272 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a17303ef5f814cbda651f929326a78fe.pdf 91198689cf98acd0424bfa5d1538ffa3 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Crucial Issue for the Enlargement Process of the European Union: “Turkey” Galip Ferhat Akbal Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey ferhatakbal89@gmail.com The probable accession of Turkey to European Union has been widely discussed for last decade. Some thinkers believe that further enlargement of the European Union will harm the harmony of the current structure. If we use the realist point of view here, we can say that it is a controversial issue to accept Turkey as a member of EU, due to the fact that each member states seeks its benefits and agree on issues, if there is a mutual gain. Even though there is general agreement among the member states that Turkey is an important strategic partner and should be closely associated with the EU, the full membership of Turkey to EU raised deep skepticism in member states due to the perceived costs of Turkey’s membership to EU. This skepticism prolonged the membership process of Turkey. However, throughout the new developments and events especially in the area of economy, Turkey came into prominence again. Yet, it is still overwhelming to acknowledge that Turkey is ready to full membership because there are tough problems such as unsolved Kurdish issue, economic stability etc. In this paper, I will utilize from two significant international relations theories: Intergovernmentalism and Neofunctionalism. Then I will do the single-country study and analyses Turkey’s circumstances with the framework of these two theories. In this single country study, I will explain the Westernization process of Turkey since 1923 and I will continue with three perspectives which give form to perceptions of Turkey in the foreign policy. After this, I will calculate the benefits and costs of the membership both from EU and Turkey. Keywords: Turkey-EU Relations, Realism, Intergovernmentalism, Neofunctionalism, Unanimity, Supranational Institutions, EU Enlargement Process 125 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c2a5d12f034034236f4e4336a6b148fe.docx 66bd444acb97ca4e84ca989962a86dc2 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9b6b2f6cb90c32b11b94b5a9bdd6db9a.pdf f54311eb097ae32267b5f74415846aa0 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Crucial Issue for the Enlargement Process of the European Union: „Turkey‟ Galip Ferhat Akbal Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey ferhatakbal89@gmail.com Abstract The probable accession of Turkey to European Union has been widely discussed for last decade. Some thinkers believe that further enlargement of the European Union will harm the harmony of the current structure. If we use the realist point of view here, we can say that it is a controversial issue to accept Turkey as a member of EU, due to the fact that each member states seeks its benefits and agree on issues, if there is a mutual gain. Even though there is general agreement among the member states that Turkey is an important strategic partner and should be closely associated with the EU, the full membership of Turkey to EU raised deep skepticism in member states due to the perceived costs of Turkey‟s membership to EU. This skepticism prolonged the membership process of Turkey. However, throughout the new developments and events especially in the area of economy, Turkey came into prominence again. Yet, it is still overwhelming to acknowledge that Turkey is ready to full membership because there are tough problems such as unsolved Kurdish issue, economic stability etc. In this paper, I will utilize from two significant international relations theories: Intergovernmentalism and Neofunctionalism. Then I will do the single-country study and analyses Turkey‟s circumstances with the framework of these two theories. In this single country study, I will explain the Westernization process of Turkey since 1923 and I will continue with three perspectives which give form to perceptions of Turkey in the foreign policy. After this, I will calculate the benefits and costs of the membership both from EU and Turkey. Keywords: Turkey-EU Relations, Realism, Intergovernmentalism, Neofunctionalism, Unanimity, Supranational Institutions, EU Enlargement Process Introduction The probable accession of Turkey to European Union has been widely discussed for last decade. Some thinkers believe that further enlargement of the European Union will harm the harmony of the current structure. If we use the realist point of view here, we can say that it is a controversial issue to accept Turkey as a member of EU, due to the fact that each member states seeks its benefits and agree on issues, if there is a mutual gain. Even though there is general agreement among the member states that Turkey is an important strategic partner and should be closely associated with the EU, the full membership of Turkey to EU raised deep skepticism in member states due to the perceived costs of Turkey‟s membership to EU. This skepticism prolonged the membership process of Turkey. However, throughout the new developments and events especially in the area of economy, Turkey came into prominence again. Yet, it is still overwhelming to acknowledge that Turkey is ready to full membership because there are tough problems such as unsolved Kurdish issue, economic stability etc. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In this paper, I will utilize from two significant international relations theories: Intergovernmentalism and Neofunctionalism. Then I will do the single-country study and analyse Turkey‟s circumstances with the framework of these two theories. In this single country study, Key Words: Turkey-EU Relations, Realism, Intergovernmentalism, Neofunctionalism, unanimity, supranational institutions, EU enlargement process Intergovernmentalist Approach: Intergovernmentalism is one of the well-known approaches in international relations. According to this approach, nation states plays crucial role. George Bache thinks that European integration process would only go as far as the nation states were prepared to allow it to go (Bache, 2006: 13). Because of the fact that nation states are the most important and powerful actors in this approach, interests of nation states may postpones the integration process of candidate membership. One of the measure or principle that the intergovernmentalist point of view passionately advocates in the body of the EU is the unanimity. Unanimity refers to the complete agreement between member states. Individuals consider unanimous decisions as the sign of agreement, solidarity and unity. If a decision has to be taken by unanimity, there must not be any negative vote to this decision. If there is just one negative vote to a decision, the decision will not come into effect. Thus, individuals also name unanimity as the „veto power‟. But why is this unanimity principle crucial for Turkey? If the full membership negotiations which was launched on 3 October 2005 come to a conclusion positively and the final decision that determine the membership of Turkey to EU is decided to be taken by unanimity, for Turkey to be a member of the EU could be impossible. Today, there are some members states enthusiastically opposing to the membership of Turkey such as Cyprus, Greece and Austria due to the political and historical reasons and even though Turkish government conducts positive policy initiatives so as to get the support of these countries, it could be impossible to obtain their positive votes for the membership of Turkey to EU. For instance, Austria does not support Turkey‟s membership mostly because of the historical reasons. The siege of Vienna by the Ottomans in 1683 caused stereotypes such as „cruel Turks‟, „barbarous Turks‟ and these stereotypes are still preserving its impact on Austrian politicians and citizens. “Even centuries later, the historical memory of the siege of Vienna serves as the most significant reason why Austria remains the most ardent opponent of Turkish membership” (Kösebalaban 2007:99). The bare truth is that for Turkey none of the initiatives may not be enough to eradicate these stereotypes so if the final decision about Turkey‟s membership to EU is decided to be taken by unanimity principle, Turkey could be out of the Union. The same thing is valid in the case of Cyprus. The government of Cyprus puts forward the recognition of Cyprus by Turkey as the precondition for Turkey‟s membership to EU but as we all know that Turkey evaluates Cyprus issue as the national problem and conducts a strict politics and attitude towards Cyprus issue and rejects to undertake any initiative that leads to the recognition of Cyprus. So if the final decision about Turkey‟s membership to 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo EU is decided to be taken by unanimity principle, Turkey would not get the positive vote or support of Cyprus (Ker-Lindsay, 2007: 71-83). Neofunctionalist Approach Neofunctionalism is one of the well-known theories in international relations considered as the counter-theory to abovementioned intergovernmentalism. Neofunctionalism strongly argues that nation-states are not the only actors in international relations. According to neofunctionalist point of view, non-state actors are as important as nation-states, hence they give so much significance to the supranational institutions like EU and interest groups and bureaucratic actors (Bache, 2006:9). For neofunctionalism, the activities of interest groups and bureaucratic actors should not be restricted to the domestic political arena (Bache, 2006:9). That is to say, interest groups and bureaucratic actors should play a global or worldwide role in international arena instead of merely conducting activities related to domestic politics. The most vital concept for the neofunctionalism is the concept of „spillover‟. The concept of spillover “refers to a situation in which a given action, related to a specific goal, creates a situation in which the original goal can be assured only by taking further actions, which in turn create a further condition and a need for more action and so forth” (Lindberg, 1963: 10). Clearer, this concept signifies that once national governments take a step for the integration of one sector, the process of integration will continue inevitably with the integration of other sectors. For instance, with the establishment of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951 with the Treaty of Paris, the sector of coal and steel was integrated and taken under the control of a High Authority and this process of integration continued and expanded more with the establishment of European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) in 1958 with the Treaty of Rome. Furthermore, for the neofunctionalist thinking European Commission is the most significant non-state international actor. According to neofunctionalist logic, European Commission can manipulate both domestic and international pressures on national governments to develop the process of European integration even if the national governments are reluctant (Bache, 2006: 9. Through regular Progress Reports, Negotiating Framework, Paper on issues arising from Turkey's membership perspective, and Screening Reports, European Commission tries to impose the obligations which should be met by the Turkish government for the EU membership. As a result of these reports, Turkish government mostly endeavors to pass legislations in order to meet the obligations implied by the European Commission for the EU membership. So, the bare truth is that European Commission is the most influential institution with regard to Turkey‟s accession to EU. The European Commission has played a key role in the membership process of Turkey to EU. In its Regular Report of 2004, the European Commission expressed that Turkey has achieved significant legislative progress in many areas, through further reform packages, constitutional changes and the adoption of a new Penal Code (Schimmelfennig, 2009: 425). At the end of this report, the European Commission declared that Turkey has fulfilled the necessary political criteria indicated in the Copenhagen Criteria and recommended that accession negotiations should be opened with Turkey (Commission of the European Communities). 2004 As a result of the recommendation of the European Commission, the European Council accepted the Commission‟s assessments and recommendation and on 3 October 2005, the full membership negotiations were launched with Turkey. 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Besides, neofunctionalist point of view cares about the augmentation of new markets in the body of EU. Thus, they interpret Turkey‟s membership to EU in a positive and affirmative manner on the basis of „creation or increase of new markets‟. According to neofuncionalist ideology, Turkey, with its population of seventy-two million which consist of a considerable amount of young population, would be a great market and this would increase the trade volume of EU member states (Nugent, 2007: 484). Apart from the notion of new market, the neofunctionalist logic seems confirmative to Turkey‟s EU membership due to the idea of democracy. According to neofunctionalist perspective, if Turkey is excluded from the EU, Turkey would turn its face to the East where there are lots of countries that have unstable and unconsolidated democracies and anti-democratic polity such as Iraq, Iran and Syria and this situation would damage the delicate structure of Turkish democracy. In addition, the neofunctionalist thinking states that Turkey which has unconsolidated and unstable democracy would cause a security problem for the Europe since it would be the sole European country that has unreliable democracy. In this case, Turkey would affect the democratic tradition, values and norms of Europe terribly (Oğuzlu and Kibaroğlu, 2008: 945). Conclusion In both theories, there are constant doubts about membership of Turkey. However, not only Turkey but also member states of European Union may face with the dangerous potential of intergovernmentalism due to the fact that nation states can follow their own interests. Neofunctionalist approach can play a significant role for Turkey and EU. Membership of Turkey and future of European Union is strongly linked with each other. There is a mutual gain. Yet, there are homework should be done by Turkey. Turkish democracy has still some important problems, although some important steps done. On the other hand, European Union should minimize the negative discrimination against Turkey. References Bache, Ian; George, Stephen 2006, Politics in the European Union, New York: Oxford University Press. Lindberg, L. 1963, The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration, Stanford: Stanford University Press. Ker-Lindsay, James 2007, The Policies of Greece and Cyprus towards Turkey‟s EU Accession, Turkish Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 71-83. Kösebalaban, Hasan 2007, The Permanent “Other”? Turkey and the Question of European Identity, Mediterranean Quarterly Vol. 18, No. 4, Mediterranean Affairs Inc., pp. 87-111. Nugent, Neill 2007, The EU‟s Response to Turkey‟s Membership Application: Not Just a Weighing of Costs and Benefits, European Integration Vol. 29, No. 4, Routledge, pp. 481-502. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Oğuzlu Tarık; Kibaroğlu, Mustafa 2008, Incompatibilities in Turkish and European Security Cultures Diminish Turkey‟s Prospects for EU Membership, Middle Eastern Studies Vol.44, No. 6, Routledge, pp. 945-962. Schimmelfennig, Frank 2009, Entrapped again: The way to EU membership negotiations with Turkey, International Politics Vol. 46, No. 4, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 413431. Commission of the European Communities, 2004b. 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1555 Title A name given to the resource The Crucial Issue for the Enlargement Process of the European Union: “Turkey” Author Author FERHAT AKBAL, Galip Abstract A summary of the resource. The probable accession of Turkey to European Union has been widely discussed for last decade. Some thinkers believe that further enlargement of the European Union will harm the harmony of the current structure. If we use the realist point of view here, we can say that it is a controversial issue to accept Turkey as a member of EU, due to the fact that each member states seeks its benefits and agree on issues, if there is a mutual gain. Even though there is general agreement among the member states that Turkey is an important strategic partner and should be closely associated with the EU, the full membership of Turkey to EU raised deep skepticism in member states due to the perceived costs of Turkey’s membership to EU. This skepticism prolonged the membership process of Turkey. However, throughout the new developments and events especially in the area of economy, Turkey came into prominence again. Yet, it is still overwhelming to acknowledge that Turkey is ready to full membership because there are tough problems such as unsolved Kurdish issue, economic stability etc. In this paper, I will utilize from two significant international relations theories: Intergovernmentalism and Neofunctionalism. Then I will do the single-country study and analyses Turkey’s circumstances with the framework of these two theories. In this single country study, I will explain the Westernization process of Turkey since 1923 and I will continue with three perspectives which give form to perceptions of Turkey in the foreign policy. After this, I will calculate the benefits and costs of the membership both from EU and Turkey. Keywords: Turkey-EU Relations, Realism, Intergovernmentalism, Neofunctionalism, Unanimity, Supranational Institutions, EU Enlargement Process Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3513cc97673818e38576f50fb2680ff3.pdf a05bba3dc561850e45825218015fb6d8 PDF Text Text The Current Situation of Citrus in the World and Turkish Markets Banu Dal Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute Antalya Turkey banudal@yahoo.com Abstract: Turkey is among the leading countries in the world in citrus production as far as its geographical position and its ecological properties are concerned. In 2008 data indicate a global world citrus production of 122.087.751 tonnes, 22.019.156 tonnes of which is produced by China, with Brasil second with a production of 20.774.752 tonnes, the USA third with 11.692.770 tonnes, Turkey ninth with 3.026.940 tonnes. About 47.2% of this production is represented by oranges, 25% mandarins, 22% lemons, 5.5% grapefruit. Citrus constitutes 23.6% of total fruit production and 35.4% of total exports of Turkey. Citrus is produced mainly in Mediterranean and Aegean regions and partially in East Black Sea region in Turkey. The study has evaluated the current situation of citrus in the World and Turkish markets, common varieties associated. Keywords: Citrus, species, cultivar, import, export Introduction Citrus is produced in the tropical and subtropical climate zones between 40 ° north and south latitudes. It is also possible to commercially produce citrus in more northerly or southerly suitable microclimate areas and locations where ocean winds soften the climate. Citrus Production And Market In The World And In Turkey Citrus is produced on 8.716.255 hectares in the world and 113.061 hectares in Turkey. World citrus production amounted to 122 million tonnes in 2008. Production in Turkey was recorded as 3.026.940 tonnes. World productivity average was calculated as 1401 kg/da, whereas the average in Turkey was above that of the world with 2677 kg/da. (FAO, 2008) (Table 1) Years 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Production (ton) 104 273 191 106 245 530 106 557 953 110 965 382 105 431 984 116 223 849 118 563 114 122 087 751 World Area (ha) Yield(Kg/da) 7 201 786 7 298 577 7 582 818 7 607 900 7 605 363 8 318 929 8 658 760 8 716 265 1 448 1 456 1 405 1 459 1 386 1397 1369 1401 Production (ton) 2 475 000 2 490 000 2 485 000 2 705 000 2 585 000 3 220 435 2 988 664 3 026 940 Turkey Area (ha) Yield(Kg/da) 88 933 89 982 94 494 96 778 96 778 97 173 98 300 113 061 2 786 2 771 2 633 2 800 2 674 3314 3040 2677 Table 1. Citrus production figures, areas and productivity figures in the world and Turkey between 2001 and 2008. As far as the production figures of countries are concerned, China leads with 22.019.156 tonnes, followed by Brasil with 20.774.752 tonnes, USA with 11.692.770 tonnes, India with 7.168.700 tonnes, Mexico with 157 �7.502.917 tonnes, Spain with 5.911.600 tonnes, Iran Islamic Republic with 3.756.000 tonnes, Egypt with 3.230.986 tonnes. Turkey is the ninth with a production of 3.026.940 tonnes. Table 2. indicates production figıures in Turkey, China and Brasil with respect to species. Species Production (tonnes) Turkey 167.765 672.452 1.427.160 756.473 3.090 3.026.940 Grapefruit (inc. pomelos) Lemons and limes Oranges Tangerines, mandarins Citrus fruit, nes Total Production (tonnes) China 567.546 917.166 3.454.125 15.622.593 1.457.726 22.019.156 Production (tonnes) Brasil 72.000 1.040.000 18.389.752 1.273.000 20.774.752 Table 2. Production figıures in Turkey, China and Brasil with respect to species in 2008. World citrus production is composed of oranges with 55%, mandarin with 23%, lemons with 11%, grapefruit with 4% and other citrus species with 6%. Our national production was made up of oranges with 47%, mandarin with 25%, lemons with 22% and grapefruit with 5,5%. Due to the properties of the varieties produced in Brasil and the market structure of the country, around 70% of the production is channelled to orange juice industry. Brasil is unique in concentrated juice export with this feature. While most of the production is kept for juice industry in the USA, mostly fresh consumption is preferred in the EU. Spain is the most important exporter of fresh orange varieties among EU countries and third countries. It is followed by South Africa Egypt and Morocco are important players on the Russian market. Recent production increase and accordingly the increasing export figures in Egypt draw attention (Anonymous, 2009a). 2,3 millions of tonnes of fresh fruit and vegetables were exported by Turkey in return for 1.759.114.179 USD Dollars in 2008 (Anonymous, 2009b). Citrus hold the greatest percentage as far as both amount and revenue are concerned in total fresh exports (Table 3). 826.385 tonnes were exported with a revenue of 587.420.060 USD Dollars (Table 3) (Anonymous, 2009b). 2008 Increase/Decrease (%) 2008-2009 2009 Groups Ouantity (tonnes) Ouantity (tonnes) Value($) Value($) Ouantity Value Citrus Other fresh fruits 826.385 587.420.060 1.184.608 801.829.022 43 37 1.052.098 672.071.059 1.055.712 653.478.303 0 -3 Fresh vegetable 457.501 499.623.060 530.870 492.239.087 16 -1 Total 2.335.984 1.759.114.179 2.771.190 1.947.546.412 19 11 Table 3. Changes in Turkish fresh fruit and vegetable export figures between 2008 and 2009. An increase of 19% was recorded in fresh fruit and vegetables in quantity and 11% in revenues. Citrus had an increase of 43% in quantity and 37% in revenues and topped the list in 2009 with 801.829.022 USD Dollars (Table 3). Lemon has increase by 82% in quantity and 37% in value among citrus, with a revenue of 282.140.639 USD Dollars (Table 4). 158 �2008 Increase/Decrease (%) 2008-2009 2009 Crop Ouantity (tonnes) Value($) Lemon 226.600 206.506.893 Mandarin 313.833 Orange Ouantity (tonnes) Value($) Ouantity Value 412.089 282.140.639 82 37 203.957.036 369.141 259.096.215 18 27 157.295 94.917.841 266.371 171.386.364 69 81 Grapefruit 128.615 82.006.525 136.904 89.089.742 6 9 Other citrus 42 31.765 104 116.062 147 265 Citrus total 826.385 587.420.060 1.184.608 801.829.022 43 37 Table 4. Changes in Turkish citrus exports between 2008 and 2009 won the basis of varieties. Turkey exports citrus to around 55 countries with Russia being the first with 33% (Anonymous, 2009b). It is followed by Ukraine with 13%, Iraq with 11%, Saudi Arabia and Romania with 7% respectively. Table 5 shows the countries importing citrus from Turkey in the 2008-2009 period and the figures thereof. Russian Federation is the most important importer of oranges after EU. There is a serious competition between Egypt and Turkey regarding orange exports to the Russian Federation. The most important supplier of this country in the summer period is South Africa (Anonymous, 2009a). While Egypt is the most important exporter to Saudi Arabia, remarkable amounts are also exported by Turkey as well. Other important orange importing countries after Saudi Arabia are Canada, Hong Kong, Ukraine and UAE. The 2007/2008 season has been quite negative for the lemon sector. The drought in Spain in the summer of 2007, the very hot fronts and drought in the summer and the freezing winter in Turkey, USA and Argentina have impeded the global lemon production considerably. EU counties, the Russian Federation and East European countries constitute the major markets of fresh lemon consumption. Grapefruit production is not globally common as opposed to other varieties. The majority of global grapefruit production is China where internal consumption is remarkable. USA, however is the major exporter of grapefruit supplying Japan and EU, France in particular. Among the countries channelling most of the production to export are South Africa, Israel and Turkey. Israel and Turkey are competing on EU, Russia and Eastern European markets. Another major global exporter of grapefruit is Japan. China leads the mandarin production, followed by Spain, the producer and exporter among EU countries. Italy and Greece are the other mandarin producers in the EU. Although Japan is another major producer, the vast majority of the production is designated for internal consumption. If the Spanish exports of small citrus such as mandarin to other EU countries is ignored, the major exporter is Turkey. Morocco is also a leading small citrus variety producer and exporter (Anonymous, 2009a). Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Russian Federation Ukraine Iraq Saudi Arabia Romania Poland Germany Bulgaria Iran Islamic 01.01.2008 / 31.12.2008 Ouantity Value (KG) ($) 01.01.2009 / 31.12.2009 Ouantity Value (KG) ($) 263.366.301 120.662.795 58.748.558 49.422.158 77.329.888 20.293.208 17.897.675 24.701.474 13.485.732 366.137.606 148.366.169 150.846.877 83.807.482 83.413.875 31.359.147 24.202.830 34.335.994 26.316.685 197.610.561 84.176.607 32.969.220 38.143.132 50.067.286 17.481.198 16.113.335 13.184.195 7.173.831 159 262.427.176 101.834.292 92.004.505 56.128.526 53.143.402 22.676.299 18.670.197 18.203.620 15.144.800 Increase/Decrease(%) Ouantity Value (KG) ($) 39 23 157 70 8 55 35 39 95 33 21 179 47 6 30 16 38 111 �10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Rep. Serbia Holland Czech Republic Greece United Kingdom Mersin free zone Macedonia Georgia AzerbaijanNaxcivan Hungary Bosnia& Herzegovina 16.326.321 15.879.184 12.572.409 13.467.998 20.367.586 18.301.002 13.354.453 13.281.050 25 15 6 -1 13.141.721 11.649.969 9.855.083 9.581.353 16.948.416 18.838.523 12.657.647 12.382.527 29 62 28 29 6.079.733 5.205.389 16.204.217 12.211.823 167 135 20.819.794 10.686.998 10.710.643 13.469.408 6.572.327 5.953.686 13.733.565 12.979.121 12.235.071 10.523.868 7.936.157 7.750.935 -34 21 14 -22 21 30 8.821.234 8.662.943 5.281.276 6.503.128 10.402.230 9.724.990 7.082.757 7.050.150 18 12 34 8 6.406.327 4.289.849 10.307.368 6.184.279 61 44 Table 5. Leading 20 countries in exports from Turkey in 2008-2009 January-December periods. Table 6. indicates export figures with respect to species for the leading 5 countries citrus is exported from Turkey (in 2008 & 2009). Counrty/ Species LEMON Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Ukraine Romania Iraq MANDARIN Russian Federation Ukraine Iraq Romania Saudi Arabia ORANGE Russian Federation Iraq Ukraine Iran Islamic Rep. Romania GRAPEFRUIT Russian Romania Ukraine 2008 (January-December) Ouantity (kg) Value ($) 69.497.395 26.448.779 28.846.246 13.178.895 2.049.845 Ouantity (kg) 64.270.024 23.047.550 25.021.890 11.172.656 1.227.117 115.647.114 60.287.784 26.458.966 26.041.715 15.382.207 Ouantity (kg) 78.941.231 39.225.126 15.218.945 16.253.723 10.346.869 45.496.530 29.474.842 21.447.552 10.369.580 13.618.365 Ouantity (kg) 32.725.262 24.490.913 10.081.213 30.207.892 16.128.749 13.388.450 5.436.229 8.060.034 Value ($) Value ($) Value ($) 24.191.414 14.580.873 6.541.141 2009 (January-December) Ouantity (kg) Value ($) 105.807.501 59.882.035 43.061.854 24.521.321 25.200.401 Ouantity (kg) 73.412.406 39.208.246 29.003.885 16.607.912 15.085.872 136.819.370 59.645.469 54.069.596 25.201.944 17.456.666 Ouantity (kg) 102.552.369 42.189.962 33.623.819 15.983.525 12.476.592 85.162.069 69.005.202 34.139.195 14.541.426 12.439.311 Ouantity (kg) 38.327.246 21.251.299 11.519.651 59.803.414 41.736.700 22.851.972 8.099.085 7.540.283 160 Value ($) Value ($) Value ($) 26.645.064 13.011.682 7.788.473 Increase/Decrease (%) Ouantity Value ($) (kg) 52 126 49 86 1.129 Ouantity (kg) 18 -1 104 -3 13 Ouantity (kg) 87 134 59 40 -9 Ouantity (kg) 17 -13 14 14 70 16 49 1.129 Value ($) 30 8 121 -2 21 Value ($) 98 159 71 49 -6 Value ($) 10 -11 19 �Poland Germany 10.777.922 6.422.274 6.846.338 4.295.899 10.228.297 6.246.179 6.918.095 4.439.746 -5 -3 1 3 Table 6. Export figures with respect to species for the leading 5 countries citrus is exported from Turkey Varieties Produced And Exported By Turkey Varieties exported by Turkey are; in oranges; Washington Navel, blood orenges, Jaffa, Valencia, Thomson, Hamlin, Trablus, Navelina, in mandarin; Clemantin, Monreal, Satsuma, Wilking, Tanjerin, Fremont, Mineola Tanjelo, Nova, Marisol, Okitsu, in grapefruit; Marsh Seedless, Thompson, Red Blush, Star Ruby, Pink Ruby, Rio Red and in lemon; Interdonat, Lamas, Kütdiken, Yatak, Meyer, Tatlı limon (Anonymous, 2006; Dal &Gübbük 2007; Koç et al., 2009). Conclusion In order to increase export figures of Turkey, it is important to widen product diversity and lengthen the production season. Sustainability is also of high importance to endure on the market. It is necessary to plan product and production with a view to exporting. With the broadening of the diversity of varieties in citrus and thus filling in the gaps on global market, the sector will benefit considerably. References Anonymous, 2006. Yaş Meyve Sebze Sektörü Sorun Ve Çözüm Önerileri.. Akdeniz Đhracatçı Birlikleri . Meyve Sebze Đhracatçi Birlikleri Ortak Yönetim Kurulu. Nisan 2006 Anonymous, 2009a. Akdeniz Đhracatçı Birlikleri Araştırma Serisi. 2008 – 2009 Sezonu Küresel Narenciye Sektör Değerlendirmesi No:56. ( http://www.akib.org.tr). Anonymous, 2009b. Akdeniz Đhracatçi Birlikleri Genel Sekreterliği. Yaş Meyve Sebze Đhracatçilari Birliği Değerlendirme Raporu Türkiye Geneli ( 2008 / 2009 Ocak – Aralik Dönemi). Dal B.,& Gübbük H. (2007). Turunçgillerde Dünya ve Ülkemiz Piyasasında Mevcut Durum, Yaygın Çeşitler, Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri.V.Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi. Erzurum.Cilt 1. s.226-229. FAO, (2008). Production yearbook. http://www.fao.org Koç A.A., Işik S., Erdem S., Beyaz B., (2009). Türkiye’nin AB Üyeliğinin Turunçgil Sektörüne Etkileri. Rapor. 187s. 161 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 357 Title A name given to the resource The Current Situation of Citrus in the World and Turkish Markets Author Author Dal, Banu Abstract A summary of the resource. Turkey is among the leading countries in the world in citrus production as far as its geographical position and its ecological properties are concerned. In 2008 data indicate a global world citrus production of 122.087.751 tonnes, 22.019.156 tonnes of which is produced by China, with Brasil second with a production of 20.774.752 tonnes, the USA third with 11.692.770 tonnes, Turkey ninth with 3.026.940 tonnes. About 47.2% of this production is represented by oranges, 25% mandarins, 22% lemons, 5.5% grapefruit. Citrus constitutes 23.6% of total fruit production and 35.4% of total exports of Turkey. Citrus is produced mainly in Mediterranean and Aegean regions and partially in East Black Sea region in Turkey. The study has evaluated the current situation of citrus in the World and Turkish markets, common varieties associated. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e01ac07689cc617a778c7be0b6563d6b.pdf 716cee5a42f2edd8aecb2e193fb0a560 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies The Day-of-the-Week Effect in the Saudi Stock Exchange: A Non-Linear Garch Analysis Talat ULUSSEVER Department of Finance and Economics King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, talat@kfupm.edu.sa Ibrahim GURAN YUMUSAK Department of Economics Kocaeli University, Izmit, Turkey, iyumusak@kocaeli.edu.tr Muhsin KAR Department of Economics Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey mkar@cu.edu.tr ABSTRACT It is a well-known fact that the day-of-the-week effect in stock markets is one of the most prominent puzzling seasonal anomalies in finance and has been increasingly attracting attention from researchers and practitioners, as well as academics. This paper scrutinizes the day-of-theweek effect in the emerging equity market of Saudi Arabia, TADAWUL. By using a non-linear GARCH model and covering the data from January 2001 to December 2009, the findings of the study reveal that the returns on the five trading days follow different process. This confirms that mean daily returns are significantly different from each other and validates the day-of-theweek effect in TADAWUL. Keywords: Day of the week effect; GARCH; Saudi stock exchange Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 9 �Talat ULUSSEVER & Ibrahim GURAN YUMUSAK & Muhsin KAR Introduction Financial markets have witnessed the presence of calendar anomalies, which have been documented extensively for the last two decades. The most prominent ones are definitely the January Effect and the Day of the Week Effect. The day of the week effect in stock markets has been attracting attention from researchers and practitioners, as well as academics and thus has been investigated extensively in different markets. Cross (1973), French (1980), Keim and Stambaugh (1984) Rogalski (1984), Aggarwal and Rivoli (1989) studied the week effect in different stock markets and revealed that the distribution of stock returns varies according to the day of the week. For example, they generally found that the average return on Monday is significantly less than the average return over the other days of the week. The day of the week regularity is not limited to a few equity markets. It is well documented that the day of the week regularity is present in other international equity markets (Jaffe and Westerfield 1985; Solnik and Bousquet 1990; Barone 1990, among others) and other financial markets including the futures market, Treasury bill market, and bond market (Gibbons and Hess, 1981; Cornell 1985; Dyl and Maberly 1986). Although the majority of the studies has centered on the seasonal pattern in mean return, many recent empirical studies have also tried to investigate the time series behavior of stock prices in terms of volatility by using variations of the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models (French, Schwert, and Stambaugh 1987; Akgiray 1989; Baillie and DeGennaro 1990; Hamao, Masulis, and Ng 1990; Nelson 1991). French and Roll (1986) proposed that the variances for the days following an exchange holiday should be larger than other days. Harvey and Huang (1991) observed higher volatility in the interest rates and foreign exchange futures markets during the first trading hours on Thursdays and Fridays. Needless to say, it is important to know whether there are variations in volatility of stock returns by day-of-the-week patterns and whether there is a connection between high (low) return and a corresponding high (low) return for a given day. Obviously, having such knowledge may allow investors to adjust their portfolios by taking into account day of the week variations in volatility. For instance, Engle (1993) argued that investors who dislike risk may adjust their portfolios by reducing their investments in those assets whose volatility is expected to increase. Finding definite patterns in volatility may be helpful in many ways, including but not limited to the use of predicted volatility patterns in hedging and speculative purposes and use of predicted volatility in valuation of certain assets, specifically stock index options. The-day-of-the week effect is regularity in the stock market that usually takes the form of considerably negative mean returns on the first day of the trading week and peculiarly high mean returns on the last day of the trading week. Settlement procedures, bid-ask spread biases, dividend patterns, negative information release, thin trading, measurement errors, specialists behavior, and the concentration of certain investment decisions at the weekend have been considered as partially main factors of the day of the week effect phenomenon by several studies like Cross (1973), French (1980), Gibbons and Hess (1981), Lakonishok and Levi (1982), Kein and Stanbaugh (1984), Rogalski (1984), Jaffe and 10 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Day-of-the-Week Effect in the Saudi Stock Exchange: A Non-Linear Garch Analysis Westerfield (1985), Smirlock and Starks (1986), Penman (1987), Damodaran (1989), Al-Loughani and Chappell (2001) and Tonchev and Kim (2004). The purpose of this study is to investigate the presence of day-of-the-week effect in emerging stock market of Saudi Arabia, TADAWUL. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous study that has tested the presence of the day-of-the-week effect in TADAWUL. The paper contributes to the literature by documenting the presence of the day-of-the-week effect patterns by using non-linear GARCH analysis in TADAWUL, which has not been investigated by any earlier studies. Literature Review There is a huge literature on day-of-the-week effect for the stock returns. Among studies investigating the day-of-the-week anomaly for the U.S. market, Cross (1973) studied the returns on the S&P 500 Index over the period of 1953 and 1970. His findings showed that the mean return on Friday is higher than the mean return on Monday. French (1980), who also studied the S&P 500 index for the period from 1953 to 1977, revealed similar results. Gibbons and Hess (1981) found negative Monday returns for 30 stocks of Dow Jones Industrial Index. Keim and Stambaugh (1984) examined the weekend effect by using longer periods for diverse portfolios. Their results confirmed the findings of previous studies. There are many studies that try to explain the Monday effect. We can cite, among them but not limited to, calendar time hypothesis (French 1980), the delay between trading and settlements in stocks (Gibbons and Hess 1981; Lakonishok and Levi 1982), and measurement errors (Gibbons and Hess 1981; Keim and Stambaugh 1984). These studies mainly measure Monday return between the closing price on Friday and the closing price on Monday. Rogalski (1984) tried to respond to the question of whether prices fall between Friday close and Monday opening or during the day on Monday. He incorporated daily returns into trading and non-trading day returns and discovered that all of the average negative returns from Friday close to Monday close take place during the non-trading hours. Average trading day returns (open to close) are alike for all days. Other U.S. markets are not exceptions to day-of-the-week patterns. The Treasury bill market, the futures market, and the bond market present a similar pattern to that of the equity market (Cornell 1985; Dyl and Maberly 1986). Several studies showed that other stock markets around the world have also witnessed the day-of-the-week effect. Among them, Jaffe and Westerfield (1985) scrutinized the weekend effect in four developed markets, namely Australia, Canada, Japan and the U.K. Their results indicated the presence of the weekend effect in all countries studied. In contrast to earlier studies of the U.S. market, surprisingly, the lowest mean returns for both Japanese and Australian stock markets were found to be on Tuesday. Solnik and Bousquet (1990) investigated day-of-weekeffect for Paris stock exchange, and revealed a strong and persistent negative return on Tuesday, which is in line with studies on Australia and Japan. Barone (1990) exposed similar results for the Italian stock market, with the biggest decline in stock prices taking place in the first two days of the week and more pronounced on Tuesday. Furthermore, Agrawal and Tandon (1994), Alexakis and Xanthakis (1995), and Balaban (1995) also showed that the distribution of stock returns varies by day-of-the-week for various countries. Overall, the day-of-the-week effect in stock returns is a Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 11 �Talat ULUSSEVER & Ibrahim GURAN YUMUSAK & Muhsin KAR common phenomenon and has been documented in different countries and different stock markets. Some empirical studies examined the time series behavior of stock prices in terms of volatility by using variations of GARCH models (French, Schwert, and Stambaugh 1987; Akgiray 1989; Baillie and DeGennaro 1990; Hamao, Masulis, and Ng 1990; Nelson 1991; Campbell and Hentschel 1992; Glosten, Jagannathan, and Runkle 1993). French, Schwert and Stambaugh (1987) studied the relationship between stock prices and volatility and confirmed that unexpected stock market returns are negatively correlated with unexpected changes in volatility. Campbell and Hentschel (1992) revealed similar findings. They showed that an increase in stock market volatility increases required stock returns, and thus decreases stock prices. Nelson (1991) and Glosten, Jagannathan, and Runkle (1993), in contrast, found that positive unanticipated returns brought about reduction in conditional volatility, while negative unanticipated returns caused upward movements in conditional volatility. Baillie and DeGennaro (1990) reported no evidence of a relationship between mean returns on a portfolio of stocks and the variance or standard deviation of those returns. These findings were also confirmed by Chan, Karolyi and Stulz (1992), who reported a significant foreign influence on the time-varying risk premium for U.S. stocks but no significant relation between the conditional expected excess return on the S&P 500 and its conditional variance. Moreover, Corhay and Rad (1994) and Theodossiou and Lee (1995) examined the behavior of stock market volatility and its relationship to expected returns for major European stock markets. Both studies displayed the presence of significant conditional heteroscedasticity in stock price behavior found no relationship between stock market volatility and expected returns. The Saudi Stock Exchange The Saudi stock exchange, known as the TADAWUL, is the largest not only in the Gulf Community Council (GCC) countries, but also in the entire Arab World. By December 2009, its market capitalization was around $313 billion. The next largest is the Kuwait stock exchange, which had a market cap of $94 billion. As a percentage of GDP, the TADAWUL’s market cap was around 67% of 2008 GDP and around 82% of 2009 GDP. It is technologically advanced, and introduced the world’s first fully-electronic market in the 1990s, comprising trading, clearing, settlement and depository (The Saudi Stock Market: Structural Issues, Recent Performance and Outlook, December, 2009, SAMBA.) The main index, the TADAWUL All Share Index (TASI) reached its peak on 25th of February 2006, when it closed at 20,635. It was severely affected by the 2008 global crisis, like all the stock markets all over the world, and saw below 4000. It is currently trading around 6300. 12 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Day-of-the-Week Effect in the Saudi Stock Exchange: A Non-Linear Garch Analysis Figure 1. TADAWUL All Share Index for the last 5 years Source: Gulfbase.com Figure 2. TADAWUL All Share Index for the Last 3 Months Source: Gulfbase.com The Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency (SAMA) was responsible for supervising the market from 1984 until 2003. In July 2003, authority was handed over to the newly formed Capital Market Authority (CMA). The CMA is now the sole regulator and supervisor of Saudi Arabia’s capital markets, and issues the necessary rules and regulations to protect investors and ensure fairness and efficiency in the market. For many years, the TADAWUL was open only to Saudi nationals. In December 2007, as part of the move to establish a GCC common market, the TADAWUL was opened to GCC nationals, though their participation remains limited as they have tended to focus on their domestic markets. Until 2008, non-Arab foreigners who were not resident in the Kingdom could only participate through a few mutual funds. However, in August 2008 the CMA approved new rules that allowed non-Arab foreigners to participate in share trading through swap arrangements with local CMA-approved and Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 13 �Talat ULUSSEVER & Ibrahim GURAN YUMUSAK & Muhsin KAR licensed intermediaries. The Saudi stock market currently lists 138 companies, divided into fifteen sectors. Financials and Basic Materials sectors are the dominant sectors, together accounting for around 70% of market capitalization. The biggest two companies by market share are Al RAJHI Bank and SABIC, a petrochemical producer, both of which command around 11% of the market. Some of the smaller sectors have larger numbers of companies: for example, the Consumer Goods sector contains 16 companies, despite accounting for just 4% of the market’s value. GCC and other Arab citizens accounted for 3% of buys, while foreign residents in the Kingdom registered just 0.2%. Foreign residents outside the Kingdom placed 1.2% of buy orders with a small number of transactions. Between 2003 and its peak in February 2006, the index gained a staggering 700%, with market capitalization soaring to $800 billion - around two-and-a-half times nominal GDP. At its peak, the TADAWUL was the world’s tenth largest stock market by value, despite having only 78 listed stocks, many with a limited free float. In July 2009, the US Dow Jones Index became the first international index provider to offer indices on the TADAWUL. Dow is now providing four Saudi indices based on real time data and prices from the Kingdom. Standard & Poor’s and Bloomberg have also reached similar agreements to provide indices. The run-up in the stock market during the middle part of the decade saw the TASI soar well above global equity benchmarks as speculators ignored fundamentals and gambled that prices would keep on rising. The subsequent crash saw the TASI lag behind global benchmarks for over a year. Since the beginning of 2008, the index has basically realigned itself with the direction of global equity markets. This realignment did not prevent another serious period of turbulence in 2008. Surging global equity markets and oil prices in the first part of the year prompted a spike in activity on the TADAWUL. However, this was followed by an abrupt collapse in the second half as the global financial system seized up. Although not as severe as the correction in 2006, the TASI still shed 49% between June and December, ending the year at 4800. Market capitalization fell to $244 billion. The biggest loser by sector was petrochemicals, which lost 63% of its value during the course of the year, with investors concerned about a global supply glut and an apparent shortage of gas feedstock in Saudi Arabia. The TASI continued to track emerging equity markets very closely in the first quarter of 2009. Performance was subdued as the global economic recession hardened and oil prices also tracked lower. In the second quarter, global economic conditions began to improve, with the first signs that financial markets had stabilized and the real economy was nearing, or at, its trough. Oil prices also began to move upwards again. 14 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Day-of-the-Week Effect in the Saudi Stock Exchange: A Non-Linear Garch Analysis Although the TASI initially tracked the benchmark higher, its recovery stalled in May 2009 as concerns about debt problems in the Saudi corporate sector began to emerge. The scale of these problems is almost impossible to quantify given a lack of publicly available data. Nevertheless, this opacity itself unsettled investors; the TASI remained subdued, adding just 19% during the second quarter. Data and Methodology The data we used is daily return data that covers January 2001 to December 2009, except the official religious holidays. The Saudi Stock Exchange operates from Saturday to Wednesday, while Thursday and Friday are the official weekend in which there is no transaction. The returns are oneday logarithmic returns. If the following day is a non-trading day, then the return is calculated using the closing price indices of the latest trading day and that day. The earlier studies of the day-of-the-week effect can be divided into four categories based on the methodology employed. The first category employs the methodology by calculating returns means and variances for each day of the trading week, or estimating the coefficients of the equation (1) below and using standard t and F test or ANOVA to check the significance and equality of mean returns, without paying attention to the time series properties of the sample data (Santesmases, 1986; Solnik and Bousquet, 1990; Athanassakos and Robinson, 1994; and Balaban, 1995). The second category of studies calculates mean daily returns or estimates the coefficients of equation (1). They, on the other hand, carry out hypothesis testing using t-statistics and χ2, calculated by using heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors, proposed by White (1980). This approach does not inspect the distributional properties of the data used (Chang, 1993; Peiro, 1994; Abraham and Ikenberry, 1994). However, it should be mentioned that Chang, 1993) performed a more thorough investigation of the time series properties of the sample data using the Jarque-Bera test of normality and Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey test for heteroscedasticity and found that regression residuals are nonnormal, heteroscedastic and auto-correlated. Therefore, they employ tests that adjust regression errors for departures from conventional assumptions. The third category tests the normality of returns via the Kolmogorov-Smirnov D Statistic. If the returns are found to be normally distributed, the t and F-tests or ANOVA are employed. Otherwise, non-parametric tests are used to test for the existence of the day-of-the-week effect (Board and Sutcliffe, 1998; Wong, 1992). The fourth category begins with reporting descriptive statistics of the distributional properties of the return series. These statistics show that the series are highly leptokurtic relative to the normal distribution. Then, this outcome is used as a justification for the use of a GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity) model to examine the presence of the day-of-the-week effect (Najand and Yung, 1994; Alexakis and Xanthakis, 1995). Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 15 �Talat ULUSSEVER & Ibrahim GURAN YUMUSAK & Muhsin KAR In this study, we extend the works of the fourth category by explicitly testing for independently and identically distributed (IID) in the empirical residuals. We first utilize a standard method to test for daily seasonality in stock market returns by estimating the following regression (the basic model): Rt = β1 + β2D2 + β3D3 + β4D4 + β5D5 + Ut (1) where Rt is the rate of return on day t, β1, β2, β3, β4, β5 are parameters, D2, D3, D4, and D5 are binary dummy variables for Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday (i.e. D2 = 1 if t is Sunday, 0 otherwise) and Ut is a stochastic error term. To be able to confirm the existence of the day-of-theweek effect, at least two coefficients must be statistically significant and unequal. Standard t and F statistics are used to test these hypotheses. Obviously, the values of these test statistics are insignificant if the conventional assumptions about OLS error terms are violated. Daily stock returns are likely to violate these assumptions (Chang, 1993). The estimate of β1 is the sample mean return for Saturdays, while the estimates of the remaining coefficients are equal to the difference between the sample mean of the corresponding day and the sample mean for Saturday. Under the null hypothesis of no the-day-of-the-week effect, β2 = β3 = β4 =β5 = 0 and residual should be IID random variables. This approach is equivalent to regressing the returns on five daily dummies, with no constant term, and testing for the equality of all parameters. We will examine the IID assumption through the application of the Brock, Dechert and Scheinkman (BDS) test proposed by Brock (1987). BDS statistics gives a statistical test of IID within a time series, and is based upon the correlation dimension (Grassberger and Procaccia, 1983). Brock (1987) shows that for a time series which is IID, the BDS statistic is asymptotically N (0, 1). Let where Cm(ε) represents the fraction of all m-tuples in the series which are “close” to (within ε of) each other and σm(ε) is an estimate of the standard deviation. Wm (ε) is the BDS statistic and provides a formal test of the IID assumption. If the null hypothesis of IID can be rejected at this stage, then the implication is that the residuals contain some hidden, possibly non-linear, structure. We will illustrate that this is indeed the case, and it is due to the time varying volatility of stock returns data. To check this possibility, we will employ a GARCH model (Bollerslev, 1987) to the returns series. The model to be employed is of the form: 16 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Day-of-the-Week Effect in the Saudi Stock Exchange: A Non-Linear Garch Analysis We then carry out the BDS tests on the normalized residuals from the GARCH model to check for any remaining unexplained structure. We further carry our analysis by checking for the existence of relationships between groups of parameters of the GARCH model. For that purpose, Wald tests of coefficient restrictions are employed. a relationship between the parameters two variables makes it employed.The The existence existence ofofa relationship between the parameters of two of variables makes it possible employed. employed. employed. employed. employed. 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IfIfthe the If the specifications Ifthe specifications specifications thespecifications specifications ofare of ofthese of these these ofthese these equations are not identical, it day that the five daily are drawn from different equations for each day of the trading week. Iftrading the specifications ofreturns these equations not identical, equations equations equations equations equations are are are not are not not are identical, not identical, identical, not identical, identical, it it it follows follows follows it it follows follows that that that that the the the that five the five five the five daily daily daily five daily returns daily returns returns returns returns are are are drawn are drawn drawn are drawn drawn from from from from different from different different different different distributions, and hence a day-of-the-week effect does indeed exist. it follows that the five daily returns are drawn from different distributions, and hence a day-of-thedistributions, distributions, distributions, distributions, distributions, and and and hence and hence hence and hence ahence day-of-the-week aa day-of-the-week day-of-the-week a day-of-the-week a day-of-the-week effect effect effect effect does effect does does does indeed indeed does indeed indeed exist. indeed exist. exist. exist. exist. week effect does indeed exist. Empirical Results Empirical Empirical Empirical Empirical Empirical Empirical Results Results Results Results ResultsResults Equation 6 shows the results of estimating the basic model. Equation Equation Equation Equation Equation 6 6shows 6 shows shows 6 shows 6 the shows the the results results results the results of results of of estimating estimating estimating of of estimating estimating the the basic the basic basic the basic model. basic model. model. model. model. Equation 6the shows the results of the estimating the basic model. (6) Rt = 0.003265 – 0.003167β2 – 0.003021β3 - 0.002556β4 – 00.2602β5 + Ut 0.003265 0.003265 =t 0.003265 = 0.003265 – –0.003167 – 0.003167 0.003167 – 0.003167 –(5.98) 0.003167 β2ββ–22–0.003021 –β0.003021 0.003021 β–20.003021 – 0.003021 β3ββ-330.002556 -β - 0.002556 β- 3(-3.97) 0.002556 - 0.002556 β4ββ–44 –00.2602 β–400.2602 00.2602 β–400.2602 – 00.2602 β5ββ+ β+ U5U β+t5t U +t(-3.91) (6) U(6) R RtRR=tt == Rt0.003265 2(-3.89) 30.002556 55 + tU t(6)(6)(6) (-3.37) 2 (5.98) (5.98) (5.98) (5.98) (-3.89) (-3.89) (-3.89) (-3.89) (-3.97) (-3.97) (-3.97) (-3.37) (-3.37) (-3.37) (-3.91) (-3.91) (-3.91) (-3.89) (-3.97) (-3.97) (-3.37) (-3.37) (-3.91) (-3.91) (R(5.98) = 0.091) 2 22 2 2 (R(R (R =(R =0.091) =(R 0.091) 0.091) = 0.091) = 0.091) As it is clearly seen from the results, all t-statistics of the estimated parameters are greater than Asclearly itseen is seen clearly seen from the results, all t-statistics of the estimated parameters are greater than the ittheis seen from the all t-statistics of the estimated parameters are greater than AsAs As itAs itis it As isis clearly it clearly clearly is clearly seen seen from from from from the the the the results, results, results, all all all t-statistics all t-statistics t-statistics t-statistics ofof of the the of the estimated the estimated estimated estimated parameters parameters parameters parameters are greater are greater greater greater than than than than critical value atresults, the 5%results, significance level. This confirms that all are ofare the differences between critical value at the 5% significance level. This confirms that all of the differences between the mean the critical at the significance level. This confirms that all of the differences between the the the critical the critical critical critical value value value value atvalue at at the the the at5% the 5% 5% significance 5% significance significance significance level. level. level. level. This This This This confirms confirms confirms confirms that that that all that all all of all ofthe of the differences the differences differences differences between between between between the mean returns of Saturday and each other trading day are significantly different from zero. returns of Saturday and each other trading day are significantly different from zero. Therefore, the the mean returns of Saturday and each other trading day are significantly different from zero. the the the mean the mean mean mean returns returns returns returns ofof of Saturday Saturday of Saturday Saturday and and andeach and each each each other other other other trading trading trading trading day day day are day are are significantly are significantly significantly significantly different different different different from from from from zero. zero. zero. zero. Therefore, the results are supportive of the day-of-the-week effect. Therefore, the results are supportive of the day-of-the-week effect. Therefore, Therefore, Therefore, Therefore, the the the results the results results results are are supportive are supportive supportive supportive ofof of the the the ofday-of-the-week the day-of-the-week day-of-the-week day-of-the-week effect. effect. effect. results areare supportive of the day-of-the-week effect.effect. Table (1) reports the results of applying the BDS test to the residuals of the basic model. The Table (1) reports the results of applying the BDS test to the residuals of the basic model. The at Table Table Table Table (1) (1) (1) reports (1) reports reports reports the the the results the results results results ofof of applying applying of applying applying the the the BDS the BDS BDS BDS test test test to test to to the the to the the residuals residuals residuals ofhypothesis of of the the of the basic the basic basic basic model. model. model. The The The The calculated test statistics are quite high, indicating that the null of themodel. IID iscalculated rejected Table (1) reports the results of applying the BDS test toresiduals the residuals of the basic model. The calculated test statistics are quite high, indicating that the null hypothesis of the IID is the rejected at the calculated calculated calculated calculated test test test statistics test statistics statistics statistics are are are quite are quite quite quite high, high, high, high, indicating indicating indicating indicating that that that the that the the null the null null hypothesis null hypothesis hypothesis hypothesis of of of the the of the IID the IID isIID isis rejected rejected rejected is explained rejected atat at atlevel. the 5% level. This finding suggests that variations in daily cannot be by test statistics are quite high, indicating that the null hypothesis ofreturns the IID isIID rejected at 5% the 5% level. This finding suggests that variations in daily returns cannot be explained by the the the the 5% the 5% 5% level. 5% level. level. level. This This This This finding finding finding finding suggests suggests suggests suggests that that that variations that variations variations variations in in in daily daily in daily daily returns returns returns returns cannot cannot cannot cannot be be be explained be explained explained explained by by by the by the the the basic linear model. This finding suggests that variations in daily returns cannot be explained by the basic linear model. basic linear model. basic basic basic basic linear linear linear linear model. model. model. model. Table 1. BDS tests on the basic model residuals Table 1. BDS tests on the basic model residuals BDS tests on the basic model residuals Table Table Table Table 1.Table 1. 1. BDS BDS BDS 1. 1. BDS tests tests tests tests onon on the the on the basic the basic basic basic model model model model residuals residuals residuals residuals m=4 m=5 m=6 m=7 m=8 ε mm m = =4= m44m = 4=7.876 4 mm m = =5= m55m = 5=8.879 5 mm m = =6= m66m = 6=10.002 6 mm m = =7= m77m = 7=11.378 7 mm m = =8= m88m = 8=14.056 8 ε εε ε ε 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 7.876 7.876 7.876 7.876 7.876 8.879 8.879 8.879 8.879 8.879 10.002 10.002 10.002 10.002 10.002 11.378 11.378 11.378 11.378 11.378 14.056 14.056 14.056 14.056 14.056 0.084 8.148 9.067 10.117 11.109 12.067 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.084 8.148 8.148 8.148 8.148 8.148 9.067 9.067 9.067 9.067 9.067 10.117 10.117 10.117 10.117 10.117 11.109 11.109 11.109 11.109 11.109 12.067 12.067 12.067 12.067 12.067 0.168 9.657 10.112 10.302 10.598 10.675 0.168 0.168 0.168 0.168 0.168 9.657 9.657 9.657 9.657 9.657 10.112 10.112 10.112 10.112 10.112 10.302 10.302 10.302 10.302 10.302 10.598 10.598 10.598 10.598 10.598 10.675 10.675 10.675 10.675 10.675 The results of the BDS test suggest that we should fit a GARCH model. Table (2) reports the final The results of the BDS test suggest wegeneral shouldtofit a GARCH model. Table show (2) reports results of estimating a GARCH modelthat using specific modeling. The results that thethe The The The results The results results The results results ofof of the the of the BDS of the BDS BDS the BDS test BDS test test suggest test suggest suggest test suggest suggest that that that we that we we that should we should should we should should fitfit fit a afit GARCH a GARCH GARCH fit ageneral GARCH a GARCH model. model. model. model. model. Table Table Table Table (2) Table (2) (2) reports (2) reports reports (2) reports reports the the thethethe final results of estimating GARCH model using specific modeling. The results show GARCH model provides aa better explanation than the basic to model. final final final final results results final results results of results of of estimating estimating of estimating of estimating estimating a aGARCH amodel GARCH GARCH a GARCH a GARCH model model model model using using using using general using general general general general toto to specific specific specific tothan to specific specific modeling. modeling. modeling. modeling. modeling. The The The results The results results The results show results show show show show that the GARCH provides amodel better explanation the basic model. that that that the that the the that GARCH the GARCH GARCH the GARCH GARCH model model model model provides model provides provides provides provides a better aa better better a better aexplanation better explanation explanation explanation explanation than than than than the the the than basic the basic basic the basic model. basic model. model. model. model. The results of performing the BDS tests on the standard residuals of the GARCH model are The The Theresults The results results The results results ofof ofperforming performing of performing of performing performing the the the the BDS BDS the BDS tests BDS tests tests tests onon tests on the on the the on standard the standard standard the standard standard residuals residuals residuals residuals residuals of of ofthe the of theGARCH of the GARCH GARCH the GARCH GARCH model model model model are model are areareare given in Table (3). ItBDS is absolutely clear that these residuals are indeed IID. given given given given ingiven in in Table Table Table in in Table (3). Table (3). (3). It(3). Itis It(3). isis absolutely Itabsolutely absolutely is It absolutely is absolutely clear clear clear clear that that clear that these that these these that these residuals these residuals residuals residuals residuals are are are indeed are indeed indeed are indeed IID. indeed IID. IID. IID. IID. Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 17 �Talat ULUSSEVER & Ibrahim GURAN YUMUSAK & Muhsin KAR The results of performing the BDS tests on the standard residuals of the GARCH model are given in Table (3). It is absolutely clear that these residuals are indeed IID. Table 2. Maximum Likelihood Estimates of the GARCH (1,1) model Table 3. BDS tests on the GARCH (1,1) model residuals Table (4) reports the results of applying various Wald tests of restrictions on the parameters of the GARCH model. These results suggest that variable terms in the original GARCH model should be replaced by a new set of dummy variables, namely D1, D34, and D24, such that, D1 = 1 if day t is a Saturday and 0 otherwise, D34 = 1 if day t is a Monday or Tuesday and 0 otherwise, and D24 = 1 if day t is a Sunday or a Tuesday and 0 otherwise. Table (5) shows the estimates of the GARCH model with new dummy variables. The change in the model specification slightly increases the explanatory power of the model. The final model explains about 8% of the variation in daily returns. The BDS test statistics were calculated for the residuals of this final model and the results are reported in Table (6). Again, the null hypothesis of IID cannot be rejected. This result indicates that the final GARCH model can adequately describe the daily return process of the TADAWUL stock price index. Table 4. Wald tests for coefficient restrictions Null Hypothesis ß1 + ß2 = 0 ß1 + ß3 = 0 ß1 + ß4 = 0 18 χ2 2.255 0.067 0.038 P 0.133 0.802 0.853 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Day-of-the-Week Effect in the Saudi Stock Exchange: A Non-Linear Garch Analysis ß1 + ß5 = 0 ß6 + ß9 = 0 ß6 + ß10 = 0 ß6 + ß11 = 0 ß6 + ß12 = 0 ß1 = ß2 0.034 4.128 0.339 4.597 0.588 0.043 0.867 0.042* 0.0576 0.031* 0.0436 0.0834 * Significant at the 5% level Table 5. Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the GARCH (1,1) model (the coefficient restriction imposed) Table 6. BDS tests on the restricted GARCH (1,1) model residual In Table (5), the GARCH coefficient α3 is highly significant. This implies that a significant part of the current volatility of TADAWUL stock index returns can be explained by past volatility, and that the past volatility tends to persist over time. The parameter estimates of the final GARCH model can be used to construct the equations from 7 to 11 for five days of the trading week. The five returns equations clearly reveal that the mean daily returns are significantly different from each other. Consequently, based on the results of Table (5), we can confirm the presence of day-ofthe-week effect on daily stock returns in the Saudi Stock Exchange. Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 19 �Talat ULUSSEVER & Ibrahim GURAN YUMUSAK & Muhsin KAR Conclusion The presence of the day of the week effect in stock market returns has been one of the hotly debated issues in the finance literature. Settlement procedures, bid-ask spread biases, dividend patterns, negative information release, thin trading, measurement errors, specialists’ behavior, and the concentration of certain investment decisions have been considered as main factors behind the day of the week effect phenomenon in the empirical studies. In this study, covering the daily stock return data from January 2001 to December 2009 and employing a non-linear GARCH model, we intended to test the presence of the day-of-the-week effect in the Saudi Stock Exchange (TADAWUL), which is a recently modernized stock market and offers a unique opportunity to test for seasonal anomalies. It should be noted that trading takes place from Saturday to Wednesday in TADAWUL as opposed to the more traditional Monday through Friday trading. The empirical results of the study confirm that all of the differences between the mean returns of Saturday and each other trading day are significantly different from zero, which are supportive of the day-of-the-week effect (Equation 6). Furthermore, the findings (Equations 7-11) reveal that the returns on the five trading days follow different processes, which obviously confirms the presence of day-of-the-week effect in daily stock returns in TADAWUL. This implies that there is room for investors to adjust their portfolios by taking into account day of the week variations in volatility in the Saudi Stock Exchange. References Abraham, A. and Ikenberry, D.L. (1994). The Individual Investor and the Weekend Effect. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 29, 263-277. Agrawal, A. and Tandon, K. (1994). Anomalies or Illusions? Evidence from Stock Markets in Eighteen Countries. Journal of International Money and Finance, 13, 83-106. Aggarwal, R. and Rivoli, P. (1989). 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Journal of Futures Markets, 6, 513-521. Engle, R. (1993). Statistical Models for Financial Volatility. Financial Analysts Journal, 49, 72-78. French, K. R. (1980). Stock Returns and The Weekend Effect. Journal of Financial Economics, 8, 55-69. French, K. R. and Roll, R. (1986.) Stock Return Variances: The Arrival of Information of the Reaction of Traders. Journal of Financial Economics, 17, 5-26. French, K. R., Schwert, G.W. and Stambaugh, R.F. (1987). Expected Stock Returns and Volatility. Journal of Financial Economics, 19, 3-29. Gibbons, M., and Hess, P. (1981). Day of the Week Effects and Asset Returns. Journal of Business, 54, 579-596. Glosten, L. R., Jagannathan, R.and Runkle, D.E. (1993). On the Relation between the Expected Value and the Volatility of the Nominal Excess Returns on Stocks. Journal of Finance, 48, 17791801. Grassberger, P. and Procaccia, I. (1983). Measuring the Strangeness of Strange Attractors. Physica, 90, 189-208 Hamao, Y., Masulis, R. and Ng, V. (1990). Correlations in Price Changes and Volatility across International Stock Markets. Review of Financial Studies, 3, 281-308. Harvey, C. and Huang, R. (1991). Volatility in Foreign Exchange Futures Markets. Review of Financial Studies, 4, 543-570. Jaffe, J. and Westerfield, R. (1985). The Weekend Effect in Common Stock Returns: The International Evidence. Journal of Finance, 40, 433-454. Keim, D. B. and Stambaugh, F. (1984). A Further Investigation of Weekend Effects in Stock Returns. Journal of Finance, 39, 819-840. Lakonishok, J. and Levi, M (1982). Weekend Effects on Stock Returns: A Note. Journal of Finance, 37, 883-889. Najad, M. and Yung, K. (1994). Conditional Heteroskedasticity and the Weekend Effect in S&P 500 22 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �The Day-of-the-Week Effect in the Saudi Stock Exchange: A Non-Linear Garch Analysis Index Futures. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 21, 603-612 Nelson, D. B. (1991). Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Asset Returns: A New Approach. Econometrica, 59, 347-370. Pagan, A. 1984. Econometrics Issues in the Analysis of Regressions with Generated Regressors. International Economic Review 25: 221-47. Peiro, A. (1994). Daily Seasonality in Stock Returns: Further International Evidence. Economics Letter, 45, 227-232 Penman, S. H. (1987). The Distribution of Earnings News Over Time and Seasonality in Aggregate Stock Returns. Journal of Financial Economics, 18, 199-228. Rogalski, R. J. (1984). New Findings Regarding Day-of-the-Week Returns over Trading and NonTrading Periods: A Note. Journal of Finance, 35, 1603-1614. Santesmases, M. (1986). An Investigation of the Spanish Stock Market Seasonalities. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 13, 267-276 Samirlock, M. and Starks, L. (1986). Day-of-the-Week and Interday Effects in Paris Bourse. Journal of Financial Economics, 17, 197-210 Solnik, B. and Bousquet, L. (1990). Day-of-the-Week Effect on the Paris Bourse. Journal of Banking and Finance, 14, 461-468. Theodossiou, P., and Lee, U. (1995). Relationship Between Volatility and Expected Returns Across International Stock Markets. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 22, 289-300. Tonchev, D. and Kim, T.-H., (2004). Calendar effects in Eastern European financial markets: Evidence from the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia. Applied Financial Economics 14 (14), 1035–1043. White, H. (1980). A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48, 817-838 Wong, K.A., Hui, T.K. and Chan, C.Y. (1992). Day-of-the-Week Effect: Evidence from Developing Stock Markets. Applied Financial Economics, 2, 49-56. Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 23 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1051 Title A name given to the resource The Day-of-the-Week Effect in the Saudi Stock Exchange: A Non-Linear Garch Analysis Author Author ULUSSEVER , Talat GURAN YUMUSAK, Ibrahim KAR, Muhsin Abstract A summary of the resource. It is a well-known fact that the day-of-the-week effect in stock markets is one of the most prominent puzzling seasonal anomalies in finance and has been increasingly attracting attention from researchers and practitioners, as well as academics. This paper scrutinizes the day-of-theweek effect in the emerging equity market of Saudi Arabia, TADAWUL. By using a non-linear GARCH model and covering the data from January 2001 to December 2009, the findings of the study reveal that the returns on the five trading days follow different process. This confirms that mean daily returns are ignificantly different from each other and validates the day-of-the-week effect in TADAWUL. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-01 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 1986 – 8502 H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/954a91e9ad47fc83309f22fc58488e03.pdf 761e2fb0d4a2d799dab5a77e4b8a59ba PDF Text Text The Democracy Education at Schools and Pre-service Teachers’ Observations to the Democratic Attitudes and Behaviors in School Selçuk UYGUN, Ph.D. Faculty of Education,Department of Educational Sciences, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University ÇANAKKALE /TURKEY selcukuygun17@gmail.com Abstract: In this research, the evaluation of approaches and implementations of democratic attitudes and behaviors in schools has been aimed. To achieve this purpose, the pre-service teachers’, who has gone to primary and high school for teaching practice in Çanakkale (Turkey) in 2005-2006, observation reports have been used. Schools are the laboratories where the democracy culture and conscious are composed. In democratic systems, schools are the important organizations for teaching democracy. Democracy education should be taught as theoretical and practical. Democracy is a life philosophy. So, the knowledge of democratic values and attitudes is not enough, it has to be transferred to life. Education has importance on democracy than training. The approaches and implementations that related with democratic attitudes and behaviors can be differentiated in many times. When democratic values are accepted in generally, there is been up against lacks of implementations. This study’s importance is the comparing and describing of similarities and differences between democratic approach and implementation in schools through pre-service teachers’ observations and discussing on methods about democracy education. The universe of research is composed of primary and high schools in the Çanakkale City Center. The sample is defined randomly from schools that pre-service teachers have gone for practicing. The reports, that pre-service teachers wrote as composition, has been analyzed using content analyze. According to pre-service teachers, there are significant differences between democratic attitudes/behaviors and practicing in schools. Keywords: Turkey, democratic school, democracy education, pre-service teachers. Introduction Democracy education is needed for democracy development in schools of countries where the democracy is accepted. The schools shouldn’t be the places where the democracy education is only taught, but it should be also a place where the democracy education is put into practice. Because the democracy is a way of life (Kıncal ve Uygun 2006). John Dewey who plays a great role in constructing the Turkish education system, suggested a democratic education and teaching system in schools in Turkey in the first years of the Turkish Republic when democracy is accepted (Uygun 2008). It is impossible to educate individuals who will live a democratic life without undemocratic education system. The democracy education at schools in Turkey has developed like as a change a practice phase from the cognitive and sensational teaching of the democracy (Kıncal and Uygun 2006; Kepenekçi 2003). The attitudes and behaviors in schools are the indicators of the democratic life. The schools are not only the place where the students are equipped for a democratic life but also they are the places where democratic life is put into practice. For that reason the schools where the democracy is put into practice are important environments (Kaygun 2008). By order the attitudes and the behaviors of the directors, teachers, students and other staff are the determining factors for creating a democratic atmosphere in schools. The schools where democratic attitudes and behaviors are dominant called as a democratic school. Here are the two musts to be provided for being a democratic school (Kepenekçi 2003): 1. A correlative dialogue including love, respect, tolerance should be provided among people in schools and classrooms’ environment. 2. All of the members including directors, teachers, students, parents and others should be given the rights on taking decisions related to them. On evaluation democratic relation network in schools, the observations of the pre-service teachers who must be conscious about the democracy but not take part in the system yet, are important. The things what the pre-service 138 �teachers understand from democratic values and their perception about these values in school atmosphere will make contribution on developing democracy education practices. Aim of Research The aim of this study is to evaluate approaches and implementations of democratic attitudes and behaviors in schools according to pre-service teachers’ observation reports. According to this general aim here are the sub-aims; 1. What are the notions related to democratic attitudes in pre-service teachers’ observation reports? 2. What are the evaluations of the pre-service teachers for the democracy education? 3. What are the observations of the pre-service teachers for democratic attitudes and behaviors of students, teachers and directors in schools? 4. According pre-service teachers; is there a consistency or not between the democracy implementations and the democratic attitudes and behaviors of students, teachers and directors? Method Between the years of 2005-2009 in each teaching term, the pre-service teachers who are taking their teaching training as a group of people each includes six people are asked to write observation reports about democratic attitudes and behaviors in schools. The 44 pre-service teachers’ observations reports training in 5 primary schools and 3 high schools, are put through a content analysis. It is assumed that the data gathered in 4 years are adequate for a qualitative research. The democratic values in observations reports written by the pre-service teachers without any interference are evaluated by frequency and categorical analysis. In analysis phase, firstly the possible notions about the democratic values are found out by making good use of literature (Matusova 1997; Kıncal and Işık 2003; Şahin 2004; Çankaya and Seçkin 2004). The number of the specified notions that are mentioned in pre-service teachers’ reports are counted and the meanings what they refer are encoded by categorizing. The significant ideas in encoded content, are interpreted and quoted to research paper by giving code names to pre-service teachers. Findings In this part the findings of the research are listed as sub-titles and interpreted. Democratic Values The democratic attitudes and behaviors in schools are important for developing democracy culture. The teachers play a great role on developing democratic attitudes and behaviors in schools. Firstly the teachers should be aware of what are the democratic values. The teachers, directors or somebody else lacking this conscious about democratic values can not make any contribution for developing and practicing of democracy (Aydoğan and Kukul 2003). The pre-service teachers’ perception on democracy values noted in reports is given at Table 1. - 139 �Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Democratic Value Respect Justice Tolerance Cooperation Responsibility Trust Dialogue Equality Honesty Sensitivity Self-confidence Freedom Individual Vote Critic f 124 115 103 102 96 95 80 67 62 58 34 20 13 10 2 Total 981 % 12.6 11.7 10.4 10.3 9.7 9.6 8.1 6.8 6.3 5.9 3.4 2.0 1.3 1.0 0.2 100 Table 1. The Frequency of Pre-Service Teachers’ Using the Terms of Democratic Values According to Table1, the pre-service teachers emphasize on these democratic values by ‘order’, ‘respect’, ‘justice’, ‘tolerance’, ‘cooperation’, ‘responsibility’ and ‘trust’. The frequently usage of these terms about democratic values by pre-service teachers, show us that they have knowledge about democracy education. And also ‘the democratic value’ written 981 times in reports by 44 pre-service teachers, is noteworthy. But these findings are not enough to say that they are in positive attitudes and behaviors on democratic values. Because the attitudes and behaviors towards the values can show differentiation. However individuals are in positive attitudes towards the democratic values, they ca not reflect their beliefs in real life. For instance; according to a research done by Kıncal (2000), it is seen that, the primary school teachers do not show enough effort to gain democratic values to the students. - Democracy Education in Schools Democracy is a rising value in Turkey same as it is in the world. Firstly the cognitive knowledge is taught in schools for developing democracy and making it as a life style. Especially in primary schools, the citizenship, human rights and democracy education are widely mentioned in the curriculum of the social sciences subject (Türkan 2009). In recent years these subjects are supported by activities helping the having democratic life style with the constructivist program and new projects are supported aiming at providing democratic benefits. These projects are, like educational social activities, honor committees, students committees, school councils, democratic citizenship education which all of these include practical democratic activities (Kepenekçi 2003; Kıncal and Uygun 2006; Altınova 2009). Here are some of the examples of evaluations about the democracy education in schools frequently emphasized in pre-service teachers’ reports: İA: “The teacher often uses question and answer method and helps the students to find the answers by themselves in teaching process. He tries to give voice to each student in classes.” HE: “The student who freely says her/ his ideas and sees that they are valid is a free one”. 140 �DK: “The pluralistic democracy should take its place in schools by some of activities. One of these activities is educational activity work the students learn cooperative working in these activities, which is a need in democracy”. TS:“In classes the teachers try to create a democratic teaching process by supporting the participations of the students and making students listen to others while they are speaking, and they follow the same philosophy inside the school too. Both the teachers and the directors try to earn the students the values of the universal, national and cultural in national feast by harmonizing this with the democracy. Especially the choice of representative students to the Student Council hold in April, is a good example of this.” - The Democratic Attitudes and Behaviors in Schools In school environment, the dialogue of all the members and behaving each others in a way including democratic values such as respectful, tolerant, equal, sharing, responsible, trustful can be defined as democratic attitudes and behaviors. In a research named as’ Democratic attitudes of Teachers’ done by Gözütok (1995), he reached a finding that the pre-service teachers show more democratic attitudes than the teachers working at schools. Based on the finding in Gözütok’s research, the evaluation of democratic attitudes and behaviors in schools are meaningful according to the pre-service teachers. One of the most important tasks of the school is to make students gain the democratic attitudes and behaviors. The students are not expected to have democratic life style, if they are not educated in a democratic way. The schools are the social life laboratories for students. And the directors and the teachers are the models for students (Kaygun 2008). So the school should be a model for society. Here are some of the quoted passages frequently emphasized in pre-service teachers’ observations on democratic attitudes and behaviors in schools. In Turkey in order to develop democracy and democracy education a protocol signed on 13th of January in 2004 between the Ministry of Education and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. According to this protocol a lesson named as ‘Democracy Education and The Project of School Councils’ are put into curriculum at schools. In this Project, school councils are created at schools and the participant of the students for school management are tried to be supported (for more information look: Kıncal and Uygun 2006). AT: “Firstly the thing to be done is to show respect to students’ personal rights and make feel them that they are individual too. (respect, individual) GY: The students sometimes exceed the respect border cause of feeling close, cozy friends they are”. (respect) HS: “Because of the egocentric emotion, the justice thoughts of students are not enough grown”.( justice) İA: “ Generally there is a democratic attitude in school. There is no someone’s priority to anyone”.( equality) NK: “ The teacher behaves each student equally without considering the different level and environment of them”. (equality) NK: “The students show us that the democracy is in actual life by showing great tolerant to disabled students same as the way of behaving the others”.( tolerance) İÖ: “The teachers are more tolerant than the students deserve”.(tolerance) YA: “ Most of the students have the ability of responsibility because of being in a boarding school. They know their rights enough and defend themselves well. They believe that they can behave same as the teachers behave. (rights and responsibility) EY: The students are not honest while solving problems.” (honesty) ÜS: “I observe that some of the students are honest and forthright while solving problems.” (honesty) İÖ: “The teachers do not trust the students completely.” ( trust) İÖ: “It can be said that the students have enough self-confident.” (self-confident) SK: “The school administrations are sensitive to universal, national and cultural values”. DK: “A good dialogue is very important for democratization in school but it is not enough by itself.” (Dialogue) As far as can be seen both in important evaluations of pre-service teachers, the democratic attitudes and behaviors can show differences according to democratic values. In a research named as ‘The Evaluation of the Primary School Teachers’ Efficiency on Gaining Democratic Earnings’ done by Genç (2006) the levels of the teachers’ on making students gain democratic earnings show dissimilarity. This dissimilarity is obvious in preservice teachers’ reports, too. Pre-service teachers think that some of the attitudes in schools are suitable for democratic values but some of them are not. 141 �- The Consistency of the Democratic Attitudes and Behaviors in Schools The role of the schools is not only to teach students “what is democracy?”, but also adapt democracy to the life so that the students have the ability to put democracy into their life (Miser 1991). A well balanced harmonic consistency is needed in all members in school atmosphere to provide democracy as a life style. To achieve those schools should be democracy laboratories. All the elements in these laboratories should serve democratic earnings. The structure of school system, the philosophy of administration, the content of the programs, teaching strategies, the role of teacher, the degree of participation and the features like that, are effective factors to determine how many democratic attitudes and behaviors are in it (Gürşimşek and Görengenli 2004). Here are some the examples of mostly emphasized narratives chosen from observations of pre-service teachers about the consistency of the democratic attitudes and behaviors in schools: HE: ‘Suddenly the classroom door was knocked. The codirector and the Turkish teacher of the school have entered the room. He said that; I am sorry for disturbing you; but we will choose students as a school representative, we don’ t want to choose by ourselves so we think that the volunteer ones should be voted by the other students.’. This is a good example of teaching democracy conscious by using it in real life. DK: The students who participate in lessons are certain in each class. This situation is controversy to democracy. However a talented teacher should make students actively take part in classes. YŞ: The students are respectful to their teachers. But they don’t show the same respect to their friends. SE: In democratic classes the teacher-student relationship should be in a way sharing the freedom and knowledge. Unfortunately this democratic attitude is not transferred to students in classroom consciously. The students try to obey the classroom rules. But they don’t know why they obey these rules and also they are unconscious about the real aims of these rules. On that situation the teachers show an authoritarian attitude. And the students just obey the rules, without any critical way of thinking and inquisitorial point of view. SK: It can not be said that the teachers have a good dialogue with the students. They are in an attitude snubbing and seeing them as worthless. ÜS: There is a tolerance towards to students. But the students sometimes misuse this tolerance. MS: most of the students have extreme freedom because, maybe they are young. They accept the democracy and justice only when they profit from them. Their respect is not in great amount towards to both their teachers and friends. BÖ: The students knew their rights and responsibilities but they didn’t put them into practice completely. EY: The teachers trust their students, but they give too much responsibility to them. SY: The students’ self-confidence is exceedingly grown, so that sometimes they behave in a selfish way. SN: I can say that there is a hierarchic order in school. EM: I think that there is a healthy and democratic relationship between the school administration and the students. MS: In my opinion, the democracy attitude in our schools has developed recently. In contrast the authoritarian attitude in former times, changed its place with a dialogue in a way of respectful and correlative tolerance by and by. Sometimes it can be misused both by the teachers and the students. A student can show a wrong behavior by defending that they are living in a democratic world. Democracy is a value to be gained only when all the elements that surround human life become democratic. According to pre-service teachers, there is some sensitivity to gain this value but, it is not possible to talk about exact consistency. Yet the school environment must be a model in which democracy is active in order to make students gain democratic earnings. According to Bandura’s social learning theory, individuals acquire most of the behaviors by observing others (Yazıcı 2008). It is hard to gain consistent democratic attitudes and behaviors in schools where some of the values of democracy are used while some are not, and it is also hard to gain if there is no equality on democratic values practices. According to Sönmez’s research, when the students have rights to say something while taking decisions at school and when these decisions are the same both for the directors and teachers, a democratic atmosphere is acquired and in this atmosphere the students’ consistency in democratic attitudes and behaviors naturally improve. Conclusion The findings of the 44 pre-service teachers involving 5 of them for primary school and 3 of them for high school on observation reports of democratic attitudes and behaviors in school. 142 �Some results are found by analyzing and evaluating the observation reports of pre-service teachers on democratic attitudes and behaviors in schools. These findings are listed below. - - - The pre-service teachers frequently used the terms about democratic values. The most frequently used terms are by order; ‘respect’, ‘justice’, ‘tolerance’, ‘cooperation’, ‘responsibility’ and ‘trust’. The pre-service teachers shaped their reports on their own beliefs about democratic attitudes and behaviors rather than democracy education practices in schools. Both the positive and the negative features of democratic values’ are together in evaluations of pre-service teachers on democratic attitudes and behaviors. They said and emphasized that some of the values are used in schools while some of them are not used or misused. For instance; the teachers show tolerance to students. But this tolerance is misused by the students and caused a discipline problem in school. According to pre-service teachers there is no exact consistency between the acceptance of democratic values and practices. However the schools assume a duty for teaching democratic values, there is not enough democratic atmospheres to make these values as a part of life. It must be provided that all the school system members need to have belief, idea and practice consistency on democratic values. References Altınova, A. (2009). “Demokratik Yurttaşlık Eğitimi Projesi”. Bilim ve Aklın Aydınlığında Eğitim, 9 (108). Çankaya, D.& Seçkin, O. (2004). “Demokratik Değerlerin Benimsenmesi Açısından Öğretmen ve Öğretmen Adaylarının Görüş ve Tutumları”. International Symposium on Democracy Education (20-21 May 2004). Çanakkale: Eser Ofset. Genç, S. Z. (2006). “Demokratik Kazanımların Gerçekleşmesinde İlköğretim Öğretmenlerinin Etkilililiğinin Değerlendirimesi”. Millî Eğitim Dergisi, 35 (171). Gözütok, F. D. (1995). Öğretmenlerin Demokratik Tutumları. Ankara: TDV Yayınları. Gürşimşek, I. & Görengenli, M. (2004). “Öğretmen Adayları ve Öğretmenlerde Demokratik Tutumlar, Değerler ve Demokrasiye İlişkin İnançlar”. International Symposium on Democracy Education (20-21 May 2004). Çanakkale: Eser Ofset. Kaygun, İ. (2008). “Demokratik Tutum ve Davranış Kazandırmada Okulun Rolü”. Bilim ve Aklın Aydınlığında Eğitim, 9 (105). Kepenekçi, Y. (2003). “Demokratik Okul”. Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (11). Kıncal, R.&Uygun, S. (2006). “Demokrasi Eğitimi ve Okul Meclisleri Projesi Uygulamalarının Değerlendirilmesi”. Millî Eğitim Dergisi, 35 (171). Kıncal, R. Y. & Işık, H. (2003). “Demokratik Eğitim ve Demokratik Değerler”. Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (1). Kıncal, R. Y. (2000). “İlköğretim Öğretmenlerinin Davranışlarının Demokratiklik Düzeyi”. II. Ulusal Öğretmen Yetiştirme Sempozyumu: Bildiriler. Çanakkale: ÇOMÜ Eğitim Fakültesi. Matusova, S. (1997). “Democratic Values as a Challenge for Education”. European Education, 29 (3). Miser, R. (1991). “Demokrasi Eğitimi”. Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 24 (1). Sönmez, V. (2003). “Dizgeli Eğitimle Sınıf Ortamında Doğrudan Demokrasi”. Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (11). Şahin, N. (2004). “ÇOMÜ Eğitim Fakültesi Sınıf Öğretmenliği Öğretmen Adaylarının Demokratik Sınıf Ortamı ile İlgili Görüşleri”. International Symposium on Democracy Education (20-21 May 2004). Çanakkale: Eser Ofset. Türkan, F. (2009). “İlköğretim Programlarında İnsan Hakları ve Yurttaşlık Eğitimi”. Bilim ve Aklın Aydınlığında Eğitim, 9 (108). Uygun, S. (2008). “The Impact of John Dewey on the Teacher Education System in Turkey”. Asia – Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 36 (4). 143 �Yazıcı, H. (2008). “Sosyal Bilişsel Öğrenme Kuramı”. Eğitim Psikolojisi (Edit: K. Ersanlı ve E . Uzman). İstanbul: Lisans Yayıncılık. 144 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 363 Title A name given to the resource The Democracy Education at Schools and Pre-service Teachers’ Observations to the Democratic Attitudes and Behaviors in School Author Author UYGUN, Selçuk Abstract A summary of the resource. In this research, the evaluation of approaches and implementations of democratic attitudes and behaviors in schools has been aimed. To achieve this purpose, the pre-service teachers’, who has gone to primary and high school for teaching practice in Çanakkale (Turkey) in 2005-2006, observation reports have been used. Schools are the laboratories where the democracy culture and conscious are composed. In democratic systems, schools are the important organizations for teaching democracy. Democracy education should be taught as theoretical and practical. Democracy is a life philosophy. So, the knowledge of democratic values and attitudes is not enough, it has to be transferred to life. Education has importance on democracy than training. The approaches and implementations that related with democratic attitudes and behaviors can be differentiated in many times. When democratic values are accepted in generally, there is been up against lacks of implementations. This study’s importance is the comparing and describing of similarities and differences between democratic approach and implementation in schools through pre-service teachers’ observations and discussing on methods about democracy education. The universe of research is composed of primary and high schools in the Çanakkale City Center. The sample is defined randomly from schools that pre-service teachers have gone for practicing. The reports, that pre-service teachers wrote as composition, has been analyzed using content analyze. According to pre-service teachers, there are significant differences between democratic attitudes/behaviors and practicing in schools. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1e375222e663391919875bb1be9283e3.docx b1d6c4314a3bbaeaa9cc943269a86b2a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/57548e2f0ddff57fdd73ade04f6dc7fe.pdf 242c5da9c355c6828bd1c6d2953b9a03 PDF Text Text The Determinants of Tourist Arrivals at NUTSIII Level in Turkey BurcuTürkcan Ege University Turkey burcu.turkcan@ege.edu.tr Abstract:Tourism is one of the key sectors in the regional economic growth and development. Especially countries, which have coastal areas, historical places and famous cultural events like Olympics, Carnivals, Film Festivals etc.- experience high tourism turnovers and hence some other macroeconomic benefits. Particularly, the typical kinds of these macroeconomic benefits that governments can expect from tourism include; earning foreign currency and making a positive contribution to the balance of payments; developing the services sector and contributing to the gross domestic product; attracting inward investment and income multiplier effects; and employment creation. Consequently, tourism has a key importance in both national and regional economies. By taking into account these macroeconomic impacts of tourism sector, the main aims of this study are to analyze the determinants of tourist arrivals at NUTSIII level in Turkey and to make policy recommendations for regional authorities in order to enhance tourism sector in their regions. In this respect, in the first section of this study, the role and importance of tourism sector in regional economic growth and development are explained and some key statistics about the issue are given. In the second section, a spatial panel data analysis is conducted for the period of 2000 - 2010 and the empirical results are interpreted. Lastly, in the third section, by following the empirical results, some policy recommendations for the regional administrations are made. This study makes some contributions to the related literature because of the fact that, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study examining the determinants of tourist arrivals at NUTSIII level in Turkey by using spatial econometric methods. Keywords: Tourism, regional economics, spatial econometrics, Turkey 60 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2495 Title A name given to the resource The Determinants of Tourist Arrivals at NUTSIII Level in Turkey Author Author TÜRKCAN, Burcu Abstract A summary of the resource. Tourism is one of the key sectors in the regional economic growth and development. Especially countries, which have coastal areas, historical places and famous cultural events -like Olympics, Carnivals, Film Festivals etc.- experience high tourism turnovers and hence some other macroeconomic benefits. Particularly, the typical kinds of these macroeconomic benefits that governments can expect from tourism include; earning foreign currency and making a positive contribution to the balance of payments; developing the services sector and contributing to the gross domestic product; attracting inward investment and income multiplier effects; and employment creation. Consequently, tourism has a key importance in both national and regional economies. By taking into account these macroeconomic impacts of tourism sector, the main aims of this study are to analyze the determinants of tourist arrivals at NUTSIII level in Turkey and to make policy recommendations for regional authorities in order to enhance tourism sector in their regions. In this respect, in the first section of this study, the role and importance of tourism sector in regional economic growth and development are explained and some key statistics about the issue are given. In the second section, a spatial panel data analysis is conducted for the period of 2000 - 2010 and the empirical results are interpreted. Lastly, in the third section, by following the empirical results, some policy recommendations for the regional administrations are made. This study makes some contributions to the related literature because of the fact that, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study examining the determinants of tourist arrivals at NUTSIII level in Turkey by using spatial econometric methods. Keywords: Tourism, regional economics, spatial econometrics, Turkey Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a0daa9510f417517cf93c2ff890b629c.pdf aca8db373125f2358569cff483218f8c PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Determination of Macro and Micro Elements Uptake from Soil by Different Densities of Corn Poppy (papaver rhoeas l.) Causing Damage on Wheat Ayşen Akay Selcuk University,Agricultural Faculty, Department of Soil Science,Konya, Turkey aakay@selcuk.edu.tr M urat Karaca Selcuk University,Agricultural Faculty, Plant Production Department,Konya, Turkey Abstract: The present study was conducted in order to determine the macro and micro elements uptake from the soil by corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) depending on its existence in different densities.The study was carried out on Karahan-99 type wheat-cultivated field in Ardıçlı Village (arid) of central Selcuklu Konya in 2007.The trial was carried out having corn poppy problem on wheat cultivated fields which exemplified the Province of Konya. During the trial, each of the plots was allocated as 1 m2 and the trial layout consisted of random plots with four repetitions. The number of corn poppy in the plots was determined as 1, 3, 5, 7 number/m2. At the harvesting time, corn poppy samples were taken to the laboratory. After the necessary pre-treatments were analysed. Depending on the increasing corn poppy numbers,it was determined to uptake more macro and micro elements from the soil(N, P,K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu) (P<0,01). Keywords: Wheat, corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.), macro and micro elements. Introduction In Turkey, wheat is especially grown on the lands of Konya Plain and among other cities Konya has 8,34 % of all wheat cultivation lands in Turkey. According to the data from 2007, wheat production is 17.234.000 ton in Turkey and itis 1.026.565 ton in Konya,the land of cultivation is 80.977.000 da in Turkey and 6.751.320 da in Konya (Anonymous, 2008). As in many countries, the main vermin of wheat are weeds. Weeds get in competition with wheat in terms of nutrient, water,light and place and every yearitleads to about 25-35 % yield loss (Özer, 1993; Vencill et al.,1993; Rodosevich ve Holt, 1984). Because of weed competition,the average cerealloss all overthe world isabout 20-40 % (Koch, 1970). The wheat yieldlossin world because of weeds isreported to be 9.8 % (Cramer, 1967). The wheat yield loss because of weeds was researched in different regions of Turkey, and it was found outthatthelossis 30 % in Aegean region (Bilgir,1965; Tepe,1998), 24 % in East Anatolia (Güncan, 1976), 22,5 % in Central Anatolia (Güncan, 2006 referring to FAO) and 20 % in Cukurova region (Uygur et al.,1986). According to these data, the average wheat loss is 24 % in Turkey. This statistical information indicates the importance of weeds in wheatcultivation fields. In a survey study carried out in Central Anatolia, 76 species were determined. It was reported that the most common types are Galium tricornutum Dandy (rough bedstraw) 3.75 number/m2, Boreava orientalis (yellow weed) 3.48 number/m2 , Centaurea depressa Bieb. (dark blue bottle) 3.48 number/m2 and B. radians Bieb. (bifora) 2.16 number/m2 , respectively(Taştan and Erciş, 1994). The level competition of weed have in grain cultivation fields and to what extent these weeds use nutrients in soil or nutrient elements applied to the soilfor culture plants is not known for every type of weed. With this aim,this study was carried outin 2007 to determine different amounts of nutrient uptake by weeds as a result of wheat-weed competition in different densities of corn poppy. 34 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Material and Method All This study was carried out in Ardıçlı village (arid) of central Selcuklu-Konya-Turkey, which can represent Konya province. Corn poppy trial was set up in a wheat (Karahan 99 type-arid) field. The trial plots were 1 m² each and securitylines of atleast 25 cm were drawn between them. The plots setincluded weeds. The density of corn poppy varies between 1, 3, 5 and 7 number/m². Allthe other wide and narrow leafed weed in the plots were manually extracted atintervals often days atthe latestand plots of desired density were arranged. All weeds in plots were harvested together with their roots in the time of harvest, the sample weeds whose roots were cleaned off soilin laboratories were burned in a microwave device (200 PSI) (CEM- Mars -5 model) after necessary pre-processes, and filtrates were obtained. The element analyses of these were carried out with ICPOES devices (Varian, Vista model). The statistical analyses ofthe results obtained were done with of MINITAB and Mstat packet programs. Conclusions Some physical and chemicalfeatures of wheat field soil on which the trialis applied are given Table 1. The soil ofthetrialfield has a clay loam texture, and is slightly alkaline, unsalted, highly limy and a low amount of organic substances. The potassium, calcium, magnesium and copper levels of the soil are sufficient, phosphorus is low (compared to values given for wheat cultivation in Central Anatolia (Yurtsever, 1975), and the level of manganese islow, zinc levelis very low and iron contentis at medium level. Depending on the number of corn poppies,the weight of weed left on the plot(g/plot) and the N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S contents uptake from the soil by weeds are given in Table 2. Depending on the number of weeds in plot,the difference between amount of N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn and Cr contents uptake from soil by corn poppies are significant at P<0.01 level and the difference between P and Mo contents uptake from soil by corn poppies are at significant level P<0.05. As the number of corn poppy in the plotincrease,the amount of element uptake increases significantly.Itisinteresting to note thatthe increase in the number of the weeds in a plot and the increase in the amount of nutrient uptake are not simply correlated. In other words, the increase in the amount of nutrient uptake is much more than the increase in number. For example,the amount of nitrogen uptake by 1 weed is 11.02 g/da and the amount of nitrogen uptake by 7 weeds is 222.16 g/da. While the amount of Ca for 1 weed/plotis 91.9 g/da,itraised up to 1435 g/da in 7 weeds/plot. This shows us that the increase in the number of weeds in plots increase the amount of element uptake 15-20 folds. In wheat cultivation fields in Tokat, the nitrogen uptake by corn poppy is 0.023 kg/ha, phosphorus is 0.0037 kg/ha and potassium is 0.0371 kg/ha (Sırma and Güncan, 1997). The weed element contents depending on the number corn poppies leftin trial plots are given in Table 3. As it can be seen from the table, K content ranges between 2.39-2.53 %, phosphorus content ranges between 0.19 -0.27%, Ca content ranges between 2.09-2.71 %, Mg content ranges between 0.19-0.22%. In a study conducted by Güncan (1980) in Erzurum on 76 types of weed,the P contentin weeds ranged between 0.10-1.15 % and K content ranged between 0.66-4.56 %. In a study conducted by Tepe et al.(1997), when the amount of nutrients are considered in terms proportion, it is seen that the weeds suffer from N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn insufficiency, and the weeds are in a better situation. The Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn content of corn poppies ranges from 423-1178 mg/kg, 1.71-3.58 mg/kg, 28.04-47.38 mg/kg and 5.77-15.07 mg/kg, respectively. In a study conducted by Kadıoğlu et al. (2005), found Mn content of S.halepense 96.5 µg/g and C.regalis 95.0 µg/g. Mendil et al.(2004) found iron and manganese contents as 714-1206 µg/g in weed samples. Ajasa et al.(2004) reported iron and copper contents as 35-241 µg/g and 2.96-24.4 µg/g in some weeds. In Table 3, the sufficient nutrient element contents of wheat before earring stage are also given (Alpaslan et al., 2004). When these values are compared with nutrient elements of corn poppy, itis seen that especially K, P, Ca and Fe contents are highly above the sufficiency limit values for wheat. As a result,it is found out that corn poppy which is one the outstanding weeds causing problems in wheat cultivation uptakes significant amount of nutrient element from the soil. It was designated that as the number of corn poppy -which competes with wheat- per m2 increase,the amount of nutrient element it uptakes from soil increases at a higher speed. These results reveal the importance of combat against weeds in wheat cultivation. 35 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Parameters Values Clay (%) 37.50 Silt(%) 26.96 Sand (%) 35.54 Texture class Clay Loam (CL) pH (1:2,5) 7.80 EC (1:5)(µS/cm) 136.5 CaC O3 ( %) 44.9 Organic matter (%) 1.10 Available P2 O5 ( mg/kg ) 11.89 Soluble Ca ( mg/kg ) 6578 Soluble K2 O ( mg/kg ) 214.25 Soluble Mg (mg/kg) 217.45 Soluble Na ( mg/kg) 8.87 DTPA-extractable Cu ( mg/kg) 0.849 DTPA-extractable Fe ( mg/kg ) 4.16 DTPA-extractable Mn ( mg/kg ) 9.97 DTPA-extractable Zn ( mg/kg ) 0.122 Table 1. Some Physical and Chemical Features of Experiment Area Soil 36 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The amount of element uptakes from soil by corn poppy(g/da) Corn poppy number in plot(number/m2) Weed weight in trial plot (g/plot) N P K Ca Mg S 1 3,87±2,43 11,02±8,49 8,88±4,66 88,5±51,1 91,9±53,0 7,36±4,79 1910±903 3 22,29±8,94 76,46±31,67 41,42±13,51 559,1±265,9 577,2±228,7 50,54±22,64 10293±4117 5 35,03±11,37 124,47±44,63 96,30±37,68 886,0±289,3 722,8±233,1 68,60±20,21 16317±5389 7 Corn poppy number in plot (number/m2) 68,41±19,80 222,16±68,41 184,83±62,42 1718,0±607,6 1435,0±444,9 150,41±47,83 31684±9406 Fe Cu Mn Zn Mo(mg/da) B Na 1 4,3±4,2 0,007±0,005 0,164±0,114 0,045±0,034 1,18±0,69 0,022±0,0152 3,42±1,77 3 9,08±2,7 0,077±0,040 0,618±0,235 0,125±0,050 9,55±5,91 0,021±0,0169 20,12±11,65 5 33,81±6,0 0,090±0,031 1,556±0,655 0,286±0,172 20,36±4,99 0,008±0,0122 35,39±16,34 The amount of element uptakes from soil by corn poppy(g/da) 81,64±30,3 0,245±0,093 2,828±0,886 0,455±0,103 30,17±23,92 0,089±0,1178 77,6±27,11 7 Table 2. Depending on the Number of Corn Poppy in Plot, Weed Weight in Trial Plot (g/plot) and the Amount of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, B and Na Uptakes From Soil by Corn Poppy ( ± Se, N = 4) Corn poppy number in plot(number/m2) % N K P mg/kg Ca Mg Fe Cu Mn Zn B Na Mo 1 0,27 2,39 0,26 2,71 0,19 1167 1,71 42,45 15,07 5,53 1057 0,37 3 0,34 2,46 0,19 2,60 0,22 423 3,35 28,04 5,77 1,05 854 0,43 5 0,35 2,53 0,27 2,10 0,20 1005 2,70 47,38 8,28 0,20 991 0,65 7 0,32 2,47 0,27 2,09 0,22 1178 3,58 41,09 7,05 1,24 1122 0,41 Wheat(Triticum aestivum)(wintery) N K P Ca Mg Fe Cu Mn Zn B Na Mo * The sufficient nutrient element contents of wheat before earring stage 1,75-3,00 1,51-3,00 0,21-0,50 0,21-1,00 0,16-1,00 10-300 5-50 16-200 21-70 Table 3. The Amount of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, B and Na of Corn Poppy and Nutrient Element Contents of Wheat Before Earring Stage *Alpaslan et al.,2004. 37 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo References Ajasa, A.M.O., Bello, M.O.,Đbrahim, A.O., Ogunwander,I.A. & Olawore, N.O. (2004). Foot Chem.; 85, 67 Alpaslan, M., Güneş, A. & Đnal A. (2004). Gübreleme Çalışmalarında Bitki Analizlerinin Yeri ve Farklı BitkilerĐçin Bitki Besin Maddesi Kritik Düzeyleri. Türkiye 3. Ulusal gübre Kongresi, Tarım-SanayiÇevre, No: 1215-1312, Tokat. Anonymous, (2008). TUIK, Türkiye Đstatistik Kurumu Verileri Bhaskar, A. & Vyas, K., G. (1988). Studies on competition between wheat and Chenopodium album L., Weed Research. Vol. 28, 53-58 Bilgir, S.(1965). Ege Bölgesihububattarlalarında görülen önemli yabancı otlar ve savaş imkanları üzerinde bazıincelemeler. Tarım Bakanlığı Yayınları Tek. Bül. No: 14 Cramer, H.H. (1967). Pflanzenschutz und welterente. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten “Bayer”,20:1-523. Aus der abteilung beratung Pflanzenschutz der farbenfabriken, Bayer A. G., Leverkusen. Güncan, A. (1976). Erzurum Çevresinde Bulunan YabancıOtlar ve Önemlilerinden Bazılarının Yazlık Arpa ve Buğdayda Mücadele Đmkanları Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Atatürk Üniv. Yay. Araşt.Serisi No:135, 79 s. Weed Abst. 27 (8): 271. (Doktora Tezinden) Güncan A.,(1980). Die unkrautdicthe in der umgebung von Erzurum im getreidanbau und der naehrstoffe durch eininge unkraeuter aus dem boden. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology Vol. 9, Num: 1,1-19. Güncan, A. (2006). Yabancı Ot Mücadelesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Kitabı, Konya. Kadıoğlu,Đ., Mendi, D., Sarı,H., & Hasdemir, E.(2005). Determination of heavy metallevelsin some weeds collected from Tokat, Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 17. No: 1, 564-568. Koch, W. (1970). Unkrautbekampfung. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. Mendil D., Tuzen M., Sarih H. & Hasdemir E.(2004). Trace elements and electrolytes (impress) Özer, Z.(1993). Niçin Yabancı Ot Bilimi (Herboloji)? Türkiye I. Herboloji Kongresi. 3-5 Şubat 1993. Adana, s. 1-7. Radosevich, S.R., & Holt,J.S. (1984). Weed ecology implications seof vegetation management. John Wiley and Sons. Newyork. Sırma, M., & Güncan, A. (1997). Tokat Yöresinde Buğday Ekim Alanlarında Sorun Oluşturan Yabancı Otlar ve Önemlilerinden Bazılarının Topraktan Kaldırdıkları N, P, K, Miktarı Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Türkiye II. Herboloji Kongresi. 1-4 Eylül 1997. Ayvalık/Đzmir. Taştan, B., & Erciş, A. (1994). Orta Anadolu Bölgesi buğday ekim alanlarında gözlenen yabancı otların yayılış ve yoğunlukları üzerinde araştırmalar. Bitki Koruma Bülteni Cilt: 31, No: 1-4, 39-60. MartAralık 1991. Tepe I., Tüfenkçi Ş., Kaya Đ.,& Ceylan Ş.(1997). Van’da Bitki Besin Maddesi Alınımı Açısından Buğday-Yabancı Ot Rekabeti. Türkiye 2. Herboloji Kongresi. No: 359-368. Bornova-ĐZMĐR Tepe, I.(1998). Türkiye’de Tarım ve Tarım Dışı Alanlarda Sorun Olan Yabancı Otlar ve Mücadeleleri. Y. Y. Ü. Yayınları No: 32. Ziraat Fakültesi Yay.No:18, Ders Kitabı. Van 1998. Turan, M., Kordali, Ş., Zengin, H., Dursun, A., & Sezen, Y.(2003). Macro and micro mineral content of some wild edible leaves consumed in Eastern Anatolia.Acta Agri. Scan. Sec. B, Soiland Plant 38 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Science. Vol. 53- Num: 3-2003 Vencill, W.K., Girayda, L.J.,& Langdole, G.W. (1993). Soil moisture relations and critical period of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.(coastal bermudagrass) competition in conservationtillage cotton (Gossypium hirsitum L.). Weed Research, Vol. 33, Number, 89-96. Uygur, F., N., Koch, W. & Walter, H.(1986). Çukurova Bölgesi Buğday-Pamuk Ekim Sistemindeki Önemli Yabancı Otların Tanımı. PLITS, 1986/4 (1), 169. Yurtsever,N.(1975).Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi Şartlarında Buğday Bitkisine Verilecek Ticari Gübre Miktarları Üzerine Araştırma. http://www.tgae.gov.tr/webeski/ensyay/tvtkyn1.html. 39 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d73c92a84dd52e7c73ed498dbfc4da59.doc c0a35654435f83fdf8e0da4a1ecf7dfe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 466 Title A name given to the resource The Determination of Macro and Micro Elements Uptake from Soil by Different Densities of Corn Poppy (papaver rhoeas l.) Causing Damage on Wheat Author Author Akay, Aysen Karaca, Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. The present study was conducted in order to determine the macro and micro elements uptake from the soil by corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) depending on its existence in different densities.The study was carried out on Karahan-99 type wheat-cultivated field in Ardıçlı Village (arid) of central Selcuklu Konya in 2007.The trial was carried out having corn poppy problem on wheat cultivated fields which exemplified the Province of Konya. During the trial, each of the plots was allocated as 1 m2 and the trial layout consisted of random plots with four repetitions. The number of corn poppy in the plots was determined as 1, 3, 5, 7 number/m2. At the harvesting time, corn poppy samples were taken to the laboratory. After the necessary pre-treatments were analysed. Depending on the increasing corn poppy numbers, it was determined to uptake more macro and micro elements from the soil (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu) (P<0,01). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5aa802c5dd8053a721ac1f6c2bb2678b.pdf 5858f8f47850faa5a77de9636f7c9f78 PDF Text Text The Determination of Prolactin Gene Polymorphism Using PCR-RFLP Method within Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo and Brown Swiss Selçuk Kaplan Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42075, Konya / Turkey selkaplan@selcuk.edu.tr Saim Boztepe Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42075, Konya / Turkey sboztepe@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: The objective of this research was to determine the prolactin gene polymorphism within Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo breed and Brown Swiss cattle by using PCR-RFLP method. Experimental material for this study consists of 45 Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo breed and 30 Brown Swiss cattle. According to the research evidence, Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo breed was monomorphic at the exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci. On the other hand, the polymorphism association with exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci detected in Brown Swiss cattle. The allelic frequencies (A, B) in Brown Swiss cattle were 0.82 and 0.18, respectively. The genotype frequencies of AA and AB were 0.63 and 0.37, respectively. The BB genotype was not found in the present study. Keywords: Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo, Brown Swiss, prolactin, polymorphism, PCR-RFLP Introduction Nowadays, molecular methods such as RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, STS, STR, SNP have been increasing in animal breeding. To determine the specific genes concerning with economic characteristics of farm animals; first of all candidate genes involved in those should be studied. Some genes are shown as candidates associated with milk yield and characteristics for marker assist selections (MAS) in dairy cattle. As a matter of fact that prolactin affects not only improving mammary glands, but also initiation and maintenance of lactation. Having all these influences and qualities, it comes foreground among the candidate genes. Prolactin as the first pituitary gland hormone was purified and identified nearly 80 years ago. Prolactin was named as pro–lactin because of the stimulatory effects on lactation and mammary gland development. Prolactin is known to have more than 300 biological activities such as water and electrolyte balance, growth and development, immune and reproductive function (Gregerson, 2006). It has been identified that prolactin is secreted in many different places as neurons, prostate, mammary epithelial, endothelial cells and skin cell (Lastra et al., 2002). The number amino acid of prolactin, which is a hormone structure of polypeptide, changes with regard to the species of the living organisms. For example, while prolactin consists of 197 amino acid in rats and mice; it consists of 199 amino acid in human, sheep, cattle and pigs (Freeman et al., 2000). Prolactin is located on chromosome 23 in cattle and comprised of 5 exons and 4 introns (Dybus et al., 2005). There are many studies in relation to prolactin gene polymorphism. A significant portion of these works is composed of RFLP and SSCP mutations (Brym et al., 2005). As an example of these mutations, Mitra et al., (1995) detected the exon 3 A-G point mutation The aim of this study was to determine the exon 3 prolactin gene polymorphisms both Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo breed, which is covered the gene resources conservation program for decreasing 168 �numbers in Turkey, and Brown Swiss cattle, which has an important place in the existence of culture breed cattle. Material and Method Material and DNA Isolation Blood samples for DNA isolation for Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo breed were collected from Amasya, Afyon, Konya and Sivas provinces in Turkey. Brown Swiss blood samples were provided from Konuklar State Farm in Konya province. Genomic DNAs was extracted from blood samples using salting out technique with slightly modifications (Miller, 1998). PCR Amplification Detection of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was carried out according to Mitra et al., (1995). The 156-bp fragment of the exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci was amplified using following primers: forward:5’- CGA GTC CTT ATG AGC TTG ATT CTT -3’, and reverse: 5’- GCC TTC CAG AAG TCG TTT GTT TTC -3’. The PCR was performed in a reaction volume of 15 µl containing approximately 50100 ng of genomic DNA, 1x Buffer (pH: 8.5), 1.5 mM MgCl2 (supplied with the enzyme), 0.27 µM of each primer, 0.25 µM dNTPs and 0.4 units of Taq polymerase (Fermantas) with 9.48 ul sterile distilled water. The PCR application conducted in Thermal Cycler (Techne TC-512). The PCR conditions included initial denaturation step for 2 min at 94°C, followed by 35 cycles with denaturation at 94°C for 45 sec; annealing at 60°C for 45 sec; extention at 72°C for 1 min and final exention for 5 min at 72°C. The amplified DNA fragment of the exon 3 PRL loci was digested at 37°C for overnight with RsaI (5 U/ul, Fermantas). The digestion products were separated on 3% Prona agarose gel (Nu microphor ) in 1x TRIS-borate-EDTA (TBE) buffer. The gel was stained with ethidium bromide and visualized in gel documentation system under UV light by means of transilluminator. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was carried out by PopGene Version 1.32 (Yeh et al., 1997). The Chi-square test was used to evaluate whether the population was Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Düzgüneş et al., 1983). Results and Discussion As a result of this study prolactin gene exon 3 Rsa I digestion in Indigenous Water buffalo and Brown Swiss cattle is shown in Figure 1. The genotype and allele frequencies at PRL-RsaI loci in Brown Swiss cattle are shown in Table 1. Figure 1. Restriction analysis of PRL 156 – bp PCR products digested with Rsa I on 3% Prona agarose gel (Nu microphor ) electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide. 1 – 2: PCR products, M: 100 bp ladder marker, C: Control, AB: Rsa I digested PCR product ( 156, 82, 74 bp) and AA: Undigested PCR product. 169 �PRL-RsaI loci N Observed 30 Genotypes AA 19 AB 11 BB 0 Allel frequency A B 0.82 0.18 (χ²)1 Genotype frequency AA 0.63 Expected 30 20.172 8.856 0.972 0.67 1 Test of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; Ns: not significant. (P > 0.05) AB 0.37 BB 0.00 0.30 0.03 1.356293 Ns 0.557 Ns Table 1. The genotype and allele frequencies at exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci in Brown Swiss cattle Table 1 shows the allelic frequencies (A, B) in Brown Swiss cattle were 0.82 and 0.18, respectively. The genotype frequencies of AA and AB were 0.63 and 0.37, respectively. The BB genotype was not found in the present study. According to the Chi-square test, the result of Brown Swiss cattle population has emerged in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The recent studies with regard to exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci in buffalo breed and cattle are presented in Table 2. Source Alipanah et al., 2007 Skinkytė et al., 2005 Maksymiec et al., 2008 Udina et al., 2001 Dybus et al., 2005 Kumari et al., 2008 Miceikienė et al., 2006 Khatami et al., 2005 Dybus et al., 2005 Kumari et al., 2008 Skinkytė et al., 2005 Öztabak et al., 2008 Miceikienė et al., 2006 Udina et al., 2001 Öztabak et al., 2008 Mitra et al., 1995 Kumari et al., 2008 Kumari et al., 2008 Sacravarty et al., 2008 Mitra et al., 1995 Khatami et al., 2005 Ghasemi et al., 2009 Alipanah et al., 2007 Udina et al., 2001 Khatami et al., 2005 Mitra et al., 1995 Mitra et al., 1995 Ladani et al., 2003 Buffalo Cattle Holstein Holstein Holstein Holstein Holstein Holstein Holstein Holstein Jersey Jersey Lithuanian Red South Anatolian Red Lithuanian Red Russian Gorbatov Red East Anatolian Red Sahiwal Sahiwal Kankrej Kankrej Holstein Holstein Montbeliarde Red Holstein Russian Aryshire Yoroslav Murrah Nili-Ravi Mehsani 170 N 72 52 720 23 242 223 109 32 185 143 136 40 168 35 40 57 13 26 57 23 32 120 98 46 120 53 19 44 Allele Frequencies (%) A B 0.71 0.79 0.58 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.80 0.98 0.30 0.55 0.87 0.74 0.77 0.91 0.56 0.51 0.88 0.60 0.51 0.80 0.61 0.89 0.79 0.85 0.65 0.93 0.84 0.50 0.29 0.11 0.41 0.20 0.14 0.10 0.20 0.05 0.69 0.45 0.13 0.26 0.23 0.8 0.44 0.49 0.12 0.40 0.49 0.20 0.39 0.11 0.21 0.14 0.35 0.07 0.16 0.50 R AB* α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α α BB* α α AA* BB* α α α α α �Ladani et al., 2003 Ladani et al., 2003 Average Surti Jaffarabadi 30 23 0.48 0.43 0.73 0.52 0.57 0.27 α α R: The relationship between genotype and milk yield; * Significant relationship between genotype and milk yield; α: Not estimated relationship between genotype and milk yield Table 2. The recent studies with regard to exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci in buffalo breed and cattle As it can be seen from Table 2, there is no literature encountered with reference to exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci polymorphism in Brown Swiss cattle. As for the Holstein cattle, which is known as high milk yield over the world, the highest frequency of allele A (0.98) in the analysed population of Holstein cattle reported by Khatami et al., (2005). On the other hand the smallest frequency of allele A (0.58) reported by Maksymiec et al., (2008). In addition, Alipanah et al., (2007) reported that AB genotype breed in Holstein cattle have higher milk yield than AA and BB genotype. In this study, we found exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci polymorphism in 11 of 30 Brown Swiss cattle. The frequencies of exon 3 PRL-RsaI alleles were found as follows; A (0.82), B (0.18) in Brown Swiss cattle. The average frequencies of A and B allele in literature were 0.73 and 0.27, respectively. The frequencies of allele’s exon 3 PRL-RsaI in this study were identical in comparison with literature. As for the genotype frequencies, AA, AB and BB genotypes were found 0.63, 0.37 and 0.00, respectively. According to the results of studies in Table 2, it is clear that the frequency of B allele is quite low. Because of these results, BB genotype is quite low too. Another result of in this study, Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo breed was monomorphic at the exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci. However, Mitra et al., (1995) reported that the allelic frequency of A was found as 0.93 and 0.84, respectively in Murrah and Nili Ravi buffalo breed. In addition, the study made by Ladani et al., (2003) as to exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci in Mehsani, Surti and Jaffarabadi buffalo breed, the frequencies of A allele was found 0.50, 0.48 and 0.43, respectively. As mentioned previously in this study, prolactin gene mutation in exon 3 RsaI digestion site is not observed 45 Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo breed. This result is identical to the results have been reported by Mitra et al., (1995). These researchers who carried out the study about exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci in Murrah, Nili Ravi and Egypt buffalo breed stated that they have observed mutations in Murrah and Nili Ravi buffalo breed, whereas they have not observed any mutation in Egypt buffalo breed. As a result of this study, they have concluded that identified prolactin gene mutations in exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci may vary according to the type of buffalo. Yet, these interestingly enough, mutations couldn’t be detected in some buffalo species. Hence, we thought that couldn’t be found any mutation in exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci in Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo breed may be a result of this situation. Conclusion At the end of the recent studies, some researchers have emphasized that there is a strict relationship between genotypes and milk yield. Some researchers (Alipanah et al., 2007; Ghasemi et al., 2009 and Sacravarty et al., 2008) claimed that AB genotype in Holstein cattle has higher milk yield than other genotypes. Alipanah et al., (2007) stated that AA genotype cattle has higher milk yield in Montbeliarde cattle. Ghasemi et al., (2009) proposed BB genotype in Kankrej cattle. However, these studies in question have a small place in all of the study. Consequently, in order to have more concrete results and more sound decisions about prolactin gene further investigations should be done due to the fact that prolactin has a significant influence on lactation and mammary gland development. 171 �Acknowledgments This research was supported by a master research project from the Coordinatory of Scientific Research Projects of Selcuk University, Turkey. We thank to Konuklar State Farm for providing blood samples. References Alipanah, M., Kalashnikova, L., & Rodionov, G. (2007). Association of prolactin gene variants with milk production traits in Russian Red Pied cattle. Iranian J. of Bıotech., 5: 3. Brym., P, Kaminski, S, & Wojcik, E, (2005). Nucleotide sequence polymorphism within exon 4 of the bovine prolactin gene and its associations with milk performance traits. J Appl. Genet., 45: 179-185 Dybus, A., Grzesıak, W., Kamıenıeckı, H., Szatkowska, I., Sobek, Z., Błaszczyk, P., Czernıawska-Pıątkowska, E., Zych, S. & Muszyńska, M. (2005). Association of genetic variants of bovine prolactin with milk production traits of Black-and-White and Jersey cattle . Arch. Tierz., Dummerstorf 48: 149-156 . Düzgüneş, O., Kesici, T. & Gürbüz, F. (1983). Đstatistik Metodları. Ankara Üni. Zir. Fak. Yay. No: 229. Freeman, M.E., Kanyicska, B., Lerant, A. & Nagy, G. (2000). Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev., 80: 1523–1631. Ghasemi, N., Zadehrahmani, M., Rahimi, G., & Hafezian, S. H. (2009). Associations between prolactin gene polymorphism and milk production in montebeliard cows. Int. J. of Genet. Molec. Bio., 1: 048-051. Gregerson, K. A. (2006). Prolactin: Structure, Function, and Regulation of Secretion. In Knobil and Neill’s Physiology of Reproduction (J. D. Neill, Ed). Academic Press, St. Louis. Khatami, S. R., Lazebny, O. Y., Maksimenko, V. F., & Sulimova, G. E. (2005). Association of DNA polymorphisms of the growth hormone and prolactin genes with milk productivity in Yaroslavl and Black-and-White Cattle. Russian J.of Genet., 41: 167-173. Kumari, A. R., Singh, K. M., Soni, K. J., Patel, R. K., Chauhan, J. B., & Rao, K. S. (2008). Genotyping of the polymorphism within exon 3 of prolactin gene in various dairy breeds by PCR RFLP (Brief report). Arch. Tierz. Dummerstorf, 51: 298-299. Maksymiec, K. W., Kmic, M., & Strzalaka, J. (2008). Prolactin gene polymorphisms and somatic cell count in dairy cattle. J. Anim. Vet. Adv, 7: 35-40. Miceikienė, I., Pečiulaitienė, N., Baltrėnaitė., L., Skinkytė., R., & Indriulytė, R. (2006). Association of cattle genetic markers with performance traits. Biologija, 1: 24-29. Miller, S. A., Dukes, D. D. & Polesk, H. F. (1988). A simple salting out procedurefor extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleid Acids Resarch., 16: 1215. Mitra, A., Schlee, P., Balakrıshnan, C. R., & Pırchner, F. (1995). Polymorphisms at growt-hormone and prolactin loci in Indian cattle and buffalo. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 112: 71-74. Ladani, D. D., Pipalia, D. L., Brahmkshtri, B. P., Rank, D. N., Joshi, C. G., Vataliya, P. H. & Solanki, J. V. (2003). Prolactin genotyping of indian buffalo breeds using Pcr-Rflp. Buffalo J. 2 : 203-208. Lastra, O. V., Jara, L. J., & Espinoza L. R. (2002). Prolactin and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Reviews, 1: 360–364. Öztabak., K., Un, C., Tesyafe, D., Akıs, I., & Mengi, A. (2008). Genetic polymorphisms of osteopontin (OPN), prolactin (PRL) and pituitary-specific transcript factor-1 (PIT-1) in South Anatolian and East Anatolian Red cattle. Acta Agric. Scand Section, 58: 109-112. Sacravarty, G., Vadodaria, V. P., Joshi, C.G., Brahmksthri, B.P., Shah, R.R., & Solanki, J.V. (2008). Prolactin gene polymorphism and its association with economic traits in Kankrej Cattle. IJDS, 61: 4. 172 �Skinkytė, R., Zwierzchowski, L., Riaubaitė, L., Baltrėnaitė, L., & Miceikienė, I. (2005). Distribution of allele frequencies important to milk productıon traits in Lithuanian Black & White and Lithuanian Red Cattle. Veter. Ir Zootechnıka, 31: 53. Udina, I. G., Turkova, S. O., Kotsyuchenko, M. V., Labedeva, L. A., & Sulimova, G. E. (2001). Polymorphism of bovine prolactin gene: microsatellites, PCR–RFLP. Russ. J. of Genet., 37: 407-411. Yeh, F.C., Rongcai, Y., Boyle, T,, Ye, Z., & Xiyan, J. M., (1997). POPGENE, the user-friendly shareware for population genetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 173 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 362 Title A name given to the resource The Determination of Prolactin Gene Polymorphism Using PCR-RFLP Method within Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo and Brown Swiss Author Author Kaplan, Selçuk Boztepe, Saim Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this research was to determine the prolactin gene polymorphism within Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo breed and Brown Swiss cattle by using PCR-RFLP method. Experimental material for this study consists of 45 Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo breed and 30 Brown Swiss cattle. According to the research evidence, Indigenous Anatolian Water Buffalo breed was monomorphic at the exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci. On the other hand, the polymorphism association with exon 3 PRL-RsaI loci detected in Brown Swiss cattle. The allelic frequencies (A, B) in Brown Swiss cattle were 0.82 and 0.18, respectively. The genotype frequencies of AA and AB were 0.63 and 0.37, respectively. The BB genotype was not found in the present study. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/06fc59b79f4c1d24bb754082b3ca4faa.pdf 142d1412ecd7735425a8d205a0251774 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Determination Of The Economic Results And Income Distribution Of The Wheat Farms In Central Anatolia Turkey Cennet OĞUZ Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Economics coguz@selcuk.edu.tr Kemal ESENGÜN Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Faculty of Economy and Business Administration kesengun@kmu.edu.tr Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the economic results and income distribution of wheat producers in Middle Anatolia Region. The data used in this study was collected from farms selected by random sampling among 20 villages of wheat producers in Konya and Ankara province. The data belongs to the 2006-2007 production years. The average size of all farms was 250.30 decare. The owned land covered the 63.55 % of the total area. The average number of fields per farm 8.03 and the average size of each field is 31.17 decare. Arable area occupied 94.25 % of total land. About 76.46 % of gross production was obtained from plant production and 23.54 % animal production. Income distribution of the farms was detailed by agricultural income, total family income and per capita family income. It was determined that per capita agricultural average income was 1 808.7 TL, and the average agricultural family income was 2 211.1 TL. Gini ratio of the agricultural income was found 0.358 . Key Words: Central Anatolia, wheat farms, gross production value, income distribution Introduction As world population increases rapidly, countries run new progress to improve the level of their feed, shelter and life quality; based on the results of which activities, remarkable changes and improvements are seen. Expectations about better feed, shelter and live have influenced both the world’s people and those of our country. In this case, our agricultural production has to be increased greatly in order to feed our growing population and animal existence better, and also provide necessary supplements to our economy and provide the required raw material to our industry. The success of these situations depends upon using our scarce natural resources more consciously and effectively and the effective transformation of our agricultural potential into production. It is a well known reality that grain production has an important role on countries’ economy as well as in Turkey. The grains have the most important portion among the agricultural production and wheat greatest. In 2010’s will be the sovereignty of agricultural producing. Moreover, wheat and other grains will have the highest priority. According to the world’s well known articles which are written by strategic experts, the strength, importance and functions of the wheat become more important. The population of the world and Turkey has increased continuously but grain stocks have decreased gradually. As a result of that, agriculture production became more important. Turkish economy depends upon mainly agriculture and 31% of population works for agriculture sector. Agriculture sector has 7,4 % of the Turkish gross domestic production (GDP) and 2,3 % of export (Anonymous,2007). The crop yield has to be increased, because of human and animal’s feed. Wheat production is very important economically and strategically. Wheat is the most important income source of agricultural farms especially in Ankara, Konya, Eskişehir, Kayseri, Sivas, Niğde, Yozgat, Kırşehir, Karaman, and Aksaray are the cities of Central Anatolia. Central Anatolia region is 162 540 km² (Bayraklı and others, 1991) and of all this agricultural area is 9 million hectare. The total more than 4 million hectare is in Konya, Ankara and Sivas. Only, Ankara and Konya have 4 521 487 hectare. This is equal to 51% of Central Anatolia Land. Even though 89% of this area is rainfed and 11% of is irrigated. The 90% of grain has been obtained from rainfed areas. In general, wheat, and barley are produced in dry whereas the sugar beet is produced in irrigated area. Grain has 50% of total product in Konya, and 46% in Ankara (Anonymous, 2004). Both Ankara and Konya’s income has 3.4% of total Turkey’s plant production value. Also Central Anatolia region has 13% of Turkey’s agricultural farming and 21.2% agricultural land. It should be given attention that Turkey population 173 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo will be more than 100 million in 2010’s years so Central Anatolia will become much more important. The aim of this study is to investigate grain farms present situation, their problems, and give some suggestions. Materials and Method The survey method was used and all questions were asked to the farmers. The research area in this study covered Ankara and Konya. The grain farmers who have 50% and more were involved to this research. The 30 farms (Akşehir, Altınekin (Oğuzeli), Beyşehir, Çumra (Đçeri Çumra), Kadınhanı (Kızılkuyu, Başkuyu), Karatay (Obruk, Yarma, Ovakavağı, Đsmil), Sarayönü (Ertuğrul), Seydişehir (Akçalar, Gevrekli, Karabudak) were selected from Konya, and two farms from Ankara (Polatlı and Evren). The research data was obtained by surveying using stratified random sampling that was well known in economy fields (Yamane, 1967, Arıkan 1985). The other statistical findings and results also were utilized. The research farms distributions were as; 12 farms for 1-15 ha land, 17 farms for 15.1-20 ha land, and 7 farms for greater they 30.1 ha. The formula used for this purpose is written by; n= N2Σ (Nh. Sh2) / N2D2 + ΣNhSh2 D2=d2 /Z2 2 n: number of farms, Nh: farms number (h) for every stratified, Sh : Variance of samples for every stratified, d: The acceptable error to take the average of population, Z: standard normal distribution value obtained from Z table in which was 1.645 according to confidence limit 90%. To measure the inequality distribution of farms, Lorenz Curve and Gini ratio were used. Lorenz Curve defines the relationship between the certain income share and population obtained this share. The share of farms can be expressed by percentage and is plotted to the vertical axes. The percentage of population is plotted horizontal axes. Thus, the curve is obtained ( Ross, 1969). The 45º line passed away from the origins is named as “Certain Equal Line”. The Certain Equal Line shows the 100% equal income distribution. If the income distribution goes away from the equal level, Lorenz Curve also goes away from the certain equal line and goes down. The Lorenz curve interests with certain equal line in 100% equality ( Dauring, 1991). Gini ratio may be calculated as; G = 1- Σni=1 ( Ni - N i-1 ) (Ai + Ai-1) Where; G = Gini ratio, Ni = Cumulative farm number ratios in total farms ( for each series), Ai = The ratio of farms or incomes to total farms or total incomes for i. farm, and n = series number . Results and Discussions Land Use by Crops Every farm had 25.03 ha of land; 63.55% of land owner, 8.95% of rental land, 27.50% of share farmer. The owner, rental, share cropped lands were found to be 63.55%, 8.99% and 27.50% respectively. The production areas of wheat, barley and sugar beet and others such as fallow were determined to be 54.59 % (13.663 ha), 39.66% (9.927 ha), 4.11%(1.030 ha) and 1.64% (4.100 ha) respectively (table 1). Table 1.The Patterns of Land Uses Farm Sizes Wheat (ha) 0.1-15 8,250 15.1-30 17,218 30.1-+ 17,357 Average 13,663 farms Rate (%) 54,59 Barley Sugar Beet Fallow Other Total 2,983 4,182 30,857 9,927 1,175 1,300 0,357 1,030 0,217 0,236 0,286 0,240 0,146 0,500 0,170 12,625 23,082 49,357 25,030 39,66 4,11 0,96 0,68 100,00 The parcel number was found to be 8.03 and average parcel size 3.117 ha. According to results of Farm Counting 1991, average farm size was 5.68 ha in Turkey. The farm size was smaller comparison to Turkey’s average. The total production wheat area was determined to be 1176656 kg/ha and was equal to 12.6% of Turkey Land. The production was 2 447 070 tons that was 13.12% of Turkey’s total production. Total land has been increased because of great automation in agriculture after 1970. The Farms number have increased and reached up to 2.5 millions in 1951, 3.7 millions in 1980 and, 4.1 millions in 1991, 4.5 millions in 1999 in Turkey. But in recent years, this number again decrease 3,1 millions. As a result of this, arable land has reduced to 5.68 ha per farms. In Turkey, most producers have had own land whereas the 59% of producers in EU have used their own land (Eurostat, 2004). 174 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Employment Potential The employment potential for farmer family is given in table 2. According to results, employment varied between 4.47-3.76 MPU (man power unit) and depended upon the farm size. The average MPU was determined as 4.16. The annual working day was found to be 280 day, depending upon climatic conditions. According to actual production patterns for present technological level, the employment hour was determined adding present employment power to family members worked hours from farms. This was compared individually and farm size and average farm size and unemployment men power were computed. Table 2.Working Patterns in Agricultural Farms Family Potential Power in Family Farm Man Man Out of Out of Sizes (ha) Power Power farms In farm agricultural Total Unit Day 0.1-15 4.47 1251.6 116.0 32.0 80.0 228.0 15.1-30 4.07 1139.6 193.0 21.0 108.0 322.0 30.1-+ 3.76 1052.9 265.0 19.0 320.0 604.0 Average 4.16 1164.8 179.0 24.9 146.3 350.2 farms Foreigner power 71.0 140.0 185.0 122.9 Total Power 299.0 462.0 789.0 473.1 The average family employment potential was found to be 1164.8 MPD (man power day) but, only 350.2 of this was used. Although there was an unemployment power in farms, 122.9 MPD was met from foreign workers (Table 2). In the research area the average family number were 5,90. In the central Anatolia region, working was very intensive during the harvesting and planting period. To use inactive capacity, it was important to enhance animals products, and change the production design. Erkuş reported that in Konya proper production sources uses resulted in reducing 15% of inactive workers and fell to 35.31%, so that income increased to be 28.64% (Erkuş, 1991). Oğuz (1992) reported that average worker was 780 MPD in agricultural farms for Konya. The 375 of it was obtained from women workers who were used animals sector. Economic Results The Value of Gross Production in Farms In production concept, the gross production value can be defined as increase of value that covers the end of economic activities produced new products value and exchanging (Woermann, 1958). In research, gross production value was determined by multiplying of unit price of product value and market price obtained from activity results plus productive increments of plant and animals capital. Table 3 shows gross production value at the end of production activities. Table 3. Gross Production Values according to crop production (TL and %) Total crop Farm sizes (ha) Wheat Barley Sugar beet Other product production value 0.1-15 1 206,00 278,00 712,00 2 196,00 15.1-30 2 744,00 475,00 928,00 54,00 4 201,00 30.1 - + 2 907,00 3 433,0 200,00 150,00 6 690,00 Average 2 166,80 1 086,40 671,7 54,8, 3 979,70 Farms Gr.Pro.Val 86,57 43,40 26,84 2,19 159,00 Per hectare Rate (%) 54.45 27.30 16.88 1.37 100.00 The total plant value was 3979, 70TL (Turkish Liras) and the 54.45% of this covered from wheat, 27.30% from barley, 16.88% from sugar beet and 1.37% from other products (melon, spinach, lettuce etc). The average gross production value per farm was 159 TL per hectare. In the Central Anatolia Region, wheat generally has been produced in dry conditions. As a result of this, average productivity has reduced up to 46.7% per ha. The producer income has gone down notably. If plant and animal production values were adding, gross total product value was calculated. The animal product value is given in table 4. In agriculture farms, total average animal production value was 1225,4 TL. That number covered 61.5% of milk, 3.53% of wool, fertilizer etc., 19.04% of fixed asset increase, 14.97% of live animal sales and 175 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 0.95% of other productions such as eggs. In general, Central Anatolia Region is very appropriate for livestock in terms of natural resources and ecological conditions. However, animal husbandry has not developed enough because of plant production has been encouraged and supported relatively more than animal production. According to the results, animal husbandry was calculated to be 23.5% for research area and 25% for Turkey. The animal husbandry was more than 55% in EU for agriculture sector (Anonymous, 2004). Table 4. Animal Production Values (TL and %) Farm (ha) sizes 0.1-15 15.1-30 30.1-+ Average Farms Rate (%) 928,00 452,00 929,00 753,70 44,5 45,0 38,0 43,2 10,0 9,5 18,0 11,7 210,0 182,0 354,0 233,3 125,0 572,0 183,5 Total Animal product. Value 1 317,5 688,5 1 911,0 1 225,4 61,51 3,53 0,95 19,04 14,97 100.00 Milk Wool Other Equipment Increment Life sale Animal In this research, since agricultural farm was small and separated, poor production was occurred. Therefore, producers organization and publications service have been in a difficulty. The producers were weak against unstable market conditions. They couldn’t access to Extension services. Also producers haven’t been informed about fluctuation conditions. The soil was effective factor for production and there was no balance between work power, capital and production factors. This was a characteristic of all agricultural farms Central Anatolia. Gross Profit, Farm and Family Income Gross profit can be defined as omitting private variable costs from gross production values (Brandes and others, 1971). It was a main success criteria to use scarce production factors and to express competition power of production activities. The farmers needed to this profit for family expenditure, investment and tax payments. In research, agriculture income was calculated omitting interest and rent payment from agricultural income and adding family income which was equivalent to family works (Erkuş et all, 1995). The total family income was found by collection of income and out of income ( Table 5). Table 5. Gross Production Value, Gross Profit and Agricultural Family Incomes (TL and $) 1$=1,56TL Gross Total Out of Agricultural Gross Agricultural Farm Sizes Agricultural Family production Variable ( ha) Profit Income value Cost Income Income 0.1-15 3 513,50 1 353,90 2 159,60 1 517,10 357,00 1 874,10 15.1-30 4 889,50 1 876,00 3 013,50 1 879,00 255,00 2 134,00 30.1 - + 8 601,00 3 257,00 5 344,00 2 198,00 712,00 2 910,00 Aver. TL 5 205,10 1 989,40 3 215,70 1 808,70 402,40 2 211,10 Farms $ 3336,60 1275,26 2061,35 1159,42 257,95 1417,37 The farm had an average 5205,10 TL or $3336,60 the value of gross production. Total variable cost and gross profit were 1989,40 TL ($1275,26) and 3215,70 TL ( $20 61,35) respectively. In agricultural income and out of income were 1808,70 or $1159,42 and 402,40 TL or $257,95. As a result of this, farmer obtained an average 2211,11 TL ( $1417,37) per year. The 81.8% of family income was obtained from agriculture and, 18.2% of out of agriculture. This income was very low when it is compared with Turkey’s average of $10000 income. In this area a lot of farmers have been living under the standard of poverty. 176 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Income Distribution Of Agricultural Farms Household Ratios First %20 Second %20 Third %20 Fourth %20 Fifth %20 Total Gini ratios Table 6. Income Distributions, Family Income and Gini Ratios Total Family Income Cumulative Family Income Value (TL) Ratio(%) Value (TL) Ratios(%) 5 370,50 4,89 5 370,50 4,89 11 839,50 10,79 17 210,00 15,68 18 232,20 16,60 35 442,20 32,28 27 832,50 25,35 63 274,70 57,63 46 516,50 42,37 109 791,2 100,00 109 791,20 100,00 0,358 Figure 1. Lorenz Curve 100 Income (%) 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Househoulds (%) The research showed that 80% of the agricultural farms had 57.63% share of the total family income and rests ( 20%) was 42.37%. According to the Gini ratio value of 0.358, agricultural farms were situated in research area. The total family income was not distributed uniformly. Since certain equal line that explains exactly 100% equal distribution. As the income distribution goes away from the equal level, Lorenz Curve also will far away from the certain equal line. In conclusion, it is seen that income distribution was not balanced well. Conclusions According to the research, farms had 63.55% of own land, and every farm size was 25.03 ha. The farm size was relatively greater than Turkey’s average. According to the general farm counting in 1991, agricultural farms which covered nineth region (Afyon, Kayseri, Konya, Nevşehir, Niğde, Aksaray) varied between 10.01 and 9.9 ha land (Anonymous, 1994). Even though land was very small, it was still larger than Turkey’s average. Every plot was found to be 3.12 ha and fallow area became narrow. It can be accepted as good amendments. The farm capital was not sufficient (26.07%). The money was determined to be 1.73% of this capital due to the lower saving rate (Demirci, 1981). Thus, producers were supported by Government. The employment and land productivity especially should be increased by using business economy. Price, market and insufficient knowledge and information were the most important producer problems and currently more than 3,1 million agriculture farms, which produced products without having information and communication between them. Turkey population will be greater than 100 million in 2014’s, so cereals should be produced more in order to meet increased population needs. Agriculture products mainly depend upon the natural conditions. Therefore, there was not stable balance between demand and supply, and price and cost fluctuations. On the other hand, the problems in agricultural farms have been grown up. Their problems were derived from the small-scale activity, 177 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo organization, and insufficient integration between agriculture farms and industry. The finance problems may be more serious in the coming future. The product quality becomes more important because of internal market demand and customer, baker and miller. Although, Turkey has a great potential about product kinds, export, it may not have stable and effective world market because of poor market research. The external cereals demands have increased gradually. Even though, world population is more than 6 billion, world cereals stock speed was less than world population growth. The FAO gave pay attention this subject and called world countries to improve their product (Kün et all. 1991). Turkey’s production quality should be international standard and product costs must be minimized because of Turkey competition. The Turkey should grow macaroni wheat for international standard and external market. Therefore, producers must be encouraged to produce more qualified wheat. The Turkey is the eighth wheat producer in the world and wheat export has decreased recently. Although China is the first wheat producer in the world, wheat is still imported because of high population. The Brazil, Japan, Egypt and Italy are also other wheat importer countries whereas the Canada, USA, Argentine, and France are important wheat exporter in the world. Even though India and Russia are the biggest wheat producer, their export is limited. By producing of about 19 million tons wheat a year, wheat product will be more stable in Turkey. To be successful in this area, producers should be more organized. The public and private institutions were informed more for grain products’ quality and quantity and producers should be supported related to this subject. Support price should be explained previous year and, this rate must be equal to inflation rate. Therefore, farmers may be organized to change price in favor for them. References Anonymous, 1994. General Farm Determination in Agricultural Farms. Research Results, GSI ( Government Statistical Institution ) No: 1691, Ankara ( in Turkish). Anonymous, 1997. Agricultural Structure and Production. State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry Republic of Turkey. Anonymous, 1998. An investigation on Uses of Present Sources and Improvement of Sources Uses in Agricultural Farms for Küçük Menderes Catchment Area. Ege University, Agricultural Faculty, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Bornova, Đzmir (in Turkish). Anonymous, 2004. Agricultural Structure and Production. State Institute of Statistics. Anonymous, 2007. Agricultural Structure and Production. State Institute of Statistics. Arıkan, R. , 1985. The Statistics of Agricultural Economics A.Ü. Faculty of Agricultural No: 924 Ankara. Bayraklı , F. , Gür , K., Karakaplan , S., Fırat , B., Gezgin , S., 1991. The Symposium on Productivity Problems for Agriculture in Central Anatolia. Pp.: 30-39. MPM Publications, No:440, Ankara ( in Turkish). Bülbül, M., Erkan, O., Orhan, E., Budak, F., Şengül, H., Yılmaz, Đ., 1991. Capital Situations of Agricultural Farmers and Loan Uses in Turkey. p. 191 Agricultural Engineers 3 th Technical Congress, Ankara ( in Turkish). Brandes, W., Woerman, E., 1971. Landwirtschaftliche Berlin. Betriebslehre, Band2. spezieller Teil, Paul Parey, Hamburg- Dauring, F. , 1991. Inequality, The Political Economy of Income Distribution, Preager, New York. Demirci, R., 1981. Agricultural Structures and Reformation. Turkey 2nd Economics Congress, Agricultural Papers, DPT Pp.: 859-889, Ankara ( in Turkish). Erkuş, A. , 1991. Employment rates of Agricultural Farms and Productivity in Central Anatolia. The Symposium on Productivity Problems for Agriculture in Central Anatolia. MPM Publications, No: 440, Ankara ( in Turkish). Erkuş, A., Bülbül, M., Kıral, T., Açıl, F., Demirci, R., 1995. Publications of Education, Research and Development Foundation, in Ankara University, No: 5, Ankara (in Turkish). Eurostat, 2004. “ Statistics in Focus - Agriculture Forestry and Güneş, T. and Arıkan, R., 1985. Agricultural Economics in Turkish). Fisherings ”, SOEC, Luxembourg. Statistics, Ankara University Publication, 924, Ankara ( Işıklı, E., Turan, A., Tanrıvermiş, H., 1994. Capital Problems in Turkey’s Agriculture. Agricultural Week Symposium, Ankara ( in Turkish). Karagölge, C., Kızıloğlu, S., Yavuz, O., Primary Principles of University Publication, No: 801, Erzurum 1995 ( in Turkish). Agricultural Economics. p. 126, Atatürk Oğuz, C. , 1992. An Investigation on Woman Employment Capacity in Animal Husbandry of Agricultural Farms for Konya Province. Journal of Agricultural Faculty, Selçuk University, No: 4 , Vol. 2, Pp.: 21-26, Konya ( in Turkish). 178 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Oğuz, C., 1996. An Investigation on Productivity Analysis of Tomatoes Production Farms in Konya - Çumra. Turkey 2nd Agricultural Economics Congress, Vol. 1, Pp.: 118-128, 4-6 September 1996, Adana (in Turkish). Ross, M. H. , 1969. Income: Analysis and Policy, Grow - Hill Company, Second Edition, New York. Talim, M., Saner, G., Ardıç, E., 1990. Structural Problems and Improvement of Structures in Turkey Agriculture. Pp.: 9-23, Turkey Agricultural Engineers 3rd Technical Congress, Ankara ( in Turkish). Woermann, E., 1958. Landwirtschaftsbetrieb in HandwörterbuchderSocialwissenschaften, Stuttgard, Tübing en, Göttingen. Yamane, T. , 1967. Elementary Sampling Theory Prentice - Inc. Englewood Cliffs. N.S.USA. Yılmaz, B., 1991. Cereals Potential and Technical Congress, Ankara ( in Turkish). Strategies of Turkey. p. 255 Turkey Agricultural Engineers 3rd 179 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 166 Title A name given to the resource The Determination Of The Economic Results And Income Distribution Of The Wheat Farms In Central Anatolia Turkey Author Author OĞUZ, Cennet ESENGÜN, Kemal Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this study is to determine the economic results and income distribution of wheat producers in Middle Anatolia Region. The data used in this study was collected from farms selected by random sampling among 20 villages of wheat producers in Konya and Ankara province. The data belongs to the 2006-2007 production years. The average size of all farms was 250.30 decare. The owned land covered the 63.55 % of the total area. The average number of fields per farm 8.03 and the average size of each field is 31.17 decare. Arable area occupied 94.25 % of total land. About 76.46 % of gross production was obtained from plant production and 23.54 % animal production. Income distribution of the farms was detailed by agricultural income, total family income and per capita family income. It was determined that per capita agricultural average income was 1 808.7 TL, and the average agricultural family income was 2 211.1 TL. Gini ratio of the agricultural income was found 0.358 . Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b21ca1df9ad1e742904e6c48d1bfef99.pdf 5ec33cf70429d8cc02fae00c908c3dbc PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The Determination of University Selection Based Upon Analytic Hierarchy Process Orhan ADIGÜZEL Assistant Prof., University of Suleyman Demirel Isparta, TURKEY orhanadiguzel@gmail.com Ali Cüneyt ÇETĠN Assistant Prof., University of Suleyman Demirel Isparta, TURKEY ccetin@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Abstract: The most important factor in career planning of a person is to direct him depending upon his features. The best way of choosing career is to compare the wishes of a person with the requirements of that career so that he can decide the best one. Particularly, those who think to have a university education for their careers come across difficulties while deciding on their career path on account of the fact that the global world can offer various opportunities for education in a great many places. The student must choose by taking into account some criteria. As an example, several factors play a crucial role in this process such as the academic success of the university, the working opportunities provided, the distance of the university to the hometown of the student, the economic status of that city, the facilities of accommodation. Considering all these factors, the student should give an optimal decision. In this context, the common decision including both the personal different opinions and convincing for all is strongly needed. AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) has gained a very big momentum at these kind of situations. Introduction The key to help to a student in the process of career planning is to give him an encouragement that will have an impact in the future for the career planning activities (Laker & Laker, 2007, p.138). The fact to be known about career is that the person is responsible for the career development himself (Walker & Levesque, 2006, p.28). The reason is that in terms of career development and management in the literature, much has been emphasized personally gained and experienced career instead of organization based career development .( Kidd & Green, 2006, p.229). The person in the personal planning stage while choosing his career, he has been affected by a number of factors. The best career choice is, to reach the best by comparing what he wants and what he needs. The matter is to decide upon the best among the alternatives and upon the methods by which the decisions will be taken. The selection of the department in high schools until the university exam, even the selection of the type of the high schools and the private courses for the preparation of the university exam is determined by the selections following the decisions. The selection of the university after high school is particularly significant for the students who are at the beginning of their careers. In this term, the students are a little bit confused due to the efforts to choose the best among a number of alternatives. In this case, the most important moment for decision is to choose the best alternative of the university. The student is supposed to choose by taking into account some criteria such as the academic achievement of the university, the chance of the graduates in having jobs, the distance of the university to the homeland, the economic status and the opportunities for accommodation of the city. Considering all these factors, the student should give an optimal decision. By means of this, throughout undergraduate study, some of the regrets should be prevented and motivation and concentration should be used for the productivity and the efficiency of the education. In this case, a common decision is needed by means of which both the differences of personal opinions can be assessed and everyone can be persuaded at the same time. From this perspective, AHP is a mathematical method which lays emphasis on the features of a person as well as group, and which assesses both the qualitative and quantitative variables together (Dağdeviren et al., 2004, p.132). At the same time, it provides opportunity for deciding effectively in the solution of decisional problems (Dündar & Ecer, 2008, p.198). AHP enables to modeling in a hierarchical way showing the relationship between 528 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo decision makers with complex problems, the ultimate goal of the problem, criteria, sub criteria, and the alternatives (Kuruüzüm & Atsan, 2001, p.84). Recently, this problem has captured attention a lot, and it is used in the solution of decision making problems in real life. Particularly, in the efficiency analysis, in the productivity analysis, and in the problems of performance asessment, the AHP is seen to be widely used. The Determination of University Selection There are many application processes all around the world in the higher education system. Recruitment structures and college admissions vary widely from country to country. For example, mostly, all British higher education institutions are members of the UCAS, therefore, nearly all those wishing to study for their first degrees in the UK have to apply through the UCAS. In the USA, students apply to one or more colleges or universities by submitting an application which each college evaluates according to its own criteria. For the graduate education, virtually all graduate programs require applicants to submit scores on standardized tests. In Turkey the Student Selection and Placement Center (ÖSYM) prepares the centralized University Entrance Examination (Yamamato, 2006, p.59). In addition to the differences of the applications depending upon the countries, there are also some differences in the selection of the university of a student. In occurrence of these differences, the impacts of the opportunities are effective. While some of the universities bring forth the the quality of their education, the others mention about the technological facilities. At the same time, some of the universities are boastful about the employed students, but the others are important for their social opportunities in the campus. The students on the verge of choosing the university will be affected from all these differences and will need to search the reality of these opportunities and they will focus on the criteria and the factors determined well in advance. These factors and the criteria become more clear after collecting informations from many sources about the universities (Veloutsou et al., 2005, p.281). The location of the the university, local social life and campus, the future career prospects and opportunities, financial considerations, the quality of education, the institutions‘ infrastructure, job prospects, personal motives have impacts on selection (Keskinen et al., 2008, p.639-640; Soutar & Tourner, 2002, p.40-41; Veloutsou et al., 2005, p.161-162) The Analytic Hierarchy Process The Analytic Hierarchy Process is decision-making process that breaks complex problems down into levels of decision criteria that can be managed more readily. The AHP synthesizes information and evaluates decision criteria in a way that enables the use of both real data and qualitative evaluations of factors in one model (Liu et al., 2008,p. 437). As Saaty mentions that it also organizes the basic rationality by breaking down a problem into its smaller constituent parts and then guides decision makers through a serious of pairwise comparison judgments to express relative strength or intensity of impact of the elements (Varma et al., 2008, p.346). The AHP method can support managers in a broad range of decisions and complex problems including supplier-selection decisions, facility-location decisions, forecasting, risks and oppurtunities modeling, choice of technology, plan and product design, and so on. Further more the AHP approach also shows some interesting advantages (Costa & Evangelista, 2008, p.71):  Effectiveness also in presence of descriptive and evaluative lacks;  Effectiveness when there is a co-presence of qualitive and quantitive;  It overcomes the diffuculty of the evaluation of decisional factors;  Control of the answers consistency and the final results coherence;  Possibility to focus on every aspect of the problem always going down to a greater level of detail and stratifying the analysis; and  Dynamism and adaptability of the method The calculation procedure of AHP is presented below (Hsu and Chen, 2008, p. 46): Establishment of pair-wise comparision matrix A. Let C1,C2,C3,…..,Cn be the set of criteria, while aij represents a quantified judgement on a pair of criteria Ci, Cj. The relative importance of two criteria is rated using a scale with the digits 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, where 1 denotes ―equally important‖, 3 for ―slightly more important‖, 5 for ―strongly more important‖, 7 for ―demonstrably more important‖ and 9 for ―absolutely more important‖. The digits 2, 4, 6 and 8 areare used to facilitate a compromise between slightly differing judgments. A n-by-n matrix A is derived as fallows 529 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo  a11 a12 ... aj  a   21 a 22 ... aj   . .  A  .   .  . .     ai1 ai 2 ... aij  (1) Where aij = 1 and aji = 1/ aij, i,j = 1, 2, …..,n. In matrix A, the problem involves assigning a set of numerical weights W1, W2, W3, ……Wn to the n criteria C1, C2, C3, …….Cn that ―reflects the recorder judgments‖. If A is a consistency matrix, the relations between weights Wi and judgments aij are simply given by Wi / Wj = aij (for i,j = 1, 2, 3, ……n) Eigenvalue and eigen vector. Saaty suggested that the largest eigenvalue λmax If A is a consistency matrix then eigen vector X can be calculated by the equation (2): (A – λmaxI) X = 0 (2) Consistency test. Saaaty proposed utilizing consistency index (CI) and consistency ratio (CR) to verify the consistency of the comparison matrix. Additionally, CI and CR are defined as fallows: CI = (λmax – n) / (n – 1) (3) CR = CI / RI (4) Where RI denotes the average consistency index over numerous random entries of same order reciprocal matrices. If CR ≤ 0,1 the estimate is accepted; otherwise, a new comparison matrix is solicited until CR ≤ 0,1. The Study Imagine that any high school graduate student determined some of the criteria about the university planned by means of the decision either collectively or individually. These criteria are such as the image and the prestige of the university, the knowledge in education and the technological opportunities, the career opportunities, the possibility of employment of the university graduates, the atmosphere of the campus and the social life, the opportunities for accommodation, and transportation, yet still, let‘s consider that the student gives more paramount importance to the five of them more than the others. Let‘s say these are the criteria like ―the image and the prestige of the university‖, ―the knowledge in education and the technological opportunities‖, ―the career opportunities in the university‖, ―the possibility of employment of the university graduates‖, ―the atmosphere of the campus and the social life‖. The university alternatives and the results of these alternative universities out of 100 point in terms of the criteria are shown below in Table 1: 1. 1. UNIV. 2. 2. UNIV. 3. UNIV. 4. UNIV. 5. UNIV. 80 100 70 60 90 IMAGE-PRESTIGE 90 70 80 100 80 KNOWLEDGE-TECH. 50 80 90 60 70 CAREER 70 70 60 60 80 EMPLOYMENT 60 60 100 90 90 CAMPUS Table 1 In this stage of the application, initially, the comparison of the criteria was done in accordance with the method of AHP and indicated in Table 2. In the process of the determination of the level of importance, the opinion of the student and the environment left impacts, and comparisons were made depending upon these opinions. I-P K-T CAR EMP CAM I-P K-T CAR EMP CAM Table 2 1 2 1/2 1 3 2 1/3 1/4 5 4 1/3 3 1/5 1/2 4 1/4 1 5 1/3 1/5 1 1/7 3 7 1 530 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo  1 1/ 2 3  2 1 2  1 / 3 1 / 2 1 A  4 5  3 1 / 5 1 / 4 1 / 3   1/ 3 1/ 4 1/ 5 1 1/ 7 5 4  3  7 1   0.184 0.195   0.094 W    0.481 0.044     The Consistency Ratio of Matris A = 0.0545 The calculated vector in the column W shows values of numerical importance. In the framework of these results, the most important criteria with the percentage of 48 % is ―employment‖ whereas the least criteria is ―the atmosphere of campus‖ with the percentage of 5 %. In the Table 3 below, the criteria‘s values of importance in percentage are given sequently. The Sequence of The Assessment Criterium Approximate Values of Importance Importance in Percentage Employment % 48 1 2 Knowledge-Technology % 20 3 Image-Prestige % 18 4 Career %9 5 Campus %5 Table 3 The formula used while finding W is, at the same time, used to compare and contrast the criteria of all the candidates with one another. In this context, the stages of finding out matris C such as C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 in the results of all the contrasts in every criterium is in the following: 3. UNIV. 4. UNIV. 5. UNIV. 1. UNIV. 2. UNIV. 1 1/5 3 5 1/3 1.UNIV. 5 1 7 9 3 2. UNIV. 1/3 1/7 1 3 1/5 3. UNIV. 1/5 1/9 1/3 1 1/7 4. UNIV. 3 1/3 5 7 1 5. UNIV. 1  5  1 / 3 V1   1 / 5 3   1/ 5 3 1 7 1/ 7 1 1/ 9 1/ 3 1/ 3 5 5 9 3 1 7 1/ 3  3  1/ 5   1/ 7  1    0.134 0.502   0.067  C1    0.034 0.260     The Consistency Ratio of Matris C1= 0.0541 The Comparison of the University in terms of “Image and Prestige” 531 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Assessing from the perspective of ―Image and Prestige‖, it can be stated that the university in the second order is much more preferable with the percentage of 50.2 %. 1. UNIV. 2. UNIV. 3. UNIV. 4. UNIV. 5. UNIV. 1 5 3 1/3 3 1. UNIV. 1/5 1 1/3 1/7 1/3 2. UNIV. 1/3 3 1 1/5 1 3. UNIV. 3 7 5 1 5 4. UNIV. 1/3 3 1 1/5 1 5. UNIV.  1 1/ 5  1/ 3 V2    3 1/ 3   5 3 1/ 3 1 1/ 3 1/ 7 3 1 1/ 5 7 5 1 3 1 1/ 5 3 1 / 3  4  5 1   0.245 0.046   0.105 C2    0.497  0.105     The Consistency Ratio of Matris C2= 0.0284 The Comparison of the University in terms of “Knowledge and Technological Opportunities” As for the criteria of ―Knowledge and Technological Opportunities‖, the university in fourth order is leading the others with the percentage of 49.7 %. The Comparison of the University in terms of “The Opportunites of Career in the Unıversity” 1. UNI. 2. UNI. 3. UNI. 4. UNI. 5. UNI. 1. UNI. 2. UNI. 3. UNI. 4. UNI. 5. UNI. 1 7 9 3 5 1/7 1 3 1/5 1/3     V3       1 7 9 3 5 1/ 7 1 3 1/ 5 1/ 3 1/9 1/3 1 1/7 1/5 1/ 9 1/ 3 1 1/ 7 1/ 5 1 / 5 3  5   1 / 3 1    1/ 3 5 7 1 3 1/3 5 7 1 3 1/5 3 5 1/3 1 0.034 0.260   0.502 C3    0.067  0.134     The Consistency Ratio of Matris C3= 0.0541 According to the criterium of ―The Career Opportunities in the University‖ the university in the third order is in a better state with the percentage of 50.2 %. The Comparison of the University in terms of “The Possibility of the Graduate Employment” 1. UNI. 2. UNI. 3. UNI. 4. UNI. 5. UNI. 1 1 3 3 1/3 1. UNI. 1 1 3 3 1/3 2. UNI. 1/3 1/3 1 1 1/5 3. UNI. 1/3 1/3 1 1 1/5 4. UNI. 3 3 5 5 1 5. UNI. 532 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 1 1  1 1  1 / 3 1 / 3 V4   1 / 3 1 / 3  3 3   3 3 1 1 5 3 3 1 1 5 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 5 1/ 5 1 0.195 0.195   0.073 C4    0.073 0.462              The Consistency Ratio of Matris C4= 0.012 The university in the fifth order is much more successful in the criterium of ―The Possibility of Graduate Employment‖ with the percentage of 46.2 %. The Comparison of the University according to the criteria of “The Atmosphere of Campus and Social Life” 1. UNIV. 2. UNIV. 3. UNIV. 4. UNIV. 5. UNIV. 1 1 1/9 1/7 1/7 1. UNIV. 1 1 1/9 1/7 1/7 2. UNIV. 9 9 1 3 3 3. UNIV. 7 7 1/3 1 1 4. UNIV. 7 7 1/3 1 1 5. UNIV. 1 1  9 V5   7 7   1 1 9 7 7 1/ 9 1/ 7 1/ 9 1/ 7 1 3 1/ 3 1 1/ 3 1 1/ 7  1 / 7  3   1  1    0.038 0.038   0.476 C5    0.222 0.222     The Consistency Ratio of Matris C5= 0.025 The results of the last criterium of ―Campus Life and Social Life‖ are as in the Matris of C5. In this criterium, the university in the third order is more likely to be preferred with the 47.6 % percentage. After this point, to calculate the sequence is of great significance. Depending upon the values, it can be mentioned that the decision about the university selection will be optimal. In this way, the decisions of the students would be rational, not regretful. The decision matris is seen in the last part of this application through this Formula [ Cij ] m×n ×[ Wi ]n×1. 0.134  0.502   0.067   0.034  0.260   0.245 0.046 0.105 0.497 0.105 0.034 0.260 0.502 0.067 0.134 0.195 0.195 0.073 0.073 0.462 0.038   0.184   0.171     0.221 0.038   0.195    0.476  ×  0.094  D= 0.136      0.222  0.481. 0.154 0.312 0.222   0.044            When the values in the Matris D are assessed regarding the Table 4, 5 th university is in the first sequence with the percentage of 32%. And this choice is the best and optimal one for the student. 533 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The Sequence Importance 1 of Universities 5th UNIVERSITY Approximate Values Importance in Percentage 31% 2 2nd UNIVERSITY 22% 3 1st UNIVERSITY 17% 4 4th UNIVERSITY 16% 5 3rdUNIVERSITY 14% of Table 4 Conclusion and Suggestions All of us wants to have a very prestigous job at the end of our education for which we spend a great amount of time on account of the fact that a job that makes us happy enables our life meaningful and productive. The efficiencies of a certain job, perhaps, are presented to a great number of students in many universities. However, the universities have some ups and downs in terms of the opportunities. Even this is the case for the same faculties of the same university. To say in another way, the university that can offer opportunities should be prefered, not an ordinary one. From this perspective, the decision of university selection which is the most critical stage of the education should be given rationally. AHP is the method of mathematical decision by means of which the qualitative and the quantitative cases can be assessed together. As in the example of here, the university candidate ascertains some certain criteria both with group and individual decisions. These criteria are ―the image and the prestige of the university‖, ―the knowledge in education and the technological opportunities‖, ―the career opportunities in the university‖, ―the possibility of employment of the university graduates‖, ―the atmosphere of the campus and the social life‖. The candidate student decides the university of 5th university among the five university alternatives through the AHP method. It can be demonstrated that this result is the most optimal and rational one. This method enables the student to reach the most liked occupational efficiencies in the best and useful atmoshere. AHP can be used not only in the university selection, but also in all of the management and the organizational activities as the solution to the decisional problems. By means of this, the interested people, the workers, and the managers can find the opportunity to reach the most suitable decision in a shortest way and thanks to the consistency of the decisions, the unnecessary repetitions of the same procedures will be prevented. References Costa, R. & Evangelista, S. (2008). An AHP approach to assess brand intangible assets, Measuring Business Excellence, Vo.12, No.2, 68-78. Dağdeviren, M.,Akay, D., Kurt, M. (2004). ĠĢ değerlendirme sürecinde analitik hiyerarĢi prosesi ve uygulaması, Gazi Üniversitesi Müh. Mim. Fak. Dergisi, Vol.19, 131-138. Dündar, S. & Ecer, F. (2008). Öğrencilerin GSM operatörü tercihinin analitik hiyerarĢi süreci yöntemiyle belirlenmesi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Ġ.Ġ.B.F Yönetim Ekonomi Dergisi, Vol.15, No.1, 195–205. Hsu, P. F. & Chen, B. Y.(2008). Integrated analytic hierarchy process and entropy to develop a durable goods hain store franchisee selection model, A Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol.20, No. 1, 44-54. Keskinen, E., Tiuraniemi, J., Liimola A. (2008). University selection in Finland: How the decision is made, International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 22, No.7, 638-650 Kidd, J. M. & Green, F. (2006). The careers of research scientists: Predictors of three dimensions of careeer commitment and intention to leave science, Personnel Review , Vol. 35, No.3, 229-251. Kuruüzüm, A. & Atsan, N. (2001). Analitik hiyerarĢi yöntemi ve iĢletmecilik alanındaki uygulamaları‖ Akdeniz Ġ.Ġ.B.F. Dergisi, No.1, 83-105. 534 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Laker, D. R. & Laker, R. (2007), The five- year Resume: A career planning exercise, Journal of Management Education, Vol.31, No.1, 128-141. Liu, L.B., Berger, P., Zeng, A., Gerstenfeld, A.(2008). Applying the analytic hierarchy process to the offshore outsourcing location decision, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 13(6), 435-449. Soutar, G. N. & Turner, J. P.(2002). Student‘s preferences for university: A conjoint analysis, The International Journal of Educational Management, 16(1), 40-45. Varma, S., Wadhwa S., Deshmukh S.G.(2008). Evaluating petroleum supply chain performance, A Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol.20, No.3, 343-356. Veloutsou, C., Lewis J. W., Paton R. A.(2004). University selection: Information Requirements and importance, The International Journal of Educational Management Vol.18, No.3, 160-171. Veloutsou, C., Lewis J. W., Paton R. A.(2005). Consultation and realibility of information sources pertaining to university selection, International Journal of Educational Management Vol.19, No.4, 279-291. Walker, H. F. ve Levesque, J. /2006). Climbing the career ladder : It is up to you , Quality Progress , Vol 39, No.10, 28-32. Yamamato, G. T. (2006). University evaluation-selection: A Turkish case, International Journal of Educational Management, Vol.20, No.7, 559-569. 535 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 269 Title A name given to the resource The Determination of University Selection Based Upon Analytic Hierarchy Process Author Author ADIGÜZEL, Orhan ÇETİN, Ali Cüneyt Abstract A summary of the resource. The most important factor in career planning of a person is to direct him depending upon his features. The best way of choosing career is to compare the wishes of a person with the requirements of that career so that he can decide the best one. Particularly, those who think to have a university education for their careers come across difficulties while deciding on their career path on account of the fact that the global world can offer various opportunities for education in a great many places. The student must choose by taking into account some criteria. As an example, several factors play a crucial role in this process such as the academic success of the university, the working opportunities provided, the distance of the university to the hometown of the student, the economic status of that city, the facilities of accommodation. Considering all these factors, the student should give an optimal decision. In this context, the common decision including both the personal different opinions and convincing for all is strongly needed. AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) has gained a very big momentum at these kind of situations. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/23029864ccc0f284f9e17265eb19471d.docx 0a376fed69834f63d673196530d94b54 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cc78649feff2eb0e69d23eec9dab976c.pdf e1785badcdf80783f8c8fc70b28cf235 PDF Text Text The Development of Environmental Taxes and Environmental Public Expenditures in Turkey Comparing Member Countries of the European Union İbrahim Akdoğan Sakarya University Turkey iakdogan@sakarya.edu.tr TülinAkdoğan SakaryaUniversity Turkey LiridonKryeziu SakaryaUniversity Turkey Ensar Selman Karagüzel SakaryaUniversity Turkey ekaraguzel@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: This study investigates the causes of the environmental pollution, such as gas emission which causes the global warming. Then we examined the legal aspect of reducing environmental pollution, especially the most comprehensive international agreement the Kyoto Protocol. As a study case we examined the environmental expenditures, trends of the environmental policies, the development of environmental policy instruments (trend), and the structure of the environmental taxes for the years studied from year 2000 until 2011, then we compared Turkey and European Union. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the public environmental expenditures and environmental taxes changed in Turkey and EU since 2000 until 2011. Another purpose of the study was the relationship between the public environmental expenditures and environmental taxes. In this study authors used secondary data in the large extent. The data collection for environmental tax revenues and the environmental expenditures was derived from European statistics agency. According to our findings the environmental expenditures did not exceed the 1 % of GDP. Despite the international agreements, the majority of countries have not increased the environmental expenditures, and also the general trend of environmental tax ratios have not increased significantly. The average of the environmental tax ratios are approximately 2.5% of GDP. Even though those countries have applied environmental taxes, they did not spend for the environmental protection. This means that those tax revenues are being used for public funding purposes. Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Climate Change, Environmental Tax Revenues, Environmental Public Expenditure, International Environmental Agreements. 45 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2477 Title A name given to the resource The Development of Environmental Taxes and Environmental Public Expenditures in Turkey Comparing Member Countries of the European Union Author Author AKDOĞAN, Ibrahim AKDOĞAN, Tülin KRYEZIU, Liridon SELMAN KARAGÜZEL, Ensar Abstract A summary of the resource. This study investigates the causes of the environmental pollution, such as gas emission which causes the global warming. Then we examined the legal aspect of reducing environmental pollution, especially the most comprehensive international agreement the Kyoto Protocol. As a study case we examined the environmental expenditures, trends of the environmental policies, the development of environmental policy instruments (trend), and the structure of the environmental taxes for the years studied from year 2000 until 2011, then we compared Turkey and European Union. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the public environmental expenditures and environmental taxes changed in Turkey and EU since 2000 until 2011. Another purpose of the study was the relationship between the public environmental expenditures and environmental taxes. In this study authors used secondary data in the large extent. The data collection for environmental tax revenues and the environmental expenditures was derived from European statistics agency. According to our findings the environmental expenditures did not exceed the 1 % of GDP. Despite the international agreements, the majority of countries have not increased the environmental expenditures, and also the general trend of environmental tax ratios have not increased significantly. The average of the environmental tax ratios are approximately 2.5% of GDP. Even though those countries have applied environmental taxes, they did not spend for the environmental protection. This means that those tax revenues are being used for public funding purposes. Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Climate Change, Environmental Tax Revenues, Environmental Public Expenditure, International Environmental Agreements. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General)