273 10 3494 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 828 Title A name given to the resource The Development of Intercultural Communicative Competence through Community-Service Learning in the Hispanic Community Author Author Salgado-Robles, Francisco Abstract A summary of the resource. This pilot study investigates the effects of community-service learning (CSL) in the development of the intercultural communicative competence (ICC) among intermediate level Spanish learners. The ICC highlights the importance of appropriate and effective interaction in communicative contexts between non-native speakers (NNS) and native speakers (NS), which is relevant for the teaching-learning of foreign languages (Coperías Aguilar, 2007). For this communication event to occur, the incorporation of CSL into the foreign language curriculum makes it possible. As cited by Hale’s (1997), a volunteering service in the target language (TL) community “enable[s] students to learn from a different segment of society than that which he or she would normally interact with; [and] (...) teach students the meaning of service, patience, cross-cultural understanding, interdependence, humility, and simplicity” (Slimbach, 1995:10). Using Fantini’s (2006) theoretical framework of ICC, this study uses a quantitative method to measure university-level, intermediate Spanish learners’ intercultural competence in the TL before and after experiencing their volunteering service. To that end, fifteen students who were registered in an undergraduate course on Service Learning in the Hispanic Community participated in this study. Throughout the semester they were required to volunteer total of 35-40 hours of community service outside of the classroom in several nonprofit organizations in Lexington (Kentucky, USA). The participants completed pre and post questionnaires which explored their intercultural competence in Spanish. The findings of this study point to a need to encourage further civic engagement in an explicit manner throughout Spanish CSL courses and curricula (Bruno, 2003). By having the opportunity to be exposed to a continuous vernacular input in meaningful interactions (Kinginger y Blatter, 2008), the results show a clear-cut connection between the instruction methodology and the ICC development. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a292374af125ba3f6e652a3f9540f334.docx 26d0eb458f912873d0061a2ef3844cc4 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a308dd4885ba30fefda97cc72d08686f.pdf 2b161ad25dc68277c09306b6551706a3 PDF Text Text The Development of Reading Awareness of Students: A Research on the Role of School Libraries in Students Reading Skills and the Relationship of Students and Literature Books Isaak Papadopoulos & Varvara Peiou Ellinika Ekpaideftiria/ Greece Key Words: Reading Awarness, Books, School Libraries, Survey, Influence ABSTRACT This paper is a comprehensive analysis of the current situation and the relationship of children with reading extracurricular books. It is true that younger students are not interested in reading at school and extracurricular books while it is an undeniable fact that the school and society have a significant impact in this situation. This paper continues with detailed proposals for both teachers and their views on the development of reading awareness of students through creative and constructive activities for that reason. These are activities that can be implemented booth by teachers and the parents of the students. In the search for the attitudes of then teachers towards books and reading books from students survey questionnaire was carried out to teachers in three cities of greece and the results are an important assistant and proof agent of the current relationship of students and books and these results are described and analyzed. The last part of this paper underlines the importance of the activities that can help student develop their reading language skill and the general linguistic skills either in the mother tongue or in the second/foreign language. It is in the hands of the teachers to implement this useful guide and make their students love the language learning process. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1797 Title A name given to the resource The Development of Reading Awareness of Students: A Research on the Role of School Libraries in Students Reading Skills and the Relationship of Students and Literature Books Author Author PAPADOPOULOS, Isaak PEIOU, Varvara Abstract A summary of the resource. Key Words: Reading Awarness, Books, School Libraries, Survey, Influence ABSTRACT This paper is a comprehensive analysis of the current situation and the relationship of children with reading extra-curricular books. It is true that younger students are not interested in reading at school and extracurricular books while it is an undeniable fact that the school and society have a significant impact in this situation. This paper continues with detailed proposals for both teachers and their views on the development of reading awareness of students through creative and constructive activities for that reason. These are activities that can be implemented booth by teachers and the parents of the students. In the search for the attitudes of then teachers towards books and reading books from students survey questionnaire was carried out to teachers in three cities of greece and the results are an important assistant and proof agent of the current relationship of students and books and these results are described and analyzed. The last part of this paper underlines the importance of the activities that can help student develop their reading language skill and the general linguistic skills either in the mother tongue or in the second/foreign language. It is in the hands of the teachers to implement this useful guide and make their students love the language learning process. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/60c01fdf5bf1103960081b6b67084fc1.pdf da5f72a22b600d8854a74d46d01eb3c8 PDF Text Text [11] Mohammad Hossein Morowvat, Sara Rasoul-Amini, Younes Ghasemi. Chlamydomonas as a ‗‗new‖ organism for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 2059– 2062. The Development of the Clean Technology Industry: A Conceptual Framework Nir Kshetri The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Abstract The evolutionofanindustrychanges the competitive climate faced by individual firms as well as nations. Many analysts consider the clean technology (CT)industry as a game changer for businesses‘ and nations‘ competitiveness in the 21st century.From a theoretical standpoint, the CT industry contains many idiosyncraticfeatures, which affect the natures of entrepreneurial opportunities and roles in this industry. The issues of the evolution of the clean technology industry and nations‘ competitive advantages in this industry area critical but little-examined problem in the social science research. We contributetofilling this research gap with an analysis of the entrepreneurship in the global CT industry. Specifically, this paper proposes a framework to examine the development of the CT industry and assesses some major economies in terms of the major dimensions in the framework. We also present a case study of entrepreneurship in the Chinese CT industry. Keywords: Clean technology, disruptive innovations, solar cells, China, venture capital, externality mechanisms 1. INTRODUCTION The evolutionofanindustrychanges the competitive climate faced by individual firms as well as nations (Utterback 1996). The rapidly evolving clean technology(CT) industry is toutedasapotential source to bring changes in businesses strategic orientation as well as significant changesintheglobaleconomic and political power structures. Despite their current small size, some CT sectors such as solar and wind energy are the fastest growing forms of electric power (Kennard 2008). Facing the trend toward CT, some companies have developed new competences and capabilities that have the potential of being clean and sustainable. To take an example, DuPont has shifted its portfolio away from its traditional core competencies and is developing new internal competences and capabilities compatible with therecent global greenmovement(Hart 2005). 217 �One can present convincingargumentsto show that the current universal drive toward CT1 is likely to be a long-term trendratherthan a fad or hype2. Reflective pieces from the popular press as well as academic articles have illustrated influential arguments regarding the CT industry‘s likely powerful impacts. Many observers in the U.S., for instance, think that despite the Silicon Valley‘s leadership in technology, it is doubtful that it will be a CT leader (Wadhwa 2010). Additionally, part of the fascinating character of CT is that compared to other industries, innovation per se is likely to make a smaller, independent contributionto success in this industry. For one thing, the CT industry inherently requires the whole new systems instead of merely developing individual technologies (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). For instance, while Japan has been a global epicenter for the advanced CT innovations, analysts have forcefully argued that the innovations alone may not be sufficient to develop the CT industry (Dickie 2010). The all-encompassingnature of the CT industry has created new opportunities as well as threats for organizations in diverse industries and settings.Managersmaybenefit from ensuring that they redefine their actionstobetter reflect the global trends towards the CT industry. Hart (2005) argues that being more innovative in the long-term requires companies to develop internal capabilities and resources to address the trend toward CT and eco-effectiveness. There are several indications that policymakershavebeen persuaded by the economic, environmental, and national security arguments. Governments worldwide are competing to develop CT industries. French finance minister, Christine Lagarde noted: ―[CT] is a race and whoever wins that race will dominate economic development. The emerging markets are well-placed‖ (Bennhold 2010). In April 2009, U.S. President Obama warned: ―The nation that leads the world in 21st-century clean energy will be the nation that leads in the 21st-century global economy‖. In February 2010, he further noted: "Countries like China are moving even faster. . . . I'm not going to settle for a situation where the United States comes in second place or third place or fourth place in what will be the most important economic engine in the future" (cf. Mufson and Pomfret 2010). From a theoretical standpoint, the CT industry contains many unusual and idiosyncraticfeatures.The issues of the evolution of entrepreneurship in the CT industry and nations‘ competitive advantages in this industry are a critical but little-examined problem in the social science research. Gibbs (2009) notes: ―…the concept of a sustainable entrepreneur may remain as much of a ‗black box‘ as sustainable development itself‖ (p. 65). We contributetofilling this research gap with an analysis of the global CT industry. Specifically, this paper proposes a framework to examine the development of the CT industryandassesses the world‘s major economies in terms of the important elements in the framework. We also present a case study of the Chinese CT industry. In the remainder of the paper, we first provide a review of the CT industry. Then, we discuss our proposed model to examine the development of the CT industry. Next, we classify major economies in the world in terms of the framework. The final section provides discussion and implications. 1In the U.S., CT was the only sector that received more VC in 2009 compared to 2008, which experienced a 52% increase to $2.7 billion (Zaborowski2009). 2 While the CT market has been growing since the 1970s (solar panels and wind energy have had a small but loyal consumer), investment in this sector is taking off in recent years (Gangemi2007). 218 �2. A note on the CT industry One of the most striking features of the CT industry is its all-encompassingnature, which touches diverse industries and settings. CT requires re-engineering an economy that has run on fossil fuels since the Industrial Age. The transportation infrastructure, for example, encompasses comprehensive network of energy production and distribution that have been shaped by a century of investment and innovation in oil drills, pipelines, tankers, refineries and gas stations (Harris 2010; Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). Parker and Youngman (2009) haverightly pointed out: ―[C]leantech is not a sector in the traditional sense (like IT or biotech), more a theme‖. Most innovations developed by biotechnology ventures are typically disruptive in nature (ThomassinandCloutier 2001). Despite initial inferior performance, disruptive innovations tend to be ―cheaper, simpler, smaller, and more convenient to use ―(Christensen, Raynor and Anthony 2003). They either create new markets by targeting non-consumers or compete in the low end of an established market. While some innovations in the CT industry might have disruption potential (Parker and Youngman 2009), they might not be so in the same way as in other industries. As noted above, most disruptive innovations tend to be cheaper (Christensen, Raynor and Anthony 2003).To the contrary, while the costs of solar and wind energy have reduced significantly, they remain more expensive than coal-generated electricity (Walet 2010). The CT industry is thus unlikely to follow Moore's Law3 of cost-improvement curve (Karlgaard 2010). Instead of focusing on a particular economic sector, CT entails the development, manufacturing, deployment, and sustainment of technologies that help improve the economic productivity and environmental performance of many sectors of the economy and improves national security (Ernst & Young2007; Parker and Youngman 2009). The development of the CT industries depends upon reducing the costs of products based on existing technologies instead of creating new low-cost products. CT‘s development depends upon emotionalratherthan rational behaviors of consumers and businesses. CT industry‘s success thus requires a fundamental shift in behaviors of consumers and businesses. Likewise, companies‘ responses to the global trends toward CT are also functions of factors such as contribution to international/ nationalsecurityandenvironmental protection in addition toprofit maximization. Some CT leaders, for instance, are likely to be consumer companies that are ―de-materializing‖ and are seeking to improve resource efficiency (Parker and Youngman 2009). Green capitalism is not likely to work in the same manner as in traditional industries. Wallis (2010, p. 33) notes: ―At a conceptual level, it is clear that ―green capitalism‖ seeks to bind together two antagonistic notions. To be green means to prioritize the health of the ecosphere, with all that this entails in terms of curbing greenhouse gases and preserving biodiversity. To promote capitalism, by contrast, is to foster growth and accumulation, treating both the 3 The well-known Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months, driving exponential growth rate of computing power. Over the past 40 years, Moore's Law has been found to be remarkably accurate. For instance, the number of transistors on a single chip increased from 2,300 on the 4004 chip developed in 1971 to 42 million on the Pentium IV processor developed in 2000 (Hamilton, 2001). Moore (2001) was confident that his law 'will be true for another 20 years'. A corollary of Moore's Law is that the cost of computing declines by about 35% every year (Palem 2001). 219 �workforce and the natural environment as mere inputs‖. Acorollaryoftheabove observation is that the traditional venture capital (VC) model that worked for IT may not work for theCT industry. A BusinessWeek article quotes a VC attorney, a CT specialist: " The scale and the risks are much greater". For this reason, some advocates of CT industry maintain that the government needs to act as a source of patient capital. 3. A proposed framework to examine the development of the CT industry The development of the CT industry in an economy can be understood in terms of three main building blocks (Figure 1)4. In this section, we briefly discuss the elements of the building blocks. Figure 1 about here 3.1.Impacts ofCT Impacts ofCT reflect the national welfare created by the CT industry and are the ultimate objectives that policy makers want toaccomplish (Ahmad and Hoffmann 2008). The reason perhaps most often cited for policymakers‘ preference for CT development concerns the shift towards a new form of ―capitalist development‖ that can address concerns related to negative environmental impacts such as global warming and climate change (Gibbs 2009). In addition, CT may also contribute to the economic and national security. In the U.S., for instance, in addition to climate change related concerns, factors such as increasing oil prices, growth of emerging markets and perceived national security implications of energy dependence on foreign countries have been major drivers of the CT industry (Ernst & Young2007). 3.2.Performance of the CT industry Performance indicators are CT related actions that are instrumental in delivering the desired impacts.Put differently, target indicators used in measuring CT performance tellthe progress towards achieving the ultimate objectives. Various indicators related to the development of the CT industrycan be used to measure the performance.Businesses‘ and consumers‘ CT awareness, attitude and preferences are tightly linked to the CT industry‘s performance. It is argued that companies in Japan have a ―non-political, long-term view‖ of energy (San Miguel 2010). In some countries, consumer perceptions are often the biggest roadblock for the development of the CT industry. For instance, due to efficiency and cost-effectiveness of conventional energy in the U.S., consumers have failed to see the benefits of CT (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009; Wadhwa 2010). Production of CT and CT adoption levels of businesses and consumers are also important performance indicators. The width of CT adoption or the number of different uses of CT, and the depth of CT adoption or the amount of usage of a particular CT can also be used to assess a country‘s CT performance. Other indicators include entrepreneurship and emergence of competitive local firms in the CT sector, export of CT related products and CT related innovations. 3.3.Determinants of CT development 4 This framework draws upon Ahmad and Hoffmann (2008). 220 �Determinants of CT development arethe factors that affect CT performance. The left box in Figure 1 presents interdependent and mutually reinforcing elements that determine the development of the CT industry. Government incentives, supports and strategic regulations that favor the local CT industry As is the case of any industry, the development of the CT industry is a function of the level of priority and focus of national industrial and technological policies on fostering and strengthening the industry (National Academy of Science 1985). Trade policy and other strategic regulations also affect the CT industry‘s growth (Tilton 1971). Strategicregulations provide frameworks and processes required for CT related actions that may lead to the planned and targeted results (Medley 1994). Some argue that the market mechanisms do not work perfectly and are associated with various imperfections and impurities. Prior research indicates that the government can take various measures to overcome businesses‘ myopia, greed, and economic power (Hart 1998). Governmentintervention isthus necessary to correct the failure of the market forces (Dahlman 1979). Indeed, some go even further to argue that governmentinterventionmay be desirable (Hvistendahl 2009). Different theoretical contributions and various empirical studies have led to the accepted view that the government can attack barriers to the development of an industry such as those related to skills, information, market and infrastructures by legal and non-legal influences. Scholars examining the development of information and communications technology (ICT) industry have identified these influences in the form of new laws, investment incentives, foreign technology transfer, and other supply-push and demand-pull forces (King et al. 1994; Montealegre 1999). For instance, Singapore has developed itself as an ICT hub of Asia by providing attractive infrastructure, skilled workers and a stable labor environment which attracted a large number of ICT firms to locate there (Kraemer et al. 1992; Wong 1998). Similarly, strong university-industry linkages and a large pool of highly trained scientists and engineers have driven the development of ICT industries in Israel (Porter and Stern 2001). In most cases, CT products such as solar power tend to be more expensive than conventional alternatives (Galbraith 2009). CT startups often need to make huge investments in R&D and wait for a long time to develop a business plan. Developing expensive production facilities and scaling them up may prove to be a challenge of another magnitude (Wadhwa 2010). A consultant noted that a CT company could take up to nine years to become profitable (Gangemi2007). Moreover, some CT sectors such as solar panel manufacturers are facing dropping profits. During 2007-2009, the price of solar panels reduced by more than half (Asiamoney 2009). The CTindustry thus facesnon-price barriers. One way to overcome such barriers would be to increase public sector investments and provide substantial subsidies or other incentives, which is likely to play a key role in stimulating entrepreneurship in such technologies. In sum, government incentives are more important for CT industry compared to other industries. 3.4.R&D and innovation profile An observation is that deployment rather than scientific breakthroughs is critical in the development of the CT industry (LaMonica 2010). However, there may be equally compellingarguments regarding the importance of innovations in the CT industry. Innovation undoubtedly contributes to national competitiveness in CT (NSF 2010). Innovation is especially important in the high-endsegments of the CT industry. For instance, consider 221 �China‘s showcase of high-tech renewable energy in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia. Due to a lack of local high quality photovoltaic installations manufacturers, China is importing photovoltaic panels from U.S.-based First Solar for a 2,000-megawatt power plant in Ordos (Mufson and Pomfret 2010). 3.5.Adverse environmental and health impacts of conventional energy sources Relative advantage is perceived benefits of a technology over previous technologies and the extent to which it is better than the idea it supersedes(Rogers 1962 1983 1995). In this regard, adverse environmental and health impacts of conventional energy sources would lead to a perception of higher relative advantage of CT and encourage its adoption. 3.6.Forward and backward linkages Of special interest is the development of related and supporting industries (Porter 1990). Efficient channels for forward and backward linkages, labor mobilityandstimulation of knowledge and technology transfer affect the development of the CT industry (Markusen and Venables 1999). 3.7.Market size and economies of scale Market size and economies of scaleaffect an industry‘s growth (Tilton 1971). Economies of scale are more important for the CT industry than most other industries.Some analysts argued that even the world‘s biggest markets such as China and the U.S. lack the scale required to succeed in the CT industries (Woetzel 2009). 3.8.Availability of CT related skills, and labor and natural resources The diffusion of a technology is influenced by the nature of inputs (Linder 1961; Vernon 1966). In this regard, CTrelated skills, and labor and natural resourcesarecriticalingredientsforthe success of this industry. 4. Determinants and drivers of the CT industry: Assessing major global economies For accelerating the growth of CT industry, Johnson and Suskewicz (2009) have proposed a framework with four elements: (a) an enabling technology,(b) an innovative business model, (c) a careful market-adoption strategy, and (d) a favorable government policy. A close reading of the literature suggests that the development of enabling technologyand government policy are probably the most important factors affecting entrepreneurial performance and national competitiveness in the CT industry. The OECD/EUROSTAT framework for entrepreneurship indicators, for instance,has six categories of determinants:Regulatory Framework (related to (a)), Market Conditions, Access to Finance, R&D and Technology (related to (d)), Entrepreneurial Capabilities and Culture (Ahmad and Hoffmann 2008). Indeed, the government‘s involvement is critical in discovering an appropriate business model and a market-adoption strategy (b and c in Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). We would thus argue that government policy and development of enabling technologyinfluence international heterogeneity in entrepreneurial performance and national competitiveness in the CT industry. Figure 2 provides a 2 x 2 matrix that classifies major economies in the world on these two dimensions and illustrates how they are positioned to benefit from the global trend towards CT. Figure 2 about here 222 �Dimension 1: Government incentives, supports and strategic regulations that favor the local CT industry Solomon (2009) noted the emergence of two primary strategies in the CT arena: a top-down approach, which involves the government imposing regulations that force companies to embrace CT and a bottom-up approach in which CT entrepreneurs come up with solutions for the marketplace (Solomon 2009). Because of the all-encompassing nature of CT and the importance of the development of a whole system, the latter approach is less likely to be effective in the CT industry. As noted above, government incentives matterin stimulating entrepreneurship in the CT industry (Hvistendahl 2009). In this regard, a 2009 study by Deutsche Bank (DB) ‗Global Climate Change Policy Tracker: An Investor's Assessment‘, which ranked 109 countries, Germany, China and Japan present the lowest risks for green investors and CT firms (PRLog 2009).In particular, there have been direct and targeted public investments in Asia's "clean technology tigers"—China, Japan and South Korea. Substantial and well-targeted incentives and greater public investments have attracted private capital flows in these. These three countries are projected to invest a US$509 billion in CT during 2009-2013 compared to the U.S. investment of US$172 billion (Issues in Science andTechnology 2010). Likewise, German government policies have made the country a CT leader (Altman 2010). The United Arab Emirates(UAE) is another high profile example of an economy which is characterized by government incentives, supports and strategic regulations in the CT industry. Masdar City set up the Abu Dhabi government will run entirely on CT(Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). TheUS$22 billion zero-emission, zero-waste city was launched in 2006 and is scheduled to be completed by 2016 (Singh 2010). In this paper‘s context, strategicregulations are regulations that are developed and applied strategically to provide a framework or process for actions that lead to planned CT results. It is worth noting that the literature is often plagued with claims and counter claims regarding the potential benefits to firms from environmental regulations. Porter and van der Linde (1995) observed that environmental regulations foster innovations andthus benefit firms. Palmer, Oates, and Portney ‗s (1995) models, on the other hand, demonstrated that regulations impose costs on firms, and firms can offset only a portion of those costs through innovation. Mohr and Saha (2008) provide various theoretical examples that are consistent with the Porter and van der Linde‘s assertion. They consider various possiblescenarios associated withenvironmental regulations and discuss some mechanisms by which firms may benefit from environmental regulations. Specifically, they argue that under some conditions, regulations impose costs that can be fully offset via induced innovation (Mohr and Saha 2008). In addition, Mohr and Saha (2008) also point out the possibility that a regulation itself is beneficial even without innovation. Firms may get additional benefit from innovation. It is quite possible that that the cost of regulation is passed along to the consumer in the form of a higher price. Dimension 2: Innovation and R&D profile As discussed earlier, innovation per se is likely to make a smaller contributionto success in the CT industry (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). Innovations, however, undoubtedly contribute to national competitiveness in CT (NSF 2010). For instance, Masdar City is planning to use 100% renewable energy and most of the innovations will be generated on-site (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). Ourseconddimension is thus the degree of innovations in the industry. Table 1 presents some important indicators related R&D and innovations profiles of some major economies in the world. 223 �Table 1 about here One way to understand inventive entrepreneurial activity around the world would be to look at the distribution of patents awarded to inventors in the U.S. Traditionally inventors in the U.S., the European Union (EU) and Japan produced most patents. According to the U.S. National Science Foundation, Taiwan and South Korea have intensified patenting activities in the U.S. in recent years. Chinese and Indian inventors‘ patenting activities, on the other hand, remain modest (NSF 2010). According to The European Patent Office (EPO), the number of CT patents increased significantly after the Kyoto Agreement. Germany, Japan, the UK, the U.S., South Korea and France have been the countries with the most CT patenting activities (cpaglobal.com 2009). Classifying some major economies in terms of the two dimensions We assess some of the major economies intermsof thetwodimensions discussed above. Cell I: South Korea In 2008, South Korean government set ―green growth‖ as the national vision. In 2009, it announced that US$31 billion of its US$38 billion stimulus package would be spent in the CT industry. The package was second only to China in terms of percentage of 2008 GDP (3.4 %) and the world‘s largest as a percentage of the stimulus package (81 %) (Morrison and Yoshida 2009). The package covered various economic sectors and was expected to create about 1 million green jobs. In 2009, a five-year plan was also announced, which aims to spend 2 % of its GDP in the development of environmentally friendly businesses and projects. In July 2009, an additional US$85 billion stimulus was announced for CT industries, which is expected to create about 1.81 million jobs in five years (Morrison and Yoshida 2009). In January 2010, the president signed the Basic Act on Low Carbon Green Growth. The law mandates the government to establish a national strategy for green growth and set national and corporate targets for carbon emissions. The law also provides legal grounds for state investment in CT (Jang-jin 2010). The country‘s presidential committee selected 10 green technologies to promote as new growth engine businesses for 2010. By 2012, the country will add 28,000 environment-friendly buses and provide incentives to reduce food waste by 20 % (Jang-jin 2010). It has set an explicit goal of increasing South Korean companies' share of the global CT export market by 8 % points (Atkinson 2010). As noted above, South Korea has intensified patenting activities in the U.S. in recent years. South Korea is also among the top 6 countries in the world for CT patenting activities (cpaglobal.com 2009). Cell I: Japan The Japanese government announced in the early 2010 that it would provide US$33 billion incentives for the CT industry. The targeted deployment would be in solar, hybrid-electric vehicles, and energy-efficiency technologies. The government also announced plans to spend an additional US$30 billion by 2015 on achieving price and performance improvements of the CT industry (Atkinson 2010). Japan‘s innovationprofile in CT is advanced. Japan leads the world in CT patents (Parker and Youngman 2009). Between 2002 and 2006, Japan applied for 60,261 patents for environmental technology compared to 25,047 applied by the U.S. (Fuller 2010). For cleancoal technology, the top six holders of patents are Japanese. Cell II: The U.S. and the U.K. 224 �The U.S. and the U.K. historically were the most popular destinations for global private CT investors (Atkinson, 2010). From 2000 to 2008, the U.K. and the U.S. attracted high levels of green capital investment --$17 billion and $52.1 billion respectively (PR Log 2009). In 2008,however, China overtook the U.S. in CT related private investments. In 2009, China gained in its global share of VC in CT, while North America lost its share. North America's share of global CT VC funding declined from 72 % in 2008 to 62 % in 2009 (Red Herring 2010). According to the Deutsche Bank mentioned earlier, the U.K. and U.S. have a high risk policy and CT investment environment (PR Log 2009). According to the report,the U.S. primarily relies on "volatile market incentive approach ".The recent trend of private investment reveals adecliningconfidence in the U.S. CT industry. Critics blame the U.S. for ―wavering policies, complex permitting, and a skittish financial community‖ (LaMonica 2010). The American Clean Energy and Security Act was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives in 2009. The Act arguably includes too few proactive policy initiatives and allocates relatively little funding to support R&D, commercialization and production of clean-energy technologies (Atkinson, 2010). Current U.S. energy and climate policies focus on stimulating domestic demand primarily through indirect demandside incentives and regulations. Analysts argue that the proposed U.S. climate and energy legislation may not close the CT investment gap. Some analysts argue that one of the biggest problems facing the U.S. CT concerns a political system. Powerful interest groups and the society arguably have acted as barriers to CT friendly policies (Parker and Youngman 2009). Wadhwa (2010) noted: ―The Valley may develop some breakthrough technologies, but without government help these are unlikely to translate into global leadership‖. While the U.S. has a R&D and innovation profile, the country overall lags behind Japan on CT patents. However, U.S. firms lead in some clean tech sectors. For instance, U.S. firms hold two-thirds of the patents on carbon-capture technology. While the U.S. runs a CT trade deficit of over $6 billion (Gerwin 2010), some U.S. companies such as First Solar are exporting high-end CT products. Cell III: China CT sectors that were prioritizedbythegovernment actions have experienced rapid growth (Parker and Youngman 2009). David Sandalow, a U.S. assistant secretary of energy for policy and international affairs—a CT expert recently put the issue this way: ―China‘s investment in clean energy is extraordinary. Unless the U.S. makes investments, we are not competitive in the CT sector in the years and decades to come‖ (Lean 2010). China is behind the U.S. and other industrialized countries in terms of CT innovations. According to Chatham House, no Chinese companies is among the top CT patent holders. For instance, there is no Chinese company among the top 20 holders of patents for clean-coal technology. Most Chinese players are concentrated in the low end of the CT industry. For instance, while China has a large number of players in the solar devices sector, most focus on low-tech rooftop water-heaters or cheap, low-efficiency photovoltaic panels (Mufson and Pomfret 2010). Likewise, quality levels of China‘s wind-turbine manufacturers lag far behind those of General Electric, Vestas and Siemens (Mufson and Pomfret 2010). Cell IV: India In June 2009, the Indian National Solar Mission announced that it had set a target to reach 20 GW installed solar capacity by 2020, which was more than the entire world‘s solar generation 225 �capacity for 2009. India, however, expects to pay for the US$20 billion plan primarily through international financing (Peace 2009). As of July 2009, India‘s total fiscal stimulus was US$6.5 billion (0.5 % of GDP) compared to China‘s US$586 billion (Fuller 2009). According to Chatham House, no Indian company is among the top CT patent holders. In general, India‘s innovation and R&D profile has been low (Table 1). 5. Discussion and conclusion This article disentangled the mechanisms behind the development of the CT industry.Disruptive innovations are quite possible in the CT industry, especially when there is a sizable segment of the population adopting this technology. As in other disruptive innovations, the incumbents (e.g., the industrialized nations-based firms) may lack the ability to play the new game in the field of CT (Christensen, Raynor and Anthony 2003). As noted above, companies such as DuPont have entered into a completely new game of CT (Hart 2005). Chinese CT firms‘ internationalization activities may be the latest sign to suggest that Chinese firms mayemergeaswinners in the global CT race. The case study presented in this paper also suggested that the Chinese CT industry is more sophisticated than first meets the eye. The government is playing an influential role to drive the Chinese CT industry.The Chinese government is counting on the CT to enhance its image. The Communist Party expects that a richer and greener economy might help increase respect for it. There has already been some results. In recent years, air quality has improved in some Chinese cities (Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs 2007). While the Chinese CT industry performs well in the government‘s incentives and support as well as strategic regulation, its R&D and innovation profile has been low. To achieve various objectives related toeconomic, environmental and national security (impacts of CT), China needs to slip into a higher gear. Lampton (2005) noted that ―China can be weak and strong simultaneously‖. And so can its CT industry. China continues to gain strength in CT industries. Government‘s measures are the key to China's success. Of particular interest are the proposed regulatory measures, which are further likely to drive the growth of this industry. More than a decade ago, Koo (1998) noted that the ―progress in China has been scarcely noted in the Western media and overshadowed by the focus on the human rights abuses as perceived by the West‖. This observation remains generally true today as well. Several analystshavewarnedthat Western managers may have underestimated the innovation taking place in China (Rein 2010). The Western media have neglected to pay enough attention to transformations undergoing the Chinese CTindustry. Brian Fan, senior director of research at the Cleantech Group noted: "A lot of people underestimate how focused China is on becoming a global leader in CT" (Mufson 2009). Some analysts argue that neither China nor the U.S. has the scale required to succeed in the CT industries (Woetzel 2009). The above discussion indicates that China can achieve better economiesofscale and has various mechanisms to build it.However, China and the U.S. have complementary characteristics. For instance, China‘s low cost advantage in the CT industry can be combined with the strengths of the U.S. such as innovation and VC. Our framework also allows us to examine international trade and factor mobility in the CT industries. As noted above, Japan is ahead of the U.S. in CT innovations. The fact that China has already overtaken the U.S. as Japan‘s biggest trading partner makes China-Japan 226 �collaboration in Green technology more likely than U.S.-Japan collaboration(economist.com 2010). REFERENCES Ahmad, N., and Hoffmann, A. N. (2008). A Framework for Addressing and Measuring Entrepreneurship, OECD Statistics Working Paper, January.http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2008doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT000009FA/$FILE/JT03239191 .PDF Altman, P. 2010. Who Says U.S. Businesses are Pulling Back on a Climate Bill?. Natural Resources Defense Council, February 24, 2010. http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/paltman/who_says_us_businesses_are_pul.html. Anderson, A.R. 1998. 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Table 1: R&D and innovations profiles of some major economies in the world Patents Receipts Research Researchers granted to of royalties and in R&D residents and license development (per million (per million fees (R&D) people) 1900–05 People) 2000–05 (US$ per person) 2005 Expenditures 2000–05 Japan 857 138.0 3.1 5,287 The U.K. 62 220.8 1.9 2,706 The U.S. 244 191.5 2.7 4,605 South Korea 1,113 38.2 2.6 3,187 China 16 0.1 1.4 708 India 1 0 0.8 119 Source: UNDP (2008) 231 �Figure 1: A framework for understanding CT related Indicators Determinants and drivers of the CT industry Government incentives, supports and strategic regulations that favor the local CT industry R&D and innovation profile CT related performances Consumers’ CT awareness, attitude and preferences Production of CT and CT adoption levels of businesses/consumers Adverse environmental and health impacts of conventional energy sources Entrepreneurship and emergence of competitive local firms in the CT sector Forward and backward linkages Market size and economies of scale Export of CT related products Availability of externality mechanisms CT related innovations Availability of CT related natural resources, skills and labor resources Figure 2: Assessing major world economies in terms of some determinants of CT development Degree of government incentives and support Degree of R&D and High innovation High Low [I] [II] Japan The U.S. South Korea The U.K. Germany Low [III] [IV] 232 �China India The UAE Notes: In the U.S., CT was the only sector that received more VC in 2009 compared to 2008, which experienced a 52% increase to $2.7 billion (Zaborowski2009). 5ii While the CT market has been growing since the 1970s (solar panels and wind energy have had a small but loyal consumer), investment in this sector is taking off in recent years (Gangemi2007). iii The well-known Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months, driving exponential growth rate of computing power. Over the past 40 years, Moore's Law has been found to be remarkably accurate. For instance, the number of transistors on a single chip increased from 2,300 on the 4004 chip developed in 1971 to 42 million on the Pentium IV processor developed in 2000 (Hamilton, 2001). Moore (2001) was confident that his law 'will be true for another 20 years'. A corollary of Moore's Law is that the cost of computing declines by about 35% every year (Palem 2001). iv This framework draws upon Ahmad and Hoffmann (2008). Unit Root Properties Of Energy Consumption And Production In Turkey Özgür Polata1,Enes E. Uslub2, Hüseyin Kalyoncuc3 1Department of Economics, Dicle University, Diyarbakır/Turkey. 2Turkstat Expert, Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, Turkey Necatibey c. Yucetepe m. No:114 Ankara, Turkey 3 Department of International Trade, Meliksah University, Kayseri/Turkey E-mails: opolat@dicle.edu.tr , enesuslu@tuik.gov.tr, hkalyoncu@meliksah.edu.tr Abstract In this study, unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using unit root tests based on LM considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of the unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is 5 Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Finance 233 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1249 Title A name given to the resource The Development of the Clean Technology Industry: A Conceptual Framework Author Author Nir , Kshetri Abstract A summary of the resource. The evolutionofanindustrychanges the competitive climate faced by individual firms as well as nations. Many analysts consider the clean technology (CT)industry as a game changer for businesses‘ and nations‘ competitiveness in the 21st century.From a theoretical standpoint, the CT industry contains many idiosyncraticfeatures, which affect the natures of entrepreneurial opportunities and roles in this industry. The issues of the evolution of the clean technology industry and nations‘ competitive advantages in this industry area critical but little-examined problem in the social science research. We contributetofilling this research gap with an analysis of the entrepreneurship in the global CT industry. Specifically, this paper proposes a framework to examine the development of the CT industry and assesses some major economies in terms of the major dimensions in the framework. We also present a case study of entrepreneurship in the Chinese CT industry. Keywords: Clean technology, disruptive innovations, solar cells, China, venture capital, externality mechanisms Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/862356dbf8e35b7a4b4a13366a2df05b.pdf d121768fa09991c981ed8d9a7e080be4 PDF Text Text Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li The Development of the Professional Competencies of Teachers on the Basis of an Innovative Approach Sabithon Turgunov & Muhayo Umaralieva Uzbek Scientific-Research Institute of Pedagogical Sciences, Uzbekistan Abstract: In the article the question of organization, management and improvement of the quality and effectiveness of teaching processes in secondary institutions,revealed the role of the teacher in coordinating students ' activities. The authors have proposed a number of recommendations on the development of the professional competence of the teacher. Formatted: Left: 2,54 cm, Right: 2,54 cm, Top: 2,54 cm, Bottom: 2,54 cm Formatted: Left, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Font: Not Bold, Italic Formatted: Centered, Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Keywords: Competence, a component of the pedagogical process, management, quality, efficiency. Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li 1. Introduction Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li One of the important stages of continuing education identified in the National programme on personnel training, is training and coaching that, in turn, is directly connected with reforming the system of retraining and advanced training of pedagogical staff and providing the necessary conditions for the organization of this process at a high level. Comprehensive development and modernization of the educational system has necessitated the necessary skill set of today's teacher. This is high spirituality and pedagogical skills, social activities, independent thinking and innovation, a sense of responsibility towards society, government and family for the results of training and education. 2. Coordination of pedagogical processes and activities Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Rapid changes and improvements occurring in the field of education and youth policy of the state require teachers to quickly orientate themselves in their essence, to constantly enhance professional knowledge, to master the skills of working in partnership with students with regard to the principles of subjectivization and activity of students ' personality, to create conditions to increase the motivation and organization of reflexive activity in the educational process. From this it follows that the main tasks of educational institutions for the organization and management of pedagogical processes are: the organization and control of educational process on a scientific basis, making available to students the necessary information related to the assimilation of the program material, all-round personality development of students, preparing them for life in modern society. Organization of pedagogical processes and management is implemented in many areas. Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li �Denote primary: – define instructional, educational and developmental goals based on the topics studied in accordance with educational programmes; planning students ' activities on implementation of the identified goals and objectives; the use of educational technology; – identification of potential students and projections of situations that allow you to implement scheduled tasks, their distribution; – determination of factors affecting the efficiency of the educational process; ensuring an individual approach to students, the use of "active" technologies; – selection and preparation of teaching tools used in the pedagogical process; – ensuring succession and continuity of the pedagogical process; – establishment of cooperation between schools, families, makhallas; – the use of advanced pedagogical experience and modern information technologies in the pedagogical process; – implementation of STATE requirements and monitor compliance; – collection and analysis of information about the learning process by conducting a questionnaire survey among the students; – correction and update tasks aimed at the development and improvement of the activities of the students; – organization self-study in accordance with the requirements of the STATE; – organization of innovation activities, and contributing to the formation and development of interest in self-learning activities; – control and coordination of learning, of work and play activities of students. Therefore, the functional duties of a teacher are extremely versatile: from the organization and management of pedagogical process, and achieving the planned results to the monitoring, analysis and assessment of the level of mastering of educational material, implementation of the requirements of the STATE subject to the coordination of all activities of subjects within the educational process. Coordinating the activities of the subjects of the educational process involves not only the cooperation of teachers and students directly in the process of cognitive activity( in class or outside of it), but also the cooperation of the teaching staff and administration of educational institutions in matters of management of the educational process. Management activity, organized on the principles of cooperation and friendly relations, is essential to determine the educational and developmental goals, the choice of direction of their implementation, the rational allocation of tasks, coordination of activity of participants of the educational process, improvement of pedagogical skills and professional experience of the teaching staff. In the educational process in the framework of cooperation defined by the equal status of teachers and students, the status of subjects of this process, in which achievement of results, is related to the level of professional competence of the teacher. According to many experts, the educational process is carried out on subjective relations, greatly enriches the experience of the teacher. The quality of the management depends on the effectiveness of �pedagogical processes, sustainable competency development of teachers, improving their expertise and skills. In turn, the teacher's personality largely determines the success of students and ways of achieving it. The teacher in the pedagogical process serves as a manager and as a member of the cognitive activity, and the role of the manager, and as a member of the cognitive activity, and this status obliges them to possess professional training and high moral qualities. In our opinion, the quality of competence that should be possessed by the head of the educational institution, is fully applicable also to ordinary teachers. 3. Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li The competence of the teacher consists of his spiritual worldview, psychological and pedagogical, organizational and technological abilities, and all together creates a capacityfor professionalism. This potential is manifested in the pedagogical process and affects its efficiency. The concept of the competence of the teacher in organizing and managing pedagogical processes includes individual abilities and the professional level of teachers and their desire for self-development and continuous updating of knowledge, and the desire to organize the educational process according to modern requirements. In the organization of the pedagogical process the teacher needs to rely on atechnological systematic approach to management; to master the features and tools of management; to know the content and significance of educational technology and to implement them in practice; it is reasonable to use methods of leadership; to learn the basics of management education, to innovate, to apply information technology and communication tools; to organize the management of the educational process on a scientific basis; to implement state educational standards, to accumulate and use necessary information, etc. From the above it follows that the competence of teachers selects a number of areas and components which play a role in the development of personal and human qualities of the teacher, his professionalism and ability to work, communication and morale. i.e. communication skills and moral character. So, a competent teacher: knows the necessary skills for the effective organization of the educational process, knows the psychology of the age, has a moral potential and high spirituality, has the ability to use modern technologies in the educational process, has a rich professional experience. He owns the secrets of professional skills, world and religious knowledge. This organizer and entrepreneur, a patriot and internationalist, friendly and caring person, and most importantly – he is able to teach another, to come to the rescue at the right moment. About say, "He's a master of his craft". "Skills" (the Arabic word for "maarat" means art, skill, dexterity. Used expressions: the great master, a craftsman, an artisan. Hence the expression and even the term "professional skills" When people say that about a teacher, we primarily mean the ability to organize and manage the pedagogical process, to coordinate the activities of process participants, to enhance their activity. In the current understanding of professional competence nested components such as the organization of the educational process on a scientific basis, the research skills of the teacher, the ability for management, leadership, propensity for self-development and self-education – �in short, the ability to build the educational process in accordance with modern requirements. 4. In conclusion it should be emphasized that the scientific organization of the educational process contributes to its quality and effectiveness, enhancing the students’ objective analysis and assessment from the teacher. To realize its purpose in this process the teacher with the philosophical and spiritual world view, psychological-pedagogical and organizational-technological potential, possessing the technology of data collection, objective evaluation and information processing, able to predict situations and factors that adversely affect the activity of the pupils, and to identify ways of achieving the objectives. Such a teacher can be called a teacher with a high degree of pedagogical competence. References: 1.Моисеев А.М. Качество управления школой: каким оно должно быть.–Москва, 2001. .Азизхўжаева Н.Н. Ўқитувчимутахассислигигатайёрлаштехнологияси. –Тошкент: НизомийномлиТДПУ,2000. 3. Джураев Р.Х, ТурғуновС.Т. Таълиммуассасаларинибошқаришдаменежментнинг асосий тушунчалари. – Тошкент: “Фан”,2006. Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li Formatted: Indent: First line: 0 cm, Line spacing: Multiple 1,15 li � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3281 Title A name given to the resource The Development of the Professional Competencies of Teachers on the Basis of an Innovative Approach Author Author Turgunov, Sabithon Umaralieva, Muhayo Abstract A summary of the resource. In the article the question of organization, management and improvement of the quality and effectiveness of teaching processes in secondary institutions,revealed the role of the teacher in coordinating students ' activities. The authors have proposed a number of recommendations on the development of the professional competence of the teacher. Keywords: Competence, a component of the pedagogical process, management, quality, efficiency. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-21 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/59c9823da975fb53ae11ae2cc8920a81.doc 1c780fa7c52830efe1ce4ee465a92c08 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/881476215f9fd7cc2c7552c43f0fff52.pdf 116e8999353967964e4bb12a50305604 PDF Text Text 1st International Annual Student Symposium raising constructions of Bulgarian (2009). The aim is to test whether possessor raising constructions exist in Bosnian and to show how the data from Bulgarian can be applied to Bosnian, another Slavic language. The paper first gives an outline of some preliminary facts about the syntax of Bosnian nominal phrases (noun phrases – NPs or determiner phrases – DPs) and its (possessive) clitics, which are well-known to occupy the second position in the clause. The second part of the paper aims to present the nature of possessor rising as it applies to Bosnian. Although English does not exhibit instances of true possessor rising, there will be some, though limited, comparisons between Bosnian and English in this respect. Parallels will also be drawn between Bulgarian and Bosnian. The final section of the paper offers a conclusion and a unified account of the phenomenon of possessor rising in Bosnian. The analysis of possessor rising in Bosnian is done in the framework of generative grammar. The differences and similarities between English and German language at the basic level of translation Dina Sofović International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: differences and similarities, Indo-European language family, Loaned words, linguistics ABSTRACT I have aimed to concentrate on the comparative analysis between English and German language and to investigate the differences and similarities concerning the major word formation processes in English and German at the basic level in this paper. Similarity between the two languages stems from the fact that much vocabulary has common roots, as they, English and German, belong to 28 | �BOOK OF ABSTRACTS the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. They are both Germanic, even though each has borrowed many words from Latin, French and Greek, that means that many common words are similar in both languages, for example: house/Haus, man/Mann, here/Hier and good/gut, and even some words are identical for example: Hand, Arm, Sand and Finger. Modern English has evolved into one of the dominant world languages, and it also had a growing influence on other languages. Loaned words cover different fields such as popular culture, politics, business and the environment, because of profound changes in the life and language, the influence of English language worldwide and that many expressions from English appear as loan words. According to Garrod and Sanford definition of a specific communicative task such as a description or instruction, the information to be expressed is not mapped directly from memory into linguistic form. Hence, speakers generate a temporary conceptual structure which focuses on a specific set of pragmatics, semantic, and syntactic options and sets guidelines for the process of mapping information into linguistic form. Translation is often thought to be primarily about words and their meanings, what the words in the source text mean, and how words in the target language will convey meaning. Recent linguistics research has not yet been able to come up with the actual percentage of Anglicism in German language. Loanword and its usage Adela Hasanic International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT In this paper my aim is to explain the use of loanwords as well as their prevalence in most languages. For foreign language learners understanding the foreign or second language is much easier if it contains similarities with native language. | 29 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1443 Title A name given to the resource The differences and similarities between English and German language at the basic level of translation Author Author SOFOVIC, Dina Abstract A summary of the resource. I have aimed to concentrate on the comparative analysis between English and German language and to investigate the differences and similarities concerning the major word formation processes in English and German at the basic level in this paper. Similarity between the two languages stems from the fact that much vocabulary has common roots, as they, English and German, belong to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. They are both Germanic, even though each has borrowed many words from Latin, French and Greek, that means that many common words are similar in both languages, for example: house/Haus, man/Mann, here/Hier and good/gut, and even some words are identical for example: Hand, Arm, Sand and Finger. Modern English has evolved into one of the dominant world languages, and it also had a growing influence on other languages. Loaned words cover different fields such as popular culture, politics, business and the environment, because of profound changes in the life and language, the influence of English language worldwide and that many expressions from English appear as loan words. According to Garrod and Sanford definition of a specific communicative task such as a description or instruction, the information to be expressed is not mapped directly from memory into linguistic form. Hence, speakers generate a temporary conceptual structure which focuses on a specific set of pragmatics, semantic, and syntactic options and sets guidelines for the process of mapping information into linguistic form. Translation is often thought to be primarily about words and their meanings, what the words in the source text mean, and how words in the target language will convey meaning. Recent linguistics research has not yet been able to come up with the actual percentage of Anglicism in German language. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 925 Title A name given to the resource The Differences in Adolescent Humor Style Preferences Author Author Minela, Kerla Abstract A summary of the resource. The Subject of this study are the styles of adolescent humor, their self-evaluation and school success. The study will use a correlation draft, in which descriptive-analytical method will be used. The Instruments will consist of HSQ scales (Humor Styles Questionnaire, Martin, 2003), RSS (Rosenberg self-esteem scale, Rosenberg, 1965), SPINO scales (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Waston, Clark and Tellegen, 1998, α = .82), a questionnaire SOUL (Semantic differential adjectives of affiliative humor, Kerla, 2011, N =100, NI = 26, α = . 96). In a sample of 110 adolescents, students of International School of Sarajevo, the results have shown that there are no statistically significant differences in preference of styles of humor in female and male adolescents. However, there are significant differences in preference of afilliative style of humor in primary and secondary school students (t = 2.6 p = 0.11), as of self-defeating style of humor in elementary and high school students (t = -2.36, p = 0.02). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/72ffbb027bcd7da1a132d9122daf5f2a.pdf 2796d16fddb75b68bb1c272c19f5a910 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo The Difficulty of North American – r: an Analysis as a Pronunciation Difficulty Prof. Dr. Mehmet Demirezen Department of ELT, Hacettepe University, Ankara/ Turkey md49@hacettepe.edu.tr Abstract: The American-r phoneme, whose IPA sign is , which is a retroflex case of pronunciation, represents a very serious stumbling block in teaching standard American pronunciation to Turks. Due to use of different primary articulators (tongue tip vs. tongue dorsum, the American English phoneme / / has long been associated with relatively large amounts of articulatory variabilities as tap, flap, approximant, and the like. The endpoints of the articulatory continuum for / / can be analyzed via functionally different articulatory configurations with the accompaniment of different primary articulators (tongue tip vs. tongue dorsum). These endpoints as a different type of / / have been characterized in the literature as ―bunched‖ which means the use of tongue dorsum and ―retroflexed‖ that signifies the use of the tongue blade/tip, which gets to be a pronunciation difficulty for Turkish teachers of English. The primary purpose of the current study is to investigate the problematic pronunciation issue of American English /r/ phoneme for Turks. The goal of the present study is twofolded. The first goal is to solve the serious confusion in the definition of taps and flaps, and the second is to explore the phonetic context of word-initial-medial-final flapping of / / into retroflexion in North American English (NAE) and tapping in British English (BrE) via its ambiguous perception by Turks due to such observable entities, namely, preceding or following sound, intervocalic positioning through phonotactics and crosslanguage phonetic interference. Key words: flapping, retroflexion, bunched articulation, tapping, neutralization Introduction There is a confusion in the explanation and definition of terms concerning a flap and a tap, and there apparently seems to be very little agreement among the phonologists on the definition of these two terms. Although the IPA takes flaps and taps to be the same thing, some phonologists insist on distinguishing them (Carr, 2008: 55; Trask, 1996). Giving phonetic explanations based on the place, point and manner of articulation of them inevitably lead to neutralization of flap and tap that happen to be misleading for the non-native learners of English. Such a dubious definition is given by Malmkj ker (1995:34-35): A flap or tap is a sound in whose articulation one speech organ strikes against the other just once….a retroflex: the curled-up tip of the tongue and the hard palate. A structural description among the flap, tap, and retroflex occurrences can be necessary here. To clarify the confusions on these two terms, some definitions given by the philologists must be compared and contrasted. Statement of the Problem: North American-r as a Wrong Pronunciation case The articulation and production of North American English-r is ambiguous. Many of Turkish English teachers are wrong in its pronunciation. This claim is specified by an analysis of the Turkish English teachers. Data is gathered from an examination of the oral English exam conducted at the Department of English Language Education in July 2010 on 27 Turkish English teachers, 9 of whom were males, 18 females, within age range of 25 to 34. They had a teaching experience of one year to 13 years. Each one has got an MA degree in Teaching English Education from 20 different state universities in Turkey. The subjects were all on-the-job teachers. The subjects were observed by the researcher while they were being asked questions on applied linguistic, ELT and EFL by five jury members. The speeches of the 27 MA applicants were listened in by the researcher when they were taking the Oral exam while answering the questions asked by five jurors. The subjects had no idea that they were being graded on the efficiency of pronunciation articulation of flaps, retroflex-r, and taps. Through critical listening techniques, their repeated pronunciation errors on the form of /r/ are captured by using the error hunt approach, shown in the following three diagnostic charts given below. The diagnostic test utilized here depends on the suggestion made by Baker (1993: 895 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 134) and is further modified by the author of this article. For each student via this diagnostic test, an inventory of the primary articulations in word-initial, word-medial, and word-final occurrences is kept for each and every student. The diagnostic test given below is kept, via a tracking activity by the present researcher, on each applicant‘s articulation over the problem-causing consonants at word-initial, word-medial, and word-final occurrences, and the result was: As a calculation, as it is seen in diagnostic chart 3, it was understood that only two of the applicants were using the bunched form of /r/ phoneme because they had earned their AM degree in USA while the rest of the applicants were using a Turkish variant of NAE-r in all environments. There are several reasons of this ambiguous articulation of NAE-r by Turkish English teachers. In fact, the secondary goal of this paper is to show the serious confusion in the definition of taps and flaps, and the second is to explore the phonetic context of word-initial-medial-final flapping of / / into retroflexion in NAE and tapping in BrE and its ambiguous perception by Turks, due to such observable entities, namely, preceding or following sounds, intervocalic cases and cross-language phonetic interference. The Phonetic Structure of /r/ in North American English The IPA-system recognizes at least eight kinds of /r/, which are articulatorily different from each other. The articulation of /r/-phoneme in form of retroflexion, in a back-bounded form of pronunciation, is impressive in North English English (NAE), pointing to its difference from British variant which is called a tap. The American flap is treated ambiguously by Turkish teachers and teacher trainees, who seriously fail to recognize and articulate it in its native form. A possible reason for this ambiguity stems from the impact of Turkish /r/- phoneme plays a serious on this failure as a cross phonetic influence. In NAE or GA , /r/ phoneme is a voiced alveolar flap (retroflex) or a bunched semivowel; in BrE, it is a/r/ is a voiced alveolar tap semivowel. Phonetically, it has four types of 896 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo occurrences in the structure of the English language, exhibited in the following words: The symbol / / stands for a retroflex-r: When it is a consonant, it is accepted as a liguid in both NAE and BrE /r/, being a semi-vowel, in a syllableinitiating position, functions as on-glide; in a syllable-terminating position, it functions as off-glide, without any hold (Tiffany and Carrell, 1987:102). Different Varieties of /r/ in NAE and BRE In the structure of English, the /r/ phoneme very frequently takes place in form of different variants, like a consonant, semi-vowel, approximant, glide, or retroflex. Among NAE and BrE dialects, the usage of /r/ phoneme differs characteristically. When consonant r is an on-glide as in run or red there occur only a few distinguishing differences among the dialect regions. There are however, many phonetic situations where the General American speaker uses r as an off-glide but where the typical New Englander or Southerner drops the sound or uses a non rcolored glide. The word car for instance, would be kar in GA but might be k : in some other regions. Note that the vowel is characteristically lengthened in this case (Tiffany and Carrell, 1987:345). There are also some differences of the definition on /r/. For example, the American r is classified as a voiced linguapalatal glide. It is produced by the gliding movements of the organs of articulation. (Tiffany and Carrell, 1987: 345). The retroflex- r, when it functions as a consonant is considered to be a liquid… .. Thus, at the beginning of a word and followed by a vowel, the retroflex r typically functions as a consonant while at the peak of a syllable it appears to function as a vowel low (Wolfram and Johnson, 1982: 21). The alveolar continuant , produced with the tongue blade raised towards the alveolar ridge and the sides of the tongue in contact with the molars, forming a narrow channel down the middle of the tongue, heard in many kinds of English including RP (Davenport and Hannahs, 1998: 32). Thus, these definitions indicate that it is bound to be pronunciation problem causer to non-native speaking teachers and trainees because of its tap, flap, and retroflex allophones. Confusion: Different Definitions on TAPS and FLAPS There is a serious confusion in the definition of taps and flaps because there are many dubious definitions on them (Platt et al., 372 ; Ladefoged , 2006: 171-172) Some phoneticians distinguish between taps and flaps in terms of the articulatory movements involved (Crystal, 2008: 477). Phonetically dubious definitions of terms are harmful to learners since they curtail and blur the learning process. Often there is no strict distinction between taps and flaps (Bussman,1996:1178). Trask (1996:146) states, the confusion of definition on them must be avoided. Similarly, some phoneticians distinguish systematically between flaps and taps, on the grounds that in the case of flaps the articulator which makes the contact is returning to a position of rest, whereas in the case of taps this is not so, and the contact 897 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo resembles a very rapid stop articulation (Crystal, 2008: 191). This is a very sensible definition that carries phonetic plausibility. The term retroflex is a phonetic classification of consonant sound on the basis of place of articulation. It ―refers to a sound made when the tip of the tongue is curled back in the direction of the front part of the hard palate – in other words, just behind the alveolar ridge. The degree of retroflexion varies considerably between sounds and dialects. The quality of r sounds traditionally associated with American English, and with many rural British English dialects (especially in the South West), illustrates one main group of retroflex sounds‖ (Crystal, 2008: 415). There are two basic varieties of retroflex-r in NAE. The first one is the retroflex flap-r during the articulation of which the tip of the tongue raised up to the hard palate to touch in a back-bounded manner; that‘s why it is retroflex flap-r. For the tongue tip raised version, the tip of the tongue (apico) is elevated and points directly towards the rear of the alveolar ridge (postalveolar). For the retroflex articulation, the body of the tongue is hallowed and the tongue is bent backwards in a more retroflex position. Here the term apico refers to the underside of the tongue as it curls backward approximating the front portion of the palatal area (prepalatal) (Bauman-Waengler, 2009:140- A great majority of Turkish learners of English and teachers on-the-job do not articulate it in the retroflex position, but pronounce it as Turkish /r/, which is very much similar to British-r in word-initial positions and before or after consonants. An other common articulation is the so-called bunched /r/. It has the following specific feaure of articulation: The middle part of the tongue is raised (mediodorsal) toward the middle part of the hard palate (mediopalatal); the tongue tip is relatively low, near and behind the front lower incisors. In addition, the tongue is retracted into a compact ―bunched form‖, giving this articulation its characteristic name (Bauman-Waengler, 2009:140. According to IPA notation system, the bunched system does not have a representative phonetic symbol, the tongue-tip-raised version is / /, and the symbol / / is used for retroflexed central approximant (BaumanWaengler, 2009: 141). (Retroflex-r) (Bunched-r) Figure 1: Adapted from (Bauman-Waengler, 2009:140) 898 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Figure 2: Adapted from (Bauman-Waengler, 2009:140) (Combined Form) The articulations of Turkish teachers on NAE-r do not even approximate to this bunched form of /r/. Instead, they articulate it as they do in BrE-r in the environments of word-initial and post consonantal positions, the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar/dental teeth ridge that is almost like the Turkish form in terms of point and place of articulation, which boils down to mean that Turkish – r and British – r are very similar, as seen in in figure 3. Figure 3: British English –r (Adapted from: Kelly, 2000: 51) Conclusion The transcription of /r/ phoneme appears to be confusing right from the beginning because the r sounds have been transcribed in such a variety of ways and phonetic symbols in the IPA system. There is a considerable disagreement on the phonetic nature of flapped-/r/ in NAE; two forms of utterances are accepted: retroflex and bunched shapes. One of their observations is that NAE retroflexed / / is actually produced by a raised, laminal tongue blade, and not a curled tongue blade, but with a curled apex. In fact, a flap is a retroflex tap. The Turkish teachers can never approximate to this position because no comparable r-sound exists in the phonemic inventory of Turkish. In the bunched form of articulation the tip of the tongue is relatively kept low, but Turkish teachers again cannot approximate their r-articulations to the bunched form either. Turks tend to approximate their r-articulation through a phonetically oriented neutralization process in all environments. Apparently, both the phonetic characteristics and phonological structure of a speaker's native language are also influential on this issue. In fact, /r/ is also difficult sound to be acquired infantile speech for Americans (Shriberg, 1993; Sander, 1972) and Turkish infantile speech as well. It is notoriously difficult for American children to learn to produce (McGowan et al., 2003). Sander (1972) reported that the median age for acquisition of /r/ for American children was 3 years, and it was not until age 6 years that 90% of children produced /r/ correctly. By nature and composition as a speech sound, /r/ in itself poses an intrinsic difficulty for the non-native language teachers. Foreign speakers have a multitude of problems with the r sounds. A principal reason is that many modern languages have r‘s that differ conspicuously from the American. When the foreign sound is carried into English, the result may be a very prominent dialect feature. The fact that foreigner‘s native sound bears some general resemblance to American r may make learning the r all the more difficult (Tiffany and Carrell, 1987:346; Yamada and Tohkura, 1992) One of the greatest difficulties seems to be teaching the foreign speaker to treat r as a retroflex or bunched form. Such a difficulty of pronunciation inefficiency, which damages the beauty of pronunciation and points to the heavy existence of native accent in the subjects, waits to be rehabilitated. 899 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo REFERENCES Baker, A. (1981). Ship or Sheep? An Intermediate Pronunciation Course, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Baker, A. (1993). Introducing English Pronunciation. A Teacher‘s Guide to Tree or Three and Ship or Sheep. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Bauman-Waengler, J. (2009). Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology: From concepts to Transcription. Boston: Pearson. Bussmann, H. (1998). Routledge Dictionary of Language and linguistics. London: Routledge. Carr, P. (2008). A Glossary of Phonology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. 900 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Crystal, D. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (76th ed.). Maldon: Blackwell Publishing Company. Davenport, M. and Hannahs, S. J. (1998). Introducing phonetics and phonology. London: Arnold. Kelly, G. (2008). How to Teach Pronunciation. Longman: Pearson Education Limited. Ladefoged, P. and Maddieson, I. (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Malmkj r, C. (1995). The Linguistics Encycplopedia. London: Routledge McGowan, R. S. and Nittrouer, S. and Manning, C. (2004). Development of in young, Midwestern, American children. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115, February 2004, 871-884. Richards, J. C., Platt, J, and Platt, H. (1992). Dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. Essex: Longman Group Limited. Roach, P. (2009). Glossary. A little Encyclopeida of phonetics. Sander, E. K. (1972). ‗‗When are speech sounds learned?‘‘ J. Speech Hear Disord. 37, 55–63. Skandera, P. and Burleigh, P. (2005). A manual of English Phonetics and Phonology. Gunter: Narr Verlag Tùbingen. Shriberg, L.D. (1993). Four new speech and prosody-voice measures for genetic research and other studies in developmental phonological disorders. J. Speech Hear. Res. 36, 105-140. Tiffany, W. and Carrell, J. (1987). Phonetics: Theory and Application. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Trask, R. L. (1996). Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. London: Routledge. Wolfram, W and Johnson, R. (1982). Phonological analysis: Focus on American English. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice-Hall, Inc., p. 24). Yamada, R.A., Tohkura, Y. (1992). Perception of American English /r/ and /l/ by native speakers of Japanese. In Tohkura, Y., Vatikiotis-Bateson, E., Sagisaka, Y. (Eds.), Speech Perception, Production, and Linguistic Structure. IOS Press, Burke, VA. 901 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 554 Title A name given to the resource The Difficulty of North American – r: an Analysis as a Pronunciation Difficulty Author Author Demirezen, Mehmet Abstract A summary of the resource. The American-r phoneme, whose IPA sign is , which is a retroflex case of pronunciation, represents a very serious stumbling block in teaching standard American pronunciation to Turks. Due to use of different primary articulators (tongue tip vs. tongue dorsum, the American English phoneme / / has long been associated with relatively large amounts of articulatory variabilities as tap, flap, approximant, and the like. The endpoints of the articulatory continuum for / / can be analyzed via functionally different articulatory configurations with the accompaniment of different primary articulators (tongue tip vs. tongue dorsum). These endpoints as a different type of / / have been characterized in the literature as ―bunched‖ which means the use of tongue dorsum and ―retroflexed‖ that signifies the use of the tongue blade/tip, which gets to be a pronunciation difficulty for Turkish teachers of English. The primary purpose of the current study is to investigate the problematic pronunciation issue of American English /r/ phoneme for Turks. The goal of the present study is twofolded. The first goal is to solve the serious confusion in the definition of taps and flaps, and the second is to explore the phonetic context of word-initial-medial-final flapping of / / into retroflexion in North American English (NAE) and tapping in British English (BrE) via its ambiguous perception by Turks due to such observable entities, namely, preceding or following sound, intervocalic positioning through phonotactics and crosslanguage phonetic interference. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9fa4f5ab19fcbd67d67b5fff42afbdb3.pdf 1d180e0fefa3c15b2a57766ea4558ca6 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Dissolution Kinetics Of Chalcopyrite Concentrate In Aqueous Chlorination Solutions Of Chalcopyrite Concentrate Ah met Yartaşı Hakan Temur M. Muhtar Kocakerim Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty Department of Chemical Engineering Erzurum TURKEY yartasi@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: In this study, the dissolution kinetics of chalcopyrite concentrate was investigated by using the solutions obtained with dissolution of chalcopyrite concentrate in water saturated with chlorine. Reaction temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio, stirring speed, [Fe3+], [Cu2+] and [H+] were chosen as parameters. It was determined that the dissolution rate of chalcopyrite concentrate increased with increasing reaction temperature, [Fe3+] and [H+], and decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio, but was not affected importantly by [Cu2+] and stirring speed. A mathematical expression representing the process was established by using experimental data and a package program, as follows, 1-(1-X)1/3 = {0.803.(S/L)0.32.(SS)0.17.[Fe3+]0.38 .[Cu2+]0.19.[H+]1.19.exp(-31.78/RT)}.t Also, it was found that the dissolution rate was controlled by chemical reaction step with an activation energy of 31.78 kJ.mol-1 in the reaction temperature range 50-88 0C. Keywords: Chalcopyrite, copper, chlorination, dissolution kinetics. Introduction Chalcopyrite, being one of the most abundant copper ores in the world isthe most important ore used in production of the copper by pyrometallurgical methods.It contains minerals such as FeS2 , ZnS, PbS in addition to CuFeS2 in nature. On the other hand, the SO2 gas emitted to atmosphere during the production of copper by pyrometallurgical methods is an important pollutant. Nowadays, the governments force the firms producing metals from sulphide minerals to use less harmful technologies because of its threatening properties for environment. This situation brings along the necessity of developing of new environmentalisttechnologies. As an alternative to the pyrometallurgical processes, hydrometallurgical metalrecovery is getting importance in this area. Furthermore,the problem of evaluating the chlorine gas being a by-productin production of NaOH needed in enormous amountsinindustry is waiting a solution because ofimpossibility ofits emission to the atmosphere. There are many studies on the dissolution, dissolution kinetics and mechanism of copper ores in various aqueous media. Havlik et al.(1995) examining the leaching of chalcopyrite concentrate with ferric chloride solutions found that the rate of leaching increased with concentration of ferric ions up to the 0.5 M concentrations of ferric chloride and the activation energy of this process was 55 ± 5 kJ.mol-1. Havlik and Kam mel(1995) investigated leaching of chalcopyrite in acidified FeCl3 and acidified FeCl3 + CCl4 solutions. They found thatthe leaching in the absence of CCl4 was a chemically controlled reaction with activation energy of 68.9 kJ.mol-1 inthetemperature range 45-800 C and inthe presence of CCl4 was a diffusion controlled process with activation energy of 31.2 kJ.mol-1 inthe same temperature range. The high reactivity of gaseous chlorine as an oxidizing agent in leaching processes have been caused a number of studies on the extraction of metalsulphides by chlorineleaching. Bayrakçeken et al.(1990) studied the kinetics of the chlorination of pyrite in aqueous suspensions and found that the rate controlling step was the chemical reaction between chlorine and pyrite forthe temperature range 13-35 0 C, and the diffusion of chlorine through the fluid film forthe temperature range 40-60 0 C withthe activation energies respectively 36.7 kJ.mol-1 and 3.7 kJ.mol-1,respectively. Çolak et al.(1987) examined the kinetics of dissolution of chalcopyritein aqueous solutions saturated by chlorine gas and determined thatthe diffusion of the reactants through product layer was the rate controlling step with an activation energy of 9.81 kJ.mol-1. 212 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Reactions of copper sulfide minerals with chlorine in an aqueous media were studied by Groves and Smith(1973) and determined that when the dissolution process was complete,the reaction products(copper,iron and sulfur) were in their highest oxidation states and stoichiometric amount of chlorine was consumed. In an study carried out by Ekmekyapar et. al.(1988), it was investigated the dissolution kinetics of an oxidized copper ore in water saturated by chlorine, and found that the dissolution process proceeded in two stages and was controlled by diffusion through the ash layer in each stage. The authors determined that the activation energies forthe first and second stages were 27.15 and 20.21 kJ.mol-1,respectively. Chalcopyrite can be dissolved with various leaching agents such as hydrochloric acid (Habashi and Toor, 1979), chloride/hypo chloride media (Puvvada and Murthy, 2000),ferric chloride (Dutrizac, 1990; Maurice and Hawk,1999), acidic Cl- solutions(Lu et al.,2000), CCl4 saturated with chlorine(Saraç etal.,1994) and H2 SO4NaCl-O2 (Padilla et al., 2003). In addition to these, oxide and sulphide ores of base metal minerals were examined by using various chlorinating agents such as Cl2,HCl, Cl2-O2, FeCl2 and O2 and CuCl2 (Mukherjee and Gupta, 1983). In this study, the dissolution kinetics of concentrate chalcopyrite in the chlorination solution (solution obtained by dissolution of chalcopyrite concentratein water saturated with chlorine was investigated and effects of the parameters, such as reaction temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio, stirring speed, [Fe3+], [Cu2+] and [H+] on the dissolution rate were determined. Methods And Materials The chalcopyrite concentrate used in this study was provided from Çayeli, Rize in Turkey and sieved by using a 75 µm AST M standard sieve. Chemical analysis of concentrate gave a composition of 24.02 % Cu, 29.36 % Fe, 36.55 % S, 2.19 % Zn, 0.19 % Pb, 0.1 % Al2 O3, 0.9 % moisture and 6.69 % other components. X-ray diffractogram obtained by a Rigaku D M A X 2000 Series X-ray diffractometer and given in Figure 1 shows that the concentrate contains CuFeS2, FeS2, ZnS, Cu2 S, CuS and very smallamount of Al2 O3 and SiO2. Also, SE M photogram ofthe concentrateis seen in Figure 2. 250mL- a jacketed glass reactor was used for dissolution experiments under atmospheric pressure. The reactor contents were mixed by a mechanical stirrer with tachometer and its temperature was controlled by a constant temperature circulator. The reactor was fitted with a cooler to prevent the volume reduction of the solution by the evaporation. The parameters used in the experiments and theirranges are given in Table 1. Dissolution experiments were carried out using the chlorination solutions.In order to obtain this solution an enough amount of chalcopyrite concentrate was dissolved in enough amount of chlorine saturated water under predetermined optimum conditions(45o C for reaction temperature, 0.05gmL-1 for solidto liquid ratio, 0.2 molL-1 for [Fe3+], 0.025 molL-1 for [Cu2+] and 120 min for reaction time), and then,the suspension was filtered and the filtrate stocked. The obtained solution was containing species such as Fe3+, Cu2+, H+, SO4 2- and Cl-. Concentrations of these spieces were 14.6, 4.0, 4.46, 2.2 and 124.3 gmL-1, respectively. Various concentrations of Fe3+, Cu2+ and H+ were prepared by adding Fe3+, Cu2+ or H+ to this solution or by diluting the solutions. After 250 mL of the chlorination solution was placed into reaction vessel it was heated to the reaction temperature. And then, a certain amount of the concentrate was added tothe reaction vessel,and the vessel content was stirred at a certain stirring speed for a desired period. At the end of dissolution period, reaction mixture was filtered, and the amounts of Cu2+ passing to the solution was determined by the volumetric method(Gülensoy, 1984). In the experiments, whilethe effect of one parameter was examining,the values of other parameters were kept constant. The data obtained were plottedinthe form of conversion fraction, described as X = [the amount of Cu passing to the solution from chalcopyrite concentrate /the amount of Cu in chalcopyrite concentrate] versus time. Results And Discussion Dissolution Reactions In aqueous medium, the reactions between chalcopyrite concentrate and chlorine gas are as follows(Demopulos and Distin,1983, O’Malley and Liddell, 1987, Meyers,1977) 2CuFeS2(s) → Cu2 S(s) + 2 FeS(s) + S(s) (1) Cu2 S(s) + Cl2(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + CuS(s) (2) CuS(s) + Cl2(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + S (aq) (3) (4) FeS2(s) →FeS(s) + S(s) 2FeS(s) + 2 Cl2(aq) → 2FeCl2(aq) + 2S(s) (5) 213 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 4S (s) + 2 Cl2(aq) → 2 S2 Cl2(l) (6) 2 FeCl2(aq) + Cl2(aq) → 2FeCl3 (7) (aq) (8) 2 S2 Cl2(l) + 10Cl2(aq) + 16H2 O → 4H2 SO4(aq) + 24HCl(aq) FeS2(s) + 2Fe3+(aq) → 3Fe2+(aq) + 2S(s) (9) CuFeS2 (s) + 4Fe3+ → Cu2+ (aq) + 5Fe2+ (aq) + 2S(s) (10) S(s) +6Fe3+ (aq) +4H2 O→ HSO4 - (aq) +6Fe2+ (aq) +7H+ (aq) (11) W hen chalcopyrite concentrate is added into the chlorination solution,the reactions taking place in the medium can be written as follows; (10) CuFeS2(s) + 4Fe3+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 5 Fe2+(aq) + 2 S(s) CuFeS2(s) + 16Fe3+(aq) + 8H2 O → Cu2+(aq) + 17 Fe2+(aq) + 2SO4 2-(aq) +16H+ (aq) (12) FeS2(s) + 2Fe3+(aq) → 3Fe2+(aq) + 2S(s) (9) 6Fe3+(aq) + S(s) + 4H2 O → 6Fe2+(aq) + HSO4 -(aq) + 7H+ (aq) (13) After dissolving the concentrate atreaction temperature of 75 o C, particle size of 75 µm, stirring speed of 450 min-1, solid-to-liquid ratio of 0,02 g.mL-1, Cu2+ ion concentration of 4.03 g.L-1, Fe3+ ion concentration of 13.90 g.L-1 and H+ ion concentration of 4.46 g.L-1 and the mixture was filtered. After the solid part was extracted with 100 mL of carbon sulphide in a reaction vessel equipped with a condencer and the extraction mixture was filtered,the filtrate was evaporated and it was seen thatthe residue was elemental sulphur. The effects of parameters The effect of reaction temperature on the dissolution rate was studied using four reaction temperatures (50, 65, 75 and 88 o C ) at particle size of 75 µm, stirring speed of 450 min-1,solid-to-liquid ratio of 0,02 g.mL-1, [Cu2+] of 4.03 g.L-1, [Fe3+] of 13.90 g.L-1 and [H+] of 4.46 g.L-1. As seen in Figure 4,the dissolution rate of chalcopyrite concentrateincreases with increasing reaction temperature. The effect of stirring speed on the dissolution rate was studied by using three stirring speeds (300, 450 and 600 min-1) at particle size of 75 µm, reaction temperature of 75 o C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.02 g.mL-1, 2+ -1 3+ -1 + -1 [Cu ] of 4.03 g.L ,[Fe ] of 13.90 g.L and [H ] of 4.46 g.L . The experimentalresultsseen in Figure 5 show evidently thatthe dissolution rate is not affectimportantly of stirring speed. To investigate the effect of solid-to-liquid ratio on the dissolution rate,the experiments were carried out by using three solid-to-liquid ratios(0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 g.mL-1) at particle size of 75 µm, reaction temperature of 75 o C, stirring speed of 450 min-1,[Cu2+] of 4.03 g.L-1,[Fe3+] of 13.90 g.L-1 and [H+] of 4.46 g.L-1. Data for various solid-to-liquid ratios is seen in Figure 6. This figure shows that decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio increases the dissolution rate, which can be explained by the decrease in the amount of solid per amount of solution in the reaction mixture. To determine the effect of [Cu2+] of on the dissolution rate, the experiments were carried out by using three[Cu2+] values (4.03, 6.03 and 8.05 g.L-1) at particle size of 75 µm, reaction temperature of 75 o C, solid-toliquid ratio 0.02 g.mL-1, stirring speed of 450 min-1,[Fe3+] of 13.90 g.L-1 and [H+] of 4.46 g.L-1. As can be seen in Figure 7, which the experimentalresults are given,the effect of[Cu2+] on the dissolution rateis notimportant. This case can be explained by the factthat when the large amount of Fe3+ ions are presentin reaction medium, Cu2+ ions can not have an oxidizing effect. The effect of[Fe3+] on the dissolution rate was investigated by using three [Fe3+] values (13.90, 20.89 and 27.85 g.L-1) at particle size of 75µm, reaction temperature of 75 o C, solid-to-liquid ratio 0.02 g.mL-1, stirring speed of 450 min-1, [Cu2+] of 4.02 g.L-1 and [H+] of 4.46 g.L-1. Experimental results plotted in Figure 8 show that the dissolution rate increase with increasing [Fe3+]. It has been stated that the following reactions occur during reaction between chalcopyrite and FeCl3 (Hawlik et al. 1995; Çolak et al., 1987); CuFeS2(s) + 4Fe3+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 5 Fe2+(aq) + 2 S0(s) (10) CuFeS2(s) + 16 Fe3+(aq) + 8H2 O → Cu2+(aq) + 17Fe2+(aq) + 2 SO4 2-(aq) + 16H+ (aq) (12) Due to above reactions (1 and 2),the dissolution rateincreases with increasing [Fe3+]. The effect of [H+] on the dissolution rate was investigated by using three [H+] values (4.46, 2.23 and 1.12 -1 g.L ) at particle size of 75µm, reaction temperature of 75 o C, solid-to-liquid ratio 0.02 g.mL-1, stirring speed of 450 min-1,[Cu2+] of 4.03 g.L-1 and [Fe3+] of 13.90 g.L-1. The experimentalresults plotted in Figure 9 show that dissolution rateincrease with increasing [H+]. Kinetics Analysis The kinetics of a noncatalytic reaction between a solid and a liquid,represented by A(fluid) + bB(solid) → Products, can be represented by one of two ideal model: Progressive-conversion model and shrinking core 214 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo model(Levenspiel, 1999). In progressive-conversion model, it is visualized that reactant liquid enters to particle and reacts throughoutthe particle at alltimes. At this case,the reaction rate can be defined by pseudo-homogenous models and in the shrinking core modelitis derived integrated rate equations to show the reaction rate.In such a case, the particle size may unchanged or shrink. Ifit unchanges, the derived integrated rate equations are t/t* = X, (for diffusion controlthrough liquid film) t / t* = 1-3(1-X)2/3 +2(1-X), (for diffusion control through ash or product layer) t / t* = 1-(1-X)1/3, (for surface chemical reaction control) If it shrinks during the reaction, the diffusion through ash or product layer is absent and the integrated rate equation are t / t* = 1-(1-X)2/3 , (the diffusion control through liquid film for small particles) t / t* = 1-(1-X)1/2 , (the diffusion control through liquid film for large particles) t / t* = 1-(1-X)1/3, (for surface chemical reaction control) In the presented study, it was determined by statistical and graphical methods that which of above models fits with experimental data and was observed that the most appropriate model was surface chemical reaction control. As shown in Figure 10, graphs of[1-(1-X)1/3] versus tfor various reaction temperatures(50, 65, 75 and 88 o C ) gave straightlines. The similar straightlines were obtained for other parameters, also. The regression coefficients of these lines were higher than those obtained for other models. This result stated that the dissolution rate is controlled by chemical reaction. The activation energy of this dissolution process was found to be 32.96 kJ.mol-1 from the slop ofthe straightline of Lnk versus 1/T in Figure 11. W hen the activation energy result of the present work is compared the results from the literature for chalcopyrite leaching (Dutrizac 1978, Jermilow et al. 1969, Dutrizac 1978, Dutrizac 1982 and Hirato et al. 1986),itis seen thatthe results ofthis work islower than those in the literature(Table 2).To find the reason of this case,the initialrate values, ro were determined from Figure 4, and accepting thatthe kinetic equation isin the form of ro = ko[exp(-Ea/RT)],another activation energy value of 47.59 kJ.mol-1 was calculated from the graph of Lnro versus 1/T shown in Figure 12. This value is in a good agreement with the literature values given in Table 2, and can be considered astrue value ofthe activation energy. The difference between the observed activation energy and the one calculated from initialrate values can be explained by the formation of elemental sulphur covering the surface of the particle. When the reactions between the active species in the leaching solution and chalcopyrite and/or pyrite proceeds, elemental sulphur occurs according to the following reactions FeS2(s) + 2Fe+3(aq) → 3Fe+2(aq) + 2S0(aq) (9) CuFeS2(s) + 4Fe3+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) + 2S0(s) (10) Elementalsulphur precipitating on the particle surface can coverthe surface,forming a productlayer. Due tothis film,the activation energy reduces from the true value of 47.59 to 32.96 kJ.mol-1 asthe reaction proceeds. Similar observations have been recorded by Boncukçuoğlu et al.(1994) and Erşahan et al.(1995). In the study of Boncukçuoğlu et al.the reactions taking place in the leaching system were FeS2(s) + 2Fe+3(aq) → 3Fe+2(aq) + 2S0(s) (9) FeS2(s) + 14Fe3+(aq) +8H2 O → 15Fe2+(aq) + 2HSO4 - aq) + 14H+ (aq) (14) Because reaction 9 is very fast compared to reaction 14 and high acidity gains speed this reaction (Boncukçuoğlu et al.,1994; Erşahan et al, 1995, Meyers, 1977) and ,in similar way,it may say thatreaction 10 is faster than reaction 12, also, sulphur obtained by reactions 9 and 10 forms a sulphur layer increasing on particle surface and the dissolution reaction becomes slow. As a results,taking into accountthe values ofthe activation energies, 1-(1-X)1/3 versus t graphs and their regression coefficients, ineffectiveness of stirring speed on the dissolution rate, it can be concluded that the dissolution process was controlled by chemicalreaction. To drive a mathematical expression including the effects of the parameters, the experimental data were treated using a statistical program and the following equation was developed 1-(1-X)1/3 = {0.803.(S/L)-0.32.(SS)0.17.[Fe3+]0.38 .[Cu2+]0.19.[H+ ]1.19.exp(-31.78/RT)}.t (15) This method gave an activation energy of 31.78 kJ.mol-1 which is slightly lower than the value of 32.96 kJ.mol-1 calculated from Lnk – 1/T graph. To test the agreement between the experimental conversion values and the values calculated from mathematical expression,the plot of Xexp versus Xtheo was drawn. As seen in Figure 13, the agreement between the experimental and calculated values is very good. 215 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Conclusions In the presented study, the dissolution kinetics of concentrate chalcopyrite in a solution obtained by dissolution of chalcopyrite concentrate in water saturated with chlorine have been investigated using reaction temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio, stirring speed, [Fe3+], [Cu2+] and [H+] as parameters. It was determined that the dissolution rate of chalcopyrite concentrate increased with increasing reaction temperature, [Fe3+] and [H+], and decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio, but was not affected importantly by [Cu2+] and stirring speed. For this dissolution process, a mathematical model was obtained as follows, 1-(1-X)1/3 = {0.803.(S/L)-0.32.(SS)0.17.[Fe3+]0.38 .[Cu2+]0.19.[H+ ]1.19.exp(-31.78/RT)}.t (15) It has found thatthe dissolution rateis controlled by chemicalreaction step with an activation energy as much as 31.78 kJ.mol-1 in the reaction temperature range 50-88 0 C. List Of Symbols X t t* b D T S/L SS [H+] [Fe3+] [Cu2+] fractional conversion time (min) time for complete conversion of a single solid particle(min) stociometric coefficient of B (solid) reacting with each mole of A (fluid) particle size (µm) reaction temperature (K) solid-to-liquid ratio (g.mL-1) stirring speed(min-1) H+ ion concentration (g.L-1) Fe3+ ion concentration (g.L-1) Cu2+ ion concentration (g.L-1) References Bayrakçeken, S., Yaşar, Y. and Çolak, C., (1990). Kinetics of the chlorination of pyrite in aqueous suspension. Hydrometallurgy. 25, 27-36. Boncukçuoğlu, R., Kocakerim, M. M. and Erşahan, H., (1994). Kinetics of desulphurization of Nevşehir-Dadağı coal with ferric chloride solutions, Fuel Processing Technol. 38, 31-44 Çolak, S., Alkan, M. and Kocakerim, M.M., (1987). Dissolution kinetics of chalcopyrite containing pyrite in water saturated with chlorine. Hydrometallurgy. 18, 183-193. Demopoulos,G.P. and Distin,P.A.,(1983). Ferric Chloride Leaching of Sulphidized Chalcopyrite. Hydrometallurgy, 10,111122. Dutrizac, J.E., (1978). The kinetics of dissolution of chalcopyrite in ferric ion media. Metallurgical Transactions B. 12B, 431 438. Dutrizac, J.E., (1982). Ferric ion leaching of chalcopyrite from different localities. Metallurgical Transactions B. 13B: 303309. Dutrizac, J.E., (1990). Elemental Sulphur Formation During The Ferric Chloride Leaching Of Chalcopyrite. Hydrometallurgy. 23, 153-176. Erşahan, H., Bonçukcuoğlu, R.and Kocakerim, M.M., (1995). Elemental Sulfur Formation In The Meyers Coal Desulphurization Process, Fuel. Vol 74, No:11, 1682-1686 Ekmekyapar, A., Çolak, S., Alkan, M. and Kayadeniz, Đ., (1988). Dissolution Kinetics Of An Oxidized Copper Ore In Water Saturated By Chlorine. Chem.Tech. Biotechn. 43, 195-204. Groves R. D. and Smith, P.B., (1973). Reactions Of Copper Sulphide Minerals With Chlorine In An Aqueous System. United States Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigation 7801. Gülensoy, H., (1984). Kompleksometrinin Esasları ve Kompleksometrik Titrasyonlar. Fatih Yayınevi Matbaası, 259 s, Đstanbul. 216 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Habashi, F. and Toor, T., (1979). Aqueous Oxidation Of Chalcopyrite In Hydrochloric Acid. Metallurgical Transactions B. 10B, 49-56. Havlik, T. and Kammel, R., (1995). Leaching Of Chalcopyrite With Acidified Ferric Chloride And Carbontetrachloride Addition. Minerals Engineering, 8 (10), 1125-1134. Havlik, T., Skrobian, M., Balaz, P. and Kammel, R., (1995). Leaching Of Chalcopyrite Concentrate With Ferric Chloride. Int., J., Miner. Process. 43, 61-72. Hirato, T., Kinoshita M, and Awakura, Y, (1986). The Leaching Of Chalcopyrite With Ferric Chlorides. Metallurgical Transactions B. 17B, 19-28. Küçük, Ö., Kocakerim, M.M., Yartaşı, A. and Çopur, M., (2002). Dissolution of Kestelek’s colemanite containing clay minerals in water saturated with sulphur dioxide. Ind. Eng.Chem. Res. 41, 2853-2857. Levenspiel, O., (1999). Chemical Reaction Engineering, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 566-586. Lu, Z.Y., Jeffrey, M.I. and F. Lawson, (2000). The effect of chloride ions on the dissolution of chalcopyrite in acidic solutions. Hydrometallurgy. 56 (2), 189-202. Maurice, D. and Hawk, J.A., (1999). Simultaneous autogenous milling and ferric chloride leaching of chalcopyrite. Hydrometallurgy. 51, 371-377. Meyers, R.A., (1977), Coal Desulphurization, Dekker, New York. Mukherjee, T.K. and Gupta, C.K., (1983). Base metal resource processing by chlorination. Mineral Processing Technology Review. 1, 111-153. O’Malley and Liddell, K.C., Leaching of CuFeS2 by aqueous FeCl3,HCl and NaCl: Effects of solution composition and limited oxidant. Metallurgical Transaction B, 18B,505-510. Padilla, R., Zambrano, P. and Ruiz, M.C., (2002). Leaching of sulfidized chalcopyrite with H2SO4-NaCl-O2, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 34B, 153-159. Puvvada, G.V.K. and Murthy, D.S.R., (2000). Selective precious metals leaching from a chalcopyrite concentrate using chloride/hypochlorite media. Hydrometallurgy. 58, 185-191. Saraç, H., Kocakerim, M.M. and Çolak, S., (1994). Dissolution kinetics of chalcopyrite containing pyrite in carbon tetrachloride saturated with chlorine. Chimica Acta Turcica. 22 (3), 259-370. Parameters Values Reaction temperature ( 0 C) 50 65 75 Solid-to-liquid ratio(g.mL-1) 0.01 0.02 0.04 Stirring speed(min-1) 300 450 600 [Fe3+ ](g.L-1) 13.90 20.89 27.85 [Cu2+ ](g.L-1) 4.03 6.03 8.05 [H+ ](g.L-1) 4.46 2.13 1.12 Table 1.Parameters used in the experiments and theirranges 88 Temperature range Ea Literature (0 C) (kJ.mol-1) 50-100 46 ± 4 Dutrizac (1978) 30-100 42 ± 4 Dutrizac (1978) 40-100 63 ± 8 Dutrizac (1982) 58-85 59.5 Hirato et al.(1986) Table 2. Apparent activation energy values Ea of chalcopyriteleaching with ferric chloride 217 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 1. X-Ray diffractogram of the chalcopyrite concentrate Figure 2. SE M photogram of the chalcopyrite concentrate Figure 3. SE M photogram of undissolved solid portion during the reaction 218 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 0,8 0 Reaction temperature( C ) 0,7 50 65 75 88 0,6 X 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0 40 80 120 160 Reaction time (min) Figure 4. Effect of reaction temperature on dissolution of chalcopyrite concentrate 0,6 -1 Stirring speed (min ) 300 450 600 X 0,4 0,2 0,0 0 40 80 120 160 Reaction time(min) Figure 5. Effect of stirring speed on dissolution of chalcopyrite concentrate 219 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 0,7 -1 Solid-to-liquid ratio( g.mL) 0.01 0.02 0.04 0,6 0,5 X 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0 40 80 120 160 Reaction time (min) Figure 6. Effect of solid-to-liquid ratio on dissolution of chalcopyrite concentrate 0,7 0,6 2+ -1 [Cu ] ( g.L ) 4.03 6.04 8.05 0,5 X 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0 40 80 120 160 Reaction time(min) Figure 7. Effect of [Cu2+] on dissolution of chalcopyrite concentrate 0,8 0,7 3+ [Fe 0,6 X 0,5 -1 ]( g.L ) 13.90 20.89 27.85 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0 40 80 120 160 Reaction time(min) Figure 8. Effect of [Fe3+] on dissolution of chalcopyrite concentrate 220 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 0,6 + 0,4 X -1 [H ]( g.L ) 2.64 1.32 0.66 0,5 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0 30 60 90 120 150 Reaction time (min) Figure 9. Effect of [H+] on dissolution of chalcopyrite concentrate 0,35 0 Reaction temperature( C ) 50 65 75 88 0,30 1-(1-X) 1/3 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Reaction time(min) Figure 10. Plot of 1-(1-X)1/3 againstreaction time for various reaction temperature -6,0 Ln k -6,4 -6,8 -7,2 -7,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 3,0 3 3,1 -1 1/T x 10 (K ) Figure 11. Graph of Lnk versus 1/T for dissolution process inthe reaction temperature range 50-88 0 C. 221 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo -4,2 -4,6 Ln r 0 -5,0 -5,4 -5,8 -6,2 -6,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 3 3,0 3,1 -1 1/T x 10 (K ) Figure 12. Graph of Lnro versus 1/T forinitialreaction rate 0,40 0,35 0,30 X Experimental 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 XTheoretical Figure 13. Comparison of experimental and theoretical conversion values from mathematical expression in Eq. 15 222 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 513 Title A name given to the resource The Dissolution Kinetics Of Chalcopyrite Concentrate In Aqueous Chlorination Solutions Of Chalcopyrite Concentrate Author Author Yartası, Ahmet Temur, Hakan Kocakerim, M. Muhtar Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the dissolution kinetics of chalcopyrite concentrate was investigated by using the solutions obtained with dissolution of chalcopyrite concentrate in water saturated with chlorine. Reaction temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio, stirring speed, [Fe3+], [Cu2+] and [H+] were chosen as parameters. It was determined that the dissolution rate of chalcopyrite concentrate increased with increasing reaction temperature, [Fe3+] and [H+], and decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio, but was not affected importantly by [Cu2+] and stirring speed. A mathematical expression representing the process was established by using experimental data and a package program, as follows, 1-(1-X)1/3 = {0.803.(S/L)- 0.32.(SS)0.17.[Fe3+]0.38 .[Cu2+]0.19.[H+]1.19.exp(-31.78/RT)}.t Also, it was found that the dissolution rate was controlled by chemical reaction step with an activation energy of 31.78 kJ.mol-1 in the reaction temperature range 50-88 0C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1859bc9c0ba498d34bcebbbb1bd07a29.docx a9447eb7fba2f290e48dcd65d83206ea https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fed4fd4f17897038db42123e7314e28d.pdf cdc15821d76e4ceab9e601faecb1856e PDF Text Text The Driving Forces behind Albania’s Growth GüngörTuran Epoka University Albania gturan@epoka.edu.al ÇeljetaSherifi Epoka University Albania celjetasherifi@gmail.com Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of the Albanian economic growth that occurred from 2002-2012. We have explored, first, the time series properties of the growth rates of gross domestic product and labor productivity with an extended battery of unit-root tests. Then, in a multivariate setting, we use the VAR model methodology to provide evidence that physical and human capital accumulation, R&D expenditure, openness and competitiveness are the main drivers of output, labor productivity and total factor productivity growth in the long run. Keywords: growth, Solow model, VAR methodology, Albania. 56 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2486 Title A name given to the resource The Driving Forces behind Albania’s Growth Author Author TURAN, Güngör SHERIFI, Çeljeta Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper examines the determinants of the Albanian economic growth that occurred from 2002-2012. We have explored, first, the time series properties of the growth rates of gross domestic product and labor productivity with an extended battery of unit-root tests. Then, in a multivariate setting, we use the VAR model methodology to provide evidence that physical and human capital accumulation, R&D expenditure, openness and competitiveness are the main drivers of output, labor productivity and total factor productivity growth in the long run. Keywords: growth, Solow model, VAR methodology, Albania. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/446d1c1a0f56a63d209769c2d919c272.pdf 3a1932e0227a9e409c9064041adb467c PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Dynamic Relationships between Stock Market Capitalization Rate and Interest Rate in Turkey Cengiz Toraman Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye cengiztoraman2004@yahoo.com Çağatay Başarır Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Türkiye cagataybasarir@gmail.com This paper investigates the long run and short-term relationships between stock market capitalization rate and interest rates in Turkey over the period 1998-2012. Prior to conducting the analysis in a time series, in order to test the stability of the series, a unit root test was initially applied. It is determined that both stock market capitalization rate and interest rate series are not stationary. Long-run relationship is tested by Johansen Cointegration tests and casual relationship is tested by Granger Causality tests. According to the results of the study, there is long-run relationship between stock market capitalization rate and interest rates while there is not causal relationship between stock market capitalization rate and interest rates in short term. Keywords: Stock Market Capitalization Rate, Interest Rates, Cointegration, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Causality. 78 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d31ccec2d7192e25a7989e2818d84e8a.docx acb4a3066460e1f0cfbfc0a77734b396 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6b75806ff277700af83fd72291a72890.pdf eb6638216ddf640b1b93e81f4b7560d5 PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The DynamicRelationshipsbetween Stock MarketCapitalization Rate and Interest Rate in Turkey CengizToraman Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye cengiztoraman2004@yahoo.com ÇağatayBaşarır Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Türkiye cagataybasarir@gmail.com Abstract This paper investigates the long term and short term relationships between stock market capitalization rate and interest rates in Turkey over the period 1998-2012. Prior to conducting the analysis in time series, in order to test the stability of the series, a unit root test was initially applied. It is determined that both stock market capitalization rate and interest rate series are not stationary. Long-term relationship is tested by Johansen Cointegration tests and casual relationship is tested by Granger Causality tests. According to the results of the study, there is long term relationship between stock market capitalization rate and interest rates while there is not causal relationship between stock market capitalization rate and interest rates in short term. Keywords: Stock Market Capitalization Rate, Interest rates, Cointegration, Vector error, Correction model (VECM), Causality. Introduction Two critical factors of economic growth are stock exchange and interest rate. The effects of interest rate on stock exchange ensure important implications for monitory policy towards financial markets. The relationship between stock market capitalization rate (SMCR) and interest rate have preoccupied the minds of economists since they both play important roles in influencing a country’s economic development (Aydemir and Demirhan, 2009). Theoretically, interest rates have negative impact on stock market performance. An increase in interest rates would avoid investors making high risk stock market investments comparing to low risk interest bearing security investments such as fixed deposits, savings certificates, treasury bills etc (French et al., 1987). In other words, demand for high risk stock market investments would fall if the interest rates are high. As a result, fall in demand for shares would eventually reduce its prices. In contrast, lower interest rate would cause opposite effects such as higher demand for stock investment and increase of share prices. On the other hand, Central Banks usually use interest rates as a tool to dominate inflation in a country. If Central Bank changes interest rates, it would indirectly affect the stock market performance. It eventually would have an impact on overall economic development of the country. Thus, determination of ideal interest rate is a very important policy decision that a country has to consider regularly (Pallegedara, 2012). 127 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Objective of this study is to investigate the long term and short term relationships between SMCR and interest rates. In the first section of the study, aliterature review is made in order to introduce the variables and the models appliedfor different countries. In the second section, data set and variables of the model areexplained. In the third section, a VAR (Vector Autoregression) model is used toexplain the relationship between interest rates and SMCR. The last section of the study evaluates the results of the model and concludes the paper. Literature Review The relationship between the stock market and macroeconomic factors has been a key study concern in the literature. For instance, the relationship between inflation and stock market returns was investigated by Fama (1981). In his study, it is argued that expected inflation is negatively correlated with anticipated real activity, which in turn is positively related to returns on the stock market. A negative correlation between stock market returns and expected inflation was introduced. Conversely, the influence of the long term interest rate on stock prices stems directly from the present value model through the influence of the long term interest rate on the discount rate. Zhou (1996) analyzed the relationship between interest rates and stock prices with a regression analysis. He found that over the long term, interest rates have a significant effect on stock returns. In addition, his results point out that long term interest rates explain a major part of variation in price-dividend ratios and bring up that the high volatility of the stock market is related to the high volatility of long term bond yields and may be accounted for by changing forecasts of discount rates. Maysami and Koh (2000) used a VECM model using monthly data between 1988-2003 to examine the long term equilibrium relationships between selected macroeconomic variables and stock indices of Singapore, Japan and the United States. They found that changes in Singapore’s stock market levels cause a cointegration relationship with changes in price levels, money supply, short and long term interest rates, and exchange rate except industrial production and trade. And also they detected that Singapore stock market is significantly and positively cointegrated with stock markets of Japan and the United States. Hondroyiannis and Papapetrou (2001) investigated the dynamic relationships between the real stock returns, oil prices, and economic activity. They performed a VAR model using monthly data between 1984:1–1999:9. They found that stock prices do not lead to changes in real economic activity but the macroeconomic activity and foreign stock market changes partially explained Greek stock price movements. They also found that oil price changes explain Greek stock price movements and have a negative impact on economic activity. Arango, Gonzales and Posada (2002) exhibited some evidence of the nonlinear and inverse relationship between the share prices on the Bogota stock market and the interest rate. They used daily data from January 1994 up to February 2000. They attained that their model captured the stylized fact on this market of high dependence of returns in short periods of time. Simpson and Evans (2003) analyzed the dynamic interactions and long term relationships between banks share returns and interest rates with a VAR model including Granger Causality and cointegration analysis. They concluded that there is no long term 128 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo relationship between bank shares returns, bank share returns and exchange returns. However, a causality from bank share returns and to exchange rates and interest rates. Gan et al. (2006) examined the relationship between the New Zealand Stock Index and certain macroeconomic variables between 1990- 2003. They used monthly data to perform the cointegration tests. They found that the New Zealand Stock Index is consistently determined by the interest rate, money supply and real GDP but no proof could be found whether the New Zealand Stock Index is a leading indicator for changes in macroeconomic variables. Kurihara (2006) analyzed the relationships between Japan stock index and macroeconomic factors with using daily data Japan among March 2001 and September 2005. His study included various variables such as Japan stock index prices, USA stock index prices, Yen/USD exchange rates, Japan interest rates. As a result, he found that interest rates have no effect on Japan stock prices but, exchange rates and USA stock prices have effects on Japan stock prices. Ologunde et al. (2006) employed a time series analysis to examine the effect of interest rate on some certain variables such as SMCR and government development stock rate between 1981-2000 years. They used the ordinary least-square (OLS) regression method and used yearly data. They found that interest rates have a positive influence on SMCR and a negative influence on government development stock rate. They also found that government development stock rate has a negative influence on SMCR. Mahmudul and Gazi (2009) investigated the relationship between interest rate and stock price for 15 developed and developing countries including Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Germany, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippine, S. Africa, Spain, and Venezuela. They used monthly data from 1988 to 2003. They found that interest rates have a significant and negative relationship with share prices for most of the countries. Only six countries -Malaysia, Japan, Bangladesh, Colombia, Italy, and S. Africa are found that changes of interest rates have a significant and negative relationship with changes of share price. Büyükşalvarcı (2010) analyzed the effects of certain macroeconomic variables on share index by arbitrage pricing model. The model contains seven macroeconomic variables (consumer price index, money market interest rates, industrial production index, gold prices, oil prices, exchange rates, money supply) and Istanbul Stock Exchange 100 Index returns. The dynamics between the seven variables and Istanbul Stock Exchange 100 Index returns are introduced by a multiple regression method. As a conclusion, interest rates, industrial production index, oil prices and exchange rates have negative effects on Istanbul Stock Exchange 100 Index returns, but money supply has a positive effect on Istanbul Stock Exchange 100 Index returns. Inflation rate and gold prices have no significant effect on Istanbul Stock Exchange 100 Index returns. 4. Methodology In this section of the study, the relationships between SMCR and interest rates in Turkey over the period 1998-2012 is analyzed using time series methods of co-integration and Granger Causality. For that purpose, data set will be defined first, and then time series properties of the series will be tested. 129 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 4.1. Data Description In the study, an empirical analysis was made to detect the relationships between the ISE SMCR and interest rate with a VAR model. For this purpose, quarterly data between 1998:Q1 and 2012:Q3 periods were included. Market Capitalization data is obtained from the website of ISE or at present name Borsaİstanbul. The SMCR is defined as market capitalization data divided by GDP. Data for the interest rate was retrieved from the website of the TCMB (Central Bank of Turkey). Data set and definitions can be seen in Table 1. Table 1: Data Set Variable dMSC dintr Definition SMCR Interest rate Ratio of stock market capitalization to GDP 2 to 14 days weighted average interest rate 4.2. Methodology and Empirical Results Initially we graph the series, it is seen that there is no stationarity for both of the series. If the series are not stationary in level, variance and covariance of the series are not fixed in the research period. Graph 1:Variables Volatility 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 MCR 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 REPO After an observational look, the stationary of each variable were tested by unit root tests to determine their level of stationarity. Stationary variables could be used in the model. Then, a VAR model is estimated, granger causality, impulse- response functions and variance decomposition were tested in order to emphasize the dynamic properties of the system. 4.2.1. Unit Root Test Stationarity of the time series is a salient pre-condition in future estimations. That is related to the fact that if the analysis is conducted with non-stationary time series, spurious regression problem occurs. In such a case, series with no actual interrelationship may seem as if they are interrelated (Özata and Esen, 2010). In this study stationarity of the variables 130 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo are tested by unit root tests of Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Philips-Peron (PP) and KPSS. None of the series is found to be stationary as a result of ADF, PP and KPSS test results. All of the series become stationary when their first differences are taken. Therefore, all of the series are first-order integrated I (1). As a consequence, differenced series are used in the analysis. Results of the unit root tests are presented in Table 2. Table 2: Unit root test results dMCR dINT TEST ADF(c) -7.610268 -5.406468 ADF(t) -7.539280 -5.548979 PP (c) -8.225866 -14.92046 PP(t) -8.173137 -18.86397 KPSS(c) -0.099097 0.500000 KPSS(t) 0.105651 0.500000 *c with constant term but no trend. *t with constant term and trend. 4.2.2. Cointegration Test Unit root tests revealed that the series are stationary at first level, so they are integrated. But, even the series are integrated; it does not guarantee that they behave in the same direction in the long term. Long term relationships between two non-stationary series can be detected by cointegration analysis. There are certain tests to perform cointegration analysis. In this study, long term relationship between the cointegrated series is tested by a Johansen cointegration test (1988). Johansen cointegration test provide us to determine the number of cointegration relationship and the parameters of this relationship (Özata and Esen, 2010). Prior to the implementation of the Johansen Cointegration Test, the unrestricted Vector Autoregression (VAR) model was applied on the series to determine lagged ratios. Lagged ratio is taken as 2 according to the SC, HQ and LR criteria. The Johansen Cointegration test results, the Trace Test and the Maximum Eigenvalue test results are illustrated in Table 3 and Table 4. Hypothesized No. of CE(s) None (r=0) At most 1 (r≤1) Table 3: Trace Test Results Eigenvalue Trace %5 Critic Statistics Value Probability 0.430888 49.95243 15.49471 0.0000 0.291460 18.95016 3.841466 0.0000 131 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 4: Maximum Eigenvalue Test Results Hypothesized Eigenvalue Maximum %5 Critic Probability No. of CE(s) Eigenvalue Value Statistics None (r=0) At most 1 (r≤1) 0.430888 31.00227 14.26460 0.0001 0.291460 18.95016 3.841466 0.0000 Trace test and Maximum Eigenvalue test results shows that we can reject the null hypothesis: Ho: There is no cointegration, As a conclusion, we can state that there is a long term relationship between the variables. Engle and Granger (1987) emphasized that an error correction model can be set when there is long term relationship between the variables. In other words, a bias of the long term equilibrium can be corrected. Correction of the bias in the regression can be made by an error correction term (ECT). Therefore, Granger causality of the model should be based on an error correction model (VECM). 4.2.3 Vector Error Correction Model The main advantage of the error correction model is that it enables to benefit the sub information of the series in the short term and long term. It also provides to eliminate the spurious regression (Sevüktekin and Nargeleçekenler, 2010). Therefore, for long term relationship, a dynamic specification of error correction (VECM) model can be defined as: k k Jk1 Jk1 Y1t   0   1 j Y1t  j   2 j Y2t  j  1 ECTt 1   1t (1) Y2t   0   1 j Y1t  j    2 j Y2t  j  2 ECTt 1   2t (2) J 1 J 1 ECTt-1 is the lagged value of error correction model. Coefficients λ1and λ2show the equilibrium ratio. When cointegration is considered,  1 j from the  equation 1 and 1 j from the equation are tested whether they are significant in group by Ftest and also coefficients of the error correction model λ1and λ2 are tested whether significant or not (Özata and Esen, 2010). 4.2.3. Granger Causality Test Results of the Granger Causality test using vector error correction model is presented in Table 5. 132 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 5: Granger Causality Test Results Hypothesis m=2 P Value Test Statistics SMCR does not Granger Cause interest rate Interest rate does not Granger cause SMCR 0.08698 0.9168 0.08871 0.9153 The Granger Causality test results pointed at an inelastic relationship between SMCR and interest rate. Therefore, changes in the SMCR are not sensitive to changes in interest rates. In the contrary case, changes in the interest rates are not sensitive to changes in the SMCR. 4.2.4. Impulse-Response Functions After testing causality, responses of the indices to an impulse in crude oil prices are analyzed. Impulse response functions reveal the effects of an unexpected shock given to a variable on the future values of its own and also other variables. As a result of impulse response functions, dynamic relationships can be observed among the variables and also the adjustment process can be detected. Graph 2: Graphs of Impulse-Response Functions Response of DREPO to Cholesky One S.D. DMCR Innovation Response of DMCR to Cholesky One S.D. DREPO Innovation 1.5 .35 1.0 .30 0.5 .25 0.0 .20 -0.5 .15 -1.0 .10 -1.5 .05 -2.0 .00 -2.5 -.05 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 According to the impulse response functions, an unexpected change of SMCR has an impact on interest rate during 16 periods and afterwards the effects disappear. And also an unexpected change of interest rate has an impact on SMCR during 17 periods. These results support the long term relationship between the two determinants. 4.2.5. Variance Decomposition Variance decomposition indicates the amount of information each variable contributes to the other variables in a vector autoregression (VAR) model (Lütkepohl, 2007). In other words, variance decomposition determines how much of the forecast error variance of each variable can be explained by exogenous shocks to the other variables. Accordingly, the results of the variance decomposition of our variables are as given in Table 6 and Table 7. 133 22 24 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 6: Variance Decompositions of SMCR Period DMCR DINTR 1 100 0 6 97.36711 2.632890 12 97.87258 2.127417 Variance decomposition of SMCR is shown in table 6. As a result of the variance decomposition tests, 100 % of the forecasting error variance of SMCR is explained by itself in short term. In midterm 2.633 % forecasting error of the SMCR can be explained by interest rate, 97.367 % is explained by itself and in the long term 2.127 of SMCR can be explained by interest rate and 97.872 % is explained itself. Table 7: Variance Decompositions of Interest Rate Period DMCR DINTR 1 3.452237 96.54776 6 7.815995 92.18401 12 9.433681 90.56632 Variance decomposition of interest rate is shown in table 7. According to table 7, in short term 3.452 % of the forecasting error variance of interest rate is explained by SMCR and 96.547 % of forecasting error variance is explained by itself. In midterm 7.815 % of forecasting error variance of interest rate is explained by SMCR and 92.184 is explained by itself. At the last, in the long term, 9.433 % of forecasting error variance of interest rate is explained by SMCR and 90.566 is explained by itself. As a conclusion; results of the variance decompositions of SMCR show that there is no short term, midterm and long term significant relationship between SMCR and interest rate. But variance decomposition of interest rate result is consistent with the results of the cointegration analysis. If the time becomes longer, the relationships become more visible. 5. Summary and Concluding Remarks This study examined the relationship of interest rates on the SMCR in ISE over the period 1998-2012 with VAR model. Time series of the data are found non-stationary so that the long term relationships between the two variables are tested with cointegration analysis. According the results of the model, there is a long term relationship between the SMCR and interest rate but contrarily there is no granger causality relationship. The results showed that, crisis in the stock market are precluded with the control of interest rate in the long term. 134 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The findings of the Variance Decomposition tests indicate that 2.127 % of forecasting error variance of the SMCR can be explained by interest rate, 97.87 % is explained by itself; likewise 90.56 % of interest rate is determined by itself and 9.43 % is explained by the SMCR. The cointegration relationship between the interest rates and SMCR is inconsistent with the inferences of the efficient market hypothesis. Mainly, stock market can be estimated under the efficient market hypothesis. If the economic policies implemented by the policy makers do not influence the stock market as planned, they have to revise these economy policies. If the policy makers try to cure the economic problems like high inflation or unemployment, they have to consider the extensive effects of these policies because adverse effects can be observed in stock markets. As a result, capital formation may decrease and economy may disrupt. REFERENCES Arango, L., Gonzalez, A.& Posada, C. (2002). Returns and interest rate: A nonlinear relationship in the Bogota stock market. Applied Financial Economics, 12(11), 835–842. Aydemir, O. &Demirhan, E., (2009).The relationship between stock Prices and exchange rates evidence from Turkey.International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 23, 208-215. Büyükşalvarcı, A. (2010).The effects of macroeconomics variables on stock returns: Evidence from Turkey. European Journal on Social Science.14(3), 404–416. Engle, R.F. & Granger, Cwj. (1987).Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251–276. Fama, E. F.(1981). Stock Return, real activity, inflation, and money. American Economic Review, 71(4), 545–65. French KR., Schwert GW.&Stambaugh RE (1987). Expected stock returns and volatility. Journal of Finance Economics. 19, 3–29. Gan,C., Lee, M., Yong, H.H.A., & Zhang, J. (2006). Macroeconomic variables and stock market interactions: New Zealand evidence. Investment Management and Financial Innovations,3(4), 89–101. Hondroyiannis, G.&Papapetrou, E. (2001). Stock market performance and macroeconomic experience in Greece.Greek Economic Review, 21 (2), 65–84. Johansen, S.(1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231–254. Kurihara, Y. (2006), The relationship between exchange rate and stock prices during the quantitative easing policy in Japan, International Journal of Business, 11(4), 375– 386. 135 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Lütkepohl, H. (2007). Econometric Analysis with Vector Autoregressive Models, European University Institute Working Paper ECO, 43. Mahmudul, A.&Gazi Salah, U. (2009). The relationship between interest rate and stock price: Empirical evidence from developed and developing countries. International Journal Of Business And Management. 4(3), 43–51. Maysami, R.C.&Koh, T.S.(2000). A vector error correction model of the Singapore stock market.International Review of Economics and Finance, 9, 79–96. Ologunde, A.O., Elumilade, D.O.&Asaolu, T.O. (2006). Stock market capitalization and interest rate in Nigeria: A Time Series Analysis.International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 4, 154–167. Özata, E. &Esen, E. (2010). Reel ücretlerileistihdamarasındakiilişkininekonometrikanalizi. Journal OfAnadolu University Social Sciences. 10, 55–70. Pallegedara, A. (2012). Dynamic relationships between stock market performance and short term interest rate empirical evidence from Sri Lanka. University Library of Munich, MPRA Paper 40773, Germany. Sevüktekin, M.&Nargelecekenler, M. (2010). Eviewsuygulamalı. Ankara, Nobel Pres. Ekonometrikzamanserilerianalizi: Simpson, J.L. & Evans, J.P. (2003).Banking stock returns and their relationship to interest rates and exchange rates: Australian Evidence.University of Wollongong in Dubai Working Paper, 5, 1–35. Zhou, C., (1996). Stock market fluctuations and the term structure.Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Finance and Economics Discussion Series, 96/03. 136 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1556 Title A name given to the resource The Dynamic Relationships between Stock Market Capitalization Rate and Interest Rate in Turkey Author Author TORAMAN, Cengiz BASARIR, Cagatay Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper investigates the long run and short-term relationships between stock market capitalization rate and interest rates in Turkey over the period 1998-2012. Prior to conducting the analysis in a time series, in order to test the stability of the series, a unit root test was initially applied. It is determined that both stock market capitalization rate and interest rate series are not stationary. Long-run relationship is tested by Johansen Cointegration tests and casual relationship is tested by Granger Causality tests. According to the results of the study, there is long-run relationship between stock market capitalization rate and interest rates while there is not causal relationship between stock market capitalization rate and interest rates in short term. Keywords: Stock Market Capitalization Rate, Interest Rates, Cointegration, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Causality. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3