival or not. In the results of the survey, 60% of attendants complain about plenty of bureaucratic processes and its loginess in refunding of VAT. In order to solve this problem, number of physical controls should be decreased in the custom gates, information technologies should be benefited more, number of qualified servant should be increased and recommended that they should work more efficiently. Encouragement implementations like encouragement models in developed countries should be insurance, guarantee, Ar-Ge, quality control and credit instead of financial encouragements 207 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo because directly given government supports make exporters lazy. However, encouragements integrated to the various stages of exportation may direct them to new pursuits. It is recommended that certificate system carried out by the authorities of EU countries is going to be on the electronic system after 2017(TİM, December Europe Agenda, 2010, page:18). Therefore, it is expected that decreasing bureaucracy that exporters always complain and saving time and labor. As a result, exportation enterprises in Antalya are enterprises that are not professional, and can’t stand on its own legs; but have potential for the future. BİBLİOGRAPHY İGEME Essentials of refunding and VAT in import– İSO, Joint Publication, İstanbul 2010, page:1 MAÇ; Mehmet, VAT Implementation Electronic Book, 11th item, page: 3 ÖZLALE; Ümit, CUNEDİOĞLU; H. Ekrem, Turket Exportation Performance 2: Variety of the basis of sector, Competitiveness and Adaptation, Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV), Ankara 2011 SAYAR; Nihad Public Finance - Public Expenditure and Income Principles I-II, Sermet Printing House, Istanbul, 1970, pg.77 TİM, December Europe Agenda, 2010, page:18 ÜNALAN Sedat, http://www.yaklasim.com/mevzuat/dergi/makaleler/199508588.htm YILDIRIM; Muhsin, BAĞRIAÇIK; Atila, Implemented VAT in Foreign Commerce Operations and Accounting , Science and Technology Publishing House, İstanbul 2000, page:1 http://www.gib.gov.tr/index.php?id=1028 http://www.divandenetim.com.tr/Makaleler/Details.aspx?MakId=69f68255-0afb-4ef4-9564eb490b78aa1 http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Start.do http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html http://www.aib.org.tr/html/ 208 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1296 Title A name given to the resource The Export Exceptional Application In Means Of Value Added Tax: The Example Of Antalya Author Author Serpil Ağcakaya, Ağcakaya Abstract A summary of the resource. Purpose of this study is constituted by the exceptional VAT applied in export activities and the lineal and rudiments related to the rejection mechanism process. The exception included into this study, the one concerned with the exception are initially those real and legal persons involved in export activities in domestic borders and abroad, secondly the accountants of these persons, Public Accountant Members and finally the public closely related to the subject. Therefore; Value Added. Tax (VAT) is of great importance in means of tax collection in the Turkish Tax Structure. The 11th and 12th articles within the relative Law subjecting to the “export exceptions” and the 32nd article subjecting the discount applied to the process related to the exceptions are of great importance within the scope of the VAT. In the final division of the study there is a survey applied to the companies that realize export in Antalya in order to gain general information about the companies and the issues faced related to the reject mechanism of VAT that rise from the export realized by these companies. In general; it is noticed that most of the exporting companies in Antalya constitute of Small and Medium Size Enterprises and that they are generally complaining about the mass of official procedures and about the processes realized very slow. Keywords: Export Realized in Antalya, The Application of Exceptions in Export, Value Added Tax, Export Survey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance