28 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2416570a0c54b043744844f6127c7c18.doc 4283c50b977d723c07fb244b18c6d390 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4d8ceaea8206d6d49193970dac3fa185.pdf 720a196028cf7d5a86a20e380bfffa77 PDF Text Text BOOK OF ABSTRACTS but is never defeated. Destruction means to completely ruin or spoil. Santiago experienced this destruction. It started with 84 days of not catching anything. He was being crushed but his spirit and pride prevented defeat. During the fight with the Marlin, he physically was being destroyed. He had a choice to spare his life and let the fish go but he knew he had to overcome his destruction so he kept at it and caught the fish. And finally, the fight with the sharks was his hardest battle. He was alone, in his own life battle. His fish was his ‘life’, and shark and other dangerous creatures, are actually all these things that can destroy life in general. And this statement ' man can be destroyed, but not defeated' is one remarkable combination of words. His soul, his hope and his belief they were still on surface and still vivid and real. We can learn through this statement that can be our own motivation. We should be prepared for dark life side, and we should know that we will lose in life, but that should not defeat us. We should take life as a game. We can lose, we can be destroyed, and disappointed, but just take that card or cube again in your hands, and play better than ever before. Cube cannot be destroyed, and that cube is your soul, in your destroyed life. An evaluation on the similarities and differences of "World Englishes" Ajša Habibić & Ana Tankosić International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT English is the global language now under the certain dynamics resulting that. It is worldwide known and used in many contexts for various purposes. “World Englishes” are called with different names such as ESL (English as a second language), EFL (English as foreign language) and EIL (English as an International Language) which is the core notion of that study. Each language | 33 �1st International Annual Student Symposium presents a distinct cultural accumulation of a society and each culture presents a distinct cultural accumulation. It is a hot debate which one is the outcome of the other and depends on the point of view of the discussion. Anthropologists, linguists and sociolinguists have studied on that for many years according to interested field and gathered valuable data. In our study, we aim to provide an understanding towards “English language” which displays totally different characteristics because of its use worldwide. Our starting point is the famous circle of world Englishes by Kachru. By basing our argument, cross comparison of differences and similarities of world Englishes will be examined. Through that examination, we will discuss which English and who’s English to be taught. An overview of the importance of students’ classroom collaboration and its shortcomings in practice Selma Salihagić International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Keywords: active participation, shortcomings, paradigm, group work ABSTRACT Contemporary society requires from learners active participation and engagement in their educational process. In last three decades methods that include students’ cooperation and collaboration within group learning have been used increasingly in all levels of teaching and in all subjects. However, in practice, this type of learning is still encountering dependence, passivity, and even anxiety on the part of students. Thus, this paper attempts to provide an insight to the most common shortcomings of group works from students’ perspective, and offers solutions for their overcoming and effective usage. Besides using the expert literature, as a paradigm in this paper, we used materials from the case study conducted in Bangor Business School in United 34 | � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1406 Title A name given to the resource An evaluation on the similarities and differences of "World Englishes" Author Author HABIBIC, Ajsa TANKOSIC, Ana Abstract A summary of the resource. English is the global language now under the certain dynamics resulting that. It is worldwide known and used in many contexts for various purposes. “World Englishes” are called with different names such as ESL (English as a second language), EFL (English as foreign language) and EIL (English as an International Language) which is the core notion of that study. Each language presents a distinct cultural accumulation of a society and each culture presents a distinct cultural accumulation. It is a hot debate which one is the outcome of the other and depends on the point of view of the discussion. Anthropologists, linguists and sociolinguists have studied on that for many years according to interested field and gathered valuable data. In our study, we aim to provide an understanding towards “English language” which displays totally different characteristics because of its use worldwide. Our starting point is the famous circle of world Englishes by Kachru. By basing our argument, cross comparison of differences and similarities of world Englishes will be examined. Through that examination, we will discuss which English and who’s English to be taught. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English,PR English literature Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 811 Title A name given to the resource An Examination of Gifted Children’s Interests in Foreign Language Depending on Their Extraordinary Characteristics Author Author Cetinkaya , Caglar Bayrakcı , Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. Gifted children have many specific characteristics such as mental and developmental. One of the area in which gifted children having difference from their peers in terms of especially mental skills have demonstrated their difference is to think extraordinarily (Çağlar, 2004). According to Sak (2010), gifted people are the ones having extraordinary characteristics. This study will be carried out with fifty gifted students under auspices of Eurasian Special Needs Education Research Association (ENSERA) in 2011. The study is descriptive model. Qualitative research methods are going to be used in order to collect data in the study. The data collected with semi-structured interview technique will be analyzed by using content analysis method. The second foreign languages that the gifted children want to learn will be determined with the result of analysis. Besides, the reasons of why they want to learn that language and the evaluation of their learning these languages in terms of extraordinary characteristics will be examined. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-04 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/68279f92ce2eb33c8683308b1e838e16.pdf 4a76eed01ab334165b8d5b219e5fb71b PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo An Examination of Teacher Candidates on the Turkish Consciousness Assist Prof. Dr. Havva YAMAN Sakarya University Faculty of Education, Department of Turkish Teaching, 54300 Hendek, Sakarya/Turkey hyaman@sakarya.edu.tr Assist Prof. Dr. Erkan YAMAN Sakarya University Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Administration, 54300 Hendek, Sakarya/Turkey eyaman@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract:This study was undertaken to assess identify the state of Turkish consciousness in the teacher candidates. In study were applied “Turkish Consciousness Scale” (TCS) that developed by Yaman (2010). Students receive their scores from Turkish Consciousness Scale, the arithmetic mean and standard deviations were considered to be taken into consideration. In order to identify the effect of individual variables, Mann Whitney U Test and Kruskal Wallis Tests. Analysis showed that the variables of Turkish love of course, attended by teacher candidates resulted in significant differences in teacher candidates perceptions whereas the variables of gender, class and socioeconomic status did not affect the perceptions of teacher candidates. Key Words: Teacher candidates, Turkish consciousness Introduction Language is the most powerful institution that socializes people and makes them a member of the society. Human beings are a part of firstly family and then the area and nation. Common languages have the power to provide solidarity and each individual has to benefit from this power in a sufficient level. A common language is an indispensable means by which human beings can define and understand each other, and easily express their opinions to the addressee. The most significant aspect of the language is its function of regulating the relations within a society. Especially in our modern advanced societies, this aspect of the language is closely intertwined with the liberal and democratic maintenance of the relations not only between individuals and public institutions but also between state administration and citizens (Gokturk, 1989:222; Sagir, 2002:8-9). Mother tongue is one of the most important factors in binding individuals together and turning a society from a random mass of people into a nation. A sense of intimacy arises among those who have adopted the atmosphere of the same mother tongue within their sub-consciousness. This is the result of the effect of a mother tongue on shaping personality and their worldviews being common. This partnership, as well as the power of a mother tongue to bend individuals together, is called sense of mother tongue”. (Ozdemir, 1983:21). Being the conveyor of a culture, language also reflects the worldviews of the individuals adopting that culture. Since information technologies and globalization are increasingly becoming widespread, languages, which ensure communication between people, have drawn near to each other and words from dominant cultures have started to be used in other languages. Words and suffixes/prefixes borrowed from foreign languages are either intended to fill a conceptual and formal gap in a language or caused by a widespread admiration for and thus a tendency to imitate foreign words. The cultural dominance of English is felt in Turkey, too. The names of stores and goods, and various terms and concepts regarding certain fields are borrowed without an attempt to seek for new Turkish equivalents for any given English word, and it sometimes becomes a matter of “prestige” to use such words (Korkmaz, 1995:625; Parlak, 2000:2). A language is a reflection of a nation’s way of life and, in the broadest sense, its worldview, certain stages it has undergone throughout the history and the relations it has established with other societies. All the changes a nation has undergone over time are reflected on language in different ways. The civilization of a nation in a particular era might shed light on a whole series of events concerning its vocabulary in that era (aksan, 1997; Gulensoy, 1995; Vendryes, 2001). 229 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Those individuals who are detached and isolated from collective consciousness through images which are unfamiliar to their own culture are so deprived of the world of consciousness required by a language that they cannot reproduce it even when they are using it and dragged into the world of images. It should be noted here that the images which have coexisted with a language over ages go beyond their own capacity and start to be as effective in shaping the conscious as language. The human mind, which has both shaped and been influenced by cultural and belief environment since before now, has always used language not only in verbal but also in written form. Used throughout the sense of reality and unreality, language has always been descriptive. In this sense, language plays a key role in thinking and human interaction (Celik, 2002:767). Language consciousness could be defined as “the sensitivity concerning the usage of the common language used in the society, which the individual is a part of”. The Turkish language, which is being spoken in a vast geographical region, has a significant function in providing the integrity of the country as well. Having the position as a conveyor for the national culture, the Turkish language has conveyed the emotions and ideas of the Turkish society for centuries until today by means of oral and written works, whereby it has empowered the creation of national unity and brotherhood from this perspective. An individual’s consciousness of his/her mother tongue is mostly developed through formal education. Therefore, the importance of teachers in making children and youngsters gain an consciousness of their mother tongue is undeniable. Development of a staunch consciousness of the Turkish language by prospective teachers will have a positive effect on the future generations’ consciousness of it. Within this context, the purpose of this study is to determine the prospective teachers’ consciousness of the Turkish language and present the correlation between this consciousness and certain variables. Method Description-based quantitative study model was employed in the study. Study models attempt to describe a past or present condition as it was or is. The study was conducted through the use of correlational study model, a comparative one. This model makes an attempt to determine the existence or the level of covariance between two or more variables (Karasar, 2000). Population and Sample The population of the study is comprised of the prospective teachers who studied at the Faculty of Education, University of Sakarya, during the Educational Year 2008-2009. The sample consists of 602 prospective teachers selected through random sampling, a type of simple random sampling. 42% (255) of the prospective teachers are male whereas 58% (347) of them are female. As for their socioeconomic level, 5% (27) of the prospective teachers are included within low economic group; 92% (544) of them within intermediate economic group; and 3% (21) within high economic group. 37.2% (222) of the prospective teachers always like Turkish Language Lesson; 32% (196) of them often like it; 25% (148) of them occasionally like it; 5% (29) of them rarely like it; and 1% (7) of them never like it. As for their level of foreign language, 43% (259) of the prospective teachers have a low level; 53% (321) of them an intermediate level; and 4% (22) of them a high level. Instruments for Data Gathering In study were applied “Turkish Consciousness Scale” (TCS) that developed by Yaman (2010). The factor analysis, 17 points gathered under three factors, which are named as “individual usage”, “the importance of unity of the country”, and “correct usage of Turkish in mass media”, and which indicate the 50,8% of the total variance. The inner consistency reliability coefficients of the scale was .88 for the whole scale; .85 for the “individual usage”, .69 for the “the importance of unity of the country”, and .87 for the “correct usage of Turkish in mass media”. In the affirmative factor analysis made for verifying the three factor structure of the scale, it was seen that the Ki-square value is significant (x2= 348.96, sd= 110, p= 0.00), while the fitness index values were found to be RMSEA=.051, CFI=.98, IFI=.98, GFI=.95, AGFI=.94 and SRMR=.047. Processing the Data The normality of the variable distribution was investigated in order to determine which tests to apply. A Shapiro Wilk Test indicated that not all variables were normally distributed, and therefore non-parametric tests were used in the further data analysis. Students receive their scores from Turkish Consciousness Scale, the arithmetic mean and standard deviations were considered to be taken into consideration. In order to identify the effect of individual variables, Mann Whitney U Test and Kruskal Wallis Tests. 230 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Findings Dimensions N x ss Sh x Individual Usage The Importance of Unity of the Country Correct Usage of Turkish in Mass Media Total 602 602 602 602 26,95 17,53 21,14 65,62 6,33 2,62 3,72 12,67 0,25 0,10 0,15 0,50 Table 1. The Dimension of the Turkish Consciousness Scale Belong to the Mean, Standard Deviation and Standard Error Values As can be concluded from Table 1, the arithmetic mean of the total score obtained by the prospective teachers from the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish Language is 65,62. When this figure is divided by 17, the total number of the items included in the scale, we have 3,8. This figure suggests that the prospective teachers are highly conscious of the Turkish language. Dimension Groups N x sira ∑ The Importance of Unity of the Country Male Female 255 263,80 67269,00 347 329,20 114234,00 sira U z 34629,000 -4,634 p ,000 Table 2. The Dimension of the Importance of Unity of the Country Differ According to Gender Variant Configuration to Determine Mann-Whitney U Test Results According to Table 2, there is a meaningful difference between female and male students, in favor of female ones, concerning the importance of the Turkish language to national integrity (U=34629,000; p<.01). Female students ( x =329) have a higher level of consciousness of the importance of language to national integrity than male ones ( x = 264). On the other hand, no meaningful correlation has been observed between individual use and gender. Dimension Groups N x sira ∑ Correct Usage of Turkish in Mass Media Male Female 255 274,79 70072,50 347 321,13 sira 111430,50 U z 37432,500 -3,254 p ,001 Table 3. The Dimension of the Correct Usage of Turkish in Mass Media Differ According to Gender Variant Configuration to Determine Mann-Whitney U Test Results According to Table 3, there is a meaningful difference between genders in the consciousness of the correct use of the Turkish language in mass media (U=37432,500; p< .01). Female students ( x =321), have a higher level of consciousness of the correct use of the Turkish language in mass media than male ones ( x = 275). Score Groups N x sira ∑ TCS Total Score Male Female 255 347 274,57 321,29 70016,50 111486,50 sira U z 37376,500 -3,258 p ,001 Table 4. The Turkish Consciousness Scale Total Score Differ According to Gender Variant Configuration to Determine Mann-Whitney U Test Results 231 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo As can be concluded from table above, the variable “gender” has a differentiating effect on the total score obtained by the prospective teachers from the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish Language. It can be observed that female students ( x =321) have a higher level of consciousness of the Turkish language than male ones ( x =275). The of love of Turkish Significant N x sira p Dimension sd x2 Course Difference Always 222 369,55 alwaysOften 196 288,76 rarely Individual Occasionally 148 224,60 66,284 4 ,000 Usage Rarely 29 279,97 Never 7 215,21 Table 5. The Dimension of the Individual Usage Differ According to the of Turkish Love of Course Variant Configuration to Determine Kruskal Wallis-H Test Results According to Table 5, there is a meaningful correlation between the individual use of the Turkish language and the level of liking Turkish Language Lesson [χ2 (4) =66,284; p<.01]. According to the Mann Whitney U Test that was conducted to find the source of the meaningful correlation, there is a statistically meaningful difference between those prospective teachers who always like Turkish Language Lesson (SO=130,65) and those who rarely like it (SO=90,40), in favor of those who always like it (U=2186,500; p< .01). Dimension The Importance of Unity of the Country The of love of Turkish Course Always Often Occasionally Rarely Never N x sira x2 sd 222 196 148 29 7 357,42 298,43 232,67 262,97 228,79 50,441 4 p Significant Difference alwaysrarely ,000 Table 6. Dimension of the The Importance of Unity of the Country Differ According to the of Turkish Love of Course Variant Configuration to Determine Kruskal Wallis-H Test Results As can be concluded from Table 6, there is a meaningful correlation between the consciousness of the importance of the Turkish language to national integrity and the level of liking Turkish Language Lesson [χ2 (4) =50,441; p<.01]. According to the Mann Whitney U Test that was conducted to find the source of the meaningful correlation, there is a statistically meaningful difference between those prospective teachers who always like Turkish Language Lesson (SO=130,68) and those who rarely like it (SO=90,21), in favor of those who always like it (U=2181,000; p< .01). Dimension Correct Usage of Turkish in Mass Media The of love of Turkish Course Always Often Occasionally Rarely Never N x sira x2 sd 222 196 148 29 7 354,10 281,72 255,88 270,59 279,79 34,555 4 p Significant Difference alwaysrarely ,000 Table 7. Dimension of the The Correct Usage of Turkish in Mass Media Differ According to the of Turkish Love of Course Variant Configuration to Determine Kruskal Wallis-H Test Results As can be concluded from Table 7, there is a meaningful correlation between the consciousness of the correct use of the Turkish language in mass media and the level of liking Turkish Language Lesson [χ2 (4) =34,555; p<.01]. According to the Mann Whitney U Test that was conducted to find the source of the meaningful correlation, there is a statistically meaningful difference between those prospective teachers who always like Turkish Language Lesson (SO=130,04) and those who rarely like it (SO=95,10), in favor of those who always like it (U=2323,000; p< .01). 232 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Score TCS Total Score The of love of Turkish Course Always Often Occasionally Rarely Never N x sira x2 sd 222 196 148 29 7 374,42 288,30 219,53 267,45 232,86 75,305 4 p Significant Difference alwaysrarely ,000 Table 8. The Turkish Consciousness Scale Total Score Differ According to the of Turkish Love of Course Variant Configuration to Determine Kruskal Wallis-H Test Results As can be concluded from Table 8, there is a meaningful correlation between the scores obtained by the prospective teachers from the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish language and the level of liking Turkish Language Lesson [χ2 (4) =75,305; p<.01]. According to the Mann Whitney U Test that was conducted to find the source of the meaningful correlation, there is a statistically meaningful difference between those prospective teachers who always like Turkish Language Lesson (SO=131,33) and those who rarely like it (SO=85,21), in favor of those who always like it (U=2036,000; p< .01). No meaningful correlation has been determined between the variables socioeconomic level and level of foreign language, and the total score obtained from the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish Language and the sub-dimensions of the scale. Conclusion The purpose of the present paper is to determine the prospective teachers’ consciousness of the Turkish language and to present the correlation through certain variables. On the basis of the scores obtained from the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish Language, the study concluded that the prospective teachers had a high level of consciousness of the Turkish language. It was observed that female prospective teachers expressed more positive opinions than male ones regarding the importance of the Turkish language to national integrity and its correct use in mass media. On the other hand, liking Turkish Language Lesson was a factor in the prospective teachers’ consciousness of the Turkish language. The fact that those prospective teachers who always like Turkish Language Lesson scored better in the Scale for the Consciousness of the Turkish Language than those who rarely like it has demonstrated the importance of Turkish Language Lesson to making children and youngsters gain a consciousness of the Turkish language. Conducting this study in the Faculties of Education across Turkey and a comparison of the findings could be recommended for future researchers. 233 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo References Aksan, D. (1997). Türkçenin gücü. Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi. Çelik, E. (2002). Modernizmin ulusal dil bilinci üzerine etkisi. Türk Dili Dil Bayramının 70. Yılı Özel Sayısı, 609, 765-770. Göktürk, A. (1989). Sözün ötesi. Đstanbul: Đnkılâp Kitabevi. Gülensoy, T. (1995). Türkçe el kitabı. Kayseri: Bizim Gençlik Yayınları. Karasar, N. (2000). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları. Korkmaz, Z. (1995). Bilinçli dil sevgisi ve eleştirel düşünce üzerine. Türk Dili Üzerine Araştırmalar (pp: 625631). Ankara: TDK Yayınları. Özdemir, E. (1983). Ana dili olarak Türkçe öğretimi. Türk Dili Dil Öğretim Özel Sayısı, 379-380, 18-30. Parlak, B. (2000). Dil değişimi ve Türkçe kullanımı tartışmaları. Muğla Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 1(2), 1-16. Sağır, M. (2002). Đlköğretim okullarında Türkçe dil bilgisi öğretimi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları. Vendryes, J. (2001). Dil ve düşünce. (Çev. Berke Vardar). Đstanbul: Multilingual Yayınları. Yaman, H. (2010). Turkish Consciousness Scale: The Study of Validity and Reliability. Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, Published During. 234 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 702 Title A name given to the resource An Examination of Teacher Candidates on the Turkish Consciousness Author Author YAMAN, Havva YAMAN, Erkan Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract:This study was undertaken to assess identify the state of Turkish consciousness in the teacher candidates. In study were applied “Turkish Consciousness Scale” (TCS) that developed by Yaman (2010). Students receive their scores from Turkish Consciousness Scale, the arithmetic mean and standard deviations were considered to be taken into consideration. In order to identify the effect of individual variables, Mann Whitney U Test and Kruskal Wallis Tests. Analysis showed that the variables of Turkish love of course, attended by teacher candidates resulted in significant differences in teacher candidates perceptions whereas the variables of gender, class and socioeconomic status did not affect the perceptions of teacher candidates. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b1915455c651c5215f634ddc0283dfa5.docx c86f58e78620385706ec6eb71503f0b4 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7dea743a420781771911d3b7632e9f09.pdf ff0227d879c7408ac2d187b72391dad8 PDF Text Text An Examination Of The Typological Features Of Turkish Oktay Yağız & Muhsine Börekçi Atatürk University/ Erzurum, Turkey Key words: Language, Turkish, Language typology,linguistics, applied linguistics ABSTRACT In this study, Turkish is examined in terms of language typologies and the language opportunities to the user of Turkish. Moreover, the easy and difficult characteristics of Turkish are aimed to explore. While attempting to investigate, description and comparison methods were used and the typological features of Turkish were examined in terms of the theory of language richness and perfection. That a language is a magical and perfect system is widely acknowledged by thinkers and linguists. Another agreement among the linguists is that languages resemble each other through certain features, therefore some gene! ralizations can be established. Given the typical instances of agglutinative languages, Turkish is suggested as a developing language of science, education and art, according to “Language Perfection Criteria” and the arguments are thought to provide useful insights to Turkish learners, material designers, language researchers and practitioners. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1910 Title A name given to the resource An Examination Of The Typological Features Of Turkish Author Author YAGIZ, Oktay BOREKCI, Muhsine Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Language, Turkish, Language typology,linguistics, applied linguistics ABSTRACT In this study, Turkish is examined in terms of language typologies and the language opportunities to the user of Turkish. Moreover, the easy and difficult characteristics of Turkish are aimed to explore. While attempting to investigate, description and comparison methods were used and the typological features of Turkish were examined in terms of the theory of language richness and perfection. That a language is a magical and perfect system is widely acknowledged by thinkers and linguists. Another agreement among the linguists is that languages resemble each other through certain features, therefore some gene! ralizations can be established. Given the typical instances of agglutinative languages, Turkish is suggested as a developing language of science, education and art, according to “Language Perfection Criteria” and the arguments are thought to provide useful insights to Turkish learners, material designers, language researchers and practitioners. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/93d34932ccf41a895198e53387192e7f.docx 74a6c30c1b84da2c63bca30caaff541d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/798f04c2ed8182b3bb4f06ba3b8bf7c9.pdf 26ae6c4eb0d71ecb55bf47743cab1dde PDF Text Text An Example of Regional Development in Bosnia during the Ottoman Period: A Study on the Budgets of GaziHusrevBeyWaqf’sbetween 16241629 KadirArslanboğa ÇanakkaleOnsekiz Mart University Turkey karslanboga@comu.edu.tr Abstract: In the Ottoman Empire, waqf’s (foundations) played a key role in regional development. Waqf’s were fulfilling many activities related to social, cultural and economic life in the settlements. Ghazi HusrevBey established a waqf in 1537 and has built a complex of buildings in Bosnia. This complex of buildings consists of mosque, madrasah, tomb, primary school, lodge, guest house, soup kitchen, hospice, bath, caravanserai, bazaar and library. These all institutions of the Ghazi HusrevBeyWaqf have played an important role in regional economic development of Bosnia. Institutions that were established in the centre of city have played active role for regional development for centuries. The waqf has had an impact on not only economically, but socially, culturally and in the fields of public health in the development of region. In this study, Ghazi HusrevBeyWaqf’s budgets will be examined years of 1624-25, 1625-26, 1626-27, 1627-28, and 1628-29. Thus, after nearly half a century the waqf's income and expense will be examined in detail through financial records. Revenues of the waqf consist of the farm, caravanserai, bath, inns and shops for rent in the bazaar and revenues of tax-farming. The expenses of the waqf consist of salaries of employees in mosque and hospice, hospice’s needs for food and other needs of waqf’s institution. With these establishments, waqf created employment in the area and by demanding goods and services from the city and regional market made an economic liveliness in the regional economy. These five-year financial records show us waqf’s yearly income and outcome activities. Waqf’s budgets were derived from the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul. Keywords: Regional Economic Development, Ottoman, Bosnia, Ghazi HusrevBey, Waqf. 19 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2445 Title A name given to the resource An Example of Regional Development in Bosnia during the Ottoman Period: A Study on the Budgets of Gazi Husrev Bey Waqf’sbetween 1624-1629 Author Author ARSLANBOĞA, Kadir Abstract A summary of the resource. In the Ottoman Empire, waqf’s (foundations) played a key role in regional development. Waqf’s were fulfilling many activities related to social, cultural and economic life in the settlements. Ghazi HusrevBey established a waqf in 1537 and has built a complex of buildings in Bosnia. This complex of buildings consists of mosque, madrasah, tomb, primary school, lodge, guest house, soup kitchen, hospice, bath, caravanserai, bazaar and library. These all institutions of the Ghazi HusrevBeyWaqf have played an important role in regional economic development of Bosnia. Institutions that were established in the centre of city have played active role for regional development for centuries. The waqf has had an impact on not only economically, but socially, culturally and in the fields of public health in the development of region. In this study, Ghazi HusrevBeyWaqf’s budgets will be examined years of 1624-25, 1625-26, 1626-27, 1627-28, and 1628-29. Thus, after nearly half a century the waqf's income and expense will be examined in detail through financial records. Revenues of the waqf consist of the farm, caravanserai, bath, inns and shops for rent in the bazaar and revenues of tax-farming. The expenses of the waqf consist of salaries of employees in mosque and hospice, hospice’s needs for food and other needs of waqf’s institution. With these establishments, waqf created employment in the area and by demanding goods and services from the city and regional market made an economic liveliness in the regional economy. These five-year financial records show us waqf’s yearly income and outcome activities. Waqf’s budgets were derived from the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul. Keywords: Regional Economic Development, Ottoman, Bosnia, Ghazi HusrevBey, Waqf. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/634a31a356ca025db023bc483ce35e2f.pdf c7c026c56fc93373190817c709a5610c PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo An Excel Solver Model for a Blending Type Optimization Problem in Mining with Quadratic Programming Necmettin ÇETIN Dumlupinar University, Faculty of Engineering, Mining Eng. Dept. Kütahya/Turkey necmettin@dumlupinar.edu.tr Ünal GÖ KT AŞ W olfram Research, Inc. 100 Trade Center Drive Champaign, IL 61820-7237, USA unalg@wolfram.com Abstract: A Stochastic non-linear optimization model using Quadratic Programming (QP) is presented for a hypothetical blending type problem in mining industry. Microsoft Excel 10.0 Solver is used to develop the model for a three-seam coal mine and data are hypothetically generated for a case study problem. Optimum quantities of each run of mine (r.o.m) coal with variability in calorific values to be fed to a nearby power plant are determined with given specifications. QPs arise directly in such applications as least-squares regression with bounds or linear constraints, robust data fitting, Markowitz portfolio optimization, data mining, support vector machines and tribology. They also arise as sub problems in optimization algorithms for nonlinear programming and in stochastic optimization. Keywords: Stochastic Optimization, Quadratic Programming, Coal Blending, Open Cast Mining Introduction Blending problems arise in food, feed, metals, and oil industries. The problem is to mix or blend a collection of raw materials (i.e. differenttypes of meats, cereal grains, or crude oils)into a finished product (i.e. dog food, sausage or gasoline). The cost per unit of productis minimized and itis subject to satisfying certain quality constraints. They are usually modeled by Linear Programming (LP) and solved easily (Erarslan et al, 2001). However,a good optimizer should also exploitthe correlations,the expected values,the variances and the user constraints in real optimal decision-making circumstances. In this study, another mathematical programming method istried for a hypothetical coal mine problem, which is quadratic programming. Quadratic Programming problems (QPs) are optimization problems in which the objective function is a convex quadratic and the constraints arelinear.They have the generalform Min ½ XT Q X + c T X subjectto A X = b, C X >= d W here Q is symmetric positive semi-definite n x n matrix, x є Rn is a vector of unknowns, A and C are matrices, and b and d are vectors of appropriate dimensions. The constraints Ax = b are referred to as equality constraints while Cx >= 0 are known as inequality constraints. QPs arise directly in such applications as least-squares regression with bounds or linear constraints,robust data fitting, Markowitz portfolio optimization, data mining, support vector machines,and tribology. They also arise as sub problems in optimization algorithms for nonlinear programming and in stochastic optimization.(Gertz and Wright, 2003). Problem Definition The coal with varying calorific values is mined out by open cast mining method from different production areas and is fed to a nearby power plant which has an annual capacity of 4.5 million tons and minimum heat content of 1750±100 Kcal/kg. The quality of coal seams are highly changing both horizontally and vertically, which requires a precise scheduling and blending during mining and stockpiling stages. 364 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Otherwise, a great deal of penalty charges has to be paid by Coal Company to the power plant. The three coal seams are assumed to have mean calorific values of 2000, 1800, 1600 Kcal/kg,respectively, with equal standard deviations of 20%. Itis also assumed thatthe coal seams are mined out selectively and stockpiled into separate stockpiles. The objective ofthisstudy isto feed the power plantrequirements withthe availablethree coal seams which are highly variableinterms of calorific values. Optimum quantities of coalto be mined from each ofthese three coal seams are to be determined by Quadratic Programming. Model Construction The key to the development ofthe modelisthe factthat for random variables, X1,X2, X3,., Xn var(c1 X1 + c2 X2 + c3 X3 + ... + cn Xn ) = [ c1 c2 c3 …cn] (covariance matrix) [c1 c2 c3...cn]T The objective function in this study problem is to minimize the variance of power plants calorific values from both the upper and the lower limits (Markowitz, 1952). The constraints are capacity requirement of power plant and both upper and lower mean calorific value limits. A simple covariance matrix is assumed to represent the correlations between each coalseam (Markowitz et al., 1991). Here is how we proceed. The steps of algorithm are presented below as: Step 1: Trial values are entered into the changing cells as: $A$3:$C$3 Step 2: Compute the total amount of coalto be mined from three seams by the formula as =SU M (A3:C3) Step3: Compute the mean calorific values both forlower and upperlimits by the formula as: =SU MPRO D UCT (A5:C5, A3:C3) Step 4: The objective function to be minimized isthe variance of calorific values which is computed by the formula = M M ULT (A3:C3, M M ULT (A8:C10, TRANPOSE (A3:C3))) Note that Control Shift Entermust be hitforthisformula to work. Output Results Excel model is given in Table 1 for a hypothetical coal seam blending problem in mining industry. Excel solver modelis developed in Table 2 and answer reportand sensitivity reports are given in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. 365 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo B1 Seam 2.062.500,0 M EAN C AL O RIFIC V AL UES B2 Seam 1.500.000,0 B3 Seam 937.500,0 A CT_T OT AL_PR O D 4.500.000,0 E(X1) 2000 2000 E(X2) 1800 1800 E(X3) 1600 1600 M E A N_CAL_VAL 1.650,0 1.850,0 Mean Standart Deviation Calorific Values Calorific Values Coal Seam B1 2.000 20,0% Coal Seam B2 1.800 20,0% Coal Seam B3 1.600 20,0% INPUTS B1 B2 B3 B1 B2 B3 B1 100,0% 0,0% 0,0% Correlations B2 B3 0,0% 0,0% 100,0% 0,0% 0,0% 100,0% B1 20,0% Standart Deviation B2 B3 20,0% 20,0% B1 4,0% 0,0% 0,0% Covariance Matrix B2 B3 0,0% 0,0% 4,0% 0,0% 0,0% 4,0% = Plant Cap 4.500.000,0 >= <= Cal_Limit 1650 1850 C AL_VAL_VA R 2,95313E+11 Table 1. An Excel Solver Model for Coal Seam Blending Problem 366 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 2. Excel Solver Model for a Case Study Coal Seam Blending Problem Microsoft Excel 10.0 YanıtRaporu Çalışma Sayfası:[blending3.xls]Sayfa1 Yaratılan Rapor: 18.03.2009 13:27:43 Hedef Hücre (En Küçük) Hücre Ad Đlk Değer Son Değer $D$35 CAL_VAL_VAR 2,16738E+12 2,35723E+12 Ayarlanabilir Hücreler Hücre Ad Đlk Değer Son Değer $A$7 B1 Seam 2.062.500,0 2.249.999,9 $B$7 B2 Seam 1.500.000,0 1.687.500,1 $C$7 B3 Seam 937.500,0 562.500,0 Sınırlamalar Hücre Ad Hücre Değeri Formül Durum Serbestlik $D$10 M E A N_CAL_VAL 1.650,0 $D$10>=$F$10 Aynı 0,0 $D$7 ACT_TOTAL_PROD 4.500.000,0 $D$7=$F$7 Farklı 0 $A$7 B1 Seam 2.249.999,9 $A$7>=0 Farklı 2.249.999,9 $B$7 B2 Seam 1.687.500,1 $B$7>=0 Farklı 1.687.500,1 $C$7 B3 Seam 562.500,0 $C$7>=0 Farklı 562.500,0 Table 3. Answer Reportfor Case Study Coal Seam Blending Problem 367 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Microsoft Excel 10.0 Sensitivity Report W orksheet: [blending31.xls]Sayfa1 Report Created: 14.05.2009 23:00:22 Adjustable Cells Final Reduced Cells Na me Value Gradient $A$7 B1 Seam 2.062.500,0 0,0 $B$7 B2 Seam 1.500.000,0 0,0 $C$7 B3 Seam 937.500,0 0,0 Constraints Final Lagrange Cells Na me Value M ultiplier $D$10 M E A N_CAL_VAL 1.850,0 1.012.500.930,5 $D$11 M E A N_CAL_VAL 1.850,0 0,0 $D$7 ACT_TOTAL_PROD 4.500.000,0 131.250,1 Table 4. Sensitivity Reportfor a Case Study Coal Seam Blending Problem In a real case study, sufficient amount of data should be collected for representing the probability density functions for each coal seam and their relationships between them for more accurate results. Geostatistical analysisisrequired to modelthe variability for each coal seam with proper variograms. Conclusions In this study, a new approach tothe blending problem of open pit coal mines is modeled and solved by Quadratic Programming method. Optimum coal blends satisfying the needs of a hypothetical power plant are determined. The models are developed and solved in Excel Solvers 10.0 and it predicts reasonably well for multiple coals with varying calorific values both horizontally and vertically. The developed model can easily be modified for many seams situations otherthan three seams. References H. Markowitz. Portfolio Selection. Journal of Finance, 7:77–91, 1952. H. Markowitz, W. F. Sharpe, and M. Miller. Founders of Modern Finance: Their Prize Winning Concepts and 1990 Nobel Lectures. AIMR, Charlottesville VA, 1991. K. Erarslan, H. Aykul, H. Akçakoca and N. Çetin, 2001, “ Optimum Blending of Coal by Linear Programming at Seyitömer Coal Mine”, IMCET, Ankara, Turkey. E. M. Gertz and S. J. Wright, 2003. “Object Oriented Software for Quadratic Programming”, ACM Transactions, on Computational Logic. W.L. Winston, Fourth Edition, 2004, Operations Research – Applications and Algorithms, Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning, USA. 368 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 508 Title A name given to the resource An Excel Solver Model for a Blending Type Optimization Problem in Mining with Quadratic Programming Author Author ÇETIN, Necmettin GÖKTAS, Ünal Abstract A summary of the resource. A Stochastic non-linear optimization model using Quadratic Programming (QP) is presented for a hypothetical blending type problem in mining industry. Microsoft Excel 10.0 Solver is used to develop the model for a three-seam coal mine and data are hypothetically generated for a case study problem. Optimum quantities of each run of mine (r.o.m) coal with variability in calorific values to be fed to a nearby power plant are determined with given specifications. QPs arise directly in such applications as least-squares regression with bounds or linear constraints, robust data fitting, Markowitz portfolio optimization, data mining, support vector machines and tribology. They also arise as sub problems in optimization algorithms for nonlinear programming and in stochastic optimization. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2da719baef8078325db30f143bd6d94b.pdf 44332d7a0c85a6a5ad99cb7de4215b3e PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo An Experiment Aimed at Gender Apartheids Being Evaluated In Terms of The Trust Factor Hümeyra TAġÇIOĞLU Dr., Sakaraya University humeyratasci@gmail.com Abstract: The trust factor is an important topic for all companies. It is important especially in order to provide the loyalty of employee and high motivation. In that study being experimented the trust factors impacts on the gender apartheid in the companies, it is defined that the perception of gendern apartheid haven‘t developed in the companies having the trust factor and all employees have showed similar tendency , as well. It is concluded that the trust factor for the company is highly in company, having been done research. Introduction The employee to trust themselves, their chefs and each others makes a contribution to establish an organizational environment that prepossess to working conditions. To provide the employee of the organization to work in an atmosphere, in which the trust is prevelant, is not only the duty of the management, but also is the heavy responsibility of the employee. It is known that the voluntary contribution aimed at building up trust is of essential importance. On the other hand, it may be said that these conditions can be easily carried out, provided that the management give the importance of the factors related with building up trust. All of the participants in company to do a work in an environment, that is high trust, increase the performance and job satisfaction and all conclusions have positiv impacts on all parts of thecompany. It is seen as an invitable realitat that the employee that fells as behaved differently than the others or in other words, as discriminated in the organizations will have a distrustful attitude towards both their co-workers and their manager and hereat will come about a distrustful atmosphere. However, the trust of the employees in the company, in which they worked, affects a lot of positive results such as the loyalty, job satisfaction and performance level. The Notion of Trust The trust means that a person has a personal positive expectation and displays psychological sensitivity regarding this expectation. Furthermore; the trust notion includes also emotive loyalty, that represents the essential interest for the persons (Wech, 2002: 354; Asunakutlu,T: 2002). Trust is the belief in which the behaviours of the people in our environment will develop with the aim of meeting our expectations without any control action (Mayer et al., 1995). Trust is a phonemon that is defined as an expectation of any individuals from the other part based on the procedure and the relations between the individuals. Therefore, the trust notion is studied firstly by chracter theorists and then by psyhologists, sociologists, social psyhologists, political scientists and economist, although it is a notion relating quite a few diciplines, The trust, used as a notion in different areas for years, was being a subject of the researchs in the fields of the organization, the management and organizational behaviours in the in 1980s years (Lewicki et al., 1998). When considered from the social aspect, trust is to be perceived as a feature of collective units and be aproached independent from the individuals. In other words, trust develops when the procedures with the aim of that persons, in social system, put eachothers under protection through symbolic representation, is carried out (Lewis ve Weigert, 1985: 968). On account of the fact that the trust topic is approached from different standpoints by the social scientists, there isn‘t any specipic definition of trust, agreed in general. Researchers adressed the trust considering quite a few factors and devoloped quite few different definitions. As a conclusion, it is stated that they let the trust topic remain 764 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo undefined, claiming the diffuculty of its definition because of being in some studies different approachs, related with the trust topic some researchs (Küskü, 1999). However, on the definitions being reviewed, there develops a common consensus across the researchers that the trust has an important place in the arrangement of the organizational activities and in teamworks, leadership, adoption a course of action, performance management and often colloborative attitudes. (Elangovan and Shapiro, 1998:547). Trust is a relation based on confidence, as well (Erdem, 2003:156). The trust in individual relations and also in individual‘s relations with the company and in the company‘s relations with individual is equally important. Since the trust, which is the base item of social capital, is an important factor to maintain the relationship. Any company cannot reach its aims without trust. Furthermore, one of the environments, in which the human relations, interaction and collaboration are common, is the organizational lifes. The base reason is trust issue. Why the people are not open to the cooperation in some companies or why they insist in the all changes in the practices being open or not, are related with the humane features of the company rather than its structural or technical features. While the apparent economical, social or political reasons of the crisis encountered is actually the results of the trust issue, the story of the successful companies is being real through the features such as the trust in the company, in the managers, and in the organizational vision. (Erdem, 2003: 154-155). Lewicki and Bunker (1996) stated through the definitions of trust that there be three situations to provide a trust based relation. These are: a. the uncertainty and konflikts related with the future, b. the decisions and results related with the future being dependent on the attitudes of the others, c. the possibility of the potential loss‘s being more than the possibility of the positive and advantageous conditions. The researchs related with the trust have focused on basically three fields as interpersonal trust, trust in manager and top manager. There is less importance to the trust in company. (Tan and Tan, 2000) The organizational trust can be defined as an effort of one person or the people, included in group, to act the another person or the group in good faith accordingly to express warranty or not express warranty. It has a role in the trust of not taking any advantage of another person, even if there is any opportunity in predetermined contracts. (Cummings and Bromiley, 1996). According to Lewicki et al., organizational trust is both the individual‘s being sure even in the stuations that are risky, about the procedures and policies that affect the company itself, and individual‘s supporting these. (1998). Although there is quite a few definition of organizational trust, confidence and willingness are the key words which are common in all definitions. The most important discrimination of the organizational trust topic is of the trust in the individual and the company. (Blomqvist et al. , 2003). A lot of writers and researchers separate the trust topic of the individual from the company.(Nyhan and Marlowe, 1997; Tan and Tan, 2000). The workers in the company trust the others in the compnay ( to colleagues and managers) and the organization at a different level.(Nyhan and Marlowe, 1997). The trust in the company develops both at a level of individual and at a level of the company. However, the trust in the individual and the trust in the company is different notions from the each others .(Doney and Cannon, 1997, Zaheer et al. , 1998; Blomqvist et al, 2003). Therefore the notion of the trust in the individual and in the company and the trust which concur with these, have developed. (Polat, 2007:35) Costs and losses, encountered on reaching at common aims, can be reduced to the lowest level through the trust medium that will be provided and the uncertainties related with the futures of the company can be reduced, as well (AteĢ, 2004). In this way, the trust is an important factor to keep companies more and also it helps the companies to extend their visions (Rosen,1998). Moreover, the trust medium has a lot of advantage in the compnay. The trust medium has an important role in being open to improvement, qualitative communication and organizational efficiency (Tschannen-Moran, 2001). The trust between the workers and the employers, the company and the participants in a company, is one of the determiners of providing productivity, efficiency and of reaching the aims. There will be certainly deficiencies of reaching the aims in the company (Yücel and Samancı, 2009:117-118). Gender Apartheid The discrimination is the people‘ being subject to the disrimination due to the reasons such as the gender, the laguage, the religion, the race or the ethnic origin. This discrimination means that when taking somebody on, paying sallary, accepting them to the school or allowing them take advantage of various opportunities, the practices against the individuals are carried out according to the stated factors (Demir and Acar, 2002:54). Although the based-gender discrimination has not any effect of the work‘s carried out in terms of working life, the women‘ being excluded from the working life due to their gender and consequently, the satisfaction level‘s 765 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo and income‘s being distributed between the men can be defined as and the processed , in ,education , the department of work, payment not in terms of the business which the women and the men carried on, but in terms of the base of the gender ( Kasımoglu and Halıcı, 2000: 374; Demir, 2002). The based- gender discrimination can be defined in a way that that the women lack the basic needs in the society , they have unequal conditions compared to men, they are exposed to violence , and they are represented rarely in politics and the work life . The based-gender discrimination develops through the unequal power distribution in the relations between the men and the women. The unequality of the power distribution between the men and the women brings about the gender apartheid (www.undp.org,2009) . Bringing forward its gender or its gender-specific feature as a reason, to avoid from taking somebody on, to apply different working conditions, to pay different sallaries are regarded as the gender apartheid. (Hoffman and Everett, 2005). The women who are subjected to the dicrimination before joining in the business world and also after taking place in, cause distribution of roles, unequality of education level, the women oriented prejudices and attitudes, discriminatory practices before joining in the business world. After taking place in the business world, the woman, a member of the immediate family, spend less time on housework. The results of this stituation affect her business life and additionally, the social pressure to which they are subjected and the obstacles increase through the dicriminatory behaviours of her employers and workmates. The most important sign of the gender apartheid is that the duties are divided as the women-work and the men-work. It is clear that the common practices, the traditional value judegement and the choices of women cause this phonemon (Çiçek, 2000:14). Due to the general prejuces, the women work mostly gaining less in the fields such as office, houseworks, agriculture. The discrimination notion comprises of the direct and indirect discrimination. Furthermore, the women are preferred less compared to single women in both two discrimination types in terms of their being married or mother. It is the direct discrimination that the individuals are subjected to the disriminatory practices in parallel with their features such as the gender, the race, the ethnic origin in the phase of their acceptance for the job, their promotion and their performance evaluation. The direct discrimination means that person or the group is discriminated from the others due to the gender, the race and disability. (Stredwick, 2000:66). ın this wayi it is clear that there is the direct discrimination between the genders. (www.uknetguide.co.uk, 2010). There are following examples for this stiuation ; • the applications of the man is preferred in an ad which is to meet the lack of personnel, • a difference in payment in favor of the men, • the women‘s being fired because of their pregnance, • the women‘s being fired due to their asking permission for their children, • the women‘s being subject to the sexual disturbance Indirect discrimination appear on the situations that the employer behaves same to all workers apparently, however, the workers are subjected to more negative behaviours due to their features. Although these negative behaviours seems as if they were objective, these are aimed at the people that have a set features with gender, race, age, in practice (Stredwick, 2000: 66). There are some examples of the direct discrimination; • The mothers‘ not being prefered on taking somebody on. • The working women‘s being as part-time workers on the top of the list of the companies to fire , • Single women‘s being assigned showing reason of the quality of the job.( especially in jobs includes business trips (www.eoc.org.uk2010) The perception of discrimination brings about quite a few adverse outcomes from the point of the emloyees. The adverse outcomes such as the sense of mistrust, motivation and underperformance, decrease in bondage are of the unintended consequences from the point of the company, as well. The Purpose of The Study and Its Importance When it is considered that human is so important for the companies, we can see inevitably that it is so important to increase the productivity that individuals trust the company, in which they work, their managers and the other employees. The organizational trust factor will be reviewed from the point of the gender apartheid through this 766 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo claim and also it will be analyzed, which factors is effective on providing a trust atmosphare and if these factors changes according to genders , or not. The Concept of Experiment and Its Process This research is carried out making a quastainnare to 90 persons, working in service industry in sakarya. So researchers have applied qualitative methods. In this research they make use of SPSS statistical program. The survey, applied in the research, aimed at defining the relation between the based-gender discrimination and organizational trust , comprises of three parts. First part of the survey includes 10 questions that measure the based- gender discrimination, second part includes 13 questions aimed at measuring organizatonal trust and the last part of the survey includes 5 questions aimed at defining demographic features of the employees. The Limitations of The Experiment It is one of the most important limitations of the experiment that the field of the experiment includes only one company and as a result of this situation, the relatability and the generability property of the sample is not sufficient. It numbers also the analiysis that the concept of the research is limited. The other limitation of the research is the way of the process. The researchers apply survey method to acquire datas of the research. It is supposed that participants answer correctly when answering surver questions, however, to be applied the survey method as a process can cause them not to research extensively and not to notice the details which maynot appear on survey method. The Questions of The Study 1: Does the sense of the gender apartheid from the point of women and men make a diffenrence? 2: Does the sense of the trust differ according to gender? 3: Does the based-gender discrimination differ according to educational background? 4: Does the based-gender discrimination differ according to maritial status? 5: What is the gender apartheid perception of the company in which the research is carried out? 6: What is the trust perception of the company in which the study is carried out? 7: How does the perception of trust affect the gender apartheid? Findings The Demographic Characters of The Employee Having Participated In This Study %45 of the participative employee in reseach comprises of the women, and its %55 includes the men. %44.8 of the participants from the employees between 25- 30 age , its %36.2 from the employees 31-36 age, and its %19 from the employees being at 36 and the olders are choosed. %34,2 of the sample comprises of high- school graduates, its %40.5 includes university graduates and its %8.9 comprises of people graduated from primary school. %65 of the sample comprises of married workers and its %35 comprises of single workers. %46,8 of the participants includes the workers having worked 0-5 years, its %22,1 the workers having worked 6-10 years and its %31.2 comprises of the employee having worked 10 years or more.. The Analysis Related With The Variables In The Study ANOVA The perception of gender Sum of squares Degree of freedom Average of squares F P 0,666722783 1 0,67 2,13 0,15 In-group 24,46352413 78 0,31 Total 25,13024691 79 Among groups the 767 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo As it is also understood from the table, because p=0,15>0,05 is the sense of gender apartheid differs according to gender. In the company, in which the research is carried out , the perception of gender apartheid doesn‘t differ from the point of women and men ANOVA The perception of trust Sum of squares Degree of freedom Average of sguares F P Among the groups 0,035505947 1 0,04 0,30 0,59 In-group 9,277807662 78 0,12 Total 9,313313609 79 As it is also understood from the table, because p=0,15>0,59 is , the perception of trust doesn‘t differ according to gender. All employees who are working in the same company, have same perception of the trust notion without any difference. All workers in the company have the same perception of the trust factor without any difference. ANOVA The perception of the gender apartheid Sum of squares Degree of freedom Average of squares F 0,582420443 3 0,19 0,61 0,61 In-group 23,96547767 75 0,32 Total 24,54789811 78 Among groups P the As understood from the table, since p=0,61>0,05 is , the sense of gender apartheid doesn‘t change according to education level. Furthermore, it is found that when the relation between the trust factor and the sex discrimination is studied , the level of the relation between these two variable is %13 (r:13) and the trust factor affects the perception of the discrimination %17. there is not any inmportant difference between these two parts in according to the results of the analyse to see whether the perception of the gender apartheid differs in terms of the marital status, or not.(sig=0.46>0.05) it can be said that trust factor‘s being provided in the company means that it helps to feel the gender apartheid less. It is concluded that the level of the trust perception is % 3,46, when compared to the trust perception in the company and the level of the gender apartheid perception is %3.01. Conclusion The self confidence and the trust in the other person is of the base conditions of success and well-being. If the level of workers‘ self confidence and trust in their managers and workmates becomes higher, it can be said that the productivity and efficiency will increase in the company, as well. The trust factor is prerequisite for providing to the adherence to the aims and the connection across the workers. The trust develops through the interindividual relations and organizational practices. The sense of the trust has a vital role to maintain the relationships. The trust notion has an variable feature, that can affect quite a few relations between the parties, such as the transmission of the datas , solution of of the problems, authorization and sharig the responsibilities and the aims. The high level trust sense brings about the loyalty in paralell with this. There must be participation of the all parts to provide the trust notion in the company.Not only the managers but also the workers have the responsibility in this respect. It can prevent the interpersonal discrimination that the people trust each others and believe that they will not be treated unjustly by the other person in companies. 768 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The distrustful mediums cause some interindividual based-gender discriminations to come about and become widespread. The trust medium in the company is important to prevent any the base-gender discrimination. The findings of this research show that if the trust perception is high, the perception of the gender apartheid is lower in this company. Furthermore, the trust perception of the man and women workers doesn‘t differ in the companies, in which the trust factor is prevalent. References Cummings, L. L. and Bromiley, P. (1996). The organizational trust inventory (OTI) Çiçek F., O. (2000). No women executives Women's World Magazine, (Number:8,May, p.14- 15) Demir, Ö. ve ACAR, M. (2002). Glossary of Social Sciences, Vadi Publications, 3.Print, Ankara, Kasımoglu M. and , Halıcı . (2000). A., Toward Human Resources Relating to Discrimination Scale Development, Erciyes University Press, 8.Ulusal Management and Organization Conference Proceedings Lewicki, R.J., McAllister, D.J., Bies, R.J., (1998). Trust and Distrust: New Relationships and Realities, Academy of Management Review. 23: 438-459. Lewis, J.D. and A. Weıgert, (1985). Trust as A Social Reality‖, Social Forces, Vol 63. Asunakutlu T. (2002), Elements for creating a trust, and organizational assessment, Mugla University Institute of Social Sciences Journal Issue, Number: 9 Wech, Barbara A. (2002). Trust Context, Effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Supervisory Fairness, and Job Satisfaction Beyond the Influence of Leader-Member Exchange, Business & Society, Vol. 41 No. 3, September. Elangovan A.R. and Shapiro D.L. (1988). Betrayal of Trust in Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 23, vol.3 Erdem, F. (2003). Confidence in Social Sciences, Vadi Publications , Ankara Hoffman, S. and Everett, S.L. (2005), Women and The Economy: Family, Work and Pay. Pearson Addison Wesley. Mayer, R.C., J.H.,Davis, & F.D., Schooonman. (1995). An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust, Academy of Management Review, 20, 709-734. Polat, S. (2007). Secondary Teachers' Perceptions of Organizational Justice, Organizational Trust Relationship Between Levels of Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Unpublished PhD Thesis, City University Institute of Social Sciences. Stredwick, J. (2000). An Introduction to Human Resource Management, Bath Press, First Edition, Oxford, s.66. Yücel C. and Samancı G. Kalaycı (2009). Organizational Trust and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, Firat University Journal of Social Sciences, Volume: 19, Issue 1, Page: 113-132, Elazığ―Gender Equality:Practise Note‖, (http://www.undp.org/policy/docs/policynotes/gender-9dec02.doc, (05.03.2009). 769 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 234 Title A name given to the resource An Experiment Aimed at Gender Apartheids Being Evaluated In Terms of The Trust Factor Author Author TAŞÇIOĞLU, Hümeyra Abstract A summary of the resource. The trust factor is an important topic for all companies. It is important especially in order to provide the loyalty of employee and high motivation. In that study being experimented the trust factors impacts on the gender apartheid in the companies, it is defined that the perception of gendern apartheid haven‘t developed in the companies having the trust factor and all employees have showed similar tendency , as well. It is concluded that the trust factor for the company is highly in company, having been done research. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5d05cbd0d4bce9cc08aa2b0e027fdec3.pdf 231caaf8279ddca8595f3472db48ef9b PDF Text Text th PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR COMPARING THE EFFECT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON HUMAN HEALTH AROUND TRANSFORMERS IN SINUSOIDAL AND NON-SINUSOIDAL CURRENT CONDITIONS Ahmet Y. Arabul, Ibrahim Senol, Celal F. Kumru, Ali R. Boynuegri, Fatma Keskin Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey arabul@yildiz.edu.tr, senol@yildiz.edu.tr, cfkumru@yildiz.edu.tr, alirifat@yildiz.edu.tr, fkeskin@yildiz.edu.tr ABSTRACT It is known that high voltage transmission lines are used for energy transmission to decrease power losses and increase system efficiency. The energy, which is transmitted at high voltages for long distances, is distributed at medium voltages through a step-down transformer near residential areas. Then the energy is introduced to the end users by reducing the voltage to lower levels. Today, these transformer stations are planted as close as possible to living areas to enhance system efficiency. These transformer stations placed in urban areas cause magnetic fields to occur due to the reason of carrying high load currents. Especially due to the decreasing voltage level at these mentioned transformer substations, the load current increases significantly. Because of that, magnetic field strength is enhanced near these urban areas. Additionally, according to the developing technology, characteristic currents of electrical loads are changed at recent years. High penetration of power electronic loads in industrial applications cause a significant increase in high frequency components in the current drawn from electric grid. Similarly, these currents also generate magnetic fields which consists high frequency components. As known there may be some influences to people who is exposed to a magnetic field over a threshold value for quite a while. For this reason, some standards were published to limit the magnetic field strength and exposure time values. In this study, magnetic field variations around a transformer are analyzed for several loading conditions with and without harmonics. For this purpose a test system with electronic load bank, transformer and regulator is built on laboratory and tests are done in several loading conditions. The gathered results are analyzed for sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal current conditions considering the standards. Keywords: Human Health, Transformer, Harmonics, Magnetic Field 129 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. INTRODUCTION According to developing technology and population growth consumption of electrical energy is increasing. Especially high population zones like urban areas considerable power is demanded. Therefore high voltage transmission lines are used to decrease power losses while delivering the energy to urban areas. Because of this, big sized step-down transformers have to be placed near living spaces. As the voltage is low on the secondary side of the transformer, current is extremely high. And also the current characteristic of the electric loads are changing due to the developing technology. There is a significant increase on electric loads that consists power electronic devices. As known the current of mentioned electric loads contains high frequency components that is called harmonic. The non-sinusoidal current of these loads has several negative impacts on energy quality. There are lots of studies in the literature that examines these impacts (Gobba, Bargellini, Scaringi, Bravo, & Borella, 2008). As mentioned above high powered distribution transformers placed near living spaces and considerably high currents are drawn through secondary sides of these transformers. High magnetic field strength is occurred due to these currents (Röösli, Jenni, Kheifets, & Mezei, 2011). Because of this, possibility to be exposed to high magnetic field is increased (Ali, & Memari, 2010). There are known negative effects of magnetic field to human nervous, immune system (Gobba et al., 2008). Because of that for the protection of humans exposed to magnetic field in the low-frequency range (1 Hz to 100 kHz) of electromagnetic spectrum standards are published (ICNIRP, 2010). In literature lots studies done to show the effects of magnetic field on human health (Grellier, Ravazzani, & Cardis, 2014) also there are several studies that concentrated on especially transformers (Nicolaou, Papadakis, Razis, Kyriacou, & Sahalos, 2011). And very rare studies investigate the effect of harmonics on measuring magnetic field (Cortes, Brüggemeyer, Dib, Mombello, & Ratta, 2013) (Brandolini, D’Antona, Faifer, Lazzaroni, & Ottoboni, 2004). Different from the papers in literature, harmonic currents which are generally drawn from the grid in present time are taken into account in this study. By this way the measurements are done in high frequency range and the results are analyzed by using the ICNIRP standards. In following section the effects of the harmonics to magnetic field is proved by using mathematical equations. A representation of experimental test system is done in Section 3 and also results are presented. Discussion of the results and suggestion for the future studies is given on the last section. 2. SYSTEM AND METHODOLOGY Currents of conventional electric loads are generally sinusoidal. But due to the developing power electronic technology, there is a significant increase on electric loads which consist of power electronic components. These power electronic loads can draw non-sinusoidal currents from electric grid because they chop the load current to control energy flow. To analyze these, Fourier series expansion of the current waveform is used that shown in Eq. (1): In Eq. (1) A0 is the DC component of the current. n is the harmonic order which is an integer of fundamental frequency. For example, if the fundamental frequency is 60 Hz, 5th harmonic will be . Cn is the amplitude of the nth harmonic. As the same n is the phase angle of the nth harmonic current. Another parameter that is used to analyze non-sinusoidal currents is crest factor (CF) which is the ratio of the peak current to rms value. As seen on Eq. (2): 130 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 One of the most common load types in industrial applications is 6 pulse converters. These converters convert AC voltage to DC, at the same time controlling the amount of the converted energy. The current (ia) of the mentioned converter is given in Eq. (3) (Kocatepe, Uzunoglu, Yumurtacı, Karakaş, & Arıkan, 2003): Id is the DC current of the converter. A current waveform of a 6 pulse rectifier load is given in Fig. 1. Fourier expansion of this signal is given in Eq. (4): 150 Current (A) 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 Time (s) 0.08 0.1 Fig. 1 Six Pulse Rectifier Current Waveform As seen in Eq. (4) this kind of loads generates high frequency components in current waveform. The root mean square (rms) current is given in Eq. (5) (Kocatepe et al., 2003): The rms value of the current waveform given in Eq. (4) is 125.53A as the current in fundamental frequency is 122 A. As seen high frequency components of the current increases the rms value. This current passes through the distribution transformers and according to the Ampere law as shown in Eq. (6), magnetic field strength (H) varies related to this current (Chapman, 2007). N is the number of winding, lc is the length of average magnetic field way. Similarly magnetic flux density (B) varies related to H as shown in Eq. (7) (Chapman, 2007): 131 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS  is the magnetic permeability of the material. As seen on Eq. (6) and Eq. (7) high frequency currents generate high frequency magnetic flux densities. Similarly to rms value of the current, harmonics increase the magnetic flux density due to the high frequency components. These effects of the non-sinusoidal currents on magnetic field can be seen on the measurement results in the sections below. But the effect of the magnetic field strength to human health changes unlikely to rms value. As given in Eq. (8) exposure time to high frequency components of magnetic field strength is strictly limited (ICNIRP, 2010). Hj is the magnetic field strength at frequency j and HR,j is the magnetic field strength reference level at frequency j as given in Table 1 (ICNIRP, 2010). Table 1. Reference levels for occupational exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields (unperturbed rms values). Frequency range 1 Hz-8 Hz 8 Hz-25 Hz 25 Hz-300 Hz 300 Hz-3 kHz 3 kHz-10 MHz E-field strength E (kV m-1) 20 20 5 X 102/f 5 X 102/f 1.7 X 10-1 Magnetic field strength H (A m-1) 1.63 X 105/f2 2 X 104/f 8 X 102 2.4 X 105/f 80 Magnetic flux density B (T) 0.2/f2 2.5 X 10-2/f 1 X 10-3 0.3/f 1 X 10-4 In this paper, in order to specify the effect of the harmonics to exposure time limits of magnetic field; a sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal current drawn from grid through a transformer and magnetic flux density around the transformer is measured and the measured values analyzed according to International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standard. In the section below, the experimental test system is clarified. 3. EXPERIMENTAL TEST SYSTEM AND RESULTS Distribution transformers has high secondary current, at the same time has lots of turns. So that the magnetic field strength around distribution transformers is extremely high. In order to protect human health exposure to time- varying electric and magnetic fields are limited by standards. Because of this, magnetic field exposure limits around the transformers has to be examined. For this purpose, a test system consists of a regulator, a test transformer and a programmable electronic load bank is built. General scheme of the test system is given in Fig. 2. 132 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Fig. 2 General Scheme of the Test System In this system, voltage level is regulated to 200 V by a variac manually. As the load values don’t change dynamically, voltage is easily regulated. To measure the magnetic field around the transformer a magnetic field spectrum analyzer is used. As the magnetic field strength changes around the transformer significantly due to the distance, the magnetic field spectrum analyzer is fastened by a clamp as shown in Fig. 3 in order to avoid incorrect measurement. Fig. 3 Transformer and Magnetic Field Spectrum Analyzer In the tests perfomed the rms value of the current and the harmonic levels of the current can be stabilized with the electronic load bank. But idle current of the transformer may change due to the voltage fluctuations. To avoid these changes voltage level is stabilized to 200 V with a variac. Altough the voltage is stabilized, harmonic levels are increased because of the variac. At the same time the current and voltage quality parameters like harmonics, rms, power and energy values are measured and stored from primer side of the transformer. In this situation idle current of the isolation transformer consists harmonics. But these harmonics are measured and considered. After all as the idle current is considerably smaller than the load currents and also the magnetic field strength occurred due to the idle current can be neglected as seen on Table 2. 133 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 2 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Idle Current Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 1,525 T 205 nT 136 nT 22 nT 45,6 nT 20,6 nT 9,5 nT 8,3 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 26.8 9.7 3.1 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 As the rms value of the current in full load is 4 A which is much more greater than 0.168 A in idle condition. The values of the harmonic components are very smaller so that the effect of these small values doesn’t have to be considered. An electronic load bank is used to control the current that drawn from grid through the transformer. It is connected to transformers secondary side to measure the magnetic field strength around the transformer in a linear (without harmonics) and two different nonlinear loading conditions. In first condition, 4 A sinusoidal current is drawn through the transformer. The measured values with this 4 A current without harmonic are given in Table 3. Table 3 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Sinusoidal Current Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 26.76 T 317 nT 760 nT 69 nT 59 nT 59 nT 50 nT 74 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 1.1 2.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 It is clearly seen that magnetic field strength values at the frequencies except the fundamental one are considerably low. When the transformer fully loaded with a sinusoidal current, the harmonic rates decreased as it is compared to idle condition as mentioned before. 5th and 15th harmonic orders are more than the near frequencies as seen on Table 3. It shows that there is a resonance in those harmonic levels. The increase on the magnetic field strength at 250 and 750 Hz frequencies depends on that. After measuring the values in sinusoidal current condition, the electronic load bank is configured to drawn non-sinusoidal current with a crest factor 2 which is 1.414 in sinusoidal condition. Rms value remains 4 A as same as the sinusoidal current but the peak value of the current increases from 5.6 to 8 A. Because of that changes the THD value of the current increased from 2.8 (THD value of the current given in Table 3) to 58.9. For that condition harmonic and magnetic field strength values are shown on Table 4. 134 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 4 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Non-Sinusoidal Current (CF:2) Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 21.96 T 13.86 T 3.63 T 1.408 T 1.067 T 497 nT 563.5 nT 221 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 56.5 14.3 6.2 4.6 2.2 2.5 1.1 Increasing the high frequency components of the load current and remaining the rms at the same value causes decrease on fundamental frequency current as it can be seen on Eq. (5). But there is a significant increase on high frequency components of the current as it is also reflected to magnetic field strength values. High frequency currents generates high frequency magnetic fields. To test the results with a diffirent harmonic distortion crest factor of the current increased to 2.5 so peak value of the current increases up to 10 A. In this condition THD value of the current increases to 94.5. In the same way high frequency magnetic field strength values increases similiarly to current values as seen in Table 5. Table 5 Harmonic and Magnetic Field Strength Values for Non-Sinusoidal Current (CF:2.5) Harmonic Order 1 (50 Hz) 3 (150 Hz) 5 (250 Hz) 7 (350 Hz) 9 (450 Hz) 11 (550 Hz) 13 (650 Hz) 15 (750 Hz) Magnetic Field Strength 14.34 T 11.93 T 7.903 T 3.84 T 0.985 T 607 nT 670 nT 222 nT Hn%f of the Current 100 76.2 49.8 22.9 3.9 6.1 6.3 2.7 In the next section these results are analyzed in order to see the effects of the harmonics to exposure limits for the human health. Results are discussed and future studies are given. 4. CONCLUSION The results that given in the section above are used to examine the effect of magnetic field on human health by using ICNIRP standarts. To clarify the diffirence between non-sinusoidal and sinusoidal currents, the exposure time for both conditions are analyzed. The measured magnetic field strengths for sinusoidal current that given in Table 3 and for non-sinusoidal current that given in Table 4-5 are used with the constants (BR,j) that given in Table 1 to calculate the limit parameter that shown in Eq. (8). The results of the mentioned equation is given in Table 6: Table 6 Calculated Results for Magnetic Field Exposure Limit Parameter Sinuosidal 0.02840746 Non-Sinusoidal CF=2 0.04511666 Non-Sinusoidal CF=2.5 0.04324993 135 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS It can be easily comprehend from the results that non-sinusoidal currents even the same rms value with sinusoidal one have significantly more risk to exceed the limits for human health. In the mentioned standard this parameter has to be below 1. As we used small sized transformer at low currents, this values are considerably low. But the aim of the study is to show the effect of the diffirences between non-sinusoidal and sinusoidal currents. If a big size distribution transformer is used the effect will be similarly to this results. As it can be seen from Eq. (8) and Table 1 the magnetic field strengths with high frequency are strictly limited than low frequency ones. So that high frequency components increased limit parameter more. For this reason, limit parameter for non-sinusoidal current with CF 2 is 1.5 times higher than the one for sinusoidal current. But limit parameter for non-sinusoidal current with CF 2.5 is less than the one with CF 2. The harmonic orders more than 15 (750 Hz) are not considered in this study because of the power quality analyzers limits. This maybe the reason of the limit parameter of the current with CF 2.5 is calculated less than the one with CF 2. In the future studies, measurements can be done for high power distribution transformers in non-sinusoidal current conditions. As these transformers placed to basement flat in the skyscrapers, measurements can be done from several points by changing the distance of the measurement point. And also the effect of the winding connection of the transformer to magnetic field strength can be examined. 5. REFERENCES Gobba, F., Bargellini, A., Scaringi, M., Bravo, G., & Borella, P., (2008), Extremely Low Frequency-Magnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) occupational exposure and natural killer activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes, Science of The Total Environment, 407(3), 1218–1223. Röösli, M., Jenni, D.,Kheifets, L., & Mezei, G., (2011). Extremely low frequency magnetic field measurements in buildings with transformer stations in Switzerland. Science of The Total Environment, 409(18), 3364–3369. Ali, E., & Memari, A.R. (2010). Effects of magnetic field of power lines and household appliances on human and animals and its mitigation. Antennas and Propagation (MECAP), 1-7. ICNIRP Publication (2010). ICNIRP Guidelines, For limiting exposure to time varying electric and magnetic fields (1 Hz – 100 kHz), Health Physics 99(6), 818-834. Grellier, J., Ravazzani, P., & Cardis, E. (2014). Potential health impacts of residential exposures to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in Europe. Environment International, 62, 55–63. Nicolaou, C.P., Papadakis, A.P., Razis, P.A., Kyriacou, G.A., & Sahalos, J.N. (2011). Simplistic numerical methodology for magnetic field prediction in open air type substations. Electric Power Systems Research, 81(12), 2120–2126. Cortes, C.A., Brüggemeyer, H., Dib, R., Mombello, E., & Ratta, G. (2013). Performance of low frequency magnetometers to non-sinusoidal magnetic fields. Measurement, 46(1), 747–763. Brandolini, A., D’Antona, G., Faifer, M., Lazzaroni, M., & Ottoboni, R. (2004). Low frequency magnetic flux density measurements based on navigation agents. Sensors for Industry Conference, 86-90. Kocatepe, C., Uzunoglu, M., Yumurtacı, R., Karakaş, A., & Arıkan, O. (2003). Elektrik Tesislerinde Harmonikler. Birsen Yayınevi. Chapman, S.J. (2007). Electric Machinery Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill. 136 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2498 Title A name given to the resource AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR COMPARING THE EFFECT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON HUMAN HEALTH AROUND TRANSFORMERS IN SINUSOIDAL AND NON-SINUSOIDAL CURRENT CONDITIONS Author Author ARABUL, Ahmed Y. SENOL, Ibrahim KUMRU, Celal F. BOYNUEGRI, Ali R. KESKIN, Fatma Abstract A summary of the resource. It is known that high voltage transmission lines are used for energy transmission to decrease power losses and increase system efficiency. The energy, which is transmitted at high voltages for long distances, is distributed at medium voltages through a step-down transformer near residential areas. Then the energy is introduced to the end users by reducing the voltage to lower levels. Today, these transformer stations are planted as close as possible to living areas to enhance system efficiency. These transformer stations placed in urban areas cause magnetic fields to occur due to the reason of carrying high load currents. Especially due to the decreasing voltage level at these mentioned transformer substations, the load current increases significantly. Because of that, magnetic field strength is enhanced near these urban areas. Additionally, according to the developing technology, characteristic currents of electrical loads are changed at recent years. High penetration of power electronic loads in industrial applications cause a significant increase in high frequency components in the current drawn from electric grid. Similarly, these currents also generate magnetic fields which consists high frequency components. As known there may be some influences to people who is exposed to a magnetic field over a threshold value for quite a while. For this reason, some standards were published to limit the magnetic field strength and exposure time values. In this study, magnetic field variations around a transformer are analyzed for several loading conditions with and without harmonics. For this purpose a test system with electronic load bank, transformer and regulator is built on laboratory and tests are done in several loading conditions. The gathered results are analyzed for sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal current conditions considering the standards. Keywords: Human Health, Transformer, Harmonics, Magnetic Field Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/669aeeed8cfeb32315c8d46af3cebe86.docx 8b0ee0962d7ca1876fa523ce2339a367 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5fabd6a480cf3e5ac49a90180cf551b8.pdf c451fcc969dbf27ad7addf77a063c59e PDF Text Text An Exploration into the Relationship between Iranian EFL Learners’ Autonomy and Their Reading Comprehension Hossein Shakeri & Mania Nosratinia Islamic Azad University/ Tehran, Iran Key words: learner autonomy, reading comprehension ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship among EFL learners’ autonomy and their reading comprehension. To fulfill this objective, 130 sophomore and junior students majoring in English Translation who had passed at least 45 credits at two Iranian universities were asked to take part in a piloted PET reading comprehension test and a questionnaire on learner autonomy (Spratt, Humphreys, & Chan, 2002). After discarding incomplete answer sheets, 106 acceptable cases (82 female and 24 male) were used in statistical analysis. Regarding the correlation analysis of data, a statistically significant relationship was not found between autonomy and reading comprehension. This outcome was analytically interpreted with respect to the perception that, although autonomy may ultimately lead to greater proficiency of EFL language learners (Benson ,2001; Corno & Mandinach ,1983; Dafei ,2007; Zhang & Li ,2004), when the relationship is considered between autonomy and reading comprehension in particular, a significant correlation is not established. Based on the findings of this study, pedagogical implications were presented for EFL teachers and syllabus designers. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1782 Title A name given to the resource An Exploration into the Relationship between Iranian EFL Learners’ Autonomy and Their Reading Comprehension Author Author SHAKERI, Hossein NOSRATINIA, Mania Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: learner autonomy, reading comprehension ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship among EFL learners’ autonomy and their reading comprehension. To fulfill this objective, 130 sophomore and junior students majoring in English Translation who had passed at least 45 credits at two Iranian universities were asked to take part in a piloted PET reading comprehension test and a questionnaire on learner autonomy (Spratt, Humphreys, & Chan, 2002). After discarding incomplete answer sheets, 106 acceptable cases (82 female and 24 male) were used in statistical analysis. Regarding the correlation analysis of data, a statistically significant relationship was not found between autonomy and reading comprehension. This outcome was analytically interpreted with respect to the perception that, although autonomy may ultimately lead to greater proficiency of EFL language learners (Benson ,2001; Corno & Mandinach ,1983; Dafei ,2007; Zhang & Li ,2004), when the relationship is considered between autonomy and reading comprehension in particular, a significant correlation is not established. Based on the findings of this study, pedagogical implications were presented for EFL teachers and syllabus designers. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/324c37174f13951586db4a8bf8ab4331.docx 268cbda159f6ed64935f7a9fe2509b9f https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6c400000c00ca7423424e6843696495f.pdf b0cecfcecbb414fead9a397de9957253 PDF Text Text An Exploration of Instructors’ Role in Implementing Group Work When Teaching English with Particular Reference to Debre Birhan College of Teachers Education Mulat Adane Abaye Addis Ababa University/ Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Key words: Implementation of Group Work in Teaching English ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to explore English Language Instructors’ role in Higher Education Institutions in implementing group work. To this end, Debre Birhan College of Teacher Education was selected as a study area. To gather information from the subjects (6 English Language Teachers and 75 students from Language Department) three instruments (questionnaire, class room observation and interview) were used. All English Language teachers who were giving different English Language courses as well as 30% of the total number of the students (75 in number) were taken as a subject. Simple random sampling was used to select the sample students; besides, to ensure proportionality of the two sexes as well as to take the proportitional number of students from each batch stratified sampling was also employed. The result of the study clearly showed that all the teachers were frequently incorporating group work when teaching English. Furthermore, from the students’ questionnaire, it was found that the majority of the students wanted to learn through group work and they had the experience of learning through it. In addition, it was found that the majority of the instructors appeared to have adequate understandings about the various roles they were expected to play when using group work in teaching English. However, from the classroom observations and the students’ response, it was found that the majority of instructors were not efficiently playing their expected roles in group work. And, though the study showed some factors which hinder instructors from playing their expected roles effectively in group work, it was also concluded that the major factor is negligence. Finally, based on the result obtained through the three instruments, it was concluded that group work was not properly implemented by the majority of English Language teachers. Hence, the importance of preparing short or long term trainings regarding group work especially for teachers by any concerned bodies as well as some other possible solutions were recommended to alleviate the problems regarding group Work. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1841 Title A name given to the resource An Exploration of Instructors’ Role in Implementing Group Work When Teaching English with Particular Reference to Debre Birhan College of Teachers Education Author Author ABAYE, Mulat Adane Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Implementation of Group Work in Teaching English ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to explore English Language Instructors’ role in Higher Education Institutions in implementing group work. To this end, Debre Birhan College of Teacher Education was selected as a study area. To gather information from the subjects (6 English Language Teachers and 75 students from Language Department) three instruments (questionnaire, class room observation and interview) were used. All English Language teachers who were giving different English Language courses as well as 30% of the total number of the students (75 in number) were taken as a subject. Simple random sampling was used to select the sample students; besides, to ensure proportionality of the two sexes as well as to take the proportitional number of students from each batch stratified sampling was also employed. The result of the study clearly showed that all the teachers were frequently incorporating group work when teaching English. Furthermore, from the students’ questionnaire, it was found that the majority of the students wanted to learn through group work and they had the experience of learning through it. In addition, it was found that the majority of the instructors appeared to have adequate understandings about the various roles they were expected to play when using group work in teaching English. However, from the classroom observations and the students’ response, it was found that the majority of instructors were not efficiently playing their expected roles in group work. And, though the study showed some factors which hinder instructors from playing their expected roles effectively in group work, it was also concluded that the major factor is negligence. Finally, based on the result obtained through the three instruments, it was concluded that group work was not properly implemented by the majority of English Language teachers. Hence, the importance of preparing short or long term trainings regarding group work especially for teachers by any concerned bodies as well as some other possible solutions were recommended to alleviate the problems regarding group Work. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed