281 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/40bd2223c081080c3793589bd44a752c.pdf 73d1a020a70938186b3b32adc500ea7a PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Effects of Internal Entrepreneurshıp as an Innovative Activity: a Field Research on Manufacturing Industry Öznur BOZKURT Düzce University Akçakoca Tourism Management High School oznurbozkurt54@yahoo.com Serkan BAYRAKTAROĞLU Sakarya University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences serkanb@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: Intraperneurship is an entepreneurship activity in existence foundation. Intrareneurship is an innovative activity which is very important for competition. In this study, intrapreneurship is considered within the scope of innovativeness, it is discussed what the efficient causes are on the formation of internal entrepreneurship structures and what sort of effect internal entrepreneurship has on company achievement. In this study, in which internal entrepreneurship is considered as an innovative activity was used and questionnaire method was used for the purpose of data acquisition. According to the results of research, there are significant relationships between innovation and intrapreneurship. In addition corporate entrepreneurship and innovation were higher tendency in research organizations. Introduction The word ―entrepreneur‖ comes from the French word "Entreprendre" which means to take on. Entrepreneur who is undertakes to organize and risk. In recent years, entrepreneurs have been doing many different jobs that they require to expand the definition. Today, an entrepreneur as an innovatory or developer to find and capture opportunities; converts these opportunities into marketable ideas; in time, adds value this ideas with money or skills; to apply these ideas to bear the risks of the competitive market place and these efforts can translate into money (Kuratko and Hoggets, 1995: 4). Intrapreneurship, in recent years prominent in the literature and stated that entrepreneurship in an existing organizations and it is an integral part of the innovation concept, previously considered only features of the largescale organization. Later on this concept to be regarded as tools to provide development and growth. Employees to act as entrepreneurs and have the right to autonomy become a key element for strategic development in organization. The need to have entrepreneurial thinking to respond to environmental changes has brought a different view in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is not limited or start a new business to establish production. It includes changes in the organization. Today, entrepreneurship means starting a new job and looking for opportunities in existing organizations for creating and innovative acts. When evaluated from this point of view,this process includes entrepreneurial behavior. Intrapreneurship Concept On the basis of intrapreneurship, entrepreneurial thinking is spreading into the organization. In general, intrapreneurship is demonstrating total entrepreneurship and innovation effectiveness within an existing organization and directed staff to act as entrepreneurs (Koçel, 1998: 17). Within an existing institution by one or more employees out of a importent innovation for the company and implementation (Carrier1996,p.7). intrapreneurship, besides innovation to create or maintain a competitive advantage to organizations, markets and sectors is redefined. (Covin and Miles, 1999,p.50). Intrapreneurship emerges in an existing organization and is separated from conventional behavior. Regardless of size of organization, beyond create a few new business opportunities, is an innovative activity (Antoncic and Hisrich, 2003). 648 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Dimensions of Intrapreneurship Many studies are regarding intrapreneurship with six intrapreneurship dimension. These dimensions are typically include new products, services, market technology and management techniques to develop a strategic change, autonomy, and proactiveness elements. These dimensions in relation to each other (Rule and Irvin, 1988). New Business Opportunities: In short it can be defined, as regardless of the size of organization, demonstrating on innovationof the existing products or markets and creating new jobs (Antoncic, 2007). The company's bringing new products or innovation in existing products for the future. In other words, it is about making improvements to meet the needs of the market (Jarna and Kaisu 2005). According to another definition the company's market and their products by redefining and mobilizing the company's internal dynamics is to turn the company‘s staff into entrepreneurs. This application helps through competitively regulation of the company's vision and business arrangement (Fitzsimmons, 2005: 18). Innovation: Innovation is a particular function of entrepreneurship. Innovation means creating wealth with new sources or wealth creation by increasing the use of existing resources as a potential (Drucker,1998). For firms creating and maintaining competitive advantage in the market dynamism is necessary pushing innovation. Corporate entrepreneurship or intrapreneurship in terms of innovation is an important factor. Development of new technologies related to the products, services and administrative practices (Antoncic and Hisrich, 2001). New Venture Initiation: Companies to produce new products or market improvements is existing products for future market needs (Fitzsimmons, 2005). Regardless of the size of organization new processes are put in market or products (Antoncic, 2007). Proaktiveness: This term expresses to gain a competitive advantage for companies and predict events, risk taking and to be first in the market. In other words, for the firm's competitive ability is achieved new products, services, technology and management techniques in the market (Jarna and Kaisu, 2005). Strategic Renewal: The basic idea is toensure the organizational change and rebuild (Antoncic, 2007). Strategic and organizational changes oriented as innovation, market, customer and competitor (Fitzsimmons, 2005). Manifesto, called B-type of strategic renewal, reconstruction of existing missions and change in creative direction, changed the system and refers to organization structure focused on innovation. Usually this kind of change as revealed for the organization's basic values (Jarna and Kaisu, 2005). Autonomy: The development of independent entrepreneurship in society, open-minded and free-willed person to act as brave decisions have an important role. Likewise, intrapreneurship as an considered organizational level which implementation and development of the necessary conditions, creative and new ideas to individuals or teams within the company. Therefore, it is necessary to have an important motivating factor in the market leader is to find an independent entrepreneurial spirit (Ağca, 2005). Internal Environmental Factors Affecting Intrapreneurship There are many factors which influence intrapreneurship Intrapreneurship in the literature mainly talks about two environment: Internal environment and external environment. In place of intrapreneurship in a company and success seen as determining the organizational features includes elements such as, communication, formal control, environmental monitoring intensity, organizational and administrative support, and organizational values. The effect on intrapreneurship of the external environment characteristics include dynamism, technological opportunities, industry growth, demand for new products and intense competition. Organizational characteristics, individual characteristics and environmental interactions create entrepreneurial behavior. Zahra (1991) refers to the emergence of corporate entrepreneurship with many factors that affecting intrapreneurship. Threats / hostile (threatens on the company's mission competition / competitors) dynamism are important factors. Heterogeneity of the developments creating demand for company's products in the market and in addition to administrative structures and values among these factors are considered. Greenberger and Sexton (1988) mentioned in some special situations that trigger the emergence of entrepreneurial behavior. These are changes in 649 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo corporate governance, merger or take over their competitors' moves to increase market share, and new technology development, economic changes, changes in customer expectations and changes in the process (Hornsby et al, 1993). Relationship Between Entrepreneurship And Innovation Innovation is an entrepreneurship activity. Innovation means ―creating new sources of entrepreneurship for wealth creation or with use of existing resources to create prosperity‖ (Drucker,1998). The relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation has been one of the subjects of several investigations for many years. R & D is seen as a technological innovation for more than half a century ( Zahao, 2005). Moreover, inventions used as the narrow definition of innovation. Innovation is a multidimensional concept and has technical characteristics. Innovation takes place in a radical way and change in products, services as well as the change in management even may be in technology change so is a multidimensional process that is beyond the technical aspects (Zahao, 2005). The relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation and entrepreneurs be seen as innovator which was first introduced by Schumpeter in 1930. According to him, entrepreneurs may impact providers through economic development by making innovations. According to this entrepreneurial paradigm, entrepreneurs hasve assumed a dynamic process for starting-up business by innovativeness activity. As a result of an entrepreneur's innovation process some tools such as Product and service differentiation, successfully meet market needs were created These are the process of entrepreneurial innovation. Innovation is an continuity activity. Therefore, evaluation of new ideas must be used for profit (www.focusinnovation.net, 2010). Intrapreneurial innovation can be carried out by employees. The employees may be holding a special effort to innovate and so it is an important element for the firm to support this request. On the other hand, employees' support is a potential source for the company. Human capital is an important element for the company's innovation potential. Support of intrapreneurship affect lowering the cost by preventing supplied outside innovation (Subramanian, 2004). Importance and Purpose of Research Intrapreneurship is briefly defined as an entrepreneurship in the existing organization and in this respect, intrapreneurship positively affects the staff and institutions. Intrapreneurship isconsiderd within innovation context in this study, investigating environmental factors which affect the intrapreneurship formation and the impact of intrapreneurship in the success of companies have been discussed. Also it is investigated in this study that there exists a significant relationship between innovation and intrapreneurship. Research Method This study employed a standard questionnaire for data collection. Reviewed the relevant literature and questionnaire was created. There are total 76 questions in the first part of questionnaire for measuring the environmental factors which affect intrapreneurship, relation between innovation and entrepreneurship. In the second part of the questionnaire has total 9 questions to determine demographic characteristics. Whilst choosing the sample of research some certain criteria has been considered, such as companies having at least 50 employees and that have been passed 5 years of activity operating in the manufacturing industry as well as with companies having more than 250 employees and registered in Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Sakarya. Randomly selected 340 white collar employees in 33 companies answered the questionnaire. Data collected were then analyzed using SPSS 16.0 program. Research Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How perception of innovation in studied corporate? How is the perception of intrapreneurship is seen in sample organizations? Is intrapreneurship differentiated according to gender? According to the company's activities while in innovation and entrepreneurial orientation tend to vary? According to the company's age, do companies differently tend to apply innovation and intrapreneurship? Are there any relationship between intrapreneurship and innovations? 650 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Findings Variable Age of Firm Less than 5 5-9 10-14 15-19 20+ No Export Revenue Less than % 20 %20-%40 %41-%60 %61 + Work in Less than 1 year 1-5 year 6-10 year 11-20 year 21 and + Woman Sex Man Frequency % 15 4,6 84 61 79 25,5 18,5 24,0 90 27,4 103 32,9 76 24,3 60 19,2 49 Variable Frequency % 43 12,9 87 115 85 161 173 19 26,1 34,5 25,5 48.2 51.8 6,5 75 25,8 114 39,2 15,7 %6- %10 %11 -%20 60 20,6 25 8,0 %21 + 23 7,9 43 13,0 10 3,0 176 91 21 1 53,0 27,4 6,3 0,3 166 34.9 21-30 31-40 41-50 51 + Married 144 142 32 8 210 42,9 42,3 9,5 2,4 63 215 64.8 Single 124 37 50-100 Number Employees of 101-250 251-500 500+ Manager Employee %0- Status Increase Number Employees in of %0 -%5 21 - Age Marital Status Table 1: Frequency Distribution of Demographic Characteristics Research examined the demographic characteristics of the companies 27% and over 20 years of operating, 34% of the cases has more than 250 employees, approximately 70% of its have an export income, The increase in the number of employees by a ratio of 40% from 6% to be between 10%, and approximately 80% of questionnaire respondents between 20 and 40 age are shown. also 63% of survey respondents were married and 65% are male and 48% of managers. Disagree Frequency % Unstable Frequency % Agree Frequency % Mean Increase the resources to R & D activities. 91 26.8 70 20.6 179 52.7 3,38 R & D expenditure is above the industry average. 101 30 114 33.8 122 36.2 3,12 Innovation is important factor for the institution. Total 51 15.2 59 17.6 225 67.2 3,69 81 24 81 24 175.3 52.03 3,39 Variable Table 2: Dimensions of Innovation As shown in the table above 52% of research participants with 3.38 average stated that increasing the resources allocated to developing new products. Moreover, 67% stated that innovation is an important element for the institution but the resources allocated to R & D according to industry averages is not fully clear. The average size is 52% innovation. This ratio is quite high. 651 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Dimensions of Intrapreneurship Innovation Arithmetic Average 3,39 Standard Deviation 0,730 Starting New Business Venture Self-Renewal Risk Taking Proactive Behavior Competitive Assertiveness Autonomy Intrapreneurship 3,47 3,40 3,35 3,56 3,28 3,40 3,38 0,729 0,690 0,708 0,749 0,654 0,713 0,592 Table 3: Descriptive Statistics of Intrapreneurship Dimensions There are descriptive statistics whit related to entrepreneurship to researches companies in table 3. Between those dimensions that have the highest average proaktivite dimension. This dimension has 3.56 average. The lowest average is the competitive initiative. Moreover, intrapreneurship seems the range of 3.38. within a 5-level scale. Variable Internal Communication Factor Formal Control Environmental Scanning Organizational and Administrative Support Organisational Values Disagree f (x) % 68.7 20.3 82 24.5 45.6 13.5 68.8 20.4 70.5 20.7 Unstable f (x) % 70.7 20.9 56.5 16.7 60.3 17.8 62.4 18.5 76.7 22.5 Agree f (x) 173.5 198.7 232.6 200.4 192 % 58.8 58.8 68.6 60.8 56.6 Mean 3.44 3.44 3.75 3.54 3.48 Technological Opportunities 45.5 13.45 46 13.35 246.5 73.2 3.78 Dynamic Environment Intense Competition Sectoral Growth and The Demand For New Products 81.75 93.6 46.6 24.27 28.02 13.86 57.25 68.8 60.33 17 20.82 17.93 200.25 171.4 229.66 58.7 51.3 68.2 3.44 3.30 3.74 Table 4: Environmental Factors Affecting Intrapreneurship Internal and external environmental factors affect intrapreneurship. Accordingly, having the the largest effect elements on intrapreneurship are as follows; environmental scan (3.75), technological opportunities (3.78), industry growth and demand for new products (3.74). Innovation Intrapreneurship Low Medium High Total Significance : 0.000 df: 4 R²: 0.56 Low 14 38 0 52 Medium 6 91 26 123 High 0 46 116 162 Total 20 175 142 337 Table 5: Relationship Between Intrapreneurship and Innovations As shown in the table, there is a high level relationship between intrapreneurship and innovation. The rate of this relationship is examined, intrapreneurial activity is effective innovation in a ratio of 56%. Firm Innovation Mean A g e Starting New Business Venture Mean SelfRenewal Mean Risk Taking Mean Proactive Behavior Mean 652 Competitive Autonomy Intrapreneurship Assertiveness Mean Mean Mean �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Less than 5 5-9 year 10-14 year 15-19 year 20+ 3.27 3,31 3.16 3.20 3.20 3.48 3.30 3,27 3.18 3.42 3.23 3.21 3.62 3.23 3.37 3.30 3.79 3.63 3.74 3.63 3.70 3.59 3.79 3.67 3.43 3.57 3.55 3.34 3.57 3.33 3.33 3.41 3,32 3.35 3.23 3.34 3.43 3.08 3,28 3.29 Table 6: According to Firm Age Corporate Entrepreneurship As shown in table 6, firm age matters in having intrapreneurship characteristics for companies. In literature intrapreneurship has a history of at least five years for establishment of intrapreneurship in company. The companies with less than 5 years age have lower intrapreneurship means (3.27) . As the company of the firms increases they tend to be more intrapreneur. But after 10-14 years (for 15-19 and +20) this increase stops and begins to decline. Conclusions In recent years, intrapreneurship has been a major field of study for utilization of opportunities. Internal entrepreneurship include, risk taking, innovation, proaktiveness, strategic innovation, autonomy and tend to intense competition. These are expressed as organizational trends. Main goal of intrapreneurship, against the fast-changing market demands in the environment can turn into opportunities and create business behavior to new areas of competition, dynamism, flexibility and innovation. In this study, intrapreneurship, has been evaluated under the organizational and environmental determinants. Internal factors are considered as, open communications, environmental monitoring, event successful for the administrative support and formal control administrative support elements of these factors the highest level relationship with the corporate entrepreneurial than others. Environmental factors which affect corporate entrepreneurship was considered, intense competition, dynamic environment, technological opportunities, industry growth and demand for new products. technological opportunities the most of of relations with intrapreneurship. In this study the relationships were examined within the framework of intrapreneurial innovation. Innovative applications created internal entrepreneurs and this study concluded that there is an impact of intrapreneurship practices on innovation (%56). References Agca, V. (2005). Intrapreneurship Structures and Firm Performance Effects: Research Company in the Textile Sector in Denizli ,PhD Thesis, Afyon Kocatepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Afyon Antoncic, B. (2007). Intrapreneurship: a Comparative Structural Equation Modeling Study, Industrial Management and Data System s(vol.107, No.3, pp.309-325). Slovenia Antoncic, B., & Hisrich, R.D. (2003). Clarifying The Intrapreneurship Concept, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development (10 (1) s.7-24.) Antoncic, B. & Hisrich, R.D., (2001). Intrapreneurship: Construct Refinement and Cross-Cultural Validation, Journal of Business Venturing (16 (5), s. 495-527). Carrier, C. (1996). Intrapreneurship in Small Businesses: an Exploratory Study, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (21 (1), s. 5-20). Covin, J.G., & Miles, M.P. (1999). Corporate Entrepreneurship and Pursuit of Competitive Advantage, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23 (3), 47-64. Drucker, P. (1998), The Discipline of Innonation, Harward Business Review, Nowember-December 653 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Fitzsimmons, J.R., Douglas, E.J., Hisrich, R.D. & Antoncic, B. (2005). Intrapreneurship in Australian Firms, Journal of The Australia and New Zealand Academy of Management (11 (1): 17-27). Hornsby, J.S., Kuratko, D.F. and Zahra, S.A., (2002). Middle Managers‘ Perception of The Internal Environment For Corporate Entrepreneurship: Assessing A Measurement Scale, Journal of Business Venturing, (17 (3), s.253-273). Jarna, H. & Kaisu, K. (2005). How About Measurıng Intrapreneurshıp?, Small Business Institute, Turku School of Economics and Business Administration, Finlan Kuratko, D. & Hoggetts, R. M. (1995). Entrepreneurship, Third Edition, The Dryeden Pres, Orlanda Koçel, T. (1998). Entrepreneurship but Which One, Executive Excellence (s:10). Rule, E.G. & Irwin, D.W. (1988). Fostering Intrapreneurship: The New Competitive Edge, The Journal of Business Strategy (9 (3), s. 44-47). Subramanian, N. (2004). The Economics of Intrapreneurial Innovation, Working Paper Series, Jel Classifications (D21, G32, L22, L23) Zahao, F. (2005). Exploring the synergy Between Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Internetional Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research (Vol.11, no.1, pp.25-41) Zahra, S. A. (1991). Predictors and Financial Outcomes of Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Business Venturuing (6 (4), s.259-285). http://www.focusinnovation.net/techtransfer.html(05.02.2006) 654 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 304 Title A name given to the resource Effects of Internal Entrepreneurshıp as an Innovative Activity: a Field Research on Manufacturing Industry Author Author BOZKURT, Öznur BAYRAKTAROĞLU, Serkan Abstract A summary of the resource. Intraperneurship is an entepreneurship activity in existence foundation. Intrareneurship is an innovative activity which is very important for competition. In this study, intrapreneurship is considered within the scope of innovativeness, it is discussed what the efficient causes are on the formation of internal entrepreneurship structures and what sort of effect internal entrepreneurship has on company achievement. In this study, in which internal entrepreneurship is considered as an innovative activity was used and questionnaire method was used for the purpose of data acquisition. According to the results of research, there are significant relationships between innovation and intrapreneurship. In addition corporate entrepreneurship and innovation were higher tendency in research organizations. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/21bb5e3d8b9b47519f01cd470dc509dd.pdf 4a8144d89031cea100ec34b8f60b05e9 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The Strategic Role of Universities in Local and Regional Development: Case of Cankiri Karatekin University-Turkey Köksal BÜYÜK Cankiri Karatekin University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Business, Cankiri/Turkey koksal@karatekin.edu.tr Mahmut YAVAġI Cankiri Karatekin University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Business, Cankiri/Turkey yavasi@karatekin.edu.tr Abstract: It is expected that socio-economic development should be started at local level and extended to regional level and then contributed positively to sustainable national development. New established universities are among strategic actors of local development as well contribute to university education and scientific in Turkey. Therefore, there is a compulsory for universities to work in corporation with local actors in the subject of development in addition to its leader role in national development. After establishment of regional development agencies, development process extending from local to national has gained more importance. Having a take-off and strategic role of universities in local development accelerate this process. In this study cankiri karatekin university choosen as case study will show us that how universities have communicated and coorperated with local dynamics in the field of local and regional development. In this study, activities, projects, formal communications and meeting documents between university and local actors will be investigated via using secondary data. Introduction Most people, traditionally, regard universities as higher education and fundamental research centers. However, in the contemporary period, universities have managed to get beyond this perception. Universities, in a wide spectrum, provide the society, economy, the welfare level and life quality with additional economic, social, cultural contributions. Their activities enter into all aspects of daily life (Rosan, 2006). The different dimensions of the role of universities in regional development have been studied by a variety of scholars. Harvey (2004) for instance, Harvey (2004) have focused on the relationship between regional social participation and universities, Jeffrey (2001) focused on university and the phenomena of new regionalism, Newlands (2003) focused on learning regional universities, Clayman and Holbrook (2003) have studied the relationship between universities and industrial clusters, Seongoh (2000) analyzed the connection between universities and regional renform systems, Chakrabartı and Lester (2004); Bansevicius and Tolocka (1999); Vitaskova (2005); Shadbolt and Kay (2005) have focused on the University-Industry relationship, Cooke and Leydesdorff (2004); Peters (2004); Karlsen (2005) have focused on University and information based regional development relations. All the above mentioned studies regard universities as one of the most important dynamics of regional development (Çetin, 2007). Universities are especially the transporters of working capitals for novel research. In this respect, they are crucial factors in terms of accelerating novelties, and developing new products and services. Universities, since they are the major consumers of local products and services, are catalysts that provide the emergence and development of a chain of added-value to most local small business (Rosan, 2006). Universities, which did only perform education and training functions previously, have become more important institutions and are located in a central position within the socio-economic life of the society in the contemporary information century. Consultancy, widespread education, applied studies, publication activities, health services, the production of technology (…etc.) are the primary functions of the contemporary higher education institutions. In Turkey, in face of the level of development that has been acquired by 363 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo the cities that have universities, other newly developing cities also demanded for Universities. For these reasons, the functions of higher education institutions that have been established in developing regions, in regional development have gained strategic importance. Changing and developing role of Universities in local development in Turkey When we analyze the important studies that were conducted on the university-local cooperation, ―The First Council Workshops on University-Industry Cooperation in Turkey‖ that was organized by Istanbul Technical University in 4-5 November 1994 is one of the important studies. The final report of the council on ―the Development, Strategic Design and Application Model of University-Industry Cooperation‖, was published and sent to over 1000 people and institutions at different official ranks by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) (ITU, 1994). TUBITAK initiated a support program to encourage the establishment of ―University- Industry Common Research Centers‖ in 1996. In line with this program, the financial burdens of these centers are shared by TUBITAK and the industrialists. TUBITAK can support these centers for 5 years. With the condition that TUBITAK‘s financial contribution will not be more than that of the industrialists the financial support is a disposal. According to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) Commission Report in first university-industry congress in 1994, technological developments in market economy countries surely produce new conditions on competitiveness. It is clear that countries and their firms, which use generic technologies effectively and develop it day by day, will get the competitive superiority in the world markets. Technology is the main field to realize this superiority. Competence in technology is sina qu non condition of the industries to keep up with ongoing developments and maintain their competitive power. The other competencies that the market economies require will be built up on this competency base (TUBITAK, 1994). The most important step taken in the 1990s was the Research and Development (R&D) Support Annunciation on November 4th, 1998 (Tebliğ No: 98/10). With this annunciation, the R&D activities of the private sector became widely supported. With the aim of encouraging the industry for R&D, this Annunciation is of crucial importance for University- industry relationship. The industry that improves its R&D and innovation activities will, by nature, engage in cooperation with universities. In this annunciation, in order to encourage university-industry cooperation, article d of the 11th clause tells that ―If the industrial enterprise, procured an R&D service from one of the universities and/or TUBITAK affiliated institutions in terms of a specific project or the enterprise at point performs its R&D activities in one of the aforementioned institutions, then the support percentage will be increased by %30 for these type of service procurement or costs of R&D activities performed in techno-parks.‖ Article c of the 12th clause of the same annunciation, by telling that ―All the project-related expenditures of the universities or research institutions that enter into a project together with an industrial enterprise, with the condition that these expenditures do not exceed $100 000 for each project in the time period of the project, will be provided with the R&D support.‖ One of the most important improvements in University-Industry cooperation over local development in Turkey is the enactment ―Technology-Developing Regions Law‖, which is also known as Technokent (Techno-city) law, in 2001 (Law code: 4691). The law facilitates the employment of academic personal in those regions where technology development is initiated and the contribution of the personnel to production of technology. As it is stated in the first clause, the law aims to provide the grounds through which cooperation can be sustained among the universities, research organizations and institutions. Taking into account the fact that the added value of the industrial sector is relatively higher than other sectors, the establishment of university industry cooperation is of utmost strategic importance for the development of regional industry. The primary task of the industrial sector is to prioritize research-development activities which will be carried out through cooperation with the universities. Especially with the expression that‖the personnel of public institutions/organizations and universities, whose services are required in the activities in the region, can work, either full-time or part-time, with the permission of their institutions. Part-time working Faculty members‘, lecturers‘, research assistants‘ and experts‘ income from their services are exempt from the revolving funds of the universities‖ in the 7th clause, academic personnel are encouraged to participate in this cooperation. Particularly, within the scope of Technology-Developing Regions Law numbered 4691 that was implemented in 2001, since December 2009, in total 37 technology development regions are established: 6 in Ankara, 5 in Istanbul, 3 in Kocaeli, and 1 in Ġzmir, Konya, Antalya, Kayseri, Trabzon, Adana, Erzurum, Mersin, Isparta, Gaziantep, EskiĢehir, Bursa, Denizli, Edirne, Elazığ, Sivas, Diyarbakır, Tokat, Sakarya, Bolu, Kütahya, Samsun, and Malatya (basbakanlik.gov.tr). In technology developing regions; including reformist firms established first on areas like softwareinformatics, electronics, and advanced material technologies and then on designing, Nano-technology, biotechnology, automotive, medicine Technologies and renewable energy the number of R&D projects that are 364 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo conducted in the region have increased up to 3.475 by December 2009. According the results taken at December 2009, in 22 regions:  Firm numbers reached up to 1235  Employed personnel number reached up to 10.806 (8.622 in R&D and 2.184 as supportive personnel)  The number of concluded Projects reached up to 5,775  The number of ongoing projects have reached to 3.475  Exports have reached up to 540 million US Dollars  Number of Foreign companies have reached up to 53 and the total investment by these companies have reached up to 450million US Dollars  The licence applications conducted/approved have reached up to 296. ( basbakanlik.gov.tr). Benefits of Collaboration between University-Industry A collaboration between university and industry has many major and minor benefits to universities, industry and so to society. It is argued that main reason and benefit behind university-industry collaboration is to improve reseacrh and development capability and innovative potential of companies that will help the countries to increase their competitive power. Also By placing a higher priority and being more reponsible to the needs of their local and regional comminities universities could be perceived as useful to society and so ensure to receive a public support that will make public resources more available for higher education. So, entrepreneurial activities are undertaken by universities will not just improve local economic performance but will also provide a financial adavantage for universities (Shattock 1997). First of all these collaborations has critical benefits to society.It is commonly accepted that the development of knowledge economy in cities is based on close cooperation between the world of education, science, research and business. Because of this, in the knowledge economy universities become key actors for the development of the city. Ever more interests of cities and universities are converging in new ways that brings changes to both and creates new alliances between them. Under these circumstances, one of the main focus of urban policy for local development appears to be the adaptation to challenges of network society (Castells, 1996). Cleary (2002) The HEFCE/Universities UK report (2001), The Regional Mission, highlighted a range of contributions universities make to their region:  Regional competitiveness  Urban and rural regeneration  Lifelong learning and employability  Cultural activities  Social well-being and health  A sustainable environment As stated before activities between university and industry not just help regional development but has many benefits to the parts of this collaboration.Yücel argues that interaction between universities and industry has some benefits for each side that motivate them to collaborate. It help universities as  Self development of academic personel,  Developing the studies of fundamental and applied sciences,  To publish the results in order to contribute to science and disciplinary knowledge And for the industries some of the benefits are:  Developing new technologies for the market,  Finding solutions for production,  Developing the product quality,  Increasing the market share (Yücel, 1997). There are also some other reasons that benefits both university and industry. According to Carayannies these benefits are:  Sharing of risk and cost for long term research,  Access to complementary capabilities,  Access to specialized skills,  Access to new suppliers and markets,  Access to state-of-the-art facilities (Carayannis, et al., 2000) On the other hand, there are many benefits that is harder to anticipate because of they are not included neither private benefits of individuals nor direct research outcomes. Some of these benefits are: 365 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo  Increased learning of graduates provides increased learning for non-graduates in the form of knowledge disseminated  Cultural and social standards set by universities improve the social infrastructure which underpin the harmonious working of society and the economy  Valuable means of interaction with individuals and groups from other countries with attendant trade, social and cultural opportunities;  The Promotion of inquiry and dispassionate debate on public policy issues leads to improved public decision making; and  A training ground for staff members who may leave university to take up positions in industry, the public service, governance or the community (Borland, et al.,. 2000). It is important to note that besides the benefits of university-industy collaboration there are also some strong criticisms to this relationship. Especially it is supported that engagement in these types of entrepreneurial activities could destroy academic independence and so they do not conform with the nature of academic activity. But still it is clear that universites has an important role in the context of knowledge economy so it is necessary to form a balance that will ensure universities undertake these type of activities while protecting independence and nature of academic activity (Çelik, 2007) Methodology and Data Sources The case study method was used in our research. One of the several ways of doing social science research is case study research, besides other ways, which include experiments, surveys, histories, and analysis of archival information (Yin, 2003). According to Flyvbjerg, case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event. They examine a limited number of variables rather than using large samples and following a disciplined procedure. Case study methods involve systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. (Flyvbjerg, 2006). Çankırı Karatekin University was established by Law No. 5662 published on Official Gazette with No. 26 536 came into force on May 29, 2007. According to the units of the university, academic staff are given in Table 1. Professor Units Faculty of Science and Literature 4 Faculty of Economics and Adminisrative Sciences 1 Associate Professor Assistant Professor University Instructor Lecturer Expert Research Assistant Total 3 43 1 0 0 21 72 1 19 0 0 0 18 39 Faculty of Forestry 4 2 7 1 1 0 16 31 Faculty of Arts 0 0 5 8 0 0 3 16 Health Vocational School 0 0 0 7 0 0 1 8 Vocational high school 0 Kızılırmak vocational high school 0 The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences 0 1 4 47 2 6 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Institute of Social Sciences 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Institute of Arts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rectorate 0 0 0 0 15 3 0 18 Total 9 7 78 64 18 9 59 244 Table 1: Number of academic staff in the units Çankırı Karatekin University‘s total number of students is 4878 people in academic year 2009-2010. Distribution of educational level is given Figure 1. 366 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Figure 1: The number of students in Çankırı Karatekin University The official correspondences between the University and Local Actors were analysed in terms of content in order to determine cooperation areas since January 1, 2009. In addition, secondary data (questionnaries directed to stakeholders during the strategic planning studies of the University) were used. Assessment of NGOs in Çankırı about the University is given in Table 2. Thoughts about Çankırı Karatekin University Agree (%) Disagre e (%) Undecided % Çankırı Karatekin University provides qualified education to youngs living in Çankırı without going to another city. 61,5 24,5 13,9 The University enhances quality of life in Çankırı (economy, health, education, etc.) 89,5 6,6 4,0 I would like my children or relatives to study at Çankırı Karatekin University 58,9 19,2 19,9 The University will enhance art and culture quality of life in Çankırı (Cinema, theater, cafe, etc.). 89,4 5,3 4,6 Çankırı Karatekin University raises level of the city‘s culture. 81,5 7,3 10,6 I believe that the University forms libertarian and tolerant atmosphere in Çankırı. 68,2 15,9 14,6 I believe that the University was integrated with the people living in Çankırı at sufficient level. 40,4 29,2 29,8 I believe that attitudes and behaviors of students enrolled to Çankırı Karatekin University are good example for youngs in Çankırı. 29,8 43,1 25,8 I would like to rent my home to university students and be neighbor with them. 60,3 16,5 23,2 I believe that Çankırı Karatekin University contributes to vitality of city‘s economic life. 90,8 7,3 1,3 I‘m pleasure due to establishment of the University in Çankırı 96,1 3,3 2,6 Table 2: Assessment of the University by Non-governmental Organisations Whereas %24,5 of the participants to the survey, who are involved in civil society organizations, disagreed with the idea that Çankırı Karatekin University ―provides young people with a good education that they would not need to go to the other cities‖, %61,5 agreed with the idea. Whereas %89.5 of those people expressed their belief that 367 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Çankırı University will improve the life quality, %6,6 expressed the opposite. Additionally, whereas %19,2 mentioned that they would not like to see their child or relative attending Çankırı University, %58,9 mentioned that they would. Whereas %5,3 of the participants disagree with the idea that the university improves the quality of arts and cultural life in Çankırı, %89,4 think that the university improves the quality of arts and cultural life. Whereas %7,3 of these people, who are involved in civil society organizations, disagree with the idea that the university improves the cultural level of Çankırı, %81,5 think that the university improves the cultural level. %15,9 of the participants mentioned that they do not agree with the idea that the university provides a more liberal and indulgent atmosphere to Çankırı. %68,2 of the participants mentioned that they agree with the idea that the university provides a more liberal and indulgent atmosphere to Çankırı. Whereas %29,2 of these people expressed their disagreement with the idea that the university has sufficiently integrated with the people in Çankırı, %40.4 expressed the opposite. %43,1 of these people disagree with the idea that university students‘ behaviors and attitudes represents a good example for the young people in Çankırı but %29,8 expressed that they agree. %16,5 of these people, who are members of civil society organizations, do not want to rent their apartments to or become neighbors with University students but %60,3 expressed that they do not agree with such an idea. Again, whereas %7,3 of these people expressed their disagreement with the idea that the university provides a lively economic life %90,8 expressed their that the university provides a lively economic life. Finally, %3,3 of these people emphasized that they do not appreciate the establishment of a university in Çankırı but %96,1 emphasized that they appreciate it. Çankırı Karatekin University, although it is a newly established university, attracts the attention with its projects that provide contributions to the local development. In table 3, it can be seen that the ongoing projects are valued at 2,401,708 Euro‘s. These projects will play a crucial role in the local development of Çankırı. Supporting Institutions Project Name The assessment of the economic potential of the chickpea agriculture in the North-Passage region and the collection of TUBITAK their weed forms and the identification of their resistance to Antracnoza. The detection of new Micronas on opium puppies and thier TUBITAK Characterization The adaptation of the Continuous Education Approach for the return of Women living in the aggricultural areas to the EU labour market (The Beypazarı Model) En Vogue a tailor-made educational programme to provide EU an attractive stage for young female learners The Start and end Project Dates of the Budget Project 15/09/2007 15/09/2010 € 64.000 01/01/2010 € 106.800 November 2009 December 2011 € 205.659 01/11/2009 31/10/2011 2008 December 2009 August 2010 € 25.249 University Child Arts Workshops (ÜÇSA) Others The University and Change perception in Çankırı Others Cancer Research Project State Planning 2010-2012 Organization € 2 million Table 3: Ongoing Projects at Çankırı Karatekin University As for table 4, there are projects which are concluded and by the conduct of which Çankırı Karatekin University have provided positive contributions to the local development. As it can also be seen in the table, the university has provided positive contributions to the social and economic life with its projects that have a total budget of 147.500 Euro‘s. 368 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The start and end Budget of dates of the the project project Supporting Institution Project Name and Number The application of Jeo-statistics on the relationship between Different land usage types and some certain specialties of TUBITAK Agricultural land and the detailed study and mapping of those lands in Çankırı Yapraklı-Yukarıöz area. Number:104146 05/01/05 05/01/08 € 27.700 The Cultivation and ―In Vitro‖ accelerated reproduction of endemic and endangered types of Muscari Azerum and Muscari Aucheri. TUBITAK Number: 106034 06/01/06 06/01/09 € 72.500 EU ―Eylem 1-2: Today‘s youth, Tomorrows Elder‖ Group Life Talisman EU Uptronic 01/02/09 € 8.000 01/07/09 01/12/200 € 39.314 30/11/2009 EU Table 4: Concluded Projects at Çankırı Karatekin University From the content analysis of the official correspondence regarding the activities that exist in the official communication channels of the university and conducted to improve cooperation with local dynamics, the results that are seen in Table 5 are obtained. Cooperation issues Municipality Governorship Allocations of places temporarily - 2 Provincial Directorate of the Ministries 4 Training (conferences, seminars, panels, etc.) 1 4 15 Expert support of the University 3 - 2 Arrival 1 - - Allocation of bildings constantly 1 3 2 Allocation of vehicles temporarily Reconstruction / Settlement 1 1 2 - - Requesting members to Commission / Concil 2 4 10 Social projects and aid - 4 7 Construction of buildings - - 2 Security - 1 1 Table 5: Analysis of Official Correspondence between Çankırı Karatekin University and Local Organisations (January 2009-April 2010) The point that attracts attention from table 5 is the density of cooperation with the provincial directorates that are affiliated to the ministries. The University, as an institution of education and training, has been in close ties with local units. But the rareness of cooperation with the municipality in educational issues attracts attention. Although the municipality reserves seats for University members in the city council and asks for experts from the university, which reflects a positive picture, the relationship with the municipality is still not in a sufficient level. Another point is the University‘s appointment of the academicians to some commissions and councils by the request of the provincial directorates that are affiliated to the ministries. This situation will improve the grounds for cooperation. Whereas some activities are conducted with the provincial governorship and the directorates that are affiliated to the ministries on social projects and benefactions, it can be seen that there are no such cooperative activities with the municipality. We can see that there is a local solidarity in the solution of physical and location 369 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo inadequacies that are faced by Cankırı Karatekin University because of the reason that it is a newly established university. This situation is a clear indicator that the official institutions and organizations in Çankırı have supported the development of the university. Be it the provision of temporary auditoriums and locations for the conduct of cultural and social activities or be it the allocation of long term locations for the realization of education and training in more healthy conditions, it can be seen that there is an atmosphere of cooperation and solidarity. It can be seen that the relationship with the Chamber of Commerce is at minimal level. Especially, it is clear that there is a need for improvement in relations with civil society organizations. Conclusion Despite the fact that Çankırı Karatekin University is a newly established university the projects that it conducted in a short term indicates that it has a strategic role in local development. The fact that civil society organizations view the university positively shows that a platform of cooperation can be created within the city. The level of cooperation that is achieved with Public organizations can be become more effective with the participation of civil society organizations. Beside education and social projects there is also a need for the realization of projects that might improve the economic life. On this issue, especially the relations with the Chamber of Commerce and trade corporations should be improved. It is seen as a hard task, especially by small-business companies, to furnish an R&D center with machinery- equipment and research personnel. In this regard, with the establishment of a techno-park in the region, it may become possible to fill the technological information need of the industry by using the research infrastructure and space of the university. The legal regulations in Turkey encourage cooperation on this issue. The policies on the intensification of the Industry-University association, the development of information technology, the enhancement of licenses and discoveries, and the improvement of the frequency of solution-finding scientific projects on the regional and urban problems, should become policies with high-scale priority. Çankırı Karatekin University should create a strategic cooperation platform wth the active participation of local actors in order to acquire knowledge about, direct and establish scientific ground for local developments. This platform, which will take a strategic role in local development, should be led by the secretary general of the development agency that is going to be established in the region and starting primarily from the provincial governorship, the general secretary of the special provincial administration, the chair of the provincial assembly, the mayor, the chair of the city council, the provincial directorates of national education, agriculture and health, there should be participants from the provincial directorates that are affiliated with ministries, Chamber of commerce, representatives of different occupation chambers, public opinion leaders and the representatives of different social groups. The working groups that are formed by the members of the platform, in accordance with their profession, should conduct projects and activities regarding local development. The executive board, that coordinates the working groups, should be elected out of the members of the platform and should follow the developments through regular meetings. Since the strategic cooperation platform will play a leading role in regional development, it will create a synergic environment so that it will ensure the fertility and efficiency of the resources that are important for the development of the region. References Bansevıcıus, R. ve Tolocka, T. K. (1999). Development of Co-operation between Lithuanian Technical Universities and Industry in the Period of Economic Restructuring and Privatisation, Global J. of Engng. Educ., 3(2):159-168. basbakanlik.gov.tr/Handlers/FileHandler.ashx?FileId=3790 ―Teknoloji GeliĢtirme Bölgeleri Kanununda DeğiĢiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun Tasarısı‖ Borland J., Dawkins P., Johnson D. and Williams R. (2000). 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Tebliğ No: 98/10, 4.11.1998 tarih ve 23513 sayılı Resmi Gazete AraĢtırma-GeliĢtirme (Ar-Ge) Yardımına ĠliĢkin Tebliğ. TUBITAK (1994), Türkiye Üniversite-Sanayi ĠĢbirliği Birinci ġurası: Üniversite-Sanayi ĠĢbirliğinin GeliĢtirilmesi, Strateji Tasarımı ve Uygulama Modelinin Ortaya Konulması Alt Komisyonu Raporu, BTP 94/02. Vıtaskova, A. (2005). Cooperation between Universities and Private Enterprises: The Real (Im)Possibility, Systems Integration, 454–459. Yin, R., K., (2003). Case Study Research. Design and Methods. Third Edition. Applied social research method series Volume 5. Sage Publications. California. Yücel, Ġ. H., (1997). Bilim-teknoloji Politikaları ve 21. Yüzyılın Toplumu. http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/bilim (02.04.2010). 371 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 205 Title A name given to the resource The Strategic Role of Universities in Local and Regional Development: Case of Cankiri Karatekin University-Turkey Author Author BÜYÜK, Köksal YAVAŞI, Mahmut Abstract A summary of the resource. It is expected that socio-economic development should be started at local level and extended to regional level and then contributed positively to sustainable national development. New established universities are among strategic actors of local development as well contribute to university education and scientific in Turkey. Therefore, there is a compulsory for universities to work in corporation with local actors in the subject of development in addition to its leader role in national development. After establishment of regional development agencies, development process extending from local to national has gained more importance. Having a take-off and strategic role of universities in local development accelerate this process. In this study cankiri karatekin university choosen as case study will show us that how universities have communicated and coorperated with local dynamics in the field of local and regional development. In this study, activities, projects, formal communications and meeting documents between university and local actors will be investigated via using secondary data. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cbd3f5c4e2118e691139ee9286f18262.pdf 2b06a2f3b5edea62fd0f2892e36b9e9e PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo EU Projects And Project Sample In Sustainable Development Of Lifelong Education Instructor Ahmet Gümüştekin Dumlupinar University Lifelong Training Center Director agumustekin62@hotmail.com Abstract: The countries allocate a high wealth from their budget to provide sustainable development in the field of lifelong education. However the budgets of the institutions are limited because of some reasons it is difficult to allocate institutional budget. Whereas all institutions can draw benefit from EU Education and Youth Programs. The thing to do is to perform a project. Thereby they can provide donation. But many institutions do not have information about such a program. To cover the knowledge shortcoming and to enlighten the projects it is approached the feasibility of the project as a study subject. The lifelong learning program (LLP) which is included in EU Education and Youth Program donates these kinds of projects. Especially Leonardo Da Vinci (LDV) program, inside this program mobility and inside mobility program VET and Education Experts Oriented (VETPRO) project sample “Consultancy applications and application examples in real estate sector”. The sections listed below will try to form the project. -The aim of the project -The connection of the project with participants’ education, vocational and individual development and relation of intercultural language skills -The project’s program aims in relation with the European priorities in call offer -The work plan and the timetable of the project -The abroad information for the participants pedagogical, cultural and language preparation. -The content of education for participants -Budget Keywords: Lifelong Learning, EU, Project, Application Introduction In our country it’s real that there is a lot of qualified personnel shortcoming in many fields. To cover this shortcoming all the institutions can provide donation from EU Education and Youth Programmes. However many institutions don’t have information about such a program yet. To cover the information shortcoming and enlighten the projects it is approached the feasibility of the project as a study subject. Education Programmes Prime Ministry State Planning Organization Center for EU Education and Youth Programmes especially donates in 4 basic titles within the context of Lifelong Learning Programme (LLP). These are Comenius, Erasmus, Leonardo and Gruntvig programmes. Chiefly by the programme Leonardo (LDV) it donates providing extremely high contribution to vocational education. Here, it is drawn attention to the project type providing donation to Mobility Programme and the Vocational Education and Training Experts Programme which takes place in Mobility Programme. Leonardo Programme: Being an EU Vocational Education Programme, Leonardo da Vinci is carried out to sustain and develop the VET policies of EU member countries and candidate member countries. This programme aims to improve quality in vocational education systems and applications using cooperation among countries, to prompt innovation and promote European dimension. Leonardo Programme Mobility Projects: The ones concerned with vocational education, using the donation provided from EU donation programmes, are educated in related institutions or firms of EU countries in a period of time. In the programme there are 3 types of projects. These are the types of projects providing donation for: -The ones who are receiving Basic Vocational Education (IVT) -The ones in Business Market (PLM) -Vocational Education and Training Experts (VETPRO) 160 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo -Basic Vocational Education Receivers (ITV) projects; It contains the mobility of the students receiving vocational education and these trainings can go on 2-39 weeks. -The ones in Business Market (PLM) Projects; ĐT contains the training of the ones newly graduated from high school or university, looking for a work or newly finding a job and these trainings can go on 2-26 weeks. -The Projects that Vocational Education and Training Experts (VETPRO) Benefits; It includes the trainings of the managers responsible for vocational education, trainers, Programme preparers and vocational guidance experts and these trainings can go on 1-6 weeks. The Institutions That Can Make An Application • Vocational Education Institutions , • Public Institutions • Local authorities • Managements, KOBI s • Profession Organizations ( Chambers, Commodity Exchanges) • Civil Society Foundations ( Syndicates, Charitable Funds, Associations) Can make an application and can provide donation within this context. The Reasons Of Making Projects After these information given this question can be asked. Why to make a mobility (VETPRO) project? The answers are; 1- To improve the people’s knowledge and ability about the vocational education, 2- To see the technology and innovation in its place and transfer them to our country, 3- Analyzing the applications and the systems to our institution, then to reach EU standards, 4- To improve our individual and institutional vision, 5- To have the advantages of the certificate “EUROPASS” which is known in whole Europe Project Sample For example, a project sample can be formed towards Vocational Education and Training experts (VETPRO) ( It will be worked up very important parts in the application form because it is impossible to take place in here) It is known that consultant shortcoming in real estate sector is very high. If it is thought that a project is prepared and domestic, foreign partners are found to cover this shortcoming. The thing to do is to determine the problem and write the solutions to a paper. Suppose that the project title is “CONSULTANCY APPLICATIONS AND APPLICATION EXAMPLES IN REAL ESTATE SECTOR” The Aim of The Project “In the world and in our country, there are rapid developments in house, building, buildings shopping center investment financing; vacant lot house and duty buildings as well as buying and selling in the real estate sector. Because of these developments the necessity to well educated marketing, management, real estate evaluation experts and consultants has been increased. Nonetheless in organizing the real estate evolution reports and in real estate consultancy service, it is evaluated that our country has urgency to accord international standards. In our country there is no consultancy policy about real estate sector up until now. It is aimed to make consultancy policies not only in the sector but also in sector’s future working people. It will be focused on searching the system applied in European Union for reaching the target. By observing the consultancy applications in real estate sector in EU in order to form the consultancy services in the sector and strategies to be used in the organizations that provide the relevant education, the project aims; 1- To search consultancy applications in real estate sector and related education applications, 2- To learn the policies applied in real estate sector in European Union countries, 3- To analyze the consultancy applications in real estate sector, 161 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 4- To analyze working systems of real estate firms, 5- To analyze lawful rules about real estate sector in European Union countries, 6- To see dealership and franchising applications in its place, 7- To compare the public and civil society’s collectively actions with our country. In the project to see the good examples in their places, there will be studies to plan strategically for the future of our country to transfer good examples. The mobility will be in the month of November and will be performed with 10 people in Italy.” The Project’s Connection to; education of the participants, vocational and individual developments and its relation to intercultural and language ability: “With this project the participants: -They will be able to generate policies for real estate sector consultancy. -They will be able to understand what to do while developing consultancy services. -They will be able to have foreign language knowledge to communicate sufficiently. -They will be able to learn to compare social responsibility and ethical values about real estate sector subjects. -They will be able to see the actual developments in their places and they will realize necessary judicial statutes and innovations in real estate sector. -They will be able to form a sensitive crowd towards consultancy problems in their institutions. -They will be able to increase social sensitivity by press conferences. -They will be able to gain the application methods and technics from Europe to our society. -They will provide to increase awareness of the society about this subject. -They will be able to transfer their acquisitions to their institutions. Furthermore the participants will be able to improve their foreign languages, to have dialogues with foreigners, to satisfy their needs and they will be able to sustain their life on their own in other foreign countries which they will visit in the future. As a result of the project they will have their personal Europass document so that they will have certificate about the subject.” The Relation of the Project with the Aims of the Programme and The European Priorities Which are stated as Offer Call; In this project; It is aimed to increase the real estate service standards in our country and it is planned to transfer the experiences. Furthermore relating with the aims below it will be possible to reach general aims beside private aims. In this respect; -By the end of LLP programme with the aim to increase mobility at least 80000 per year. The project attendants will be able to sustain their specialties owing to mobility. Thus they will increase the number of beneficiary while they are contributing the mobility as qualification and quantity. -Partners from public and private sector attended to the project. So that the cooperation between institutions and foundations will be increased at the same time owing to the information sharing this is made by common European policies. And it will be provided that these policies to be healthy, to be feasible and it will be provided to introduce these policies to the societies. -Establishing the innovative applications in vocational education and training, this knowledge will be transferred to our country. -Hence the mobility will be in Italy. In addition to English, Italian will be encouraged. So it is also encouraged to learn modern languages. -It is supported to add informatics technology to education and business life so that the services will be more qualified. As a result, the services in education and business will become varied and widespread. In this respect our project: -Hence we don’t have a completed mobility project before. -Hence the male –female proportion of the participants are equal. -Because of applying from Kütahya city, it satisfies national priorities too. The work plan and time table of the project; “Activities can be; -Making the project activity detailing studies with all partners.01-09-2010 / 01-10-2010 162 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo -Choosing the participants (the election criteria will be published in the webpage 3 weeks before mobility if the project was accepted)02-10-2010 / 03-10-2010 -Signing the contract with participants and partners (Participants’ agreeing the financial contribution and attendance to activities, host partners’ paying fees in reply to their providing facilities etc. The contract which is containing these subjects will be signed.)04-10-2010 / 15-10-2010 -The participants’ training seminar. 16-10-2010 / 31-10-2010 -Sharing the activities with the participants and making distribution of duty. 01-11-2010 / 04-11-2010 -Passport, visa, ticket preparation for going abroad.05-11-2010 / 15-11-2010 -Carrying out the mobility in Italy.17-11-2010 / 23-11-2010 -Preparation of reports about the mobility. 25-11-2010 / 10-12-2010 -Preparation of mobility results relying on the reports. 11-12-2010 / 11-01-2011 -Starting the activities for making the results widespread (seminars, press conferences, education of disadvantaged people’s families and all the activities to make widespread.)12-01-2011 / 11-02-2011 -Preparing the final reports and presenting them to national agency12-02-2011 / 28-02-2011 ” The information of the participants’ preparation about staying abroad, taking pedagogical, cultural and linguistic education; “1-Information meetings will be held to the participants for cultural preparation about the host countries’ culture. 2-Professional preparation about real estate consultancy education policies will be made. 3-LDV programme introductory information will be given to the participants. 4-Some words in Italian language will be taught to the mobility participants. The host countries will not participate to these activities. These activities will be carried out in the dates 16-102010 31-10-2010 The content of the participants’ education; In this section there will be given information about the education of the participants in the foreign country. “The education programme below is prepared to satisfy the needs of the participants. For this reason it is included education places, institutes, people, public and civil organizations to this study programme. After the interview with our partner it is declared that these trainings will be provided. Also by signing an agreement it is guaranteed that these trainings will be given. Italy Study Programme 1st Day – Introducing to institution officials and general informing. - Giving information about study programme - Introducing the institution which will give the service and residential accommodation. - Today’s programme aims to recognize our partner, the institutions and residential accommodation. 2nd Day – Searching real estate consultancy services and education applications. Today’s programme aims to learn consultancy services and education applications and transfer our applications to them 3rd Day - Searching the real estate consultancy policies. Today’s programme aims to search service policies and compare with our policies to determine similarities and differences. 4th Day – To learn European policies in real estate consultancy service. Today’s programme it will be searched EU policies and it is provided to compare among Turkey, Italy and EU. In this respect all the participant groups will be provided. 5th Day – Analyzing the education methods about real estate consultancy service. Today’s programme: It is especially for Vocational High School. It is aimed to learn these methods and share information mutually. 6th Day – Searching the thoughts of public and civil organizations about the subject. Today’s programme: It is taken to programme for our participants to give information to public and civil organizations. 7th Day – To have social and cultural trips It is included to the programme to have cultural exchanges.” Budget 163 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo One of the most important sections of the project is to prepare the budget. The heading of the things to pay attention are; the sustenance price per a week changing from country to country, standard transportation costs, standard managing and organization costs. If disadvantaged people participate in the mobility they will need a companion. There will be an other budget item for these people. The budget of the project is calculated like this: -The one week sustenance price for one person 665 Euro, -Maximum transportation cost for one person 600 Euro, -Management and organization donation for VETPRO project type; 1 person 100 Euro and 10 people will attend to the mobility of the project. Budget Items: -Sustenance prices 10x665=6650 Euro -Transportation costs 10x600=6000 Euro -Management and organization donation 10x100=1000 Euro. Total budget of the project will be 13650 Euro. Conclusion When a project like this was prepared, a group of 10 people analyzed the real estate sector’s consultancy services and realized the educative aims of the project to gain experience. As a result of these acquisitions; a-They will be able to generate policies for real estate sector consultancy. b-They will be able to understand what to do while developing consultancy services. c-They will be able to have foreign language knowledge to communicate sufficiently. d-They will be able to learn to compare social responsibility and ethical values about real estate sector subjects. e-They will be able to see the actual developments in their places and they will realize necessary judicial statutes and innovations in real estate sector. f-They will be able to form a sensitive crowd towards consultancy problems in their institutions. g-They will be able to increase social sensitivity by press conferences. h-They will be able to gain the application methods and technics from Europe to our society. i-They will provide to increase awareness of the society about this subject. j-They will be able to transfer their acquisitions to their institutions. References http://www.ua.gov.tr, T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Avrupa Birliği Eğitim ve Gençlik Programları Merkezi Başkanlığı, Türk Ulusal Ajansı, Hayat Boyu Öğrenme Programı http://www.ua.gov.tr/index.cfm?action=detay&bid=10 T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Avrupa Birliği Eğitim ve Gençlik Programları Merkezi Başkanlığı, Türk Ulusal Ajansı, Leonardo da Vinci programı. http://www.ua.gov.tr/uploads/leonardodavinci/2010%20Hareketlilik%20Basvuru%20Formu%20Rehberi.pdf.. T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Avrupa Birliği Eğitim ve Gençlik Programları Merkezi Başkanlığı, Türk Ulusal Ajansı, Hareketlilik Projeleri Başvuru Rehberi. 164 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 421 Title A name given to the resource EU Projects And Project Sample In Sustainable Development Of Lifelong Education Author Author Gümüstekin, Ahmet Abstract A summary of the resource. The countries allocate a high wealth from their budget to provide sustainable development in the field of lifelong education. However the budgets of the institutions are limited because of some reasons it is difficult to allocate institutional budget. Whereas all institutions can draw benefit from EU Education and Youth Programs. The thing to do is to perform a project. Thereby they can provide donation. But many institutions do not have information about such a program. To cover the knowledge shortcoming and to enlighten the projects it is approached the feasibility of the project as a study subject. The lifelong learning program (LLP) which is included in EU Education and Youth Program donates these kinds of projects. Especially Leonardo Da Vinci (LDV) program, inside this program mobility and inside mobility program VET and Education Experts Oriented (VETPRO) project sample “Consultancy applications and application examples in real estate sector”. The sections listed below will try to form the project. -The aim of the project -The connection of the project with participants’ education, vocational and individual development and relation of intercultural language skills -The project’s program aims in relation with the European priorities in call offer -The work plan and the timetable of the project -The abroad information for the participants pedagogical, cultural and language preparation. -The content of education for participants -Budget Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c9bc9bd08a41c2f0cb7e46da3d40d643.pdf 47435c76c4af54c3edf7994c716d1fbe PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Frequency of Sustainable Consumption Behavior of People: A Research on Class Teachers Rıdvan KARALAR Yasar University, Izmir, Turkey ridvan.karalar@yasar.edu.tr Hakan KĠRACI Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey hkiraci@dumlupinar.edu.tr Abstract: The world‘s sources about to running out have been realised as a result of that population increase and economic development to be lived in the twentieth century have caused the transformation from the notion of unlimited economic development to sustainable development notion. Sustainable development is a model that predicts existing generation satisfies their needs without that next generation‘s satisfy their need. The target of sustainable development notion in regard of consumption is to be accepted sustainable consumption behavior. It requires inquiring the frequency of sustainable consumption behavior in question because sustainable consumption pattern to be accepted and spread to the world. This paper gives place to various definition about sustainable consumption behavior and then presents the findings of a research. In the study examined that frequency of sustainable consumption behavior of class teacher who work at elementary schools in Kutahya, Turkey. At the end of this study, it was found that there was a difference between frequency of sustainable consumption behaviors. Also, it was found that means of frequency of all sustainable consumption behavior is mid-level. The results of this research have significant implications for stakeholders of sustainable consumption and future research. Introduction The idea of sustainable development, which has been recorded in Brundtland Report of 1987 and entered into literature, asserts the necessity of satisfying the today‘s needs without having danger the necessities of the next generations. In this context, in order to leave a livable world for the next generations, it is frequently stated to make necessary reforms for the next generations. The concept of sustainable consumption has been developed in accordance with the paradigm of sustainable development. The concept and phenomenon of sustainable consumption has been emerged with the awareness of non-disregarding the needs of the next generations, having risk of excessive consumption and lessening the possible choices and alternatives. Sustainable consumption is the act of consuming by regarding the needs and alternatives of next generations. Definition of Sustainable Consumption Concept The environmental impact of humans in a modern society is relied on the behavior of consumers. Consumers in industrial countries damage the natural resources and cause environmentally pollution by consuming products and services. Natural resources is consumed during their composition, production, transportation, consumption, disposing and recycle. If natural resources is consumed in sustainable limits, this situation is named as ―sustainable consumption behavior‖. As Peattie (2001, p.131) explained it: ―A sustainable approach to consumption and production involves enjoying a material standard of living today, which is not at the expense of the standard of living of future generations. It therefore involves using natural resources at a rate at which environmental systems or human activity can replenish them (or in the case of nonrenewable resources, at a rate at which renewable alternatives can be substituted in)‖. When it has been analysed the literature, it has been seen that there are a lot of definitions about sustainable consumption (SC). Here, some of them has been taking place some of them. Sustainable consumption behaviors (SCB) are behaviors by individuals or groups that contribute to three sustainability objectives which reducing resource consumption, waste and pollution (Williams and Dair, 2007). 406 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo SC is phenomenon that depends on persuasion, both of individual consumers and policy makers (Veenhoven, 2004). SC is a discourse that try to find a solution to the ecological problems associated with industrial economic production (Dolan, 2002). SC, is a consumption pattern about meeting our needs without destroying the environment or overexploiting natural resources, thereby not jeopardising the potential of future generation to meet their needs (Mortensen, 2006). At the household level is considered, SC means buying less and changing lifestyle in the short run. (Kong et al., 2002). But, someone may not willing to change their buying behavior and lifestyle. SC, at least, means that reduce natural resources using in terms of industrialised countries (Cooper, 2002). Less natural resources using have been helped turn to cyclic economic system from linear system. SC is a consumption style that based on limiting using of world‘s resources and that look for the best ways which not damaged or fewest damaged natural living. In this sense, SCB is approach based on finding radical solutions. For example, SCB is to be found a solution which not using water and detergent instead of using detergent which damaged less natural environment. It is required to advert which ways SCB must goes as it accomplishs. There are two fundemantal solution for exhibiting SCB (Mont and Pleyps, 2008; Schaefer and Crane, 2005): - Transforming behavior to more sustianable consumption behavior, - Reducing material consumption. The first solution is exhibiting consumption behavior more environmetally sensibly and the second solution is reducing total consumption level. Method The main aim of the study is to reveal the frequency of sustainable consumption behaviors of individuals. To these ends, it was determined class teachers who had been working in Kutahya city as both a population and sample of the study. Then, a questionnaire form was formed including sustainable consumption scale which was composed by searching various studies (Kaiser et al., 2003; Barr and Gilg, 2003; Thogersen, 2002; Karalar et al., 2008). There are 36 items in sustainable consumption scale. Frequency of behaviors in that scale were measured by using a five-point Likert type scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The study was conducted on 614 class teachers but only 343 usable questionnaires were returned. Descriptive research model was used in the study. It was exposed that demographic characteristics and frequency of sustainable consumption behaviors of participants of study by utilised descriptive statistical analysis. Cronbach‘s alpha coefficient was used to determine the internal consistency reliability of the sustainable consumption scale was used in this study. Considering the result (α=0,86) of the reliability analysis, it can be seen that reliability of the scale is in high level. In other words, this scale is can be easily used in order to utilize statistical analysis. Results Respondents in the study were asked several demographic questions, including gender, school type, place where he/she grown up, age, marital status, educational level of him/his, his/her father and mother‘ and income level. Demographic characteristics of sample are shown in table 1. It was found that nearly half of participants were female teachers and other half of participants were male teachers. On the other hand, results indicated that large majority of participants (% 93,9) were not member of any environment institute. % 6,1 of participants were member a unique enviromental institution (TEMA). Most of teachers are in 26-45 age group, whereas % 20 are over 46 and % 5,5 under 25. Nearly half of those who responded (% 47,2) are in 1251-1500 TL income group, whereas only % 3,8 of respondent in 2001 TL and upper income. Only % 6,1 of respondent are member of any environmental institution and they are member of unique institution called ―TEMA‖. This finding explains that TEMA is widespread among class teachers. 407 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Gender Bay Bayan Total F 169 174 343 % 49,3 50,7 100 Marital Status F % Single 45 13,1 Married 293 85,4 Other Total 5 343 1,5 100 Educational Level of Father F % Primary school 224 65,3 High school University Postgraduate Other 63 24 2 30 18,4 7,0 0,6 8,7 Educational Level of Mother Primary school High school University Postgraduate Other Total 343 100 Total Working Year 0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 Total F 124 132 69 18 343 % 36,2 38,5 20,1 5,2 100 School Type Government Private Total Educational Level College Bachelor's level Postgraduate Total Membership Yes No Total F 331 12 343 % 96,5 3,5 100 Place Urban Rural Total F 288 55 343 % 84,0 16,0 100 F % Age F % 15 313 4,4 91,3 0-25 26-35 19 123 5,5 35,9 15 343 4,4 100 36-45 46-55 56+ Total 129 68 4 343 37,6 19,8 1,2 100 F % Income Level (TL) F % 259 75,5 11 3,2 20 7 0 57 343 5,8 2,0 0,0 16,6 100 28 162 110 19 13 8,2 47,2 32,1 5,5 3,8 343 100 F 21 322 343 0-1000 1001-1250 1251-1500 1501-1750 1751-2000 2001 ve Üzeri Total % 6,1 93,9 100 Table 1: Sample Characteristics As mentioned before, 36 sustainable consumption behaviors measured according to frequency items (neveralways) and findings was presented in table 2. These behaviors are presented in table 2, along with the mean scores. The findings in this table indicate that means of behaviors vary from 1,27 to 4,40. ―Buying energy saving white goods‖ has the highest mean. Besides, ―buying high efficiency bulbs‖, ―donating old household items to charity or friends‖ and ―keep off tap when cleaning teeth or soaping up‖ behaviors have high mean score. As for the behavior which has the least mean score, it can be seen that the behavior which stated as ―when I need a car, I rent one‖ exhibited less than others. 408 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Behavior I buy energy saving white goods (B, A, A+ energy label). I buy high efficiency light bulbs to save energy. I donate old household items to charity or friends, instead of putting them warehouse or garbage can them. I keep off tap when cleaning teeth or soaping up. At home, I keep computer on even if I do not it. (-) I reuse scrap paper (e.g. for writing notes) I wait until I have a full load before putting on the washing machine I control all taps, if there were any problem I would repair or have someone to repair them. When electrical appliance like iron, vacuum cleaner, blowdryer, toaster breakdown, I prefer to have someone repair them rather than buy a new ones. I keep TV on if I‘m at home even I don‘t watch it (-) Some of my doors, walls, loft and windows are insulated I buy organic products I buy local produce whenever possible In winter, I turn down the heat when I leave my apartment for more than 4hours. I drive on freeways at speeds under 100 kph. I buy recycled writing paper or toilet paper. I leave electronic apparatus in the position ―stand-by‖ (-) I use rechargable batteries instead of disposable batteries. I do not demand receipt when I transact by ATM. I put dead batteries, used paper and bottles in recyling bin. I want they to send to me the receipts of credit card, telephone, internet vb. only by e-mail. Dirty dishes is cleaned in dishwasher In the winter, I leave the windows open for long periods of time to let in fresh air. (-) I avoid products in aerosol containers. I go to work by public transportation I reduce the heating in rooms that aren‘t being used I drive my car in or into the city (-) At home, vegetables and fruits is cleaned in a pots and pans. For long journey, I drive the car instead of bus or train. In winter I keep the heat on so that I do not have to wear a sweater I bike or walk to work I share some household appliances (with effects of ecological concern) I use my own bag when going shopping, rather than one provided by the shop. I use solar panels to produce energy I buy second-hand (used) products When I need a car, I rent one Mean 4,40 4,37 4,32 S.D. 0,95 1,15 1,01 4,30 4,28 4,23 4,20 4,17 1,08 1,15 0,98 1,17 1,17 4,14 1,20 4,04 3,97 3,94 3,83 3,81 1,24 1,22 1,19 1,22 1,42 3,66 3,62 3,45 3,42 3,42 3,33 3,32 1,31 1,41 1,48 1,42 1,43 1,31 1,53 3,31 3,20 1,51 1,11 3,10 3,08 3,02 2,90 2,81 2,80 2,69 2,54 2,31 1,44 1,66 1,56 1,50 1,34 1,57 1,27 1,63 1,31 1,83 1,19 1,65 1,63 1,27 1,31 0,95 0,71 Table 2: Means of Sustainable Consumption Behaviors Considering the whole sustainable consumption behaviors, means of those were mid-level with 3,34 mean score. On the other hand, means of some behaviors by the respondents was very high. Table 3 shows that the behaviors which were exhibit frequently with over 4 mean score. 409 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Behavior I buy energy saving white goods (B, A, A+ energy label). I buy high efficiency light bulbs to save energy. I donate old household items to charity or friends, instead of putting them warehouse or garbage can them. I keep off tap when cleaning teeth or soaping up. At home, I keep computer on even if I do not it. (-) I reuse scrap paper (e.g. for writing notes) I wait until I have a full load before putting on the washing machine I control all taps, if there were any problem I would repair or have someone to repair them. When electrical appliance like iron, vacuum cleaner, blowdryer, toaster breakdown, I prefer to have someone repair them rather than buy a new ones. I keep TV on if I‘m at home even I don‘t watch it (-) Mean 4,40 4,37 4,32 S.D. 0,95 1,15 1,01 4,30 4,28 4,23 4,20 4,17 1,08 1,15 0,98 1,17 1,17 4,14 1,20 4,04 1,24 Table 3: Behaviors Which Have High Means - Finally, it require that mention the behavior which exhibit fewer than others. Aforesaid behaviors are: Car renting instead of buying it Product sharing instead of buying it Second-hand product buying instead of buying a new one Using his/her bag instead of bag provided by the shop Sharing household appliances instead of buying them Biking or walking instead of driving a car Conclusion As mentioned before, it is possible to pose the sustainable consumption behavior by transforming the behavior of the individual much more sustainable and using fewer amounts of resources. Thus, the problem of excessive consumption has been emerged. Many studies prove that the level of consumption has been rapidly increased within last 50 years. However, it has been predicted that people will consume twofold of the amount which they can produce until 2050. All of these data shows the importance of sustainable consumption behavior for future of the world. If we want our child to live in a livable world, we realize the real which sustainable consumption behavior is necessary not a choice. This paper gaves place to various definition about sustainable consumption behavior and then presented the findings of a research. In the study, only a part of the research findings was mentioned and frequency of sustainable consumption behavior of class teacher was presented in brief. According the results, it can be stated that very few of class teachers in Kutahya city is member of an environmental institution. At the end of this study, it was found that there were differences between frequency of sustainable consumption behaviors.. Behaviors which stated as ―when I need a car, I rent one‖, ―I buy second-hand (used) products‖, ―I use solar panels to produce energy‖, ―I use my own bag when going shopping, rather than one provided by the shop‖, ―I share some household appliances (with effects of ecological concern)‖ and ―I bike or walk to work‖ exhibited less than others whereas behaviors which stated as ―I buy energy saving white goods (B, A, A+ energy label)‖, ―I buy high efficiency light bulbs to save energy‖, ―I donate old household items to charity or friends, instead of putting them warehouse or garbage can them‖, ―I keep off tap when cleaning teeth or soaping up‖, ―At home, I keep computer off if I do not it‖, ―I reuse scrap paper (e.g. for writing notes)‖ and ―I wait until I have a full load before putting on the washing machine‖ were exhibit more frequently. The results of this research exposed that it required to be strive to increase the frequency of some of sustainable consumption behaviors like ―product sharing‖, ―biking‖, ―walking‖ and ―second-hand buying‖. After has mentioned the findings of research about the first way which transforming behavior to more sustianable consumption behavior, it is useful to touching on the second way which reducing material consumption of people.The global financial crisis which has been suffered within the last period of time has influenced directly consumption behaviors of Turkish people like the others. The rapid decrease has been observed in consuming the group of product and it has been determined that people lessen their expenditure. By regarding the sustainable consumption behavior, it can be welcomed but actually this shift towards the sustainable consumption behavior may be compulsory. Because the idea of the sustainable consumption behavior desires that the individuals should 410 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo decrease their levels of consumption by focusing the ecological concern and changing voluntarily their behaviors towards the sustainable consumption behavior. Ġn this study, frequency of sustainable consumption behavior was examined. The best impartant limitation is that this research was carried out on class teacher instead of determining a sample including huge and different segments of society. References Barr, S., & Gilg, A. (2006). Sustainable Lifestyles: Framing Environmental Action in and Around the Home, Geoforum, No.37, 906-920. Cooper, T. (2002). Durable Consumption: Reflections on Product Life Cycles and The Throwaway Society, LifeCycle Approaches to Sustainable Consumption Workshop Proceedings Interim Report, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. Dolan, P. (2002). The Sustainability of Sustainable Consumption, Journal of Macromarketing, Vol.22, No.2, 170-181. Kaiser, F.G. & Doka, G., Et Al. (2003). Ecological Behavior and Its Environmental Consequences: A Life Cycle Assessment of A Self-Report Measure, Journal of Environmental Psychology, No.23, 11-20. Karalar, R. & Erdoğan, B.Z. & Kiraci, H. (2008). Çevreye ĠliĢkin Bilgi Düzeyi ve Sürdürülebilir Tüketim DavranıĢı ĠliĢkisi: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerinde Bir Uygulama, 13. Ulusal Pazarlama Kongresi, Adana, Turkey, 368-375. Kong, N. & Salzmann, O. Et Al. (2002). Moving Business/Industry Towards Sustainable Consumption: The Role of NGOs, European Management Journal, Vol.20, No.2, 109-127. Mont, O. & Pleyps, A. (2008). Sustainable Consumption Progress: Should We Be Proud or Alarmed?, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.4, 531-537. Mortensen, L.F. (2006). Sustainable Household Consumption in Europe?, Consumer Policy Review, Vol.16, No.4, 141-147. Peattie, K. (2001). Towards Sustainability: The Third Age of Green Marketing, The Marketing Review, No.2, 129-146. Schaefer, A. & Crane, A. (2005). Addressing Sustainability and Consumption, Journal of Macromarketing, Vol.25, No.1, 76-92. Thogersen, J. & Ölander, F. (2002). Human Values and the Emergence of a Sustainable Consumption Pattern: A Panel Study, Journal of Economic Psyhology, Vol.23, No.5, 605-630. Veenhoven, R. (2004). Sustainable Consumption and Happiness, Driving Forces and Barriers to Sustainable Consumption, International Workshop, University of Leeds. Williams, K. & Dair, C. (2007). A Framework of Sustainable Behaviours that Can Be Enabled Through the Design of Neighbourhood-Scale Developments, Sustainable Development, No.15, 160-173. 411 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 219 Title A name given to the resource Frequency of Sustainable Consumption Behavior of People: A Research on Class Teachers Author Author KARALAR, Rıdvan KİRACI, Hakan Abstract A summary of the resource. The world‘s sources about to running out have been realised as a result of that population increase and economic development to be lived in the twentieth century have caused the transformation from the notion of unlimited economic development to sustainable development notion. Sustainable development is a model that predicts existing generation satisfies their needs without that next generation‘s satisfy their need. The target of sustainable development notion in regard of consumption is to be accepted sustainable consumption behavior. It requires inquiring the frequency of sustainable consumption behavior in question because sustainable consumption pattern to be accepted and spread to the world. This paper gives place to various definition about sustainable consumption behavior and then presents the findings of a research. In the study examined that frequency of sustainable consumption behavior of class teacher who work at elementary schools in Kutahya, Turkey. At the end of this study, it was found that there was a difference between frequency of sustainable consumption behaviors. Also, it was found that means of frequency of all sustainable consumption behavior is mid-level. The results of this research have significant implications for stakeholders of sustainable consumption and future research. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/aa328d12838aafb5a77b41a255af3a23.pdf de0bc673ef110e1312c5c22b9f63e365 PDF Text Text Urban Greenway Planning: The Example of Kayseri (Turkey) Urban Complex Banu Öztürk Kurtaslan Selcuk University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Landscape Architecture Konya-Turkey bkurtaslan@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: After the “alle”s which were constituded in Medieval, greenways that took form with the “parkway” idea of Olmsted and Vaux in XIX. Century are the open space connectors which arrange parks, natural reserves, historical sites, and their cultural components. The greenways which have been constituted with ecological, cultural, recreational and aesthetic purposes are also important constituents of urban open and green area system. The planning approach of greenways and the open and green area systems that they connected with, have interesting examples in England and America. But in our country this planning approach hasn’t stil been settled. It’s also possible to observe this in Kayseri urban complex. However there are areas which surround the city and be considered as “greeenway”. Especially the narrow-deep valleys that surround the city from south-east are unplanned “greenways” which analyse the transition from urban to rural areas, and existing their rich cultural petterns. The city in which rapid urbanization continue with the impact of the industriy, combining with the tresholds on the south make possible of forming a greenbelt here. In this study it wil be investigated that the possibilities of forming greenways and activities in possible greenways. Introduction In order for the urban green areas to be able to form a system from spatial point of view, it needs planning them in connection to each other. Today, the entire world accepts this requirement. The open and green areas connected to each other are effective on emerging of a macro form of a city and directing the urban development (Özdilek 2004, s.27). In this issue, one mentions the systems such as green belt, green wedge, and green fabric. And greenways are especially important in terms of that they can make a connection between such planned green areas. The greenways are the connectors of open area, which connect to each other the parks, natural reserves, and other cultural components. (Flink & Searns, 1993) Greenway planning is an international approach developing along 19th and 20th (Fabos, 1995). The developing success of the concept “greenway” depends on encouraging to protect the landscape, protecting the natural and cultural heritage, and providing the possibilities for public recreations. The greenways are the courses of communication, which increase the quality of life of the environment and neighboring areas, which is developed through an integrated advertisement, allocated to the disintegrated voyages (such as pedestrians, bikes, and horses), not motorized. When these linear connectors particularly take place along the linear elements such as stream and ridgeline, they may emerge as the visual courses, which provides possibilities for the recreational activities such as jogging, walking, and cycling (Comine et al., 2004; p.271 -287). These courses can also be planned as integrated with the other recreational areas such as urban park, camping area, and sports area. In addition, these courses can serve for daily transportation, connecting to each other the area such as housing, business, and commerce. The greenways can be considered in three main categorizes; ecological, recreational, and the green areas having historical and cultural values (Fabos, 2004). The notion “park way” developed by F. Law, Olmsted, and Vaux in the late 1800s leaded to the formation of the concept “greenway” (Shuyler, 1986). In the other words, it made a leadership to the formation of the concept “greenway” like Olmsted and Vaux. Ebenezer Howard also made an important contribution to the development of the concept “greenway”. In spite of their commonly shared antecedents, the movement of greenway in Europe developed differently from its counterparts in USA. Additionally, one-fragmented approach without discontinuity was followed and this approach spread many countries (Toscolini & Fumagalli, 2006, pp 112 -133). 323 �Today, the concept green area highly developed. The greenways currently include their esthetic and leisure functions as well as a number of different aims. These aims are not only toward protecting the nature, but also towards the education, historical and cultural heritage, and protecting the public health (www.rivermed.com) The greenways can be in the local, urban, regional .national, and even continental scale. According to the scale, and thus transportation distances, these ways, converging on certain points, can be supported by motorized ways, railways, and auto parks (Flink and Searns, 1993; p.42 ). According to their properties and aims, some greenways may not include trails. One of the important ecological uses of greenways is that; when they located along the stream corridors, they can aid in buffering surface waters, from non-point source pollution. When it takes in the urban area, it makes it possible to be protected in the existing natural state of the areas threatened by the future development of the city (Conine et al.2004.p.271 -287). Besides such benefits, the greenways have several economic benefits. They increase the real properties values in their close neighborhoods and consider reaction based job possibilities. They also offer tourist attractions (Flink ve Searns, 1993; p.42). “Today, city planners and administrators are increasingly expecting connected landscape corridors to provide more than park and recreation functions. They are promoting especially metropolitan greenways networks that help shape urban growth.” (Erickson, 2003; p.199 -221) Greenway planning in Turkey is still in theoretical level. The academic studies carried out can not be not largely implemented. Planning practice of the city Kayseri did not form such a concept. In close neighborhood of the city, the valley shaped, unplanned greenways, which the topography gives a direction, are largely kept by law codes and regulations. In this work, on current plan of the city, the existing and potential green areas are investigated and the uses (recreation, protecting etc.) that these greenways will be able to make it possible are studied. Location of Kayseri City and Its Short History Kayseri is a Central Anatolian city (Figure 1). It is a city which is surrounded by hills and settled on a flat plain. The city is situated in the Central Kızılırmak Region in Central Anatolia. The old city whic is called “Mazaka” has settled down XI. Century B.C. (Baydur 1970). Kayseri possesses unique natural and cultural values especially in the near surroundings of the city and within city boundaries. Mount Erciyes which is the highest mountain in the Central Anatolian District (3917 m), is a magnificent volcanic mountain on the sout part of Kayseri. “Kayseri is on an important intersection point which a lot of civilization had chosen for settlement. The first name of the city was “Hilakku”. Apart from it, the city has named as “Mazaka”, Eusebia”, and it is called “Caesarea” in Roman and Byzantine times. Since antique times Kayseri has an important settlement as “Small Cilicia” region in Cappadocia. The “Kültepe Kaniş-Karum” was an important settlement at the time of Assyrian trade colonies. In Mazaka an its vicinity Hittite, Persian, Cappadocia State, Roman and Turkish sovereignities by turns. The city which is on the Silk Road was an important settlement in the periods of Greek, Roman, Byzatine and Seljuk in terms of politics and culture; this importance have been continued in the Ottoman period. It is not known exactly but, it is considered that the city settled on the plain approximately after XI. Century (Kurtaslan and Kocatürk 2005)”. 324 �Figure 1. Location of the city in its country. Materials and Methods In the study, as material, a literature such as article, thesis, book, declaration, plan report, and so on discussing the concept greenway, and on the city Kayseri were used. However, the satellite pictures, plans, maps, and original pictures on the study domain, were utilized as visual materials. In the study, the concept “greenway” based on literature review before all else was used. Later, characteristic properties (natural and cultural structure) of the existing and potential greenways taking place in the domain of study will be discussed from satellite images and pictures with the observation made in its place. In respect with the relationships of greenways with the urban microform, it will be discussed which decisions will be made on the greenways. Greenways In Kayseri Urban Complex As stated earlier, in planning approaches Kayseri city, especially in the city, the concept greenway takes place. In he city, there are no approaches such as park system, and greenway. Only several parks along the ways, which have a linear structure, can be attributed as greenway. In this scope, the areas, which take place in the close neighborhood of the city, and can be attributed as greenway, are partly protected by law codes and regulations. In the existing settlement order within the city, there is no possibility to create the greenways within the city, because there is not any suitable openness, and any structure on which the integrated decisions will be made. Linear parks in the urban areas and the afforested green sidewalks can be considered in the scope of greenway. For example, Đnönü Park taking place in the city is a highly long and continuous greenway (Figure 2). This greenway do not undertakes any connecting way. It has a buffering attribute to compensate the adverse affects, such as noise and pollution, of the traffic between busy vehicle traffic and dense housing area. Figure 2. Wiew of Đnönü Parkı on satellite photo (KASKĐ 2002). The narrow-deep valleys wich are located especially on the south-east of the city are important elements of the geomorphologicalstructure. The greenways defined by valleys which are located on the south-east and nort-west are in the semi-rural areas which are adjacent to the city. Especially the urban developments in Talas and Mimar Sinan settlements which are based on multi story dense development are threatening the contemporary settlements both in valley slopes and other semi-rural areas. The existence of these semi-rural settlements has been known from XV. Century and they have been householder for Christian and Moslem communities until XX. century. In the settlement pattern, there are natural, urban, archeological and mixed protected areas. These settlements with vineyards and orchards, architectural structures which exhibits local materials and Works (houses, bridges, stone walls, churches, stone carving houses etc.), underground crossings, contemporary street patterns presents very important contributions to the identity of the city (Figure 5). In these traditional settelments vineyards and orchards which are on the valley slopes have been important elements of the geogaphy until XX. Century which the Armenian, Greek and Turks have lived in as mixed (Imamoglu 2001). There aren’t traditional settelments in all valleys in the city. Some valleys exist with their natural situations there aren’t any housing in their vicinitiy 325 �The natural characteristics of valleys have been largely protected. Valleys which slit the plateaus presents interesting rock formations. These valleys are forming important habitats for birds and other wildlife. Erciyes Mountain and surrounding areas are poor in terms of permanent streams. Figure 3. Derevenk Valley and near dense housing areas (KASKĐ 2002). Figure 4. The multi-storey dense housing areas which threaten the traditional settlements in Talas (Original 2003). References Baydur, N. 1970., Kültepe (Kanes) ve Kayseri Tarihi Üzerine Araştırmalar (Eski Çağlardan Đ.S. 395 Yılına Kadar). Đstanbul. 88. Conine et al. 2004. Conine, A., Xiang, W., Young J. And Whitley, D. Planning for multi-purpose greenways in Concord, North Carolina. Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (2-3). 271-287. Erickson, D.L., 2004. The Relationship of Historic City Form and Contemporary Greenway Implementation: A Comparison of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA) and Ottawa, Ontario (Canada). Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (2-3), 2004. 199-221. Fabos, J.Gy., and Ahern, J., 1995. The Greenway Movement, Uses and Potentialities of Greenways. Greenways: The Beginning of an International Movement. pp. 1–13. Fabos, J.G., Greenway Planning in the United States: Its Origins and Recent Case Studies, Landscape Urban Planning. 68 (2004), pp. 321–342. Flink, C. A. ve Searns, R., M., 1993. Greenways. USA. p. 42, 63. Gobster, P.H., 2004. The Human Dimensions of Urban Greenways: Planning for Recreation and Related Experiences and Lynne M.Westphal. Volume 68, Issues 2-3 , 30 May 2004, Pages 147-165 326 �Imamoglu, V. 2001. Kayseri Bağ Evleri. Đş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. Đstanbul. 16, 31, 18, 29, 107, 119. Toccolini, A., Fumagalli, N. And Senes,G., 2006. Greenways Planning in Italy: the Lambro River Valley Greenways System. Landscape and Urban Planning. 76 (1-4). Pp.112-133 Karatepe, Ş. 1999. Kendini Kuran Şehir. Kayseri. p.52. KASKĐ 2002. Kayseri Uydu Görüntüleri. Kayseri Su ve Kanalizasyon Đdaresi. Kayseri. Kurtaslan Ö. B., Kocatürk, F. Investigating The Changing Process of Vineyards and Orchards In Kayserı City And Its Vicinity. 2nd International Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture University of Bologna. 9-13 June. Italy. Öztürk, B. 2004. Kentsel Açık ve Yeşil Alan Sistemi Oluşturulması: Kayseri Kent Bütünü Örneği. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü-Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü. Ankara. P.88, 128,135. Shuyler, D. 1986. The New Urban Landscape. The Johns Hopkins University Press. London. www.rivermed.com www.yuruyoruz.com 327 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 448 Title A name given to the resource Urban Greenway Planning: The Example of Kayseri (Turkey) Urban Complex Author Author Kurtaslan, Banu Öztürk Abstract A summary of the resource. After the “alle”s which were constituded in Medieval, greenways that took form with the “parkway” idea of Olmsted and Vaux in XIX. Century are the open space connectors which arrange parks, natural reserves, historical sites, and their cultural components. The greenways which have been constituted with ecological, cultural, recreational and aesthetic purposes are also important constituents of urban open and green area system. The planning approach of greenways and the open and green area systems that they connected with, have interesting examples in England and America. But in our country this planning approach hasn’t stil been settled. It’s also possible to observe this in Kayseri urban complex. However there are areas which surround the city and be considered as “greeenway”. Especially the narrow-deep valleys that surround the city from south-east are unplanned “greenways” which analyse the transition from urban to rural areas, and existing their rich cultural petterns. The city in which rapid urbanization continue with the impact of the industriy, combining with the tresholds on the south make possible of forming a greenbelt here. In this study it wil be investigated that the possibilities of forming greenways and activities in possible greenways. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/591eb07ccdafcc335c1211721c85ab6f.pdf 0014e308278e48d841e6c6eb1e6d8afa PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The Forward and Backward Linkage Effects of the Energy Sector in Turkey Mehmet MERCAN mmercan48@hotmail.com Abdullah ÖZDEMIR abdullahozdemir@hotmail.com Abstract: Energy sector has a great importance for producers and consumers. Energy sector has been found as a leading sector as a result at the input-output analysis. This analysis has been done by using input-output tables which are constructed by goverment Statistical Institude. Turkey is dependent to other countries as energy. To satisfy the development in Turkish economy is only available by reducing the depandencies to the other countries by the energy. Also it should be continued as the leading sector. Key Words: Input-Output Analysis, Energy Sector. Introduction Energy constitutes the most important causes of wealth through a variety of manifestations. Besides water, coal. Petroleum and other valuable resources, the existence of wind and sun are sources of wealth as well. Energy resources are used as inputs by other sectors in manufacturing industries. Therefore, it is important to know the forward and backward linkages of this sector for the general situation of the economy. The importance of energy resources has doubled in Turkey because of the energy crises experienced in recent years. In this context, this study aims to find and interpret the forward and backward linkage effects of the energy sector. The purpose in this study is to observe the direct and indirect effects of input exchange between sectors and their change over the years. The main data set used in the study is the Input-Output Flow Tables about Turkish economy that is prepared by the Turkish Statistical Association (TUIK). The data for 1996, 1998 and 2002 are used in the study. The Importance of the Energy Sector An increase in energy prices also increases the costs of inputs and product prices. Energy prices that are not fixed influence inflation and increase the pressure for economic stagnation through affecting total demand. The more important the use of energy resources in an economy the higher the inflationist pressure against the increases in oil prices (LeBlanc and Chinn, 2004: 8). Increases in the prices of energy resources raise the costs of airways, transportation and the costs of the companies that produce chemical products and therefore, lead to inflation. For this reason, any change in energy prices is watched very closely (Bennet, 2003: 1). Plants in the energy sector should be planned long before the demand for energy exists. Otherwise, delays in planning and investments raise the cost of energy and adversely affect economic activities and societal wealth. It is imperative to determine the potential needs in the energy sector at least ten years in advance, decide the projects to cover the increasing demand, and make necessary political decisions (Gerek, 1998: 370-371). In developing countries like Turkey, the sectors that produce energy have important structural ties with other sectors. Especially electricity sector in Turkey positively affect economic growth because of its backward linkage. In today‘s modern societies, electrical energy used increasingly ignite other sectors of the economy by providing considerable amounts of inputs. The insufficiency of electric energy supply that should increase parallel to economic growth adversely affects economic growth as well as prevents the stimulatory effect on the economy (Terzi, 1998: 63). Input-Output Analysis 685 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The input-output model is a model that considers the relationship between the level of activities in the all sectors of economy (Akkaya and Pazarlioglu, 2000: 14). The input-output models are simple mathematical equilibrium models that quantitatively analysis the mutual linkages between production and consumption units on the whole economy scale in a multi-sectoral way. Different from micro economical analysis that focuses on the behaviors of firms and households and macroeconomic analysis that analyzes the whole economy, the input-output analysis‘ focus is on sectors and good exchanges between sectors. The input-output models provide an opportunity to quantitatively analyze the production and use of outputs of productive sectors on whole economical and sectoral basis and fulfill and important gap between partial and total analyses especially in the analysis of empirical problems (Aydogus, 1999: 1-2). In the input-output model, under the assumption that the share of technology or inputs in production costs is constant, the equilibrium prices of goods and services produced in every sector can be obtained as the prices of main inputs (Aydogus, 1993: 36). According to Hirschman, the effects of forward and backward linkages that reflect sectors‘ ―feeding‖ and ―stimulating‖ powers on other sectors must be considered (Hirschman, 1958: 9). In Hirschman‘s unbalanced growth model, one of the most important factors that restricts economic growth is the ability of decision making, especially the ability to take an investment decision. Inferring from Hirschman‘s ideas, a quadruple grouping can be developed. The categories of this grouping that considers forward and backward linkages together can be summarized as follows: Category 1: Sectors that have high forward and backward linkage effects. Category 2: Sectors that have high backward but low forward linkage effects. Category 3: Sectors that have high forward but low backward linkage effects. Category 4: Sectors that have low backward and forward linkage effects. The above arrangement shows sectoral investment priorities from the lowest to the highest. According to this, the sectors in the first category constitute the key sectors in the economy and have the highest investment priority. The scarce resources should primarily be devoted to these sectors. If there are still unused resources, then, they should be devoted to the sectors in the second category. Sectors in the III. and IV. categories come last in terms of investment priorities, that is, these sectors are expected to be stimulated by the key sectors (Aydogus, 1999: 100101). The Forward and Backward Linkage Effects for 1996, 1998, and 2002 The 1996 and 1998 input-output tables prepared by TUIK consist of total 97 sectors and the 2002 table consists of 59 sectors. The forward and backward linkage effects are as follows in terms of sectoral arrangement. The Table consists of 97 sectors but to observe it more clearly it is divided. In Table 1, there are Forward Linkage Effects (FLE) and Backward Linkage Effects (BLE) of 24 sectors. 686 �Sectors 1-Growing of cereals and other crops n.e.c. 2-Growing of vege- tables, horticultural specialities and nursery products 3-Growing of fruit, nuts, beverage and spice crops 4- Farming of animals 5-Agricultural and animal husbandry service activities (excl. veterinary act.) 6-Forestry, logging and related service activities 7- Fishing 8- Mining of coal and lignite 9-Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas 10- Mining of metal ores 11- Quarrying of stone, sand and clay 12- Mining and Quarrying n.e.c. 13- Production, proces- sing and preserving of meat and meat products 14-Processing and preserving of fish and fish products 15- Processing and preserving of fruit and vegetables 16- Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats 17-Manufacture of dairy products 18-Manufacture of grain mill produtcs, starches and starch products 19-Manufacture of preparad animal feeds 20-Manufacture of bakery products 1996 ĠBE GBE 5,89 1,66 1998 ĠBE GBE 5,07 1,42 1,21 1,54 2,53 1,50 1,20 1,93 1,23 1,89 2,00 1,31 1,14 1,74 1,92 1,87 1,16 1,65 4,31 1,26 1,33 1,23 2,13 1,22 1,41 1,33 1,23 1,61 1,40 1,31 1,42 1,72 1,15 1,50 1,32 1,16 1,38 1,24 1,78 1,17 1,26 1,44 1,25 1,45 1,27 1,23 1,72 2,49 1,55 2,07 1,11 1,13 1,54 1,10 1,86 1,96 2,33 2,19 1,02 1,37 1,53 1,21 1,74 1,70 2,06 1,87 1,57 1,33 1,02 2,14 2,32 2,16 1,55 1,27 1,03 1,81 2,04 2,03 Sectors Agriculture, hunting and related service activities Forestry, logging and related service activities Fishing, operating of fish hatcheries and fish farms; service activities incidental to fishing Mining of coal and lignite; extraction of peat Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas; service activities incidental to oil and gas extraction excluding surveying Mining of uranium and thorium ores Mining of metal ores Other mining and quarrying Manufacture of food products and beverages Manufacture of tobacco products Manufacture of textiles Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuels Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of rubber and plastic products Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Table 1: 1996 ,1998 ve 2002 Years Total Backward and Forward Linkage Effect of First Twenty Sector (Direct+Indirect) (Tables was calculated by using the Input-Output Table 1996, 1998 ve 2002 Years) IBE :Forward linkage effect GBE:Backward linkage effect 2002 ĠBE GBE 1,86 3,66 1,35 1,64 1,60 1,45 1,06 1,37 1,05 1,00 1,92 2,14 2,95 2,79 2,98 3,21 3,24 1,00 1,16 1,82 2,52 1,14 3,81 1,32 2,94 1,69 2,88 2,59 2,65 2,30 1,68 3,99 1,65 2,81 2,06 2,69 2,66 5,82 2,63 2,39 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 21- Manufacture of sugar 22-Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate, sugar confertionery and other food products n.e.c. 23-Manufacture of alcoholic beverages 24- Manufacture of soft drinks; production of mineral waters 25- Manufacture of tobacco products 26-Manufacture of textiles 27- Manufacture of other textiles 28-Manufacture of knitted and fabrics and articles 29- Manufacture of wearing apperel, except fur apparel 30-Dressing and dyeing of fur; manufacture of articles of fur 31- Tanning and dressing of leather; manufac.of luggage, handbags & harness 32-Manufacture of footwear 33-Sawmilling and planing of wood 34- Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork 1,37 2,18 1,33 1,94 1,43 1,24 1,27 1,08 2,96 1,26 1,13 1,13 1,39 2,02 1,56 2,24 2,00 2,45 2,13 2,49 2,37 2,45 1,34 1,16 1,08 1,08 2,67 1,22 1,07 1,53 1,01 1,88 1,51 2,10 1,83 1,76 1,68 1,76 1,88 1,86 1,91 1,14 2,19 1,43 2,46 2,55 2,42 2,17 1,69 1,07 2,06 1,45 1,96 2,00 2,08 1,98 35- Manufacture of paper and paper products 36-Publishing 3,41 1,09 2,10 1,86 2,39 1,09 1,69 1,53 37- Printing and service activities related to printing 38- Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum produtcs 39- Manufacture of basic chemicals, plastics in primary & synthetics rubber 40- Manufacture of fertilizers and nitrogen compounds 1,51 5,79 2,10 1,55 1,52 3,92 1,62 1,13 4,89 1,77 2,16 2,16 1,79 1,30 1,58 1,66 Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Manufacture of office machinery and computers Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c. Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c. Recycling Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply Collection, purification and distribution of water Construction Sale, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale services of automotive fuel Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair of personal and household goods Hotels and restaurants Land transport; transport via pipelines Water transport Table 2: 1996 ,1998 ve 2002 Years Total Backward and Forward Linkage Effect of Second Twenty Sector (Direct+Indirect) (Tables was calculated by using the Input-Output Table 1996, 1998 ve 2002 Years) 688 2,35 5,74 2,60 1,94 1,17 2,40 2,21 1,57 2,52 1,73 2,85 2,17 2,27 1,21 1,96 1,98 1,20 1,92 1,37 1,26 3,25 2,98 1,55 2,56 1,02 4,98 1,38 1,54 2,24 2,13 2,62 4,59 1,86 2,53 3,14 1,57 2,10 1,80 4,76 1,89 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Sectors 41-Manufacture of pesticides, other agro-chemicals and paints, varnishes 42-Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals & botanical products 43-Manufacture of cleaning materials, cosmatics and other chemicals & fibres 44- Manufacture of rubber products 45- Manufacture of plastic products 46-Manufacture of glass and glass products 47-Manufacture of ceramic products 48-Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster related articles these items 49- Cutting and finishing of stone and man. of other non-metallic mineral products n.e.c. 50-Manufacture of basic iron and steel 51-Manufacture of basic precious and non- ferrous metals 52- Casting of metals 53-Manufacture of fabricated metal products, tanks, reser.&steam gen. 54- Manufacture of other fabricated metal products; metal working services 55-Manufacture of general purpose machinery 56- Manufacture of special purpose machinery 57- Manufacture of domestic appliances n.e.c. 58-Manufacture of office, accounting and computing machinery 59-Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c. 60-Manufacture of radio, television and communication equip- ment & apparatus 1996 ĠBE GBE 1,49 2,01 1998 ĠBE GBE 1,32 1,59 1,68 1,84 1,27 1,54 2,19 1,47 1,64 1,32 1,08 2,06 2,09 2,31 1,83 1,79 1,67 1,39 1,56 1,28 1,10 1,72 1,72 1,69 1,61 1,58 1,24 1,83 1,44 1,60 1,06 4,61 3,05 1,13 1,16 1,54 2,26 2,13 2,18 2,24 1,04 3,28 1,80 1,28 1,50 1,68 1,81 1,74 1,67 1,69 2,40 1,51 2,85 1,10 1,59 1,73 2,10 2,01 2,02 2,04 1,61 2,15 1,81 1,15 1,37 1,06 1,05 1,26 1,73 1,68 1,76 1,57 1,49 1,66 1,82 1,81 1,20 1,44 Sectors Air transport Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies Post and telecommunications Financial intermediation, except insurance and pension funding Insurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security Activities auxiliary to financial intermediation Real estate activities Renting of machinery and equipment without operator and of personal and household goods Computer and related activities Research and development Other business activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Health and social work Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities Activities of membership organisation n.e.c. Recreational, cultural and sporting activities Other service activities Private households with employed persons Table 3: 1996 ,1998 ve 2002 Years Total Backward and Forward Linkage Effect of Third Twenty Sector (Direct+Indirect) (Tables was calculated by using the Input-Output Table 1996, 1998 ve 2002 Years) 689 2002 ĠBE GBE 2,68 1,36 2,41 3,38 2,20 1,91 1,64 2,54 1,59 2,17 4,47 1,26 1,38 2,33 2,20 1,18 1,95 2,90 1,98 2,06 1,60 1,27 1,33 4,64 1,02 1,14 2,32 2,37 2,23 2,14 2,23 1,00 1,12 1,43 1,46 1,70 1,11 1,00 �Sectors 61-Manufacture of medical, precision &optical instruments, watches and clocks 62- Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 63- Building and repairing of ships, pleasure &sporting boats 64-Manufacture of railway and &tramvay lokomo- tives & rolling stock 65-Manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft 66-Manufacture of transport equipment n.e.c. 67-Manufacture of furniture 68- Manufacturing n.e.c. 69-Production, collection and distribution of electricity 70-Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels 71-Collection, purification and distribution of water 72-Construction 73-Sale, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles; retail sale of fuel 74-Wholesale trade and commission trade, except of motor vehicles & motorcyles 75-Retail trade, repair of personal and household materials 76-Hotels; camping sites and other provision of short-stay accommodatin 77-Restaurants, bars and canteens 78-Transport via railways 79-Land transport; transport via pipelines 80-Water transport 81- Air transport 82-Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies 83-Post and telecom- nications 84-Financial intermedediation, except insurance and pension funding 85- Insurance 86-Real estate activities 87-Renting of machinery and equipment without operator & of personal and household goods 88-Computer and related activities 89- Research and development 90- Other business activities 91-Education 92-Health and social work services 93-Activities of membership organizations n.e.c 94- Recreational, cultural and and sporting activities 95-Other service activities 96- Public services 97-Ownership of dwelling 1996 ĠBE 1,29 GBE 1,82 1998 ĠBE 1,04 GBE 1,56 1,60 1,10 1,30 1,18 1,39 1,07 1,21 4,38 1,16 1,53 1,06 2,40 2,15 1,48 1,93 1,16 2,25 2,24 1,96 1,45 1,77 1,25 2,02 1,45 1,21 1,01 1,02 1,02 1,08 1,08 1,05 3,69 1,18 1,38 1,16 2,17 1,72 1,54 1,48 1,23 1,66 2,01 1,27 1,35 1,18 1,19 1,67 1,29 5,87 1,39 3,54 1,26 2,65 1,61 1,40 1,24 6,05 2,12 1,17 1,15 2,19 5,34 1,34 1,51 1,08 1,46 1,81 1,91 2,20 1,54 1,80 1,97 2,28 1,38 1,48 1,74 1,51 1,60 2,97 1,23 1,80 1,07 5,11 1,70 1,20 1,03 2,22 5,23 1,20 1,55 1,18 1,25 1,69 1,70 1,58 1,35 1,48 1,55 1,86 1,15 1,43 1,44 1,52 1,62 1,11 1,28 3,42 1,02 1,04 1,00 1,38 1,21 1,00 1,00 1,95 1,14 1,75 1,74 1,59 1,47 1,53 1,63 1,00 1,31 1,13 1,30 2,92 1,05 1,03 1,04 1,47 1,10 1,00 1,00 1,53 1,61 1,48 1,53 1,29 1,48 1,48 1,46 1,00 1,25 Table 4:1996 ,1998 ve 2002 Years Total Backward and Forward Linkage Effect of Third Twenty Sector (Direct+Indirect) (Tables was calculated by using the Input-Output Table 1996, 1998 Years) . If the total increase in production caused by the increase in demand by one unit in a sector can be defined as that sector‘s backward linkage effect and the increase in a certain sector‘s production by one unit increase in last demand can be defined as that sector‘s forward linkage effect. In this context, the study includes calculations of both forward and backward linkage effects for 1996, 1998 and 2002. �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo When the tables 1,2,3, and 4 above are analyzed, it is seen that sectors with high forward linkage effects have an important place for creating supply to other sectors. Below are the sectors with high forward linkage effects. As can be seen in Tables 1,2,3, and 4 for the year 1996, the sectors with the highest forward linkage effects are the 79th sector highway transportation (6,05), 1 st sector grain and vegetable plantation (5,89), 74 th sector wholesale and trade brokering (5,87), 38 th sector coke furnace and refined petroleum product manufacturing (5,78), 84th sector intermediary financial institutions (5,34), 39 th sector main chemical materials, synthetic rubber and plastic raw material production (4,88), 50th sector iron-steel industry (4,61), 69th sector production and distribution of electricity (4,38), 9th sector crude oil and natural gas production (4,31), 35 th sector paper and paper product production (3,40), 51st sector main metal industry other than iron and steel (3,04), and 26th sector textile threads and weaving (2,96). As can be seen the other sectors of the economy used the most input from highway transportation and agricultural sector. The energy sub-sectors such as refined petroleum products and electricity production and distribution are among the first five sectors in terms of providing inputs to other sectors. As can be observed in Tables 1,2,3, and 4, the highest forward linkage effect sectors for 1998 total (direct and indirect) are; 84th sector intermediary financial institutions and auxiliary activities (5,22), 79 th sector highway transportation (5,11), 1st sector grain and vegetable plantation (5,07), 38 th sector coke furnace and refined petroleum product production (3,92), 69th sector electricity production and distribution (3,69), 74 th sector wholesale and brokering (3,53), 50th sector iron and steel industry (3,27), 75 th sector retail, and the repair of personal and home equipment (2,96), 26th sector textile thread and weaving (2,67), and 35th sector paper and paper product manufacturing (2,39). The sectors with highest forward linkage effects for 2002, as can be seen in Tables 1,2,3, and 4, are; clothing manufacturing (3,21), electricity, gas, steam and hot water production and distribution (2,97), textile manufacturing (2,97), food and drink manufacturing (2,95), leather tanning and processing; suitcase, handbag, saddler, harness and shoe manufacturing ((2,93), research and development services (2,90), wood and cork products manufacturing (2,88), furniture production (2,84), tobacco products manufacturing (2,79), plastic and rubber production (2,69), airway transportation (2,68). When direct forward linkage effects for 1996 are analyzed, highway transportation, grain and other plants plantation, wholesale and trade brokering coke furnace, refined petroleum products and intermediary financial institutions are the five sectors with highest sector linkage effects. The highest forward linkage effects for 1998 includes the first five sectors including the production of grain and other plants, highway transportation, intermediary financial institutions, wholesale trade and trade brokering, electricity production and distribution. The two sub-sectors of the energy sector are among the first five sectors with the highest forward linkage effects in 1996 and 1998. In 2002, food and drink production, clothing manufacturing, fur processing and dying, wood and cork products production, electricity, gas, steam and hot water production and distribution and research and development services are the first five sectors with highest direct forward linkage effects. The sectors with the highest forward linkage effects are important for reducing dependency on foreigners since they can be used as inputs in other sectors. In terms of their use as inputs in 1996 and 1998 highway transportation, agriculture and electricity production and distribution, petroleum refinery, iron and steel industry, textile, paper products manufacturing, wholesale trade and trade brokering sectors are remarkable. In 2002, clothing manufacturing, electricity production and distribution, petroleum, textile, leather tanning and processing, shoe manufacturing, tobacco, research and development services, wood and cork products manufacturing, plastic and paper products production, and airway transportation rather than highway transportation came forward. When we look at the years 1996, 1998, and 2002 together, the sub-sectors of the energy sector such as petroleum refinery, electricity production and distribution,, cruse oil production, coal and nuclear energy production, and natural gas production are among the first sectors that provide inputs to other sectors. The sectors with the highest backward linkage effects are the sectors which have influence for stimulating the level of production in other sectors. That is, since these sectors demand inputs from other sectors, they stimulate the economy. When the backward linkage effects for 1996, 1998, and 2002 are analyzed, the high linkage effects of the sub-sectors of the manufacturing industry stand out. It is well known that the manufacturing industry is very important in stimulating the level of production in other sectors in developing countries. When 1996 backward linkage effects are examined, meat processing and keeping, clothing, leather tanningsuitcase, handbag production, textile threads-weaving sectors are the first five sectors. 691 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo In terms of backward linkage effects for 1998, metal industry, chemical materials production, wholesale trade and trade brokering, the activities of financial institutions and highway and pipeline transportation are the first five sectors. The sectors with the highest backward linkage effects in 1996 are shoe manufacturing, meat processing and keeping, clothing manufacturing, leather tanning-suitcase, handbag manufacturing, and textile thread and weaving and finishing. The sectors with the highest backward linkage effects in 1998 are non-alcoholic beverage and spring water production, timber and hardwood industry, meat processing and keeping, vegetative-bestial oil, animal food production. As seen, the sectors that are the sub-sectors of the manufacturing industry are the sectors with the highest backward linkage effects in 1996 and 1998. The five sectors with the highest backward linkage effects in 2002 (direct and indirect) are chemical material production, main metal industry, electricity, gas, steam and hot water production and distribution, highway and pipeline transportation, and wholesale trading and trade brokering. The sectors with high backward and forward linkage effects are described as the locomotives of an economy. When the similar studies are reviewed, it was concluded that the manufacturing industry in the 1980s and 1990s is the locomotive (pioneer) sector. The locomotive sectors in 1996 are plastic products production and iron and steel industries. In 1998, the locomotive sectors are chemical products, synthetic rubber and plastic material manufacturing, iron and steel industry and metal industry. The locomotive sectors in 2002 are electricity, gas, steam and hot water production and distribution, textile products manufacturing, plastic and rubber products manufacturing, coke coal, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel production and food and beverage production. Even though the manufacturing sector was the locomotive sector in the previous years, in 2002, the energy sector became a locomotive sector and contributed to economic revival. Conclusion In the years analyzed, the sub-sectors of the manufacturing industry in 1996 and 1998 are the sectors with high direct and total backward linkage effects. In 2002, it is seen that the energy sector has both high backward and forward linkage effects. When the Tables above are analyzed in detail, the sub-sectors of the energy sector score high in terms of both backward and forward linkage effects. According to Hirschman‘s categorization, the sectors with high backward and forward linkage effects at the same time are described as the locomotive sectors. Therefore, the sub-sectors of the energy sector in 2002 fit in this category. As a result, investment in the energy sector in Turkey should be increased. In this context, studies aiming to reduce dependency on foreign powers in energy should be done. Especially, the industrial model based on the fossil fuel increases dependency. Turkey can support the other sectors only if can it use resources such as wind, solar and hydrologic energy. References AKKAYA, ġ., PAZARLIOĞLU, M. V., (2000). Ekonometri I, Berk Masa Üstü Yayıncılık, Ġzmir, 581 s. AYDOĞUġ, O., (1993). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Maliyet-Fiyat ĠliĢkileri Sektörel Fiyat OluĢumu ve Enflasyon, 3. Ġzmir Ġktisat Kongresi, Sektörel GeliĢme Stratejileri, Ġzmir, 35-48 ss. AYDOĞUġ, O., (1999). Girdi-Çıktı Modellerine GiriĢ, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, 121 s. BENNETT, R. F., (2003). 10 Facts About Oil Prices, Joint Economic Committee, Economic Update, 4 p. TÜĠK, (1985). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Input-Output Yapısı 1985, TĠK Yayınları, Ankara, 87 s. TÜĠK, (1994). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Input-Output Yapısı 1990, TĠK Yayınları, Ankara, 89 s. TÜĠK, (2001). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Input-Output Yapısı 1996, TĠK Yayınları, Ankara, 141 s. TÜĠK, (2004). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Input-Output Yapısı 1998, TĠK Yayınları, Ankara, 127 s. 692 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo LEBLANC, M.; and CHINN, M., (2004). Do High Oil Prices Presage Inflation? The Evidence from G-5 Countries, UC Santa Cruz Economics Department 2000-05 Working Paper Series, 25 p. TERZĠ, Ġ., (1998). Türkiye‘de Elektrik Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme ĠliĢkisi: Sektörel Bir KarĢılaĢtırma, Ġktisat-ĠĢletme ve Finans Dergisi, Ġstanbul, ss. 62-71. 693 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 309 Title A name given to the resource The Forward and Backward Linkage Effects of the Energy Sector in Turkey Author Author MERCAN, Mehmet ÖZDEMIR, Abdullah Abstract A summary of the resource. Energy sector has a great importance for producers and consumers. Energy sector has been found as a leading sector as a result at the input-output analysis. This analysis has been done by using input-output tables which are constructed by goverment Statistical Institude. Turkey is dependent to other countries as energy. To satisfy the development in Turkish economy is only available by reducing the depandencies to the other countries by the energy. Also it should be continued as the leading sector. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0b59bc1a2e3324f24407004dfca16223.pdf 26cec2f9dd535ef00bd9f3de6b8984a2 PDF Text Text Nonlinear Transverse Vibrations of a Slightly Curved Beam Carrying Multiple Concentrated Masses: Primary Resonance E. Ozkaya Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, 45140 Manisa, Turkey M. Sarigul Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, 45140 Manisa, Turkey H. Boyaci Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, 45140 Manisa, Turkey hakan.boyaci@bayar.edu.tr Abstract: In this study, nonlinear vibrations of curved Euler-Bernoulli beams carrying arbitrarily placed concentrated masses have been investigated. Sag-to-span ratio of the beam, which was assumed to have sinusoidal curvature function at the beginning, was taken as 1/10. Equations of motion were obtained by using Hamilton Principle. Cubic nonlinear terms aroused at the mathematical model because of the elongations occurred during the vibrations of the simple-simple supported beam. Method of multiple scales, a perturbation technique, was used for solving the equations of motion about analytically. Natural frequencies were obtained for different numbers, sizes and locations of the masses as control parameters. Analytical solutions were found for primary resonance case. Frequency-amplitude and frequency-response graphs were drawn using different control parameters for these resonance cases. Stability of the solutions was investigated in detail. Keywords: curved beam, nonlinear vibrations, concentrated mass. Introduction Many engineering problems such as bridges, rails, automotive industries, work pieces and machine elements can be modeled as curved beams. Before proceeding to our investigation on these beams, some researches made on the beam vibrations, both linear and nonlinear, must be mentioned. Some of these studies are such that, Rehfield (1974) derived the equations of motion of a shallow arch with an arbitrary rise function and studied the free vibrations approximately. Singh and Ali (1975) studied a moderately thick clamped beam with a sinusoidal rise function by adding the effects of transverse shear and rotary inertia. Nayfeh et al. (1979) developed a new method, which is a combination of perturbation method and numerical method, to be used in the analysis of forced vibrations. Using two beam elements one has three degree-of-freedom and other four, Krishnan and Suresh (1998) studied static and free vibration of curved beams. Taking account into the effect of shear deformation and rotary inertia, they determined frequencies of these beams. For a general state of non-uniform initial stress, Chen and Shen (1998) derived the virtual work expressions of initially stressed curved beams. They investigated the influence of arc segment angles, elastic foundation, and initial stresses on natural frequencies. Oz et al.(1998) examined a simply supported slightly curved beam resting on an elastic foundation with cubic non-linearities. Considering free-undamped and forced-damped vibrations, he analyzed the effects of the elastic foundation, axial stretching and curvature on the vibrations of the beams. Tarnopolskaya, De Hoog and Fletcher (1999) examined the vibrational behavior of beams with arbitrarily varying curvature and cross-section in the lower region of the spectrum. For a particular type of beam curvature and cross-section, they examined whether or not the mode transition takes place. Lacarbonara et al. (2002) developed open-loop nonlinear control strategy, and applied it to a hinged-hinged shallow arch. They assumed the beam subjected to a longitudinal enddisplacement with frequency twice the frequency of the second mode (principal parametric resonance). Tien et al. (1994) studied the dynamics of a shallow arch subjected to harmonic excitation. In the presence of both external and 1:1 internal resonance, he examined the bifurcation behavior of the shallow arch system. Lacarbonara, Yabuno and Okhuma (2003) investigated experimentally the principal parametric resonance of the second mode of a simply supported first-mode buckled beam. By considering axial loads slightly above the first buckling load, they examined the frequency-response curves for different excitation amplitudes and the spacetime characteristics of the nonlinear resonant motions. Nayfeh et al. (1999) studied to construct the nonlinear 738 �normal modes of a fixed-fixed buckled beam about its first post-buckling mode. Abe (2006) studied the validity of nonlinear vibration analysis of continuous systems with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. Lee, Poon and Ng (2006) studied to derive the equations of motion for a clamped–clamped curved beam subjected to transverse sinusoidal loads. Taking into account the effects of beam mid-plane stretching and damping Nayfeh and Pakdemirli (1994) investigated the nonlinear vibrations of a beam-mass-spring system. In their analysis frequency-response and force-response curves shows that the nonlinearity arouses due to stretching and location of nonlinear spring supporting the mass. Posiadala (1997) presented the solution of the free vibration problem of a Timoshenko beam with additional attached elements. By using the Lagrange multiplier formalism, he showed the influence of the various parameters on the frequencies of the combined system. Ozkaya et al. (1997) studied nonlinear vibrations of a beam-mass system under different boundary conditions. For different boundary conditions, locations and magnitude of the masses, he examined the effects of mid-plane stretching on the beam vibrations. Assuming simply supported end conditions, Ozkaya (2001) studied an Euler–Bernoulli beam carrying concentrated masses. He investigated the effects of mid-plane stretching on free-undamped and forced-damped vibrations of the beam in detail. Under assumption of simply supported end conditions Ozkaya (2002) studied nonlinear vibrations of an Euler–Bernoulli beam carrying concentrated masses. He investigated free-undamped and forced-damped vibrations of this beam–mass system for different locations, magnitudes and number of the masses. Adessi et al. (2005) studied the regime of high pre-stressed beams. Considering a lumped mass that is rigidly clamped to the beam at an arbitrary point along its span and assuming different boundary conditions(simply supported and hinged-hinged), they examined post-buckling configurations of the beam. The effect of the point concentrated mass on the large amplitude free vibrations of beam under symmetric configuration was investigated. Zhou and Ji (2006) studied free vibration characteristics of a non-uniform beam with arbitrarily distributed spring-mass. For the special cases of the proposed solution, they investigated the coupled vibrations of a beam and distributed spring-mass in detail. Hassanpour et al. (2007) investigated the vibrations of a beam with a concentrated mass within its interval length subjected to a quasi-static axial force. By choosing the location of the concentrated mass arbitrarily, they studied the transient and steady state behavior of the resonator in the time domain. Maiza et al. (2007) studied to describe the determination of the natural frequencies of a Bernoulli–Euler beam with general boundary conditions at the ends and carrying a finite number of masses at arbitrary positions, by considering their rotatory inertia. To present a general solution of the problem, they used translational and rotational springs at both ends as well as elastic restraints. Sochacki (2008) considered a simply supported beam loaded by both a longitudinal force and a concentrated mass in a chosen position along the beam length. He investigated the influence of additional mass and elasticity as well as an undamped harmonic oscillator on the position of the solutions on the stability chart. By considering, a continuous beam attached spring–mass systems and using directly differential equation of motion, Lin and Tsai (2007) obtained the natural frequencies and associated mode shapes of the vibrating system. They used FEA and thus made no other assumptions. Yesilce and Demirdag (2008) studied the multi-span uniform Timoshenko beam carrying multiple spring-mass systems with/without axial force effect. They described the determination of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibration as well as the effect of axial force. Finally, nonlinear transverse vibrations of a slightly curved Euler Bernoulli beam carrying a concentrated mass has been studied by E. Ozkaya et al. (2009) In this study, nonlinear vibrations of curved beams carrying multiple concentrated masses were investigated. For the beam which is of Euler-Bernoulli type, it was assumed firstly that the beam had the form of sinusoidal rising function and was constricted from both ends by the immovable simply supports. The method of multiple scales (MMS), a perturbation method, was used in order to seek analytical solutions for the derived mathematical model. The primary resonance was investigated. Natural frequencies were calculated according to different control parameters such as number, magnitude and position of the masses. Amplitude and phase modulation equations were derived. Effects of the addition of nonlinear terms to the natural frequency were searched via frequency-amplitude and frequency-response graphs. Experiencing different control parameters, responses to the excitations were investigated. Having obtained solutions, the stable and unstable regions of the system were determined by using the stability analysis. 739 �Yˆ0 , wˆ x̂2 x̂1 M2 M1 L 10 xˆ , uˆ L Figure 1. The curved beam carrying multiple concentrated masses. Equations of motion In Fig. 1, for the beam constricted at both ends with immovable supports, ŵm and ûm denote transversal and longitudinal displacements, respectively. Assuming that ratio of the maximum amplitude of the beam to its projected length L is equal 1/10, let us keep in mind the curvature function of the beam to be in the form of sinusoidal variation as given below: L  xˆ  Y0 (xˆ ) = . sin  π .  (1) 10  L Let us assume that n number of concentrated masses is attached on the beam. The following equation and boundary conditions providing this equation can be written:  n xˆ r +1  2 1 E.A.  ˆ′ ′ ′ ″ ′ ′ ″  ″ & & ρ.A.wˆ m +1 + E.I.wˆ m +1 = m = 0, 1... n. (4.a) Y0 .wˆ r +1 + wˆ r +1 .dxˆ . Yˆ0 + wˆ m +1  ,  2 L r =0     xˆ r   ′ ′ &ˆ& = wˆ p +1 = wˆ p +1′ = wˆ p +1″ wˆ p = M p .w , wˆ p′ , wˆ p ″ , E.I . wˆ p ″ − wˆ p +1″  p xˆ = xˆ p xˆ = xˆ p xˆ = xˆ p   xˆ = xˆ p xˆ = xˆ p xˆ = xˆ p xˆ = xˆ p xˆ = xˆ p ∑∫ wˆ 1 xˆ = xˆ = wˆ 1″ 0 xˆ = xˆ 0 = wˆ n +1 xˆ = xˆ n +1 = wˆ n +1″ xˆ = xˆ n +1 =0, (4.b) p = 1, 2... n. where M is the concentrated mass attached on the beam, x̂ is the distance from the immovable end at left-hand side, E is the Young’s modulus, ρ is the density, A is the cross sectional area of the beam, I is the moment of inertia of the beam cross-section with respect to the neutral axis. (˙ ) and (' ) denote differentiations with respect to the time t and spatial variable x, respectively. Eq. (4.a) is the equation of motion for the system and consists of n+1 equations. Equations of the motion and the boundary conditions are dependent on the size of the system and the material used. These equations can be made independent from the dimensional parameters by making the following definitions: w = wˆ r , Y = Yˆ r , x = xˆ L , η = xˆ L , t = E.I ρ.A.L2 .tˆ, α = M ( ρ.A.L ) , I = r 2.A (5) p 0 p 0 p p p p where r is the radius of gyration of the beam cross section, α is the ratio between the concentrated mass and the mass of the beam, η is the dimensionless displacement variable. Adding dimensionless damping and forcing terms after non-dimensionalization, Eq. (4) can be rewritten as follows:  n η r +1  2 1  ′ ıv &&m +1 + wm +1 + 2.µ .w& m +1 =  w Y0 .wr +1′ + wr +1′ .dx . Y0 ″ + wm +1″  + F m +1. cos Ω.t , (6.a)   2     = 0 r η r   ∑∫ wp x = ηp = w p +1 w1 x = η = w1″ 0 x = ηp x = η0 , w p′ x = ηp = wn +1 x = η n +1 = w p +1′ = wn +1″ x = ηp , w p″ x = ηn +1 x = ηp = w p +1″ x = ηp ′ ′ && p ,  w p ″ − w p +1″  = α p .w   x = ηp = 0 . η 0 = 0 , η n +1 = 1 . 740 x = ηp , (6.b) �where µ is the dimensionless damping coefficient, F and Ω are the amplitude and frequency of the dimensionless external forcing term, respectively. In a similar way, the curvature function of the beam can be written in the following non-dimensional form: (7) Y0 (x) = sin(π . x) Perturbation Analysis In this section, approximate solutions to the system will be searched. Method of multiple scales (MMS), a perturbation technique, will be applied to the partial differential equations and corresponding boundary conditions directly. Eq. (6) is assumed to have a solution as a series expansion of the form below: 3 wm +1(x,t;ε ) = ∑ ε .w j ( m +1) j (x,T0 ,T1 ,T2 ) + ... (8) j =1 where ε is a small bookkeeping parameter artificially inserted into the equations. Taking this parameter as 1 at the end, we obtain a weakly nonlinear system. In this expansion, T0=.t is the fast time scale, and T1=ε.t and T2=ε2.t are the slow time scales in MMS. Derivatives with respect to time are written as: d 2 dt 2 = D0 2 + 2.ε.D0 .D1 + ε 2 .( D1 2 + 2.D0 .D2 ) + ... Dn≡∂/∂Tn, d dt = D0 + ε.D1 + ε 2 .D2 + ..., (9) First order (ε1) of the expansion in Eq. (9) corresponds to the linear problem of the system. Other orders constitutes nonlinear problem of the system. In order to counter the effects of the nonlinear terms, the forcing and damping terms are ordered as follows: r µ = ε 2 .µ, F p +1 = ε 3 .F p +1 (10-11) Let us assume that the curvature function is of order 1 (ε0). In this case, substituting Eqs. (8-11) into Eq. (6) and separating each order of ε, one obtains the following equations: order ε (j=1):   n η r +1   2 ıv D0 .w( m + 1)1 + w( m + 1)1 =  Y0′.w( r + 1)1′dx .Y0 ″ (12.a)  r =0 η r   ′ ″ =w =w =w w , w ′ , w ″ ∑∫ p1 x =η p ( p + 1)1 x =η p p1 x =η p ( p + 1)1 p1 x =η p x =η p ( p + 1)1 x =η p 2 ″′  w ″′ − w  , w11 x =η = w11″ = w( n + 1)1 = w( n + 1)1″ =0, ( p +1)1 = α p .D0 .w p1  x =η n +1 0  p1  x=η p x =η 0 x =η n+1 (12.b) order ε2 (j=2): 2 D0 .w( m + 1) 2 + w( m + 1) 2 ıv  n η r +1  n η r +1   2    ″ 1  ′ ′ ′ = −2.D0 .D1.w( m + 1)1 +  Y0 .w( r + 1) 2 dx .Y0 + . w( r + 1)1 dx .Y0 ″ 2 r =0  r =0 η   ηr r     ∑∫ ∑∫ ,  n η r +1    + Y0′.w( r + 1)1′dx .w( m + 1)1″ r =0 η  r   ′ =w w ′ , w ″ ( ) (13.a) ∑∫ w p2 x =η p = w( p + 1) 2 x =η p p2 x =η p ( p + 1) 2 p2 x =η p x =η p = w( p + 1) 2 ″ x =η p 2 ″′  w ″′ − w  ,w = w12″ = w(n +1)2 = w(n +1)2″ = 0 (13.b) p2 ( p + 1)2 = α p . D0 .wp 2 + 2.D0.D1.w p1  x =η n+1   x =η p 12 x =η0 x =η0 x =η n+1 order ε3 (j=3): 741 �2 ıv 2 D0 .w( m+1) 3 + w( m+1) 3 = −2.µ.D0 .w( m+1)1 − 2.D0 .D1.w( m+1) 2 − (D1 + 2.D0 .D2 ).w( m+1)1 + Fm+1.cosΩt  n ηr +1   n ηr +1   n ηr +1  ′ ′  ″  ′ ′  ″  ′ ′  ″ + ∑ ∫ Y0 .w( r +1) 3 dx .Y0 + ∑ ∫ w( r +1)1 .w( r +1) 2 dx .Y0 + ∑ ∫ Y0 .w( r +1) 2 dx .w( m+1)1  r =0 ηr   r =0 ηr   r =0 ηr   1  + . 2 r =0 n ηr +1 ′2 ∑∫ η  w p3 x =η p w( r +1)1 r = w( p + 1)3 (14.a)   n ηr +1  ″ ″  ′ ′  .dx .w( m+1)1 + ∑ ∫ Y0 .w( r +1)1 dx .w( m+1) 2   r =0 ηr  x =η p , w p3′ x =η p = w( p + 1)3′ x =η p w p3″ , ( x =η p = w( p + 1)3″ ( x =η p ) ) 2 2 ″′   w ″′ − w = α p . D0 .w p3 + 2.D0 .D1 .w p 2 + D1 + 2.D0 .D2 .w p1 . , ( p + 1) j  x =η p  pj  x =η p w13 x =η 0 = w13″ x =η 0 = w( n + 1)3 x =η n +1 = w( n + 1)3″ x =η n +1 =0, (14.b) Primary Resonance Case Primary resonance occurs in case that the forcing frequency is close to one of the natural frequencies of the system. Thus, a sudden arise in the vibration amplitude happens. In order to solve linear problem in Eq. (12), we assume the solutions at order ε as of the following form: [ ] w( m + 1)1 (x,T0 ,T1 ,T2 ) = A(T1 ,T2 ).ei.ω .T0 + cc .Ym + 1 ( x ) (15) where cc is the complex conjugate of the preceding terms, and ω is the natural frequency, Ym+1 are the functions describing the mode shapes. Inserting Eq. (15) into Eq. (12), following differential equations and boundary conditions can be obtained:  n η r +1  ıv   2 Ym +1 − ω .Ym +1 =  Y0′.Yr +1′dx.Y0″ (16.a) r =0 η  r   ∑∫ Yp x =η p = Y p +1 , Y p′ x =η0 = Y1″ x =η p Y1 x =η p x =η 0 = Y p +1′ = Yn +1 x =η p Yp″ , x =η p = Yn +1″ x =η n +1 = Y p +1″ x =η n +1 x =η p  Y ″′ − Y ″′ + α .ω 2 .Y  =0, p +1 p p  p  x=η p , =0 (16.b) In order to obtain the solutions at order ε2 of the perturbation series, it is required that a solvability condition such as D1A (T1, T2) = 0 must be satisfied. Thus, the amplitude A=A (T2) does not depend on T1. For obtaining the solution resulting from non-secular terms, Eq. (15) must be inserted into Eq. (13). In this case, equations at order ε2 accept solutions of the form as below: [ ] w( m +1) 2(x ,T2) = A2 .e 2.i.ω .T0 + cc .φ(m + 1)1(x) + 2.A.A .φ( m + 1) 2(x) (17) Inserting Eq. (17) into Eq. (13), differential equations and boundary conditions can be written as follows:  n η r +1   n η r +1   n η r +1  2    ″ 1   ′ ′ ′ ″ ıv 2 φ( m +1)1 − 4.ω .φ( m +1)1 =  Y0 .φ( r + 1)1 dx .Y0 + . Yr + 1 dx .Y0 +  Y0′.Yr + 1′dx .Ym + 1″ (18.a) 2  r =0 η  r =0 η  r =0 η  r r r       ′ ′ ″ ″ =φ =φ =φ φ , φ , φ , ∑∫ p1 x =η p ( p + 1)1 x =η p (φ ″′ p1 p1 x =η p ∑∫ ( p + 1)1 p1 x =η p − φ( p + 1)1″′ + 4.α p .ω 2 .φ p1 ) x =η p = 0, x =η p ( p + 1)1 ∑∫ x =η p φ11 x =η = φ11″ 0 x =η 0 = φ( n + 1)1 x =η n +1 = φ( n + 1)1″ x =η n+1 = 0, (18.b) φ( m +1) 2ıv  n η r +1  n η r +1   n η r +1   2  1      Y0′.φ( r +1) 2′dx .Y0 ″ + . Yr + 1′ dx .Y0 ″ +  Y0′.Yr + 1′dx .Ym + 1″ = 2  r =0 η  r =0 η   r =0 η   r r r       ∑∫ ∑∫ ∑∫ 742 (19.a) �φ p2 = φ( p + 1) 2 x =η p x =η p , φ p 2′ x =η p = φ( p + 1) 2′  ″′ ″′  = 0,  φ p 2 − φ( p + 1) 2    x =η p φ12 x =η p x =η 0 , φ p 2″ = φ12 = φ( p + 1) 2″ x =η p ″ = φ( n +1) 2 x =η0 x =η p x =η n+1 , = φ( n +1) 2 ″ =0 (19.b) x =η n+1 At order ε3 of the perturbation series, having substituted Eqs. (15-17) into Eq. (14), the resulting equation will accept the solution of the following form: w( m+1)3(x,T0 ,T2 ) = ϕ m+1(x,T2 ).e i.ω .T0 + Wm+1(x,T2 ) + cc (20) where Wm+1(x,T2) corresponds to the solution for the non-secular terms, and cc to the complex conjugate of the preceding terms. Excitation frequency is taken close to any natural frequency of the system as below: Ω = ω + ε2.σ (21) where σ is the detuning parameter denoting closeness of the forcing frequency to the natural frequency. Under this assumption, inserting Eq. (20) into Eq. (14) and eliminating the secular terms, the following differential equations and boundary conditions can be obtained: ϕ m +1 ıv   n ηr +1  n ηr +1   2 1   ″  i .σ .T2 3  ′ ′ & − ω .ϕ m +1 −  +  . Y0 .ϕ r +1 dx .Y0 = −2.i.ω. A + µ. A .Ym+1 + Fm+1.e Yr +1′ .dx .Ym+1″ 2 2  r =0 η     r =0 ηr r    ( ∑∫ 2 ) ∑∫  n ηr +1   n ηr +1   n ηr +1    ″   ″   ′ ′ ′ ′ + Yr +1 .φ( r +1)1 dx .Y0 + 2. Yr +1 .φ( r +1) 2 dx .Y0 +  Y0 ′.φ( r +1)1′ dx .Ym+1″  r =0 η   r =0 η   r =0 η  r r r       ∑∫ ∑∫ (22.a) ∑∫   n ηr +1   n ηr +1   n ηr +1         2 ′ ′ ″ ′ ′ ″ ′ ′ ″ + 2. Y0 .φ( r +1) 2 dx .Ym +1 +  Y0 .Yr +1 dx .φ( m+1)1 + 2. Y0 .Yr +1 dx .φ( m+1) 2 . A .A  r =0 η   r =0 η   r =0 η   r r r       ∑∫ ϕp ∑∫ = ϕ p +1 x =η p x =η p , ϕ p′ x =η p = ϕ p + 1′ ∑∫ x =η p , ϕ p″ = ϕ p + 1″ x =η p ϕ ″′ − ϕ ″′ + α .ω 2 .ϕ  = 2.i.α p .ω.Y p p +1 p p  p  x =η p x=η p , ϕ1 x =η p x =η0 = ϕ1″ x =η0 = ϕ n +1 x=ηn +1 = ϕ n+1″ x =ηn+1 =0 (22.b) The solvability condition for Eq. (22) can be written as follows: [ ] 2 2.i.ω. k . A& + µ. A + A .A.Γ = 1 i.σ .T2 . f .e 2 (23) where normalization process and coefficients f, k, Γ are as below: n ηr +1 ∑ ∫Y η r +1 r =0 n Γ= η r +1 ∑∫ η r =0 n + .dx = 1 , n f =∑ n η r +1 0 ∫ η r η r +1 ∑∫ η r =0 r ηr +1 r =0 r Yr + 1′.φ( r + 1)1′ + 2.Yr + 1′.φ( r + 1) 2′ dx.Y0 ″ + ∑ ∫ Y ′.Y η r =0 2 r Fr +1 .Yr +1 .dx , n k = 1 + ∑ α r .Yr r =1 2 x =η r (2426) 2 3 .Yr +1′ + Y0′.φ( r +1)1′ + 2.Y0′.φ(r +1) 2′ dx.Ym + 1″ 2 (27) ′dx.φ( m + 1)1″ + 2.φ( m + 1) 2″    r +1 r Let the complex amplitudes A be written as follows: 1 1 A(T2 )= .a.e i.θ , A (T2 )= .a.e − i.θ , θ =θ(T2 ) (28-29) 2 2 where a is the real amplitude and θ is the phase. Inserting these definitions into Eq. (23), and separating real and imaginary parts, one obtains the following phase-modulation equations: 743 �µ 1 f .a + a& = . .sinγ, 2 .ω k k 1 f 3 − a.θ& + λ .a = . . cos γ 2.ω k (30- 31) where phase γ and λ, indicating the effects of the nonlinear terms to the natural frequency, can be obtained as below:   n η r +1 λ=− .∑ ∫ Yr + 1 .Γr + 1 .dx , γ = σ.T2 − θ , 8.ω.k  r = 0 η  r  1 (32-33) Using Eq. (16), natural frequencies of the curved beam-mass system can be calculated. The first five natural frequencies were given in Tabs. 1 and 2 for different magnitudes and locations of the masses. From these tables, one can see that increasing the magnitudes of the concentrated masses result increase in the natural frequencies. If the number and magnitudes of the masses attached near to the middle of the beam increase, the natural frequencies will increase more. Free undamped vibration behavior of the system can be examined from the nonlinear frequency-amplitude curves. In order to investigate the steady-state solutions, a& is assumed to be zero and f=µ=σ=0 is taken. Thus, the nonlinear frequency equation defined as below in Eq. (34) can be written as in Eq. (35) under constant amplitude assumption as a=a0; 2 ω = ω + θ& , ω = ω + λ.a (34-35) nl nl 0 From above equations, relation between the nonlinear frequency and parabolic type. η1 η2 α1 α2 ω1 ω2 ω3 1 1 7.415 27.830 55.415 0.1 0.3 1 10 3.016 26.559 51.089 10 1 5.360 19.114 38.637 1 1 6.741 28.184 54.793 0.1 0.5 1 10 2.601 27.381 51.553 10 1 5.230 14.057 51.300 1 1 7.535 22.674 60.319 0.1 0.7 1 10 3.027 20.376 58.944 10 1 5.630 12.584 51.182 1 1 5.779 25.166 60.945 0.3 0.5 1 10 2.538 22.040 54.787 10 1 2.881 18.174 59.622 0.3 0.7 1 1 10 1 10 10 6.343 2.952 2.311 18.180 13.950 6.373 83.793 82.956 82.038 the vibration amplitude is noticed to be of ω4 99.112 94.530 96.707 116.644 114.269 108.899 125.032 124.297 121.441 141.294 140.869 137.002 ω5 196.791 194.769 195.720 186.171 182.097 184.774 174.866 168.195 171.654 183.112 179.432 180.906 λ(ω1) -0.6176 -0.2423 -0.4506 -0.5635 -0.2185 -0.4731 -0.6333 -0.2449 -0.6025 -0.4812 -0.2129 -0.2347 137.955 135.816 134.247 172.914 167.630 161.940 -0.5298 -0.2431 -0.1933 Table 1: The first five natural frequencies and the effects of the nonlinearity (λ) for the first mode of the curved beam with two concentrated masses. η1 η2 η3 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 α1 1 1 1 10 1 10 1 1 1 10 10 10 α2 1 1 10 10 10 1 1 10 1 10 1 10 α3 1 10 1 1 10 1 1 1 10 1 10 10 ω1 5.645 2.528 2.862 2.700 2.039 4.647 5.097 2.470 2.804 2.013 2.233 1.759 ω2 22.643 19.436 17.845 14.023 9.683 14.049 18.180 18.180 12.675 9.243 6.373 6.373 744 ω3 52.994 51.143 50.760 24.003 50.284 38.150 45.474 32.340 41.748 27.458 36.714 16.030 ω4 71.324 66.114 63.359 60.998 56.843 65.455 137.955 137.955 135.549 135.455 134.247 134.247 ω5 178.259 175.608 177.419 177.176 174.928 177.937 151.362 148.660 147.998 145.672 143.636 141.485 λ(ω1) -0.4696 -0.2120 -0.2330 -0.2186 -0.1694 -0.4008 -0.4250 -0.2071 -0.2320 -0.1675 -0.1866 -0.1467 �0.1 0.4 1 1 1 10 10 10 0.8 1 10 1 1 10 1 1 1 10 1 1 10 6.279 2.656 3.612 5.004 2.540 3.426 18.917 17.272 11.968 13.185 12.278 8.059 40.669 37.368 39.452 25.970 19.465 21.966 101.989 99.382 98.765 99.472 97.452 96.126 193.321 189.805 193.034 186.149 181.964 185.802 -0.5244 -0.2211 -0.3070 -0.4521 -0.2103 -0.3067 Table 2: The first five natural frequencies and the effects of the nonlinearity (λ) for the first mode of the curved beam with three concentrated masses. For the first mode of the vibration, λ values indicating the effects of the nonlinear terms to the natural frequency were given in Table 1 and 2. As seen from Eq. (35), for λ values with negative sign nonlinear terms have decreasing effect on the natural frequencies for the first mode. This decreasing effect reduces with increasing both magnitudes and number of the masses. In Figs. (2-3), nonlinear frequency-amplitude curves have been plotted for different number of the masses, mass ratios, and mass locations from the left support. These curves were drawn for the case of two concentrated masses in Fig. 2. In Fig. 2.a, these masses have the same magnitude. Holding the place of one of these masses constant (η1=0.1), characteristics of the frequency-response curve were investigated by changing the location of the other mass. These masses have different magnitudes in Fig. 2.b. Changing the location of the big mass (α=10), its effect on the nonlinear frequency was searched. Nonlinear frequency-amplitude curves in Fig. 3 were drawn for the case of three concentrated masses. Having equal masses in magnitude, different mass locations were used for each curve in Fig. 3.a. Thus, the effects of both symmetric and asymmetric cases on the nonlinear frequency-amplitude curves were investigated. In Fig. 3.b, masses in different magnitudes were used and placed on the beam constituting the symmetric and asymmetric cases. As seen from these curves, increasing the number and magnitudes of the concentrated masses decrease both linear and nonlinear frequencies of the system. 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 a a 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 0 2 7.5 3 4 5 6 ωnl ωnl α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3, b) α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5, α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.7 Figure 2: Nonlinear frequency-amplitude curves for the first concentrated masses. a) 1 1 0.8 0.8 α1=10, α2=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3 α1=1, α2=10, η1=0.3, η2=0.5 α1=1, α2=10, η1=0.3, η2=0.7 mode of the curved beam with two 0.6 0.6 a a 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 4.5 5 5.5 ωnl 0 2 6 745 2.2 2.4 2.6 ωnl 2.8 3 �α1=1, α2=1, α3=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3, η3=0.5 b) α1=1, α2=10, α3=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3, η3=0.5 α1=1, α2=10, α3=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5, η3=0.7 α1=1, α2=1, α3=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5, η3=0.7 Figure 3: Nonlinear frequency-amplitude curves for the first mode of the curved beam with three concentrated masses. a) For the case of system being damped and externally forced, let us investigate the nonlinear vibration behavior of the system. At steady-state region, a& and γ& were taken as zero denoting no change in amplitude and phase with time. Eliminating γ in Eqs. (30-31), one can obtain the relation between the detuning parameter (σ) and the amplitude as below: 2 2   µ f  −   (36) 2 ω . .a . g  g  0 Forced and damped vibrations of the system can be investigated by plotting the frequency-amplitude curves from Eq. (36). These curves were drawn for f=1(forcing) and µ=0.2(damping) in Figs. (4-5). Case of two concentrated masses was considered in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4.a, taking the masses equal in magnitude, effects of the mass locations on the frequency-response curves were investigated. In Fig. 4.b, considering different magnitudes of the masses, effects of the big one and its location on the curves were treated. Case of three concentrated masses was considered in Figs. 5. Making up symmetric and asymmetric cases according to different mass locations, their effects on the frequency-response curves were investigated. From these figures, increasing the magnitudes and number of masses the maximum amplitudes of the vibration increase and the system exhibits more softening behavior.  σ = λ.a0 2 ±  0.5 1 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.6 a a 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0 -0.5 0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 σ σ α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3 b) α1=10, α2=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3 α1=1, α2=10, η1=0.3, η2=0.5 α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5 α1=1, α2=10, η1=0.3, η2=0.7 α1=1, α2=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.7 Figure 4: Forcing frequency-response curves for the first mode of the curved beam with two concentrated masses. a) 0.5 1 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.6 a a 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 σ 0.5 746 0 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 σ 0.5 �α1=1, α2=1, α3=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3, η3=0.5 b) α1=1, α2=10, α3=1, η1=0.1, η2=0.3, η3=0.5 α1=1, α2=10, α3=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5, η3=0.7 α1=1, α2=1, α3=1, η1=0.3, η2=0.5, η3=0.7 Figure 5: Forcing frequency-response curves for the first mode of the curved beam with three concentrated masses. a) Results In this study, nonlinear vibrations of a curved beam carrying multiple concentrated masses were investigated. Beam was assumed Euler-Bernoulli type and sinusoidal function was used for the curvature of the beam. Primary resonance case was investigated. Approximate solutions were obtained by means of the method of multiple scales, a perturbation technique. In perturbation series, the first order corresponds to the linear problem of the system. Including effects of the nonlinear terms to the linear solution at other orders, the nonlinear system was solved. For the steady-state case, free-undamped and forced-damped vibrations were investigated. Effects of the magnitudes, locations and number of concentrated masses on nonlinear vibrations were analyzed in detail. In the primary resonance case, nonlinear effects result in softening behavior of the curved beam-mass system. Such a behavior enables nonlinear frequencies to decrease with amplitude in free-undamped vibrations, and those frequency-response curves to bend to the left in the forced-damped vibrations. Softening behavior was observed to increase with increasing mass ratios and mass numbers. In this case, the nonlinear frequencies decrease, the region of jump phenomena expands, and the maximum amplitudes increase. Same behavior was seen in the case of masses being placed to the middle point of the beam instead of ends of the beam. References Abe, A. (2006). On nonlinear analysis of continuous systems with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. Nonlinear Mechanics, 41, 873-879. Adessi, D., Lacarbonara, W., & Paolone, A. (2005). Free in-plane vibrations of highly buckled beams carrying a lumped mass. Acta Mechanica, 180, 133-156. Chen, L.W., & Shen, G.S. (1998). Vibration and buckling of initially stressed curved beams. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 215(3), 511-526. Hassanpour, P.A., Cleghorn, W.L., Mills, J.K. & Esmailzadeh, E. (2007). Exact solution of the oscillatory behavior under axial force of a beam with a concentrated mass within its interval. Journal of Vibration and Control, 13(12), 1723-1739. Krishnan, A., & Suresh, Y.J. (1998). A simple cubic linear element for static and free vibration analyses of curved beams. Computers and Structures, 68, 473-489. Lacarbonara, W., Chin, C.M., & Soper, R.R. (2002). Open-loop nonlinear vibration control of shallow arches via perturbation approach. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 69, 325-334. Lacarbonara, W., Yabuno, H.,& Okhuma, M. (2003). An experimental investigation of the parametric resonance in a buckled beam. Proceedings of DETC’03 ASME 2003, Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Lee, Y.Y., Poon, W.Y., & Ng, C.F. (2006). Anti-symmetric mode vibration of a curved beam subject to auto parametric excitation. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 290, 48-64. Lin, H.Y., & Tsai, Y.C. (2007). Free vibration analysis of a uniform multi-span beam carrying multiple spring-mass systems. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 302, 442-456. Maiza, S., Bambilla, D.V., Rossit, C.A., & Laura, P.A.A. (2007). Transverse vibration of Bernoulli-Euler beams carrying point masses and taking into account their rotatory inertia: Exact solution. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 303, 895-908. Nayfeh, A.H. (1973). Perturbation Methods. NY: Willey-Interscience. 747 �Nayfeh, A.H. (1981). Introduction to Perturbation Techniques. NY: Willey-Interscience. Nayfeh, A.H., & Mook, D.T. (1979). Nonlinear Oscillations. NY: Willey. Nayfeh, A.H., Lacarbonara, W., & Chin, C.M. (1999). Nonlinear Normal Modes of Buckled Beams: Three-to-One and Oneto-One Internal Resonances. Nonlinear Dynamics, 18, 253-273. Nayfeh, A.H., Nayfeh, J.F., & Mook, D.T. (1979). On methods for continuous systems with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. Nonlinear Dynamics, 3, 145-162. Oz, H.R., Pakdemirli, M., Ozkaya, E., & Yilmaz, M. (1998). Nonlinear vibrations of a slightly curved beam resting on a nonlinear elastic foundation. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 212(2), 295-309. Ozkaya, E. (2001). Linear transverse vibrations of a simply supported beam carrying concentrated mass. Mathematical and Computational Applications, 6(3), 147-151. Ozkaya, E. (2002). Nonlinear transverse vibrations of a simply supported beam carrying concentrated masses, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 257(3), 413-424. Ozkaya, E., Pakdemirli, M., & Oz, H.R. (1997). Nonlinear vibrations of a beam-mass system under different boundary conditions. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 199(4), 679-696. Ozkaya, E., Sarigul, M., & Boyaci, H. (2009). Nonlinear transverse vibrations of a slightly curved beam carrying a concentrated mass. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 25(6), 871–882. Pakdemirli, M., & Nayfeh, A.H. (1994). Nonlinear vibration of beam-spring-mass system. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 166, 433-438. Posiadala, B. (1997). Free vibrations of uniform Timoshenko beams with attachments. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 204(2), 359-369. Rehfield, L.W. (1974). Nonlinear flexural oscillation of shallow arches. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, 12, 91-93. Singh, P.N., & Ali, S.M.J. (1975). Nonlinear vibration of a moderately thick shallow arches. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 41, 275-282. Sochacki, W. (2008). The dynamic stability of a simply supported beam with additional discrete elements. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 314, 180-193. Tarnopolskaya, T., De Hoog, F.R, & Fletcher, N.H. (1999). Low-frequency mode transition in the free in-plane vibration of curved beams. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 228(1), 69-90. Tien, W.M., Sri Namachchivaya, N., & Bajaj, A.K. (1994). Nonlinear dynamics of a shallow arch under periodic excitationII 1:1 internal resonance. International Journal of Mechanics, 29(3), 367-386. Yesilce, Y., & Demirdag, O. (2008). Effect of axial force on free vibration of Timoshenko multi-span beam carrying multiple spring-mass systems. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 50, 995-1003. Zhou, D., & Ji, T. (2006). Dynamic characteristics of a beam and distributed spring-mass system. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 43, 5555-5569. 748 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 624 Title A name given to the resource Nonlinear Transverse Vibrations of a Slightly Curved Beam Carrying Multiple Concentrated Masses: Primary Resonance Author Author Ozkaya, E. Sarigul, M. Boyaci, H. Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, nonlinear vibrations of curved Euler-Bernoulli beams carrying arbitrarily placed concentrated masses have been investigated. Sag-to-span ratio of the beam, which was assumed to have sinusoidal curvature function at the beginning, was taken as 1/10. Equations of motion were obtained by using Hamilton Principle. Cubic nonlinear terms aroused at the mathematical model because of the elongations occurred during the vibrations of the simple-simple supported beam. Method of multiple scales, a perturbation technique, was used for solving the equations of motion about analytically. Natural frequencies were obtained for different numbers, sizes and locations of the masses as control parameters. Analytical solutions were found for primary resonance case. Frequency-amplitude and frequency-response graphs were drawn using different control parameters for these resonance cases. Stability of the solutions was investigated in detail. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4774a8c93fc53e6c55df5e4f6168a701.pdf ea573fb7ece1fb659bd1103ffed77e52 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Does (De)regulation Matter in Financial Crises? Examining the Obama Administration's New Bank Plan Talat ULUSSEVER Dr.,Department of Finance and Economics King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia talat@kfupm.edu.sa Recai AKYEL Dr., Office of the President The Turkish Court of Accounts Ankara, Turkey recaiakyel@hotmail.com Yusuf TEKĠN Dr., Faculty of Security Sciences The Police Academy Ankara, Turkey ytekin@pa.edu.tr Abstract: The fact that financial crises have happened with regular intervals and probably will happen in the future in much the same way has attracted great attention on the dynamics of crises from scholars as well as policy makers, and causes and remedies have been intensively discussed in the literature. Some have argued that deregulation of financial markets have significantly contributed to the recent crises, and thus they very much favor for sound regulation on financial markets, especially on big investment banks. Conversely, the other view strongly disfavors the aforementioned vision, and supports the liberal idea that the state should not intervene the market with any tool including the regulation. The objective of this study is to analyze the dynamics of the recent crises, investigate their causes, and discuss whether the states can be held responsible against them in the sense of (de)regulating the markets and ensuring the stability of the system. As a case study, the Obama administration's new bank plan is examined to shed lights on the current discussion. Key words: Financial crisis, (de)regulation, Obama's new bank plan Introduction The recent financial crisis has been widely acknowledged as the most serious one since the Great Depression and thus world financial system, and particularly the world banking system, has been affected as bad as any since the stock market crashes of 1929. Accordingly, banking systems in many countries have suffered from an impaired ability to play their vital role in credit extension to the real economy. Despite the fact that the world political and financial systems, particularly US system, have been tilted in favor of business deregulation and against new rules, the recent global financial crisis that has negatively affected almost whole society has somehow changed the thoughts. Now, governments all over the world, especially the US government, have been forced to intervene in the highflying financial industry to avert an economy-wide crash, which will typically result in an expansion of the government's role in financial markets. Obviously, if not directly entering the market, the government's role in financial markets means more regulations. In other words, the new popular motto is regulation in deregulation out. Needless to say that new regulations should not ignore important concepts like efficiency and effectiveness. 101 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo It is a well-known fact that financial markets, especially banks, are subject to more developed regulatory mechanisms than other sectors of the economy in order to safeguard the public's savings, bring stability to the financial system, and prevent abuse of financial service customers. In fact, banks lie at the heart of the world's financial system and have indispensable functions in business life. In addition, banks play crucial role in the economic life of the nations. The economic performance of the nations, thus, is strongly related to the soundness of their banking systems. Although banks create no new wealth, their borrowing, lending, and related activities facilitate the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of wealth. Consequently, banks are considered as one of the building blocks of the nations' economic development. No need to mention that the size, variety and characteristics of financial transactions may produce awfully harmful effects on the entire economic system, which justify the more developed regulatory and supervisory regime of the banks and financial institutions, with the explicit objective of ensuring the soundness and stability of the system. There are countless examples of how weak or incomplete regulatory mechanism of banks and financial institutions has created dramatic financial, economic, and social problems. However, regulation is still an unpleasant word on many people's eye, especially on managers and stockholders, who often see the rules imposed upon them by the governments as costly, burdensome, and unreasonably damaging to innovation and efficiency. This state of mind with help of some popular concepts of economics and finance, like freedom, efficiency, international competition and economies of scale, gained momentum in 1980's, and the rules of the game in financial arena rather changed in 1990's; more and more financial service regulations were set aside or weakened, and free market place, not government dictation, was relied upon to shape and restrain what financial firms could do. A well-known example is the 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, also known as Financial Services Modernization Act. This act removed the regulatory walls of the Glass-Steagall Act, which is an important legislation from the Great Depression era that imposed a number of regulations on financial institutions like separating banking from security trading, underwriting and insurance industry. The objective of this study is to analyze the dynamics of the recent crises, investigate their causes, and discuss whether the states can be held responsible against them in the sense of (de)regulating the markets and ensuring the stability of the system. The remaining part of the paper is as follows: The section 2 briefly discusses the causes and characteristics of the recent crisis. In the third section, bailout debate is presented. The forth section investigates the regulation-deregulation discussion. The Obama's bank plan is scrutinized in the fifth section. Finally, the final section provides concluding remarks. The Recent Financial Crisis: Causes and Characteristics The financial crisis began in early 2006 when the sub-prime mortgage market in the U.S. began to show an increasing rate of mortgage defaults. In late 2006, these defaults led to a decline in US housing prices after nearly a decade of remarkably high growth. By late 2007, the prime mortgage markets were showing higher than normal default rates. Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs), a type of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), allowed these problems to spread from the mortgage market to other sectors of the economy, having especially widespread effects on financial markets as a whole. CMOs were mortgage-backed securities issued by investment banks and other financial institutions, which since they were not part of the commercial banking system, were allowed to operate unregulated by the federal government. As the value of mortgages fell owing to increasing default rates, the value of these securities fell as well. The risk significantly increased in the early 2000s as sub-prime loans became the primary mortgage used in securitization. As the housing bubble deflated, many portfolios of these securities fell below book value. Since the big investment banks and large hedge funds were allowed to borrow excessively on the huge margin described in the previous paragraph, the drop in value due to mark to market accounting forced the investment banks to write down the value of the security or portfolio as a defensive measure against even greater losses. The rapid drop in value of securitized assets also forced margin calls as some hedge funds, for example, did not have sufficient additional collateral to protect against the margin call. Creditors who lent money to investment banks required certain margin and capital ratios and refused to extend additional credit to funds or investment banks as the value of their assets dwindled. This is what happened to Bear Stearns, which had to be taken over by JP Morgan with the assistance of the government and to Lehman Brothers, which was forced into bankruptcy. It is also what forced Merrill Lynch to merge with Bank of America and Goldman Sachs and Citigroup to cease to exist as Investment Banks. The credit crisis dramatically collapsed the market cap values of many of the key players in the mortgage industry (whether they made risky loans or not) and in the investment banking community which had successfully securitized all forms of credit for so long. As the table 1 illustrates, investors in these stocks lost over $1 trillion of 102 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo market cap value (these stocks dropped 92% from their mid 2000 value) as a result of the mortgage securitization process based on securitizing risky loans and allowing excessive leverage to acquire such assets. Mortgage Companies Mid 2000s Company Price Fannie Mae Freddie Mac $80 $50 Washington Mutual $45 Mar-09 Shares (mil.) 1000 1400 Mkt Cap Price (mil.) $80,000 $0.40 $70,000 $0.17 Mkt (mil.) $400 $238 1700 $76,500 $0.05 $85 $30,160 $6.00 $3,480 Acquired by Bank of America $1,750 - $55 Bankruptcy Countrywide $52 580 Financial New Century Financial Corp. Investment Banks Mid 2000s Goldman Sachs $240 460 Group Bear Stearns $133 135 Companies Citigroup $52 5450 Merrill Lynch $92 2000 Lehman Brothers $60 689 Other Financial Mid 2000s Institutions Bank of America $52 5000 American $72 2500 International Group Combined Mkt Cap of Above Financial Institutions Cap Notes Government conservatorship Government conservatorship Bankruptcy banking ops sold to J P Morgan Chase Mar-09 $110,400 $100 $46,000 No longer an investment bank $17,955 $2.00 $270 Acquired by J P Morgan Chase $283,400 $184,000 $41,340 $2.00 $6.00 $0.04 $10,900 $12,000 $28 No longer an investment bank Acquired by Bank of America Bankruptcy Mar-09 $260,000 $6.00 $30,000 Received $45B in bailout funds $180,000 $0.35 $875 Received $180 bln in bailout funds $104,331 $1.2 Trillion in Mkt Cap Lost $1,335,505 - Table 1: The Market Capitals of Major Companies Before and After 2008 Crisis Source: http://www.wikinvest.com The problem was augmented by the Credit Default Swap (CDS). CDSs were nominally insurance contracts on CMOs, but they became a tangled web, which dragged the financial system down as sellers of CDSs bought matching CDSs to protect themselves against default risk until nearly all the players in the investment banking market were linked together by these liabilities. Thus, these CMOs and CDSs became the infamous ―toxic assets‖. The defaults in the mortgage markets caused a collapse in the value of the corresponding CMOs, which created a cascade of additional problems as the multitude of CDSs were executed, dragging down the balance sheets of the major players in investment banking. This led to the freezing of private credit markets. Finally, the collapse in value of CMOs lead to a significant problem: since no one was trading CMOs, it was no longer clear what they were worth. The fact that the financial system is based on trust, the evaporation of trust meant that no private financial institution was willing to lend its scarce cash to any other since the former couldn‘t trust that the latter was correctly revealing the extent of its CMO holdings, and neither could be sure what those holdings were worth. These liquidity problems turned to insolvency in September of 2008, when private lending froze completely in a number of important credit markets, such as commercial paper. As a result, non-financial businesses were unable to get access to the financing they required to function normally, leading to problems in the real economy. The real economy began to exhibit problems related to the financial crisis as early as March 2006, when investment expenditure on residential structures began to decline. In early 2008, this decline spread to investment in business equipment and consumer spending on durable goods. It wasn‘t until the summer of 2008 that consumer spending broadly and GDP began falling, signs of a recession. In December 2008, the National Bureau of Economic Research, official arbiter of business cycles dated the formal beginning of the recession as December 2007. While 103 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo the public had been concerned about recession for much of the year, it wasn‘t until the fall that the economy began to decline at more than a 6% annual rate. Congress responded by passing the TARP plan to assist failing financial institutions. This plan was meant to decrease the severity of the recession by treating its cause: the financial crisis. The financial crisis and recession in the U.S. spread globally through both financial and trade linkages. Seeing housing prices in the U.S. rising, foreign banks sought opportunities to invest in the U.S. housing market, such as through CMOs issued by investment banks. When the mortgages backing these securities began to fall in value, the value of the securities themselves began to fall. Seeing their asset prices falling, investors attempted to liquidate their holdings beginning in August of 2007. These assets became frozen because of a lack of buyers in the market. As credit became scarce and in response to a lack of confidence in U.S. financial institutions, international banks began to raise the interest rate at which they lent money to one another, known as the LIBOR. Additionally, the economic slowdown in the U.S. led to declining U.S. imports from its major trading partners, the European Union, Mexico and China. When export sales languished, foreign GDPs fell too, spreading the recession worldwide. Despite recent claims that the US is no longer the locomotive of the world economy, the current crisis shows those claims to be false. To summarize the origins of the recent financial crisis step by step 28;  Banks and thrift institutions make mortgages, loans with a piece of real estate as collateral. Mortgages can be sold on a secondary market.  Corporations such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae were set up in the 1930s to create a secondary market in mortgages. They would buy mortgages from the banks, then package multiple mortgages and sell them to other lenders, these packages are called, ―mortgage backed securities.‖  The root of the current financial crisis were ―mortgage backed securities.‖ Bundles of ―mortgage backed securities‖ were known as Collateralized debt obligations were also placed on the market  Along with low interest rates and rising house prices, banks and other lenders began making loans to riskier borrowers and requiring less equity from borrowers. The ―risk‖ of these loans could be diversified by bundling many loans in the ―mortgage backed securities  When housing prices began falling the summer of 2007, lenders worried about the credit worthiness of the loans in the bundles they held.  As people began worrying about the credibility of the mortgage backed securities, the price of those bonds fell and interest rates rose. Individuals and institutions who held these bonds thought it was easy to liquidate, but found that they could do so at a loss. Further selling only depressed the price more.  Investment banks including banks and mortgage lenders were more involved in the creation of the ―mortgage crisis securities.‖ Many investment banks retained some interest in these assets because they were also involved in debt servicing.  In the summer of 2007, the investment banks were under pressure, and their attempts to obtain liquidity by selling assets made the crisis worse.  A new kind of financial instrument, the Credit Default Swap, played a major role in the crisis in 2008. This new instrument is an insurance policy against bond default. Just like ―mortgage backed securities‖, the assets being traded were not uniform, nor was the prices of these assets was visible to all the traders.  When investment banks and insurance companies such as AIG had large positions in Credit Default Swap, came under pressure, and the bond prices started falling. Some Credit Default Swaps required the insurer to make partial compensation to the policy owners.  The uncertainty over the net position and liabilities of the investment banks brought several of them down. The buyers had the incentives to understand the risk of the underlying assets, but was caught up in the bubble mentality, others saw large profits and wanted to get in on the action Bailout Discussions In consequence of the 2008 financial crisis, several giant financial firms failed and, as expected, they claimed the government bailout. Even though there was a strong public opposition to the failed firms' bailout call, the US government bailed them out with little exception. 28 http://www.sourcewatch.org 104 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo As a result, taxpayers have had to foot a huge bill to save the nation's debt-ridden banks because the government and pro-bailout people claimed that if those failed financial institutions were not saved, then the economy could collapse. They, furthermore, have argued that if there are losses to be covered and it is a matter of saving the financial system from collapse, then taxpayers do have to pay and always have done. They implicitly send message to the taxpayers by saying that if you want the financial system to collapse, you do not bailout anybody. If the system collapses, everybody will suffer and the economy will face a serious depression, which definitely creates more catastrophes then the bailout. Nearly two year has passed since Congress and former President Bush gave the Treasury Department the authority to distribute hundreds of billions of taxpayer dollars to failed banks, automakers, and AIG. Treasury gave money to more than 700 companies, but a handful of firms received Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) money in especially massive amounts. On the other hand, Congress neither specified how the money must be spent, nor dictated how the money must be used by aided institutions (e.g., not to pay CEO bonuses), nor imposed any system of checks and balances. As some people predict, banks may be using the bailout money to advance their own selfinterest (they are, after all, for profit entities) rather than to thaw the credit freeze since there is no any system of checks and balances as mentioned above. Under what conditions would multi-billion-dollar bailouts of private businesses be acceptable? What are the criteria that would be used for deciding when it is prudent to use public money to save private business? It is possible to ask more questions like those. They are obviously terrific questions with no obvious common answers. Different group of people can answer the above questions, however they possibly cannot satisfy others. Even the other people can claim that the answers and/or justifications are biased and cannot help the economy at all especially in the long term. While researchers, academics as well as practitioners were still discussing the recent financial crisis and bailout issues, the big banks in the US announced that they made large profits and handed out huge bonuses only a year after one of the biggest banking crises and bailouts in the history. Thus, thousands of top traders and bankers on Wall Street were awarded huge bonuses and pay packages, even as their employers were battered by the financial crisis. 105 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo CORP. Y E WHAT HAPPENED A R COST Bear Stearns 2 0 0 8 JP Morgan Chase and the federal government bailed out Bear Stearns when the financial giant neared collapse. JP Morgan purchased Bear Stearns for $236 million; the Federal Reserve provided a $30 billion credit line to ensure the sale could move forward. $30 billion Fannie Mae / Freddie Mac 2 0 0 8 On Sep. 7, 2008, Fannie and Freddie were essentially nationalized: placed under the conservatorship of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. Under the terms of the rescue, the Treasury has invested billions to cover the companies' losses. Initially, Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson put a ceiling of $100 billion for investments in each company. In February, Tim Geithner raised it to $200 billion. The money was authorized by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008. $400 billion (A.I.G.) On four separate occasions, the government has offered aid to AIG to keep it from 2 collapsing, rising from an initial $85 billion credit line from the Federal Reserve to a 0 combined $180 billion effort between the Treasury ($70 billion) and Fed ($110 0 billion). ($40 billion of the Treasury‘s commitment is also included in the TARP 8 total.) Auto Industry In late September 2008, Congress approved a more than $630 billion spending bill, 2 which included a measure for $25 billion in loans to the auto industry. These low0 $25 interest loans are intended to aid the industry in its push to build more fuel-efficient, 0 billion environmentally-friendly vehicles. The Detroit 3 -- General Motors, Ford and Chrysler 8 -- will be the primary beneficiaries. Troubled Asset Relief Program 2 0 0 8 Citigrou p Citigroup received a $25 billion investment through the TARP in October and another 2 $20 billion in November. (That $45 billion is also included in the TARP total.) 0 $280 Additional aid has come in the form of government guarantees to limit losses from a 0 billion $301 billion pool of toxic assets. In addition to the Treasury's $5 billion commitment, 8 the FDIC has committed $10 billion and the Federal Reserve up to about $220 billion. Bank of America 2 0 0 9 In October 2008, Congress passed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, which authorized the Treasury Department to spend $700 billion to combat the financial crisis. Treasury has been doling out the money via an alphabet soup of different programs. Here‘s our running tally of companies getting TARP funds. Bank of America has received $45 billion through the TARP, which includes $10 billion originally meant for Merrill Lynch. (That $45 billion is also included in the TARP total.) In addition, the government has made guarantees to limit losses from a $118 billion pool of troubled assets. In addition to the Treasury's $7.5 billion commitment, the FDIC has committed $2.5 billion and the Federal Reserve up to $87.2 billion. Table 2: The major bailouts in 2008 and 2009 http://www.propublica.org/special/government-bailouts 106 $180 billion $700 billion $142.2 billion �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo This has unavoidably attracted much criticism given how instrumental the banks were in causing the crisis. It is obviously immoral and insincere: If they win, they walk away with the profits; if they lose, the taxpayer picks up the tab. Consequently, this picture beyond doubt created widespread public anger against Wall Street bankers. A report29, released by Andrew M. Cuomo, the New York attorney general, provides a little more details about the bailouts. The report confirms that nine of the financial firms that were among the largest recipients of federal bailout money paid about 5,000 of their traders and bankers bonuses of more than $1 million apiece for 2008. For instance, bonuses of more than $1 million went to 953 traders and bankers at Goldman Sachs, while Morgan Stanley awarded seven-figure bonuses to 428 employees. Even though they are weaker banks, Citigroup and Bank of America distributed million-dollar bonuses to hundreds of their workers. Thus, many people raised their voice by saying, "risk is being socialized, yet profits are privatized." That means the rich elite makes money at the expense of the taxpayers. That is completely unfair and not what it should be. It is morally revolting that the architects of the crisis had huge bonuses only a year after being bailed out by the taxpayer. With large profits made by the banking industry allowing the payment of the massive bonuses, it not just created widespread public anger as mentioned above, but also justified the argument that the new regulation for the banking industry is must. Thus, it has become obviously necessary to regulate the banking industry in such a way that excessive risk taking becomes not possible. Deregulation in Financial Market Financial regulation is a form of supervision, which subjects financial institutions to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, and aims to maintain the integrity of the financial system. As Warren Buffet noted, ‗Credit Default Swaps are the financial weapons of mass destruction‘ (The Economist, September 2008). However, shadow banking and credit default swaps (CDSs), allowing betting instruments, remained unregulated. The lack of regulation of credit default swaps and the shadow-banking sector caused the financial system to grow larger, even more insolvent, and even more unstable. As noted, CDSs were initially used to transfer the risk on a bond onto someone else, but the deliberate lack of oversight meant traders could use these insurance-type contracts to place bets on bonds they did not own; eventually this led to the selling of the insurance contracts themselves when demand became high.. The CDS market grew enormously, but the lack of regulation allowed the gambling on insurance contracts to spiral out of control, until it consisted of more ‗bet money‘ than actual bonds. The market eventually came to encompass $60 trillion of bets on bonds, while only $5 trillion worth of bond money was circulating. This meant certain companies were promising billions of dollars in the form of protection that they did not have. American Insurance Group (AIG), for instance, owed over $400 billion worth of CDSs that it could not produce, necessitating its bailout by the US government. In addition, the non-regulation of CDSs and shadow banks allowed CDS deals to be made in private, generating in turn a lack of transparency extending to the finances of anyone vested in the market and obscuring the stability of transactions and of finances in general (Stiglitz, 2009). When the crisis hit and the extent of the opacity became apparent, confidence plummeted and credit froze, and because of the market‘s interconnectedness, the failure of one bank meant the demise of them all. The taxpayer would ultimately pay for these mistakes through the government bailout of the fallen institutions. Had hedge funds and investment banks been required to hold proper reserves to back the CDSs with liquid assets, the financial crisis would likely not have reached the level it did. Such regulatory measures would have prevented companies from taking the significant risks that have characterized finance in the 1990s and early twentyfirst century, and the CDS market would not have been likely to ‗balloon‘ as it did in the first place (Blumberg 2008). The non-regulation of CDSs and America‘s shadow banking sector during the decade leading up to the global crisis was therefore an occurrence that could have been avoided. US policymakers and regulators had ample warning that unregulated CDSs and bank-like institutions would undermine the system‘s credibility, and cause a global financial calamity. Obama's Bank Plan In response to the distress and turmoil created by the financial firms and banks, the Obama administration proposed a two-part plan regulation, suggesting the comprehensive changes to the financial sector regulation. 29 http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/business/31pay.html 107 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo President Obama first proposed a new tax or fee on the 50 largest U.S. financial institutions related to the costs of the government bailout of the financial industry. The idea is to discourage excessive risk-taking, to re-balance a tilted playing field and to generate needed revenue. The fee is expected to raise $90 billion over the next 10 years, and $117 billion over about 12 years. Although the tax would be imposed on 50 largest banks, insurance companies and large broker-dealers, roughly 60% of the revenue is expected to come from the 10 largest financial firms. If approved by lawmakers, the fee would go into effect June 30, 2010 and last at least 10 years. It would amount to 0.15% of total assets minus high-quality capital, such as common stock, and disclosed and retained earnings. Yet even if Congress goes along with this fee proposal, it will practically not be enough. Because the executives who run these institutions are likely to force shareholders to bear the burden of the tax, while they just keep on much as before. In fact, shareholders have already suffered as the executives undertook mergers, paid out bonuses and took other actions that have diminished shareholder value. Moreover, a new tax would probably give the bankers one more excuse not to restart lending. Mr. Obama made a second and more direct proposal by adapting the ideas of Paul Volcker, the former Fed chairman, on 22nd of January, 2010. This regulation restricts banks from making investments that are not intended to benefit customers, which is known as proprietary trading. Mr. Obama's new proposal put new limits mainly on the size and activities of the largest banks by intending to toughen existing limits on the size of financial firms and force them to choose between the protection of the government's safety net and the often-lucrative business of trading for their own accounts or owning hedge funds or private-equity funds. Mr. Obama highlighted this point by saying, "Never again will the American taxpayer be held hostage by a bank that is too big to fail." The second proposal focused on two points. The first concerns restrictions on the scope of activities. In the case of having insured deposits, and hence accessing to emergency funds from the central bank, the banks would not be allowed to own or invest in private equity or hedge funds nor would they be able to engage in ―proprietary‖ trading though they could continue to offer investment banking for clients, such as underwriting securities, making markets and advising on mergers. The second focuses on size. Banks already face a 10% cap on national market share of deposits. This would be updated to include other liabilities, namely wholesale funding. The aim is to limit concentration, which has increased greatly over the past 20 years, accelerating during the crisis as healthy banks bought sick ones. The four largest banks now hold more than half of the industry‘s assets. This second proposal is easily considered as, at least, seeking to return the "spirit of Glass-Steagall Act" and will for sure impede the growth of the largest banks and bar them from making what Mr. Obama called "reckless" investments. Citibank's merge with Travelers Group in 1998 had been seen as a violation of the Bank Holding Company Act (BHCA), and Citibank had thus been given two-year forbearance. Following the GLB act, however, not Citigroup/Traveler Group merger just became legal but several new mergers also took place. This is an undeniable fact that the repeal of important portions of the Glass-Steagall Act made banks seek high returns by investing money from checking and savings accounts into "creative" and "innovative" financial instruments such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) and credit default swaps (CDSs). These risky investments have been blamed to be caused to the collapse of the financial markets in 2008 and the resulting global financial crisis. The original idea of freeing up the banks or justification of the GLB act was to allow the US banks to compete at the national and international scale especially with European banks. However, many US banks engaged in very aggressive and riskier investments seeking higher returns following the GLB act. These aggressive behaviors were amplified as banking companies grew more complicated, drawing funding from more sources and investing in a wider range of activities. Increasingly, some investments were made to profit the firms' employees and shareholders, which are unrelated to the needs of customers. Those banks had been making increasingly massive profits until the bubble burst in 2008. Although the impetus for the climb in profitability primarily came from the investment banking activities, the key area of growth was in securities with especially mortgage assets. Furthermore, the banks‘ activities had been increasingly funded from the wholesale market by lending between banks on narrow margins and not the traditional depositor base in the commercial part of the banks‘ business. The problem was not truly recognized before 2008. When the bubble burst, it became not just obvious how risky these activities had been but the enormous scale of securitization combined with high leverage also almost led to a collapse of the whole financial system. In fact, being derivative products there were many third parties that had significant exposure to asset-backed securities 108 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo (ABS). Consequently, the investment activities of those banks, aggressively seeking higher profits and market share regardless of the risk, pervaded the whole economy. Another bill, known as the Commodity Futures Modernization (CFM) Act, had been passed just a year after the GLB Act. I do not think it is false that those two acts together undoubtedly contributed to the 2008 crisis. The (CFM) act unleashed the derivatives market and paved the way for banks to become more aggressive about investing in mortgages. This is basically how it ended up with the largest banks filled with toxic assets, off-balance sheet commitments, and in-house hedge funds among other "investments." Concluding Remarks As it is known, commercial banks function as intermediary between depositor and borrower and provide the loans and services to households and companies that are the life-blood of business activity and job creation. Investment banks, by contrast, have often engaged in activities that are more intensive use of complex instruments subject to high-risk volatility, and invested bank capital in hedge funds and private equity firms, which are in high return-high risk category. Nobody has problem with hedge funds and other speculative clubs, so long as they are not risking taxpayer money, whether directly like Fannie and Freddie or indirectly by threatening to bring down the system. The recent financial crisis has provided a clear lesson against allowing excess leverage and risk-taking through financial innovations that do not correspond to corporate and retail customers‘ banking needs. In retrospect, one can trace the origins of the crisis to a shift over time away from the ‗credit culture‘ of commercial banking towards an ‗equity culture‘ focused on generating profits for shareholders and management by exploiting new financial innovations and leveraging them while taking advantage of regulatory and tax loopholes. Therefore, as proposed in Mr. Obama's plan, separating these from mainstream activities like deposit-taking and lending, as well as some investment banking activities that correspond to customer needs, such as underwriting, market-making, broking and some derivatives services, could definitely bring important benefits for commercial banking. The separation could notably decrease contagion and counterparty risks, and help sustainable growth by focusing management attention on the core needs of bank clients without major distractions and disruptions. As Acharya (2009) claims, the goal of bank regulation is to restrain systemic risk rather than the individual risk of institutions. Accordingly, imposing a fee especially on the largest financial institutions, both for their expected losses when individual institution's failure and for expected losses when whole market's failure in the case of the financial system as a whole becomes undercapitalized, minimizes the systemic risk, thus suggest a solution, possibly good and efficient solution. As a consequence, even though it may have some possible flaws, given this framework for regulating systemic risk, Mr. Obama's proposal of imposing a fee against systemic risk of institutions is not just fair on the eye of public but also makes true economic sense. Moreover, again even though there are some concerns, separating commercial banking and other forms of financial intermediation from proprietary trading definitely limit systemic risk without affecting financial sector‘s ability to function its core activities. Obviously, one can easily count several points that need to be fixed and raise some concerns with Mr. Obama‘s new bank plan. On balance, however, both, a fee against systemic risk and scope restrictions, deserve a serious consideration and seem to be right steps in the right direction. The plan will help creating a sound and more reliable financial system and separating core commercial banking from some higher-risk activities in financial conglomerates and placing a moratorium on further consolidation could help to avoid the new financial crises by resolving some major risks inherent to the current financial system. References Acharya, Viral. (2009). A Theory of Systemic Risk and Design of Prudential Bank Regulation. Journal of Financial Stability, 5(3), 224-255. Blumberg, A. (2008). Another Frightening Show About the Economy. This American Life Episode Transcript, Program 365. Stiglitz, J. (2009). Capitalist Fools. Vanity Faire. January, 2009. Online available at http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2009/01/stiglitz200901. The Economist, September 2008 109 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo http://www.wikinvest.com http://www.propublica.org/special/government-bailouts http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/business/31pay.html 110 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 191 Title A name given to the resource Does (De)regulation Matter in Financial Crises? Examining the Obama Administration's New Bank Plan Author Author ULUSSEVER, Tala AKYEL, Recai TEKİN, Yusuf Abstract A summary of the resource. The fact that financial crises have happened with regular intervals and probably will happen in the future in much the same way has attracted great attention on the dynamics of crises from scholars as well as policy makers, and causes and remedies have been intensively discussed in the literature. Some have argued that deregulation of financial markets have significantly contributed to the recent crises, and thus they very much favor for sound regulation on financial markets, especially on big investment banks. Conversely, the other view strongly disfavors the aforementioned vision, and supports the liberal idea that the state should not intervene the market with any tool including the regulation. The objective of this study is to analyze the dynamics of the recent crises, investigate their causes, and discuss whether the states can be held responsible against them in the sense of (de)regulating the markets and ensuring the stability of the system. As a case study, the Obama administration's new bank plan is examined to shed lights on the current discussion. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0f758afc67c3855f3f28ad5b55d1d631.pdf 9031366ac68156b8189c17e00aa3d319 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Travertine as Construction and Building Material Saffet YAĞIZ Pamukkale University Denizli, Turkey syagiz@pau.edu.tr Abstract An experimental study was conducted to investigate physico-mechanical properties of travertines being quarried in western Turkey as construction and buildings material. Four common type of travertine, one of the most common construction materials in the world, were collected from quarries operated around the city of Denizli in south of Turkey, and related rock property tests including both dry and saturated unit weight of travertine, effective porosity, water absorption by weight, uniaxial compressive strength, P-wave velocity, slake durability test were conducted on the samples. Consequently, the results of the performed tests were evaluated according to the national and international construction stone regulations. Concluding remark is that travertine quarrying in the Denizli Basin of Turkey satisfies the relevant natural stone standards with negligible distinction to be used for construction and building purposes. Key words: Buildings, Construction, Travertine Introduction Travertine that could be used in both interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most useable construction and buildings stones in the world. Travertine is a variety of calcium carbonate commonly formed around the hot and cold carbonate-bearing springs. Travertine consists predominantly of quartz grains that usually held together by cementing material with small percentages of feldspar and mica particles and clay. As silica and iron oxide provide the strongest bond for travertines, calcium carbonate gives weakest. Their color ranges from light white, yellow through dark brownish. Even though travertine is often called marble, simply a very pure and mostly porous form of limestone. The Denizli extensional basin in western Turkey has widespread travertine accumulation since Late Quaternary (Figure 1). The total area occupied by modern and old travertines is more than 100 km 2 and its thickness can reach up to 60 m (Özkul et al. 2000). Most of the studies performed on the Denizli travertines are generally focused on Pamukkale (one of the famous travertine deposite of the world) and mainly related to hydrogeology of hot waters, geothermal potential, wasting and conversation (Koçak, 1971; EĢder et al. 1991; Ekmekçi et al. 1995). Some studies have been subjected to dating, morphological classification and relations between travertine and active tectonic-seismicity of the region (Altunel and Hancock, 1993a and 1993b; Hancock et al. 1999). The most common lithotypes presently quarried in Denizli basin are shrub, reed and crystalline crust type travertine respectively; So far, there is no attempt made to investigate physico-mechanical properties of travertine to examine the quality of them for construction purposes. In this paper, travertine types commonly quarried in the area was investigated and results of the research are discussed herein from the scope of their usability and suitability for construction and buildings. Geological Composition of Travertine Quarried in the Denizli Basin Thermal spring waters usually contain large amounts of calcium bicarbonate. As the spring water reaches to earth surface, the water lose most of the dissolved carbon dioxide (gases) and the calcium carbonate in solution readily precipitates as a thin layer of calcite (Demirdağ, 2007). Travertine precipitated at different depositional conditions; so they exhibit variation of color, appearance, bedding, porosity, texture, strength and chemical composition in the Basin (Yağız, 2009). Mainly quarried travertine lithotype in the basin includes; shrub type travertine represented by small bush like growths are common deposit on horizontal and sub horizontal surface (Chafetz, 1984); onyx type travertine commonly forms as a result of rapid precipitation due to fast flowing water on smooth slope; reed type travertine deposited marsh-pool, mound and self built channels (Pentecost, 1990) and noche, 667 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo compact and subunit of reed type one (Guo and Riding, 1998; Akyol et al. 2005). Every travertine type has its specific texture and chemical composition because of its own depositional and environmental conditions (Figure 2). Figure 1. Location map of the sampling area, Denizli-Turkey 1 Shrub type 2 Onyx type 3 Reed type 4 Noche type Figure 2. Macro photograph of the studied rock samples collected from quarries Laboratory Testing Methods Travertine blocks were obtained from quarries operating around the city of Denizli and consequently, samples were prepared to conduct laboratory tests in accordance with the specification of the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM, 1981) and Turkish Standard Institute (TSE 699, 1987). Index Properties of Travertine The samples with 70x70x70mm dimension were used in determination of unit weight, porosity and water absorption of travertines as recommended (ISRM, 1981; TSE 699, 1987). The spacemen volume was computed from an average of several caliper readings. Dry weight of sample was obtained with a balance, capable of weighing to an accurac dry sat) was obtained from the ratio of sample weight to the volume in kg/m3. The effective porosity (n‘), pore volume and water absorption by weight (w) was determined via saturation and caliper techniques (ISRM, 1981). Rock fullness ratio (F) also computed by multiplying bulk density of rock with the ratio of water absorption by weight to void ratio. For each travertine type, the measurements were carried out on ten samples and the average values of the relevant properties with standard deviation are tabulated as in Table 5. Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test 668 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock was tested on cubical-samples (having dimension of 70x70x70mm) smoothly sawed from large size blocks in accordance with TSE 699 standards. The ends of the samples were cut parallel to each other and at right angle to the longitudinal axis and then smoothened to ensure that the samples were free from abrupt irregularities and roughness. The stress rate applied uniformly within the limits of 0.5-1.0 MPa/s. The test was conducted perpendicular to observed beddings or layers on a sample to get rid of anisotropy affect on obtained values. Ten samples were tested for each travertine type and the average values were recorded as the UCS of travertine (Table 5). P-Wave Velocity Test P-wave velocity of travertine was measured on the UCS samples using the Portable Ultrasonic Nondestructive Digital Indicating Tester (PUNTID plus). This tester measures the time of propagation of ultrasound pulses in a sample in the range (0.1kHz. The measurement was carried out perpendicular to visual beddings or layers by using good coupling agent necessary between rock surfaces and both receiver and transducer face for accuracy of measurement. Afterward, Pwave velocity was computed from the ratio of distance between transducer and receiver to the time that P-wave takes to travel the distance. The tests were performed on 10 samples by following ISRM methods for each travertine type and the average values were used in the dataset. As result of tests, studied travertine types show high P-wave velocity ranging from 4.5 to 5.0km/s according to P-wave classification as given in Table 1. Vp (km/s) <2.5 2.5-3.5 3.5-4.0 4.0-5.0 >5.0 Description Very low Low Moderate High Very high Shrub Onyx Reed Noche x x x x Table 1. P-wave velocity classification for studied travertine types (Anon, 1979a) Slake Durability Test (SDI) The slake durability test was carried out by using the standard testing method developed (Franklin and Chandra, 1972) and as suggested (ISRM 1981). To perform the test, ten rock lumps made blunt with chisel (ten pieces of about 40–60 g each) were taken and rotated in a drum half immersed in tap water about 20 oC for 10 min at 20rpm. Test drum was made of a standard sieve mesh of 2mm so that the products of slaking from rock samples could pass through the sieve into the water bath. The slake durability index (Id 2) corresponding to the second cycle was computed as the percentage ratio of final to initial dry weights of rock in the drum after the drying and wetting cycles. The test was performed on ten sample of each travertine type with four cycles as suggested by various researchers (Gökçeoğlu et al. 2002; Dhakal et al. 2002; Gupta et al. 2007; Yağız and Akyol, 2008). Consequently, the averaged values of slake durability indices for each travertine type with standard deviation were tabulated in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, the shrub and noche type travertine shows almost same slaking behavior while reed type gives lower durability, but onyx type demonstrates the highest durability for soaking in tap water that pH ranges from 6.75 to 7.05. 669 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Slaking cycle Units % Shrub type x ± SD Onyx type x ± SD Reed type x ± SD Noche type x ± SD Number of test Id1 % 99.23±0.08 99.53±0.04 98.94±0.12 99.25±0.11 10 Id2 % 98.91±0.10 99.24±0.07 98.55±0.14 98.87±0.12 10 Id3 % 98.57±0.11 99.05±0.09 98.23±0.16 98.59±0.13 10 Id4 % 98.34±0.12 98.86±0.10 97.95±0.19 98.32±0.16 10 Table 2. Average slake durability indices and standard deviation of travertine types The lower value of slake durability represents the higher susceptibility for degrading. So, slake durability of travertine was classified according to first and second cycle of durability indices (Yağız, 2010) in Table 3. As mentioned previously, each test was conducted on ten samples and the average values of the results are also reported together with standard deviations herein (Table 4). Id2 Id1 Durability Shrub Onyx Reed Noche >30 <60 Very low 30–60 60–85 Low 60–85 85–95 Medium 85–95 95–98 Medium high 95–98 98–99 High >98 >99 Very high Class of travertine according to Id1 V. High V. High V. High High Class of travertine according to Id2 V. High V. High V. High V. High Table 3. Durability of travertine types according to slake durability classification (Frank and Chandra, 1972) UCS x ± SD (MPa) Vp n‘ w x ± SD x ± SD x ± SD (km/s) (%) Shrub 61±20.6 4.8±0.12 Onyx 58±15 Reed 41±16.6 Travertine type x ± SD x ± SD (%) Fullness x ± SD (%) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) 1.35±0.46 0.55±0.19 98.65±0.46 2427±25.2 2440±22.2 4.7±0.19 2.05±0.88 0.76±0.34 97.95±0.88 2664±46 2683±38.1 4.5±0.11 1.89±0.50 0.80±0.22 98.11±0.50 2317±56.3 2336±54.0 dry sat Noche 64±10.9 5.0±0.08 1.59±0.89 0.66±0.38 98.41±0.89 2373±48.1 2389±42.1 x =average values and SD=Standard deviation Table 4. Engineering properties of travertine type based on average values of ten tested samples 670 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 64 TSE11143 (1987) >50 TSE2513 ASTMC97 ASTMC170 (1987) (1990) (1990) >52 41 64 >30 - - - 2318 2373 >2300 - >2305 - 0.76 0.80 0.66 <3 <7.5 <0.2 - 1.35 2.05 1.89 1.59 - <12 - - Vp Class High High High High - - - - SDI Class (Id1 and Id2) High High High High - - - - Properties of travertine Shrub Onyx Reed Noche UCS (MPa) (tile flooring) 61 58 41 (for wall covering) 61 58 2427 2663 w (%) 0.55 n‘(%) 3 dry (kg/m ) Table 5. Suitability of investigated travertine types for construction and buildings Discussions The uniaxial strength, P-wave velocity, effective porosity, slake durability index, fullness ratio, water absorption by weight and both dry and saturated unit weight of travertine that were quarried around the city of Denizli were investigated. 10 samples were prepared and the tests were performed for each type of travertine in order to obtain the best representative value for each rock property. TSE and ASTM standards were used to investigate quality of travertine types as construction materials. Further, P-wave velocity and slake durability classification were performed according to the scientific classifications recommended by various researchers (Anon, 1979a; Frank and Chandra, 1972) as represented in Table 5. Properties of investigated travertine types are very good and acceptable except effective porosity in ASTM standards that counts travertine as marble. The ASTM standard stated that the effective porosity of travertine should be more than three percent (Table 5). In fact, this range is actually impossible for travertine that is more porous and weaker than marble. In TSE, natural stone were categorized in detail according to their origin (TSE 11143, 1993; TSE2513, 1977); on the other hand, the stone were categorized as general in the ASTM standard (ASTM C97, 1996; ASTM C170, 1990); however, such a variation between two different standards is likely. Conclusions In this study, several type of travertine was investigated according to their physic-mechanical properties and usability for modern civil construction and buildings. It is fact that the travertine is categorized as sedimentary origin, porous and weak rocks; therefore, the important issue is not only its properties but also where to be used. Investigated travertine types quarried in the Denizli Basin of Turkey have reasonably good quality to be used for construction and buildings purposes in accordance with national and international standards. Further, P-wave velocity of travertine types is high meaning is that they do not have much micro crack and alteration. The slake durability of those travertine is very high according to the relevant durability classification. So, these travertine types could be used for the purposes without thinking of annual precipitation or humid environments. Concluding remark is that even though reed type travertine being porous has low density and the uniaxial compressive strength is the lowest in comparison with others, type of travertine quarried in the area have acceptable stone quality to be used for developing and constructing building and recreation environments in the modern cities. References Akyol, A., Yağız, S., Özkul, M., ġen, G., Kato, S: (2005). Physical properties of hot spring travertines related to lithotypes at Pamukkale Region in Denizli. In: Proceedings of 1st Int. Symposium on Travertine, M, Özkul, S. Yağız, B. Jones, (Eds), 286-290 Denizli, TR Altunel, E., Hancock, P.L. (1993a) Morphology and structural setting of Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, Turkey. Geological Journal, 28, 335-346. 671 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Altunel, E., Hancock, P.L. (1993b). Active fissuring and faulting in Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, western Turkey. Z. Geomorph. N. E. 285-302. Anon, (1979a). Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geological mapping, part 1-Rock and Soil materials. Bulletin of International Association of Engineering Geology, 19, 364-371. ASTM C97 (1996). Standard test method for absorption and bulk specific gravity of dimension stone. Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol. 4.08. ASTM C170 (1990). Standard test method for compressive strength of dimension stone. Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol. 4.08. Chafetz, H.S., Folk, R.L. (1984). Travertines: Depositional morphology and the bacterially constructed constituents. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 54(1), 289-316 Demirdağ, S. (2007). The effect of using different polymer and cement based materials in pore filling applications on technical parameters of travertine stone. Cnstruction and buildings materials, online. Dhakal, G., Yoneda, T., Kato, M., Kaneko, K. (2002). Slake durability and mineralogical properties of some pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks. Engineering Geology, 65, 31–45. EĢder, T., Yılmazer, S. (1991). Geothermal resources of Pamukkale and travertine forming, Tıbbi Ekoloji ve Hidroklimatoloji Dergisi, In: Special issue for the Symposium, Özer N. (Ed), 32-51. Ekmekçi, M., Günay, G., ġimĢek, ġ. (1995). Morphology of rimstone pools, Pamukkale, Western Turkey. Cave and Karst Sciences, 22,103-106. Franklin, J.A., Chandra, C. (1972). The slake durability test. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 325– 341. Gökçeoğlu, C., Ulusay, R., Sönmez, H. (2002). Factor affecting the durability of selected weak and clay bearing rocks from Turkey, with particular emphasis on the influence of the number of drying and wetting cycles. Engineering Geology, 57, 215–237. Guo, L., Riding, R. (1998). Hot-spring travertine facies and sequences, late Pleistocene, Rapolano Terme, Italy. Sedimentology, 45(1), 63-180. Gupta, V., Ahmed, I. (2007). The effect of pH of water and mineralogical properties on the slake durability (degradability) of different rocks from the Lesser Himalaya, India. Engineering Geology, 95, 79-87. Hancock, P.L., Chalmers, R.M.L., Altunel, E., Çakır, Z. (1999). Travitonics: using travertines in active fault studies. Journal of Structural Geology, 21, 903-916. ISRM, (1981). Rock characterization testing and monitoring, ISRM Suggested Methods. International Society for Rock Mechanics, 211p. Koçak, A. (1971). Hydrogeological investigation of Denizli-Pamukkale and Karahayit. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute, Report No.5670. Özkul, M., Varol, B., Alçiçek, M.C. (2002). Depositional environments and petrography of Denizli travertines, Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 125, 13-29. Pentecost, A. (1990). The formation of travertines shrubs: Mammoth Hot Spring, Wyoming. Geological Magazine, 127, 159-168. TSE 699 (1987). Methods of testing for natural buildings stones, Institute of Turkish Standards. 75p Ankara TR TS2513, (1977) Natural stone testing methods, Institute of Turkish Standard, Ankara, TR TSE11143, (1993). Travertine as building and facing stone, Institute of Turkish Standard, 8p Ankara TR Yağız, S., Akyol, E. (2008). Investigation on the relationship between lithological features and slake durability index of travertine in Denizli. Project Report no: MHF004, (unpublished report). 672 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Yağız, S. (2009). Predicting Uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and index properties of rocks using Schmidt hammer. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environments, 68,55-63. Yağız, S. (2010). Geomechanical properties of construction stones quarried in South-western Turkey. Scientific Research and Essays, 5(8), 750-757. 673 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 307 Title A name given to the resource Travertine as Construction and Building Material Author Author YAĞIZ, Saffet Abstract A summary of the resource. An experimental study was conducted to investigate physico-mechanical properties of travertines being quarried in western Turkey as construction and buildings material. Four common type of travertine, one of the most common construction materials in the world, were collected from quarries operated around the city of Denizli in south of Turkey, and related rock property tests including both dry and saturated unit weight of travertine, effective porosity, water absorption by weight, uniaxial compressive strength, P-wave velocity, slake durability test were conducted on the samples. Consequently, the results of the performed tests were evaluated according to the national and international construction stone regulations. Concluding remark is that travertine quarrying in the Denizli Basin of Turkey satisfies the relevant natural stone standards with negligible distinction to be used for construction and building purposes. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f5a4f6fd515ea4b6564ccb1f287fb207.pdf 65856e2c8554fb9031f560393afe5243 PDF Text Text The Effects of Initial Boron Concentration on Energy Consumption in Boron Removal by Electrocoagulation Alper Erdem YILMAZ Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering 25240, Erzurum, TURKEY, aerdemy@atauni.edu.tr Recep BONCUKCUOĞLU Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering 25240, Erzurum, TURKEY, rboncuk@atauni.edu.tr M. Muhtar KOCAKERĐM Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Chemical Engineering 25240, Erzurum, TURKEY, mkerim@atauni.edu.tr Baybars Ali FĐL Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering 25240, Erzurum, TURKEY, baybars@atauni.edu.tr Serkan BAYAR Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering 25240, Erzurum, TURKEY, sbayar@atauni.edu.tr Abstract:In this study, it was investigated initial boron concentration affecting energy consumption in boron removal from boron containing wastewaters prepared synthetically, via electrocoagulation method. Initial boron concentration of solution was selected as experimental parameter affecting energy consumption. The other parameters such as solution pH, current density and temperature of solution were kept constant during reaction time. Experiments were carried out with different initial boron concentrations ranging from 100, 250, 500 and 1000mg/L. Increasing initial boron concentration caused to increase specific conductivity of solution. Specific conductivity of solution was a important parameter on energy consumption of electrocoagulation system. The higher specific conductivity of solution caused to the lower energy consumption values. While energy consumption value was 49,87 kW-h/m3 for 100 mg/L initial boron concentration, this value was decreased to 14, 3 kW-h/m3 for 1000 mg/L initial boron concentration under 3.0 mA/cm2 of current density, pH 8.0, 293 K of solution temperature and 150 rpm of stirring speed. Keywords: Electrocoagulation, energy consumption aluminum electrode, boron removal 1. Introduction High levels of boron are obtained in groundwater in some Mediterranean countries, such as Turkey, which has the largest boron reserves in the world. Boron pollution is a severe problem for Turkey. Wastes from the boron mines and boric acid plants are the main sources of the pollution. In addition to this, geothermal waters contain high levels of boron concentration in west Anatolia in Turkey. The recent European Union (EU) drinking water directive defines an upper limit of 1mg B/L. A minimum of boron in irrigation water is required for certain metabolic activities, but at only slightly higher concentration, plant growth will exhibit effects of boron poisoning, which are yellowish spots on the leaves and fruits, accelerated decay, and ultimately plant expiration[1]. Boron is a naturally occurring element throughout the environment. Boron has a number of minerals, in nature mostly calcium and/or sodium borates, such as colemanite 79 �(2CaO.3B2O3.5 H2O), ulexite (Na2O.2CaO.5B2O3.16H2O), tincal (Na2O.2B2O3.10H2O), etc. The main boron-bearing end products in the industry are insulation and textile- grade fiber, borosilicate glass, fire retardants, enamels, glazes and agricultural products [2]. Boron is an essential element for plant growth however, and if present in a larger amount, it is necessary to remove from effluents due to its toxic effectivity [3]. A minimum boron concentration in irrigation water is required for some metabolic activities of plants, such as cellular multiplication, the metabolism of nucleic acids. Deficiency in boron level will result in poor budding, excessive branching, and in general, inhibits plant growth. On the other hand, boron concentration in irrigation water which is only slightly higher than the minimum will be negative for plant growth and will exhibit signs of “boron poisoning” yellowish spots on the leaves and the fruit, accelerated decay, and ultimately plant expiration [4]. Boron is important in the metabolism and utilization of calcium in humans. Other benefits of boron include improvement of brain function, psychomotor response, and the response to estrogen ingestion in postmenopausal women. In humans, the sign of acute toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dermatitis and lethargy [5.Therefore, removal of boron from water and wastewater is a crucial problem for environmental control. There are several methods suggested for boron removal from aqueous solutions. Several methods have been investigated for removal of boron, including ion exchange [6-7], adsorption[8-9], electrocoagulation[10-11], membran techniques like, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis [12-13], electrodialysis[14-15]. EC (electrocoagulation) is an emerging water treatment technology and could be good choice to remove boron from water: the amount of required chemicals is much lower, a smaller amount of sludge is produced, no mixing of chemical is required, coagulant dosing as well required overpotantials can be easily calculated and controlled, operating costs are much lower when compared with most of the conventional technologies [16]. During the last two decades, a special research field, environmental electrochemistry has been developed. Electrocoagulation involves the generation of coagulants in situ by dissolving electrically either aluminum or iron ions from respectively aluminum or iron electrodes. The metal ion generation takes place at the anode; hydrogen gas is released from the cathode. Also, the hydrogen gas would help to float the flocculated particles out of the water. This process sometimes is called electroflocculation. The electrodes can be arranged in a mono-polar or bi-polar mode. The materials can be aluminum or iron in plate form or packed form of scraps such as steel turnings, millings, etc. The most widely used electrode materials in electrocoagulation process are aluminum and iron. I When aluminum used as electrode materials, the chemical reactions are as follows; • At the cathode: 3H2O + 3e− → 3/2H2(g) + 3OH(aq)− • At the anode: Al(s) → Al(aq)3+ + 3e− • In the solution: Al(aq)3+ +3H2O → Al(OH)3(s) +3H(aq) + The H2 produced as a result of the redox reaction may remove dissolved organics or any suspended materials by flotation The purpose of the present study is too asseses the performance of EC on the treatment of boron, by exploring the effects of parameter such energy consumption on boron removal efficiency. 2. Experimental Wastewater samples used in the experiments were prepared synthetically using Na2B4O7 having 99.99 of purity from Merck. The solution with boron concentration of 100 mg/L was prepared by dissolved 459.1 mg borax dried at 105 ◦C in distilled water and completed with distilled water to 1 L. The same operations were repeated for the solutions with boron concentrations of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L with different Na2B4O7 weights. The pH of the solution was adjusted by adding either sodium hydroxide or nitric acid. 80 �A laboratory-scale reactor (16 cm × 8cm × 8 cm), made of plexiglass, was used in all experiments (Fig. 1).Two groups of alternating electrodes being cathodes and anodes (by eight plates of each type) made of aluminum were arranged vertically. The net spacing between the aluminum electrodes was 5 mm. They were connected to terminals of a direct current power supply characterized by the ranges 2–10A for current and 0–30V for voltage. At the beginning of each run the solution of boron of the desired concentration fed into the reactor. Each run was timed starting with the dc power supply switching on. The analytical determination of boron was done potentiometrically by means of mannitol, which forms a complex compound with boric acid. For this purpose, boron analyses were carried out following: Solution pH was adjusted to 7.60 after sample was filtered. Then, 5 g mannitol was added to solution. The solution was titrated with 0.5N KOH until solution pH became 7.60. Boron amount was calculated from KOH consumption. 1ml 0.5N KOH is equal to 17.41 mg B2O3[17]. This method was selected in order to prevent aluminum interference in boron detection done by spectrophotometric methods such as Carmin, Azomethine-H and Curcumin methods [18] Figure 1. Schematic view of the experimental system ((1) dc power supply, (2) electrocoagulation cell, (3) magnetic stirrer, (4) pump, (5) circulator, (6) pH and conductivity meter, (7) ampermeter, (8) voltmeter and (9) pH control unit) 3. Result and discussions The effect of initial boron concentration on the boron removal was examined with solutions including boron of 100, 250, 500 and1000 mg/L. Current density of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 A, optimum pH of 8.0 and stirring speed of 150 rpm were kept constant in the experiments. Boron removal efficiency decreased with increasing boron concentration. This can be explained as following; although the same amount Al+3 passed to solution at the same current density for all boron concentration, Al+3 was insufficient for solutions including higher boron concentration. The results obtained were shown graphically in Figure 2. 81 �100 removal efficiency, % 90 80 2A 70 4A 6A 60 8A 10 A 50 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 concentration, ppm Figure 2. The effects of initial boron concentration on removal efficiency (pH 8.0, 293 K of solution temperature and 150 rpm stirring speed) The effect of initial boron concentration on electrical energy consumption was examined with solutions including boron of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L. Current density of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 A, optimum pH of 8.0 and stirring speed of 150 rpm were kept constant in the experiments. Increasing initial boron concentration increased amount of ions in solution. As a result of this case, the solution conductivity increased with increasing boron concentration. Increasing of amount of ionized species in solution obtained more transmission for electric applied under constant current density. 82 �Figure 3. The effects of initial boron concentration on energy consumption (pH 8.0, 293 K of solution temperature and 150 rpm stirring speed) In order word, this situation caused to decrease total resistance in electrocoagulation cell. Because of increasing boron concentration, potential applied to solution and energy consumption decreased. In Figure 4, the change of boron removal and energy consumption for 500 mg/L was demonstrated as a function of reaction time. As seen in Figure 3, energy consumption increased constantly with increasing boron removal during reaction time. Other initial boron concentrations had the same tendency. The results obtained were shown graphically in Figure 3. As seen in Figure 3, the lowest energy consumption curve was obtained in the experiments carried out with 1000 mg/L of initial boron concentration solution because it had the highest conductivity. When specific conductivity of solution with 1000 mg/L of initial boron concentration reached to 5245 mS/cm, specific conductivity of solution with 100 mg/L of initial boron concentration remained at 835 mS/cm. The solutions which are given conductivity values had pH 8. The effect of conductivity on electrical energy consumption could be explained with following equations: (1) where W is the electrical energy consumption (kW h/m3), V the potential (V), I the current (A), t the time is the volume of solution (m3). Applied potential could be explained with the equation: (h) and (2) where R is the resistance (Ώ). From Eqs. (1) and (2), following equation could be obtained: (3) Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material accommodates the transport of electric charge. Electrical conduction is an electrical phenomenon in which a material (solid or otherwise) contains movable particles with electric charge, which can carry electricity. When a difference of electrical potential is applied to a conductor, an electric current appears. Conductivity stated as the inverse of electrical resistivity, is defined as the ratio of the current density to the electric field strength and has the SI units of Siemens per meter (S/m). Electrical conductivity caused to decrease energy consumption because there was a relationship between electrical conductivity and resistance. The decreasing initial boron concentration of solution caused to rise of electrical conductivity. Thus, high conductivity values of solution caused to low resistance values and low energy consumption. 83 �25 400 20 300 15 200 10 100 5 0 0 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 75 90 105 energy consumption, kW-h/m3 concentration, mg/L 500 120 time, min Figure 4. The change of boron removal and energy consumption for 500 mg/L as a function of reaction time 4. Conclusions The present study clearly demonstrated the applicability of electrocoagulation process using the aluminum electrode for boron removal. The effects of operational parameters such as initial boron concentration on boron removal efficiency and energy consumption were studied in detail and explained as well. When effect of initial boron concentration on energy consumption was investigated, the obtained results shown that increasing boron concentration increased conductivity of solution. Thus, solution with higher boron concentration had more ions at the same volume. The higher conductivity values decreased energy consumption. References [1] Kavak, D., Removal of boron from aqueous solutions by batch adsorption on calcined alunite using experimental design, Journal of Hazardous Materials 163 (2009) 308–314 [2] G.I. Smith and M.D. Medrano, 1996, Continental Borate Deposits of Cenozoic Age, in: E.S. Grew, L.M. Anovitz, eds., Reviews in Mineralogy, Boron-Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, vol. 33, pp. 263-298. [3] R.M. Adams, (1997), Boron, 1964, Metallo-Boron Compounds and Boranes, Wiley, NY, [4] Boncukcuoğlu, R., Yılmaz, A.E., Kocakerim, M.M., Çopur, M., (2004) An Empirical Model for Kinetics of Boron Removal from Boron-containing Wastewaters by Ion Exchange in a Batch Reactor, Desalination, 160, 159-166, [5] F.H. Nielsen, (1997), Boron in human and animal nutrition, Plant and Soil, 193 199–208. [6] M. Badruk, N. Kabay, M. Demircioğlu, H. Mordo, U. Đpekoğlu, (1999), Removal of boron from wastewater of geothermal power plant by selective ion-exchange resins. II. Column sorption-elution studies Seperation Science and Technology, 34, 15, 2981-2995 84 �[7] W.D. Peterson, 1975, Removal of boron from water, US Patent 3856670, CA, 83, 102888b, [8] N. Öztürk and D. Kavak, (2004),Boron removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on waste sepiolite and activated waste sepiolite using full factorial design, Adsorption 10 245–257. [9] Y. Fujita, T. Hata, M. Nakamaru, T. Iyo, T. Yoshino, T. Shimamura, (2005),A study of boron adsorption onto activated sludge, Bioresource Technology, 96(2), 1350-1356 [10] A. E. Yilmaz, R. Boncukcuoglu, M. M. Kocakerim, B. Keskinler (2005) The investigetion of parameters affecting boron removal by electrocoagulation method, J. Hazard. Mater. 125 160-165. [11] A. E. Yilmaz, R. Boncukcuoğlu, M. M. Koc akerim, M. T. Yilmaz, C. Paluluoğlu, (2008), Boron removal from geothermal waters by electrocoagulation, J. Hazard.Mat., 153(1-2), 146-151 [12] P. Dydo, M. Turek, J. Ciba, J. Trojanowska, J. Kluczka, (2005), Boron removal from landfill leachate by means of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, Desalination, 185 1-3 131-137 [13] E. Huertas, M. Herzberg, G. Oron, M. Elimelech, (2008),Influence of biofouling on boron removal by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, 318( 1-2), 264-27. [14] Z. Yazicigil, Y. Oztekin, (2006), Boron removal by electrodialysis with anion-exchange membranes, Desalination, 190( 1-3), 71-78 [15] Y. Oren, C. Linder, N. Daltrophe, Y. Mirsky, J. Skorka, O. Kedem, (2006), Boron removal from desalinated seawater and brackish water by improved electrodialysis, Desalination, 199( 1-3), 9 52-54 [16] G.C. Cushnie, Electroplating Wastewater Pollution Technology, Noyes Publications, NJ, USA (1985). [17] A.A. Nemodurk, Z.K. Karalova, Analytical Chemistry of Boron, Israel-Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1965, p. 33. [18] R.N. Sah, P.H. Brown, Microchem. J. 56 (1997) 285–304 85 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 337 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of Initial Boron Concentration on Energy Consumption in Boron Removal by Electrocoagulation Author Author YILMAZ, Alper Erdem BONCUKCUOĞLU, Recep KOCAKERİM, M. Muhtar FİL, Baybars Ali BAYAR, Serkan Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, it was investigated initial boron concentration affecting energy consumption in boron removal from boron containing wastewaters prepared synthetically, via electrocoagulation method. Initial boron concentration of solution was selected as experimental parameter affecting energy consumption. The other parameters such as solution pH, current density and temperature of solution were kept constant during reaction time. Experiments were carried out with different initial boron concentrations ranging from 100, 250, 500 and 1000mg/L. Increasing initial boron concentration caused to increase specific conductivity of solution. Specific conductivity of solution was a important parameter on energy consumption of electrocoagulation system. The higher specific conductivity of solution caused to the lower energy consumption values. While energy consumption value was 49,87 kW-h/m3 for 100 mg/L initial boron concentration, this value was decreased to 14, 3 kW-h/m3 for 1000 mg/L initial boron concentration under 3.0 mA/cm2 of current density, pH 8.0, 293 K of solution temperature and 150 rpm of stirring speed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General)