276 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/84d10e9214728468179a54c6d056c9ef.docx 75ad441074f4ca675ced521346475ef1 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3125ace9be1ff5a0ad0cbae9959401b1.pdf b9d497558ef72f6b50f5025855f01cf8 PDF Text Text The Effect of Reading on Incidental Vocabulary Learning Nina Daskalovska Goce Delcev University/ Stip, Macedonia Key words: vocabulary acquisition, incidental learning, reading, vocabulary size, word frequency ABSTRACT A lot of studies have been carried out in order to determine the best ways of learning vocabulary. Some of them have focused on vocabulary acquisition through reading. This paper presents the results of a replication study using the text The Golden Fleece. The participants in this study were 94 university students in the first year of their undergraduate degree in English language and literature in the Republic of Macedonia. In order to determine the vocabulary gains from reading the text, the participants were tested before and after the treatment. The test contained 30 words which appeared with different frequency in the text. The results of the pre-test showed that the participants knew the meaning of 17.7 words. The post-test showed a learning gain of 3.9 words, or 31.9 % of the previously unknown words. The correlation between the relative gains and the vocabulary size of the participants was 0.51, while the correlation between the relative gain scores and the frequency of the words in the text was 0.30. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1931 Title A name given to the resource The Effect of Reading on Incidental Vocabulary Learning Author Author DASKALOVSKA, Nina Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: vocabulary acquisition, incidental learning, reading, vocabulary size, word frequency ABSTRACT A lot of studies have been carried out in order to determine the best ways of learning vocabulary. Some of them have focused on vocabulary acquisition through reading. This paper presents the results of a replication study using the text The Golden Fleece. The participants in this study were 94 university students in the first year of their undergraduate degree in English language and literature in the Republic of Macedonia. In order to determine the vocabulary gains from reading the text, the participants were tested before and after the treatment. The test contained 30 words which appeared with different frequency in the text. The results of the pre-test showed that the participants knew the meaning of 17.7 words. The post-test showed a learning gain of 3.9 words, or 31.9 % of the previously unknown words. The correlation between the relative gains and the vocabulary size of the participants was 0.51, while the correlation between the relative gain scores and the frequency of the words in the text was 0.30. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2b71d5651bb4f45bcf65e845a26b06f0.pdf 8f6855b07ba48329a24f8ce89808f188 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Garrod,B. Ve Fyall,A. (1998) “Beyond the Rhetoric of Sustainable Tourism?”, Tourism Management, Vol:19, No:3, pp.213-224 Kılıç, S., (2008). Çevre Etiği: Ortaya Çıkışı, Gelişimi ve Sonuçları, Orion Kitabevi, Ankara. Kumar,B. Ve Kumar,P. (2011), Green Economy: Policy Framework for Sustainable Development, Current Science, Vol. 100, No. 7, 10 April 2011, pp.960-962 Luke, T.W. (2002) Deep Ecology: Living As If Nature Mattered, Organization & Environmet, Volume 15, Issue 2, pp. 178-186 Metzner;R. (1994) Ekoloji Çağı, Derleyen Günseli Tamkoç, Derin Ekoloji, Ege Yayıncılık, İzmir Mutlu, A., (2008). Ekoloji ve Yönetim: Toplumsal Ekoloji ve Sürdürülebilir Gelişmenin Karşılaştırılması, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara. Nemli, E., (2004). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma: Şirketlerin Çevresel ve Sosyal Yaklaşımları, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul. Otegbulu, A.C. (2011) Economics of Green Design and Environmental Sustainability, Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 4, No. 2; April 2011, pp.240-248 Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı (1991) Ortak Geleceğimiz, TÇSV Yayınları, Ankara Uslu, O. (1997) Ekonomik ve Ekolojik Uygulamalarda Sürüdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Yeri, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Uygulaması, TÇV, Aralık WTO (1998) Guide for Local Authorities on Developing Sustainable Tourism, World Tourism Organization, Madrid http://www.guncelonkal.com/PDF/cevre_etigi_maddesi.pdf http://www.etik.gov.tr/makaleler/abdulkadir_mahmutoglu.pdf The Effect Of Religion On The Process Of Sustainable Development Economy (In Terms Of Thrift) Mehmet Masum Ocak1, Mehmet Günay2, Gülenaz Selçuk1 1Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Education Lecturer, Manisa. Turkey, 2Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science-Literature, Asst. Prof. Dr , Manisa, Turkey, Emails: masumocak@hotmail.com, mehmetgunay2006@hotmail.com, gselcuk@hotmail.com “We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children.” An Indian proverb. Abstract In this study, we have tried to emphasize that from the perspective of sustainable development economy, the factor of religion affects communal incidents in our social life. 318 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Since religion, a need for a person, who is a member of a community, presents itself as a reality of a society as well. Sustainable development aims at protecting and exploiting natural resources in the most effective way. The concept of sustainable development put forward with no hesitation entails its implementation in all societies throughout the world and requires governments to take responsibilities for this matter. Sustainable development gives priority to a person’s health, happiness and adaptation to his environment. It is out of question to separate or isolate religion, one of the most prominent features of life forms, from the social, cultural or economic dynamics of a community. Our religion, Islam, which regards happiness of individuals and societies as essential in the world and hereafter, sets rules to live our lives in harmony and in a well-balanced way. It also orders us to sensibly spend what we have earned according to the limits of thrift. Everyone is going to be asked to answer the questions of how he made a living, where and how he spent it. While spending his money, he is required to take his needs, instead of his wills, into consideration and not to spend too much or waste it by staying away from any extreme expenditure. Apart from the warning against spending on the areas forbidden by the religion, there is insistence on being thrifty and frugal. Extravagance/waste is one of the most serious dangers that a sustainable development economy can ever confront. Since as an outcome of waste, individuals and naturally communities will start to lose all the facilities and things they have already possessed, and face the challenges and deprivations ensued from their absence. They will turn out to be a dependent population. Today, while people are starving in many parts of the world, it is hard even to state the limits of the waste that some of us have caused. We should not neglect that we can make use of our religion’s, Islam’s, orders and prohibitions in order to stop waste and encourage to be frugal in the work process of sustainable development economy. We have tried to explain in detail the hadiths, our Prophet’s statements, and verses which are the essential references of our religion. Keywords: Thrift, Religion, Verse, Hadith, Sustainable Development, Waste 1.INTRODUCTION Sustainable development has the meaning of programming today’s and tomorrow’s life and development in such a way that it maintains the balance between humans and nature, responds to the needs of next generations and facilitates their development without depleting natural resources. Sustainable development is a concept with social, ecological, economic, spatial and cultural dimensions. This is a process of progress that increases life standards by focusing on such subjects which aim to diminish the disaster risks as economical development and preserving ecological system along with socio-cultural progress, political stability and determination. While defining sustainable development, the most significant factor may be the balance between ‘today’ and ‘tomorrow’. For the generations of both today and the future, it is of importance to reach economical, social and ecological aims, that is, developmental aims in awell-balanced way. Long-term planning and thinking. Each person has the duties and responsibilities to his Creator, prophet, the religion he serves, himself, spouse, children, parents, siblings, natural environment and society. A person 319 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo is going to be questioned for what he has done with his eye, ear, hand, foot and heart along with all the knowledge, actions, spiritual and physical blessings given to him. “Our religion taking individual and social peace and happiness as a basis sets rules to live life in a balanced way and orders to properly use what we have earned with respect to the criteria of thrift. Each person is going to be asked how he has earned his life and what he has spent his savings on. He has to consider his needs rather than desires while sending his savings. Expenditure is banned in the areas prohibited by Allah; and the principle of not wasting is set for the situations permitted by the religion”. (Ergenekon, 1996) Our religion is such a religion that never permits abuse or colonialism as extreme wealth and luxurious expenditure are banned by Islam. Prevention of expenditure on luxury could not encourage capital accumulation as much as it was in the west since such transfers of financial assets as offerings and alms forestalled getting extremely rich and maintained a well-balanced fiscal distribution in society. Allah states in one verse “ Your riches and your children may be but a trial: whereas Allah, with Him is the highest, Reward.”.(at-Teğabun, 64/15) This verse demonstrates that property is sedition. Here, sedition means a matter of testing. Otherwise, if its literal meaning was taken into consideration, it would be necessary to get rid of world’s assets. However, our Almighty Lord orders Muslims to work for the world as much as they should do for hereafter. Displaying property as sedition, He implies the anarchy and depression caused by not being able to use it to good advantage. In one account, while walking, our Prophet and his friends came across with a young man working very ambitiously. When some said “I wish this young man was working for something related to hereafter instead of worldly”, our Prophet said: “Don’t say so; if he is working in order not to go around begging or need someone’s help, he is on Allah’s track. If he is making a living for his old parents or children, he is still on Allah’s track. However, if he is working to show off or swing the lead, he is on devil’s track.” Spending the physical and spiritual belongings in vain is called extravagance. Therefore, if a person unduly spends his money, property, time or natural resources, what he does is extravagance. In other words, it is also called waste. Millions or billions of dollars goes for nothing owing to extravagance, the varieties and damages of which are too many to count. Therefore, a man who witnesses people and children starving does not choose food, throw bread into the bin, waste food. Besides, considering the cities and countries in shortage of water does not waste energy. As being aware of the people who cannot make ends meet, he does not care luxurious goods and does not waste his money. Varieties of waste: waste in food and drink, clothes, time, information, health, energy resources, etc. Thrift is necessary not only for particular social strata but all individuals of a society as well. For this reason, thrift spreading in all social strata allows the middle class to get stronger. “Three significant tenets of Islam played an important role in the course of economic development. The first of these tenets is the basis that all the things on the Earth are created for all humans. The second important principle is the one that prevents luxury and grandeur (the principle that bans the building to show off). Finally the third principle is the one that 320 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ascertains the necessity of learning and teaching all kinds of science and knowledge. It also underscores that keeping such knowledge hidden is forbidden by the religion”. (Bilgiseven, 1987) The Almighty Allah has created all the beauties and blessings for us. We have been trusted with all these beauties and blessings given by Allah. All the blessings Allah has granted on us such as life, health, children, property, title, etc. could be test items. We are going to be questioned if we wasted them and how we used those blessings. Regarding to our topic, Allah says “Then on that day you shall most certainly be questioned about the boons.” (Tekasür, 102/8) On this topic, our prophet also said that: On Judgement Day, no one can move away from his tracks unless he is questioned about where he spent his life, his actions, how he made a living, what he spent his money on, how he used his body and health (Tirmizi, Kıyame, 1) One of the tenets our glorious religion, Islam, adopts is being economical and moderate. Being economical and moderate amounts to one being prudent about everything including spending, talking, drinking and eating. “The opposite is waste. Waste means going to the extremes in any subject, deviating from the right and true, transgressing the limits, spending the chances and assets on unnecessary things or abundantly.” (Yazır, 1992) In short, waste means spending the blessings a person possesses unduly and extremely ( Şamil, İslam Ans. “İsraf” ) In Islam, waste is banned by verses and hadiths. “O Children of Adam! wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place of prayer: eat and drink: But waste not by excess, for Allah loveth not the wasters”. (Araf, 7/31 ) “And give to the near of kin his due and (to) the needy and the wayfarer, and do not squander wastefully. Surely the squanderers are the fellows of the Shaitans and the Shaitan is ever ungrateful to his Lord. ”( İsra, 17/27 ) Verses clearly display this ban. The verse describes waste as ingratitude to Allah and the ones doing so as Satan’s sibling, which proves how horrible ‘extravagance’ or ‘being lavish’ is. Our prophet says “Eat, drink, wear and give alms without being arrogant or without wasting” (Buhari, Libas, 1) This hadith attracting our attention gives an opinion about how meticuluous Islam is on the subject of ‘waste’. Our prophet once visited Sa’d, one of his friends. Meanwhile, Sa’d was performing his ablution. When Resulüllah noticed that he was using water more than necessary, he asked what the waste was that. When Sa’d asked whether there was waste in performin ablution, our prophet responded “Yes, even if you perform your ablution in flowing river” (İbn Mace, Taharet, 48). Our religion asked us not to overuse water even from a flowing river even for religious services. The Almighty Allah created everything in balance. Humans must be moderate in all areas of life including expenditure. Islam takes the necessity as a basis in spending money, goods and property; and bans spending in vain. Expenditure must be correlated with the necessity, not income. Even if our income incresases, our expenditure should not go beyond the limits of our necessity. Just like in all areas, Islam orders to be moderate by staying away from the extremes of being lavish or stingy. In our religion, this criteria is regarded one of the features of a perfect Muslim. 321 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As regards to the topic, Allah says: “Make not thy hand tied (like a niggard's) to thy neck, nor stretch it forth to its utmost reach, so that thou become blameworthy and destitute.” ( İsra, 17/29 ) In another verse: ” Those who, when they spend, are not extravagant and not niggardly, but hold a just (balance) between those (extremes).” (Furkan, 25/67 ). In the verse, while being mean and lavish is criticised, being moderate is praised; and this attitude is mentioned is one of the features of Allah’s slaves. When we look at the verses and hadiths, it is clear that we are asked not to waste our assets, goods, properties while buying what we need. And this way of acting is emphasized as one of the features of a perfect Muslim. “O Children of Adam! wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place of prayer: eat and drink: But waste not by excess, for Allah loveth not the wasters.” stated in Araf 7/31. In the verse, on the one hand a person is ordered to eat and drink and on the other hand not go to extremes in those actions. In other words, just like in everything, there must be a moderate way even for eating and drinking. “He may say (boastfully): "Wealth have I squandered in abundance !. " Thinketh he that none beholdeth him?" (Beled, 6-7) As stated in the verse below, negligent people ignore a simple fact: Our Holy Lord has granted countless blessings to humans including flesh, air, food, the devices they use. Whatever is on the earth and heaven along with all visible and invisible grants and livelihoods is at his disposal. A man’s duty is to use what has been given to him in a moderate way and not to waste In the Koran, Allah warns that humans are going to be questioned about the blessings given to them in hereafter with the question “Then on that day you shall most certainly be questioned about the boons.” (Tekasür, 102/8) In the Koran, Allah says, “O Children of Adam! wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place of prayer: eat and drink: But waste not by excess, for Allah loveth not the wasters.” (Araf, 7/31) He also states the believers should benefit the blessings and forbids their waste. However, it should be underscored that not wasting does not amount to rejecting the wealth, limiting the expenditure on the areas that Allah gives permission or being unfair to ourselves. The single criteria here should be whether the expenditure has been for Allah’s will or not. Muslims both thank for the blessings and be very careful about not wasting. Considering the verse, “Those who, when they spend, are not extravagant and not niggardly, but hold a just (balance) between those (extremes).” (Furkan, 25/67), they use food, water, clothes, things provided by technology as much as they need. 2.CONCLUSION Extravagance harms both an individual and the whole society. This leads our family and nation to be poor. A lavish person always tries to spend money recklessly. As he is used to spending money a lot, when he is short of money, he tries illegal ways to make money. Sometimes, he becomes a burden on the shoulders of his family, society and country since he is in despair help of the others. It is quite often to see such occasions in society. Wasteful people and nations get disappointed sooner or later. They find themselves in the abyss of despair and hopelessness. 322 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Not only individuals, countries and nations could be prodigal as well. Prodigality even depletes seemingly countless troves. I could deplete forests, ores, water and sources of petrol and electricity. The exhaustion of such reserves causes those nations to be in need of the others. The negative effects of waste become more influential in today’s financial life. In the old days when economies depend on agriculture, the discrepancy between welfare and poverty was not as visible as it is a present. In today’s industrialised communities which are transforming into communities of information, there are people who live far beyond the level welfare along with the ones trying to survive in abject poverty. Over industrialism, arms race and insatiable greed of the colonialists to find more raw materials damaged the agricultural areas which have a vital importance on the Earth. Therefore, the West’s finances which currently depend on over consumption and waste confront dire straits. Such troubles affect all the economies in the globalized world. Although the west have managed to maintain financial welfare so far, they admit that at present resources are limited; water and food with a crucial role in conserving prosperity have always been wasted recklessly and from now on humans do not have the luxury of squandering. For a society to survive, individuals have duties to the community they live in. Besides it is essential to keep social balance and peace and to ward off any factor that may cause tension among people. Sustainable development aims to the protection and effectively use of natural resources. The concept of sustainable development put forward with no hesitation entails its implementation in all societies throughout the world and requires governments to take responsibilities for this matter. . It is out of question to separate or isolate religion, one of the most prominent features of life forms, from the social, cultural or economic dynamics of a community. It is out of question to separate or isolate religion, one of the most prominent features of life forms, from the social, cultural or economic dynamics of a community. Our religion Islam, focusing on the peace of individuals and society both in the world and hereafter, sets rules to live life in a well-balanced way, and orders us to duly spend what we earn by paying attention to the criteria of thrift. A person is going to be asked how he made a living, how and on what he spent his money. Our religion asks us to take our needs into consideration rather than our desires when it comes to spending, and also we are encouraged not to waste or go to the extremes. There should be no expenditures on the areas forbidden by the religion and there is strong insistence on being thrifty and moderate. We have tried to explain in detail the hadiths, our Prophet’s statements, and verses which are the essential references of our religion. In this study, we have tried to emphasize that from the perspective of sustainable development economy, the factor of religion affects communal incidents in our social life. Since religion, a need for a person, who is a member of a community, presents itself as a reality of a society as well. We should not ignore that we can make the most of our religion’ s orders and prohibitions as regards thrift and preventing waste in the process of sustainable development economy. BIBLIOGRAPHY BİLGİSEVEN, A. (1987) Eğitim Sosyolojisi, Publication of the Turkish World Research Foundation , (4. Edition), Flaş Matbaası, İstanbul BUHARİ, (1986), Libas, Kütübü Sitte, Akçağ Yayınları, İstanbul 323 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ERGENEKON, S. (1996), Tasarruf Eğilimini Etkileyen Sosyolojik Faktörler, PhD Thesis, Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences , İstanbul İBNİ MACE, (1986), Taharet, Kütübü Sitte, Akçağ Yayınları, İstanbul ŞAMİL İSLAM ANSİKLOPEDİSİ, (1998), “İsraf”, Şamil Yayınları, İstanbul Meaning of The QURAN, http://www.kuranikerim.com/english/m_indexe.htm YAZIR, E.H.( 1992), Hak Dini Kur’an Dini, Zehraveyn Yayınları, İstanbul TİRMİZİ, (1986), Kıyame, Kütübü Sitte, Akçağ Yayınları, İstanbul Macroeconomic determinants of Sustainable Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina Emil Knezović, Uğur Ergun International Burch University, Faculty of Management, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: kinez88@hotmail.com Abstract The origin of term sustainable development comes from forestry and it means the extent of cutting and putting the new trees on the planet. Synonymous for it is sustainability and it refers to ability to endure as much longer as it is possible. This paper shows the degree of correlation between sustainable development in Bosnia and Herzegovina and five macroeconomic determinants: unemployment, export, import, average salaries and CPI as a measure for inflation. The paper provides information about importance of economy in this process and it explains all variables that are used. It is based on the period of five consecutive years (2007-2011). Research for all of five variables was conducted on monthly basis for this period, so in total it provides 58 data (January and February of 2007 are excluded) for each variable. Next thing that this paper shows is the current position of the country in terms of its development. The paper represents a combination of basic research (provides a lot of useful information about the topic) and quantitative research (shows numerical results that are gotten by the analysis of the problem). Unemployment, as one of the biggest and growing problems in the country, is dependent variable and paper tries to prove relationships among this variable and the others. Results in the paper are obtained through descriptive analysis. The paper provides data about causes for high unemployment in our country and it shows how much impact each variables mentioned above have or does it have at all. Finally, paper shows on what country should put more emphasize in order to improve its current position and to be able to compete with more developed countries. 324 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1341 Title A name given to the resource The Effect Of Religion On The Process Of Sustainable Development Economy (In Terms Of Thrift) Author Author Mehmet , Masum Ocak Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, we have tried to emphasize that from the perspective of sustainable development economy, the factor of religion affects communal incidents in our social life.Since religion, a need for a person, who is a member of a community, presents itself as a reality of a society as well. Sustainable development aims at protecting and exploiting natural resources in the most effective way. The concept of sustainable development put forward with no hesitation entails its implementation in all societies throughout the world and requires governments to take responsibilities for this matter. Sustainable development gives priority to a person’s health, happiness and adaptation to his environment. It is out of question to separate or isolate religion, one of the most prominent features of life forms, from the social, cultural or economic dynamics of a community. Our religion, Islam, which regards happiness of individuals and societies as essential in the world and hereafter, sets rules to live our lives in harmony and in a well-balanced way. It also orders us to sensibly spend what we have earned according to the limits of thrift. Everyone is going to be asked to answer the questions of how he made a living, where and how he spent it. While spending his money, he is required to take his needs, instead of his wills, into consideration and not to spend too much or waste it by staying away from any extreme expenditure. Apart from the warning against spending on the areas forbidden by the religion, there is insistence on being thrifty and frugal. Extravagance/waste is one of the most serious dangers that a sustainable development economy can ever confront. Since as an outcome of waste, individuals and naturally communities will start to lose all the facilities and things they have already possessed, and face the challenges and deprivations ensued from their absence. They will turn out to be a dependent population. Today, while people are starving in many parts of the world, it is hard even to state the limits of the waste that some of us have caused. We should not neglect that we can make use of our religion’s, Islam’s, orders and prohibitions in order to stop waste and encourage to be frugal in the work process of sustainable development economy. We have tried to explain in detail the hadiths, our Prophet’s statements, and verses which are the essential references of our religion. Keywords: Thrift, Religion, Verse, Hadith, Sustainable Development, Waste Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/48eed9ff8d9488953b2d78d11b7039ec.docx 555ac937e5bdd6c54e3c1154de64415f https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8b91c5bcf3f531def70b453b80a6dec4.pdf 3500274d2d75eb0360a120ed4d7ebaa0 PDF Text Text The Effect of Tax Incentives on Regional Economic Development Mine Biniş Balıkesir University Turkey mbinis@balikesir.edu.tr Elif Ayşe Şahinİpek İzmir KatipÇelebi University Turkey elifa.sahin.ipek@ikc.edu.tr Abstract: Tax incentives are exceptional applications which are used to encourage in a specified activity for a certain period. Today most of the countries have created tax incentive programs for many reasons but especially to attract regional economic development. Tax incentives can be used as a tax exemption or as a financial incentive. One of the significant outcomes of the tax incentives is that they reduce firm’s costs. Tax incentive programs are focused on the expectations of welfare gains such as the region’s level of employment and income. Another point of these expectations in terms of the state tax incentive programs can result from the loss of tax revenue and inefficient allocation of public goods. Although tax incentives have been used over the world since the 1980s, its utility in practice is a controversial issue in the academic literature. While some studies find an impact on economic development, some studies especially focusing on long term, find the opposite. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of tax incentives as a device for providing regional economic development. Tax incentives have been undertaken as an economic development strategy in developing and developed countries over the past years. Based upon countries’ regional economic development experiences, particularly Turkey’s strategy about regional economic development has been evaluated. Although in the 1980s several attempts have been made about tax incentives, from the 1990s strategies which consist of using it as a tool of regional economic development, come into prominence. In 1 January 1999 Turkey has provided investment allowances which depend on location and type of investment, but its application results have not been as expected. To eliminate these failures and set up regional economic development through tax incentives, a new tax incentive program has been introduced in 4 June 2009. This paper particularly takes into account the effects of new investment incentive plan which effectuated in 1 January 2012 in Turkey. One of the main results of the study is that the use of tax incentives could be limited to the reinforcing of regional economic development. Keywords: Regional development, Fiscal Instruments, Tax incentives, Incentives, Turkey. 69 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2503 Title A name given to the resource The Effect of Tax Incentives on Regional Economic Development Author Author BINIŞ, Mine AYŞE ŞAHIN İPEK, Elif Abstract A summary of the resource. Tax incentives are exceptional applications which are used to encourage in a specified activity for a certain period. Today most of the countries have created tax incentive programs for many reasons but especially to attract regional economic development. Tax incentives can be used as a tax exemption or as a financial incentive. One of the significant outcomes of the tax incentives is that they reduce firm’s costs. Tax incentive programs are focused on the expectations of welfare gains such as the region’s level of employment and income. Another point of these expectations in terms of the state tax incentive programs can result from the loss of tax revenue and inefficient allocation of public goods. Although tax incentives have been used over the world since the 1980s, its utility in practice is a controversial issue in the academic literature. While some studies find an impact on economic development, some studies especially focusing on long term, find the opposite. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of tax incentives as a device for providing regional economic development. Tax incentives have been undertaken as an economic development strategy in developing and developed countries over the past years. Based upon countries’ regional economic development experiences, particularly Turkey’s strategy about regional economic development has been evaluated. Although in the 1980s several attempts have been made about tax incentives, from the 1990s strategies which consist of using it as a tool of regional economic development, come into prominence. In 1 January 1999 Turkey has provided investment allowances which depend on location and type of investment, but its application results have not been as expected. To eliminate these failures and set up regional economic development through tax incentives, a new tax incentive program has been introduced in 4 June 2009. This paper particularly takes into account the effects of new investment incentive plan which effectuated in 1 January 2012 in Turkey. One of the main results of the study is that the use of tax incentives could be limited to the reinforcing of regional economic development. Keywords: Regional development, Fiscal Instruments, Tax incentives, Incentives, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/78d71a100b6e0c9e0ba41d8ce463c467.pdf 09f9e5a62eb3a5579b1de16a19447bc0 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The Effect of Turkish Culture on Bosnian Culture Exemplified by Food Culture Fatih Đyiyol International Burch University, Sarajevo fiyiyol@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: This paper discusses the effect of Turkish Culture, which enhanced its existence in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the historical period, on Bosnian Culture by providing examples from the food culture. The purpose of this paper is to discover Turkish food that continues to exist in Bosnia-Herzegovina till today. Paper, being a folkloristic study, made use of dictionary resources apart from the written resources. Paper was examined with the functional method which is one of the methods of Folklore. At the end of study, it is seen that dishes, soups and desserts kind belonging to the Turkish culinary culture continues to function even today. Key words: Turkish cuisine, Bosnian cuisine, folklore, effect Introduction The presence of Turkish culture in the Balkans extends to the ancient period. Before the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, Turks settled here and left significant traces in this region. It is known that Turkic tribes like Bulgarians, Pechenegs, Oghuz and Kumans lived in the Balkans Bulgari (Hamzaoğlu, 2004:105-106). Before the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, the Turkic tribe, which left significant traces in the Balkans and Bosnia-Herzegovina, is Avars. Avars’social and cultural effect on the societies living in the Balkans before the Ottoman period can be clearly seen in the later centuries too****************** (Malcolm, 2002:6; Hamzaoğlu, 2000: 391-397). After Ottoman’s conquest of the Balkans, a new era has started with regard to the relationship between the communities living in the Balkans and Turks and Turkish culture. Balkans fall under the Ottoman rule helped the Turkish culture to get into direct contact with the settled communities. Situated at a significant junction point, Bosnia-Herzegovina’s considerable part was conquered by Sultan Mehmet the conquer in 1463 (Âşık Paşazâde, 2007: 210-212). Along with this conquest, the cultural interaction between Turkish culture, Bosnian residents’ and Bosnian culture came to a more effective point. After the conquest, the Islamization of Bosnia-Herzegovina occuring in masses enabled Turkish culture to enhance its effect in this region (Imamovic, 1998: 138-181). Embracing Islam through Turks, Bosnians, with their new religion, entered into a basin of a new culture and civilization. With the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Islamization, several elements of Turkish culture had moved to Bosnia-Herzegovina. Staying under Ottoman rule that lasted almost four and half centuries, the deep traces of Turkish culture and Islamic civilization, in BosniaHerzegovina, settled here in many areas ranging from architecture to art; culture to literature; religious tradition to food culture. Until Austro-Hungarian Empire’s conquest of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1878 (Friedman, 1996: 5758), this cultural interaction continued directly. Turkish Cuisine Having an important place among the world cuisines, “Turkish Cuisine” took its current state after passing through three significant periods. One of these; the period which carries the traces of Central Asian Turkish culture,where pre-Islamic Turkish culture and sosyal life and cavalry nomadic are seen. In this period, meaty foods were common, especially horse and sheep meat were eaten roasted. Again in this period, beside The title “Ban”given to Croatian and Bosnian Presidents passed on to these communities from Avar Turkish. Again, the word “Obri” in Serbian Language was used for Avars. Even today the toponyms, such as “Obravac” which means a place where Obris live, is seen in the Balkans (Malcolm, 2002: 6). 469 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo food of nomadic life like yoghurt, milk and cheese, the viniculture and grape molasses are among the dishes seen in residental life (Kafesoğlu, 2009: 318-319). The second period in Turkish cuisine is a period which started with Karahans and ended with Seljuk Empire. Turks, after introduction to Islam, entered into communication with Arab and Persian cultures. Entering into communication with these cultures, Turks adapted various dishes from the mentioned cultures. Besides, many dishes belonging to Turkish culture are called with the words borrowed from Arabic and Persian. For example, included in Turkish folklore; for the meals “the meat, with no water, roasted inside a pan directly in fire” they used the name “Kebab” which was borrowed from Arabic (T.S, 2005: 1124). Again, for a meal that is cooked, with no water, in tandoor, the word “Biryan” which entered in to Turkish from Persian was used (T. S, 2005: 284). Dishes and dish names, taken from Arab and Persian cultures, were reshaped in Turkish social life and established a deep-rooted rich cuisin. The Arabic-origin word “Kebap” revealed twenty-three confirrmed dish varities in Turkish cuisine like; döner kebabı, şiş kebabı, yoğurtlu kebap, Adana kebabı, bostan kebabı, buğu kebabı, çağ kebabı, çoban kebabı, çömlek kebabı, çöp kebabı, fırın kebabı, kağıt kebabı, oltu kebabı, orman kebabı, patlıcan kebabı, saç kebabı, talaş kebabı, tandır kebabı, taş kebabı, testi kebabı, Tokat kebabı, Urfa kebabı, yufka kebabı (T.S, 2005: 1124). The third period is the Ottoman era Turkish cuisine. During this period, Turkish cuisine, which became the imperial cuisine, have received several dishes from all communities within its structure but; also left a significant effect on the food folklore of these communities. Empire's vast geography and the vast opportunities enriched the Turkish cuisine and food supplies arriving from different regions turned the Turkish culinary culture, during the period and for later, into a major kitchen. Enriched with different sub-cultures in this period, Turkish cuisine helped the formation of a deep-rooted kitchen like “Palace Kitchen”. In the Ottoman court a unit called “Matbah-ı Âmire” was created, and this unit; a large building where meals, sweets, grout and drugs like “Has mutfak, Ağalar mutfağı, Divan mutfağı” were prepared (Haydaroğlu, 2003). Turkish cuisine comprised of the three major phases from steppe period, the Seljuk and Ottoman periods till today (Artun, 2008: 401); it acquired the main characteristics of these periods in its structure and Turkish food culture, considering the basic features, has meat, onions and paste in terms of materials; cooking in charcoal and copper pots in terms of cooking(Artun, 2008: 399-402; http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx). Turkish Cuisine in Bosnia-Herzegovina One of the most important indications of the effect of Turkish culture in Bosnia-Herzegovina is the appearance of the words belonging to Turkish culinary and Turkish nutrition cultures. With Ottoman Empire’s conquest of Bosnia-Herzegovina, since XV. century various food kind had been moved to Bosnia-Herzegovina (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2005: 162). Some of the meals belonging to Turkish cuisine directly entered into Bosnian culture and were called by the same names. In some other Turkish meals, with the historical and geographical effect, changes occurred either in their names or dish's material. For example, ''Sarma'', one of type of dish in Turkish cuisine, settled in the same way in Bosnian folk culture and arrived until today. However, the word 'bey' which passed from Turkish to Bosnian, gained a new identity as in Begova Çorba (Gentleman's soup). The names of some of the food kind, carried from Turkish cuisine to Bosnian cuisine, either partly changed or were completely unaltered. Beside this, various dishes, which are seen almost in every cultures and in Turkish culture, are also available in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Soups Begova čorba (Tur., Bey çorbası; Ing. entleman's soup), is a type of soup consisting heavily of chicken meat and ladyfinger, made for special guests or significant organizations in transition periods. The word beg>bey in Turkish emerged in Bosnia-Herzegovina as a result of the structure of Bosnian community during Ottoman period (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007:41). Šehrija çorba (Tur., Şehriye çorbası; Ing., Noodle soup),is “a kind of soup made from oil, solt, water and noodles'', received its name with the adaption of the word ''Şe'riyye'' in Arabic into Turkish and emerged as a result(T.S, 2005: 1857). The noodle soup is one kind of soup, which is seen in the traditional Bosnian cuisine, is had in daily life (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 57; Škaljić, 1965: 584). Škembe-çorba (Tur., Đşkembe çorbası; Ing., Tripe soup), is a kind of soup made from tripe. It continues its functionality in Turkish cuisine today, but; it also continues its functionality in Bosnian cuisine (Škaljić, 1965: 591). 470 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Tarhana, tarana (Škaljić, 1965: 601); mixed cereal soup, prepared with mixed cereals,is one of the important soup in Turkish cuisine, entered into Bosnian folk culture in the same way. It is a soup kind which is seen in every phase of daily life specially in village and town communities (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 52-57). Tutmać is a kind of “soup with yoghurt made from the squarely-cut dough pieces” (T.S, 2005: 2012). Tutmaç, with its style of preparation and its Turkish name, passed into Bosnian culture (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 46). Dishes Sarma (Tur., Sarma; Ing., stuffed vine leaves), is a kind of dish “made from cabbage, chard and grape leaves wrapped with the filling prepared'' (T.S, 2005: 1706). Sarma, with its name and style of preparation, is seen, unaltered, in Bosnian cuisine (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 61-65; Škaljić, 1965: 551). In addition to its consumption in daily life in Bosnia-Herzegovina, it is one of the socially significant dishes prepared in special occasions. Sarma, specially in iftar (fast-breaking) tables in Bosnia-Herzegovina, is among indispensable dishes. There is a kind of dish called jalan Sarma or jalandži dolma found in the Herzegovina region. This sarma type is preared by putting rice inside the vine leaf. It is called jalan(bare) sarma because it does not contain any meat inside (R1, R2, R4, R6, R10, R15). Đmam-bajildi (Tur., Đmambayıldı), is a sort of dish made from “the eggplant fried in whole, split in the middle and stuffed inside with the filling consisting of onions, garlic and tomatoes(T. S, 2005: 960). This dish, belonging to Turkish cuisine, can be seen in traditional Bosnian cuisine (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 69; Škaljić, 1965: 345). Consumed at every phase of daily life, this dish type, specially seen; Zenica,Travnik and Herzegovina regions (R1, R4, R9, R14, R15, R16, R17). Kadun-butući (Tur., Kadınbudu köfte), is a kind of “meatball made from either one sort of rice or pounded wheat by frying them in oil after dredging them in eggs” (T.S, 2005: 1027). This dish, belonging to Turkish cuisine, can be seen in traditional Bosnian cuisine with the same name. Reshaped according to Bosnian taste, this dish is, specially, seen in tradition life in Bosnia-Herzegovina(Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 82; Škaljić, 1965: 379). Sogandolma, sagandolma (Tur., Soğan dolma; Ing., Stuffed onions), It is a kind of stuffed vegetable dish made by empyting onion’s inside and filling it with rice and minced meat(Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 69; Škaljić, 1965: 569). Although this dish is not very common in Turkish cuisine, its name comprises of two Turkish words’ combination and it became national dish of Bosnia. It is a kind of dish which is consumed, specially, at the introduction of national meals, at the tables of Ramadan and weddings. Ćevapčić (Tur., Kebab), is a kind of meatball resembling to meatball from Inegol among Turkish dishes. It is widely consumed in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Within Turkish popular culinary culture, in terms of functionality, presentation and generality, ćevapčić meets the function of “Döner” in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In Bosnia-Herzegovina’s publicity, touristic and folkloristic organizations, it is a dish which comes in the foreground. Šišćevap, Šišćevap (Tur., Şiş kebab; Ing., shish kebab), is a sort of kebab made by arranging in kebab in skewers (T.S, 2005: 1871). It is seen in Bosnian traditional cuisine, particularly in restaurants that serve Bosnian traditional dishes. It is consumed in dially life as well as in special occasions (Hadžiosmanovıć, 2007: 90; Škaljić, 1965: 590). This dish is eaten widely in Sarajevo and it is called Sarajevski mač (Saraybosna KılıcıSword of Sarajevo) when prepared with vegetables. Bungur, Bulgur Pilav (Tur., Bulgur pilavı; Cooked pounded wheat), is a sort of rice made from the pounded wheat. Various sorts are prepared in Bosnia-Herzegovina by adding different materials to pounded wheat. For this sort of rice, the word “Bulgur”, which was taken from Turkish, is used and the word “Bungur” is made use of (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 163; Škaljić, 1965: 154). Keške, ćeške, kekšek (Tur., Keşkek; Ing., Pounded meat and meat), is a kind of dish made from “boiling well-pounded wheat with meat for a long time”(T. S, 2005: 1148). It passed from Turkish traditional cuisine to Bosnian traditional cuisine but the functionality of this dish decreased. Today, it became a sort of dish prepared rarely in Central Bosnia mostly (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 151; Škaljić, 1965: 407). Pirjan (Tur., Biryan; Ing., Pit roasted lamb),is a sort of meat dish cooked in tandoor and is seen in Bosnian cuisine (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 127; Škaljić, 1965: 518). Nowadays, meat dishes, prepared in electric and stone ovens, too, are called pirjan. Dolma (Tur., Dolma; Ing., Vegetable stuffing),is a kind of dish prepared by putting rice, minced meat or other materials into either bell pepper or tomatoes. Dolma is also a general name for the dishes like leaf-filling, leaf-wrapping and bell pepper-stuffing (T.S, 2005: 557). Dolma dish is a widely eaten dish in BosniaHerzegovina (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 61-65; Škaljić, 1965: 223). The most widespread region of Dolma is 471 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Travnik and its surroundings (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2005: 162). Common in daily life as well as in transition periods, dolma is one of the main dishes of ceremonies. Đulbastija, ćulbastija(Grilled cutlet), is dish made from the boneless meat cooked on embers and grills(T.S, 2005: 1280). Although this is the same dish in Bosnia-Herzegovina, it is also prepared with bony or boneless meat (Škaljić, 1965: 254). Ćufte (Tur, Köfte; Ing., Meatball), is a kind of dish “generally made from minced meat, and sometimes chicken, fish and potatoes.k türüdür (T.S, 2005: 1227) It is pretty common in Bosnian culture (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R7). Sweets Baklava (Tur., Baklava; Ing., Sweet pastry), is a sort of sweet, which is made by various dry fruits wrapped in dough sheets and by pouring grout over it (T. S, 2005: 155). Baklava, is a sweet kind which is functional in traditional life in Bosnia-Herzegovina. It is offered to people coming for a visit during Ramazan festival. In Bosnian weddings, “The girl, who is about to get married, would enter with her veil into a room full women, sit in front of a femal teacher to recite verses from the Qur’an. Then grout was offered to the women in the room. The Marriage ceremony would come to an end after coffee and baklava were offered” (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2005: 164-166) It is a kind of sweet specially consumed in weddings, religious festival and was offered to special guests(Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 262; Škaljić, 1965: 116). Kadaif (Tur., Kadayıf; Ing., Shredded pastry), is a kind of sweet “made from flour and consumed as sweet” (T. S, 2005: 1026). The most consumed kind in Turkish cuisine are, shredded pastry and bread pastry. The word “Kadaif” in Bosnia-Herzegovina is used for shredded pastry. Apart from this shredded pastry kind, bread pastry,too, is also kind of sweet found in Bosnian cuisine (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 273; Škaljić, 1965: 378). In terms of importance, shredded pastry, although not as significant as baklava, is one of the crucial sweets of the transition period and special occasions. (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R17). Halva, alva, halvuša, alvuša (Tur., Helva; Ing.; Halwa), is a sort of sweet made from oil, sugar, flour, and sometimes, from semolina (T.S, 2005: 875). Halwa is a sort of sweet widely seen in Bosnian traditional cuisine (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 290; Škaljić, 1965: 306). Halwa is definitely prepared during Prophet’s Birth Ceremony and it is made sure that the smell surrounds the entire house. (R2, R4, R8, R12, R15, R16, R17). Gulač (Tur., Güllaç; Ing., Stuffed rice wafers), is a kind of sweet made from starchy thin dough sheets. Although quite known in Bosnia-Herzegovina; it is a type of sweet which is rarely made(Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 294). Đulbešečer (Tur., Gulbeşeker; Ing., Rose Jam), is a type of sweet prepared with rose and sugar(T.S, 2005: 805). Although quite known in Bosnia-Herzegovina; it is a sort of sweet whose functionality decreased at a great deal (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 301; Škaljić, 1965: 255). Tulumbe, Tulumba (Tur., Tulumba; Ing., Fried pastry with Syrup), is a dessert made by“giving shape to dough” (T.S, 2005: 2007). Fried pastry with Syrup, is widely consumed dessert kind in Bosnian cuisine. It is eaten in Religious Festivals and weddings as well as in daily life (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 301; Škaljić, 1965: 255). Hurmadžik, hurmašica, hurmadžici (Tur., Hurmacık; Ing., Date Sweet); is a type of dough sweet made by “shaping dough like a date” (T.S, 2005: 904). Beside traditional community life, it is a kind of sweet consumed in the cities too (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 278). Ašure, hašure (Tur., Aşure; Ing.,Noah’s Pudding), is a type of sweet made by “boiling ingredients like wheat, chickpea etc., and dry fruits along with sugar” (T. S, 2005: 139). It is a type of sweet prepared on the 10th day of the month of Moharrem to commemorate the martydom of Excellency Hossain (Prophet’s grandson) and with the same function and ingredients it is also made in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Hadžıosmanovıć, 2007: 301; Škaljić, 1965: 255). Conclusion Starting to become active in the Balkans before the Ottoman and with the Ottoman’s conquest of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Turkish culture left a significant effect on Bosnian culture. Remaining under the Ottoman rule nearly 450 years and with the effect of Islamization, Bosnia-Herzegovina has become a major carrier of Turkish culture. Many soup, dish and dessert kind of Turkish cuisine passed on to Bosnian cuisine. Some of the kinds of dish in Turkish cuisine have entered into Bosnian cuisine with their own names and densities and others with different names. Nowadays, various dish types, belonging to Turkish cuisine, were adapted by Bosnian cuisine and these dishes constituted a significant part of Bosnian cuisine. In our study, a major part of the 472 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Turkish dishes found in Bosnia-Herzegovina are seen to perform functions in the transition periods of Bosnian folkloristic culture like important occasions and events, increasing holiness, showing the significance of things done. References ARTUN, Erman (2008), “Adana Mutfak Kültürü ve Adana Yemeklerinden Örnekler”, Halk Kültürü Researches, Kitabevi Pub., p.399-433. Âşıkpaşazade (1882), Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân, Prepared by; Prof. Dr. Kemal Yavuz- Prof. Dr. A. Yekta Saraç, Gökkubbe pub., Đstanbul. HADŽIOSMANOVIĆ, Lamija (2007), Bosnian Cook, Sejtarija pub. Sarajevo. 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TURKISH DICTIONARY; 2005, Türk Dil Kurumu pub., Ankara Oral Resources Resource No, Name and Surname, Date of Birth, Place of Birth, Education, Profession (R1), Sanela ARDOVĐĆ, 29.03. 1969, Butmir- Sarajevo, High School, Typist (R2), Aziza KADRĐĆ, 6. 5. 1935 Sjenica-Sancak, illiterate, Housewife (R3), Berina TĐRO 08.07.1963, Sarajevo, High School, Typist (R4), Teacher Ruvejda BĐLĐÇ, 31.01.1943, Ljubuşki, (R5), Zümreta PEPĐ Ć, 1. 1. 1959, Sjenica- Sancak, (R6), Samiya KARĐÇ, 17.03.1937, Sarajevo, 473 University, High School, … Retired Housewife Housewife �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo (R7), Mehrima PALJEVAC, 10.05.1962, Sarajevo, High School, Housewife (R8), Taiba BUDNJO, 26.12.1964, Olovo, University, Businessman (R9), Amra BIRZINA, 27.09.1985, Stolac, University, Journalist (R10), Dentist (R11), (R12), Member Hatica HASĐÇ, 25.12.1935, Mehida UVEYZOVIÇ, 20.07.1978, Hanifa OBRALIĆ, Sarajevo, College, Retired Bratunac/Srebrenica, High School, 21.05.1954, Mrkonjić Grad, Housewife University, (R13) Nera BARUČĐJA, 29.11. 1951, Kotorsko, (R14), Šerifa SMRIKO, 16.02. 1952, Zenica, High School, Housewife (R15), Špago DINKA, Mostar, High School, Broker (R16), Mehmed MUJKĐĆ, Žepa, Madrasah, Imam (R17), Nasiha ALĐĆ-KLĐPĐĆ, 09.09.1960, Kozarac, High School, Housewife 18. 12. 1951, 1928, 474 High School, Faculty Housewife � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 736 Title A name given to the resource The Effect of Turkish Culture on Bosnian Culture Exemplified by Food Culture Author Author İYİYOL, Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper discusses the effect of Turkish Culture, which enhanced its existence in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the historical period, on Bosnian Culture by providing examples from the food culture. The purpose of this paper is to discover Turkish food that continues to exist in Bosnia-Herzegovina till today. Paper, being a folkloristic study, made use of dictionary resources apart from the written resources. Paper was examined with the functional method which is one of the methods of Folklore. At the end of study, it is seen that dishes, soups and desserts kind belonging to the Turkish culinary culture continues to function even today. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fc14cccb10592313cd6b8e0b48dca5de.docx abc362dfd2a198156066995a6ac90756 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3c95dd2b167ef303a832cbef2b84159b.pdf 40838cef45e6ed49dc62e6b82d203bb9 PDF Text Text The Effect of Turkish Series on the Bosnian Culture and the Language Learning Process Selin Çalık International University of Sarajevo/Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT The role of the media, in general, in the process of language learning is undeniable. Turkish media, in particular, is extremely popular among Bosnian people. Various soap operas provided by Turkish media are enjoyed by a large number of people ranging from child to adult. This research will serve for the analysing the effect of media (especially soap operas) for putting on the map of every societies and countries – especially Turkey. So , this research will conduct the question of how and in which way Bosnian people are affected by media, and if they are affected by Turkish soap operas how this condition reflects the way of their impress to the other societies. Additionally, the interview was made with the Turkish soap opera watchers while the essay was preparing. So, we can say that this essay is the work of the main area(Bosnia). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1932 Title A name given to the resource The Effect of Turkish Series on the Bosnian Culture and the Language Learning Process Author Author CALIK, Selin Abstract A summary of the resource. The role of the media, in general, in the process of language learning is undeniable. Turkish media, in particular, is extremely popular among Bosnian people. Various soap operas provided by Turkish media are enjoyed by a large number of people ranging from child to adult. This research will serve for the analysing the effect of media (especially soap operas) for putting on the map of every societies and countries – especially Turkey. So , this research will conduct the question of how and in which way Bosnian people are affected by media, and if they are affected by Turkish soap operas how this condition reflects the way of their impress to the other societies. Additionally, the interview was made with the Turkish soap opera watchers while the essay was preparing. So, we can say that this essay is the work of the main area(Bosnia). Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/818ca8039b9c5e00764f634528e58971.docx ed6d30fd32ca374cb2fcd5db9ac489cc https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/df3d8539a5bfd9528e936d368360819e.pdf d7b26d7215c0b860483b89c4e1f26cc3 PDF Text Text THE EFFECT OF USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURGE TANK ON THE COST OF HYDRO ENGINEERING PLANT – PUMPED STORAGE HE PLANT VRILO, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Ahmed El Sayed International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina aelsayed@ibu.edu.ba Aldin Varenikić International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina avarenikic@uni2.edu.ba Keywords: Surge tanks, pumped storage HE plant, Tom’s criteria, resistance coefficient, hydro engineering power, silencers, hydro power, Euler method. ABSTRACT For countries and regions enriched with water surfaces such as rivers and lakes, the cheapest source of power is water. Hydro power is called also “pure power” as it has minor pollution effects on the environment and health if compared with other types of power sources. Surge tanks have important role in the functionality of HE plant as they balance the pressure variation in cases of sudden rise or decrease. They are a massive construction that can receive the water in several cases. The cost of these tanks varies according to several factors such as dimensions, construction and maintaining works and shape. This paper aims to compare the cost of several shapes and types of surge tank in the case of Pumped storage HE plant Vrilo by fixing the needed outcomes such as the maximum and minimum level of water needed for producing the expected energy, the location of tank and the materials used for it. This paper will also give some advices about choosing the type, shape and dimension for surge tanks while designing them. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2047 Title A name given to the resource THE EFFECT OF USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURGE TANK ON THE COST OF HYDRO ENGINEERING PLANT – PUMPED STORAGE HE PLANT VRILO, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Author Author EL SAYED, Ahmed VARENIKIC, Aldin Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Surge tanks, pumped storage HE plant, Tom’s criteria, resistance coefficient, hydro engineering power, silencers, hydro power, Euler method. ABSTRACT For countries and regions enriched with water surfaces such as rivers and lakes, the cheapest source of power is water. Hydro power is called also “pure power” as it has minor pollution effects on the environment and health if compared with other types of power sources. Surge tanks have important role in the functionality of HE plant as they balance the pressure variation in cases of sudden rise or decrease. They are a massive construction that can receive the water in several cases. The cost of these tanks varies according to several factors such as dimensions, construction and maintaining works and shape. This paper aims to compare the cost of several shapes and types of surge tank in the case of Pumped storage HE plant Vrilo by fixing the needed outcomes such as the maximum and minimum level of water needed for producing the expected energy, the location of tank and the materials used for it. This paper will also give some advices about choosing the type, shape and dimension for surge tanks while designing them. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a58603401f1addaeb234275112b3ca55.pdf 5a24394d1b09574bd3c7ffd2b5aa8636 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Wendelaar, B. S. (1997) The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, pp. 591-625. Wu, J.-T. (1999) A generic index of diatom assemblages as bioindicator of pollution in the Keelung River of Taiwan. Hydrobiologia(397), 79-87. Nedbal L., Soukupova J., Kaftan D., Whitmarsh J. and Trtilek M. (2000): Kinetic imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence using modulated light. Photosynthesis Research 66: 3-12 Schreiber U (2004) Pulse-Amplitude (PAM) fluorometry and saturation pulse method. In: Papageorgiou G, Govindjee (eds) Chlorophyll fluorescence: A signature of Photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp 279-319 Photon Systems Instruments (2011) FluorCam Instruction Manual, http://www.psi.cz The Effect Of Water Temperature On Spawning Out Of Season In Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss Yusuf Güner1, Halit Bayrak2, Fatih Güleç1 1Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 35080 İzmir 2SuleymanDemirel University, Mehmet Süreyya Demiraslan M.Y.O, 32510 Isparta Abstract Salmonid culture is a production sector with widespread throughout the world. Different stocks of rainbow trout spawn in certain months of the year in hatcheries. This seasonality of spawning imposes considerable constraints on trout farming because the consequent restrictions on the supply of eggs and fry make it difficult for on-growing farm to maintain a continuity of production of table-size fish throughout the year. Hatcheries should artificially control the spawning time of their broodfish so that batches of eggs and fry might be produced all year round. The modification of spawning time are possible using manipulation of photoperiod. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. This study was carried out in two different facilities. In the first facility, the photoperiod regime was only consisted of constant short days (LD 6:18). The water temperature had been changed between 7.5 and 15 °C during the the experiment in this facility. In the second facility, it had been changed between 11 – 25.5 °C. The broodstock was seperated into two different group. These photoperioded regims consist of constant short days(LD 6:18) and altered photoperiod (LD 18:6 from February until May, then LD 12:12 from May until June, then LD 6:18 from June until November) which are acted to advanced spawning. In both experiments, photoperiod regimes changed the maturation time regardless of water temperature. However, when the water temperature is high, modulating effects of the temperature on the maturation and ovulation time were observed. When the spawning time modified to June – August, ovary growth and egg survival rate had been reduced by the temperature effect ( >14 °C). It was found that the egg quality decreased when the water temperature was 17 °C although the eggs could been removed from the fish. Based on the 72 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo these results, the role of water temperature in determining spawning time should take into account, especially in conjunction with photoperiodic manipulation. Keywords: Photoperiod, Rainbow trout, water temperature, ovulation, egg 1.INTRODUCTION Despite the reproduction periods of trouts spreads of each month of the year, generally it occurs between 6-8 weeks in the autumn-winter seasons. To be able to control the reproduction period, It is important to change some environmental factors such as temperature and day lenght. Due to the seasonal egg production, sustainability of trout farming is eliminated. Therefore, egg production should be provided in all seasons and as a result continuously production of markez size fish must be guaranteed. Despite of using hormonal applications as LHRH, HCG or pituitary extractsc for spawning, this methods provide only 23 weeks progress but the produced gametes have poor quality. Photoperiod applications are used more effectively to change the timing of reproduction (Bromage, et al., 1984; Duston and Bromage, 1986). It is possible to take the spawning time 6 months earlier or later with the photoperiod applications (Bromage, et al., 1993). However, the water temperature that is effective on spawning should be considered along with applications of photoperiod. There are studies that report the effects of temperature on the egg ovulation and spawning times (Morrison and Smith, 1986; Nakari, et al., 1987; Johnstone, et al., 1992; Taranger, et al., 1999). High temperatures cause on the eggs over-maturity. Suitable water temperatures encourage ovulation (Taranger and Hansen, 1993). Trout farming is made in many parts of the world's water sources. It is possible that the changing climatic conditions affects on the water temperature. The effect of the temperature on the commercial trout stocks, can emerge in the for of reproductions limitation. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. 2.Materials and methods This study was carried out on the commercial rainbow trout broodstock populations (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in two different farms. Broodstock fish were fed with 1% rate of broodstock-feed (Pinar-Çamli Fish Feed, Turkey). Trial 1 The first trial was conducted in a private trout farm, that had 20 tons/year production capacity and was placed in Izmir/Turkey, in winter and summer seasons. In the size of 12 m3(6 x 2 x 1 m), three raceway type concrete pools were used. The used water was spring water and annual temperature variation took place between 7.5 - 15 °C. After two-year-old brookstock fish spawned at the beginning of December with the natural illumination cycle, constant illumination program was applied as 6-hours light / 18 hours dark (6L:18D).The daylight (> 20 000 lx) was used in the light period. The concrete pools were covered with black tarpaulin in the dark period. In this study, 60 female and 20 male fish were used. The first trial started in January and lasted for 396 days. Trial 2 73 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The first trial was conducted in a commercial trout farm , that had 300 tons / year market size trout production capacity and placed in Aydın/Turkey, in winter and summer seasons. The broodstock fish were obtained from the fish that grown in this farm. The photoperiod group of constant short day (CSD) (6L:18D); The group of constant illumination program and variable photoperiod (VP); group of fish that spawned naturally in the summer (SNS) were 3-yearsold. The broodstock fish were used at their second spawning season. In the group of CSD, 500 female fish and 200 male were used. In the group of VP, 500 femle and 200 male fish were used. And in the group of SNS 200 female and 100 male fish were used. The CSD and VP were kept in the 44x2,5x0,7 m sized concrete pools as mixed; SNS were kept in 30x5x1,3 m sized soil pools as mixed. The concrete pools were covered with a light-proof tarpaulin. For lighting, 100-watt light bulbs were used in order to achieve a minimum of 40 lux light on the water. After the eggs of the broodstock fish in the CSD were taken in the winter period, 18D:6L constant light program was applied to the from 1st of February. The fish in the VP was exposed to the 18L:6D from Februay until May; the 12L:12D from May until June; and to the 6L:18D after June until November (Bromage and Cumaranatunga, 1988). The second trial started in December and lasted for 300 days. The broodstock fish were fed according to the water temperature 1-2 times in a day ad-libitum with Bagci Commercial Fish Feed. The feed was formulated to contain 16-18% crude oil, 40-45% crude protein, 2% cellulose and 3500-4050 k.cal. kg-1 energy. Ovulation time was followed by controlling the fish 2 times in a week and the ovulated fish were allocated and prepared for milking. 2.1.Statistics When samples complied with the criteria for parametric testing, Egg diameters were compared using Student’s t-test. Kruskal-Wallis test (in Trial 1) and The Mann-Whitney Utest (in Trial 2) were used to compare the fertilization rates, hatching rates and survival rates. All analyses were performed by using SPSS 15.0 version. Results Trial 1 Spawning profiles The broodstock fish that had natural reproduction time in December, started spawning in June as a results of constant short day photoperiod regime. The fish spawned 5 months earlier than normal period. Maxiumum number of spawning fish was observed in July. The response of fish to the implementation of photoperiod, was measured as 75%. When the constant short day photoperiod regime (6L:18D) resumed to apply, 53,3 percentage of the same fish spawned fort he second time in February. Thus, two times spawning of the fish was provided in 14 months. The response of the natural and constant short day (6L:18D) photoperioded fish to the spawning times in the different temperature showed no significant difference (p> 0.05). Egg quality, fecundity and size In the first and second spawning; the obtained, fertilisation, hatching and survival rates of the natural and constant short day (6L:18D) photoperioded eggs were different statistically (p<0.05). The egg diameters were found different in all groups. It was seen that when the fish spawned earliar time, egg diameters became smaller. Trial 2 Spawning profiles 74 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The stream water, supplied with the artesian from the dam, was used in the farm. The water temperature increased rapidly when the dam water level decreased in July. It was measured high water temperature (20 - 25.7 C) and lower oxygen saturation (4.8 - 5 ppm) between July and October. This period was reported the most important critical production period of the farm. In the constant short day photoperiod group (CSD), ovulation and removal of the eggs started at the beginning of June and lasted June 30. Response of the photoperioded fish was observed as 17.8% . Egg removal of the naturally spawning in the summer group (SNS) was made in June and July when the 16L:8D. Response of the fish to the photoperiod application was measured 62%. The fish under the variable photoperiod (VP); were exposed 18L:6D from February until May, 12L:12D from May until June, from June 6L:18D. In this group the spawning period-expected in September was not seen due to the high water temperature. All the broodstock fish died. Those fish were cut and controlled. Ovulation of the eggs was observed. Avarage weight of broodstock fish was measured as 2246 ± 413 gr and the obtained mean egg weight per broodstock fish was detected as 307 ± 119 gr. Due to there was no sperm observation from the male broodstock, fertilisation could not be processed. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) was detected as 13.9%. Responses to spawning time in the different temperature and season of the experimental groups; constant short day (6L:18D) photoperiod, variable light photoperiod and naturally spawning in the summer group; were found statistically different (p<0.05). Egg quality, fecundity and size 45 16 Number of Spawning 40 14 40 35 12 30 32 25 8 20 15 10 10 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 2 5 0 0 Temperature (oC ) / Daylenght (hour) Hatching and survival rates were considered as quality criteria for the fish eggs. In the group of CSD, the fertilisation, hatching and survival rates was found respectively, 52,2 ± 1,7%; 24,1 ± 1,1%; 11,3 ± 0,8% ; and in SNS group, 35,4 ± 1,1%; 17,3 ± 0,8%; 8,3 ± 0,5% . Fertilisation, hatching and survival rates of Constant short day (6L:18D) photoperioded and naturally spawned in summer fish, were found statistically different (p<0.05). Egg diameters were detected smilar in all groups and smaller in the early spawnings. Natural Spawning Months Number Spawning Temperature Daylength(hour) Figure 1. The effects of constant photoperiods(CSD) on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout (Trial.1) 75 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 2. The effects of constant photoperiods(CSD) on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout(Trial 2) Figure 3. The effects of variable photoperiod (VP) on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout(Trial 2) 76 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 4. The naturally spawning in the summer group (SNS) in the rainbow trout(Trial 2) 77 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 4. Total and Relative Fecundity, fish weight, egg diameter, fertilisation rate, hatching rate, and egg survival rates for broodstock in the two experimental groups in Trial 1 Groups Natural Spawning Total Fecundity Fish weight Relative Fecundity Egg diameter Fertilisation Hatching Rate Rate Survival Rate (eggs/fish) (kg) (egss/kg fish) (mm) (%) (%) (%) 91,8 ± 1,5 64,9 1,4 ± 38,8 1,3 2659 ± 1552 ± 2034 ± 95 5,6 ± 0,1 100 (60) 42 Constant 3897 ± 1950 ± 1975 Short Day 1252 (45) 297 492 First Spawning ± 5,0 ± 0,2 71,2 ± 1,72 50,1 ± 2 Constant 6459 ± 3390 ± 1905 Short Day 1051 (32) 345 295 Second Spawning ± 5,4 ± 0,3 87,4 ± 1 83,9 1,4 ± 28,6 1,6 ± ± 63,6 1,45 ± Table 5. Total and Relative Fecundity, fish weight, egg diameter, fertilisation rate, hatching rate, and egg survival rates for broodstock in the two experimental groups in Trial 2 Groups Total Fecundity Fish Relative Egg Fertilisation Hatching Survival weight Fecundity diameter Rate Rate Rate (eggs/fish) (kg) Summer Naturally Spawning 2848 ± 400 ± 2067 583 (124) 157,4 460 Constant 2480 ± 1759 Short Day 450 (89) ± 250 First Spawning Altered Photoperiod 78 (egss/kg fish) 1411 264 2243 GSI: ± 449 %13,9 (mm) (%) (%) (%) ± 4,2 0,1 ± 35,4 ± 1,1 17,3 0,8 ± 8,3 0,5 ± ± 4,24 0,1 ± 52,2 ± 1,7 24,1 1,1 ± 11,3 0,8 ± - - - - �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2. Discussion 2.2.1. Effects of photoperiod and temperature on spawning time In the trials, spawning time was observed 5 months earlier (in July) than normal period by applying constant short day photoperiod regime to the trouts that naturally spawned in December. After the first spawning in the July, it is recorded that the same fish spawned second time with 2 months delay (in February) compared to normal period. It was noticed that when the constant short day photoperiod method was applied, there was only 2 week difference between the different fishes in Trial 1 and Trial 2. Broodstock fish reached ovulation later in the cold water. However, the maximum number of spawned fish were in the same month (July). Thus, in the both trials showed significant effect of photoperiod on rainbow trout’s maturation and spawning. On the other hand, there was not a significant effect of temperature on maturation and spawning time. Nevertheless, modulatory effects of the water temperature were observed. Davies and Bromage (2002) found similar results about the water temperature and reported the water temperature affected on spawning and ovulation. They also mentioned that ovulation period spreaded and was delayed at lower temperatures. There are lot of study about delaying the spawning by the cold water (Morrison and Smith, 1986; Nakari, et al., 1988; Johnstone, et al., 1992). But the influence mechanism of temperature on physiological maturation has not been understood yet. According to the some studies, in salmons and the trout, low temperature levels cause delaying on spawning as a result of reducing the accumulation of vitellogenin at the last stage of the formation of vitellogenic. In the Trail 2, it was determinated that high temperature levels inhibited maturation, although spawning was expected in September. The other studies on salmondis, concluded that high temperature levels inhibited ovulation (Breton, et al., 1983; Pankhurst and Thomas, 1998; Chmilevsky, 1999; King and Pankhurst, 1999). It was added that steroid formation with the high temperature could delay the spawning (Kime, 1980). But, still, the influence mechanism of the high temperature on the final maturation and spawning time of salmonids could not be determinated (Davies and Bromage, 2002). In the Trail 2, it was observed that, spawning success reduced when the water temperature exceeded 14 °C. If the temperature reached 17 °C suddenly, the eggs could be removed but there were problems on ovarium maturation and ovulation. Since the water temperature levels reached 19 – 20 °C in spawning season (September), the fish under the variable photoperiod (VP) died before ovulation. Pankhurst et al.(1996), reported that ovaries of trout were functional below 15 °C, but not at the level of 18-20 C°. Davies and Bromage (2002), found that ovarian problems were decreased by 16 °C water temperature level before ovulation. In the Trial 1, as a result of constant short day application, 75% of the experimental fish spawned in the first spawning, and 53.6% in the second. In the Trial 2, constant short day regime, 17.8% of fish spawned although naturally spawned group in the summer. This result can be connected with both temperature and photoperiod’s combine effect. 2.2.2.The effect of water temperature on egg quality In the Trial 1, by decreasing the water temperature in December, in the natural and constant short day groups survival rates were better than the high temperature seasons. But in the Trial 2, the survival rates of the eggs and the frys decreased because of the high temperature. Although egg diameters was expected to be bigger according to fish weight, eggs became smaller in the constant short day photoperioded groups, since the spawning period was taken early. According to earlier studies (Buss, 1982; Bromage and Cumaranatunga, 1988) vitellogenesis period was short by taking the spawning period earlier, and so the egg 79 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo diameters became smaller. It was reported that there was no correlation between egg diameter and survival rates in trout. The natural cycle eggs and the photoperioded eggs had same quality (Springate and Bromage, 1985). In Trial 1, Decreasing in the egg quality was observed by increasing the water temperature to 14.9 °C in June-July compared with 11 °C in December. In the Trial 2, a significant reduction in egg quality was appeared at the 16.6 °C temperature level in June-July. GSI was measured as 13.9% in September when the temperature level reached 17 – 19 °C. Although abdomen part of the fish was soft, the eggs could not be removed and most of the brood stock fish died. Overly-ripe eggs in the ovary was observed in some individuals. There is a red spot in the over-ripe trout eggs (Craik and Harvey, 1984). The studies about the over-ripe trout egg (Breton, et al., 1983; Springate, et al., 1984; Billard, 1985), were related with the eggs that remained in the abdominal cavity after ovulation and transformed to over-ripe. Since the eggs were released but not absorbed back, it was expressed this eggs did not fit with atretic eggs (Bromage and Cumaranatunga, 1988). It is know that high temperature levels increase the over-ripening rate of ovulated eggs. This was explained with disintegration of the non-functional eggs that were exposed high temperature before ovulation (Billard, 1985). Despite the water temperature was 16 - 17 °C, the eggs and sperm were removed. But, hatching and fry survival rates decreased considerably. In addition, at the high temperatures, lack of sperm was observed in male brood stock. It is necessary to consider this restriction, for out of season spawning. It was found that when the water temperature was below 14 °C, the last maturation and non-functional ovarias was prevented and were consistent with survival rates. Davies and Bromage (2002) reported that values below 16 °C before ovulation, reduced the ovary problems. 3. Regulation of Photoperiod Practices In the Trial 1 and Trial 2, it was detected that when the seasonal water temperatures were occurred within the acceptable limits; there would be no problem on the maturation and ovulation in the photoperiod applications early-spawning. According to the literature on the introduction part, long-short photoperiod application can take spawning time 6 months early since December. In the trials, it was observed that constant short day photoperiod groups spawned in July. When the 18L:6D photoperiod regime applied, the spawning period was taken 3 month early. But, number of the spawning fish and the survived fry decreased in summer. Since the high water temperature, some brood stock fish died. In summer, naturally ovulated fish(twice in a year), spawned in a high number(62%) in June and July. However, in this period, the water temperature was between 14.6 °C and 16.6 °C; very significant declines on fertilisation, hatching and survival were observed. Consequently, according to this study, that examined the effects of photoperiod and water temperature on spawning and fry survival, it was reported photoperiod was a basic environmental factor. It was detected that the water temperature had a modulatory role on performance. In addition, It was observed that water temperature had significant effects on maturation process, spawning time, ovulation and egg quality of the commercial rainbow trout stocks. REFERENCES Billard, R. (1985). Environmental factors in salmonid culture and the control of reproduction. In R. N. Iwamoto, S. Sower, R. N. Iwamoto, and S. Sower (Eds.), Salmonid Reproduction (pp. 70-87). Seattle: Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington. 80 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Breton, B., Fostier, A., Zohar, Y., Bail, P. Y., and Billard, R. (1983). Gonadotropine glycoproteique maturante et oestradiol-17β pendant le cycle reproducteur chez la truite fario (Salmo trutta) femelle. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 49(2), 220–231. Bromage, N., and Cumaranatunga, R. (1988). Egg production in the rainbow trout. In J. F. Muir, and R. J. Roberts (Eds.), Recent Advances in Aquaculture (Vol. 3, pp. 63-138). London. Bromage, N., Eliot, J., Springate, J. R., and Whitehead, C. (1984). The effects of constant photoperiods on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout. Aquaculture(43), 213-233. Bromage, N., Randall, C., Davies, B., Thrush, M., Duston, J., Carillo, M., and Zanuy, S. (1993). Photoperiodism and the control of reproduction and development in farmed fish. In B. Lahlou, and P. Vitiello (Eds.), Aquaculture: Fundamental and Applied Research (pp. 81-102). Washington: American Geophysical Union. Buss, K. W. (1982). Photo-period manipulation of the spawning season of brood trout. In M. Bulleid (Ed.), Proceedings of the Institute of Fisheries Management Commercial Trout Farming Symposium (pp. 116-126). Institute of Fisheries Management. Chmilevsky, D. A. (1999). Effects of extreme ranged temperatures on fish oogenesis. Proceedings from 6th International symposium on the Reproductive Physiolgy of Fish (p. 316). Bergen: University of Bergen. Craik, J. C., and Harvey, S. M. (1984). Egg quality in the rainbow trout: the relation between egg viability, selected aspect of egg composition, and time of strippin. Aquaculture(40), 115134. Davies, B., and Bromage, N. R. (1991). The effects of fluctuating seasonal and constant temperatures on the photoperiodic advancement of reproduction in female rainbow trout. In A. P. Scott, J. P. Sumpter, D. E. Kime, and M. S. Rolfe (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Reproductive Physicology of Fish (pp. 154-156). Sheffield: University of East Anglia. Davies, B., and Bromage, N. R. (2002). The effects of fluctuating seasonal and constant temperatures on the photoperiodic advancement of reproduction in female rainbow trout. Aquaculture(205), 183-200. Duston, J., and Bromage, N. (1986). Photoperiodic mechanisms and rhythms of reproduction in the female rainbow trout. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry(2), 35-51. Duston, J., and Bromage, N. (1988). The Entrainment And Gating Of The Endogenous Circannual Rhythm Of Reproduction In The Female Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of Comparative Physiology, 164(2), 259-268. Johnston, C. E., Hambrook, M. J., Gray, R. W., and Davidson, K. G. (1992). Manipulation of Reproductive Function in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Kelts with Controlled Photoperiod and Temperature. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 49(10), 2055-2061. Kime, D. E. (1980). Androgen biosynthesis by testes of the goldfish Carassius auratus in vitro: The effect of temperature on the formation of steroid glucuronides. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 41(2), 164-172. King, H. R., and Pankhurst, N. W. (1999). Ovulation of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon maintained at elevated temperatures: implications of climate change for sustainable industry 81 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo development. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium of the Reproductive Physiology of Fish (pp. 396-398). Bergen: University of Bergen. Morrison, J. K., and Smith, C. E. (1986). Altering the Spawning Cycle of Rainbow Trout by Manipulating Water Temperature. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 48(1), 52-54. Nakari, T., Soivio, A., and Pesonen, S. (1987, December 15). 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Effect of holding temperature on ovulation, egg fertility, plasma levels of reproductive hormone and in vitro ovarian steroidogenesis in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 146(3-4), 277–290. Springate, J. R., and Bromage, N. R. (1985). Effects of egg size on early growth and survival in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Aquaculture, 47(2-3), 63-172. Springate, J. R., Bromage, N. R., Elliott, J. A., and Hudson, D. L. (1984). The timing of ovulation and stripping and their effects on the rates of fertilization and survival to eying, hatch and swim-up in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Aquaculture, 43(1-3), 313-322. Taranger, G. L., and Hansen, T. (1993). Ovulation and egg survival following exposure of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., broodstock to different water temperatures. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 24(2), 151-156. Taranger, G. L., Stefansson, S. O., Oppedal, F., Andersson, E., Hansen, T., and Norberg, B. (1999). Photoperiod andtemperature affect gonadal development and spawning time in Atlantic salmon, (Salmo salar). Proceedings from 6th International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish (p. 345). Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen. 82 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1229 Title A name given to the resource The Effect Of Water Temperature On Spawning Out Of Season In Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss Author Author Yusuf , Güner Abstract A summary of the resource. Salmonid culture is a production sector with widespread throughout the world. Different stocks of rainbow trout spawn in certain months of the year in hatcheries. This seasonality of spawning imposes considerable constraints on trout farming because the consequent restrictions on the supply of eggs and fry make it difficult for on-growing farm to maintain a continuity of production of table-size fish throughout the year. Hatcheries should artificially control the spawning time of their broodfish so that batches of eggs and fry might be produced all year round. The modification of spawning time are possible using manipulation of photoperiod. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. This study was carried out in two different facilities. In the first facility, the photoperiod regime was only consisted of constant short days (LD 6:18). The water temperature had been changed between 7.5 and 15 °C during the the experiment in this facility. In the second facility, it had been changed between 11 – 25.5 °C. The broodstock was seperated into two different group. These photoperioded regims consist of constant short days(LD 6:18) and altered photoperiod (LD 18:6 from February until May, then LD 12:12 from May until June, then LD 6:18 from June until November) which are acted to advanced spawning. In both experiments, photoperiod regimes changed the maturation time regardless of water temperature. However, when the water temperature is high, modulating effects of the temperature on the maturation and ovulation time were observed. When the spawning time modified to June – August, ovary growth and egg survival rate had been reduced by the temperature effect ( >14 °C). It was found that the egg quality decreased when the water temperature was 17 °C although the eggs could been removed from the fish. Based on the these results, the role of water temperature in determining spawning time should take into account, especially in conjunction with photoperiodic manipulation. Keywords: Photoperiod, Rainbow trout, water temperature, ovulation, egg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0476f1d08dcc2c6282d52bc1b84eb500.pdf 8aaec6bf21aa3e959ce62ec31b4811f5 PDF Text Text THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVERTISING IN SPORT VIDEO GAMES: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SVG ADVERTISING AND TELEVISED SPORTS ADVERTISING Eldin Kurtić International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina eldin.kurtic@outlook.com Erkan Ilgun International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina erkan.ilguen@gmail.com Abstract: In today’s competitive business, marketers are trying to find the most effective way to promote their products and serviced, and reach a greater audience. Since the introduction of the internet, marketing professionals have been using digital advertisements more and more. It is easy, cheap and they can reach a huge population which would be impossible to reach by other means. Another way to advertise digitally is the gaming industry. This paper focuses on finding how effective this type of advertising really is. In the first part of the paper, a brief introduction and an overview of previous research on this topic will be presented. The following part focused on investigating if participants who played a sports video game had a higher recall rate and purchase intention of advertised products than participants watching a televised football game. Evidence from the gathered data suggests that advertising via video games is indeed more effective than televised gaming. Furthermore, different variables like satisfaction level and gaming experience were tested in order to see if they had an effect on increasing recall rate of gamers. Again, the evidence was sufficient to conclude that these variables did increase the recall rate of advertisements in sports video games. As such, this paper provides some justification to companies willing to invest into marketing their products in video games, and are reassuring the companies that already do. Keywords: sports video game (SVG), gamers, in-game advertising, buying intent (purchase intent), recall. Introduction Since the advancements in technology, people have been spending their time more and more with television, computers and consoles. When it comes to advertising however, one big market people don’t talk about very much is the gaming industry. The International video game revenue is estimated to be $81.5B in 2014 (newzoo.com). This is more than double the revenue of the international film industry in 2013 (UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved 1 November 2013). In 2015 it was estimated at US$91.5 billion (newzoo.com). In the U.S. an astonishing 155 million people play video games, of which whom are 44% female and 56% male gamers. It is also interesting to note that the average gamer is 35 years old. This comes as a surprise, since people usually connect video games with kids and teenagers. The same study found that 47% of the gamers felt that video games ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 333 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) provide more value for their money, compared to DVDs (28%) going to movies (14%) and music (12%). Many companies have realized that the gaming industry is a market that has huge potential, so they started advertising their products within this industry. Many advertise their products via streaming websites, where people can watch popular gamers play video games, others however decided to market their products within the games itself. This is especially true for sports video games, like Formula 1, Soccer, Basketball and other sports games. The reason companies choose sports games for advertising over other kinds of games is that advertising in these games comes natural. This is due to the fact that real-life sport games have billboards all around the place, so we are used to them being there in video games too. They don’t present a distraction from the game, because it feels natural having them there. On the other hand such advertisements would be a nuisance in first person shooter games, because they would distract players from enjoying the game as much. Another thing important to note is that advertising via video games can reach an audience that other means of advertising probably can’t. As mentioned before, the gaming community has less intentions of watching TV or going to the movies since they believe video games give them more value for money. Consequently, advertising in video games is an easy way of reaching this specific audience. Many organizations know about this and that’s why they started to promote products in video games that would suite such an audience. For example, Kingston and Asus are visible at almost every gaming event, knowing that they will reach a higher audience there, rather than on television or at a sport stadium. However, even though this industry is rapidly increasing, there is very few studies investigating the effectiveness of in game advertising, and even less has been done in comparing the effectiveness of in game advertising to advertising of televised games. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate if the recall rate of advertisements in video games is higher than the recall rate from TV broadcasted games. In addition to this, this study will also investigate if the level of video game consumption has an effect on the recall rate of advertised products. Therefore, the three hypotheses this study will investigate are: 1. 2. 3. 4. There is a significant difference in the recall rate of advertisements in a sports video game compared to a TV broadcasted game. There is a significant difference in the buying intent of products advertised in a sports video games compared to a TV broadcasted game. There is a positive correlation between the experience level in video games and the recall rate of advertised products. There is a positive correlation between the satisfaction level in video games and the recall rate of advertised products. The purpose of this paper is to find if in-game advertising is a good alternative to traditional TV advertising. In addition, this paper investigates different determinants affecting the recall rate of gamers. 334 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Literature review Review of past research Recent research of in-game advertising has been focusing on its effectiveness. For example, Walsh, Zimmerman, Clavio, and Williams (2014b), investigated if there is a difference in the type of advertisement (visual signage or verbal in-game announcements) on the brand awareness in a sports video game. Similarly, Cianfrone and Zhang (2013) investigated the effectiveness of in-game advertising and came to the conclusion that the recall rate of advertisements was positive. They also suggested that in-game advertising could be a cheaper alternative for smaller companies to advertise their products effectively. Additionally, Michael Bode (2012) researched the effectiveness of in-game advertising compared to advertising via TV broadcasting. He used infrared eye-tracking tools on his participants in order to establish how much advertisements they could recall from playing a sports video game compared to watching a real TV broadcasted game. He came to the conclusion that in-game advertising was more effective, meaning that it needed less glances on average to recall an advertisement. However, in order to use the eye-tracking tool effectively, it had to be calibrated, which meant that the participant’s freedom of movement was limited. Recently, it has been hypothesized that advertising in games could be more effective than TV advertising. However, there is some issues with this that have to be addressed. Lang (2000) explained that gamers have limited capacity for processing information. Gamers have to use their cognitive resources for playing the game, and for processing information of advertised brands. Therefore, gamers who are more proficient in playing video games will use less of their cognitive ability for playing the game and will have a higher recall rate of advertisements than gamers who are less proficient at the video game (Leng, 2015). Schneider & Cornwell 2005 discussed that while devoting attention to playing a game, the player will have less available attention capacity to process the additional stimuli of advertisements in a game. Yang, M. et al. (2006) and (Lee & Faber, 2007) also discussed this. Due to this fact, Kim, Walsh, & Ross (2008) concluded that in-game advertising is less effective than televised advertising. On the other hand, some argue that the level of involvement can have a big impact on the recall rate of in-game advertising. For example, if the video game is exciting and fast paced, gamers will experience a higher level of involvement and may notice more in-game advertisements (Leng et al., 2010). Sport video games are interactive and create an environment where the gamer is stimulated to think, engage and be creative (Nelson, Keum, & Yaris, 2004). Furthermore, Cianfrone et al (2008) investigated the influence of sport video game consumption on brand awareness and found that it was significant. In addition to this, many argue that the placement of advertisement can be a big factor when it comes to recall rate in SVG’s, due to the fact that our eyes are mostly focused on the main objective of the game (the ball, players, cars). Advertisements that appear at places that are located centrally will be recalled at a much higher rate than advertisements appearing at locations that are on the sides. (Schneider & Cornwell, 2005; Acar, 2007; Chaney, Lin, & Chaney, 2004). The researches above suggest there is many variables that can influence positive or negative levels of brand awareness in SVG’s. This topic definitely needs more careful ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 335 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) studies in order to determine how effective SVG advertising really is. This study will try to investigate and compare the recall rates of people watching a televised sports game and gamers playing a SVG. This study will also investigate the participant’s attitudes towards the advertised brands and their buying intent. Brand awareness Brand awareness is mostly connected to recognition and recall of advertisements or sponsorship in different settings (Aaker, 1996; Walsh, et al. 2008). Brand awareness can be aided and unaided. Unaided recall is a type of brand awareness where the consumer remembers different advertisements without giving him any cues (visual or verbal). On the other hand, aided recall is when consumers are given verbal or visual cues in order to remember any advertisements or sponsorships. Aided recall should always be lower than unaided recall, but it doesn’t mean it is more effective way of analyzing brand awareness. If people are not familiar with a brand they probably won’t recall their name, which doesn’t mean that haven’t seen it. Purchase intention Purchase decision is described as a form of decision-making which studies why consumers buy a specific brand (Shah et al., 2012). Others explain purchase intention as a setting where consumers decide to buy a particular product or service in a particular condition (Morinez et al., 2007). Purchase intention is a variable that can directly determine the effectiveness of the advertisement. If the recall rate of an advertising or sponsorship is high but people are not likely to buy it, than it wasn’t effective. Measuring only recall rate would result in a bad understanding of the advertising effectiveness. Methodology Data collection For this study a total of 100 participants were recruited. The average age of the participants was 23.70, with the youngest being 16 and the oldest 55. Out of 100 participants, 91 were male and 9 female. Two separate studies have been conducted, each study consisting of 50 volounteers. One group were people who played Pro Evolution Soccer on a PlayStation 4 for 10 min, and were mostly recruited at a local internet café. They were selected randomly and paid a voucher for an hour of free playtime at the internet café. The second group of 50 participants had to watch a recorded televised game for 10 minutes. They too were recruited at the internet café and have gotten a voucher. The whole experiment had taken 10 days to finish, approximately interviewing and testing 10 participants a day. The purpose was to see which group would have a higher recall rate of advertisements, and to investigate their buying intent of the advertised products. In order to have more exact results, the advertisements on the console game and the recorded TV game had to be the same. For this reason a recorded game of Bayern Munich vs Athletico Madrid had been used, because the console game had the same advertisements as the Champions League match. 10 different products had been advertised during the game (Gazprom, Sony Xperia, Playstation 4, Lays, Heineken, Uni Credit, Nissan, Adidas, Pepsi and Mastercard). Two surveys were formulated in order to investigate the hypotheses. In the first part of the survey, both contained question about age, sex and education. The second part was about recall of advertisements. For this study aided recall was tested. Participants had 336 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation to answer what advertisements they could remember from the video game/televised match. Participants had to mark advertisements they saw on list of 20 advertisements, of which only 10 were right. Only right answers were used for this study. The third part of the study investigated the buying intent of the participants. Participants were asked to answer how likely they would buy the advertised products and services. For this a Likert scale from 1-5 was chosen, not very likely/very likely. Furthermore, gamers were asked to describe their level of satisfaction while playing the game on a likert scale 1-5. Participants from the gamer group were also asked to answer how much time they spend playing video games on a weekly basis. For this another likert scale has been used. In addition to this, both groups were asked if the advertisements present a distraction from watching/playing the game. The gamer group was also asked if they would prefer more advertisements in sports video games if that meant a lower initial price for the game. Data analysis In order to analyze the data gathered from the surveys, SPSS version 23 was used. For the first part of the survey descriptive statistics was used. In the second part there was two samples from two different groups, so a two sample t-test was used to calculate if there is a difference in the recall rate of advertisements between the two groups. In addition, another independent t test was used to calculate if there is a difference in the buying intent of the advertised products between the two groups. For the last part a Spearman correlation analysis was used to establish if increased levels of video game consumption would result in a higher recall rate of in game advertisements. Furthermore, another correlation was used to investigate if increased levels of involvement (enjoyment) would result in a higher recall rate of advertisements in video games. Results Results of part one – descriptive In table 1. the group statistics for the number of recalled advertisements are presented. Gamers recalled on average 3.86 advertisements, whereas participants watching a televised game only recalled 2.82 advertisements on average. This means that gamers recalled 1 advertisement more on average than participants watching a televised football game. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 337 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Results of part two – recall rate and buying intent comparison Table 1: Group statistics for recall rate Group N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 1 50 3.86 2.450 .346 2 50 2.82 1.722 .244 Recall Table 2: Independent t test for recall rate Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F .Sig Equal variances assumed 4.736 Sig. (2-tailed) t .032 Std. Error Difference Confidence Interval 95% of the Difference Lower Upper 2.456 .016 .423 .200 1.880 2.456 .016 .423 .198 1.882 Recall Equal variances not assumed An independent t test was conducted to determine if there is a difference in the mean recall rate of advertisements between a sports video game and a televised game. This is shown on table 2. Looking at Levene’s test for equality of variances the level of significance is 0.032 which is less than 0.05 and therefore equal variances are not assumed. From looking at the bottom row (equal variances not assumed), the level of significance is 0.016 which is less than 0.05 and therefore is highly significant. The 95% confidence interval was 0.198-1.882. Looking at these results the null hypothesis can be rejected, which means that there is a significant difference in the recall rate of advertisements in SVG’s compared to televised advertisements. Table 3: Group statistics for buying intent Group N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 1 50 3.5005 1.05577 .14931 2 50 3.0375 1.11635 .15788 Buying_intent 338 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation To test the difference in the mean buying intent between gamers and participants watching a televised football game an independent sample t test was used. Table 3. shows the group statistics for this test. On average the gamers purchase intent of advertised products was higher by 0.5 compared to participants watching a televised sports game. On the second table the independent t test is presented. Levene’s test for equality in variances has a significance level of 0.993 which is higher than 0.05, thus equal variances are assumed. The upper row shows a t statistic of 2.131 with a significance level of 0.036 which is less than 0.05. The 95% confidence interval was 0.03179-0.89423. Looking at this it can be concluded that there is a positive significant difference in the mean buying intent of gamers compared to people watching a televised sports game. Table 4: Results of the independent t test for buying intent _Buying Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means intent F Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed .000 .Sig .993 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Std. Error Difference Confidence Interval 95% of the Difference Lower Upper 2.131 98 .036 .21730 .03179 .89423 2.131 97.696 .036 .21730 .03177 .89424 Results of part three – Testing correlations To test the third hypothesis a correlation was used. Since gaming experience satisfaction level are measured on an ordinal scale using a likert scale, the Pearson’s Correlation couldn’t be used in this research. A Spearman’s correlation had to be used instead. Recall has a positive correlation with gaming experience. The correlation coefficient is 0.799 which presents high correlation, meaning that higher level of gaming experience will increase recall rate of advertisements. In addition, satisfaction level also has a high correlation, with a coefficient of 0.835 meaning that higher levels of satisfaction while playing a video game will result in increased recall rates of advertisements. The level of significance is 0.000 for both variables and is therefore highly significant. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 339 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Table 5: Results of the correlation analysis Correlations Spearman’s correlation Recall Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed) N Consumption Consumption Involvement 1.000 .799 .835** . .000 .000 50 50 50 1.000 .720** . .000 Correlation Coefficient .799 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N Involvement Recall ** ** 50 50 50 Correlation Coefficient .835** .720** 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 . 50 50 50 N .)Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed .** Furthermore, both groups were asked to answer if the advertisements presented a distraction in order to fully enjoy the game/match. 75% gamers answered that advertisements did not present any distraction to enjoying the game, whereas 63% participants watching a televised game said that they didn’t mind the advertisements either. Gamers where also asked if they would rather have more advertisements in the game if that meant they could buy the game for a cheaper price. 84% of the gamers answered positive and would welcome more in-game advertisements if they could get the game for a lower prices. Conclusions and limitations This study tried to provide insight on the effectiveness of in game advertising. The purpose was to identify an alternative strategy to advertise products compared to the mainstream advertisement techniques. Even though gamers recalled more advertisements than participants watching a televised football game, the recall rate was surprisingly high for both groups. The group playing Pro Evolution Soccer recalled 39% of the advertisements while the group watching a televised football game recalled 28%. The high recall rate could be due to the fact that the advertised products and services were among the more popular brands, and therefore participants recognized them easier. Only Lays had a low recall late (18% and 8%), which is an unfamiliar brand in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The purchase intent of people playing Pro Evolution Soccer was also significantly higher than the group watching a televised football game. Meaning that the average gamer would be more likely to buy a product that was advertised in the game, than someone watching a football game on television with the same advertisements. This study also managed to find a positive correlation between the gamer’s level of experience in video games and the recall rate of the advertised products. The results showed that increased playtime of video games leads to increased recall rate of advertisements. This is most likely due to the fact that gamers who are more experienced in playing video games will use less cognitive resources to actually play the game, and can therefore use more cognitive resources to process other peripheral information like advertisements. In addition to this, gamers who experienced a higher 340 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation satisfactory level while playing the game, also had increased recall rate. This means that gamers who enjoy the game more will have a higher level of involvement and therefore recall more advertisements from the game. Furthermore, the study found that gamers don’t mind in-game advertisements and would even welcome more if that meant a lower price for buying the game. This is something the gaming industry should be interested in, to encourage more sponsorship partners which would reduce their expenses for making the game, and ultimately give customers the game for a lower price. Even though this study managed to find enough evidence to support its hypotheses, there is still some limitations to this study. Firstly, doing such a study on a bigger sample size would bring better results. Unfortunately, due to financial limitations the researcher couldn’t create a bigger sample size. It would also be appropriate to test the effectiveness of in game advertising on different types of games too. Moreover, most of the participants were males, since female gamers are rare in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It would be interesting to see someone include female gamers to see if there would be a difference in the recall rate and purchase intent of in game advertisements. In addition, this study was mostly conducted on students and youngsters. A research including more mature and elderly people would bring more appropriate results too. This study can be used by organizations to justify marketing their products in video games. This is especially true for smaller companies trying to find a less expensive but efficient way to market their products. In game advertising has been found to be lot less expensive than advertising on TV, but could be as if not even more effective. In conclusion, this paper managed to provide enough evidence that in-game advertising can be more effective than televised advertising. There is still much work to be done in this field in order to fully understand how effective in-game advertising truly is, and to understand what really determines its effectiveness. However, the gaming industry is gaining more importance and relevance, which will also result in more studies to come. Future studies should investigate this further, to provide more evidence to organizations who are investing, or are willing to invest into marketing their products in video games. References • P., Zimmerman, M.H., Clavio, G., & Williams, A.S. (2014b). Comparing brand awareness levels of in-game advertising in sport video games featuring visual and verbal communication cues. Communication and Sport, 2(4), 386-404. • Cianfrone, B.A., & Zhang, J.J. (2013). The impact of gamer motives, consumption, and in-game advertising effectiveness: A case study of football sport video games. International Journal of Sport Communication, 6, 325-347. • Lang, A. (2000). The limited capacity model of mediated message processing. Journal of Communication, 50: 46–70. • LENG, H.K. (2008). A study on effectiveness of in game advertising. International Journal of Sport Management Recreation & Tourism, Vol.8, pp.65-80. • Schneider, L., & Cornwell, T. B. (2005). Cashing in on Crashes via Brand Placement in Computer Games: The Effects of Experience and Flow on Memory. International Journal of Advertising, 24(3), 321-343. • Yang, M., Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., Dinu, L., & Arpan, L. M. (2006). The Effectiveness of “In-Game” Advertising: Comparing College Students’ Explicit and Implicit Memory for Brand Names. Journal of Advertising, 35(4), 143-152. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 341 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) • Kim, Y., Walsh, P., & Ross, S. D. (2008). An examination of the psychological and consumptive behaviors of sport video gamers. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17(1), 44-53. • Leng, H. K., Quah, S. L., & Zainuddin, F. (2010). The Obama Effect: An Exploratory Study on Factors Affecting Brand Recall in Online Games. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 1(1), 1-5. • Nelson, M.R., Keum, H., & Yaros, R.A. (2004). Advertainment or adcreep? Game players’ attitudes toward advertising and product placements in computer games. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 5(1). • Cianfrone, B.A., Zhang, J.J., Trail, G.T., & Lutz, R.L. (2008). Effectiveness of in-game advertisements in sport video games: An experimental inquiry on current gamers. International Journal of Sport Communication, 1(2), 195–218. • Acar, A. (2007). Testing the effects of incidental advertising exposure in online gaming environments. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 8(1), 45-56. • Chaney, I. M., Lin, K. H., & Chaney, J. (2004). The effect of billboards within the gaming environment. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 5(1), 54-69. • Lee, M., & Faber, R. J. (2007). Effects of Product Placement in On-Line Games on Brand Memory: A Perspective of the Limited-Capacity Model of Attention. Journal of Advertising, 36(4), 75-90. • Aaker, D.A. (1996). Building strong brands. New York: The Free Press. • Walsh, P., Clavio, G., Mullane, S., & Whisenant, W. (2014a). Brand awareness and attitudes toward political advertisements in sport video games. Public Organization Review, 14, 127-138. 342 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3320 Title A name given to the resource THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVERTISING IN SPORT VIDEO GAMES: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SVG ADVERTISING AND TELEVISED SPORTS ADVERTISING Author Author Kurtic, Eldin ILGUN, Erkan Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: In today’s competitive business, marketers are trying to find the most effective way to promote their products and serviced, and reach a greater audience. Since the introduction of the internet, marketing professionals have been using digital advertisements more and more. It is easy, cheap and they can reach a huge population which would be impossible to reach by other means. Another way to advertise digitally is the gaming industry. This paper focuses on finding how effective this type of advertising really is. In the first part of the paper, a brief introduction and an overview of previous research on this topic will be presented. The following part focused on investigating if participants who played a sports video game had a higher recall rate and purchase intention of advertised products than participants watching a televised football game. Evidence from the gathered data suggests that advertising via video games is indeed more effective than televised gaming. Furthermore, different variables like satisfaction level and gaming experience were tested in order to see if they had an effect on increasing recall rate of gamers. Again, the evidence was sufficient to conclude that these variables did increase the recall rate of advertisements in sports video games. As such, this paper provides some justification to companies willing to invest into marketing their products in video games, and are reassuring the companies that already do. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 912 Title A name given to the resource The Effectiveness of Conversation Course books in Developing Learners' Pragmatic Comprehension Author Author Athar , Mehdi Ruhi Damaliamiri , Mehdi sahibzamani , Fatemeh Akbari, Firouzeh Abstract A summary of the resource. The research examined an area of pragmatic competence that is rather underrepresented in the literature of interlanguage pragmatics: pragmatic comprehension. Pragmatic comprehension involves the inferential process of understanding what a speaker intends to accomplish by making utterances . The adopted theoretical framework of pragmatic processing included the comprehension of speech acts, in which the speaker tries to do something , conversational implicatures, in which the speaker expresses attitudes and feelings using indirect utterances that must be inferred by the hearer , speakers' attitudes and registers which are variation of language differing according to the degree of formality, topic, activity, work, profession and mode under discussion ; and communication key that is the tone manner, or spirit in which a speech act is carried out and attitudinal- tone index which is a potentially finite set of continua, each one labeled with a pair of antonymous keys which are super ordinate to the other terms in that continua . Although a growing body of second and foreign language (L2& FL) research has examined learners' abilities to understand speaker’s implied intentions, most previous studies have been confined to speech acts without regarding speakers' attitudes and degree of formality. The present study aimed to fill the gap by adopting a listening instrument that measures pragmatic and linguistic comprehension simultaneously. The instrument incorporated general comprehension questions along with the questions assessing comprehension of degree of formality and speaker’s attitudes. The learner’s pragmatic comprehension, operationalized as the ability to understand appropriate language and register, was compared across advanced students with different textbook backgrounds. Pearson correlation results indicate construct differences between linguistic and pragmatic comprehension. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3555 Title A name given to the resource THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING METAPHORS IN ESL TEACHING Author Author Aljaffery, Yacoub Abstract A summary of the resource. Metaphors have been widely used in novels, short stories, and poems. However, they have also proved extremely useful as teaching tools, and can be particularly helpful when teaching language. Teaching a new language is one of the hardest teaching jobs because it requires multiple skills at once. For instance, a language teacher should be knowledgeable about his/her topic, and be both patient and creative. Every teacher has his/her own method of delivering information to students; these can be straightforward out-ofthe-book methods, or more creative methods. I believe strongly in teaching creatively. So, I find metaphor use to be one of the most effective and creative ways of teaching a language. Since I started teaching English, I have been using a variety of metaphors that I draw from the culture of the students I am teaching. This paper will help other English teachers to use the metaphors I have developed to make English learning easier. This study will illustrate to what extent the metaphors I use in my classes are effective at helping me to deliver my lesson and achieve my class objective. I also will investigate how much students enjoyed these lessons. My study is based on the following: 1. I use metaphors, which I will be explaining in this paper, to deliver lessons that seem to be hard for my students to understand. I make it clear to students that I am using metaphors. 2. After introducing every metaphor throughout the fall semester of 2013, I observe my students’ performance to see how well they understood the lesson. 3. After delivering all the metaphors in class, I distribute a survey for students to answer regarding how these metaphors improved the lesson and their understanding of it. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English