270 10 3494 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3425 Title A name given to the resource THE CODED LANGUAGE OF MOLANA BASED ON THE MOTIFS OF MOLAVI'S STORIES IN MASNAVI Author Author Kakarash, Farhad Enayati, Bayaz Abstract A summary of the resource. Having a short hesitation in Masnavi-e-Molavi, we will notice that the main motifs of Masnavi's stories are the roaring springs of Koran and Islamic concepts which have been stated through coded language, which is the particular feature of Molavi's thought. In this paper I have tried to study the motifs of Masnavi's stories carefully. First I have shown Molna's power on different Persian and Arabic verses and poses, and religious texts, then the focus is turned to this point that Molana sees his deductions more important than anything else, and he disregards the source and the form of the stories, where this deduction is stated through a magic and effective language by which his readers are charmed. The other point is that Molana has used Koran, Hadith books, interpretations, mythology, and anecdotes in his stories. Masnavi along with Molana's other stories are either his initiatives or his reinventions from oral and common culture , so the general result of Molana's language and particular statement in Persian poetry and mysticism become clear. Keywords: Molavi , Masnavi, stories, Semeiotics, coded language, recreating Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/79559c3479101bd2a7a8babd59a9b1ef.pdf 1835c912deeb6e7693617dec4e979039 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Collateral of the Rising Public Diplomacy in Turkey: The Presidency of Religious Affairs and the Religious Diplomacy Burcu Sunar İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey bsunar@İstanbul.edu.tr It has been widely discussed whether Turkish foreign policy has been changing since the Justice and Development Party (AKP hereafter) came into power in 2002. Among the new concepts which signal a probable change in the foreign policy, “public diplomacy” seems to be a significant one considering that AKP has even founded the Office of Public Diplomacy in 2010 within the Turkish Prime Ministry. Public diplomacy, the task of serving national interests through influencing foreign states’ peoples, winning their hearts and minds, instrumentalizes a state’s traits and is carried by many public institutions. Religion is one of the cultural traits of a state which serves public diplomacy with its binding influence on public. For a few decades, the terms “religious diplomacy”, “inter-religious diplomacy” or “faith diplomacy” have been used to indicate the positive impact of religion on diplomacy, especially on “public diplomacy” which addresses public rather than the traditional diplomatic institutions. Religious diplomacy has mainly two meanings. On the one hand, it means establishing an interreligious dialogue between states and their societies. On the other hand, it implies promoting religiously based relations with other states and their societies sharing the same religion. In Turkey, Presidency of Religious Affairs is the main carrier of religious diplomacy as it has started be expressed by the Presidency itself. A closer look at the campaigns and policies of the Presidency especially in the Balkans, Africa and the Middle East in the last decade shows that it complements the government’s public diplomacy establishing religious ties with the states especially which have Muslim populations. The Presidency is organizing humanitarian aid campaigns for Muslims suffering all around the world while participating in the ones the government organizes. In press releases, The Presidency addresses all people and all international organizations to free the Muslims from poverty, injustice and violence. It also regulates the education of the religious personnel who are to work outside of the Turkish borders. The Presidency organizes international programs for those willing to “construct a future based on their cultural 71 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo origins” and “satisfy the religious, cultural, social and psychological needs of the Muslims with their knowledge on Islamic theology.” Looking at the campaigns, press releases, international programs, conferences, seminars and the discourse used in these, the paper tries to show how the Presidency cooperates with the government serving public diplomacy. In this research, the aim is to stress the contribution of The Presidency of Religious Affairs to the public diplomacy especially in the last decade. It can be easily observed that aid campaigns for Muslim populations outside of the border have become a major divisive issue and divided the Turkish population into two as the ones willing to help poor Muslim people for the sake of God and/or humanity and the ones criticizing this argument insisting that Turkey has itself helpless people inside of its own borders. The motivation of the presentation is to point out the insufficiency of the discussion whether AKP unnecessarily engages with Muslim populations outside of the Turkish borders. For a few decades, public diplomacy and religious diplomacy as its complementary have been crucial tools in international relations, and analyzing the AKP’s partaking in humanitarian campaigns outside the borders without taking this viewpoint into consideration would be fall short. Therefore, the presentation intends to remark that The Presidency of Religious Affairs with the religious diplomacy it carries has also been an element in international relations for a while and analysis on AKP’s foreign policy should also pay attention to this religious diplomacy dimension as a part of public diplomacy strategy. Keywords: Public Diplomacy, Religious Diplomacy, the Presidency of Religious Affairs, the Justice and Development Party (AKP), Foreign Policy 72 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c032f650c0accefd4dd12b144c2b1653.docx 31428a3ddc706efc0de10af1f0c9ee11 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a18e220dec61ad9f2b9a01a4c286dd16.pdf 81c9122fc27c15c470514ec935445de9 PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Collateral of the Rising Public Diplomacy in Turkey: The Presidency of ReligiousAffairs and the ReligiousDiplomacy BurcuSunar İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey bsunar@İstanbul.edu.tr Abstract It has been widely discussed whether Turkish foreign policy has been changing since the Justice and Development Party (AKP hereafter) came into power in 2002. Among the new concepts which signal a probable change in the foreign policy, “public diplomacy” seems to be a significant one considering that AKP has even founded the Office of Public Diplomacy in 2010 within the Turkish Prime Ministry. Public diplomacy, the task of serving national interests through influencing foreign states’ peoples, winning their hearts and minds, instrumentalizes a state’s traits and is carried by many public institutions. Religion is one of the cultural traits of a state which serves public diplomacy with its binding influence on public. For a few decades, the terms “religious diplomacy”, “inter-religious diplomacy” or “faith diplomacy” have been used to indicate the positive impact of religion on diplomacy, especially on “public diplomacy” which addresses public rather than the traditional diplomatic institutions. Religious diplomacy has mainly two meanings. On the one hand, it means establishing an interreligious dialogue between states and their societies. On the other hand, it implies promoting religiously based relations with other states and their societies sharing the same religion. In Turkey, the Presidency of Religious Affairs is the main carrier of religious diplomacy as it has started be expressed by the Presidency itself. A closer look at the campaigns and policies of the Presidency especially in the Balkans, Africa and the Middle East in the last decade shows that it complements the government’s public diplomacy establishing religious ties with the states especially which have Muslim populations. The Presidency is organizing humanitarian aid campaigns for Muslims suffering all around the world while participating in the ones the government organizes. In press releases, The Presidency addresses all people and all international organizations to free the Muslims from poverty, injustice and violence. It also regulates the education of the religious personnel who are to work outside of the Turkish borders. The Presidency organizes international programs for those willing to “construct a future based on their cultural origins” and “satisfy the religious, cultural, social and psychological needs of the Muslims with their knowledge on Islamic theology.” Looking at the campaigns, press releases, international programs, conferences, seminars and the discourse used in these, the paper tries to show how the Presidency cooperates with the government serving public diplomacy. In this presentation, the aim is to stress the contribution of The Presidency of Religious Affairs to the public diplomacy especially in the last decade. It can be easily observed that aid campaigns for Muslim populations outside of the border have become a major divisive issue and divided the Turkish population into two as the ones willing to help poor Muslim people for the sake of God and/or humanity and the ones criticizing this argument insisting that Turkey has itself helpless people inside of its own borders. The motivation of the presentation is to point out the insufficiency of the discussion whether AKP unnecessarily engages with Muslim populations outside of the Turkish borders. For a few decades, public diplomacy and religious diplomacy as its complementary have been crucial tools in 108 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo international relations, and analyzing the AKP’s partaking in humanitarian campaigns outside the borders without taking this viewpoint into consideration would be fall short. Therefore, the presentation intends to remark that The Presidency of Religious Affairs with the religious diplomacy it carries has also been an element in international relations for a while and analysis on AKP’s foreign policy should also pay attention to this religious diplomacy dimension as a part of public diplomacy strategy. Keywords: Public Diplomacy, Religious Diplomacy, The Presidency of Religious Affairs, The Justice and Development Party (AKP), Foreign Policydemocracy. Introduction It is a common conviction that the states are not the only actors in international relations anymore. New actors are eager to take part in international relations while the old sole state has been transforming and learning to get along well with the new actors. The Presidency of Religious Affairs (DIB) is one of these new actors which has been working closely connected with the implementation of the Turkish foreign policy since the AKP era began. DIB is so active in international arena that Mehmet Görmez, the President of DIB, stated that a religious diplomacy was born recently. The paper will at first mention the new concepts which make the new actors’ emergence possible, namely the public diplomacy and soft power. Then it will be showed how DIB acts in parallel with the AKP’s understanding of foreign policy and international relations. It will therefore be argued that the role of DIB as an actor in Turkish foreign policy should be analyzed in detail and taken into consideration to understand AKP’s foreign policy. The New Comrades Public Diplomacy and Soft Power, and Their Religious Supporter Public diplomacy is “an international actor’s attempt to manage the international environment through engagement with a foreign public”, while traditional diplomacy is “an international actor’s attempt to manage the international environment through engagement with another international actor” (Cull, 2009, p. 12). This definition of Nicholas Cull, who is a leading scholar working on public diplomacy, raises questions on the nature of being an international actor, the nature of the international environment, the nature of an “attempt” and “engagement” and so on. All these concepts have been changing in a way that embracing a wider space in international relations. The beginning of this change can be dated back to the end of the Cold War, an era which transformed the international system and introduced new concepts, actors and visions on how international politics have been conducted. The paper does not aim to scan all aspects of this transformation since the late 1980s but intends to focus on one comprehensive notion which paves the way for the formulation and application of public diplomacy. “Soft power”, as Joseph Nye coined the term in 1990 and described in detail in 2004, is “the second face of power” which does not differ in the final goal but in means comparing hard power. According to Nye, soft power is the ability to set the agenda and attract the others in world politics to convince them that they want the outcomes that you want. 109 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Shaping the people’s preferences winning their hearts and minds, soft power uses a different currency than force or money to engender cooperation-“an attraction to shared values and the justness and the duty of contributing to the achievement of those values” (Nye, 2004, p. 5-7). A state has three main resources to become a soft power which are cultural values, political values and the foreign policies which are seen legitimate and having moral authority (p. 11). Then public diplomacy is obviously a mechanism that serves a soft power to convince the other societies that the cultural and political values of that power are desirable for all and therefore its foreign policies should be supported. Religion is one of the cultural values of a state that can be used to create a dialogue with the foreign societies. Religious diplomacy, faith diplomacy or inter-religious diplomacy as used in the literature, has the potential of both influencing the people sharing the same religion and at the same time promoting an interreligious dialogue which may surpass some political problems1. For a well-known scholar Douglas Johnston, religious diplomacy is, just like a trump card, “a key resource to be used at the opportune moment”. While it signifies the end of a period of narrow power politics in which religious factors have intentionally being excluded from policy maker’s calculus, it also suggests a new goal for realist politics which is to understand how religion shapes the worldviews and political aspirations of others (2003, p. xi-xii). It should also be mentioned that behind the rising of the religious facet of public diplomacy, the common assessment that there is “a resurgence of religion” in world plays a vital role2. The signals that religion is coming back to the societies and so to the politics directed the policy makers to analyze and produce policies to live with it. Considering that AKP, a party which is known for its Islamic past and which describes itself as conservative, openly sympathizes with the Ottoman Empire, religious diplomacy as a rising value in international relations offers critical opportunities for AKP to conduct a timely foreign policy. The Turkish Case: A Conservative Government Wants to Make Turkey a Soft Power and Calls the Presidency of Religious Affairs for Help Public diplomacy is a recent notion in Turkey which in fact came into question with the foundation of the Office of Public Diplomacy (Kamu Diplomasisi Koordinatörlüğü, KDK hereafter) in 2010 within the Turkish Prime Ministry. KDK describes its mission as to increase Turkey’s visibility and efficiency in international public opinion and to coordinate governmental and non-governmental organizations to improve Turkey’s reputation. KDK actively organizes meetings, conferences, seminars, workshops etc. in the fields such as science and technology, foreign aids, economy, higher education, tourism, culture, art, media, and strengthens Turkey’s communication with the world (Hedefler, 2010). It is not a coincidence that the KDK was established during the AKP government whose foreign policy has been discussed a lot inside Turkey mostly on the basis of the new terminology that Ahmet Davutoğlu, Minister of Foreign Affairs, introduced. Although the aim of the paper is not to discuss AKP’s foreign policy in detail, it is a must to indicate that the vision 1 Inthispaper, inter-religiousaspect of religiousdiplomacy is not included. The main motivation of thepaper is tolook at theDIB’sactivitiestowardstheMuslims. Yet, theproject of “Alliance of Civilizations”, a keydimension of AKP’sforeignpolicy, is a perfectexample of inter-religiousdiplomacy. 2 Formoreinformation on thediscussion on theresurgence of religion, seeThomas, S. M. (2005). The Global Resurgence of ReligionandtheTransformation of International Relations, New York: PalgraveMacmillan. 110 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo and the mission of the KDK is closely connected to the vision and mission of AKP, which is to make Turkey a global but soft power3. KDK does not actually make a direct reference to the DIB. Yet vision of AKP’s foreign policy and the KDK clearly shows that the DIB has a unique role as the religious body of a future soft power4. According to Görmez, the effects of religious values have been increasing all over the world and a “religious diplomacy” was born. There are now ties between all religious bodies and these ties have started to affect the future of the societies. Therefore it is a must for DIB to give religious education and service outside of Turkey (Diyanet İşleri Başkanı Görmez’den Çarpıcı Tespit, 2012). DIB is one of the main team-mates of KDK in almost all foreign organizations. The foreign service team generally includes KDK, DIB, Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency (Türk İşbirliği ve Koordinasyon Ajansı Başkanlığı, TİKA), Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı, YTB) and Kızılay. Representatives of these institutions conduct joint humanitarian aid and development campaigns in especially Balkans, Middle East, Caucasus and Africa. DIB also works with another strategic institution of public diplomacy which is Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) since 2012. TRT and DIB signed a protocol to start the broadcasting of a new channel, TRT Diyanet TV (TRT Diyanet TV Ramazan Ayında Yayında, 2012). In addition it is possible to see that DIB and other state/government institutions organize joint conferences and organizations, and they host one another in a way that they give each other an opportunity to express their own point of view. For instance it is not a surprise to observe that Erdoğan, The Prime Minister, makes the opening speech in the Second African Muslim Religious Leaders Summit which DIB hosts. In his speech that he started with besmele (in the name of God) he mentioned the brotherhood of Turkey and Africa, the common history and civilization, cooperation and affection between two communities etc (İslamofobia Lanetlenmesi Gereken Bir Suçtur, 2012). Moreover, the President of DIB usually accompanies Erdoğan and other party members in their visits to abroad for humanitarian campaigns, for the openings of places such as mosques and student dormitories, for iftars (the breaking of the fast) in Ramadan, for contributing conflict resolution where needed etc. For example, the President of DIB was in the group of officials who went to Indonesia after the tsunami. His presence was needed, with the words of Erdoğan, to be able to evaluate the moral aspect of the disaster (Başbakan Erdoğan Tsunami Felaketinin Yaşandığı Güney Asya’ya Gitti, 2005). 3 For more information on AKP’s foreign policy, please see the following articles of Davutoğlu:Davutoğlu, A. (2008). Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007.Insight Turkey, 10, 2008, 77-96; Davutoğlu, A. (2010). Turkey’s Zero Problems Foreign Policy.Foreign Policy.Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/20/turkeys_zero_problems_foreign_policy 4 DIB was established in 1924. According to the Article 136 of 1982 Constitution, “The Presidency of Religious Affairs, which takes place in the general administration,is responsible for the execution of the duties specified in the special law inorder to provide national unity and solidarity, and remain separate from allpolitical views and thoughts in accordance with the principle of secularism.” The article “About the Presidency of Religious Affairs, its Establishment and Obligations” states the DIB’s duties and responsibilities as follows: “to execute the works concerning the beliefs, worship, and ethics of Islam, enlighten the public about their religion, and administer the sacred worshipping places.”Basic Principles, Aims and Objectives.DiyanetİşleriBaşkanlığı.(2013). Retrieved May 1, 2013, fromhttp://www.diyanet.gov.tr/english/tanitim.asp?id=13 111 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In order to understand the vision of DIB’s foreign activities, they should be examined together with the AKP’s foreign policy. First of all, it should be noticed that AKP’s foreign policy, according to the discourse party members used, is based on moral and humanitarian values. They argue that reason itself is not adequate in international relations unless it is supported with virtue, honor and the sacredness of human being. Therefore AKP states that all these values are the key motivators of their foreign policy and the Party accuses the developed, Western, modern world of lying only on reason and excluding these values (Sarkisyan Görüşmesinden Sonra 1915 Mesajı, 2010). DIB is, for AKP, a way to show that Turkey does not seek for hard power only, but cares about human beings and their humanitarian needs. On the other hand, in AKP’s discourse, it is easily seen that the source of the morality and the value of the human being comes from the religion. That is to say, DIB is a suitable choice for conservative AKP to show that they accept human beings as sacred and serve them modestly. For instance Erdoğan points out the famine and despair in Somalia and criticizes the rest of the world because of their thirst for resources. Saying that Turkey does not perceive Somalian issue based on national interests, Erdoğan asks the ones who are indifferent to Somalia the question “which civilization are you a member of?, which faith do you belong to?” (Somali’ye Devlet Çıkarları Nazarıyla Bakmadık, 2011). The President of DIB Mehmet Görmez also criticizes the West because of their failure to see that the crisis in the world is not only economic or political, but moral as well. Religions, according to Görmez, can show the right way to the world to seek for a moral, conscientious, just and equal order. For Görmez, the guilty of the crisis is not the religion but the indifference to religion and its values. DIB in this context is everywhere to foster moral and humanitarian values for all without seeking any advantage (Prof. Dr. Mehmet Görmez Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenter Meclisi’ne Hitap Etti, 2011). As a part of Turkey’s public diplomacy strategy, DIB not only tries to increase the prestige of Turkey, but also it intends to highlight the indifference of the rest of the world. While the literature on the resurgence of religion has already started to expand, DIB with what it is doing indicates what the others are not doing because of their ignorance of religious values. While faith is about to return to the politics, as some feel threatened and some are pleased, for AKP, it is crucial to give an ear to the people who care about keeping the authenticity of their religion, the religious education of their children, the solidarity of their community etc. DIB as the collateral of the government and KDK, functions as a metaphysical and moral complementary in foreign policy. DIB in this context restores and builds new mosques and places of worships, gives religious education all over the world as an indicator of, as Bekir Bozdağ, the Deputy Prime Minister says, the power of Turkish Republic with the Turkish nation behind. He mentions that Turks are maybe the only nation who cares about their places of worship so much and he is so proud of being a member of Turkish nation. For him, mosques are the deeds of a homeland and they are the indicators of freedom (Camiler Memleketin Silinmez Tapularıdır, 2011). With the work DIB has done, it is said that DIB has a visible prestige outside of Turkey (TİKA Önemli Mesafe Kat Etti, 2011). Even though AKP does not agree with this claim, it is mostly argued that AKP has a NeoOttomanist foreign policy. The aim of the paper is not to discuss whether it is true or not, yet it is obvious that AKP often refers to the historical and religious ties with the old Ottoman regions and they even introduce their campaigns as the fulfillment of a responsibility arising from history. Considering that religion was the main regulatory and social value in the Ottoman era and noticing that DIB is especially active in the old Ottoman regions, it is possible to say that DIB is also a means of consolidating power in 112 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo these regions with an empire-like vision. Likewise, Görmez says that “religion is the most crucial belonging that constitutes identity” (Din, Kimliği Oluşturan En Önemli Aidiyettir, 2012). That is to say, religious identity comes before the national identity just as in the Ottoman Empire. Davutoğlu similarly considers Sarajevo as a homeland to have an iftar in Ramadan (Bizim Ruhumuzun Sılası Saraybosna’dır, 2011). Again focusing on the old system in the Balkans which guaranteed freedom of religion during the Ottoman era5, Görmez states that it should be deeply contemplated how the old system were working well and how the current one is not. Görmez also mentions the constraints on the Muslim populations in the Balkans in his speech he delivered in 5th Meeting for the Presidents of Religious Affairs in Balkan States (Diyanet İşleri Başkanı Prof. Dr. Mehmet Görmez, Balkan Ülkeleri Diyanet İşleri Başkanları 5. İstişare Toplantısı’nda Konuştu: “Vakıf mallarının işgali kabul edilemez”, 2011). In AKP’s foreign policy vision, the world is not divided into states since the borders are perceived as meaningless and artificial. The new motto of Ministry of Foreign Affairs is “there is no diplomacy of line but a diplomacy of zone. That zone is the entire globe 6”. According to AKP’s foreign policy, Turkey should be globally omnipresent and omnipotent. While this vision comprises the interest in the old Ottoman regions, it also makes all activities in foreign lands legitimate. If the whole world is subject to AKP’s foreign policy, then the question what Turkey is doing for example in Africa becomes irrelevant. Africa is not farther than the Balkans or Middle East in the eyes of AKP and wherever there are people in need, Turkey’s helping hand would be there. DIB also believes that there are no borders that can prevent them from helping people. Since the whole world and all people were created by the one and the same God, then one should not distinguish between the borders and the people7. Humanitarian aid campaigns to Somalia and other African countries, Arakan and other Asian countries are the signs of this vision. DIB not only raises donations for these regions but also ensures that a considerable amount of the donations are used for the religious services. Erdoğan states that Turkey’s helping hand is everywhere regardless of distance and all state institutions, including DIB, are actively participating in the campaigns because “we are the servants of the same God” and “our prayers are the same” (Başbakan Erdoğan’ın AK Parti’nin 10. Yıl Kutlamalarında Yaptığı Konuşmanın Tam Metni, 2011). DIB is also actively in connection with the Turks abroad especially in Europe. This is again an attitude which points out that AKP and its public diplomacy strategy privileges own people above the nation-states borders. It is known that Turkish people living in Europe are generally conservative and care for the religious services. DIB tries to create a connection with the Turks abroad to teach Islam and Turkish-Islamic culture especially to the ones who were born outside of Turkey and so that they should be a moral model in the society they live (TİKA Önemli Mesafe Kat Etti, 2011). AKP perceives Turkey as a member of the Islamic world. It does not mean that AKP’s foreign policy concentrates only on Islamic geography. Yet, looking at the discourse the party members use, it is easily seen that AKP perceives “civilization” as a key concept, even as an actor, in international relations, and positions Turkey inside the Islamic 5 He describestheOttomansystem in his speechwithoutgivingdirectreferencetotheword “Ottoman”. Hattıdiplomasiyoktur, sathıdiplomasivardır. O satıhbütündünyadır. 7 YTB has thesamevision as well. Theirmotto is “whereverthere is a citizen, cognate, relative of ours, wearethere”. Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı. (2013).Retrieved May 1, 2013,fromhttp://www.ytb.gov.tr/ 6 113 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo civilization. In the foreign policy discourse of AKP, states which have Muslim populations are Turkey’s friends and even relatives and brothers, and it is a must for the states belonging to same civilization to act together in order to stand strong in world politics. Considering that AKP wants to make Turkey first a regional and then a global power, it is inevitable that the role for Turkey in Islamic geography should be a “model state.” DIB in this picture is again quite active in the regions with Muslim populations in a way that trying to surpass the other alternatives and creating nearly a monopoly with the services they offer. Since Turkey is the only secular and modern state in a Western sense among the other states with Muslim populations, DIB represents a more modest and smiling face of a moderate Islam. As it is discussed in the 8th Meeting of Eurasian Islamic Council in 2012, “Turkey is the center of the Islamic world” and so Turkey should act accordingly. In the same meeting, it was announced that a Eurasian Islamic University will be founded and a General Secretary of the Eurasian Islamic Council will be established. What is significant is both of them will be located in Istanbul which is the cultural capital of the strongest Islamic state. Plus, considering that the services DIB provides are generally based on education and humanitarian affairs, this religious institution of modern and strong Turkey does not pose any danger to foreign societies such as oppressing them under radical Islamic rules. Conclusion DIB is a state institution and therefore it is not a surprise to see that it acts in parallel with the government’s policies inside and outside of Turkey. Yet this was not the case before AKP came into power in 2002. AKP has changed or enhanced the function of DIB as the Party discovered the significance of public diplomacy. Now DIB is one of the most important institutions of Turkish foreign policy which aims to make Turkey a soft power at least in its region conducting a religious diplomacy. To summarize the points raised above, first of all, DIB is a loyal team member of foreign service carried by Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Prime Ministry. DIB and other state/government institutions organize joint conferences and organizations, and they host each other in order to manifest that they share a similar vision. DIB functions in a way to ensure that Turkey does not sacrifice its cultural and religious values to enjoy hard power but cares about human beings and their humanitarian needs. As a part of Turkey’s public diplomacy strategy, DIB not only serve the prestige of Turkey, but also it seeks to highlight the ignorance of the rest of the world to show the difference between conscientious Turkey and the others. DIB is again active in the old Ottoman regions to serve people Turkey has historical and religious ties as a part of AKP’s vision of foreign policy. Since borders are not absolute but imagined in AKP’s foreign policy, DIB does not distinguish between the borders and peoples to lend a helping hand. DIB also creates ties with the Turks abroad to teach Turkish-Islamic culture especially to the ones who were not born in Turkey. Lastly, DIB functions as a means to support that Turkey is a part of the Islamic world and is maybe the most powerful one among the states with Muslim populations. Yet it should be noted that this paper does not aim to affirm the connection between Turkish foreign policy and DIB. The purpose is just to point out this new cooperation and its theoretical base in international relations literature. To decide whether this cooperation will be fruitful or not in the long run is not among the objectives of this paper. 114 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo References Avrasya İslam Şurası Genel Sekreterliği Kuruluyor. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Diyanet Haber Bülteni. (2012). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/turkish/DIYANET/2012aylik/aralik/bulten.pdf Basic Principles, Aims and Objectives. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. (2013). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/english/tanitim.asp?id=13 Başbakan Erdoğan Tsunami Felaketinin Yaşandığı Güney Asya’ya Gitti. AK Parti. (2005). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/basbakanerdogan-tsunami-felaketinin yasandigi-guney-asyaya-gitti-biz-turki/2929 Başbakan Erdoğan’ın AK Parti’nin 10. Yıl Kutlamalarında Yaptığı Konuşmanın Tam Metni. AK Parti. (2011). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/basbakan-erdoganin-ak-partinin-10.-yilkutlamalarinda-yaptigi-konusmanin-ta/11793 Bizim Ruhumuzun Sılası Saraybosna’dır. AK Parti. (2011). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/bizim-ruhumuzun-silasisaraybosnadir/12317 Camiler Memleketin Silinmez Tapularıdır. AK Parti. (2011). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/camiler-memleketin-silinmeztapularidir/13789 Cull, N. (2009). Public Diplomacy: Lessons From the Past, Los Angeles: Figueroa Press. Davutoğlu, A. (2008). Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007. Insight Turkey, 10, 2008, 77-96. Davutoğlu, A. (2010). Turkey’s Zero Problems Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy. Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/20/turkeys_zero_problems_foreign _po licy Din, Kimliği Oluşturan En Önemli Aidiyettir. Mehmet Görmez. (2012). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.mehmetgormez.com/indextr/haberlerDetay.asp?ID=141 Diyanet İşleri Başkanı Görmez’den Çarpıcı Tespit. Analitik Bakış. (2012). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.analitikbakis.com/NewsDetail.aspx?id=44752 Diyanet İşleri Başkanı Prof. Dr. Mehmet Görmez, Balkan Ülkeleri Diyanet İşleri Başkanları 5. İstişare Toplantısı’nda Konuştu: “Vakıf mallarının işgali kabul edilemez”.Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. (2011). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/turkish/diyanetyeni/Diyanet-Isleri-Baskanligi-Duyuru9342.aspx Faaliyet Raporu 2012. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. (2013). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/turkish/tanitim/rapor_ms2010.pdf Hedefler. Kamu Diplomasisi Koordinatörlüğü. (2010). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://kdk.gov.tr/kurumsal/hedefler/9 İslamofobia Lanetlenmesi Gereken Bir Suçtur. AK Parti. (2011). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/2.-afrika-kitasi-dini-liderler-zirvesibasladi/16198 Jonhston, D. (Ed.). (2003). Faith-Based Diplomacy Trumping Realpolitik. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nye, Joseph S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means To Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Görmez Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenter Meclisi’ne Hitap Etti. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. (2011). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/turkish/dy/Diyanet-Isleri-Baskanligi-Duyuru-9602.aspx 115 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Sarkisyan Görüşmesinden Sonra 1915 Mesajı. CNN Turk. (2010). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.cnnturk.com/2010/dunya/04/12/sarkisyan.gorusmesinden.sonra.1915.m esa ji/571833.0/index.html Somali’ye Devlet Çıkarları Nazarıyla Bakmadık. AK Parti. (2011). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/teror-dini-ve-irki-olmayan-birolaydir/11869 Thomas, S. M. (2005). The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. TİKA Önemli Mesafe Kat Etti. AK Parti. (2011). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/tika-onemli-mesafe-kat-etti/15533 TRT Diyanet TV Ramazan Ayında Yayında. AK Parti. (2012). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/trt-diyanet-tv-ramazan-ayindayayinda/25648 Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı. (2013). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from http://www.ytb.gov.tr/ 116 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1553 Title A name given to the resource The Collateral of the Rising Public Diplomacy in Turkey: The Presidency of Religious Affairs and the Religious Diplomacy Author Author SUNAR, Burcu Abstract A summary of the resource. It has been widely discussed whether Turkish foreign policy has been changing since the Justice and Development Party (AKP hereafter) came into power in 2002. Among the new concepts which signal a probable change in the foreign policy, “public diplomacy” seems to be a significant one considering that AKP has even founded the Office of Public Diplomacy in 2010 within the Turkish Prime Ministry. Public diplomacy, the task of serving national interests through influencing foreign states’ peoples, winning their hearts and minds, instrumentalizes a state’s traits and is carried by many public institutions. Religion is one of the cultural traits of a state which serves public diplomacy with its binding influence on public. For a few decades, the terms “religious diplomacy”, “inter-religious diplomacy” or “faith diplomacy” have been used to indicate the positive impact of religion on diplomacy, especially on “public diplomacy” which addresses public rather than the traditional diplomatic institutions. Religious diplomacy has mainly two meanings. On the one hand, it means establishing an interreligious dialogue between states and their societies. On the other hand, it implies promoting religiously based relations with other states and their societies sharing the same religion. In Turkey, Presidency of Religious Affairs is the main carrier of religious diplomacy as it has started be expressed by the Presidency itself. A closer look at the campaigns and policies of the Presidency especially in the Balkans, Africa and the Middle East in the last decade shows that it complements the government’s public diplomacy establishing religious ties with the states especially which have Muslim populations. The Presidency is organizing humanitarian aid campaigns for Muslims suffering all around the world while participating in the ones the government organizes. In press releases, The Presidency addresses all people and all international organizations to free the Muslims from poverty, injustice and violence. It also regulates the education of the religious personnel who are to work outside of the Turkish borders. The Presidency organizes international programs for those willing to “construct a future based on their cultural origins” and “satisfy the religious, cultural, social and psychological needs of the Muslims with their knowledge on Islamic theology.” Looking at the campaigns, press releases, international programs, conferences, seminars and the discourse used in these, the paper tries to show how the Presidency cooperates with the government serving public diplomacy. In this research, the aim is to stress the contribution of The Presidency of Religious Affairs to the public diplomacy especially in the last decade. It can be easily observed that aid campaigns for Muslim populations outside of the border have become a major divisive issue and divided the Turkish population into two as the ones willing to help poor Muslim people for the sake of God and/or humanity and the ones criticizing this argument insisting that Turkey has itself helpless people inside of its own borders. The motivation of the presentation is to point out the insufficiency of the discussion whether AKP unnecessarily engages with Muslim populations outside of the Turkish borders. For a few decades, public diplomacy and religious diplomacy as its complementary have been crucial tools in international relations, and analyzing the AKP’s partaking in humanitarian campaigns outside the borders without taking this viewpoint into consideration would be fall short. Therefore, the presentation intends to remark that The Presidency of Religious Affairs with the religious diplomacy it carries has also been an element in international relations for a while and analysis on AKP’s foreign policy should also pay attention to this religious diplomacy dimension as a part of public diplomacy strategy. Keywords: Public Diplomacy, Religious Diplomacy, the Presidency of Religious Affairs, the Justice and Development Party (AKP), Foreign Policy Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 944 Title A name given to the resource The Communicative Approach and Its Applications in the Modern English Classes Author Author Keskin , Nurgul Benk, Kemal Abstract A summary of the resource. In Communicative Language Teaching Approach, the aim of language teaching is to teach the communication process. However, the primary requirement for any communication is the existence of a meaningful input to be got across. If the necessary knowledge of a language is not obtained, then the desired communication may not be realized due to a lack of essential input. Thus, the structure of the target language should be known by speakers to a certain extend if they are non-native speakers of the target language as in the case of English as a Second/Foreign Language (EFL/ESL) learners in Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina. At this point the notions of language accusation and language learning step in as EFL/ESL learners may not have the opportunity to be exposed to the target language, in this case "English", sufficiently. The reasons for this situation may vary according to the primary needs of the students, different educational beliefs and opportunities. In this paper three main topics are presented about Communicative Language Teaching Approach including the application of Communicative Language Teaching Approach in the modern English classes, the effects of this approach on students' motivation and some activities based on CLT. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3b376f0088cfab781a0c14dc8d80e906.docx c366d29836d0b56350a5b40ced547f95 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c1c094c86f1c7c5c00a2bb469b989c6e.pdf 72791f6f5e2da99d91ccd17b5df10fed PDF Text Text THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CRIMEAN AND TURKISH LEGENDS: THE VALUE ASPECT Anastasia ZHERDİEVA Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara / Türkiye Key words: Turkish legend, Crimean legends, universal values. ABSTRACT Crimea and Turkey have many similarities in terms of nature, traditions, and languages. Both Crimea and Turkey have a multicultural background of folklore. There are Turkic peoples (Crimean Tatars), Greeks, Armenians, Karaites in Crimea. Almost the same national structure exists in Turkey. There is a difficult political situation in Crimea because different ethnic groups cannot live in peace. Folklore, as an oral history and a mythological subconsciousness of nation, gave us productive material for the analysis of national problems and discovery of their solutions, so we believe that it will be possible to do the same research with Turkish legends. It is also important to find similarities and differences between Crimean and Turkish folklore, discovering the common motifs and analyzing why exactly these motifs are common between these cultures. Investigating common values of different nations is of great importance for this research. The crisis of modern culture appeals for search of universal values. It is especially productive for the studying of legends from different nations which live in one cultural space, such as Crimea and Turkey. The analysis of the variants of legends from various people or different times can give fruitful results. The study of legends from different nationalities can help the identification of value preference horizontally and the study of legends from one culture, but in a different time, will give value preference vertically. � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b88f8b1b345d70d60865a6194dc3d99c.doc 3e7d586f69c61e6a0b4255f0cd12af4a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9b18b8cfed341e2132f3d70c11cb6ccb.pdf 9871d87f5f5d7693e95b28c779991584 PDF Text Text COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CRIMEAN AND TURKISH LEGENDS THE VALUE ASPECT Anastasia ZHERDIEVA1 Abstract The study of legend is necessary for the humanities. Folklore, as an oral history and a mythological subconsciousness of nation, gave us productive material for the analysis of national problems and discovery of their solutions. Investigating common values of different nations is the scope of this research. In particular, it concerns the studying of legends from different nations, which live in one cultural space: Crimea and Turkey. Introduction Legends from ancient times up to now help to direct humans towards absolute values. The main function of legend is explaining of value, because legend is a story about the significance of a place, an event or a person. These aspects are very important for society, they are sanctified and mythologized by it. Therefore, all folk legends invariably include a miraculous component, which exists in all types of legends, oral and written. Thus, it is possible to mark out three major legend constituents: sacred, miracle and value. These three components inseparably coordinate with each other. In a legend, sacredness authorizes value and miracle confirms it. It should be mentioned that in legends, values and miracle always collaborate. The more incredible miracle is, the important value must be. Today political crises call for searching of values that could be shared by everyone. It is necessary to observe the presence of a set of absolute values such as value of life, health or love. Based on this, a Russian philosopher, Mikhail Bakhtin, introduced the term “dialogue of cultures,” which is based on universal values. Folklore, as an oral history and a mythological subconsciousness of nations, can give us productive material for the analysis of values which are 1 Middle East Technical University, Department of Sociology, Master student, asyazh@yahoo.com �shared by people. This research is especially valuable in studying legends from different nations, which live in one cultural space, such as Crimea or Turkey. The analysis of the variants of legends from various people or different times can give interesting results. The study of legends from different nationalities can help in the identification of value preference horizontally and the study of legends from one culture, but in a different time, will give value preference vertically. Crimea and Turkey have many similarities in terms of nature, traditions, and languages. Both Crimea and Turkey have a multicultural background of folklore. Thus, it is logical to unite these two groups in one research. Finding similarities and differences between Crimean and Turkish folklore, discovering the common motifs, and analyzing why exactly these motifs are common between these cultures and why two groups of folk texts have differences is of a great interest for this research. The brief information about Crimean and Turkish legends is given below. It should be noted that oral souses were not included in this research, just published texts were analyzed. Crimean legends Crimean legends are a unique collection of texts that deserves a deep research, but has not been studied properly. The interest for Crimean legends started at the end of the XIX century. The legends were published with a purpose of attraction of the tourists to Crimea. Field works and publications of Crimean folklore were basically done by non-professional folklorists. Therefore, it often happens that principles of classification of collected material are not known, and national origins of legends are not differentiated either. There are many nationalities living in Crimea; thus, there are Crimean Tatar, Greek, Armenian, Karaite, Ukrainian, Russian and Soviet books of Crimean legends. Most legends were collected in their original language, and later were translated into Russian. The nature of legend texts was influenced by translators/collectors’ professions and their cultural environment. The most scientific approach for collecting legends was shown in the 20–30-s of the XX century, when scientific expeditions were supported by Communist party, which had just came to power and started to support cultural development of national minorities. However, after Stalin’s repressions and deportation of many ethnic groups from Crimea, folklore became a subject for editing according to ideological demands of that time. It made soviet folklore a specific phenomenon, which is worth of separate research (Zherdieva, 2010). When Soviet Union collapsed, Crimean legends became a commercial product, and their publications did not have scientific approach. Thus, publishers mixed legends from different period of time and cultures, did not make references to real sources and did not give any commentary on legends. However, national societies started to publish book of their legends vary actively. �Most of Crimean legends are half-folklore, half-literature. They were edited according to the time they were published, and sometimes besides authentic values inside of legends editor’s values can be found. Crimean legends are interesting for social anthropological research because they have many layers of meaning. However, scientific investigation of this phenomenon had started only in the 1990-s because the legends were not desired object for research on the strength of their ideological reductions. There is only one book “Crimean legends as phenomenon of world culture” (Zherieva, 2013) and a few articles about Crimean legends. The articles are about symbols of mountains in Crimean fairy tales and legends (Useynova 1998), characteristics of Crimean legends, folk tails and fairy tales (Fayzi, 1999), features of modern cultural consciousness in Crimean legends (Temnenko, 2002), principles of publishing of Crimean legends (Zherdieva, 2012), the legend about golden cradle at a crossroads of cultures of Crimean peoples (Zherdieva, 2011), models of mythologization of cultural consciousness in the coordinates of the Soviet ideology (Zherdieva, 2010). Turkish legends Turkish legends are a voluminous folklore material. Collection and publication of Turkish legends started only in the forties, but from the beginning had scientific approach. Collections were made basically by folklorists and philologist in course of their degree works. The collectors often indicated when, where and from whom the legend was gathered. There are many collections of Turkish legends from different regions of Turkey, such as Konya, Hatay, Malatiya, Trabzon, Ordu, Dimerci, Sivas, Istanbul, Çukurova, Urfa, Afyonkarahisar, Izmir, and collections of Turkish legends entitled “Anadolu efsaneler,” which means collection of legends from different places in Turkey in one book. There are Turk, Kurd, Armenian, Jew, and Greek populations in Turkey, but in contrast to Crimea we have access only to Turk legends. There is folklore of different nations who live in Turkey, but it was not translated to Turkish. This is why a researcher must know the Kurd, Greek, Armenian, Jewish languages in order to be able to read non-Turk legends in Turkey. Some legends of Ancient Greeks were retold by Turkish sources and only one book of Kurd legends is available in Turkish (Yücel 2003). Most probably, due to a language barrier, Turkish legends did not become a commercial object. Turkey is one of the most popular countries for international tourists, that raises a demand for the legends to be translated at least in English to be available for reading. There are Russian-speaking tourists in Crimea, because of this translated to Russian legends are popular. Turkish legends do not have both touristic and ideological editing; they were not rewritten by their collectors, it is pure folklore material. Therefore, Turkish texts are rich for traditional descriptions: why this ceremony is performed, who has to do it, in which places and in which conditions it should be (Crimean material does not have this, because Soviet editing �tried to erase every national differences). Turkish legends often have formal beginning/ending and folk style of narration. One legend can be collection of small stories about one place, which looks very much like summary of whole story. However, some collectors tried to narrate in literary way, for example, nature can be depicted poetically. Important feature of Turkish legends is invariable connection with definite places. This is the most critical characteristic of legend as a genre. In Crimean legends, sometimes stories do not have connection with places what is often a sing that these legends were made up (there are many examples in Soviet legends). Scientific investigation of Turkish legends is rather advanced. There are many articles devoted to understanding of this phenomenon (Boratav, 1973; Örnek, 1971) and different aspects of it (Ayva, 2003; Çıblak, 1997; Gülensoy, 1988; Ocak, 1986; Özdemir, 1986). Also there is a book of Saim Sakaoğlu “Investigation of Legend” (Sakaoğlu, 2009), and three books about analysis of legends from different regions of Turkey, such as Erzurum, Erzincan and Diyarbakır (Seyidoğlu, 1985; Kara, 2003; Yavuz, 2007). Values in Crimean and Turkish legends In this research a value method was used. As it was said above, the method implies that miracle is connected with value. Thus, it is necessary to analyze miracle to understand which value is inside a legend. For example, in the legend “Denizli’de Pamukkale,” an unattractive girl tried to commit suicide; she jumped out of a cliff and got to hilling water of Pamukkale. She did not die and became so beautiful that a local prince married her (Önder, 1966:133-134). In this legend, the miracle of reanimation owing to water is showing significance of value of life. Values in legends can be good or bad but function of bad values is to underline good ones, to emphasize their importance. For example, in the legend “Gelin kaya” a girl showed disrespect for her mother. The mother cursed her and she became a stone (Kavcar, 1990:51). In the legend, lack of respect to mother is actually the value of good relation with parents. It can be also a few values in one legend but usually one is dominant or it can be conflict of two values, when characters have to choose between two equally important for them values. Good/bad values The content analysis of Crimean and Turkish legends yielded the following results. Among good values that exists both in Turkish and in Crimean legends are love for homeland, value of sacred, value of life and health, bloodless capture of fortress/city, value of love to person and to child, hospitality. Among bad values are greediness, cruelty, lust for power, wantonness, faithlessness, incest, murder, disrespect for parents, carelessness to child, pride, cowardice, infraction of laws of hospitality (Turkey) and ingratitude for hospitality (Crimea). �Value of love for homeland is the most frequent in Crimean legends, then for Turkish legends the most numerous is value of sacred. These values are constant both horizontally and vertically (they do not change from people to people and from time to time). These two big values can be spited up to sub-values. Thus, value of homeland has subvalues of homeland foundation, its peaceful existence, its defense, big love for it, and awareness that this place is the most beautiful in the world. The bad value is probability to loose the motherland. The value of sacred can be divided into sub-value of God, value of saint, value of religion (Islam), value of religious traditions (abdest, namaz, reading of Koran, hajj, necessity of sacrificing), value of religious places (mosques, holy houses, Saint’s grave), and protective function of holy. The opposite values of sacred are disrespect to God and saints, spiritual and physical dirtiness, drunkenness, gambling, and polygamy. The most common among bad values is giving a promise to sacrifice an animal and going back on this promise. In legends, usually God turns a sinner into a stone for punishment (Sakaoğlu, 2003:69-79). The good example of value of love for homeland is the Crimean Tatar legend about Aziz. A centenarian made a “hajj” (he came from Crimea to Mecca). The man was killed by Arabs on his way home, but before he died he remembered his homeland, garden and nutwood. He asked God to be buried in Crimea and he heard like some voice promised him that. When the Arab cut his head, the old man took it under his arm and walked from Mecca to Crimea. The people from his village noticed a grave near his nutwood and saw a green light there, and they understood that this is the grave of Aziz (which means “saint”) (Marx, 1918:260-264). It is obvious that there is nothing impossible for mythological thinking in this legend: an old man was walking a long way to Mecca, and more fantastically, a dead man was returning home. Strong love for native land, the desire for living in Crimea (even though it is not possible), and mythological thinking constituted unbelievable miracle – a dead man came back to Crimea. The motive “cut head” (“kesil baş”) is also widespread in Turkey, but it is connected with other value. This miracle is used for inspiration for victory. In legends, a dead man is continuing to fight in spite of his head was cut (Sarı, 1994:21). The most striking example of the value of constant love for homeland is to be found in variants of the legend in terms of the Golden Cradle. The variants of this legend exist among different nationalities of Crimea, such as Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Armenians, Karaites (Kondaraki, 1883:71-76; Fayzi, 1999:22-27; Polkanov, 1995:14-15; Birzgal, 1937:365-380). The survival of this legend was also retraced. It was born in ancient times, but it is continue to work. The legend was transformed in Soviet times (Vul&Shlyaposhnikov, 1959:57-61) and adapted to contemporary culture (Tkachenko, 2009). According to the legend, there were two enemy clans in Crimea, one of them being autochthonous, another being alien. When locals began to lose the �war, their leader made a decision to save his people by following this way: he climbed up to an inaccessible mountain, hid a cradle (the sacred object of the clan) in a cave, and charmed by means of the spirits of that cave. The cradle in this legend became a symbol of the life of nations. If the cradle is destroyed, the people of Crimea will disappear. Keeping the cradle in the cave is the essential condition of the safe existence of Crimean people. The love for motherland is universal. This value is conjoint for Crimea. It does not separate peoples, but unites them, because Crimea is the home for every Crimean nation. The fact that variants of the legend exist among all Crimean nations affords us an opportunity to say about possibility of dialogue of cultures based on universal value of love for Crimea. The value of love for homeland is present in Turkish legends also, but in different way. If in Crimea most legends tell about importance to defence of homeland, then in Turkey motif of conquest is more popular. Folklore narrates about the most vital problems. Crimea and Turkey has different histories. Crimea all time was conquered by new strangers. It was permanent danger to lose homeland. Whereas in Turkey people were not in jeopardy of loss of home, quite the reverse, essential problem was to take new lands. It is very rarely when value of capture is near to miracle, because legends try to show that Turks took countries by themselves without help of miracle, using just their intellect and power. Value of sacred was singled out in Turkish legends as the most important by the reason of frequency of legends about saints. There is even specific genre “menkabe” (legend about saints), which does not exist Crimean folklore at all. The value of sacred is also critical by the reason of quality of miracles, such as a saint’s forecast of rain or control of the weather; whole army was fed by one saint; a saint’s ability to control wild animal; impossibility to burn a saint on fire; undecomposition of dead body; good smell from a grave; a saint’s prayer on his own grave; sound of spoken Koran from holy places. However, the most impressive miracles in Turkish legends are reanimation from death and saint’s movement from Turkey to Mecca and his return to Turkey in one day. There are just three Turkish legends where a saint makes alive human and animal (Önder, 1966:91-93; Nasrattınoğlu, 1973:19-21; Yavuz, 2007:297). However, motif “motion in space” is very popular. It is a legend about a master and his helper. The master went to Mecca. On Friday the helper asked master’s wife to make halavah/cutlet and brought it hot to his master to Mecca, after this came back to his home in the same day. When people form his village found out this relocation, they realized that the helper was a saint. Most probably that the miracle of reanimation from dead is less impressive then travelling through the space, because death and sleep some times are indistinguishable, but to be in Turkey on Friday morning and to be in Mecca for Friday namaz (while halavah is still hot) is really something incredible. �There is also very strong and ancient value of protective function of holy. Crimean material does not have these samples. For example, according the legend “Sivri tepe,” there were graves of Turk saints, and Greeks were afraid of them. When they came by with Turkish prisoners, they wrapped up horseshoes that the saints could not hear them, but once they forgot and the Turk saints woke up, caught up Greeks and turned them to stones (Sakaoğlu, 2003:5051). Life-saving of Turkish soldiers by the dead saints is an interesting miracle which is one more proof of importance of value of sacred for Turkish culture. The value of sacred exists in Crimean legends also but, in the majority of cases, it accompanies with standard miracles from hagiography. However, it is possible to find original patterns. In Crimean legends “Karadag bells’s ringing,” there was a small church in Karadag Mountain in Koktebel. The church was so poor that it even did not have bells. St. Stephen sailed by the church on the night of Easter. The saint prayed to God, and nonexistent bells started to ring. Now every Easter people who live in Koktebel hear ringing of nonexistent bells (Marx, 1917: 26-27). Undoubtedly vary beautiful miracle goes with meaning of Christian faith. After values of sacred and love for homeland value of life and health is among equally important both Crimea and Turkey. In Crimea, the value of life is widespread in the legends about holy springs and saints’ graves. There are problems with potable water in Crimea, that attracts attention and every springs become sacred objects for all nationalities. In legends, springs are believed to have healing, if not reviving properties. Values of health and life are universal for everyone, and one spring can be a pilgrimage center of different nations. As an example, Savupulo’s spring in Simferopol is revered by both Christian and Muslim, but the place has different legends. Christians believe in the healing properties of the water due to the legend about a Greek who recovered his sight by washing his eyes in the water of the spring. The grave of Saint Salgir Baba, which is near the spring, explains sacredness of the water for Muslim people. In Crimean legends, water is source of life, but in Turkish legends, water is also important for abdest. For example, in the legend “Kanliçeşme,” a woman let pass a saint through a spring that the saint could have abdest, and the woman was awarded with nonelapsing food (Alpaslan, 2006:13). Thus, sometime the value of holly is more meaningful then value of life and health in Turkey. The value of life sometime near to value of death, because mythological thinking is cyclical, it combines life and death, beginning and end. Death can give birth to a spring. Frequently, this is death of a saint and his grave next to a spring, which makes the spring sacred. The sacredness of a place is proven by the miracles of recovery on the saint’s graves. The same as springs, every nationality worships the graves of Christian and Islamic saints, because it is not �possible to divide values of sacred and life, they are precious for all people what makes dialogue of cultures feasible. Conflict between two values Legend can contain two opposite values, when heroes have to choose between two values, and this alternative gives more importance to chosen value. It can be opposition of two good or two bad values. For example, there is a conflict between sexual desire and thirst for treasures in Crimean and Turkish legends about treasure-hunting. The main characters of these legends have to choose between a beautiful devil woman and the riches that she is guarding. “The gold and the woman are two different deaths when the Devil interferes in the case,” which is the way that one Crimean legend ends (Marx, 1914:247). Does not matter what main hero will choose, both leads him to trouble. Metamorphoses of human beings into stones are very popular motifs in Crimean and Turkish mythology. Generally this is an example of the conflict of two positive values – freedom and life. In this conflict freedom always wins. A Russian philosopher, N. Berdyaev, proved that the value of freedom is even more important than the value of happiness, people always choose freedom over life (Berdyaev, 1993). Widespread in Crimea, the legend “Alive rocks” tells about a mother and a daughter who did not want to be in a rich bey’s harem and they chose to be turned to stone over to be held in captivity (Marx, 1917:47-49). Choosing a freedom over life is value conflict that exists in all variants of the legend, but in one, its collector N. Marx added his own value – love the mother for her daughter. N. Marx brought it in the legend by making literary insertions, such as “mother’s love is born before child’s birth and does not end after mother’s death,” “mother’s endearment is like breeze in hot day, like sun warming in rainy weather,” “remember your mother, if she has left this life, and this will relieve your heavy heart,” or “woman is weak but when she has to rescue her child she can be harder then stone” (Marx 1917, 47-49). Thus, besides main value conflict Marx brought his own value which is not exists in folklore texts. Metamorphoses of humans into stones have also conflicts of values “love and death.” Most of characters choose death over life without love. In Turkish legends, metamorphoses also have specific motivations, such as fear and death, dishonour and death, grief and death, hopelessness and death. However, the most bright example of conflict of two positive values is about choosing between love for homeland, its defence, self-sacrificingness, civicism and life in Crimean legends; and the most frequent conflict is Islamic and not-Islamic beliefs in Turkish legends. The conflict “love for home and life” is in Crimean legend “Arzı kız”. The beautiful girl Arzı was kidnapped from her village Mishor shortly before her wedding. She was sold to the �harem of a Turkish Sultan. In spite of her rich life in Istanbul, homesickness made her deeply unhappy. Even giving birth to a son did not make the situation better. She took her child and threw herself from a tower to the Black Sea. The inhabitants of her village started to notice that the girl with her child went out of the sea and spent some time near her favorite fountain every year (Krishtof, 2001:207-212). Arzı chose her homeland over her life and life of her child. Mythological thinking tries to highlight the value of love for Crimea by using fantastic miracle “dead person return to home” as a vehicle. The conflict of two opposite values in Turkish folklore is the conflict of Islamic and notIslamic beliefs. One very popular legend tells about non-Muslim boy (Greek or Armenian) who ask Turkish girl to marry him in exchange for hay (Sakaoğlu, 2003:44-45; Tatlı, 2005:40-44; Özen, 2001:206; Çebi, 2001:63-68). It was a year of bad harvest. People of the village did not have hay for animals which started to die. The reach boy had enough food for saving the village from death, and he made a condition – the most beautiful girl had to marry him and renounce her faith. Thus, the heroine had to make choice, she either had to betray her faith or to doom her people to death. In this desperate situation the girl started to wrestle with God, who helped her. Incredible miracle happened: spring came in winter, trees were in bloom, grass turned green. We can see again an example how the most important value of Islam is underlined by beautiful miracle. However, it is extremely important to emphasize that value of sacred is not divided into religions in Turkish legends. Thus, both Christian and Muslim sacred places and people are holy for every religions. There is no conflict of religions there. For example, in the legend “Cabbar dede,” an Armenian called out his saint for help. The saint came and asked why he was called. When he got an answer, he got angry. He said that there is local Turkish saint Cabbar dede, why man did not ask him for help and made his Armenian saint traveled long way from Baghdad to Turkey (Kavcar, 1990:52-55). In other legend “Bolulu hoca mezarı,” one famous orthodox priest died. Muslims and Christians were bidding to carry his coffin. The dead priest rose from his coffin and pointed to Muslims (Yavuz, 2007:281-282). In legend “Şeyh Salih kilisesi ziyareti,” after death of an Islamic saint, people built both a mosque and a church on his grave. Now both Muslim and Christian are visiting his grave (Yavuz, 2007:256). There are two good examples for holly places which are universal for many religions: Hagia Sophia and the Sumela Monastery. There are a lot of legends that show holiness of these places for Muslim and Christians. The legend about the Sumela Monastery tells about translation of Icon of the Virgin Mary into Melá Mountain in Trabzon and foundation of monastery there. When Turk came to the Monastery they tried to break, burn, sink the icon but could not succeed. When Sultan Murat passed near the Monastery and heard strange sounds, he ordered to open fire, �but nothing happened to the building, then Turks understood that this was holly place that could not be destroyed. There is a pool with holly water inside of the Monastery. Both Muslim and Christian heal there but Muslim sacrifice animals after recovery (Gedikoğlu, 1998:108). Hagia Sophia is also sacred for both Christian and Muslim. In Byzantine Empire, as the main church, in Ottoman Empire, as the main mosque, Hagia Sophia is holly place that does not need to be translated from one cultural tradition to another. The building has strong sacred meaning for all religions. Thus, there are Turkish legends about construction of Hagia Sophia. They are proving holiness of the building from the beginning. For example, water for cement was brought from the Kaaba (Önder, 1966:23). However, capture of Istanbul and Hagia Sophia has absolutely different evaluation from Greek and Turkish point of view. The Crimean Greek legend “Shadow” is about conquest of Hagia Sophia. It describes Turks as very cruel people. Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror ordered to kill every person who was hiding and praying in Sophia, so he was able to pray there in silence. Sultan entered to the church where dead people were laying on the floor and stumbled over corpses. His hand was dirtied up in human blood. He printed his hand on column. We can still see this print in one of Hagia Sophia’s column. Sultan started to pray but he was interrupted by an old Orthodox priest who started to serve his Lord. Fatih commanded to brick him up, but the priest disappeared. Only his voice said “I will come back when Sophia becomes ours again” (Marx, 1917:50-53). According to Turkish legends, Mehmed was hero which conquered Istanbul, of course there are no descriptions of Sultan’s savageness in Turkish legends, it is only said that he swung around building of Hagia Sophia in the direction of the Kaaba, and by this way changed it from a church to a mosque (Önder, 1966:23). It is more then understandable that the fact of seizure of Istanbul was tragic for Greeks so they mythologized Mehmed as a pure evil, whereas capture of Istanbul was very important for Turks, so Mehmed was mythologized in good way and was able to do marvels. However capture of Hagia Sophia is secular event, and the reactions are different, but concerning sacred meaning of the building, it did not change its holly shade for both religions. Conclusion Study of Turkish and Crimean legends helped to understand value preferences of two cultures. There are values of patriotism, sacred, life, health, freedom, love both in Crimean and Turkish legends. These values are dialogic values, they unite cultures. The most important value has to have the most incredible miracle. Thus, in Crimean legends the most popular value is the love for homeland and it is emphasized by the most impressive miracle of dead person return to home. In Turkish legends, the most significant value �is sacred and it is accompanied by the miracle of movement in space. Dominant values attracted the most unbelievable miracles. There are differences between two groups of texts. Crimean legends were process by their collectors, but Turkish legends are pure folklore material. However, content analysis showed that in general their value preferences are similar. It is important to publish more collection of Turkish legends in many languages, because above mentioned values which are inside of legends make possible dialogue of cultures. However, publishers should be careful, because so-called “black legends” also exist and contain negative values inside. These legends can result national conflicts and discord. Myths and legends have a strong influence on people consciousness and goal of scholars control this influence. Acknowledgements The author wishes to acknowledge The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey who provided the fellowship that made this research possible. I also wish to thank my scientific advisor, associate professor Ayşegül Aydıngün. References Alpaslan İ. (2006). Demirci efsaneleri, İzmir. Ayva, A. (2003). “Bozkır efsanelerinde örnekler.” Folklor edebiyat, Sayı 32, p. 333-337. Barışcan, H. (2010). İstanbul efsaneleri: Anadolu mitolojisi 3, İstanbul: Cumhuriyet Kitapları. Berdyaev, N. (1993). О naznachenii cheloveka. Moscow: Respublika. Birzgal, J. (1937). Qrьm tatar masallar ve legendalar, Simferopol: Qrım ASSR. Boratav, P. N. (1973). “Efsane”. Türk halkbilimi.100 soruda türk halk edebiyatı, İstanbul: Gerçek Yayınevi, p. 98-108. Çebi, S. (2001). Ordu Efsaneleri – Ordu Folklorundan Damlalar, Ordu. Çıblak, N. (1997). “İçel efsaneleri üzerinde.” Folklor edebiyat, Sayı 12, p. 119-132. Duman, M. (2010). İstanbul efsaneleri, İstanbul: Heyamola Yayınları. Fayzi, M. (1999). Legendi, predaniya i skazki Krima, Simferopol: KGMU. Gedikoğlu, H. (1998). Trabzon efsaneleri ve halk hikayeleri, Trabzon: Trabzon Valiliği. Gülensoy, T. (1988). “Doğu Anadolu efsaneleri içinde tunceli efsanelerine bir bakış.” III.UlusIararası Türk Halk Edebiyatı Semineri, Eskişehir, p. 165-172. Kara, R. (1993). Erzincan efsaneleri üzerine bir arıştırma, Ankara: Erzincan Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışma Vakfı. �Kavcar, C. (1990). Efsanelerimiz: İnönü Üniversitesi efsane derleme yarışması, Malatya: İnönü Üniversitesi Basımevi. Kondaraki, V. (1883). Legendi Krima, Moscow: Tipografiya Checherina. Krishtof, E. (2001). Legendi Krima, Simferopol: Dar. Marx, N. (1914). Legendi Krima, Moscow: Skoropechatnya A.A. Levenson. Marx, N. (1917). Legendi Krima, Odessa: Odesskie novosti. Marx, N. (1918). “Aziz. Bakhchysaray legend.” Izvestiya Tavricheskoy uchenoy arhivnoy komissii, № 54, p. 260-264. Nasrattınoğlu, İ.Ü. (1973). Afyonkarahisar efsaneleri, Ankara: Nasrattınoğlu Yayınları. Ocak, A. (1986). “Tarih ve efsanenin bir kavşak noktası: türk folklorunda kesikbaş.” III Mületlerarası Türk Folklor Kongresi Bildirileri, Ankara, p. 203-213 Önder, M. (1966). Anadolu efsaneleri, Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü. Örnek, S. V. (1971). 100 soruda ilkellerde din, büyü, sanat, efsane, İstanbul: Gerçek Yayınevi. Özdemir, H. (1986). “Etiyolojik türk halk efsaneleri.” III Mületlerarası Türk Folklor Kongresi Bildirileri, Ankara, p. 305-310. Özen, K. (2001). Sivas efsaneleri, Sivas. Polkanov, V. (1995). Legendi i predaniya karaev (krimskih karaimov-turkov), Simferopol. Sakaoğlu, S. (2003). 101 Anadolu efsanesi, Ankara: Akçağ. Sakaoğlu, S. (2009). Efsane araştırmaları, Konya: Kömen Yayınları. Sarı Z. (1994). Hatay’da efsane ve menkıbeler, Antakya. Seyidoğlu, B. (1985). Erzurum efsaneleri. Erzurum’da belli yerlere bağlı olarak derlenmiş efsaneler üzerinde bir incleme, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. Tatlı, İ. (2005). En güzel Türk ve Anadolu efsaneleri, İstanbul: Papatya Yayınları. Temnenko, G. (2002). “Crimean legend and some characteristics of modern cultural consciousness.” Etnografiya Krima XIX – XX vekov i sovremennie etnokulturnie processi. Tkachenko S. (2009). “Golden cradle quest.” Krimskaya Pravda, № 36, p. 3. Useynova, V. (1998). “Simbols of mountains in Crimean Legends.” Kultura narodov prichernomorya, p. 258-260. Vul, R., Shlyaposhnikov, S. (1957). Krimskie legendi, Simferopol: Krimizdat. Yavuz, M. H. (2007). Diyarbakır Efsaneleri, Istanbul: Cumhuriyet Kitapları. Yücel, M. (2003). Kürt coğrafyasında göl ve ırmak efsaneleri, İstanbul: Evrensel BasınYayın. �Zherdieva, A. (2010). “Models of mythologization of cultural consciousness in the coordinates of the Soviet ideology (by way of example, the ten postwar collection of Crimean legends).” Almanah Tradicionnaya kultura, № 2, 110-127. Zherdieva, A. (2011). “Crimean tatar legend about golden Cradle.” Emel, № 232, p. 5458. Zherdieva, A. (2012). “Principles of publishing of Crimean legends.” Kultura narodov prichernomorya, № 220, 148-156. Zherdieva, A. (2013). Crimean legends as phenomenon of world culture, Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Biographical Note Dr. Anastasiia Zherdieva is a research fellow at Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. Her research interests are legend as folklore genre, Crimean and Turkish folklore legends, relationships between legend and myth, cultural consciousness in legends, the concept of “miraculous”, “sacred” and “value” in legends. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2016 Title A name given to the resource THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CRIMEAN AND TURKISH LEGENDS: THE VALUE ASPECT Author Author ZHERDİEVA, Anastasia Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Turkish legend, Crimean legends, universal values. ABSTRACT Crimea and Turkey have many similarities in terms of nature, traditions, and languages. Both Crimea and Turkey have a multicultural background of folklore. There are Turkic peoples (Crimean Tatars), Greeks, Armenians, Karaites in Crimea. Almost the same national structure exists in Turkey. There is a difficult political situation in Crimea because different ethnic groups cannot live in peace. Folklore, as an oral history and a mythological subconsciousness of nation, gave us productive material for the analysis of national problems and discovery of their solutions, so we believe that it will be possible to do the same research with Turkish legends. It is also important to find similarities and differences between Crimean and Turkish folklore, discovering the common motifs and analyzing why exactly these motifs are common between these cultures. Investigating common values of different nations is of great importance for this research. The crisis of modern culture appeals for search of universal values. It is especially productive for the studying of legends from different nations which live in one cultural space, such as Crimea and Turkey. The analysis of the variants of legends from various people or different times can give fruitful results. The study of legends from different nationalities can help the identification of value preference horizontally and the study of legends from one culture, but in a different time, will give value preference vertically. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/05bd8d9bf6ed0aa513d6b80b74c8e707.pdf f51c2798275cc295ae67ade62ca34235 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Comparative Analysis of Economic and Social Performances of Transition Economies and the Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina1 Đbrahim Güran YUMUŞAK Asst. Prof., PhD. Kocaeli University Department of Economics iyumusak@kocaeli.edu.tr Mahmut BĐLEN Asst. Prof., PhD. Sakarya University Department of Economics mbilen@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: Transition economies have undergone an enormous transformation since 19891991. After the recession of the early 1990’s, some of these economies experienced a GDP recovery, at a different pace, with different outcomes in terms of economic growth and social performance (human development, employment, poverty, etc.). This paper tries to analyze the level of human capital for Transition Economies by comparative methods. In order to analyze level of human capital for Transition Economies, we used the human development indexes. Transition economies progress in the transition process has different effects due to internal and external factors. The human development level in transition economies is relatively high in spite of a huge recession and very poor economic performance, thanks to previous investments made in social dimensions by previous regimes. In fact, economic performance would suggest worse human development levels. Nevertheless, the transition process influenced the nonincome dimensions of people, often worsening the main indicators. Among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina is the ninth position as far as HDI rank is concerned, just above Macedonia and Albania. BiH in aggregate human development terms is continuing to progress. Its HDI score now places it at the lower band of the most developed countries in the world. Key Words: Human Capital, Human Development, Transition Economies, BosniaHerzegovina Introduction After the collapse of the Soviet, Countries belongs to the Socialist economic system has tried to change the production and trade forms of economy fundamentally from the socialist to open economy. These economies need to structure of property and the consumer and producer of behavior a well for change in the encounter. The countries economic structures defined as transition economy. The countries in the transition process get attention due to several reasons by the researchers. This study tries to analyze the transition characteristic of the economy of the South East European Countries’ human and social development levels, the human and social development and economic development relationship. Therefore, this study aims to compare the transition economies of the human development levels in comparison analysis. In this goal, transition economies of education rate, enrolment ratio, the average life expectancy and people per capita are used to reach human and social development index values of using the for analysis. Thus, the countries’ economic development human capital potential has been determined. Although, income shows economic development levels for countries, income, health and the quality of should be the taken into consideration on the basis of the examination. As we know that The United Nations Development Organization publishes every year in a Human Development index (Human Development INDEX-HDI) since 1990, this index not only shows the qualitative change but also in terms of quality that functions as a scale of an important indicator. This index covers economic performance, human and social development, the education and health indicators. This study proceed as follows: The first section gives the properties of transition economies, features economic performance and the relationship between the human and social development. The second section explains the human capital and the concept of human and social development index. The third section examines the transition economies’ levels in human and Social Development index. 1 This paper based on “The Comperative Analysis of Levels of Human Development Levels of Transition Economies” presented at the Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences Faculty and “The Comperative Analysis of Levels of Human Development of Middle Asia Turkish States And Turkey” II. International Social Scientists Congress, Bishkek, 22-24 October 2008. 414 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 1. Transition Economies and Economic-Social Performance Transition economies have undergone an enormous transformation since 1989-1991. After the recession of the early 1990’s, some of these economies experienced a GDP recovery, at a different pace, with different outcomes in terms of economic growth and social performance (Tridico, 2005:1). After the collapse the bloc's Socialist in 1989, these countries has increased their effort to transforming economic systems. Countries are living this transition process from central plan economy to free market economy economic structures defined as “Transition Economy”. Even though these countries are classified in different group for several criteria, these countries classified as the geographical and their union categorical : Central and Eastern European Countries and the Baltic Countries (The Czech Republic, Poland, Lithuania, and others), South -East European Countries (Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, and others) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and others). 1.1. Economic-Social Performance Transition from central plan economy to free market economy is a tough process and fundamental reforms are required. Institutional structure with the social norms, the institutions which fails powers and values ties between should be transformed (Tridico, 2005:2). This transformation, transition economies the current economic problems increased problem and makes difficult transition. In the early 1990s, Central and Eastern European Countries and the Commonwealth of Independent States member of the countries in economic wreckage, poverty, have increased its income distribution changed and unemployment rates increased. In particular The Former Soviet Union countries of the people living life standards are getting worse. This situation in countries market economy transition process is lame and that it put faith in the adverse effect. New economic order and relations, the establishment of the development of perceptions of people depends on the changing. Transforming economy from the planned economy to the market economy involves many social costs. There are several reasons. These reasons are: there is no social security guarantees in market economy, it does not personal prosperity of the education and health services focus on economic productivity and competition, the budget deficit will decrease social services performed. Even though, the transition economies show different characteristics, they have some similar properties. The properties; some of the state administration with a relatively flexibility at a distance but is strong, public sector to be great, underdeveloped corporate infrastructure, the problem is poverty to be widely (UNDP, 2005a:16). In addition to these, due to the lack of infrastructure crime fed its height is that a bribe with problem also serious fundamental problems with is among them. These problems are important barriers for the development of the market economy. This claims to the contrary the countries in another feature, human capital and social the most important factor in the education of the infrastructure in the field of the very strong. The economy of Transition process the countries of the economic structures and the situations is significantly differ from the. The Baltic countries and among the Balkan countries, there are differences between Turk Republics and the Central European countries. Table 1: Transition Economies and Economic Performances USD Central Eastern Europe – The Baltic Commonwealth of Independent States South Eastern Europe States (CIS) Annual PPP Income Annual PPP Income Annual PPP Income (USD) Growth Rate (USD) Growth Rate (USD) Country Growth Rate Country Country 2005 2005 2005 (1990-2005) (1990-2005) (1990-2005) 3.2 22273 Macedonia -0.1 7200 -0.1 10845 Slovenia Russia 1.9 14494 Romania 1.6 9060 -2.4 6848 Lithuania Ukraine 3.6 13646 Bosnia-Herz. 12.7∗ 2546 2.2 7918 Latvia Belarus 4.2 15478 Bulgaria 1.5 9032 -3.5 2100 Estonia Moldova 4.3 13847 Albania 5.2 5316 0.2 3365 Poland Georgia 1.9 20538 4.4 4945 Czech Rep. Armenia 2.8 15871 2.0 7857 Slovakia Kazakhstan 2.6 13042 … 5016 Croatia Azerbaijan 3.1 17887 -6.8 3838 Hungary Turkmenistan 0.3 2063 Uzbekistan -1.3 1927 Kyrgyzstan -4.0 1356 Tajikistan Source: (UNDP, 2007b:277-80) ∗ Data refer to a period shorter than that specified. 415 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo In addition to these differences, economies liberalize and privatization programs differences into account the given the countries that economic performance transit and was successfully programs resuming a limited similarities are observed It is therefore, the country assessments is not based on the individual country, assessments should based on grouped countries. Transition economies economic performances of the assessment is done in particular in Europe the countries involved growth and income per capita indicators compared to others is quite high that acceptable. Central and Eastern European Countries and the Baltic Countries’ per capita of income levels 13000-22000 USD (PPP) while between 1990 and 2005 between the years annual growth rate is between 1.9 - 4.3. In South East European countries per capita of the level of income 5000-9000 USD (PPP) and economic growth rate accept Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania, is quite low. In The Commonwealth of Independent States of the countries in the Russian to those who level of income 8000 USD (the PPP under the) while the average annual performances are growth distributed between -6.8 and 4.4. In this group, economic performances of the Turkish Republics are lowers than the others When we compare the transition economies with countries in low human infrastructure and low economic performance, due to social investments by the socialist regime, the human development level is relatively high. But economic crisis in the early 1990s, due to the low economic performance, human and social development has affected negatively. In particular, The Baltic countries and the Commonwealth of Independent States of death of countries increased rates of, the average life expectancy shortening, education and health investments for the slowdown causes. Kyrgyzstan's income, education and health indicators taken into consideration of the economic crisis effects more open to a trend. Meanwhile, in 1993, per capita in purchasing power 2330 USD decreased to USD 1850 in 1995. The average life expectancy with 67.3 years decreased to 66 years and enrolment ratio decreased from 66 to 63 percent (UNDP, 2000a:87). The indicators of human and social development came to their levels after 2000. From Ancient period’s philosopher to historian’s Ibn el Sina to the many intellectual made various assessments. But, the modern explanation of human development and UNDP Human Development Reports based on Amartya by the endurance work and the people to boost options as the process is defined (UNDP, 2007/8:22-23). A Long and a healthy life, information acquisition and a good standard of living the necessary conditions for the provision of the human and social development concept include four fundamental elements. Table 2: GDP and HDI for Transition Economies (1985-2002) GDP/HDI HDI Reduction GDP Russia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Reduction Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, BosniaHerzegovina, Serbia-Montenegro GDP Stable GDP Increase HDI Stable Tajikistan, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan HDI Increase Uzbekistan, Belarus, Turkmenistan Albania, Latvia, Croatia, Lithuania, Estonia, Slovakia Slovenia, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary Source: (Tridico, 2005:26-27) These are: people in economic preferences expand, from the point of economic efficiency capable of the event, the people against discrimination and to protect human development potential to use freely and equality of the present time, and the future capabilities offspring safe use of the sustainability was passing by and the capabilities of potential and that these drive development of capability (UNDP, 2007/8:22-24). The relationship between human development and economic performance is the very complex. Economic growth boost mad contribute the human development level. But the economic growth and the humanities would not occur at he same time. It is therefore transition countries’ economic performances and the human development relationship could not be explained for the entire same manner. The Countries economic performances and the human development performances are different. The most important reason is that difficulties order to change economic system and the effort includes social and economic costs. According to a study which covers 1985-2002 a Russia according to the, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro Serbia, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan to both the income and the human development of the decline in the while the Albanian, Latvia, Lithuania, Croatia, Estonia and Slovakia humanities and social development levels also defended income levels increased. Tajikistan, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan in the humanities and social development levels stay the same and but the level of income declined (Tridico, 2005:26/27). According to the another study covering the years 1990-1997,16 countries human development levels of declined. The basic reasons for these are the economic recession and plague diseases (HIV/AIDS). The study 416 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo includes Belarus, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan which have economies recession and human development levels are affected negatively (Mendoza, 2001:101). 1.2. Human Development Human development is about expanding the choices open to people to lead full and valuable lives. First articulated in the 1980’s, the approach provides a means of understanding ant tracking economic and social progress which is rooted in the real-world experiences of ordinary people. A company values of property not only the value of the assets but also the value of the employees’ information and skills level. Thus, the countries development level is not only measured by per capita income of citizens but also the information, knowledge, health level taking into consideration to evaluate. It Therefore, In order to measure and compare developed countries development level, we consider quantitative indicators and qualities indicators. Even though, there are different definitions of human capital represents the combination of ability of labor and individuals. Human capital covers, people information together with the skills, talent, attitude, reliability, commitment to, creativity, to share information at the request, become part of the team in organization to concentrate on goals (Abeysekera, 2004:253) Human capital not only covers knowledge, information and skills but also covers several features. These features are; technical information and talent; Education; Professional qualities of Employees; a community participation in the Professional; development; Entrepreneurship spirit, innovation, progressive, Training programs; racial, religious and competition; equality Flawed equality; employment security; Syndicate operating; number of Employees , properties and effectiveness (Abeysekera, 2004:259). Due to above difficulties to measure human capital and compare countries, we need to find a new a practical way. It is therefore, The United Nations Development Organization (UNDP), measure the development level by education, health and revenue data of the Human Development Index (HDI). This index formation gives information about the development level and human development level. Thus, it is the most important index. Certainly human development have several indicators but difficulties in measuring, the limited, limited number of indicator should be used. Political, cultural and economic freedoms, starting with the human rights of individuals, increase the efficiency and creativity alternatives to provide that contributes too many of the size of the human development based on three dimensions. If only three dimensions taken into consideration under a large number of variables may change the direction of study basic indicators may be ignored. The first dimension of human development index is measured by the long and healthy life, the average life expectancy. Life expectation is an indicator of health and nutrition in connection with a better life. If a country provides health and nutrition in good conditions to individuals, the average life expectancy there will be longer. The infant mortality rate is the most basic health indicator of the average life expectation. In particular, baby death rates are high in countries where the average life expectancy is very low to maintaining. The low rate of infant mortality rate shows high the average life expectation. The second dimension of human development index is information and education. This dimensions the most important and easily calculable indicators and measured. Education rate e be measured with countries in particular the comparisons when it comes to the wrong consequences to open. Enrolment ratio of adults with the rate of literacy is the same but the higher education levels of the different two country's education indicators in this measurement will be the same. But for all the countries and easy to check the education rate to the school and the countries of education level of measuring the indicators show hospitality The first dimension of human development index is necessary resources to have better life. There several difficulties to measure it. Thus, average income levels taken into account. In order to remove disparities between countries, per capita of GDP figures are used and marginal contribution are taken into consideration. Each of the countries, education and health indicators of certain calculations transferring 0 and 1 of value gathered after divide three and thus each country's index is calculated. This calculation, each of the indexes a points improvement in the middle of the same with the human development process marginal of the different effect on possible. For example, 0.1 point increase in the average life index contributes differently on 0.5 or 0.9, but the average will be the same finally. Moreover, in health index, 0.1 points contribute on average for income or education index, this change differently human development index. Despite the fact some difficulties, the human development index shows development level of countries and this still an important index. 1.3. Human Development Index Human capital is the most fundamental element of the economic development for Countries. Physical capital, technological development and natural resources in other such as presence of elements of the system has economic the functioning of the other of the key factors are among the others. But the human capital economic development of basic elements of the one of the as well as the other elements are producing and efficiently in the 417 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo exercise of a positive and of the effects. It is therefore countries human developments and social development of the capital's potential is very important as a factor is considered. In order to have an assessment for Transition Economies’ economic development according to only income levels take into consideration is not very meaningful happening. Because the countries market economy transition process is still ongoing and the level of income citizens’ welfare levels designation may inadequate. It is therefore of income, with levels of economic with the development of an important factor in the human development levels of development is also taken into account. The human development level in transition economies is relatively high in spite of a huge recession and very poor economic performance, thanks to previous investments made in social dimensions by previous regimes. In fact, economic performance would suggest worse human development levels. Nevertheless, the transition process influenced the non-income dimensions of people, often worsening the main indicators (RuminskaZimny; 1997). Table 3: Human Development Index and Transition Economies (2007-8) Country Rank 1 Iceland 27 Slovenia 32 Czech Rep. 36 Hungary 37 Poland 42 Slovakia 43 Lithuania 44 Estonia 45 Latvia 47 Croatia 53 Bulgaria 60 Romania 64 Belarus 66 Bosnia & Hrz. 67 Russian Fed. 68 Albania 69 Macedonia 73 Kazakhstan 76 Ukraine 83 Armenia 96 Georgia 98 Azerbaijan 109 Turkmenistan 111 Moldova 113 Uzbekistan 116 Kyrgyzstan 122 Tajikistan 177 Sierra Leone Developing Count. WORLD Combined gross Adult enrolment Life literacy ratio for GDP per education capita Life expectanc rate y at birth (%) (PPP US$) expectancy Education (%) 2005 2005 2005 2005 index index 81.5 100 95.4 36510 0.941 0.978 77.4 99.7 94.3 22273 0.874 0.974 75.9 100 82.9 20538 0.849 0.936 72.9 100 89.3 17887 0.779 0.958 75.2 100 87.2 13847 0.836 0.952 74.2 100 78.3 15871 0.821 0.921 72.5 99.6 91.4 14494 0.792 0.965 71.2 99.8 92.4 15478 0.770 0.968 72.0 99.7 90.2 13646 0.784 0.961 75.3 98.1 73.5 13042 0.839 0.899 72.7 98.2 81.5 9032 0.795 0.926 71.9 97.3 76.8 9060 0.782 0.905 68.7 99.6 88.7 7918 0.728 0.956 74.5 96.7 69.0 7032 0.825 0.874 65.0 99.4 88.9 10845 0.667 0.956 76.2 98.7 68.6 5316 0.853 0.887 73.8 96.1 70.1 7200 0.814 0.875 65.9 99.5 93.8 7857 0.682 0.973 67.7 99.4 86.5 6848 0.711 0.948 71.7 99.4 70.8 4945 0.779 0.896 70.7 100 76.3 3365 0.761 0.914 67.1 98.8 67.1 5016 0.702 0.882 62.6 98.8 73.0 3838 0.627 0.903 68.4 99.1 69.7 2100 0.724 0.892 66.8 99* 73.8 2063 0.696 0.906 65.6 98.7 77.7 1927 0.676 0.917 66.3 99.5 70.8 1356 0.689 0.896 41.8 34.3 44.6 806 0.280 0.381 66.1 76.7 64.1 5282 0.685 0.725 68.1 78.6 67.8 9543 0.718 0.750 GDP index 0.985 0.902 0.889 0.866 0.823 0.846 0.831 0.842 0.821 0.813 0.752 0.752 0.730 0.710 0.782 0.663 0.714 0.728 0.705 0.651 0.587 0.653 0.609 0.508 0.505 0.494 0.435 0.348 0.662 0.761 GDP per Human capita rank Dev. Index minus HDR rank Value 0.968 4 0.917 4 0.891 2 0.874 2 0.870 11 0.863 -1 0.862 3 0.860 0 0.855 4 0.850 4 0.824 11 0.813 3 0.804 8 0.803 17 0.802 -9 0.801 30 0.801 11 0,794 1 0.788 9 0.775 20 0.755 24 0.746 4 0.713 5 0.708 25 0.702 25 0.696 29 0.673 32 0.336 -5 0.691 0.743 - Sources: (UNDP, 2007b:229-232) Transition Economies of the human development index of the indicators and orders are shown in Table. This table shows that during the 2007-2008 index indicators the high value and alignment of the country is Slovenia in 2005. After Slovenia, Central Europe and the Baltic countries follow: Poland, Slovakia, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia and Croatia. Human development index in the area of Transition Economies are second places: Bulgaria, Romania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania and Macedonia. The Commonwealth of Independent States group of the transition economies in the last places among the South East Europe in the group of the Transition Economies of the human development their own indicators comparison of their following graphs. According to the human development index, the most high value to Bulgaria the lowest value of the Macedonia. This total of the 5 countries of the human development levels is above threshold level. 418 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo GDP 1 HDI 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 Tajikistan Krgyzstan Moldova Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Ukraine Armenia Kazakhstan Albania Macedonia Russia Belarus Bosnia H. Romania Croatia Bulgaria Latvia Estonia Lithuania Poland Slovakia Hungary Czech R. 0,4 Slovenia 0,5 Figure 1: GDP Index and HDI for Transition Economies (2008) Source: (UNDP, 2007b:229-232) In general, only countries which experienced an increase in their human development level had a sustained economic growth. Hence it seems to us that, in transition economies, human Development is a sufficient, yet not a necessary, condition for economic growth. This means that there can be economic growth without human development, but if there is human development then there will be economic growth (Tridico, 2005:21). 69 Macedonia 66 Bosnia Hrz. 68 Albania 0,8 60 Romania 0,9 53 Bulgaria 1 53 Bulgaria 60 Romania 66 Bosnia Hrz. 68 Albania 0,7 69 Macedonia 0,6 Figure 2: South Eastern Europe Transition Economies and HDI Rank (2007-8) Source: (UNDP, 2007b:229-232) Over the past decade, Romania has been experiencing, like many other countries in transition, a process of transformation that involves changing economic and political systems inherited from the communist era. For all the potential that Romania holds and despite many achievements on the political front, the first decade of transition can be considered one of missed opportunities and great disappointments on the economic and human development fronts. Dismantling the command-and control former socialist state with its social protection system and building the bases of a new market-oriented and democratic system has come at a tremendous cost for the over 22 million Romanians (UNDP, 2000b:19) The Human Development Reports shows that Romania has finally gained a place among the high Human Development Index (HDI) countries by surpassing the 0,800 value of index which makes access to this group. Data for 2004 ranks Romania on the 60th position among 177 countries and data from the National Institute for Statistics shows a further improvement in the HDI for Romania (0.808 in 2005) thanks to improvements in all the three basic components of the index: longevity, education level and standard of living, with the greater increase in the latter one (UNDP, 2007a:5). But, unfortunately Romania still holds the last position within the European Union countries, the lag between Romania and the next country in the HDI ranking (except Bulgaria ranked 54 with a HDI equal to 0.816 in 2004) is 15 places, namely 0.045 HDI points. As it can be seen in the figure below, the evolution of the HDI for the European Union countries is quite uneven. 419 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Between 1995 and 2000 the 10 New European Union member countries registered higher increases in the HDI compared to the 15 European Union countries at that time, but afterwards, between 2000 and 2004, the trend smoothens and the two slopes become very similar. The two newest European Union member countries, Romania and Bulgaria, are far from the EU25 average and also from the ten countries that have acceded in 2004. As for the difference in the HDI between Romania and Bulgaria the latest tendencies are in favor of Romania, as the overall index increased sharper in its case and the distance between the two countries is smaller by every year that passes (UNDP, 2007a:5). 1 EU 15 Average EU 25 Average 0,9 New EU 10 Average EU 27 Average 0,8 Romania Bulgaria 0,7 1990 1995 2000 2004 Figure 3: The Evolution of Human Development Index in EU15, EU25, EU27, and New EU10 (2004), Romania and Bulgaria Source: (UNDP, 2007a:6). Yet, there is a very important aspect that should be mentioned regarding the Human Development Index dynamics for Romania for the period 2000-2004 and that is the significant change in its value (0.027 points increase1) equaled only by Estonia and Lithuania and outrun only by Latvia (0.030 points increase) in the European Union area. This stands for consistent evidence of the important progresses Romania achieved in the area of human development during the last years. Table 4: Human Development Evolution for Selected Countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Country HDI HDI Evolution 2004 Rank 1990 1995 2002 1990-2000 1995-2005 Hungary 0.807 0.810 0.848 0.027 0.048 38 Croatia 0.806 0.798 0.830 0.017 0.007 48 Bulgaria 0.795 0.784 0.796 -0.011 0.012 56 Romania 0.771 0.759 0.786 0.001 0.017 69 Ukraine 0.798 0.751 0.777 -0.036 0.015 70 Turkey 0.683 0.713 0.751 0.030 0.038 88 Source: (UNDP, 2005b:19) How does the human development profile of Romania fair in comparison to its region and neighbors? According to the 2004 HDR, of the 15 countries from the CEE only 9 can be classified as high human development countries (with a HDI value of over 0.800). These countries are Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland, Hungary, Lithuania, Slovakia, Croatia and Latvia. The other 6 countries, including Romania, can be classified as medium human development countries (with HDI values ranging from 0.788 0.667). There are no countries from the CEE classified as having low human development. If the 15 countries of CEE were ranked according to their 2004 HDI value, Romania would be ranked 14. The HDI of Romania is below the average of the CEE (UNDP, 2005b:18). In addition, Romania has to cover a human development deficit of 0.14 to reach the high human development level. Since 1999, the HDI for Romania has increase average 0.009 per year. In the CEE region, fourteen countries, such countries as, Hungary (0.848), Croatia (0.830) and Bulgaria (0.796) have a higher HDI value than that of Romania (0.786). As can be seen in Table 4, the CEE region shows a diverse pattern of evolution of the HDI. While Hungary and Croatia have increased their HDI value at high rates during the last decade, the gains for other countries, including Romania have been at much slower and lower rates during the same period. Romania's transition impact on its human development profile becomes even clearer, when it is analyzed in the context of the remaining countries that are considered candidates to join the 420 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo EU, (Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey), those that are already part of the EU like Hungary and those countries that in the future may be consider candidates like Croatia, Russia and Ukraine. As can be seen in Table 4 among these countries, Romania would be ranked somewhere in the middle, below Bulgaria and Russia, but on top of Ukraine and Turkey. All of the countries in Table 4 have been pursuing some form of reform policies during the last decade. However, the impact on human development of these processes has been different in all these countries. The HDI value of a country shows the distance that it has to travel to reach the maximum possible value of 1. In this line of analysis and using the values found in Table 4, while Hungary shortfall would be 15%, Romania's would be close to 21% almost twice as much as Turkey. 2. Human Development Index and Bosnia-Herzegovina It was once the proud boast of Bosnians and Herzegovinans that their country, the former Yugoslavia, was the America of Eastern Europe. The positions of Slovenia and to a lesser extend Croatia today may be taken into consideration in this regard. The Human Development Index and the level of GDP, however, now place BiH among the less developed countries of Europe. In fact, they place BiH among the last two or three of whatever comparative group one chooses, be they the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, the CIS or the Stability Pact (UNDP, 2002:99). The state of human development in BiH, thus, gives grounds for concern. Per capita incomes remain low, health indicators are at best static and educational performance shows only weak improvement. Most problematic of all, BiH citizens still face a raft of discriminatory practices which circumscribe access to basic services and weaken the wider democratic process. Year by year BiH is falling behind other countries in Eastern Europe (UNDP, 2005c:13). Among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina is in ninth position as far as the HDI rank is concerned, just above Macedonia and Albania. In terms of the literacy level, the enrolment rate in all three educational levels, and realized GDP/pc (PPPUSD), BiH is below the average of Central and Eastern European countries. BiH is 8.0% more developed than the world’s average in the human development context, 14.1% more developed than the average of countries in the medium human development category and 2.6 times more developed than the country which comes last. In 2004, Norway had the highest HDI in the world within index, 21% higher than that of Bosnia and Herzegovina. BiH’s HDI rank is 62nd out of 177 reporting countries, below Malaysia and above Mauritius (UNDP, 2007c, 177). Within the context of human development, a stable progress has been achieved in BiH since 2002. The calculated human development indices are presented in Table 4, together with analyses of trends for the period 2000-2004. The Human Development Index in 2004 was 0.804. By obtaining this score, BiH has entered the group of countries with high human development, i.e. those with a HDI score of 0.800 and above. However, it must be recognized that the increase in the HDI compared to 2003, when it was 0.793, partly results from a revision of the value of PPP adjustment, which simply reflects the difference between relative prices in BiH and the rest of the world. The increase in PPP has to a large degree contributed to the HDI increase. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that most of the assessment data is based upon special surveys and thus the change is not wholly methodological (UNDP, 2007c, 30). Table 4: HDI Trends for BiH Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2004/2000 Life expectancy at birth 73.3 73.0 74.0 74.1 74.3 1.014 Adult literacy rate 85.9 88.9 94.3 96.7 97.1 1.130 Combined enrolment ratio 64.0 67.0 67.3 68.0 69.0 1.078 GDP/pc PPP USD 2875 3949 5970 6250 7230 2515 Life expectancy index 0.805 0.800 0.817 0.818 0.822 1.021 Education index 0.787 0.817 0.853 0.871 0.877 1.114 GDP index 0.560 0.614 0.683 0.690 0.714 1.275 HDI 0.718 0.744 0.784 0.793 0.804 1.120 Source: UNDP, 2007c, p.165. Significant differences between the two Entities remain. The Federation of BiH (FBiH) is 1.5% above the average of BiH as a whole, while RS, with a value of 0.784, and is still under the threshold of countries with high human development. It is also worth emphasizing that there will doubtless be huge variations within FBiH and it therefore cannot be assumed that high human development conditions are predominant throughout its territory. The stability of HDI growth in BiH is also reflected in the fact that BiH’s in 2004 was 12% higher than for 2000 (UNDP, 2007c, 30). 421 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 1 Life expectancy index 0,8 Education index 0,6 GDP index 0,4 2000 2001 2002 2003 HDI 2004 Figure 4: HDI Trends for BiH Source: (UNDP, 2007c, 166.) Despite the increase in HDI, in comparison with other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, BĐH’s position remains virtually unchanged. BiH lies in ninth place, just ahead of Macedonia and Albania. In global terms the HDI value would place BiH 62. Yet it is important to recognize this is a national ranking and assumes the placement of other nations does not change (UNDP, 2007c, 31). BiH in aggregate human development terms is continuing to progress. Its HDI score now places it at the lower band of the most developed countries in the world. Table 5: HDI and GDI Relation for BiH and the Entities HDI BiH 0.793 2003 FBiH 0.806 RS 0.771 BiH 0.804 2004 FBiH 0.816 RS 0.784 GDI Difference HDI-GDI 0.782 0.011 0.790 0.016 0.765 0.006 0.801 0.003 0.806 0.010 0.779 0.005 Source: (UNDP, 2007c, 172.) The GDI (Gender Development Index) for 2004 was 0.801, which shows an improvement over 2003. But gender inequality is still articulated, especially in education and economic activities. It is important to stress that the difference between HDI and GDI shows significant gender inequality in BiH and both Entities. 0,8 HDI 0,7 GDI 0,6 BiH 2003 FBiH 2003 RS 2003 BiH 2004 FBiH 2004 RS 2004 Figure 5: HDI and GDI Relation Source: UNDP, 2007c, 172. (BiH: Bosnia Herzegovina, FBiH: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, RS: Republica Srpska) In 2004 there was a reduction in the difference between the HDI and GDI, primarily due to the more dynamic growth of GDI. The growth of GDI was influenced by the increase of employment of women, as well as a higher rate of female enrolment at all three educational levels (UNDP, 2007c, 172). 422 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 6: HDI for FBiH Cantons and the RS Canton or RS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sarajevo Neretva West Herzegovina Republica Srpska Central Bosnia Tuzla Zenica Doboj Podrina Posavina Herceg Bosna Una Sana Economic index 0.792 0.718 0.712 0.633 0.600 0.594 0.581 0.569 0.563 0.563 0.548 HDI Variation from State level 0.824 0.800 0.798 0.761 0.760 0.758 0.754 0.750 0.748 0.748 0.743 5.1 % 2.0 % 1.8 % -2.9 % -3.1 % -3.3 % -3.8 % -4.3 % -4.6 % -4.6 % -5.2 % Percentage difference on high HD level (0.800) 3.2 % 0.3 % 0.0 % -4.8 % -5.0 % -5.3 % -5.5 % -6.0 % -6.3 % -6.3 % -6.9 % Source: UNDP, 2005c, 165. The above show a reasonable level of variation with the highest value (Sarajevo) being 5.1 % above the State-level figure and correspondingly the lowest value (Una Sana Canton) is a similar percentage below the State level. More interesting are the relatives the High-Human Development interval which begins at a value of 0.800. This illustrates a distinct break in the data with three regions (Sarajevo plus the Herzegovina cantons) being within the category, and the others all around 5 % below. Indeed, the level of variation outside the higherscoring regions is very much reduced (UNDP 2005c, 165). Conclusion After the collapse of Soviet bloc, these countries have found them in the transition process of the free market economy. All the country's market economy transition process preceded in different ways, these countries area called transition economies. Transition economies has effected in the transition process due to internal and external factors. Transition economies, the Central European Countries and the Baltic countries are on the top for that human development index and South East Europe follow up these countries. Independent States are ranked at the lowest level. In the Independent States, Republics of Turks are lower situated among them. Except, Russia and Slovak, in the Transition Economies according to the GDP, they are the located in the top level. Albania, according to the human development index is ranking 30 steps above the threshold level. For the development of Transition Economies, they should protect their enhancements and foster their progress. This depends on countries’ transition progress to market economy. These countries, many sectors as the education and health are transforming from previous system to market based economy and this gives soma difficulties for the people and new system is face to be failure. Liberalization also comes with social and economic costs for humanities and this bring difficulties to use social potential capital uses. With market economy based on the system and firmly economic stability, countries human capital potential will drive economic developments. Among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina is in ninth position as far as HDI rank is concerned, just above Macedonia and Albania. BiH in aggregate human development terms is continuing to progress. Its HDI score now places it at the lower band of the most developed countries in the world. From the perspective of almost years of transition, at least three lessons can be learnt. The first lesson is obvious that transition takes time and has high human costs. The second is that growth alone does not eradicate human poverty. And the third is that rethinking the transition strategy is needed based on a concept of human development. References Abeysekera, Indra, James Guthrie (2004), “Human Capital Reporting in a Developing Nation,” The British Accounting Review, Volume: 36. Mendoza, Maria F. Trujillo (2001), The Global Digital Divide: Exploring the Relation between National Core Computing and Network Capacity and Progress in Human Development Over the Last Decade, Tulane University. Ruminska-Zimny, Ewa, (1997) “Human Poverty in Transition Economies: Regional Overview for HDR,” Tridico, Pasquale (2005), “Institutional Change and Human Development in Transition Economies,” EAEPE Conference, Bremen, 10-12 November 2005. UNDP (2000a), Kyrgysztan: National Human Development Report for 2000. 423 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo UNDP (2000b), Team for The Preparation of National Human Development Report Romania 2000, Bucherest. UNDP (2002) Human Development Report 2002: Bosnia-Herzegovina. UNDP (2005a) National Human Development Report, the Influence of Civil Society on the Human Development Process in Kyrgyzstan, Kyrgyz Republic. UNDP (2005b), The National Human Development Report 2003-2005 Romania. UNDP (2005c) The National Human Development Report 2005-Better Local Governance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. UNDP (2007), National Human Development Report Romania 2007 – Making EU Accession Work for All, Bucherest. UNDP (2007), National Human Development Report Romania. UNDP (2007b), Human Development Report 2007-8, Palgrave Macmillan, NewYork. UNDP, (2007c) Social Inclusion in Bosnia and Herzegovina, National Report. UNDP (2007-8) Uzbekistan, Education in Uzbekistan: Matching Supply and Demand, Tashkent. Yumuşak, Đ.G.- M. Bilen (2008), “The Comparative Analysis of Levels of Human Development of Middle Asia Turkish States And Turkey” II. International Social Scientists Congress, Bishkek, 22-24 October 2008. 424 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 284 Title A name given to the resource The Comparative Analysis of Economic and Social Performances of Transition Economies and the Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina Author Author YUMUSAK, ibrahim Güran BiLEN, Mahmut Abstract A summary of the resource. Transition economies have undergone an enormous transformation since 1989- 1991. After the recession of the early 1990’s, some of these economies experienced a GDP recovery, at a different pace, with different outcomes in terms of economic growth and social performance (human development, employment, poverty, etc.). This paper tries to analyze the level of human capital for Transition Economies by comparative methods. In order to analyze level of human capital for Transition Economies, we used the human development indexes. Transition economies progress in the transition process has different effects due to internal and external factors. The human development level in transition economies is relatively high in spite of a huge recession and very poor economic performance, thanks to previous investments made in social dimensions by previous regimes. In fact, economic performance would suggest worse human development levels. Nevertheless, the transition process influenced the nonincome dimensions of people, often worsening the main indicators. Among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina is the ninth position as far as HDI rank is concerned, just above Macedonia and Albania. BiH in aggregate human development terms is continuing to progress. Its HDI score now places it at the lower band of the most developed countries in the world. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3378 Title A name given to the resource THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF KURDISH, BOSNIAN PROVERBS Author Author Enayati, Bayez Abstract A summary of the resource. Having been derived from the oral literature, proverbs are short, rhythmic and popular sentences which contain wisdom, truth, moral and traditional views in a fixed and metaphoric form. Every nation’s oral literature has a rich collection of proverbs which have been accepted by both scientists and common people as the valuable abstracts of life experiences. One can often understand the nations’ magnificence of thought and the quality of social genuineness along with their literary talent through studying the proverbs. The purpose of the current research is to compare the proverbs of Kurdish and Bosnian languages to find similarities and the reasons of these similarities and differences. The results show that the similarities and differences of these languages’ proverbs are due to similarities and differences in ideas, religions, beliefs, life experiences, social and cultural issues and so on. Keywords: comparative, study, Proverbs, Kurdish, Bosnian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/36eadd2ac59416ecd5d74520e7cf225c.docx afffe906700c3ace6eb91d23ee190f9c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b2c2bdb350a3e89a466e080c4d1fd2e3.pdf a6a46f37935fa1f9dd27b31f74af9f66 PDF Text Text The Comparison of Financial Performance of Intermediary Firms Traded On Istanbul Stock Exchange by Using Topsis Method Ersin Kurnaz Atatürk University Turkey ekurnaz@atauni.edu.tr Reşat Karcıoğlu Atatürk University Turkey rkarci@atauni.edu.tr İhsan Yıldıztekin Atatürk University Turkey ihsan@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: Intermediary firms are authorized by the Board of Capital Markets to do capital market operations on the behalf of the investors in the capital markets. Brokerage firms provide services to the investors and are joint-stock companies. These institutions undertake the intermediary position between investors and capital market and also inform the investors about the capital market movements. The shifting of the boundaries of the capital markets, economic globalization and increasing institutionalization has increased the importance of these institutions. In this study by using the financial statements of the five intermediary firms which are traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange and classified as 'Intermediaries Institutions' under the Public Disclosure Platform, the financial performance of these companies will be analyzed with the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method. Firstly financial ratios will be determined and then ratio analysis will be used in the financial performance measurement. Financial ratios will be calculated separately for each firm. These calculated ratios will be converted to a single score which shows the overall company performance by using the TOPSIS method. Finally, according to the scores show company performance the performance of companies will be ranked. In the study, for the period of 2009 2012 financial performance which comprises the four period’s comparisons will be done between the results obtained. Keywords: Brokerage Firms, Performance Analysis, Financial Ratios, TOPSIS Method. 112 �112 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2557 Title A name given to the resource The Comparison of Financial Performance of Intermediary Firms Traded On Istanbul Stock Exchange by Using Topsis Method Author Author KURNAZ, Ersin KARCIOGLU, Resat YILDIZTEKIN, Ihsan Abstract A summary of the resource. Intermediary firms are authorized by the Board of Capital Markets to do capital market operations on the behalf of the investors in the capital markets. Brokerage firms provide services to the investors and are joint-stock companies. These institutions undertake the intermediary position between investors and capital market and also inform the investors about the capital market movements. The shifting of the boundaries of the capital markets, economic globalization and increasing institutionalization has increased the importance of these institutions. In this study by using the financial statements of the five intermediary firms which are traded on the Istanbul Stock Exchange and classified as 'Intermediaries Institutions' under the Public Disclosure Platform, the financial performance of these companies will be analyzed with the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method. Firstly financial ratios will be determined and then ratio analysis will be used in the financial performance measurement. Financial ratios will be calculated separately for each firm. These calculated ratios will be converted to a single score which shows the overall company performance by using the TOPSIS method. Finally, according to the scores show company performance the performance of companies will be ranked. In the study, for the period of 2009 - 2012 financial performance which comprises the four period’s comparisons will be done between the results obtained. Keywords: Brokerage Firms, Performance Analysis, Financial Ratios, TOPSIS Method.   Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ac990edc70fd0516cd4ed954dd47c527.pdf 5b760d629587c64ba8d0a7eadb8a2968 PDF Text Text The Comparison Of Some Cowpea Populations According To Their Growth, Yield and Seed Quality Canan OZTOKAT Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture cananoztokat@yahoo.com Ibrahim DEMĐR Ankara University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture Ibrahim.Demir@ankara.agri.edu.tr Abstract : This research has been carried out in Canakkale-Turkey in order to determine the growth, yield and seed quality of 31 cowpea populations which were collected from Agean and Marmara Coastal Region. Research has been laid out in randomized block design with three replication. Emergence rate, days to flowering and harvest, pod length, pod weight, pod number, 100 seed weight, fresh pod yield (kg/da), seed yield (kg/da), standart germination tests, cold test and accelerated ageing have been determined. According to the test results, second population gave the highest seed yield 26.95 g/plant (84.20 kg/da). For fresh pod weight 30rd population has the highest yield with 277.84 g. Keywords: Cowpea, yield, seed quality Introduction Insufficient agricultural products for earth's growing population put significant nutrition problems down on the agenda. Especially, apart from danger of starvation in underdeveloped countries, in also developing countries problems of malnutrition threatens people's health on a large scale. On a balanced and regular diet program, a person needs 70 gr protein daily. Arora (1963), emphasizes that the legumes which contains qualified and highly proportioned proteins (%17-32) is an important source to supply the deficit. Fresh seeds of cowpea contain %4.5-5.0 protein (Terra 1966). Cowpea is a significant legume plant in Asia, South Europe, Middle and South America and in the United States. For it has the capacity of linking nitrogen on even poor lands which have resistance to drought, it can be grown together with many tuber plants and grains. Today, cowpeas are produced in 63 country all over the world (Singh et al.1997). World cowpea harvested area is establish as 11806648 ha and 5389235 tonne. production (Anonymous, 2010). Cultural methods and choice of appropriate type comes first among the factors which affect the yield of cowpea. Mostly, local landraces are used in production. In spite of this, there has been no important steps to determine the features of landraces and apply for registration. After studying this field and determining the features of landraces, as Pandey and Torrie mentioned (1973), determining the elements which can be criterion for yield in different genotypes is important in order to pay new cultivars. The adaptation of cowpea was studied in Turkey-Samsun under the ecological circumstances. In this study, it was found out that the most important factors which affect the time of emergence are the features of seed and cultivar, the heat of soil and its dumpness. It was also determined that the cultivars emerged between 7 or 12 days (Gülümser et. al., 1989). Quinn (1999), claims that for Indiana, the appropriate cultivars can be sown on June, after sowing, cultivars grow in 60 days and in between 90-100 days it turns into a mature pod harvest. The researcher emphasizes that cowpea isn't resistant to dump conditions and it can't be grown in undrained grounds. Vural et. al. (2000) mentioned that depending on growing conditions, almost 700-1000 kg/da fresh cowpeas can be harvested. They also emphasized that ecological conditions highly affects the fertility of cowpeas. Tomer and Verma (1989), on their study with cowpea cultivars, divided cultivars into 3 groups as heavy, light and medium according to seed weight and determined that heavy seeds when compared to the other groups show superior features in seed yield. 238 �Today, most of the producers use modern cultivars for their superior yield characteristics. In spite of the negatives like loss of soil or heavily used chemicals which were caused by conventional agriculture , some environmental friendly production systems emerged. (Aksoy and Altındişli, 2001). Those agriculture systems advice and urge the use of local cultivars and populations. In Aegean and Marmara regions, cowpea is consumed very much. In this study, yield, quality, morphological and physiological features of different populations from those regions were studied. The most important aim is to get prep-findings related to production of a cultivar which can be planted on Aegean and Marmara regions and which can be consumed as fresh or as a short term dry legumes. Material and Method In this research, 31 cowpea populations; 9 from Çanakkale, 1 from Muğla and 21 from Menemen Agricultural Research institute, were used as plant material. In the experiment ,features like the shape , greatness, color of every grain were taken into consideration. The seeds out of the type were throwed away and similar seeds were chosen as material , and were numbered. During the research year, the average temperatures on May, June, July,August and September, were 17.8, 22.4, 25.9, 25.6, 21.2 °C. When temperatures were observed, it was seen that the province of Çanakkale has a warm climate. The session in which the summer products are grown without taking any risk is the period about 140 days between June and September. The experiment was set as three replication in accordance with randomized block design. Every population was located in a parcel. Populations were planted in two lines, 80 cm line distance and 40 cm above the lines. The largeness of parcel was 32m². Five plant for fresh pod harvest and 5 plant for dry harvest were chosen randomly from every population, they were marked and the measurements were made over those plants. In June 10, planting took place on the holes which were digged before. Throughout the experiment, irrigation took place for 6 times. On the land of experiment, only 5 ton manure was used. Fungucide and insectiside applied against to (Callosobruchus maculatus) and fungal diseases. The experiment was carried out on 31 cowpea totally. The features of experimented populations is shown at Table -1. Pop. Pop 1* Pop 2 Pop 3 Pop 4 Pop 5 Pop 6 Pop 7 Pop 8 Pop 9 Pop 10 Pop 11 Pop 12 Pop 13 Pop 14 Pop 15 Pop 16* Pop 17 Pop 18 Pop 19 Pop 20 Pop 21 Pop 22 Pop 23 Seed Weight (g) 0,142 0,237 0,158 0,216 0,187 0,256 0,250 0,215 0,255 0,260 0,266 0,219 0,219 0,175 0,170 0,244 0,162 0,213 0,129 0,225 0,165 0,159 0,218 Seed Colour Hilum Colour Black Black sprinkled Brown sprinkled Dark Brown Light Brown Cream Cream Black Dark Brown Cream Cream Cream Dark Brown Cream Cream Dark Brown Cream Light Brown Cream Light Brown Dark Brown Cream Cream Black Black Brown Brown Brown Yellow Black Black Balck Brown Black Black Brown Cream Black Dark Brown Black Brown Cream Brown Brown Black Black 239 Seed Shape Index (Length/Diameter) 1,76 1,57 1,27 1,43 1,28 1,49 1,46 1,35 1,31 1,46 1,43 1,34 1,18 1,50 1,18 1,58 1,29 1,25 1,51 1,23 1,26 1,32 1,26 Seed Origin Çan /Ç.Kale Bayramiç/Ç.Kale Çan /Ç.Kale Ezine /Ç.Kale Yenice /Ç.Kale Ayvacık/Ç.Kale Kepez /Ç.Kale Ezine /Ç.Kale Saraycık Ç.Kale Muğla TR-43810 TR-49625 TR-38179 TR-49617 TR-38157 TR-54581 TR-47716 TR-39081 TR-28021 TR-43785 TR-38948 TR-35487 TR-43866 �Pop 24* 0,175 Black-Brown Black-Brown 1,78 TR-49626 Pop 25 0,170 Cream Cream 1,63 TR-49619 Pop 26 0,148 Cream Balck 1,48 TR-49620 Pop 27 0,258 Cream Black 1,41 TR-49623 Pop 28* 0,249 Purple-Black Purple-Black 1,54 TR-49618 Pop 29 0,158 Cream Brown 1,41 TR-39080 Pop 30 0,277 Cream Black 1,40 TR-49627 Pop 31 0,223 Cream Black 1,51 TR-49621 *vining cowpea types Table 1. The place from which used cowpea populations were obtained , and some features of seeds. The features taken into considerations and the methods of research in are as below: the emergence rate (%)(calculating the rate of percentage of sowed seeds that emerges in 7 days the number of days to blooming, the number of days to fresh harvest, pod lenght (selecting randomly 3 units from harvested population in each harvest ,then measuring the length of these 3 units by the help of digital caliper compass as centimeter) pod diameter (selecting randomly 3 units from harvested population in each harvest, then measuring the diameters of these 3 units by the help of digital caliper compass as milimeter) Number of pods (g/plant) Yield per plant (g/plant) Seed yield (g/plant) In addition to these parameters some germination tests performed with the harvested seeds Standard germination test: Germination test was done 25 °C with three replication from each population which 50 seeds at each replication.(ISTA,1985) A thousand seed weight: Counting five groups ,each one includes 100 units of seeds that gotten from dry harvest in each population then they were weighted in precision scales, the average of this weight was taken and multiplicated by 10. Accelerated Aging: After taking 75 seeds initial weights from every population (with 3 replicate), then placed in covered plastic pot (upon strand) which includes 100ml pure water and put in incubator at 45 °C. The seeds were taken out of the incubator in 2.-4.-6.days and put in room temperature and humidity for 24 hours. Then the seeds were germinated between the germination papers in incubator at 25 °C and the seeds that were normally germinated were counted and their rates were determined . Cold test: 30 seeds that were selected randomly from each population were placed between germination papers as 3 replicate then were placed in incubator at 10 °C. At the end of the fifth day they were taken to the incubator of 25 °C and after two days the seeds that germinated normally were counted .The statistical analysis of data that belongs to the examined features in experiment was made by using MSTAT-C statistic packet programme. The differences which belongs to the averages were determined according to 0,01 importance level. Research Findings Data of the results are shown in Table 2. The emergence rate showed a change between 12%100% in populations and the best emerging rate as 100% was gotten from 3rd population. The worst one as 12.20% was observed in 22th and 29th populations. The averages about the number of the days to be fresh pod harvest showed changes between the days 57-77.33; the highest average as 77.33 days was in 23rd population and the lowest ones as 57th days were in 5.,8.,9.,10.,12.,20.,26.,27.,29.and 30.populations ;the differences amongs the population averages show importance in P=0.01 level. From the point of length of pod, the population averages show a change between 388.11-133.52 mm. The highest values were obtained from the vining types. Pod diameter changed between 6.98-7.54 mm and the highest result obtained from 6th population while the lowest from the 11th. In terms of pod number per plant the values change between 18.67-70.50. The highest values obtained from 14th and 27th populations with 70.50 and 67.60 respectively where the lowest values from 1st and 23rd with 18.47 and 22.13. Pod yield per plant shows a range between 82.46 277.84 g and the best yield obtained from 30th (277.84 g/plant), 9th (265.67 g/plant), 28th (262.36 g/plant), 240 �27th ((256.42 g/plant), 14th (252.83 g/plant) and 2nd (243.79 g/plant) populations whereas the lowest one from 23rd (82.46 g). In terms of seed yield the average values changes between 8.39-26.95 g and it’s found important at P=0.01 level. When the highest value is maintained from the second population with 26.95 g, it’s followed by the eleventh population with 25.93 g, the ninth population with 25.84 g, the thirtieth population with 25.00 g, twelfth population with 24.54 g, the twenty-seventh population with 24.20 g and the twentyeighth population 23.84 g. Additionally, the lowest value is obtained from the twenty-third population with 8.39 g. The values of standard germination (normal seedlings) rates show in the sixteenth population 66%, in the twenty-eighth population 71%, in the first and twenty-fourth population 78% and the rest of populations provide a germination over 80%. The average values of a thousand seed number differ 129.07277.49 g and the highest value is observed in the twenty-ninth population with 277.49 g, also the lowest value is found in the eighteenth population with 129.07 g. In the second day germination of accelerated aging test, the differences between the F test is found significant in the level of P=0.01. The averages differ 38.67-94.67 % and the highest average is maintained in the third population with the 94.67 and the lowest average is from twenty-eighth population with 38.67%. The difference of fourth-day germination rate changes with 12% and 76%, the highest average in the third population with %76 and in the fifth population with 74.67%. On the other hand, the lowest average is observed in the twenty-eighth population with 12%. In the sixth day, the difference between the F Test and the growing test is %0.01-%56, the highest average is from third and fifth population with %56 and the lowest average is observed in the twenty-fourth population with %0.01. The proportion of the cold test differs 15.55-91.11%, the highest proportion is maintained from the thirteenth population with 91.11% and the lowest proportion is maintained from the fourteenth population with %24.44 and from twenty-seventh population with %15.56. Discussion The aspect of emergence, in the results of test, the third population is the highest one with %100. Emergence ratio of the populations which are picked up from the villages directly is over %74.00 and particularly, it is interesting that the low proportion of the other seeds from Menemen Araştırma Enstitüsü. In these populations, being high proportion of germination in standard germination test in lab conditions, signs that the negativities of emergence during the process of storing seeds. Its necessary to renew the seeds which are stored in gen sources once in 5 years. The lowest proportions of emerging are observed in the twenty-second and twenty-ninth population with %12.20. As a kind of characteristic, germination is related with both genotype and environmental conditions of. The heat and the humidity are the two of the most important factors for germination of seeds. If one of these factors gets away from optimum, it effects the germination badly. When the need of soil humidity is nearly same for types for germination of seeds, the necessary heat changes for each. Gül (1996), observes that in the soil with the same proportion of humidity when the bean seeds normally germinate, the cowpea never germinate. The accelerated aging and the cold tests, are tests that to find out before the performance of emergence ratio of seeds in field. Among these tests, accelerated aging tests and emergence ratio is found correlative . However, it should be repeated these tests for uprightness and coherence. When the first blooming is observed, the third population is the earliest one with 46.67 days and the latest ones are seventh and twenty-eighth populations with 55.00 days. Jadhav et. al (1991), explains after an observing in India, the processes of types to bloom are changeable from 38.8 days to 55.3 days. Olediran (1990), showed that planting between March,1 and April,30; the blooming of the cowpeas decrease from 95 days to 49 days with connected to increasing heat until blooming. It is possible to say that the number of days affects the first blooming how it can be earlier but there is no effect to yield. It is explained by Altınbaş and Sepetoğlu (1993), that the process which composes vegetation until blooming and they say that the process until the first harvest have little and unimportant effect to the yield. As the number of days to the first harvest, the latest population is twenty-third with 77.33 days and this is followed by fifteenth population with 72.00 days. To the first harvest as the earliest ones are fifth, eighth, ninth, tenth, twelfth, twentieth, twenty-sixth, twenty-seventh and thirtieth with 57 days. The differences among populations according to findings are in Bornova conditions, by Ceylan and Sepetoğlu (1983), the changing of the vegetation process and it shows similar observations with Jathav at al (1991), 241 �saying that the shortest vegetation differs from 56.3 days to 75.5 days. In terms of pod length, the firs population is located in the first group with 338.11 mm; the sixteenth population with 229.98 and the twentyfourth population with 208.170 follow it. While it is taken into account that these populations are vining types, it is possible that the number of pod for each plant is lower compared to the other populations. While the first population (vining) with 7.41 g is in the first group in the point of the weight of single pod as in the case of pod length, the nineth population with the sixteenth and the twentyfourth population as the other vining populations are located in the following group. While it is observed that there is an important and positive relation between the single pod weight and the pod length, it is determined that there is an important and negative relation between the number of pod for each plant. It is possible to say that the pod weights especially in the vining populations are much more than the others; howewer the number of pod declines. In terms of pod number per plant, the thiertieth population gets the highest the number with 70.5 and the lowest pod numbers are got by the first population with 18.67, the twentythird population with 22.13 and the sixteenth population with 26.73. Altınbaş and Sepetoğlu (1993), emphasize in their study that the element which has the most positive direct effect is the number of pods in terms of yield. The thiertieth population with 277.849 gets the highest value in the point of yield per plant plant and the nineth population follows it with 265.67 g. The lowest value is got from the twentythird population with 82.46. The values that are found differ 129.07-277.499 for the thousand seed weight. The lowest value is taken from the eighteenth population while the highest values are got from the twentynineth population with 277.49 g, the eleventh population with 266.46 g, the tenth population with 260.14 g, the twentysixth population with 258.31 and the sixth population 256.18 g. Dixit and Dubey (1984) emphasize that thousand seed weight does not contribute to the yield. On the other hand Altınbaş and Sepetoğlu (1993), state that there are negative and important correlations between the thousand seed weight and the pod per plant.According to the results which the researchers get from the path analysis, the found results match with the findings which are in the aspect that the number of pod per plant is the element contributing more to the yield. The highest production of seed weight for each plant is got from the second population with 26.941 g while the lowest one is got from twentythird population with 8.399 g. The highest production of seed to decare is alike got from the second population with 84.20 kg while the lowest one is got from the twentythird population with 26.22 kg. According to the accelarated test result, the highest performance is obtained from the third population in the second day and the lowest performance is got from the twentyeighth. The results of fourth day are the same. In the sixth day, the third and fifth populations have given the highest germination rates while the twentyeighth and twentyfourth populations have given the lowest germination rates. It’s seen that the first, the sixteenth, the twentyfourth and the twentyeighth have the lowest germination rate when the Standard germination rates are examined. According to the cold test results, the highest germination rate is observed in the thirteenth population, the lowest germination rate is observed in the fourteenth and the twentyseventh populations. In spite of the fact that the results at hand are not connected with standard germination and growing test results, it must be considered that the cowpea populations are taken from the reigons which have very different climate and altitude. It can be said that among the populations; the third and the fifth populations have higher strength relatively than the others when the positive correlation between the growing test and emergence rate are taken into account. As a result, it can be stated that it can be studied on the thiertieth population amongt the others, interms of the highest fresh pod yield . On the other hand; second population in which the highest seed yield obtained, and second , nineth, thiertieth and the eleventh populations in the point of production components can be evaluate for thre further studies. In the condition that, especially the “Vigna unguiculata L. Walp” which is a species with short vegatation is used as a second crop for the late summer months, while it can be claimed that the seventeenth, the eleventh and the third populations can be used in terms of earliness. The first, sixteenth and twentyfourth populations can be used in the point of its harmony to the changing needs because of the fact that the are vining types. It’s possible to grow the other vegatable species among the vining populations, to the mix culture vegatable production or to grow it as a border plant for yearly in vegatable garden. So the commercial source can be created by growing the cowpea populations whose production are low together with the other species. Howewer, it is important that these features have genetic stability as a lot of researchers emphasize. As Altınbaş et. al.. (1999) state that the production between the agronomic and morphologic features which affetct it and knowing that to what extend their greatness is affected by the changes of environment conditions and for determining correctly the feature or the features on which in indirect choice related to the production will be applied, it will be more realistic to determine these features in different conditions. 242 �1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Ort . LS D 54.67 ab 49.33 f-g 47.67 g 52.33 a-f 51.00 c-f 53.33 a-d 55.00 a 50.67 d-g 53.33 a-d 53.33 a-d 51.67 b-f 54.67 ab 53.33 a-d 53.00 a-e 53.00 a-e 52.00 a-f 53.00 a-e 53.67 a-d 53.33 a-d 50.00 efg 51.67 b-f 52.00 a-f 54.33 ab 52.00 a-f 53.67 a-d 53.00 a-e 53.33 a-d 55.00 a 54.00 abc 50.00 efg 53.67 a-d 52.56 3,31 54.27 11.54 Days to Bloo. 83.07 bcd 82.17 bcd 100.00 a 89.97 abc 91.10 ab 85.53 bcd 74.43 de 78.87 cd 81.07 bcd 57.73 fg 41.07 hij 40.00 hij 40.00 hij 43.30 hi 42.20 hij 41.07 hij 59.97 fg 64.40 ef 31.10 jk 76.63 d 64.40 ef 12.20 l 32.20 ijk 49.93 gh 27.73 k 33.27 ijk 37.73 ijk 37.73 ijk 12.20 l 35.53 ijk 35.33 ijk Pop Em. Rat. 3,63 60.69 Days to Fr. Har 58.67 gh 59.33 gh 59.33 gh 59.33 gh 57.00 h 58.67 gh 67.00 cd 57.00 h 57.00 h 57.00 h 59.67 gh 57.00 h 58.67 gh 58.67 gh 72.00 b 70.00 bc 58.67 gh 62.00 fg 69.33 bcd 57.00 h 60.00 fgh 68.33 cd 77.33 a 58.67 gh 60.67 fg 57.00 h 57.00 h 63.33 ef 57.00 h 57.00 h 66.33 de 39.73 160.64 388.11a 163.23 def 145.71 def 147.64 def 153.90 def 151.23 def 140.25 ef 164.24 def 180.10 cd 140.58 def 138.99 ef 133.52 f 139.85 ef 136.91 ef 141.27 def 230.00 b 142.82 def 142.34 def 136.40 ef 147.85 def 134.84 ef 143.50 def 136.75 ef 208.17 bc 174.01 cde 135.51 ef 136.37 ef 205.74 bc 143.67 def 145.02 def 151.25 def Pod Num. 39.73 388.11a 163.23 def 145.71 def 147.64 def 153.90 def 151.23 def 140.25 ef 164.24 def 180.10 cd 140.58 def 138.99 ef 133.52 f 139.85 ef 136.91 ef 141.27 def 230.00 b 142.82 def 142.34 def 136.40 ef 147.85 def 134.84 ef 143.50 def 136.75 ef 208.17 bc 174.01 cde 135.51 ef 136.37 ef 205.74 bc 143.67 def 145.02 def 151.25 def 160.64 Pod Lgt 0.36 7.28 243 7.40abc 7.34a-d 7.29a-e 7.06cde 7.26a-e 7.54a 7.42ab 7.18a-e 7.39abc 7.30a-e 6.98e 7.01de 7.05cde 7.28a-e 7.47a 7.08b-e 7.37a-d 7.34a-d 7.34a-e 7.38abc 7.30a-e 7.37abc 7.01de 7.25a-e 7.22a-e 7.33a-e 7.33a-e 7.21a-e 7.38abc 7.37abc 7.31a-e Pod Dia. 10,88 48.67 Pod per Pla. 18.67m 59.27bcd 50.37d-i 46.73f-i 49.67d-i 47.33e-i 54.30d-g 44.93f-k 53.43d-g 48.47d-i 57.82b-e 65.77abc 54.23d-g 67.60ab 35.23jkl 26.73lm 42.20h-k 45.20f-j 55.33c-f 49.63d-i 46.93f-i 50.65d-i 22.13m 34.27kl 40.37ijk 52.57d-h 66.33ab 53.53d-g 54.70def 70.50a 43.77g-k 19.8 199.290 173.59 j-n 243.79 a-f 190.51 h-m 190.72 h-m 205.38 f-k 194.46 g-m 220.95 c-i 212.45 e-j 265.67 ab 186.11 i-m 232.76 b-g 220.14 d-i 192.33 g-m 252.83 a-e 134.65 no 128.45 o 159.74 mno 165.36 k-o 202.72 f-l 189.18 h-m 157.95 mno 228.63 b-h 82.46 p 187.95 h-m 159.64 mno 223.92 b-i 256.42 a-d 262.36 abc 220.14 d-i 277.84 a 161.90 l-o 3.57 21.01 17.11l-o 26.95a 18.37i-n 21.84c-i 21.04d-k 19.30h-m 22.05c-h 20.38f-l 25.84ab 20.00g-l 25.93ab 24.54a-d 19.13h-m 23.99a-e 15.34n-o 13.62op 18.33i-n 17.93j-n 20.70e-k 21.70j-i 17.67k-n 23.16b-g 8.39r 11.38pr 16.01mno 21.37d-j 24.20a-e 23.84a-f 19.95g-l 25.00abc 17.79k-n Frsh Yld . Pl Seed Yld Pl. 11.48 77.46 17.50 67.99 1000 Seed Ac. Ag. Wg Test 142,01 o 78.67 defg 236,70 ef 85.33 a-e 158,17 mn 94.67 a 216,29 h 92.67 abc 187,16 i 93.33 ab 256,18 bc 84.67 a-f 250,45 cd 85.33 a-e 215,22 h 82.67 b-g 254,64 cd 76.00 e-h 260,14 bc 81.33 c-g 266,46 ab 78.67 d-g 219,19 h 81.33 c-g 175,08 j 88.00 a-d 170,45 jk 84.00 a-f 243,55 de 82.67 b-g 162,43 klm 62.67 ij 213,33 h 82.67 b-g 129,07 p 78.67 d-g 224,55 gh 76.00 e-h 165,37 jklm 65.33 hij 158,94 lmn 65.33 hij 218,27 h 76.00 e-h 175,19 j 73.33 f-i 170,24 jkl 62.67 i-j 147,56 no 76.00 e-h 258,31 bc 72.00 ghi 249,34 cd 54.67 j 157,53 mn 38.67 k 277,49 a 80.00 d-g 222,65 gh 81.33 c-g 231,81 fg 86.67 a-e 17.50 76.67 a-f 48.89 hi 63.33 d-h 81.11 abc 43.33 i 70.00 b-g 76.67 a-f 81.11 abc 72.22 b-g 80.00a-d 74.44 a-g 61.11 e-h 91.11 a 24.44 j 57.78 ghi 78.89 a-d 63.33 d-h 77.78 a-e 77.78 a-e 82.22 abc 86.67 ab 78.89 a-d 72.22 b-g 47.78 h-i 71.11 b-g 68.87 c-g 15.56 j 71.11 b-g 60.00 f-i 74.44 a-g 78.89 a-d 67.99 Cold Test �244 Table 2. Mean values of yield morphological and phenological characteristics and vigour tests results. Em. Rat. (%): emergence rate, Days to Bloo.(day): days to blooming, Days to Fr. Har. (day): days to fresh harvest , Pod Num.(number/plant): pod number per plant Pod Lgt (cm): Pod length, Pod Dia. (mm): pod diameter, Pod per Pla.(number): pod per plant , Frsh Yld . Pl (g/plant): fresh yield per plant, Seed Yld Pl.(g/plant): seed yield per plant, 1000 Seed Wg (g): thousand seed weight, Ac. Ag. Test (%): accelerated aging test, Cold Test (%) �References Altinbaş, M., Sepetoğlu, H., 1993. Bir Börülce (Vigna Unguiculata L.) Populasyonunda Dane Verimini Etkileyen Öğelerin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Doğa-Tr. J. Of Agricultural And Forestry. Sayı 17. 775-784. Altinbaş, M., Sepetoğlu, H., Karasu. A. 1999. Nohutta Verim Öğelerinin Farklı Çevre Koşullarında Verime Etkileri Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Türkiye Iii. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi. Cilt Iii.S. 348-353. Isparta. Aksoy, U. And Altindişli, A., 1999. Dünya’da Ve Türkiye’de Ekolojik Tarım Ürünleri Üretimi, Đhracatı Ve Geliştirme Olanakları. Đstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları, Yayın No: 1999-70. Đstanbul. S. 125. Anonymous, 2010. Faostat Data Base Results. Http://Faostat.Fao.Org/ Arora S.K., 1963. Chemistry And Biochemistry Of Legumes. Adward Arnold, London. Ceylan, A. Ve Sepetoğlu, H., 1983. Börülcede (Vigna Unguiculata, (L.) Walp) Çeşit-Ekim Zamanı Üzerinde Araştırma. E. Ü. Zir. Fak. Dergisi, 20/1, 25-40, Đzmir. Dixit, P., And Dubey, D. K., 1984. Path Analysis In Lentil (Lens Culinaris Med.) Lens News., 11, 2, 15-17. Gül, K., 1996. Börülce (Vigna Sinensis (L.) Endi) Tokat-Kazova Ekolojik Şartlarında Adaptasyonu Ve Uygun Ekim Zamanının Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma, G. Ü. Zir. Fak. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tokat. Gülümser, A., Tosun, F., And Bozoğlu, H., 1989. Samsun Ekolojik Şartlarında Börülce Yetiştirilmesi Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. O. M. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 4, 1-2, 49-65, Samsun. Jadhav, B. B., Khalfe, S. D. And Birari. S.P., 1991. Role Of Environmental Factors In Flowering And Maturity Of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (Linn) Walp.). Indian Journal Plant Physiol, 34, 215-221, India. Oladiran, J. A., 1990. The Effect Of The Time Of Planting On Flowering And Seed Yield In Some Varietes Of Cowpeas (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Nigerian Journal Of Tecnological Research, 2:2, 91-94, Nigeria. Pandley, J. P., And Torrie, J. H., 1973. Path Coefficient Analysis Of Seed Yield Components In Soybeans (Glycine Max (L) Merr.), Crop Sci., 13, 505-507. Quinn, J. 1999 Alternative Crop Guide ‘Cowpea’. Jefferson Institute. Colombia. Mo. Indiana Edition. P:2. Singh, B. B., Mohan D. R., Dashiel, K. E. Jackai, L. E. N. 1997. Advances In Cowpea Research. Iita And Jircas. Terra G.J.A., 1966. Tropical Vegetables. Cummung 54, Dept. Agric. Res. Rept. Trop. Inst., Amsterdam. Tomer, R. P. S., And Verma S.R., 1989. Effect Of Seed Size On Seedling Size On Seedling Vigour And Mature Plant Characters In Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Seed And Farms. 15:6, 25-27. Vural, H., Eşiyok H., Ve Duman. Đ., 2000. Kültür Sebzeleri Yetiştiriciliği. S:207-208. Đzmir.205-209 S. 245 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 433 Title A name given to the resource The Comparison Of Some Cowpea Populations According To Their Growth, Yield and Seed Quality Author Author OZTOKAT, Canan DEMİR, Ibrahim Abstract A summary of the resource. This research has been carried out in Canakkale-Turkey in order to determine the growth, yield and seed quality of 31 cowpea populations which were collected from Agean and Marmara Coastal Region. Research has been laid out in randomized block design with three replication. Emergence rate, days to flowering and harvest, pod length, pod weight, pod number, 100 seed weight, fresh pod yield (kg/da), seed yield (kg/da), standart germination tests, cold test and accelerated ageing have been determined. According to the test results, second population gave the highest seed yield 26.95 g/plant (84.20 kg/da). For fresh pod weight 30rd population has the highest yield with 277.84 g. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b270df1040d772c989a394a31b1e5f39.pdf 2127774f8b3f3bbd2552e19245c58780 PDF Text Text The Comparison of Vocational Colleges Located Both in City Center and In a Town in Erzurum Region in Terms of Teaching Process M. Dursun KAYA Atatürk University, Vocational College of Erzurum, Erzurum/Turkey dursun@atauni.edu.tr Y.Ziya AYIK Atatürk University, Vocational College of Erzurum, Erzurum/Turkey ziyaayik@atauni.edu.tr A.Samet HAŞILOĞLU Atatürk University, Faculty of Enginnering, Department of Computer Engineering Erzurum/Turkey asamet@atauni.edu.tr Reşat KARCIOĞLU Atatürk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Erzurum/Turkey rkarci@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: At each academic somestry, by means of the questionnaries applied to the students, the effectiveness and quality of teaching-learning carried out high education are determined and it is determined that how efficient a lesson is taught. By means of the answers given for questionnaries by students, their real ideal or thoughts about lessons are determined and, besides their contributions of the lecturers who carry out the lesson., the thoughts of administers contribute to the teaching and training in that somestry. In this respect, the data of questionnarie applied to the students of vocational college in campus and that of in the town were obtained. 30 questions are asked in questionnarie. The answer given for these questions were applied as factor analysis in SPSS programme, and the organization and planning of the lesson were evaluated as in various factors such as learning from the lesson of the students and lesson, examination and evaluation, and relationshipof training and teaching, the skills of communication, clearness and planning of the lesson. In addition, the ansver given by two different vocational college students were analaysed, and the distriction between them was found and the results obtained were interprated as regards lecturer’s prophile and two different vocational college students. Keywords: Assessment form of teaching process, factor analysis, the students of vocational college Introduction One of the methods determining the quality and efficiency of teaching-learning carried out higher education is to determine how to lesson is performed effectively by means of answers for questionnaires given to students at the end of each academic semester. The ideas indicating friendly thoughts of the students about the lessons they received 61 �by means of this method are one of the guiding elements about lectures in the decisions of the managers as well as contributing to the development of teaching-learning methods and lessons which were given by lecturers (Pamuk, 2005, Simmons, 1996, Noonan & Wold, 1983, Soerjaningsih et al., 2001). Various types of questionnaires as to evaluation of teaching process can be held. For instance, as questionnaires about the lecturer will be prepared, the questionnaires oriented to the students used in this study can also be prepared. In the questionnaires carried out with the aim of assessment of teaching process, there are thirty questions. In the result of a similar study made by (Braskamp & Ory, 1994, Centra, 1993) although they found six different results, in our study, we planned to investigate whether how many of different factors were found by practicing the same evaluation form for two different vocational colleges (Centra et al., 1993, Yamamoto, 1963, Coats, 1972). In this respect, with the application of a questionnaire where thirty questions take the place in teaching process evaluation form, in our study we obtained two new variables for Vocational Colleges of Aşkale and four new variable for Vocational Colleges of Erzurum. The most important agent in preference of factor analysis technique, in the direction of thriftiness principle, is that a context reticulated from a number of solid variables turned into a context reticulated from a small number of abstract variables and that it make comprehension and the explanation easy. In other words, factor analysis is multivariety statistics which aims the discover and finding out new variables which are significant concept by bringing a great number of variables together (Büyüköztürk, 2008, Kalaycı, 2006, Tatlıdil, 1992). Material and Method Evaluation form of teaching process was applied to the students attending to education in Vocational Colleges of Aşkale and Vocational Colleges of Erzurum of Atatürk University. Factor analysis was applied to data set consisting of the responds given for evaluation form of teaching process by students attending to different departments of these both vocational colleges by using SPSS statistical packet program. In the result of the analysis applied to Vocational College of Erzurum, four different factors were obtained while that of applied to Vocational Colleges of Aşkale was obtained two different factors. Factor analysis provides the interpretation of the structure of variance-covariance of variables sets by means of linear components of variables by explaining with a small number factors. For this reason, correlation matrix was first obtained. Of initial eigen values counted for Vocational College of Erzurum, four factors which are over one were found out. While four factors obtained for Vocational College of Erzurum explain 61.72% of total variance, it is observed that two factors obtained for Vocational College of Aşkale explain 66.56% of total variance (Tab. 2 and 3). Findings and Discussions In our study, 2325 teaching process evaluation form questionnaires as to lessons and the lecturers who give these lessons were applied to the students attending to three different departments of Vocational College of Erzurum. 871 teaching process evaluation form questionnaires as to lessons and lecturers who give these lessons were applied to the students attending to two different departments of Vocational College of Aşkale. Thirty questions were asked in the questionnaire about the lessons and their references and with the aim of determining the quality of teachinglearning (Tab. 1). 62 �Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 Q19 Q20 Q21 Q22 Q23 Q24 Q25 Q26 Q27 Q28 Q29 Q30 The purpose of this course is presented by the lecturer at the beginning of semester The lecturer is telling the course in whole heartedly The list of the preference is given at the start of the semester Educational tools and objects are used in the lesson The subjects planned at the beginning of the semester are being given Before lesson, the objective of the course is explained by lecturer I am being directed to investigate in this lesson My active participation in this lesson is provided I acquired promising knowledge in this course The lecturer is using lesson’s duration for the purpose of the lesson I think this knowledge will be useful for me The lecturer is performing the course successfully The lecturer is giving lesson by using various methods The lecturer can draw student’s attentions towards the lesson The lecturer admire positive behaviors of the students The lecturer can use body language effectively during the lesson The lecturer has been using clear understandable language The lecturer can give answers to the questions of the students The lecturer has been behaving to everybody equally The lecturer has been criticizing the errors of the students without breaking their honors The lecturer has been accepting the criticize with a positively manner The lecturer can communicate a healthy relations with his/her students during lesson The examination questions of this course have included all the subjects told before The examination questions of this course have been asked clearly and understandably The examination questions of this course have a teaching quality I have been receiving the mark I have expected from this lesson’s examinations The lecturer has been evaluating the activities such as homework, project, etc. about the lesson The lecturer has been giving the mark impartially The examination questions of this lesson can distinguish the literate from illiterate The lecturer can provide me the opportunity to examine my own examination paper Table 1: Teaching process evaluation form The study, the factors were determined according to principal component methods, and the most important basic component number according to Caiser criterion is four for Vocational College of Erzurum and two for Vocational College of Aşkale. The variances of basic component are bigger than 1. By accepting that factor number will be as much as basic component number, four factors for Vocational College of Erzurum and two factors for Vocational College of Aşkale were obtained. The most important stage as regards the research of factor analysis is to name the factors obtained and to mean them. 63 �Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Total 14,757 1,532 1,193 1,035 ,909 ,746 ,688 ,591 ,573 ,547 ,524 ,499 ,489 ,477 ,439 ,432 ,416 ,400 ,394 ,393 ,358 ,348 ,328 ,316 ,297 ,289 ,278 ,270 ,247 ,235 Initial Eigen values % of Variance Cumulative % 49,190 49,190 5,105 54,295 3,977 58,271 3,451 61,723 3,030 64,752 2,488 67,240 2,292 69,532 1,970 71,502 1,912 73,414 1,824 75,238 1,748 76,985 1,664 78,649 1,632 80,281 1,590 81,870 1,462 83,332 1,439 84,771 1,386 86,158 1,332 87,490 1,313 88,803 1,309 90,112 1,193 91,305 1,162 92,466 1,094 93,560 1,053 94,614 ,989 95,603 ,963 96,566 ,925 97,491 ,900 98,391 ,825 99,215 ,785 100,000 Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Variance Cumulative % 5,264 17,547 17,547 5,088 16,959 34,507 4,565 15,215 49,722 3,600 12,001 61,723 Table 2: Total variance counted for Vocational College of Erzurum Four different factors obtained for Vocational College of Erzurum are named as “the method of making lesson of lecturer and organizing of it”, “the relationship of student-the lecturer”, “transparency of the lecturer against students and equal behavior communication skills with them” and “the references used in the lesson and planning of the course” respectively (Tab. 4). Two factors obtained for Vocational College of Aşkale are respectively “type of performing of the lesson and the references used in the lesson”, and “communicating with the students by the lecturers and behaving equally”. 64 �Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Total 18,637 1,331 ,876 ,822 ,713 ,626 ,567 ,540 ,453 ,441 ,400 ,380 ,348 ,320 ,315 ,285 ,279 ,264 ,251 ,249 ,235 ,234 ,215 ,209 ,191 ,184 ,174 ,163 ,160 ,139 Initial Eigen values % of Variance Cumulative % 62,123 62,123 4,435 66,559 2,921 69,480 2,741 72,221 2,376 74,597 2,086 76,683 1,891 78,574 1,801 80,376 1,511 81,887 1,470 83,356 1,333 84,689 1,267 85,956 1,160 87,116 1,065 88,181 1,051 89,232 ,950 90,182 ,930 91,112 ,880 91,992 ,837 92,830 ,828 93,658 ,783 94,441 ,778 95,220 ,718 95,938 ,695 96,633 ,635 97,268 ,613 97,881 ,578 98,460 ,543 99,003 ,532 99,535 ,465 100,000 Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Variance Cumulative % 10,537 35,125 35,125 9,430 31,434 66,559 Table 3: Total variance counted for Vocational College of Aşkale The factors obtained from factor analysis cariied out orienting to the questions in (Tab. 1) and seen in (Tab. 2) when (Tab. 4) is examined for Vocational College of Erzurum, while the questions of Q14, Q16, Q22, Q13, Q8, Q15, Q12, Q21, Q18, and Q9 were in the factors “the relationship of student-the lecturer”, and the question of Q5, Q10, Q11, Q24, Q23, Q1, Q17, Q2, and Q25 were in the factor of “the performing method of the lesson by the lecturer”, and the question of Q28, Q29, Q26, Q30, Q19, Q20, and Q27 were in the factor of “method of transparency of the lecturer against the students and behaving equal and the skills of communicating with them”, the question of Q4, Q7 , Q3, and Q6 were named as the factor called as “the references used in the lesson and planning of the course”. For Vocational College of Aşkale, the questions of Q9, Q6, Q5, Q3, Q12, Q11, Q8, Q4, Q2, Q1, Q10, Q7, Q14, Q13, Q15, Q16, Q18, and Q17 were in the factor of “the tyğe of performing of the lesson and the references used in the lesson”, and the question of Q28, Q26, Q29, Q30, Q25, Q23, Q21, Q24, Q22, Q27, Q20, and Q19 were named as the factor of “communicating with students of the lecturer during lesson and behaving them equally”. The variables which affect mostly the factor of “relationship of students-lecturer which is the first factor obtained from our study for Vocational College of Erzurum are questions such as “the lecturer can draw student’s attention towards the lesson”, “the lecture can use body language effectively during lesson” and “the lecturer can contact with a health communication with the students during lesson” respectively. The variables which affect mostly the second factor are questions, such as “the subjects planned at the beginning of the semester are being giving in the lesson”, “the lecturer use the duration of the lesson appropriately to the aim of lesson”, “the knowledge I learned from this lesson will be useful for me”. The variable which affects mostly the third factor is the question such as “the lecturer gives the mark impartially”, and the variable which affects mostly the fourth factor is the question of “the lecturer use tool and material of teaching at lesson”. 65 �Vocational College of Aşkale Vocational College of Erzurum Q14 Q16 Q22 Q13 Q15 Q21 Q8 Q20 Q5 Q10 Q11 Q24 Q1 Q12 Q17 Q23 Q18 Q25 Q2 Q28 Q26 Q29 Q30 Q19 Q4 Q7 Q3 Q27 Q6 Q9 1 ,694 ,662 ,651 ,607 ,587 ,585 ,563 ,550 ,152 ,270 ,239 ,214 ,169 ,539 ,481 ,204 ,509 ,237 ,445 ,270 ,194 ,172 ,237 ,402 ,058 ,423 ,195 ,262 ,351 ,417 Component 2 3 ,263 ,214 ,245 ,214 ,325 ,406 ,198 ,203 ,228 ,402 ,267 ,482 ,261 ,187 ,238 ,488 ,206 ,703 ,239 ,650 ,150 ,598 ,489 ,554 ,156 ,552 ,220 ,549 ,303 ,548 ,499 ,542 ,297 ,528 ,474 ,512 ,193 ,508 ,314 ,715 ,269 ,657 ,310 ,647 ,040 ,616 ,365 ,571 ,176 ,145 ,134 ,220 ,377 ,164 ,071 ,500 ,434 ,191 ,447 ,161 4 ,362 ,254 ,125 ,465 ,219 ,120 ,468 ,033 ,271 ,105 ,325 ,118 ,384 ,240 ,107 ,020 ,155 ,282 ,264 ,120 ,278 ,269 ,259 ,062 ,748 ,658 ,608 ,512 ,478 ,457 Q9 Q6 Q5 Q3 Q12 Q11 Q8 Q4 Q2 Q1 Q10 Q7 Q14 Q13 Q15 Q16 Q18 Q17 Q28 Q26 Q29 Q30 Q25 Q23 Q21 Q24 Q22 Q27 Q20 Q19 Component 1 2 ,386 ,747 ,385 ,738 ,334 ,733 ,344 ,731 ,447 ,730 ,350 ,727 ,424 ,725 ,264 ,712 ,414 ,695 ,387 ,692 ,377 ,690 ,405 ,669 ,524 ,668 ,483 ,657 ,507 ,656 ,561 ,599 ,581 ,590 ,578 ,587 ,325 ,776 ,307 ,764 ,352 ,743 ,279 ,719 ,467 ,708 ,395 ,705 ,442 ,693 ,434 ,692 ,463 ,688 ,444 ,681 ,439 ,653 ,510 ,613 Table 4. Rotated component matrix For Vocational College of Aşkale, the variables which affect mostly the factor of “type of performing of lesson and the references used in lesson” are the questions such as “I acquired promising knowledge in this lesson”, “the goals of the lesson are being explained by lecturer before lesson” and “the subjects planned at the beginning of the term are being given in this lesson”. The questions such as “the lecturer gives the mark impartially”, “I have been receiving the mark I expect from the examination of this lesson” and “the questions of this lesson can distinguish the literate from illiterate” were found as variables which affect the factor of “contact with communication with the students of the lecturer during lesson” and “behaving equally to them”. 66 �Conclusions Thirty questions along with teaching process evaluation form orienting to the determination of the number and type of the ideas of the students about the lecturers were asked and these questions were included in factor analysis. In the result of factor analysis carried out, while four factors were obtained from the answers given by students of Vocational College of Erzurum, two factors were obtained from the answers given by the students of Vocational College of Aşkale to the same questions. While 17.55% of total changing for Vocational College of Erzurum indicates as first “the method of performing of the lesson by lecturer and organizing the lesson”, 35.13% of total changing for Vocational College of Aşkale indicates as the factor of “the type of lesson’s presentation and the references used in lesson”. It was found out that four factors explained 61.72% of total variance for Vocational College of Erzurum, and that two factors explained 66.56% of total variance for Vocational College of Aşkale. When the number of factors was taken into consideration, the students of Vocational College of Erzurum assessed the lecturer with more factors than those of Vocational College of Aşkale. The students of Vocational College of Erzurum stated their ideas about the matters relating to administrative decisions orienting to make changing in the method of giving lesson by lecturers and personal features or effectiveness of their lesson presentation. The students of Vocational College of Aşkale named 30 questions as two factors, and they make some narrower comprehensive assessments about the decisions taken by some administrators so that they will be oriented to the lecturer. While teaching process education form applied in the end of each academic year at Atatürk University is being applied, thanks to a good timing and by taking not only lecturers but also student’s into account, the process of teaching-learning belonging to that period will be assessed better. In case of mentioned suggestions application, some benefits such as assessment of lessons, rising the quality of teaching-learning, improvement of lecture himself/herself, the content of the lessons they gave, updating of some references and teaching method they applied for will be able to be provided. References Braskamp, O., (1994). Assessing Faculty Work: Enhancing Individual and Institutional Performance, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2008). Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum, Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, Ankara. Cantrell, R.P., Stenner, A.J. & Katzenmeyer, W.G. (1977). Teacher knowledge, attitudes, and classroom teaching correlates of student achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, Volume 69, Issue 2, 172-179. Centra, (1993). Reflective Faculty Evaluation: Enhancing Teaching and determining Faculty Effectiveness, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Coats, W.D. & Swierenga, L. (1972). Student Perceptions of Teachers: A Factor Analytic Study. The Journal of Educational Research. Vol. 65, No:8, s. 357-360. Coffman, W.E. (1954). Determining students' concepts of effective teaching from their ratings of instructors. Journal of Educational Psychology, Volume 45, Issue 5, 277-286. Çakar, G.E., Oktar, İ. & Bayraktar, F. (2007). Melsek Yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin öğretim elemanlarının davranışları konusundaki görüşleri, 4. Ulusal Meslek Yüksekokulu Sempozyumu, Ege Üniversitesi, 14-16 Mayıs 2007, Bergamaİzmir, 545-548 http://www.yok.gov.tr/egitim/raporlar/egitimdeger/egitimdeger.html, Öğrencilerin Eğitimi Değerlendirmesi Işık, S., Duman, K., & Korkmaz, A. (2004). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Finansal Krizler: Bir Faktör Analizi Uygulaması. D.E.Ü. İ.İ.B.F.Dergisi, Cilt:19 , Sayı:1, 45-69. Kalaycı, Ş. (2006), SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikler, Asil Yayın Dağıtım. 2. Baskı, 321-331. Noonan, R. & Wold, H. (1983). Evaluating Evaluation in Education, Volume 7, Issue 3, 219-364. school systems using partial least squares Pamuk, M. (2005). Öğrencilerin Öğretim Üyesi Değerlendirmesine Ait Bir Uygulama, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, Sayı. 1, 15-05. 67 �Simmons, T. (1996). Student Evaluation of Teachers, http://www.jalt.org/test/sim_1.htm Soerjaningsih, W., Fraser, B.J. & Aldridge, J.M. (2001). Teacher-Student Interpersonel Behaviour and Student Outcomes Among University Students in Indonesia, Section 1.01, http://www.aare.edu.au /01pap/soe01034.htm Tatlıdil, H. (1992). Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Analiz, Ankara. Yamamoto, K. (1963). Evaluating teacher effectiveness: A review of research, Journal of School Psychology, Volume 2, Issue 1, 60-71. 68 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 331 Title A name given to the resource The Comparison of Vocational Colleges Located Both in City Center and In a Town in Erzurum Region in Terms of Teaching Process Author Author KAYA, M. Dursun AYIK, Y.Ziya HAŞILOĞLU, A.Samet KARCIOĞLU, Reşat Abstract A summary of the resource. At each academic somestry, by means of the questionnaries applied to the students, the effectiveness and quality of teaching-learning carried out high education are determined and it is determined that how efficient a lesson is taught. By means of the answers given for questionnaries by students, their real ideal or thoughts about lessons are determined and, besides their contributions of the lecturers who carry out the lesson., the thoughts of administers contribute to the teaching and training in that somestry. In this respect, the data of questionnarie applied to the students of vocational college in campus and that of in the town were obtained. 30 questions are asked in questionnarie. The answer given for these questions were applied as factor analysis in SPSS programme, and the organization and planning of the lesson were evaluated as in various factors such as learning from the lesson of the students and lesson, examination and evaluation, and relationshipof training and teaching, the skills of communication, clearness and planning of the lesson. In addition, the ansver given by two different vocational college students were analaysed, and the distriction between them was found and the results obtained were interprated as regards lecturer’s prophile and two different vocational college students. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8f5ef0c34313437c62081baf147dd41b.docx da6a16aaccb660086acc0343a421ad62 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8bac4d2c3f21fd7b3b20b395de5e44b6.pdf 55df8f1ec99bff69d5251847e1860a4f PDF Text Text The Compatibility of Dayton System for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU Accession Yigit Anil Guzelipek CankiriKaratekin University Turkey guzelipek@gmail.com Abstract: This study seeks to produce a critical approach regarding the compatibility of Dayton system for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU accession in the framework of a new perspective for the future of Bosnia. Nowadays, EU accession became the most important foreign policy goal of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to create a more operative state system and complete the country’s reformation process. Nevertheless, still the country’s complete system is based on the “Dayton regime” which was established in 1995. Needless to say that the main goal of the Dayton system was creating a self-sufficient Bosnia and Herzegovina for the following years. On the other hand, today it’s seen that the international community still has a very constitutive role over Bosnia and Herzegovina. A productive national economy, operative democracy and dialogue stage between the ethnic groups might be considered as the most important uncompleted issues of the post-war period. In particular, when we consider the fact that some of the constitutive countries of former Yugoslavia had completed their EU accession or they became an official candidate for EU; the importance of EU for Bosnia and Herzegovina can be much more understandable. The main argument of this paper is producing the incompliance of Dayton system for Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the fact that Dayton system in Bosnia and Herzegovina created a state which is dependent to the existence of international community over the region. Additively, a bipartite comparative approach will be used both between the pre and post Dayton terms and between Bosnia and Herzegovina and other EU member former Yugoslav countries. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dayton Regime, International Community, EU Accession, Consolidation of Democracy 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2434 Title A name given to the resource The Compatibility of Dayton System for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU Accession Author Author ANIL GUZELIPEK, Yigit Abstract A summary of the resource. This study seeks to produce a critical approach regarding the compatibility of Dayton system for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU accession in the framework of a new perspective for the future of Bosnia. Nowadays, EU accession became the most important foreign policy goal of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to create a more operative state system and complete the country’s reformation process. Nevertheless, still the country’s complete system is based on the “Dayton regime” which was established in 1995. Needless to say that the main goal of the Dayton system was creating a self-sufficient Bosnia and Herzegovina for the following years. On the other hand, today it’s seen that the international community still has a very constitutive role over Bosnia and Herzegovina. A productive national economy, operative democracy and dialogue stage between the ethnic groups might be considered as the most important uncompleted issues of the post-war period. In particular, when we consider the fact that some of the constitutive countries of former Yugoslavia had completed their EU accession or they became an official candidate for EU; the importance of EU for Bosnia and Herzegovina can be much more understandable. The main argument of this paper is producing the incompliance of Dayton system for Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the fact that Dayton system in Bosnia and Herzegovina created a state which is dependent to the existence of international community over the region. Additively, a bipartite comparative approach will be used both between the pre and post Dayton terms and between Bosnia and Herzegovina and other EU member former Yugoslav countries. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dayton Regime, International Community, EU Accession, Consolidation of Democracy Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General)