27 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c5badcc0941a85218c0c7b644c627af3.pdf 6134b520e3ea1392a5bf73006d10781a PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo How Outsourcing Can Help the Organizations for Capturing Sustainable Development? Şermin ŞENTURAN International University of Sarajevo Faculty of Economics and Business Administration (FEBA) Bosnia and Herzegovina ssenturan@ius.edu.ba Ramo PALALIĆ International University of Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina ramopal@gmail.com Abstract: Outsourcing in its essence is a very dynamic and diverse topic and there are many different outsourcing options. In this paper, we would try to discuss basics on outsourcing aimed for a client and an outsourcing provider. It is argued that outsourcing has its benefits and disadvantages. It is on a company to do due diligence of itself prior to undertake outsourcing process. However, statistical data shown that outsourcing is rapidly growing and it has more its benefits over downsides. As globalization spreading out in untouched areas of the world, outsourcing does so. In this article we try to give the definitions, types and benefits of outsourcing for the organizations in order to give a broad understanding of its effects on sustainable development. Key Words: outsourcing, contracting, core-components, globalization Introduction Globalization is rapidly linking the world’s major economies. Today’s standard of excellence is not just best in class, in fact, it is best in world. In this global economy every company must compete against customer choices coming from everywhere and anywhere. Barriers to the marketplace are dropping quickly, with new competitors just a mouse-click away from any customer. Core competencies are the crown jewels of a company and, therefore, should be carefully nurtured and developed. Companies can determine their future business directions based on the strengths of competencies. However, because generalized terms such as resource, asset, capability, and competence are not clearly explained in connection with competence theory, these posing difficulties in understanding many contemporary management concepts (Hafeez, K. YanBing Zhang Malak, N. 2002). The phenomenon of outsourcing has become a global issue in this modern world. Seems that is a new trend for some countries, but in fact it had started in early fifteen centuries. There are many books written on this topic. However, although authors suggest outsourcing as a future perspective following up newest technology, they also argue that there are downsides of outsourcing. They say that failures in outsourcing should be expected if proper analysis and preparation were not undertaken. Others argue that is better to in-source than outsource. Accordingly, this paper tends to discuss some current issues in outsourcing, its benefits, and disadvantages and how it helps the development of the organizations in terms of sustainability. Definitions of Outsourcing There can many definitions of outsourcing be derived although its essence is the same, so we would provide a few definitions that best describes in brief almost all parts of outsourcing process. Outsourcing at its simplest is when a company or individual delegate some of its specific tasks to another individual who is not their direct employee, or another company. The individual or the company receives monetary compensation in exchange for the services rendered. In other words, outsourcing takes place when a company has recruited another company or an individual to perform agreed business activities for them and that company or individual receive financial benefits (in most cases they get paid). This way, we can see that 243 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo outsourcing does not necessarily mean only situations where large corporations are involved. In fact, it can also apply to small companies and entrepreneurs who get some of their work done by people who are not their employees. Outsourcing is finding areas and responsibilities within an organization that are not core competencies and finding someone else to do the work for the company. It involves transferring or sharing management control and/or decision-making of a business function to an outside supplier, which involves a degree of twoway information exchange, coordination and trust between the outsourcer and its client. So, outsourcing is contracting with another company or person to do a particular function. Usually a function being outsourced is considered as non-core to the company’s business. Graphically these definitions can be summarized as Figure 2: Services COMPANY CLIENT OLA and SLA Monetary Compensation OUTSOURCING PROVIDER OLA – Organization Level Agreement SLA – Service Level Agreement Figure 2 - Definitions of outsourcing Types of Outsourcing The most common types of outsourcing being implemented are the following: BPO – business process outsourcing ITO – information technology outsourcing 1. In short, BPO refers to the process of hiring another company to handle business activities for a company. A formal definition of BPO is set out as “the delegation of one or more IT-intensive business processes to an external provider who, in turn, administrates and manages the selected processes based upon defined and measurable performance metrics (Havley J.K, B.M.Melby, 2007, pg.21). BPO encompasses call center outsourcing, human resources outsourcing (HRO), finance and accounting outsourcing, and claims processing outsourcing. When BPO is concerned we can say that the BPO has its own sub-business processes such as KPO – knowledge process outsourcing and BTO – business transformation outsourcing. KPO includes those activities that require greater skill, knowledge, education and expertise to handle. The current definition of KPO encompasses R&D, product development and legal e-discovery, as well as a number of other business functions. Similarly, BTO refers to the idea of having service providers contribute to the effort of transforming a business into a leaner, more dynamic, agile and flexible operation. 2. ITO focuses on IT-related activities, such as application management and application development, data center operations, or testing and quality assurance. As a remark, we must bear in our mind that any kind of outsourcing would not be successful without IT technology. Rather it is an integrated part of every BPO. Also, the outsourcing could be distinguished according to the region or area where outsourcing is being performed as On-shore/Near-shore and offshore outsourcing. On- shore or near-shore outsourcing is outsourcing within nearby region or the same country. Offshore outsourcing is outsourcing beyond a country borders. Traditionally, organizations have a home base of operations-a region or country, where they began and where their first customers are located. In going offshore, the company has the opportunity to change its business in two primary ways: its net costs and its net capabilities. Net costs refer to all of the aspects of its costs that might be impacted by the change, such as labor, support, technology, communications, infrastructure, legal, insurance, and taxes. The resulting cost differential can be positive (it can produce a lower net cost for the organization) or negative (it can produce a higher net cost). At the same time, offshoring will also affect the organization’s net capabilities. Capability means all of the operating characteristics of the business, including the volume of work that can be processed, its quality, speed, and flexibility It is known that among the cheapest labor in the world are labors in India and China so today most business are offshored to these countries. - 244 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 3 – Outsourcing around the world (http://www.ulb.ac.be/ 15 December 2008) To note: since the outsourcing is in fact BPO, and all main functions are actually BPO functions, we will use it as outsourcing term in further discussion. So it is important to extent this discussion to BPO categories. BPO Categories Business processes that have come under close examination as potential candidates for outsourcing typically fall within one of seven categories: 1. Finance and accounting 2. Investment and asset management 3. Human resources 4. Procurement 5. Logistics 6. Real estate management 7. Miscellaneous (energy services, customer service, mailroom, food processing), [Halvey K. John, Melby M. Barbara, 2007, pg.134,] These categories have been established to facilitate the discussion of the general types of business processes that are the subject of consideration for outsourcing. Because in many cases a business process touches different areas within an organization, customers and vendors may categorize certain business processes under different headings depending on the organization’s internal structure. For example, in some companies, payroll is considered a human resource function, while in others it is considered a finance function. As the BPO market evolves, customers and vendors will undoubtedly identify more business processes than can and will be outsourced. The potential reach of BPO is evidenced by the scope of what is even now being considered for outsourcing. Business processes targeted for outsourcing are expanding beyond the traditional corporate support functions into the supply chain. Reasons for Outsourcing Over 90% of all companies around the world outsource certain business activities, whether it is HR benefits administration, payroll, technical support or many other services. Each of these areas is specialized and 245 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo resource intensive. Working with a knowledgeable vendor ensures that the tasks will be done well, and most importantly allows your organization to stay focused on its core business. For the past five years, vendors have been marketing BPO as an alternative to the typical IT outsourcing deal, encouraging customers to identify noncore processes that are inefficient, too costly, or difficult to manage. The entire process (except, in most cases, a high-level management position or positions) is then turned over to the vendor, who, in turn, typically agrees to productivity, customer satisfaction, and cost savings commitments. As the IT outsourcing marketplace becomes more standardized, BPO customers are looking for innovative ways to increase the efficiency and quality of an entire business process through value-added services, customer satisfaction, and, ideally, a direct, quantifiable impact on cost. Some of the key business drivers for customers considering BPO include: • Transferring the entire function (not just the IT component) to a qualified supplier • Enhancing/improving methodologies • Benefiting from industry knowledge or experience • Streamlining or standardizing processes across the organization • Sharing resources or technologies • Committing less up-front investment to new methodologies or technologies • Obtaining flexibility with respect to the roll-out of methodologies or technologies • Increasing productivity • Quantifying savings or benefits • Tracking customer satisfaction • Enhancing shareholder value Obviously, objectives for outsourcing one or more business processes will vary on a deal-to-deal basis. The objectives are typically shaped by management’s overarching goal in outsourcing (e.g., transition to new methodology or technology, reduction in costs or expenses). In addition, the Table 1 shows other benefits of outsourcing which best describe why a company tends to outsource its non-core business activities. Table1: It indicates what activities are reduced when a company is outsourcing its business activities Outsourcing Client Service Provider No need for a new infrastructure No extra staff needed Perceived needs Existing infrastructure Existing staff After a client describes their specific needs, a group of people, whose job it is to do those things, does them Already possesses necessary equipment Hires staff Trains and supports staff Fire people in case of not working out Track the learning curve No new equipment needed Does not hire new people Provides no support or training No need to fire people No need for learning for outsourced activities Better service quality No effort needed for extra project analysis and investment The client is guaranteed a certain quality level of service They see better results, in less time, with very little ongoing investment of time and effort The following figure summarizes already introduced reasons for outsourcing business competencies. 246 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 4: Source (Corbett F. Michael, 2004, pg 31) Analysis, Preparation and Stages of Outsourcing Prior to outsource, a company needs to define its internal SWOT Analysis. It should determine points where sustainable advantage lies and could those weaknesses be eliminated if company find outsourcing vendor in order to follow and continue its competitiveness. This should be made at Business process and IT level. If the company perceives the following, it should go for outsourcing. Business concerns: • Perceived low availability of services • Perceived a low level of service quality (accessibility, turn-around time etc.) • No clear service reporting and service management • Roles & Responsibilities not clear. • Processes unclear, too slow, too many hand-offs • Slow and error-prone service introduction • Unsatisfactory support of remote sites & subsidiaries • No service culture • Cost allocation & charges unclear and cannot be influenced by business decisions, etc. IT concerns: • Unreasonable service level expectations from business • No cost & resource awareness • Large number of non-standard work requests • Overlarge project portfolio, paired with spaghetti development infrastructure • High-level of business applications • Inefficient-underutilized server platform, • Aging central technology platforms and complex networks • Large and diverse skill pool required to support infrastructure Similarly, a company should take into account its other internal constraints prior to outsource, namely: • Availability of Seed Money – a company needs to reduce cost, this requires efficiency gains, and efficiency gains require investment • Structural Inflexibility – company’s current business and application architecture may not allow for simple and low cost ICT changes • Time to Benefit – Most “quick-wins” have already been explored over recent years. Major initiatives have pay-backs seldom shorter than 24 – 36 months 247 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo • • • • Business vs. IT Projects – Most projects are invisible to the normal business users and do not directly contribute to business revenue generation Capacity and Know-How – Are there sufficient internal resources available to drive the change in a timely fashion? Will heavy external resource usage kill the business case? Change Capacity – Can the internal organization absorb this change now (ex. Overall moral, unions, etc.) Sustainability – Can initiatives be maintained in light of business development? Statistics Facts Since globalization took place, outsourcing has increased enormously. It is a fact that every year outsourcing getting its part in every business. Another factor that fosters its growth is rapid development of IT technologies. Outsourcing statistics show that the largest percentage of jobs being outsourced is in Information Technology, by around 28%. The next largest field is human resources taking 15% of the outsourcing market, followed closely by sales and marketing outsourcing with 14% and financial services outsourcing at 11%. The remaining 32% is made up of other different processes such as administrative outsourcing. (http://www.manpower.com, 12 December 2008) Figure 5 - Outsourcing statistics on IT, HRM, financial services, marketing and the rest of services Most of the outsourcing is done by multinational companies and the most popular destinations are India, China and the Philippines. Of course these figures slightly differ depending on the study and the point of view, but this division gives an idea of the outsourcing market. (http://www.manpower.com, 12 December 2008) Forrester Research estimates that 3.3 million U.S. jobs and $136 billion in wages could be moved to such countries as India, China, and Russia by 2015. (http://www.manpower.com, 12 December 2008) Nasscom, a lobby form for Indian software and service companies, has reported that India could earn $60 billion a year by 2010 from information technology and outsourcing. Most of the new business is expected to be outsourced by insurance, retail, banking and travel companies. (http://www.manpower.com, 12 December 2008) The McKinsey Global Institute estimates that the volume of offshore outsourcing will increase by 30 to 40 percent a year for the next 5 years. (http://www.manpower.com, 12 December 2008) According to an article in Business Week magazine, the most commonly outsourced functions in terms of global spending include the following (listed in order of global spending): 1. Logistics and procurement—$179 billion 2. Manufacturing—$170 billion 3. InfoTech—$90 billion 4. Customer care—$41 billion 5. Engineering—$27 billion 248 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 6. Finance & accounting—$14 billion 7. Human resources—$13 billion 8. Analytics—$14 billion (http://hosteddocs.toolbox.com/ceo-succession-management-consultants.pdf, 12 December 2008) Figure 6 – Commonly Outsourced Functions and Processes Problems and Barriers in Outsourcing Although outsourcing’s ability to create these benefits for companies and their customers and shareholders is well documented, challenges and problems do exist. These are highly complex, sophisticated relationships that require care in their planning, execution, and management. There are also a number of barriers inside the organization that must be brought down if outsourcing is to work well. For example, managers fear a loss of control. They often believe that although an activity may not be core, it may still be too critical to be outsourced. Also, they are concerned about losing flexibility by getting locked into a long-term contract with a service provider. In addition, managers are concerned about how their customers may react and they are concerned about employee, and especially union, reactions. Also, managers are worried, particularly when it comes to offshore outsourcing, about community and political reaction over lost jobs. Concerning problems and barriers, the following should not be neglected: • Longer for vendor to setup than expected • Outsourcing vendor unable to hire and train staff fast enough • Outsourcing vendor can't handle volume of activities • Unable to obtain and maintain telecommunications equipment • Different work ethics between organization and outsourcing vendor • Outsourcing vendor unable to perform on a timely basis • Outsourcing vendor unable to produce contractual results • Contract performance measures and penalties poorly written • Contract exit language inadequate • Failure to consider time necessary to major outsourcing vendor Conclusion No organization can stay competitive in today’s rapidly changing global economy by relying solely on its own resources. Outsourcing is a necessary response to today’s rapidly-competitive environment. In this environment, no organization can afford the level investment required to be best-in-world across its entire operation, yet none can afford to be anything less. Through outsourcing, organizations solve this dilemma by focusing their internal resources on the activities that provide them a unique competitive advantage. At the same time, each outsourcing transaction adds to the organization’s overall performance and competitiveness. It saves money, redirects resources to more valuable activities, achieves a more variable cost 249 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo structure, gains access to much needed skills, reduces the internal competition for capital, becomes faster and more responsive, and even increases its level of innovation. Managers and executives themselves are able to better focus their energies externally, on customers, as opposed to internally, on day-to-day operations. On the contrary, outsourcing has its barriers and problems such as loss of control, to critical to be outsourced, loss of flexibility, negative customer reaction, employee, lack o clarity in costs, lower service quality and similar. Therefore, we can conclude that if a company perceives such that functions are non-core and/or not a competitive niche, significant cost advantages from outsourcing, limited/no opportunity for learning transfer, skill competencies not available in organization, cost of monitoring/administering outsourcing partner is low, comparable or better service levels from outsourcing, the company should go for outsourcing. On the other hand if the company sees issues that are: critical to the business, no cost advantages from outsourcing, potential competitive advantages through knowledge transfer, skill capabilities readily available in organization, high cost of monitoring/administering outsourcing partner and service levels better within organization, the company should insource its business processes. Finally, concerning Bosnian business environment, we can fairly argue that this region lacks of many kinds of outsourcing (although there are some companies involved in outsourcing activities) and there should be a leveraging instrument or factor that could foster this new era business activity. Yet, outsourcing business activities would definitely boost the economy of Bosnia towards its prosperity and its faster integration into European Union. Outsourcing would be one of many steps to implement the country mission as a future EU member. References Burkholder Nicholas C. (2006), Outsourcing: The definitive View, Applications and Implications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey Corbett F. Michael (2004) The Outsourcing Revolution: Why it makes sense and how to do it right, Dearborn Trade Publishing, US. Diaz-Mora, Carmen (2008), What factors determine the outsourcing intensity? A dynamic panel data approach for manufacturing industries’, Applied Economics,40:19,2509 — 2521 Erik B., Pieter R. and Jan R. (2006), Managing IT Outsourcing Governance in Global Partnerships, Rutledge USA Hafeez, K. YanBing Zhang Malak, N. (2002), Core competence for sustainable competitive advantage: a structured methodology for identifying core competence, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management Halvey K. John, Melby M. Barbara (2007), Business Process Outsourcing, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. http://hosteddocs.toolbox.com/ceo-succession-management-consultants.pdf (15 December 2008) http://www.manpower.com (15 December 2008) http://www.ulb.ac.be/ (15 December 2008) Jane C. Linder (2004), Outsourcing for Radical Change: A Bold Approach to Enterprise Transformation, AMACOM R. Marjit S. and Mukherjee A. (2008), Review of International Economics, 16(5), 1010–1022, DOI:10.1111/j.14679396.2008.00764.x (International Outsourcing and R&D: Long-Run Implications for Consumers)] McIvor (2005), the Outsourcing Process: Strategies for Evaluation and Management, Cambridge University Press, UK Rick L. Click Thomas N. Duening (2005), Business Process Outsourcing: The Competitive Advantage, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Hoboken, New Jersey. Schendel D. (1996), Management Journal, Vol.17, Special Issue: Knowledge and the Firm, winter, 1-4 Sugata Marjit and Arijit Mukherjee. (2008), Review of International Economics, 16(5), 1010–1022, International Outsourcing and R&D: Long-Run Implications for Consumers 250 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 209 Title A name given to the resource How Outsourcing Can Help the Organizations for Capturing Sustainable Development? Author Author SENTURAN, Sermin PALALIĆ, Ramo Abstract A summary of the resource. Outsourcing in its essence is a very dynamic and diverse topic and there are many different outsourcing options. In this paper, we would try to discuss basics on outsourcing aimed for a client and an outsourcing provider. It is argued that outsourcing has its benefits and disadvantages. It is on a company to do due diligence of itself prior to undertake outsourcing process. However, statistical data shown that outsourcing is rapidly growing and it has more its benefits over downsides. As globalization spreading out in untouched areas of the world, outsourcing does so. In this article we try to give the definitions, types and benefits of outsourcing for the organizations in order to give a broad understanding of its effects on sustainable development. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8007c40a88b8dad51fe2603435c0503d.pdf 8778dd842454fafdef97f9fa707fc7e2 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Reengineering: Necessary Aspect of Sustainability for Organizational Development Şermin ŞENTURAN Dr., Professor at International University of Sarajevo Faculty of Economics and Business Administration (FEBA) Bosnia and Herzegovina ssenturan@ius.edu.ba Samir HUSĐĆ MA, Postgraduate Student at International University of Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina samirhusic@gmail.com Abstract: Most of the managers believe that they have had all the debates they need to have and that the industry will continue to exist as it has for many years. But the industry is continuously deregulated, and the business must be reconfigured in this deregulated environment? There is always a fear of unknown but organizations must evaluate their needs for changing fundamentals of the business. Companies, even those with cultures receptive to process innovation, should not expect to achieve major change without making major commitments. Successful reengineering process relies on a wide range of skills. To effect needed change, organizations must somehow mobilize sufficient technological, human and organizational, political, and process expertise with the requisite enablers. This necessarily involves assigning some of their best people, or, if the firm lacks the needed skills or methods internally, employing external consultants, to design and implement new processes. Business orientation that combines process improvement and process innovation efforts is unique and uniquely relevant to current business management. It is in keeping with cultural leanings toward innovation and incorporates the rigor and measurement orientation found in the quality approaches of many successful firms. Keywords: reengineering, bosnia, process reengineering, revolution, innovation Introduction Many managers, especially those in relatively successful businesses, naturally tend to keep using the same old process and technology. They believe that they have had all the debates they need to have and that the industry will continue to exist as it has for many years. But what will they do, for instance, if they suddenly find out that their business is potentially unsustainable, and the business must be reconfigured to maintain the economic development? Perhaps these managers have been around the old industry simply too long to be able or willing to imagine that new configuration. Sustainable development expect from business leaders to use resources with aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations. United Nations’ “Agenda 21” emphasizes the need to change from old sector-centered ways of doing business to new approaches that involve cross-sectoral co-ordination and the integration of environmental and social concerns into all development processes (Agenda 21, 1992). This is where reengineering the business comes in, changing the fundamentals of the business. A truly reengineered business finds out how to do more with less. But there is a fear of the unknown and its potential threats, its inevitable risks. Some managers are prevented from seeing the future because they are blinded by the sun of their current success and they cannot see the wall that they are driving right into. Also, many people suffer from a kind of subliminal denial of the future because to face it would be too traumatic (Champy, 2006, pp. xixii). They are unable to implement personal responsibility and to develop mechanisms to protect the environment. Companies, even those with cultures receptive to process innovation, should not expect to achieve major change without making major commitments. Successful reengineering process relies on a wide range of skills. To effect needed change, organizations must somehow mobilize sufficient technological, human and organizational, political, and process expertise with the requisite enablers. This necessarily involves assigning some of their best people, or, if the firm lacks the needed skills or methods internally, employing external 236 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo consultants, to design and implement new processes. Absence of skills is as much a reason for caution as an unreceptive culture. Consequently, process innovation must itself be viewed as a process, not a project. If initial efforts are successful, companies will move on to redesign other processes, a prospect that stretches to decades. Absence of such long-term orientation is often decried in contemporary business; process innovation is one more reason it cannot continue (Davenport, 1993). This work will comparatively explore these basic issues and approaches of most influential researchers in field of business process reengineering, with specific focus on controversial issues and failures in this process. History In 1990, Michael Hammer, a former professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), published an article in the Harvard Business Review, in which he claimed that the major challenge for managers is to obliterate non-value adding work, rather than using technology for automating it (Hammer, 1990). This statement implicitly accused managers of using information technology for automating existing processes rather than using it as an enabler for making non-value adding work obsolete. A similar idea was advocated by Thomas H. Davenport and J. Short in 1990 (Davenport, 1990), the same year as Hammer published his paper. This idea, to unbiased review a company’s business processes, was rapidly adopted by a huge number of firms, which were striving for renewed competitiveness, which they had lost due to the market entrance of foreign competitors, their inability to satisfy customer needs, and their insufficient cost structure. Even well established management thinkers, such as Peter Drucker and Tom Peters, were accepting and advocating business process reengineering (BPR) as a new tool for re-achieving success in a dynamic world. During the following years, a fast growing number of publications, books as well as journal articles, was dedicated to BPR, and many consulting firms embarked on this trend and developed BPR methods. Despite critiques, reengineering was adopted at an accelerating pace and by 1993, as many as 65% of the Fortune 500 companies claimed to either have initiated reengineering efforts, or to have plans to do so. This trend was fueled by the fast adoption of BPR by the consulting industry, but also by the study Made in America, conducted by MIT, that showed how companies in many US industries had lagged behind their foreign counterparts in terms of competitiveness, time-to-market and productivity (Industry Week, 1994). Definitions Different definitions of business process reengineering can be found. We will focus here on most influential ones. "... The fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed." (Hammer M. a., 1993) Reengineering "encompasses the envisioning of new work strategies, the actual process design activity, and the implementation of the change in all its complex technological, human, and organizational dimensions."(Davenport, 1990). Additionally, Davenport points out the major difference between BPR and other approaches to organization development (OD), especially the continuous improvement or TQM movement, when he states: "Today firms must seek not fractional, but multiplicative levels of improvement – 10x rather than 10%." Finally, Johansson provide a description of BPR relative to other process-oriented views, such as Total Quality Management (TQM) and Just-in-time (JIT), and state: "Business Process Reengineering, although a close relative, seeks radical rather than merely continuous improvement. It escalates the efforts of JIT and TQM to make process orientation a strategic tool and a core competence of the organization. BPR concentrates on core business processes, and uses the specific techniques within the JIT and TQM ”toolboxes” as enablers, while broadening the process vision." (Johansson, 1993). In order to achieve the major improvements BPR is seeking for, the change of structural organizational variables, and other ways of managing and performing work is often considered as being insufficient. For being able to reap the achievable benefits fully, the use of information technology (IT) is conceived as a major contributing factor. While IT traditionally has been used for supporting the existing business functions, it now plays a role as enabler of new organizational forms, and patterns of collaboration within and between organizations. Business strategy is the primary driver of BPR initiatives and the other dimensions are governed by strategy's encompassing role. The organization dimension reflects the structural elements of the company, such as hierarchical levels, the composition of organizational units, and the distribution of work between them. Technology is concerned with the use of computer systems and other forms of communication technology in the business. In BPR, information technology is generally considered as playing a role as enabler of new forms of 237 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo organizing and collaborating, rather than supporting existing business functions. The people / human resources dimension deals with aspects such as education, training, motivation and reward systems. The concept of business processes - interrelated activities aiming at creating a value added output to a customer - is the basic underlying idea of BPR. These processes are characterized by a number of attributes: Process ownership, customer focus, value adding, and cross-functionality. (Business process reengineering, 2000). Methodology Although the labels and steps differ slightly, the early methodologies that were rooted in IT-centric BPR solutions share many of the same basic principles and elements. The following outline is one such model, based on the Process Reengineering Life Cycle (Guha, 1993). 1. Envision new processes 1. Secure management support 2. Identify reengineering opportunities 3. Identify enabling technologies 4. Align with corporate strategy 2. Initiating change 1. Set up reengineering team 2. Outline performance goals 3. Process diagnosis 1. Describe existing processes 2. Uncover pathologies in existing processes 4. Process redesign 1. Develop alternative process scenarios 2. Develop new process design 3. Design HR architecture 4. Select IT platform 5. Develop overall blueprint and gather feedback 5. Reconstruction 1. Develop/install IT solution 2. Establish process changes 6. Process monitoring 1. Performance measurement, including time, quality, cost, IT performance 2. Link to continuous improvement -> Loop-back to diagnosis One critical issue is: Who will lead the reengineering process? Experience shows that most professionals and managers are not completely qualified to lead and implement revolutionary process redesign. The MIS professional typically has too little training in process design and analysis and is likely to see things from the perspective of technology, not of added value to the customer. Senior executive leadership and guidance are essential to reengineering efforts, but who will actually devise and implement revolutionary process designs? Most companies have little or no experience envisioning and putting into practice radical changes in how they work. Operating managers, for example, know how to execute and control existing processes, not explode them. Most have never been encouraged to "think out of the box." Manufacturing and process engineers are trained to improve processes, not to abandon them and start over. Everyone involved will require extensive training and development. Some prediction for the distant future is that CIO will stand for Chief Innovation Officer, the catalyst of reengineering. (Miller, 1991) The Role of Information Technology Information technology (IT) was in the past an essential part of the reengineering concept. It is considered by some as a foremost enabler for new forms of functioning and collaborating within an organization and across organizational borders. Early BPR literature identified several so called disruptive technologies that were supposed to challenge traditional wisdom about how work should be performed. (Hammer M. a., 1993) • Shared databases, making information available at many places • Expert systems, allowing generalists to perform specialist tasks • Telecommunication networks, allowing organizations to be centralized and decentralized at the same time • Decision-support tools, allowing decision-making to be a part of everybody's job 238 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo • Wireless data communication and portable computers, allowing field personnel to work office independent • Interactive videodisk, to get in immediate contact with potential buyers • Automatic identification and tracking, allowing things to tell where they are, instead of requiring to be found • High performance computing, allowing on-the-fly planning and revisioning In the mid 1990s, especially workflow management systems were considered as a significant contributor to improved process efficiency. Also ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) vendors, such as SAP, JD Edwards, Oracle, PeopleSoft, positioned their solutions as vehicles for business process redesign and improvement. (Business process reengineering, 2000) High-Tech Forces of Reengineering Regarding high-tech forces used in change process, the most interesting view of what is likely to be part of our lives as we make our individual and corporate ways through the twenty-first century. Most researchers agree on one overall key point that has been at times somewhat controversial, that is, that science and technology will continue to have enormous impacts on all of us and these impacts, in the main, are almost always positive. To the extent that there are negative consequences, we tend to recognize that, and wish to mitigate such consequences. However, it is also clear that we are determined to try to minimize these potential negatives through systematic programs and year-by-year expenditures of money. What we are not prepared to do is to give up the benefits of the technological advances. It is fair to assume that this attitude will prevail in the twenty-first century as well. There are five high-tech forces that make reengineering necessary and applicable today (Eisner, 2000, pp. 43-48): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The information age. It is a fact that the twenty-first century will represent the complete blossoming of the information age. Those with the right information, and the ability to do something constructive with it, will handle the power and increase the wealth. Information will allow enterprises to do what they do even better, and also to create completely new enterprises, in terms of both products and services. Increased bandwidth and reduced cost characterize the information age, and even information have a hierarchical structure as knowledge engineering and management threaten to become a form of just plain information. Speed and responsiveness. This is in a very real sense a necessary companion to the information age. As we build the infrastructure and capabilities that will be part of the information age, increased bandwidth will allow increased speed. The demand for this speed will follow on the heels of the technology push, meaning that people and businesses will wish to pay real money for the speed and responsiveness that such a capability is able to provide. As information finds it way to the right people more quickly, there will be pressure for the executives in business to speed up their operations in order to provide what their customers want in a more responsive manner, and make their decisions more quickly, which will be supported by having the right information available at the right time. Competition. The fact that people and companies will have and utilize the capability to move with increasing speed in the marketplace leads to extremely strong competition. If every business, in effect, sees more powerful competition coming globally, out of necessity this will have a most profound effect on the business itself. All companies that rely on information must be working as hard as they know how to make sure they remain at the leading edge. All these new enterprises, in the aggregate, pose a threat to the established companies in that a new very soon replaces the old one in a world in which market share can be reversed in very short periods of time. And these new companies heat up the competitive environment so that nothing is safe or sacred. New work patterns and environments. We are interested in new work patterns and environments, within individual’s migration path of the business enterprise of the twenty-first century. What type of work pattern and environment are we likely to find as we move into that future world and work our way through it? We can see at least three new work patterns emerging: Working highly irregular hours, often at home or at remote locations; working with new application that will bring fame and fortune; A confusion of plenty, that gives new ways of developing software as well as new ways to fail to integrate them. Loyalties and leverage. The world is changing and double-sided loyalties were shattered. Top management, not in the habit of firing themselves, looked around for ways to cut costs as profits were eroding or negative. The answer became a national pastime in which the euphemism was “right-sizing”. After all, the layoffs proved how responsible and effective the executives were. Loyalties were seriously 239 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo eroding. Trust was dissipating and disappearing. If the workers were ultimately only pawns in the game, then constant movement for the best deal was to be a kind of response. Mandates or edicts issued by upper management that predetermine the technical approach or schedule, cost, and performance considerations without sufficient project team input or concurrence are frequently seen to cause reengineering failure. More often project schedules, costs, and deliverables are dictated by top management decisions. Software is a difficult business, and especially where one is dealing with legacy systems that may have poorly developed components and poor documentation. While top management does need to make decisions on the allocation of scarce resources, it is tempting for them to also determine specific deliverables and timetables. However, detailed planning of schedules and milestones can only be accurately determined through careful study of the technical parameters of a system, based on an understanding of the system, historical data, and knowledge of the specific skills of the staff. When top management prescribes these details with little data, the results are usually disastrous. (Bergey, 1999, p. 24) Why Reengineering Fails Inspired with contemporary management trends, many companies tried to make themselves a significantly better competitor. All of them tried to make a fundamental change in how their business is conducted, and many of them tried to apply reengineering, so they can cope with more challenging market surroundings. However, many of them either failed, either have been in between, or in most cases obvious lack of success were distressing. The media usually point out the high rate of failure to three factors: the resistance of employees to change, inadequate leadership by senior management, and unrealistic expectations about reengineering results. (Kiely, 1995) Many lessons have been learned through analysis of these failures. Some very general reasons could be drawn, and one is disrespect of process phases. Process phases are usually involving a considerable length of time, and skipping some phases makes only illusion of speed and never produces rewarding result. Following are some specific reasons why reengineering fails (Kotter, 1995): 1) Not Establishing a Great Enough Sense of Urgency. The first step in reacting to revenue drop or declining trends in company is very important, because its success directly depends on motivation of individuals or groups who are crucial wheels of change. Although it sounds easy comparing with further steps in process, most companies fail in this phase. Sometimes executives underestimate how hard it can be to drive people out of their comfort zone, or they lack patience, or they worry that employees will be defensive, or that morale will drop, or they fear to be blamed for creating a crisis. To be successful in this phase, urgency rate must be very high, and it must be established in most of company’s management. Some executives created a crisis, by making large accounting loss or going public with terrible results, so the sense of urgency becomes higher. However, although sometimes crisis atmosphere promotes reengineering success, experts believe that crisis create fear and panic which drives out optimism. (Kiely, 1995, p. 15) 2) Not Creating a Powerful Enough Guiding Coalition. Major renewal programs often start with just one or two people. In cases of successful transformation efforts, the leadership coalition grows and grows over time. Major change is impossible unless the head of the organization is an active supporter. In the most successful cases, the coalition is always pretty powerful- in terms of titles, information and expertise, reputations and relationships. Sometimes they expect the team to be led by a staff executive from human resources, quality, or strategic planning instead of a key line manager. No matter how capable or dedicated the staff head, groups without strong line leadership never achieve the power that is required. One deep research of 30 companies reengineering process show that first precondition for failure was allowing wrong manager to sponsor the project. (Kiely, 1995, p. 15) But whenever some minimum mass is not achieved early in the effort, nothing much worthwhile happens. Companies that fail in phase two usually underestimate the difficulties of producing change and thus the importance of a powerful guiding coalition. Sooner or later, the opposition gathers itself together and stops the change. 3) Lacking a Vision. In successful transformation effort, the guiding coalition must develop a picture of the future that is relatively easy to communicate and appeals to customers, stockholders, and employees. A vision always goes beyond the numbers that are typically found in five-year plans. A vision says something that helps clarify the direction in which an organization needs to move. Without a sensible vision, a transformation effort can easily dissolve into a list of confusing and incompatible projects that can take the organization in the wrong direction or nowhere at all. In failed transformations, you often find plenty of plans and directives and programs, but no vision. Not surprisingly, the employees in such cases are confused or alienated. A rule for sharing a vision: if you 240 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo can't communicate the vision to someone in five minutes or less, and get a reaction that signifies both understanding and interest, you are not yet done with this phase of the transformation process. 4) Undercommunicating the Vision by a Factor of Ten. Having used about .0001% of the yearly intracompany communication, the group is startled that few people seem to understand the new approach. Transformation is impossible unless vast majority of people are willing to help, often to the point of making short-term sacrifices. Employees will not make sacrifices unless they believe that useful change is possible. Without credible communication, and a lot of it, the hearts and minds of the troops are never captured. Executives who communicate well incorporate messages into their hour-byhour activities. They take ritualistic and tedious quarterly management meetings and turn them into exciting discussions of the transformation. 5) Not Removing Obstacles to the New Vision. Too often, an employee understands the new vision and wants to help make it happen. But an elephant appears to be blocking the path. In some cases, the elephant is in the person's head, and the challenge is to convince the individual that no external obstacle exists. But in most cases, the blockers are very real. The change effort ground to a halt because the officer in charge of the company's largest division was allowed to undermine most of the new initiatives. Perhaps worst of all are bosses who refuse to change and who make demands that are inconsistent with the overall effort. The other officers did virtually nothing to stop the one blocker. If the blocker is a person, it is important that he or she be treated fairly and in a way that is consistent with the new vision. 6) Not Systematically Planning For and Creating Short-Term Wins. Real transformation takes time, and a renewal effort risks losing momentum if there are no short-term goals to meet and celebrate. Without short-term wins, too many people give up or actively join the ranks of those people who have been resisting change. In a successful transformation, managers actively look for ways to obtain clear performance improvements, establish goals in the yearly planning system, achieve the objectives, and reward the people involved with recognition, promotions, and even money. 7) Declaring Victory Tab Soon. After a few years of hard work, managers may be tempted to declare victory with the first clear performance improvement. While celebrating a win is fine, declaring the war won can be catastrophic. Instead of declaring victory, leaders of successful efforts use the credibility afforded by short-term wins to tackle even bigger problems. They pay great attention to who is promoted, who is hired, and how people are developed. They include new reengineering projects that are even bigger in scope than the initial ones. They understand that renewal efforts take not months but years. 8) Not Anchoring Changes in the Corporation's Culture. Finally, change sticks when it becomes "the way we do things around here," when it seeps into the bloodstream of the corporate body. Two factors are particularly important in institutionalizing change in corporate culture. The first is a conscious attempt to show people how the new approaches, behaviors, and attitudes have helped improve performance. Helping people see the right connections requires communication. Time was spent at every major management meeting to discuss why performance was increasing. The second factor is taking sufficient time to make sure that the next generation of top management really does personify the new approach. One bad succession decision at the top of an organization can undermine a decade of hard work. The champion for change was the retiring executive, and although his successor was not a resistor, he was not a change champion. There are still more mistakes that people make, but these eight are the big ones. In reality, even successful change efforts are messy and full of surprises. But just as a relatively simple vision is needed to guide people through a major change, so a vision of the change process can reduce the error rate. And fewer errors can spell the difference between success and failure. (Kotter, 1995) Conclusion Reengineering is a new and desirable approach to transforming organizations and improving sustainable economic development requirements. The radical improvement of business process performance through the use of innovative tools and work designs has roots in the quality movement and other approaches to operational betterment of business activities. Although the quality movement has developed the notion of processes and process improvement to a high degree, its orientation is to incremental rather than radical change, and it does not address enablers of change. Business orientation that combines process improvement and process innovation efforts is unique and uniquely relevant to sustainable development. It is in keeping with cultural leanings toward innovation and incorporates the rigor and measurement orientation found in the quality approaches of many successful firms. But because improvement and innovation are quite different, it is important to know which is pursued in a particular instance. 241 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Reengineering, although difficult to achieve because of the radical nature of the organizational change involved, is a highly tempting approach to business transformation. It can be undertaken at relatively low cost, and the design, if not the implementation, of new processes can be completed in a matter of months. For these reasons, many firms in the developed countries in all industries, are embarking upon major process innovation initiatives. Reengineering is particularly challenging if the short-term sacrifices include job losses. Such consequences are sometimes not seen as proper way for achieving economic sustainability. Gaining understanding and support is tough when downsizing is a part of the vision. For this reason, successful visions usually include new growth possibilities and the commitment to treat fairly anyone who is laid off. The only constraint is that the actions fit within the broad parameters of the overall vision. The more people involved, the better the outcome. Reengineering is a particular way of using our minds, a way of radical experimentalism, of invention and reinvention, constantly checked by the realities of the bottom line. References Agenda 21 (1992). United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit), held in Rio de Janeiro on June 14, 1992. http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21toc.htm Bergey, J. S. (1999). Why Reengineering Projects Fail. Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute. Business process reengineering. (2000, http://www.adi.pt/docs/innoregio_BPR-en.pdf January). Retrieved December 14, 2008. ADI Business process trends. Retrieved December 14, 2008, from: http://www.bptrends.com/ Champy, J. (2006). Reengineering Management: The Mandate for New Leadership. Collins Business. Davenport, T. &. (1990, Summer). The New Industrial Engineering: Information Technology and Business Process Redesign. Sloan Management Review , pp 11-27. Davenport, Thomas H. (1993). Process Innovation : Reengineering Work Through Information Technology. Harvard Business School Press. Hammer, M. (1990, Jul/Aug). Reengineering Work: Don’t automate, obliterate. Harvard Business Review , pp 104-112. Hammer, M., & Champy, J. (1993). Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution. Industry Week (1994), De-engineering the corporation, Industry Week article, 4/18/94 Kiely, T. (1995). Managing change: why reengineering projects fail. Harvard Business Review , Vol. 73 (No.2). Kotter, J. P. (1995). Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail. Harvard Business Review , Vol. 73 (Issue 2). Merrifield, R., Calhoun, J., & Stevens, D. (2008). The Next Revolution in Productivity. Harvard Business Review , 74. Miller, J. G. (1991). Reengineering work: who will do it? Harvard Business Review , Vol. 69 ( Issue 1). Guha, S., Kettinger, W.J. & Teng, T.C. (1993). Business Process Reengineering: Building a Comprehensive Methodology. Information Systems Management, Summer 1993. Eisner, H. (2000). Reengineering yourself and your company: from engineer to manager to leader. Artech House, London. Johansson, Henry J. (1993). Business Process Reengineering: BreakPoint Strategies for Market Dominance. John Wiley & Sons. 242 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 207 Title A name given to the resource Reengineering: Necessary Aspect of Sustainability for Organizational Development Author Author SENTURAN, Sermin HUSiĆ, Samir Abstract A summary of the resource. Most of the managers believe that they have had all the debates they need to have and that the industry will continue to exist as it has for many years. But the industry is continuously deregulated, and the business must be reconfigured in this deregulated environment? There is always a fear of unknown but organizations must evaluate their needs for changing fundamentals of the business. Companies, even those with cultures receptive to process innovation, should not expect to achieve major change without making major commitments. Successful reengineering process relies on a wide range of skills. To effect needed change, organizations must somehow mobilize sufficient technological, human and organizational, political, and process expertise with the requisite enablers. This necessarily involves assigning some of their best people, or, if the firm lacks the needed skills or methods internally, employing external consultants, to design and implement new processes. Business orientation that combines process improvement and process innovation efforts is unique and uniquely relevant to current business management. It is in keeping with cultural leanings toward innovation and incorporates the rigor and measurement orientation found in the quality approaches of many successful firms. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b2d7a30ad1c0bd191b1afb7215d947ac.pdf f408e7fb1760683a5d7150f5712c9556 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Water for Sustainable Development: Example from Past to Future Fatma ŞENSOY Dr., Đstanbul, Turkey Abstract: Freshwater is not only a finite resource that is imperative for sustainable development but also economic growth, political and social stability, human and ecosystem health, and poverty eradication. While water issues have long been on the international agenda, the debate on how to meet the growing global demand for freshwater has intensified in recent years: over 800 million people currently lack access to safe drinking water, while about 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. In response to these challenges, the World Water Forum was initiated as a platform to include water issues on the international agenda. The WWC, an international policy think-tank established in 1996, addresses global concerns over the pressures on the Earth’s freshwater resources. Besides todays global water issues,the historical example given below is a way to enlight our future by the means os usage and management of the water suplies. In XVI. Century in Istanbul there was a strong scarcity on water. The increasing population and welfare by time, the consumption of water has increased during the time. The water supply systems were not sufficient for Istanbul. The dimension of this scarcity was mentioned by Selaniki. One bottle of water was 15 akçe. Those days, a worker’s daily wage was 6 akçe. A skillled worker’s daily wage was 12 akçe. Due to these problems ; in 1554 Suleiman the Magnificient ordered his architect Sinan to supply water to the Đstanbul from the forests located on the north of the city. The grand vizier of Sultan, opposed this huge project because of its cost. The grand vizier notified that if the water comes to the city in large amounts; the Đstanbul would became to an attractive position for people from many nations and occupations.This would cause the increase in the population of the city coming aside with many other problems. Kanuni has endowed 5 villages and a town for the finance of this big investment. Kanuni mentioned that his will is “fountains should be built to every district. To the high places that, the consturction of fountain is impossible the fresh water well should be placed. By that the old people, poor women, infants can full their water caps and that they can pray for the continuity of regality. In the consensus of Istanbul given by the 5.th World Water Forum was a reflection from an event held centuries ago. The contribution of Kanuni is an event that still should enlight todays modern approaches toward the use of water. “Access to good quality water and sanitation is a basic right for all human beings and plays an essential role in life and livelihoods, the preservation of the health of the population and the fight against poverty.” Keywords: Water; Kanuni; Water supply systems. 1. Introduction 1.1. Water Is Life Water is the source of life. But today everyone knows that this vital element is being consumed up more and more every day because of misusing by humanity. This reality is becoming a global crise. Climate change, ecosystem degradation, the food crises, enegy crisis, economic crisis all increase the problems more difficult. Thus our children will inherit a global problem. For saving our planet needs global solutions. Water is ever increasingly becoming the single most precious and essential item that sustains life in this world, enabling all human need for life and the development of civilizations. For that reason, the first civilizations in history appeared in regions which are rich in terms of water such as Mesopotamia in Anatolia, and the river Nile in Africa... and established the grounds of agriculture, trade and science. The vital importance of water is the same degree from the ancient times to today. In many cultures water is considered to be one of the four elements, along with fire, air and soil. In Ottoman culture these were known as anasır-ı erbaa. A verse from the Qur’an, which is frequently inscribed on fountains, “We made from water every living thing” (Anbiyaa, 21/30) In a hadith Prophet Muhammad was asked which form of charity he approved of and the answer he gave was “water.” This and similiar hadiths encourage Muslims to provide water, to offer it and to help in the 355 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo constructions of water structures. Water is not only important in belief and religion, but also it is important for the formation and the development of cities and civilizations. 1.2. The Definition of Sustainable Development Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report. "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: • the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and • the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs." All definitions of sustainable development require that we see the world as a system—a system that connects space; and a system that connects time. When we think of the world as a system over space, we grow to understand that air pollution from North America affects air quality in Asia, and that pesticides sprayed in Argentina could harm fish stocks off the coast of Australia.And when we think of the world as a system over time, we start to realize that the decisions our grandparents made about how to farm the land continue to affect agricultural practice today; and the economic policies we endorse today will have an impact on urban poverty when our children are adults. We also understand that quality of life is a system, too. It's good to be physically healthy, but what if we are poor and don't have access to education? It's good to have a secure income, but what if the air in our region is unclean? And it's good to have freedom of religious expression, but what if we can't feed our family? The concept of sustainable development is rooted in these sort of systems of thinking. It helps us to understand ourselves and our world. The problems we face are complex and serious. “Water has always played a key role in economic development, and economic development has always been accompanied by water development. Investment in water management has been repaid through livelihood security and reductions in health risks, vulnerability and ultimately poverty.Water contributes to poverty alleviation in many ways – through sanitation services, water supply, affordable food and enhanced resilience of poor communities faced with disease,climate shocks and environmental degradation. Water of the right quality can improve health through beter sanitation and hygiene and, when applied at the right time, can enhance the productivity of land, labour and other productive inputs. In addition, healthy freshwater ecosystems provide multiple goods and services essential to life and livelihoods.” Water plays an important role on the imporovement of human health, productivity of the land, and the economic development as long as it is used at the right time and place. All of these improvements are closely related to the infrastructure of the water. According to the socio-economic analyses, the stock of infrastructure (water supply, sanitation, dams, reservoirs and storage, electricity, and hydropower…) which a country owns is closely linked to its socio-economic development, and as a result these infrastructures are vital for a country’s development. 2. Water Scarcity from Past to Future 2.1. An Example from XVI. Century in Đstanbul The increase in demand for water depend on population growth.The population of Istanbul in the reign of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent reached 150000-175000.The lack of water that this led to caused great problems. The increasing population and welfare by time, the consumption of water has increased during the time. The water supply systems were not sufficient for Istanbul. The dimension of this scarcity was mentioned by Selaniki. One bottle of water was 15 akçe. Those days, a worker’s daily wage was 6 akçe. A skillled worker’s daily wage was 12 akçe.( In 1544 (Irgad) worker: 5,47 akçe; 1555’de (neccar) carpenter: 10,46 akçe, in qualified kategory that worker stonemason (taşçı): 11,46 akçe, again qualified worker that sewerman (lağımcı):11,20 akçe daily payment had taken.In 1555 for one okka soup was paid 6,3 akçe by Palace.At the same time for one okka nail was paid approximately 5 akçe.) Due to these problems ; in 1554 Süleyman the Magnificient ordered his architect Sinan to supply water to the Đstanbul from the forests located on the north of the city. The grand vizier of Sultan, opposed this huge project because of its cost. The grand vizier notified that if the water comes to the city in large amounts; the Đstanbul would became to an attractive position for people from many nations and occupations.This would cause the increase in the population of the city coming aside with many other problems. During the period of Sultan people had encountred many problems but mentioned that next generation would 356 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo suffer more. Selanikî additionally mentions the problems that will be faced in 30 years time. In 1567 the settlement and immigration was prohibited to Đstanbul. The Kırkçeşme Waters, completed in 1563, but happened in a great floods of the same year and rapid repaired were carried out, being completed in 1564. In total this consruction costed 50 million akçe. This system first started providing services there were 135 fountains; later there were 300 and then 580 fountains. In time the system with 4 dams, 570 additions was expanded. According to the waqf registers it provided 334 lüle(Lüle: One of the units measurement of water. When the diameter of the pipe was 26 mm the amount of water it provided in one day was called a lüle (52 m3/day)) (17.423m3) The population of Istanbul at that time was around 170.000. Thus that this system provided 100 liters of water per person. Süleyman the Magnificient has endowed 5 villages and a town for the finance of this big investment. Kanuni mentioned that his will is “fountains should be built to every district. To the high places that, the construction of fountain is impossible the fresh water well should be placed. By that the old people, poor women, infants can full their water caps and that they can pray for the continuity of regality. In those days The grand vizier of Sultan showed that the reality of key concept of sustainable development. The next generations would be faced many problems. Because of population growth, people again lived the scarcity of water. Not only that scarcity but also social and environmental problems would be appeared. 3. Today’s Issues 3.1. Locally The water resources in Istanbul, which has very crowded population and continual enlarging city turned out to be insufficent for meeting the water demand. Expansion of modern urbanization and the consequent construction movement yielded the need for supplying pressured water to the city. The water in Terkos Lake was transferred to the city through apump with the priorities given the Dersaadet Inc. Water Company during the rule of Sultan Abdülaziz. This development and change have continued with the establisment of Istanbul Water Administration in 1933. In 1981 ISKI (Water and Canalization Administration) formed an incorporated company connected to Istanbul Metropolitan Council. Thus, the period of modern work including the bringing and distrubition of water as well as the managing waste water and purification of drinking water reservoirs began. Today ISKI is providing water and disposing waste water in an environment-safely way upon water treatment for over 12 million people living in Istanbul with around an annual budget of 3 billion 239 million L and around eight thousand staff. Water problems show region specific. However there are several common solitions. In our country which is developing country, the water resources must be developed in an efficient way that optimizes water’s benefits- more crop per drop-,while minimizing negative environmental impacts. The availability of water per capita per year in Turkey is only about one fifth of that of the water rich countries. It is therefore necesary that Turkey should improve per capita water availability in order to enhance the quality of life of her people.Therefore, in recent decades Turkey has made great success in water resources development for domestic use, irrigation, power generation, flood control, and other purposes. We are living in a global village. Because of this reality we have many problems too. 3.2. The Global Problem The world is facing changes at a faster rate than ever seen before. These changes such as population growth, migration, urbanization, land-use changes and climate variability/change will drive the way in which water resources need to be managed in the future. They also call for concrete contributions from water policies and actions to help the world cope with these changes. While climate change has been the most talked about topic, other changes taking place will likely affect water resources and services and their management to a much greater degree. The population of the planet is estimated to increase by 50%, meaning 3 billion additional inhabitants, by 2050. More than half of the world's population now lives in cities, and this increasing urbanization is set to continue. Population will continue to increase as will rural-urban migration, adding difficulty to reach the agreed Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on access to water and sanitation and increasing pollution at the same time. The demand and probably prices of natural resources and energy will increase as the planet's inhabitants grow in number and consumption increases. Humans are altering global systems at a rate not previously experienced. These drivers, and the constraints that limit the ability to adapt to them, affect the developed and developing world in different ways. 357 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 3. Water is a Key to Sustainable Development An adequate and dependable source of water is needed to sustain humanity and to support development and growth. Investment in water management has been repaid through increased livelihood security and reductions in health risks, vulnerability and ultimately poverty. Poverty reduction is closely linked to enhanced access to water. Where economic growth has been strong and prosperity has been fairly equitably distributed, poor individuals and households have been able to reach the targets of the Millennium Development Goals. Conversely, where governments are unable or unwilling to deliver the basic services, water emerges among the most pressing issues. All over the world living experience shows that access to water is fundamental for economic growth and livelihoods.In rural and agriculturel-based economies water is often the most important factor for agricultural production and other livelihood activities. In urbanbased, labour-intensive manufacturing economies water is needed for nearly all productive activities. Secure access to water with reliable storage and irrigation has boosted economic growth in many of the developed economies of the Americas and Europe, and through the green revolution in Asia has enabled the transformation of agriculture-based economies to industrial and emerging market economies. Past efforts of development and water use have often ignored the water needs of life on Earth and have placed at risk the resources on which life depends The links connecting water resources, the environment and economic sectors are complex. As a result, our understanding of all the ways that natural processes influence human well-being remains incomplete, impeding our ability to ensure sustainable economic and social development. Water infrastructure supports growth and poverty reduction and should be planned by taking the possible impacts into account The principal drivers of growth and change have often come from outside the domain of water managers. Water development has largely responded to and been affected by developments in the wider political economy, such as market-oriented reforms, openness to global trading systems and advances, supply chains and regional production networks. Storage, irrigation, urban water supply and wastewater have all been part of the enabling infrastructure. These have been led by public policies and microeconomic developments (productivity changes, capital and input accumulation, and technology). In some cases infrastructure development has been promoted by specific sectors in the economy that directly benefit from them, while the costs are usually borne by society at large. Actions that target rural economies will benefit the largest number of people. As of 2007, 3 billion people live in rural areas, most of them dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Agricultural economies are especially vulnerable to lack of water during critical crop-growing seasons. Their performance is influenced by the ability to secure and control water through infrastructure, such as water harvesting storage, reservoirs and canals, and the ability to transport it to crops when required. Investments in physical infrastructure must be accompanied by investments in ‘soft’ infrastructure, the dense network of institutions and human capacity needed to secure spaces in which individuals, households, firms and communities are able to pursue their day-today activities with a reasonable degree of predictability and stability and with due regard for the interests of others. Investments are also required for the operation and maintenance of physical infrastructure literature. Water contributes to poverty alleviation in many ways – through sanitation services, water supply, affordable food and enhanced resilience of poor communities to disease, climate shocks and environmental degradation. Water of appropriate quantity and quality can improve health and, when applied at the right time, can enhance the productivity of land, labour and other inputs. The daily water supply for multiple household uses is determined by the time, labour and financial costs required to access water. The economic and social returns from water access for different uses determine net livelihood benefits or losses. 4. Conclusion In Đstanbul, on 16 March 2009, Heads of States on Water is decelerate at the end of 5th World Water Forum. “We, the Heads of States, Governments and International Organizations, gathered in Istanbul on 16 March 2009 on the occasion of the, under the theme "Bridging Divides for Water", appeal to all national governments, international organizations and other stakeholders to generate a common vision and framework to develop and manage water resources in a sustainable manner and to guarantee access to safe water and sanitation for all… Many decisions taken at all levels of government both influence and depend significantly on water. Yet this connection is rarely recognized and much less acted upon. Therefore, we urgently need new policies, adaptation strategies, institutional reforms with the effective contribution of local elected administrations and water users, international commitments, financial mechanisms, technology and innovation in order to address global water issues and adapt water management strategies to the global changes. We affirm our political will to take rapid action bearing in mind the key elements of success: Solidarity, security, adaptability and useful dialogue and cooperation on transboundary waters between neighbours. Working together with a participatory, inter-sectoral and multi-disciplinary approach to manage 358 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo water resources, the world can and will attain greater prosperity and increased stability through the sharing of the many benefits of water. To achieve this, we call on all nations to join efforts in order to develop a global framework for addressing the world’s water issues and to implement tools that will help us accomplish solidarity, security and adaptability. We, the Heads of States, Governments and International Organizations gathered in Istanbul, pledge to create a more sustainable and water safe world in the 21st Century and, in this context, appeal to everyone to join us in meeting this challenge.” References 1. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987). Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5th World Water Forum Ministerial Process Istanbul Water Guide Ahmet Murat Özel, The Culture of Water and Fountains, Đstanbul, ĐSKĐ, 2009, s. 8-13. Ahmet Murat Özel, The Management Of Water In Đstanbul -From The Past To The Present, Istanbul, 2009, p. 48. Ahmet Refik, 1935, s.139. Ahmet Tabakoğlu, Türk Đktisat Tarihi, 2.nd Edition, Đstanbul 1994, p.152.. GWP Technical Committee 2003 Hussain and Hanjra 2003 Lipton, Litchfield, and faurès 2003 Istanbul &Water, ISKI publication, Istanbul Selâniki Mustafa Efendi, Tarih-i Selânikî , (haz) Mehmet Đpşirli, Đstanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, 1989, p.3; Şevket Pamuk, Đstanbul ve Diğer Kentlerde 500 yıllık Fiyatlar ve Ücretler 1469–1998, Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık DĐE. Yay. 2000, p. 142, 192. UNDP 2006, cited in World Water Development Report 3 Chapter 6. UNIDO 2007, cited in World Water Development Report 3 Chapter 6. United Nations 2008 cited in Worl Water Development Report 3 Chapter 6. Veysel Eroğlu, “Foreword”, Turkey Water Report 2009, Ankara, 2009, p.1-2. What is Sustainable Development? Environmental, economic and social well-being for today and tomorrow. http://www.iisd.org/sd/ World Bank 2007, cited in World Water Development Report 3 Chapter 6. World Water development report 3 Chapter 6. 359 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 254 Title A name given to the resource Water for Sustainable Development: Example from Past to Future Author Author SENSOY, Fatma Abstract A summary of the resource. Freshwater is not only a finite resource that is imperative for sustainable development but also economic growth, political and social stability, human and ecosystem health, and poverty eradication. While water issues have long been on the international agenda, the debate on how to meet the growing global demand for freshwater has intensified in recent years: over 800 million people currently lack access to safe drinking water, while about 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. In response to these challenges, the World Water Forum was initiated as a platform to include water issues on the international agenda. The WWC, an international policy think-tank established in 1996, addresses global concerns over the pressures on the Earth’s freshwater resources. Besides todays global water issues,the historical example given below is a way to enlight our future by the means os usage and management of the water suplies. In XVI. Century in Istanbul there was a strong scarcity on water. The increasing population and welfare by time, the consumption of water has increased during the time. The water supply systems were not sufficient for Istanbul. The dimension of this scarcity was mentioned by Selaniki. One bottle of water was 15 akçe. Those days, a worker’s daily wage was 6 akçe. A skillled worker’s daily wage was 12 akçe. Due to these problems ; in 1554 Suleiman the Magnificient ordered his architect Sinan to supply water to the Đstanbul from the forests located on the north of the city. The grand vizier of Sultan, opposed this huge project because of its cost. The grand vizier notified that if the water comes to the city in large amounts; the Đstanbul would became to an attractive position for people from many nations and occupations.This would cause the increase in the population of the city coming aside with many other problems. Kanuni has endowed 5 villages and a town for the finance of this big investment. Kanuni mentioned that his will is “fountains should be built to every district. To the high places that, the consturction of fountain is impossible the fresh water well should be placed. By that the old people, poor women, infants can full their water caps and that they can pray for the continuity of regality. In the consensus of Istanbul given by the 5.th World Water Forum was a reflection from an event held centuries ago. The contribution of Kanuni is an event that still should enlight todays modern approaches toward the use of water. “Access to good quality water and sanitation is a basic right for all human beings and plays an essential role in life and livelihoods, the preservation of the health of the population and the fight against poverty.” Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e70c81c58fa76dbd998a2144407751d0.pdf 5ab432bd5b7d57fcaa7bf2440963e2f9 PDF Text Text Theological Significance of Sustainable Development Bilal SAMBUR Turkey Abstract: There is a combat today between economy, ecology and technology. In order to reduce this combat, a new approach developed under the umbrella of sustainable development. As a result of various environmental problems, the relationship between religion, development and environment became a hot issue in the field of religion. Today, a theological approach known as ecotheology is very influential among the followers of various religious movements.In this regard, one of the main questions is this: What are sustainable values for a sustainable development? In this paper, we will argue that religion could play an important role as a provider of sustainable values for a sustainable development and the necessity of spirituality for it. The word crisis has often been used by many people in order to express the present state of our planet and humanity. Most of us think that our planet and humanity is in crisis, because as whole humanity we are facing great problems, such as arms race, economic stagnation, the depletion of nonrenewble resources, climate change, widespread malnutrition, the explosion of population and so on. Humanity and our planet experienced many disasters throughout human history. But our present crisis differs from previous ones, since it is the first time we are experiencing the possibility of total extinction of humanity and planet. Every year in Earth Day (22 April) people express their worries about the future of the planet and ecological problems such as the diminishing biodiversity, global warming, depleting fish stock, defrostation and so on. The conservation of our habitats and species is one of the most important problems of the day. The fact of our day can be expressed as follows: ‘“Our planet and humanity are in peril.” When we talk about the crisis of environment, planet and humanity, it means that we are talking about the crisis of creation. “Our planet and humanity are in peril” means creation is at risk. Environment is often used as the key word in our present day discussions. But we prefer creation, instead of environment, because the term creation is a broader term than environment. Creation involves a richer and deeper moral and spiritual universe.Furthermore, the term environment separates human from natural. As a matter of fact, human and nature are complementary parts of creation. We are an essential part of God’s creation and Creation will not fulfill its purpose apart from us.The term environment is a useful concept, which focuses our attention merely on the natural world, but it is not a sufficient conceptual tool, which directs us to care for both human and natural creation. Modern no-spiritual values are not helpful to make man and woman as the friend of environment and creation. As a result of materialism and scientism, human being become someone, who does not care about creation, because he/she does not see any connection between himself/herself and creation. Modern man/woman suppose that human activity does not give harm to the earth, nature and creation and destroy its balance. Although environtamalism criticizes modern man’s attitude toward nature, it has not been able to create a paradigm, which revolves around the foundamental values of human society. Modern values makes human being s care of free environment Our creational problems have mostly been produced by modern economy, science and technology, because we do not use them in the service of of creation, rather they become effective mechanisms, which exploit human and natural worlds together. Furthermore, there is a serious combat between them. What we need today is not combat, but collaboration. Economy, science and technology must collaborate with each other in order to combat against malnutrition, population growth, powerty, climate change and other natural problems. The followers of various religions are also concerned about the present state of the world and they start to express their views about nature, technology, development and so on. As a theological approach ecotheology is very influential among religious people. Many religions and spiritual movements aim to restore humankinds’ lost unity and connection with the cosmic order. In order to do it, religion serves as a way, which criticizes the present condition as well as provides spiritual values for a more sustainable human life. In this paper, we intend to criticize modern materialism and present our reflections, which support the idea of sustainable development from theological perspective. One of the modern tendencies is the trivialization of religious and spiritual convictions and push them toward the margins of human culture. Many people think that there is no connection between our religiousspiritual convictions and our ideas about development, nature, ecology and so on. Spirituality and religion have 305 �been regarded as a taboo and excluded from the field of development.1Separating state and religion could be a good thing in the field of politics, but the same separationism cannot be considered as constructive in the field of nature and development. It is requirement of our day to restore connections between religion-spirituality and other areas of human life, such as ecology, economy and development. In the face of great ecological, natural, social and human problems, it is no longer possible to practice irresponsible, unmenageable and endless development programs on the Earth. In order to save humanity and Earth, there is an urgent need for a new, responsible and humanly vision. The journal of Scientific American calls such vision as ‘Managing Planet Earth.’2 The essence of this vision is the idea of sustainable development. According to the idea of sustainable development, the exploitation of our human and natural resources must be prevented and the direction of investments, the orientation of technological developments and institutional changes must meet human needs and aspirations.3 In other words, the vision of sustainable development seeks a sustainable balance between human and nature, technology and ecology, economy. Conservation and maintainance of the world is the basic objective behind sustainable development. We are responsible for today as well as for tomorrow. It is important to consider our present needs, but this is not enough. We must also reflect and act responsibly for the preservation of the needs of future generations. Sustainable development aims to accomodate the ability of continual development and a constrained process of dynamic change for human and natural well-being together. The idea of sustainable development is a challenge for humanity, because it requires the harmony between human, nature and development and make development, which is unmanageable so far, as manageable. Human desire for progress is not the only one, which must determine ecology, economy and science. Sustainable development aims to create a world, in which human needs would simply be one among many needs of Earth and humanity. The vision of sustainable development implies that growht is no longer the only objective of development. The qualities of life, eradication of powerty, elimination of regional imbalances, the well-being of individual and society and various environmental concerns became central parts of development. Instead of growth, the concept of justice became the chief focus of sustainable development, which seeks a balance between economy, ecology, individual and society. The vision of sustainable development does not neglect the spiritual well-being of human individuals, instead it recognizes the satisfaction of the spiritual needs of individuals as important as economic needs. Sustainability and spirituality are united in the vision of sustainable development. What is the value of sustainable development from theological perspective?Basically, sustainable development represents a state of harmony between God, humanity, society and nature.Our understanding of sustainable development, first of all, is not antropocentric, because it makes God, society and nature as centers alongside with man. Secondly, our theological understanding is not utilitarian, which could cause the efficient exploitation of human and natural resources. We need to reconceive humanity in the light of nature and God and understand also God and nature in the light of antropology. Antropology, sociology, theology and ecology are becoming natural elements of sustainable developments, because the law of creation is this: ‘everything and everyone is connected to everything else and every one.’4 God created human being as His representative in the world and put the Earth under the service of humankind. Although the earth is under the service of humankind, human being has the responsibility to protect the Earth against destruction. Being God’s representative on the earth does not mean that man/womankind is absolute lords and masters of the world, that nature has no master except man/woman. The absolute masterhood of humankind over the Earth could create an alienation between humanity and nature. Human being is not the master of the world, but he/she is its custodian. Today, human being have failed to do his/her responsibility as God’’s representative in the world, because human activity, modern technological and scientific progress do not protect the Earth, but destroy it. Some people talk about the Earth as ‘the wasteworld’5 in order to conceptualize the dangers the Earth facing. 1 K.A.V.Beek, Spirituality: A Development Taboo?’, Development in Practice, vol. 10, no. 1, February 2000. www. developmentinpractice com 2 See: Scientific American, Managing Planet Earth, New York : W.H. Freeman, 1990. 3 World Commision on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, Oxford : Oxford University Pres, 1987, p. 46. 4 This is a revision of Commoner’s ‘law of ecology’, which is expressed as follows: ‘Everything is connected to everything else.’ See: B.Commoner, The Closing Circle: Nature, Man and Technology, New York : Knopf, 1971, p. 33. 5 T.Berry, The Dream of the Earth, San Francisco : Sierra Club Boks, 1988, p. 29. 306 �Environmentalism movement accuses man for the present state of the world. Calvinism also considers humankind as the cancer of of the earth. If human activity could cause the destruction of the nature and the world, so there must be something wrong and dangerous in human nature. Such inhuman qualities, like human selfishness, greed and rapacious exploitation of natural resources, make man/woman as the chief destroyer of of nature and society. The absolute control and use of nature for human needs and purposes could destroy the planet itself. In order to avoid such disaster, it is necessary for man/woman to learn to limit himself/herself while he/she deals with nature and creation. Religion is the most influential teacher, who could say to human being: ‘Limit himself/herself.’ God reminds humankind the delicate proportions of the universe and commands him/her to maintain its natural balance. God allows man/woman to use everything within limits, but He does not allow them to use natural resources wastefully. Man/woman must have virtuous qualities so that they could act God’s responsible representative in the world.Religion demands from man/woman, who is considered to be as the representative and co-worker of God, spiritual growth not materialism, contentment not greed, patience not recklessness, moderation not maximisation, balance not combat, cooperation not conflict, establishing justice not corruption. It is often assumed that man/woman has the absolute right to rule all creation without any limitation. Many religions try to substitute this idea by the equal respect for all creatures. Unfortunately, religions could not achieve the first idea by the second, which requires respect for all creatures. The real spiritual revolution is to limit human rule regarding creation. As long as man/woman does not feel the need to limit his/her actions in the realm of nature and creation, it is impossible to institutionalize the idea of sustainable development in the hearts and soul of man. Human beings naturally have limitless and unsatisfied desires. They do not want merely something, they want to have everything. Desire for having everything leads man and woman to elevate three things to the level of God. These are science, technology and economy. Modern man and woman believe that science ultimately gives them the knowledge of everything, technology will provide facilities to do everything and economy would give them opportunity to have everything. Briefly, modern man/woman suppose that he/she must have everything and consume everything. Consumerism become the distinct quality of modern man/woman, who practices consumerism as his/her life style and invents a culture around it. Acquisitive nature of human being and the religion of consumerism makes the situation of of world worse, not better. Excessive consumption and acquisition wipe out our present as well as our future. There is no preservation and restrain in the modern culture of consumerism, which jeopardizes the future of our children. If the culture of consumerism continues to prevail, future genrations could not even have our present positions. From religious perspective, the culture of sustainablity and spirituality must replaces the culture of consumerism Religion totally rejects the culture of consumerism and encourages people to be moderate in their consumption, not to be excessive. The hegemonic understanding of science, technology and economy must be changed. The true totalitarianism of our time is scientific, technological and material totalitarianism.Science, technology and economy are not deities, who could give us everything. They are just limited means, through them we could satisfy our limited needs. As Mesthene says, ‘technology is man’s toolbox.’6 They are not tools for our unsatisfied appetite for power and possession.Our blind faith in science, technology and economy is one of the chief sources of global crisis. The idea of sustainable development compels us to give up our blind faith in science, technology and materialism, and develop a new perspective toward them.Religion could provide a spiritual and moral compass while science and technology supply vehicles for sustainable development. Sustainable development is not to limit the rate of economic growth, but it is an approach which aims to change the quality and quantity of growth, preserve the present state of the world and push people to value the world as the highest level. We no longer value our life and planet in the highest terms. Materialistic understanding of economics is a clear indication of the devaluation of everything. Economical materialism reduces everything to commodity as something produced for making profit. However, everything is not commodity. Human being and the world are not commodities. They mean more than that. There is a spiritual, human and personal dimension in our lives and our environments. Treating human life and the world as commodity threats the existence and stability of the human and natural life. Our relationships with society and nature should be human relationships. In other words, it must be IThou relationships. Kinship, religion and community protect human essence of social relations. But today our relations become I-It relations, instead of I-Thou. In other word, we are treating each other not as human being, but as a thing. Religion and spirituality could help to re-humanize our dehumanized relations. Almost all of the grave dangers threatening human and planetary existence originate from human actions. However, much shallow thinking on sustainable development has focused exclusively on the relationships of people with the 6 Cited in W., Gunston, ‘Technology for Man’s Survival,’ in E.Bono, (Ed.), Technology Today, London : Routledge, 1971. p. 60. 307 �natural environment - without considering the dimension of people-to-people relationships, which is the heart of a sustainable human society. In this regard, religion has a role to play, because moral and spiritual values of religion traditionally encourage people–to-people and people-to nature relations in a more humanely and sustainable way. Spiritualization of developmen is needed as mush as the humanization of our relations is necessary. Materialist development is not compatible with the vision of sustainable development. In order to actualize sustainable development, the spiritualization of development is a vital requirement, which makes possible the participation of individual spiritually and emotionally to the process of sustainablel development Spiritually sustainable development is not a type of development, which has only material dimension.A healthy economical and ecological paradigm must satisfy our material and spiritual demandes together. Spiritualization of development includes two dimensions: The first one is God cares about us and our world and the second one is we care about God and His creation. We lost our spiritual quality, which encourages us to care about God and His creation. We become the prisoners of materialist subjectivism, which merely focused on the satisfaction of our material desires. The ideology of selfism has been promoted by media, school and so on. A selfist character does not have ability and capacity to go beyond his/her boundaries and be someone who deeply cares about the rest of creation and acts for the sake of God. There is a need to develop a new spiritual-educational approach, which aims to flourish the character and commitments that will go beyond this self-centredness. Selfism and greed are the main temptations, which lead human being to violate the proportions of creation and damages its balance. Religion is one of the most influential factors, which deeply influences human thought, emotion and behavior. Religion provides a set of beliefs, which asks people to go beyond selfism and materialism.Religious beliefs can be used in order to guide human relationships with society and nature in a way which contribute to spiritual and meterial development and well-being. Sustainable development aims to make developmental process as a human act, which is ecologically and economically sustainable. Sustainable development does not represent a blind opposition to progress, but it tries to present an alternative vision to blind progress.In this vision, there are three essential objectives. The maintaining of the economic growth in the long run is the first objective. The second objective is to achieve intergenerational justice in the use of natural resources. The third objective is to restrict the increase in pollution, defrostation, the diminish of biodiversity and climate change for preserving the present state of environment. The idea of sustainable development implies limits and boundaries for physical, material and economical growth. There are limits to "external" (physical, socio-economic) human development. But there are no limits to "internal" (growth in knowledge, emotional maturity , spiritual depth) human development. There are also no boundaries for each and every human person to find inner tranquility and satisfaction by giving himself/herself to the rest of God’s creation. In modern era, our priorities have been changed. We do everything for the sake of a limitless material and economical growth while we do almost nothing for a limitless spiritual development. It is impossible to have a limitless material growth, but it is possible to experience a limitless spiritual progress. It is time to limit material development and focus on spiritual development, which can provide a sustainable moral and educational framework for sustainable development. Population explosion, agricultural production, the decrease in natural resources, industrial production and pollution are the main factors, which necessitate the limit to growth.7 Sustainable development is meaningful, affective and fruitful if it applies itself as human development, which based on spirituality as the top priority in order to meet external needs of creation. Summing up, sustainable development has moral, social, scientific, psychological, spiritual and political dimensions. Economists or economics alone cannot resolve it. Without spirituality there is no sustainable development Without self-restraint there is no ecological, social and individual human sustainability. Spirituality helps us to see the material part of life in relative terms and limit our acts. Spirituality also teaches us that we would be accountable for our behaviors in the presence of God in Hereafter. We are not only responsible for our behaviors in this world, but also we will be accountable in the next world. Our accountability not only includes our individual and social sins, but also it contains our environmental sins. So we must watch our actions, and learn to act more responsibly, spiritually and humanely. 7 See: D.H.Meadow, D.L.Meadows, J.Randers, W.W.Behrens, The Limits to Growth,New York : Signet, 1972. 308 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 372 Title A name given to the resource Theological Significance of Sustainable Development Author Author SAMBUR, Bilal Abstract A summary of the resource. There is a combat today between economy, ecology and technology. In order to reduce this combat, a new approach developed under the umbrella of sustainable development. As a result of various environmental problems, the relationship between religion, development and environment became a hot issue in the field of religion. Today, a theological approach known as ecotheology is very influential among the followers of various religious movements.In this regard, one of the main questions is this: What are sustainable values for a sustainable development? In this paper, we will argue that religion could play an important role as a provider of sustainable values for a sustainable development and the necessity of spirituality for it Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9ce6eb73c1b8f0dfce95271762b0c827.pdf 186c3754a2c782fb422664c957312b9e PDF Text Text Democratic Parents from the Point of View of Pupils Osman SAMANCI Atatürk University Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty Erzurum/Turkey E-mail: osman-samanci@hotmail.com Çağrı Tuğrul MART International Burch University Education Faculty Sarajevo/Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: tugrulbey@hotmail.com Abstract: During the primary school period pupils acquire a great deal of skill , knowledge and attitude about life. The skill , knowledge and attitude pupils acquire during this period affects their lifelong behaviors. For individuals the most important institution where attitude and behaviors are established is family. Family affects all development processes of prime importance for a child. It is expected that knowledge and skills given to a child by means of education is to be consolidated in the family. Parents who set a good example for their children through their behaviors, at the same time help their children acquire a great deal of attitude and skills. Key Words : Primary School , Democracy , Behaviors of Democratic Parents Through this research , from the point of view of pupils what the democratic parental behaviors are have been studied. Three different primary schools, in total 120 pupils , have participated in this research in Erzurum. In this research descriptive method is preferred. In order to gather data, by researchers the data gathering form is used. The accumulated data has been analyzed through the content analysis technique. Introduction : The importance of the primary school period is huge to lay the foundations of democratic attitude and skills. During this period children are confronted with the concept of democracy for the first time. Unlike their families and circles of friends in primary schools children encounter various rules and they develop a lot of skills and behaviors by joining intensive interaction in school environment. In primary school we not only make pupils acquire knowledge but also help them to gain behaviors to adapt to life conditions. One of the most important goals of the Turkish Education system is to enable pupils to use their rights according to democratic principles and to help them to acquire consciousness to carry out their responsibilities. To constitute a democratic community depends on creating a democratic education system. Research ( Evans & Rose, 2006; Harber & Serf, 2006; Mc Cowan, 2006; Neuberger, 2007) has shown that there is a close relationship between education and placing democracy in community consciousness. Democracy , which is defined as a way of life by educators (Başar, 2003; Büyükkaragöz, 1989; Gözütok, 1995; Gülmez, 1994; Kepenekçi, 2003; Tezcan, 1994) , at home by parents , at school by educators , in environment by all community members cannot be turned into a way of life without internalization. In order for democracy to be turned into a way of life , in the first place it must be accepted in the family and must be seen in the attitude and behaviors of family members. Because children face community life at first in family. For children social life commences with family and carries on in a school and friendships. A child who grows up in a democratic family environment and receives democratic education is liable to be a democratic member of a community. In the family, attitude and behaviors of parents affect children’s opinions and belief in democracy. Aim The aim of this study is to establish what the democratic parental behaviors are from pupils’ point of view. 42 �Method In the study descriptive method is preferred. So as to gather data by researchers data gathering form is used. The gathered data has been analyzed through the content analysis technique used in qualitative research data analysis. From three different primary schools in Erzurum 64 female and 56 male fourth and fifth graders , totaling 120 pupils participated in the research. Findings When answers of the pupils in the data gathering form are analyzed , democratic parental behaviors from pupils’ point of view are grouped in three main themes : personal liberty , life at school , communication in family. 1. Personal Liberty When answers of the pupils who have participated in the research are analyzed, the pupils have defined democratic parental behaviors from their personal liberty point of view. The pupils pertaining to improving the personal liberty area in their families expressed the following parental behaviors as democratic behaviors. These behaviors are shown in chart 1 in percentage and frequency terms. According to Pupils Democratic Parental Behaviors Theme: Personal Liberty To permit children to make their own decisions To permit children to play games To permit children to watch TV and play computer games To permit children to choose their friends To permit children to express their ideas Total f 33 28 21 20 14 116 % 28 24 18 17 12 100 Chart 1. From point of view of pupils democratic parental behaviors When Chart 1 is examined in terms of having personal liberty in their families it is viewed that pupils have emulated behaviors of their parents. One of the most indispensable elements of democratic life is freedom provided for members of the community. Naturally pupils in primary schools according to their social life in terms of augmenting their personal liberty have assessed behaviors of their parents in view of democracy. Democracy is individuals making their own decisions in relation to feelings , opinions and skills. Pupils regarded these parental behaviors which permit them freedom as democratic behaviors. Again in the lives of pupils games and making friends take and important place. In the research according to data gathered pupils have viewed the parents who have permitted them to play games and make their own friends as democratic parents. Another priority for pupils in terms of personal liberty is to take advantage of technological tools at home. According to pupils parents who let them watch TV and play computer games are democratic parents. 2. Communication in Family Another theme comes into prominence as a result of qualitative analysis of the answers pupils have given related to democratic parental behaviors, is communication in family. The percentage and frequency distribution of democratic parental behaviors under the theme of communication in family is shown in Chart 2. According to Pupils Democratic Parental Behaviors Theme: Communication in family Equal treatment by parents to the siblings Parents valuing the ideas of children Not only is the father but also everyone in the family is influential Respecting to each other in the family Paying attention to the opinions of children Total f 36 28 26 15 12 117 % 31 24 22 13 10 100 Chart 2. Democratic parental behaviors according to pupils 43 �When Chart 2 is examined pupils have emulated a part of democratic parental behaviors in terms of communication in family. In this theme pupils have considered parental behaviors relating both directly to themselves and to other members of the family as democratic. The concepts of equality and justice , the indispensable elements of democratic life are seen as the equal treatment of parents to siblings from pupils’ point of view. It is widely known by everybody that democracy doesn’t depend on absolute authority. Pupils expressed this situation as the father is not the only authority in the family whereas all members in the family must be influential. Moreover from the point of view of pupils respecting to each other in the family and taking opinions of children into consideration is also perceived as democratic behaviors. 3. Life at School When answers of the pupils relating to democratic parental behaviors are examined it has been viewed that pupils centered on parental behaviors relating to their life at school. For this reason democratic parental behaviors expressed by pupils are collected under the theme of life at school. Parental behaviors pertaining to life at school are shown in Chart 3. According to Pupils Democratic Parental Behaviors Theme: Life at School Rewarding accomplishments of pupils Being understanding about exam results of pupils Not compelling pupils to study Not comparing achievements of pupils Not interfering with friends of pupils Total f 29 26 23 19 14 111 % 26 23 21 17 13 100 Chart 3. Democratic parental behaviors according to pupils As seen in Chart 3 parental behaviors which are viewed as democratic are closely connected with school life of pupils. Many parents evaluate their children according to school success. One of the areas where most conflicts between parents and children arise, is in a child’s life at school. As seen in the chart pupils perceive positive parental behaviors pertaining to school success , exam results , studying , comparing them with other pupils and not interfering with school friendship as democratic behaviors. Result and Discussion As a result of qualitative analysis of research data , in terms of parental behaviors pupils have centered on three main themes: personal liberty , communication in family and life at school. This situation exhibits that pupils approach the concept of democracy in terms of their lives and liberty. Under the theme of personal liberty, parental behaviors accepted as democratic by pupils are mainly about widening the areas of liberty. Playing games and freedom of using computers at home expressed under this theme highly reflect the point of view of pupils. Through the communication in family theme, children have emphasized the importance of social life. In this theme , by emphasizing the concepts of justice and equality, which must exist in social life, children have viewed behaviors of their parents relating to this area as democratic behaviors. Furthermore pupils, by expressing that not only the father but also all members in the family must be influential , have pointed out that democratic life is to start primarily in the family. Primary school is one of the most important elements that affect the lives of the pupils. School life at this age for pupils is sometimes a source of bliss and success , sometimes a source of fear and failure. School life becomes the most prevailing current issue and interactive area between pupils and parents. In this research pupils associated democratic parental behaviors with school life. Pupils see parents who reward their achievements , are understanding about exam results , don’t compare them with others as democratic parents. Pupils in their own opinions have described democratic parental behaviors by centering on their own lives and their relations with their families. In order for democracy to turn into a way of life in social life at first we have 44 �to know the opinions of pupils and by concentrating on them both in family and at school we have to give importance to democratic education. References Başar, H. (2003). Classroom Management. Ankara: Anı Press. Büyükkaragöz, S. (1989). Ortaöğretimde Demokrasi Eğitimi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Yayınları, Konya. Evans, G., & Rose, P. (2007). Support for democracy in Malawi does schooling matter? World Development 35 : 904-919. Gözütok, F. D., (1995). Öğretmenlerin Demokratik Tutumları. TÜDAV Yayınları, Ankara. Gülmez, M. (1994). İnsan Hakları ve Demokrasi Eğitimi. Ankara: TODAİE. No: 256 İnsan Hakları Araştırma ve Derleme Merkezi. No: 8 Harber, C., & Serf, J. (2006). Teacher education for a democratic society in England and South Africa. Teaching and Teacher Education 22 : 986-997. Kepenekçi, Y.K. (2003). Demokratik Okul. Eğitim Araştırmaları. Sayı 11.Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. Mc Cowan, T. (2006). Educating citizens for participatory democracy: A case study of local government education policy in Pelotas, Brazil. International Journal of Educatinal Development 26: 456-470. Neuberger, B. (2007). Education for democracy in Israel: Structural impediments and basic dilemmas. International Journal of Educatinal Development 27: 292-305. Tezcan, M. (1994). Eğitim Sosyolojisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara. 45 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 317 Title A name given to the resource Democratic Parents from the Point of View of Pupils Author Author SAMANCI, Osman MART, Çağrı Tuğrul Abstract A summary of the resource. During the primary school period pupils acquire a great deal of skill , knowledge and attitude about life. The skill , knowledge and attitude pupils acquire during this period affects their lifelong behaviors. For individuals the most important institution where attitude and behaviors are established is family. Family affects all development processes of prime importance for a child. It is expected that knowledge and skills given to a child by means of education is to be consolidated in the family. Parents who set a good example for their children through their behaviors, at the same time help their children acquire a great deal of attitude and skills. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/68a146321b51ccd878cd57463e1cc495.pdf 8ab71f08257f7082d8774e467dc33f02 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Effect of IBA and Bacteria (Agrobacterium rubi ve Bacillus OSU 142) on the Rooting of M9 Apple Rootstock Cuttings Lütfi Pirlak Selcuk University, Faculty ofAgriculture Department of Horticulture, Konya, Turkey lpirlak@hotmail.com Yüksel Baykal Celal AKIN Primary School,Yakutiye Erzurum, Turkey yukselbaykal@hotmail.com Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the effects of IBA and bacteria (Agrobacterium rubi ve Bacillus OSU 142) applications on the rooting of M9 rootstock cuttings. The cuttings treated with IBA alone at different concentrations (2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm) and in combinations of three Agrobacterium rubi (A1, A16, A18) and Basillus OSU 142 strains. The treated cuttings were placed mist propagation system including perlite medium. After three months the cuttings were uprooted and evaluated for rooting percentage (%), callusing (%) and viability rate (%). There were determined inadequate results about rooting of cuttings. Rooting in cuttings was observed in 2000 ppm IBA (6.66 %), 4000 ppm IBA (13.33 %), and 2000 ppm IBA + Basillus OSU 142 combination (6.66 %), respectively. Callus were observed in all treated. Callus rate was 66.66 % in control while the rate was 84.61 % in A16 + A18 applications. Callus rate decreased depending on increasing of IBA doses. There were determined significantly differences in bacteria alone applications. According to application of bacteria combinations, the highests callus rate was A16 + A18 while the lowest was A1 + OSU 142. The best result of hormones + bacteria combinations were taken from 4000 ppm IBA + A18 application. Cutting living rate was similar to callus rating results. Many of the cuttings were live after application. Living rate was low at alone IBA application compared to that of the control. Introduction Apple is one ofthe most commonly cultivated produces around the world. Today, commercial apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) production is carried outthrough outtemperate regions of both north and southern hemispheres. To date, world’s apple production is 64 255 520 t(Anon. 2009). Such a widespread cultivation potential would be attributed to rich germplasm diversity ofmalus species in both cultivarand rootstock genotypes. Besides,recentimprovementsin utilitation of dwarf rootstocks in intensive cultivation contributed to enhance apple production. In orderto match present reguirements of modern apple orchards,rootstocks with high potentialin clonal propagation apptitude are recommended to use. Dwarf and semidwarf rootstocks, particularly, provide easyness in cultivation practices,reduce production cost and increase the proportionalincome. M9 is the most frequently used apple rootstock in the world to obtain dwarf plants. Malling 9 has for a long time been used as apple rootstock in Europe. Trees grafted on M9 do not exceed 2.7 m and are the 20-40% size of those grafted on seedling. Cultural processes are made without using a ladder. Thanks to excellent light exposure it provides, fruits are often well-colored and of high quality. However, it needs a backing for life because itsroot system is weak. Under available conditions,itsroots grow up well on beds, butitis quite hard to provide root formation via woody cuttings. Production of M9 apple rootstock is usually conducted with the “Stool Bed Layering” layering method (Howard 1985; Ferree & Carlson 1987; Hartmannn et al. 1990). M9 rootstock can be produced withlayering method, but can hardly be increased with cutting (Ferree & Carlson 1987). Increasing with cutting is an increasing method of great importance for all fruits as it is economical and fast. Despiteits all positive features,the biggest problem thatrestrictsitsuse isthat cuttings can not take root because regenerating abilities of some species are very deficient (Rugini & Fedelli 1990; Webster 1997). The cuttings belonging to the fruit species found in temperate climate group do not easily rooting. Thereby, cuttings are subject to various applications (plant growth regulators, different chemicals, bacteria 129 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo applications, carbohydrates etc.), one of which isthe use of plant growth regulator,in orderto remove problems about rooting in the kinds of these species (Dubeiovsky et al. 1993; Wiesman & Lavee, 1995; Grange et al. 1998; Eşitken et al. 2003). The most common application to increase the rooting ratio in cuttings is the use of auxins and especially of IBA (Hartmann et al. 1990; Howard 1985). In a study on determining the effects of IBA application with doses of 3000 and 8000 ppm on rooting properties of M9 apple root-stocks,it was reported thatthe maximum rooting (29.63%) was obtained from apple cuttings treated with 8000 ppm IBA (Ülger & Baktır 1995). In recent years, bacteria applications to cutting rootings have gained greatimportance. A. tumafaciens, E. milletiae, P. syringae pv. savastanoi, and P. syringae pv. myricae bacteria encourage cell divisions or gal formations in plants. These bacteria except A. tumafaciens are produced on intercell surfaces as indole-3acetamide and indol-3-pyruvate from oxine group by IAA (Goto 1990). These bacteria produce hormones in colonized areas on planttissues or encourage hormone production in plants. Therefore,these types of organisms cause cell divisions growth as depending on hormone production. Recently, especially some strains of A. rhizogenus (Bassilet al. 1991; Hatta et al. 1996) and A. rubi strains have been successfully been used for cutting rooting (Eşitken et al. 2003). In a study, 2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm IBA and three different types (A1, A16, A18) of Agrobacterium rubi bacteria were applied for determining cutting rooting of Kütahya sour cherry. W hile no rooting was determined in the control group, the highest rooting rate (70%) was obtained with application of 2000 ppm IBA+A16 (Ercisli et al. 2000).In a similar study, Ercisli et al.(2000a) applied 2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm IBA and three differenttypes (A1, A16, A18) of Agrobacterium rubi bacteriato rose hip and the highestrooting rate (95%) was obtained with 2000 ppm IBA + A18 application. Eşitken et al. (2003) applied IBA (250, 500, 750 ppm), Agrobacterium rubi and Bacillus OSU-142 to wild cherry, and reported that the best rooting rate (80%) was obtained with 250 ppm IBA + OSU 142. The objective ofthis study wasto determine the individual and combination effects of IBA, Agrobacterium rubi and Bacillus OSU 142 applications on rooting rate of M9 apple rootstock cuttings. Material and Methods Material This study was carried out at Atatürk University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture to investigate the effects of different applications on the rooting of hardwood M9 cutting. By this aim, twenty six different applications were performed using various doses ofIBA alone and/or distinct strains of Agrobacterium rubi and Bacillus OSU 142 bacteria. Applications are listed in Table 1. Bacteria strains were obtained from Atatürk University Faculty ofAgriculture Department of Plant Protection. 1. Kontrol 8. OSU 142 15. 2000 ppm IBA + A1 2. 1000 ppm IBA 3. 2000 ppm IBA 4. 6000 ppm IBA 5. A1 9. A1 + A16 16. 2000 ppm IBA + A16 17. 2000 ppm IBA + A18 18. 2000 ppm IBA + OSU 142 19. 4000 ppm IBA + A1 6. A16 7. A18 130 10. A1 + A18 11. A16 + A18 12. A1 + OSU 142 13. A16 + OSU 142 14. A18 + OSU 142 20. 4000 ppm IBA + A16 21. 4000 ppm IBA + A18 22. 4000 ppm IBA + OSU 142 23. 6000 ppm IBA + A1 24. 6000 ppm IBA + A16 25. 6000 ppm IBA + A18 26. 6000 ppm IBA + OSU 142 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Methods Cuttings were collected from M9 clone root stocks and one-year shoots at dormancy stage. The bottom of cuttings was submitted into IBA solutions for 3-5 seconds, following evaporation then submitted into Agrobacterium rubi strains and Bacillus OSU 142 bacteria suspension with a concentration of 1x108 bacteria per milliliter. The bottom of control cuttings was submitted into distilled water only (Eşitken et al. 2003).In orderto smear bacteria on cutting bottoms,they were mixed for 30 minutes at 75 rounds per minute. Then cuttings were planted in fogging area in greenhouse (Figure 2.1). The growing media is automatically controlled for heating (26 o C) and relative humidity (90-95%). Perlite was used as growing media. Rooting rates (%), callus formation rates (%) and survival rates (%) of cuttings were determined at the end of 3 month growing period. The experimental design was completely randomized design with 3 replications (10 cuttings at each replication). Duncan’s multiple comparison tests was used for mean comparisons after arcsine transformation of raw data (Düzgüneş et al. 1987). Results The findings on the effects of IBA and bacteria applications on rooting, callus formation and survival cuttings percentages are presented in Table 1. Root formation did not ocur in cuttings of most treatments including control. However, 2000 ppm IBA, 4000 ppm IBA and 2000 ppm IBA + OSU 142 treatments resulted in root formations, 6.66, 13.33 and 6.66 %, respectively. Differences among the treatments were statistically significant. 131 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Applications Rooting (%) Control 2000 ppm IBA 4000 ppm IBA 6000 ppm IBA A1 A16 A18 OSU 142 A1 + A16 A1 +A18 A16 +A18 A1 + OSU142 A16 + OSU142 A18 + OSU142 2000 ppm IBA + A1 2000 ppm A1 + A16 2000 ppm IBA + A18 2000 ppm IBA + OSU142 4000 ppm IBA + A1 4000 ppm A1 + A16 4000 ppm IBA + A18 4000 ppm IBA + OSU142 6000 ppm IBA + A1 6000 ppm A1 + A16 6000 ppm IBA + A18 6000 ppm IBA + OSU142 0b* 6.66 ab 13.33 a 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 6.66 ab 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 0b 12.85 LSD .01 LSD .05 Callus Formation (%) 66.66 b 46.66 bcd 20.00 ef 13.33 f 21.42 ef 26.66 def 53.33 bc 53.33 bc 53.33 bc 60.00 bc 84.61 a 40.00 cde 46.66 bcd 46.66 bcd 20.00 ef 13.33 f 13.33 f 21.42 ef 26.66 def 46.66 bcd 60.00 bc 40.00 cde 0g 0g 0g 0g Survival Ratio (%) 60.00 c 13.33 ef 13.33 ef 13.33 ef 21.42 de 40.00 cd 60.00 c 66.66 bc 66.66 bc 86.66 ab 92.30 a 66.66 bc 53.33 cd 53.33 cd 13.33 ef 13.33 ef 21.42 de 40.00 cd 40.00 cd 73.33 bc 93.33 a 73.33 bc 0f 0f 0f 0f 18.29 4.78 • Statistical analysis have been carried out using arc sin values. Table 3.1. The effects of IBA and bacteria applications on the rooting, callus formation and survival ratio on M9 apple rootstock cuttings. Callus formation occured in cuttings of most applications, except forthe combinations of6000 ppm IBA with bacteria. There were statistically significant differences between the applications for callusing. The highest callusing rate was obtained from A16 + A18 (84.61%), followed by control(66.66%). The findings relevant to survival percentages of cuttings are generally similar to those of callus formation rates.In most cases the cuttings maintained their survives up to the end of study. However,there was no surviving cutting in combination of 6000 ppm IBA with bacteria as was seen in callusing rates. Differences in survival percentages were statistically significant. The highest percentage on this criterion was observed in 4000 ppm IBA + A18 treatment (93.33 %), while control group demonstrated considerably higherrate (60.00 %). Discussion Considering the overallrooting percentages,the results appear dissatisfactory. This results conform the previous statement of Parmar & Aier (1989) who clarified the general difficulties in rooting of temperate fruits as a results of their hard tissues. Besides this, rooting ağabeylity of apple cuttings as well as other temperate fruits, are solely affected by external treatments along with genotypic apptitude and environmental conditions. Auxin treatments, out of externalfactors, have a specialinterest(Goto 1990). Literatureinvestications revealthat 132 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo auxin application do not have significantinfluence on rooting of M9 cuttings (Ülger & Baktır 1995). Callus development was observed in mosttreatments. Cutting ratio with callus was found as 66.66% in control and increased up to the 84.61% after A16 + A18 applications. When the cuttings are placed to the suitable media for rooting, callus layer occurs at the lower part of the cuttings. Protective layer resulted from callus tissue delays the rot formation at the lower part of the cuttings. In some cases, callus layer helps water uptakes ofthe cuttings (Hartmann et al. 1990). On the other hand,there has been different information related to the effect of callus layer on root formation. Hartmann et al. (1990) reported that callus formation and rooting formation are independent from each other. Kantarcı & Ayfer (1989) reported similar result in one study conducted in hazelnut plant. Similarly, Tayfon (1995) obtained low rooting in hard wood cuttings of kiwi, but callus formation was high in same conditions. In general,the results obtained from being alive ratio of cutting look like almost the callus formation ratios. Most cuttings were observed alive aftertreatments. For example, after pull offthe cuttings, alive cutting ratios for control and 4000 ppm IBA+A18 application were 60% and 93.33%, respectively. By evaluation of the results of alive cutting ratios, it can be observed that alive cutting ratio and callus formation ratio were close to each other. The result was also supported by Hartmann et al.(1990)thatthe protective layerresulted from callus tissue delays the rotformation atthe lower part ofthe cutting and in some cases, calluslayer helps water uptake of cutting. In result,the study performed to research the effects of IBA and bacterium applications on rooting ratio of cuttings in M9 apple rootstock showed that sufficient rooting ratio was not obtained. The present study was mainly focused on recentthe effect of bacterium on cutting rooting thatis very popularin recently. The increase or decrease in rooting may be determined properly with use ofthe different bacterium races or cuttings taken in different period by future studies. References Anon., (2009). www.fao.org Bassil, N.V., Proebsting, W.M., Moore, L.W., & Lightfoot, D.A. (1991). Propagation of hazelnut stem cutings using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. HortScience, 26(8), 1058-1060. Dubeikovsky, A.N., Mordukhova, E.A., Kochetkov, V., Polikarpova, F.Y., & Boronin, A.M. (1993). Growth promotion of blackcurrant softwood cuttings by recombinant strain Pseudomonas fluorescens BSP53a synthesizing an increased amount of indole-3-acetic acid number. Soil Biology-Biochemistry, 25(9), 1277-1281. Düzgüneş, O., Kesici, T., Kavuncu, O., & Gürbüz, F. (1987). Araştırma ve Deneme Metodları (Đstatistik Metodları-II). Ankara Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Yay: 1021, Ders Kitabı: 295, Ankara, 381 s. Ercişli, S., Eşitken, A., & Şahin, F. (2000). IBA ve bakteri (Agrobacterium rubi) uygulamalarının Kütahya vişne çeşidi çeliklerinin köklenmesi üzerine etkisi. Bahçe, 29(1-2), 75-80. Ercişli, S., Eşitken, A., & Şahin, F. (2000a), IBA ve bakteri (Agrobacterium rubi) uygulamalarının kuşburnu çeliklerinin köklenmesi üzerine etkisi. II. Ulusal Fidancılık Kongresi, 25-29 Eylül 2000, Bademli /Ödemiş-Đzmir, www.agr.ege.edu.tr/fitekno Eşitken, A., Ercişli, S., Şevik, Đ., & Şahin, F. (2003). Effect of indole-3-butyric acid and different strains of Agrobacterium rubi on adventive root formation from softwood and semi-hardwood wild sour cherry cuttings. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 27, 37-42. Ferree, D.C., & Carlson, R.F. (1987). Apple Rootstocks. Rootstocks for Fruit Crops, Rom, C.R. and Carlson, R.F. (eds). John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, U.S.A., pp 107-144. Goto, M. (1990). Fundamentals of Bacterial Plant Pathology. Academic Press. Inc, 339 pp. Grange, O., Bartschi, H., & Gay, G. (1998). Effect of the ecto-mycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum on in vitro rooting of micropropagated cuttings of arbuscular mycorrhiza forming Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus. Trees: Structure and Function, 12(1), 49-56. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., & Davies, F.T. Jr. (1990). Plant Propagation, Principles and Practices. Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey, 647 p. Hatta, M., Beyl, C.A., Garton, S., & Diner, A.M. (1996). Induction of roots on jujube softwood cuttings using Agrobacterium rhizogenus. Journal of Horticultural Science, 71(6), 881-886. Howard, B.H. (1985). The contribution to rooting in leafless winter plum cuttings of IBA applied to the epidermis. Journal of 133 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Horticultural Science, 60(2), 153-159. Kantarcı, M., & Ayfer, M. (1989). Bazı önemli fındık çeşitlerimizin çelikle çoğaltılmaları üzerine araştırmalar. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 13(3b), 1096-1109. Parmar, S.D., & Aier, N.B. (1989). Seasonal rooting behaviour of cuttings of plum cultivars as influenced by IBA treatments. Scientia Horticulturae, 40, 297-303. Rugini, E., & Fedelli, E. (1990). Olive (Olea europaea L.) as an oilseed crop. Ed. J.P.S. Bajaj, Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 10: Legumes and oilseed crops. I. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heiderberg. Tayfon, A. (1995). Kivi’nin Çelikle Üretilmesi Üzerine Araştırmalar. Ege Üniv. Fen Bil. Ens. (Y.Lisans Tezi). Ülger, S., & Baktır, Đ. (1995). Bodur M9, J9 ve Colt anaçlarının fog serasında köklenme özelliklerinin saptanması. Türkiye II. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi, Cilt I (Meyve):21-24. Webster, A.D. (1997). A review of fruit tree rootstock research and development. Acta Horticulturae, 451(1), 53-74. Wiesman, Z., & Lavee, S. (1995). Relationship of carbohydrate sources and Indole-3-Butyric Acid in olive cuttings. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22(5), 811-816. 134 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 492 Title A name given to the resource Effect of IBA and Bacteria (Agrobacterium rubi ve Bacillus OSU 142) on the Rooting of M9 Apple Rootstock Cuttings Author Author Pirlak, Lütfi Baykal, Yüksel Abstract A summary of the resource. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of IBA and bacteria (Agrobacterium rubi ve Bacillus OSU 142) applications on the rooting of M9 rootstock cuttings. The cuttings treated with IBA alone at different concentrations (2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm) and in combinations of three Agrobacterium rubi (A1, A16, A18) and Basillus OSU 142 strains. The treated cuttings were placed mist propagation system including perlite medium. After three months the cuttings were uprooted and evaluated for rooting percentage (%), callusing (%) and viability rate (%). There were determined inadequate results about rooting of cuttings. Rooting in cuttings was observed in 2000 ppm IBA (6.66 %), 4000 ppm IBA (13.33 %), and 2000 ppm IBA + Basillus OSU 142 combination (6.66 %), respectively. Callus were observed in all treated. Callus rate was 66.66 % in control while the rate was 84.61 % in A16 + A18 applications. Callus rate decreased depending on increasing of IBA doses. There were determined significantly differences in bacteria alone applications. According to application of bacteria combinations, the highests callus rate was A16 + A18 while the lowest was A1 + OSU 142. The best result of hormones + bacteria combinations were taken from 4000 ppm IBA + A18 application. Cutting living rate was similar to callus rating results. Many of the cuttings were live after application. Living rate was low at alone IBA application compared to that of the control. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c6ecbaa83ae52e8d30f949aaae12a130.pdf 7b8aae72bcd127fdd967738bbb2d2619 PDF Text Text Language, Culture and Communication Erdinç PARLAK Atatürk University Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty Department of English Language erdincparlak@hotmail.com Abstract: Man is born with an ability which distinguishes him from the rest of the creatures in the world; an ability which means the evidence of his life and existence. He starts to get accustomed to his environment and begins to communicate. Together with his biological and spiritual development he reacts and gains experience and finally learns a language totally. He is included in the system of his environment by this language. Gradually the parameters that reflect the culture and language structure of the society in which he lives becomes apparent in the mind of individual. Now, the individual has gained the ability to communicate with his environment and opens up his feelings, thoughts and beliefs to other people. Today, also called the age of globalization, the effect of information technologies on the societies is among the most common issues. Beyond having a function of providing communication among people, language is at the same time one of the milestones of the process of logical basis of the thinking activity. The most abstract thoughts turn into concrete form together with the words of a language. On the otheer hand, language may be regarded as a vessel nourishing the cultural originalities of the society it is spoken in. Culture, on the other hand, is closely related to the richness of vocabulary of a language. Technological developments that contributed greatly to the formation of globalization have also constituted some new forms of relations. The most effective one in this process has been the information technology. Because information technologies have created a dynamic system which indicates that there exists no faraway place in the world and almost everyone could reach one another without any difficulty. Particularly television has had great effect on teaching peoples and societies the “universal culture” in their daily lives. The relationship of language, culture and education by means of intercultural communication is multidimensional and this multi-dimensional communication occupies a prominent ground in education. Intercultural phenomenon is of great importance in interlanguage communication for the simple reason that there exist cultural features within the core of a language. Differences within and out of language may cause conflicts and likewise misunderstandings in the communication of men from different cultures and so result in preoccupied attitudes. Language, by the way, may be considered as a method to eliminate those misunderstandings and as a way to develop intercultural dialogue. Different societies may be brought closer to each other and effective communication may be made possible by teaching a common language. Within this context, language, which has enabled man different from other creatures throughout the process of existence, should be defined properly. Language, which provides communication and which contains a cultural tissue with its vocabulary, is a means of communication since the existence of mankind. Since language has its own rules and laws, it should be handled as an institutional system. As men get use of language as an institution, they should at the same time master the cultural and linguistic aspect of the language which constitute the cornerstones of this system. Otherwise, language may cause various conflicts and preoccupations besides being constructive and benefical in the process of communication. No doubt, language is a living thing and because of this characteristics it always undergoes certain transformations. The most important factor constituting the dimensions of thought is language and one one develops his/her ability of thought by the store of vocabulary he/she has in that language. Things turn into vivid pictures in the mind by the words and the process of thinking starts. So, one cannot mention about thinking without the very existence of a language. The close relationship between language and thought is a prominent factor contributing to the social process of man directly. The man who thinks has always directed intersocial relations by directly contributing to his environment and by having a much more wealthy life. Language, a much more important characteristics, which distinguishes men from the rest of creatures, has played and still plays vital role in the formation of individuals and societies. By means of language both individuals and societies can have the chance of having communication with each other. Since language is the means of communication of every society, using language does not solely depend on the level of development or technological advances because even the most primitive societies have their own language as the most advanced societies. And since a language contains the culture of the society where it is spoken, it would be mistaken to handle communication apart from culture. Because communication and language are integrated to each other and they are, in a sense, an inseperable part of a whole. 81 �On the other hand communication will, no doubt, contain fewer and fewer misunderstandings and contraversies among those who share the same culture. The cornerstones of the culture of a society contain some basic elements within itself as mythology, beliefs, religion, science and art etc. So the culture of a society may be resembled to a mosaic. Culture, which contains very many elements within itself, should be dealt with on the social ground. Because the vital elements of society may be claimed to exist in the culture of that society. In the light of such a definition, the concept of culture can be examined on two grounds: national and universal ( international) culture. As national culture can be defined as a set of collective social values of a society, universal culture, on the other hand, may be defined as cultural cliches that can be accepted and shared by every society in the world. So, universal culture that may also be defined as a common culture of all nations signifies a way of guidance in having international culture and dialogue. Universal culture, in a sense, is the product of a cultural interaction. Elements of different cultures are needed to to have that sort of product. The relationship between language and culture depends mainly on communication and is a matter of communication. Now a question may arise here: Has language created culture or culture created language? In fact both of these are truein a sense. If we consider culture as a way of life of a community, naturally, culture may come first. In short, men has formed certain rules, principles, beliefs, opinions as they have started to live together. One of the forecoming features of language may be said to transfer the common values of societies from one generation to another. Culture has a national characteristics since the lifestyle, traditions, worldviews, works of art, religion and language of a society differ greatly from the others. For this very reason various cultures belong to various nations. Though some cultures contain certain similarities, all cultural elements can not be the same as to contain all nations. There can exist neither a common world literature, world language, world way of thought, in short a common world culture. Because one of the prominent features of culture is its historical aspect. Culture, which emerges as a result of the common way of life of the members of a nation gains a historical value as it is transferred to the future generations. Members of a nation come to face the experiences of thousands of years formed by their ancestors and get use of these experiences. At that point comes the crucial step: that the transfer of experiences from one generation to another may be realized only by language. Language is both a carrier of culture, a cultural means of transfer and history, music, art, literature, science and technology, that is, all common values can only be transferred to future only by the language of the society in question. Throughout centuries, nations have dealt with mutual interactions and these interactions have resulted in cultural transfers. Those nations with close relationships with each other have created common civilizations by joining some values of their cultures. So it is crystal clear that language is of the greatest importance in having a national government, national culture and national identity. Every individual has, no doubt, a mother tongue and that mother tongue determines both way of feeling, thinking and the nationality. The use of language means the use of thinking. One who uses language effectively at the same time thinks effectively or vice versa and this generally results in good communication and interactions between different societies. The success in communication with others will be closely related and directly correlated with the success in using the language. So if language is considered not only as a set of signs but also as culture , then it would be easily recognized that language and culture cannot be seperated from each other. So the element of “culture” should not be overlooked in learning and teaching a language. Otherwise, language will inevitably be much more monotonus, mechanic and boring. Communication is realized mainly by language and culture. For example, without language, being one of the basic cultural elements, communication will, of course, be impossible. Likewise, language that we have formed among friends or jobs lets us to realize communication in a special way. We come to know which metaphors to use and when to use. In certain circumstances we choose certain words and use them. But in doing so, we take into consideration what the listeners or the others do understand from these. Culture, language and communication have become much more phenomena both due to the dense interactions among themselves and the spread of globalization. Culture, on the other hand, consists of the life styles, social orders, beliefs of the societies and makes its existence much more dynamic related to the activities of these elements. For this very reason culture is of greater importance in providing communication in the society. Communication, on the other hand, may be said to be a forecoming activity expressing methods and principles of culture and at the same time an important means having a role of spreading culture both in its own society and among the other societies. Communication can be fulfilled one sided or mutually and is effective in activating and using the cultural potential. Today, at the very beginning of 21st centuryculture can find its real value by means of the basic tools of communication. Language constitutes the most practical and common dimension of communication. Language has been existent since the very firs emergence of communication. Culture, as multi dimensional and important phenomenon, becomes much more common and develops by the basic methods of communication and this 82 �function is realized by language. So there should always be a unity between language, culture and communication. These three constitute a whole and the lack of any of these elements may, most probably, result in poor communication. For instance younger generations gain the necessary knowledge by communication. It can be claimed that there will not be culture without communication or language. Culture and society, as a concept, may be defined differently from each other but there is always an inseperable relationship between these two. Culture consists of common products shared by the members in the society. Society, on the other hand, consists of individuals sharing that common culture and having interactions among themselves. There can be no society without culture and culture can not find life without a society which protects and develops it.So society and culture live dependent to each other. Due to the vast technological developments, new types of lifestyles and international relations have emerged throughout the world. The importance of economic and political relations have been felt deeply. Because of this, communication has become a multi-dimensional factor in the lives of both individuals and societies. While communication was fulfilled only by orally and written forms in the past, it has become much more rapid by technological advances. Communication technologies have turned the whole world into a small village. And in this village language and communication have gained much more importance. References: Ağaçsapan, Asuman (2002) : Dil Üzerine, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 3, Eskişehir Barthes, Roland (1996) : Göstergebilimsel Serüven, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Cogito 12 Chomsky, Noam (2002) : Dil ve Sorumluluk, Etkin Yayınları Güvenç, Bozkurt (1979) : İnsan ve Kültür, Remzi Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul Han, Turgay (2008) : Kültürlerarası İletişim ve Diyaloğun Gelişimine Dil Öğretiminin Katkısı, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum Yıldız, Şerife (2005) : Dil Kültür İletişim ve Medya, Sinemis Yayınları, Ankara 83 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 655 Title A name given to the resource Language, Culture and Communication Author Author Parlak, Erdinç Abstract A summary of the resource. Man is born with an ability which distinguishes him from the rest of the creatures in the world; an ability which means the evidence of his life and existence. He starts to get accustomed to his environment and begins to communicate. Together with his biological and spiritual development he reacts and gains experience and finally learns a language totally. He is included in the system of his environment by this language. Gradually the parameters that reflect the culture and language structure of the society in which he lives becomes apparent in the mind of individual. Now, the individual has gained the ability to communicate with his environment and opens up his feelings, thoughts and beliefs to other people. Today, also called the age of globalization, the effect of information technologies on the societies is among the most common issues. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/439fb060701046850ef4368e85145bad.pdf c2c2a0e57837ca7f1cc0143ced5c1b25 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Functions of Local Governments for the Implementation of Sustainable Development: The Case of Turkey Ethem Kadri PEKTAŞ Assist. Prof. Afyon Kocatepe University pektas@aku.edu.tr Abstract:The term “Sustainable Development” was used for the first time in 1987 by Brundtland Report known as “Our Common Future”. Being about meeting the needs of today without diminishing the capacity of future generations to meet their needs, sustainable development is the most important common goal of human being today. There have been many international efforts to reach this common goal since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. This conference established a connection between Sustainable Development and Local Governments in its main concluding document Agenda 21. Titled as “Local Authorities’ Initiatives in Support of Agenda 21”, Chapter 28 of this document calls each local authority to enter into a dialogue with its citizens, local organizations and private enterprises and adopt “a Local Agenda 21”. In accordance with this call, the Local Agenda 21 Program has been carried out in thousands of cities all over the world, including Turkey. In this country, local governments especially municipalities provide several services to their inhabitants to ensure Sustainable Development in their cities on the basis of the related legislation. This study aims to examine the functions of local governments towards Sustainable Development. In doing so, the study depends on the case of Turkey. Keywords: Environmental Problems, Sustainable Development, Sustainable Urban Development, Local Agenda 21, Local Governments. Introduction Environmental movement which is started in 1970’s and intensified 1980’s; spread national levels to international level. Environmentalism initially considered as “pollution” later on assessed in a wider and holistic perspective. While these developments are taking place in the sense of environmental protectionism and development international solidarity and cooperation is started take place in international agendas. (Toprak Karaman, 1998: 47). It seems that the belief “economic developments, with the support of technologic developments, are an indicator of wealth of societies” does not seem like a valid belief. Multiple negative affect of economical activities in the nature and artificial environment indicates that plain economical development is not alone a factor of economical development and reminded to the mankind that the economical development should go along with the social and ecological development. Now unlimited development does not accepted and while “sustainable” economical social and environmental objectives are actualized, there is need of local, national and international strategies should be (is) embraced. (Palabıyık, 2005: 611). Sustainable Development With the discussion of global problems such as: global warming, vanishing of rain forests and hunger, sustainable development come into the global agenda. Today, sustainable development is acknowledged as along term concept with the dimensions of economical social and ecological developments. (Adaman et al, 2004: 129130). The concept of sustainable development consists of two components: “sustainability” and “development”. Sustainable development relays on the idea of sustainability. It can simply be described as: “ability of something’s to survive”. Some of the scientists describing sustainability as: a procedure which should provide minimum level of protection to social, economical and environmental (ecological) systems need. Some others mention the “edge of sustainability”. Edge of sustainability is described as: the usage of sources with a minimum balanced level which can fulfill the mankind’s need today and in the future. If this edge is crossed “unsustainability” occurs. (Bozlağan, 2002: 58). 391 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Development is a term which has subjective elements and is difficult to describe and definitions varies in according to different people. But generally can be described as “activities which provide an increase in welfare”. But since it is difficult to measure the level of increase in welfare, in a narrow sense, it can be defined as “per capita national income”. In the literature, some of the writers mentioned the humanitarian perspective of development such as human rights, local and international democracy, reaching full employment rate, housing, health and ability to have basic infrastructure services and having enough natural sources etc., (Bozlağan, 2002, 58). Sustainable Development and Its Content In general, sustainable development is a balance between the mankind and the nature which does not exploit the sources of nature for the needs of next generations’ and existing society’ needs. These definitions puts forward certain subjects like: usage of limited sources, change, limitation of consumption, protection of land, appliance of democracy, providing justice in between the generations and providing basic needs of mankind (Palabıyık, 2005: 615). One of the most widely known definitions of sustainable development is Brundtl and Commission’s definition: “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Even though this definition is a bit short, it contains such a wide meaning in it including economical, social and ecological life’s aspects. This report mainly concentrates on balancing the needs of existing society’s needs and the needs of next generations needs without harming the nature. In Brundtland’s report the term “need” is used with a larger meaning which contains all aspects of socioeconomic life. In other words, the term “need” is used for individuals’ and society’s social, economical, ecological needs and the needs of alive and/or un-alive sources. There are two key opinions to be investigated in this definition (Bozlağan, 2002: 60): • All the needs of individuals’ should be met in a safe and suitable way. Priorities should be paid to the poor people in today’s world where many people’s basic needs have not been met. • The usage of sources should be limited in a way that would secure needs of today and future by the technologic, social organizational and limitations. Therefore, nations should give up destructive growth and development strategies and try to implement more sustainable growth strategies in a short time. Additionally, efficient participation of citizens to decision making process should be guaranteed, economical system should be developed in way that would produce technological information and stable output, social system should be able solve the problems related to tensions because of inconvenient development, manufacturing system should be able to respect to ecological protection systems, technologic system should be able to provide new solutions, international system should be able to support sustainable systems in trade and finance and finally, a system which has abilities to restructure it self, should be established. (Bozlağan, 2002: 60). Local Governments and Sustainable Urban Development Sustainable Urban Development expresses implementation of sustainable development the principle for the purpose of improving the life standards the people living in the cities (Palabıyık, 2005: 617). During the preparatory meetings for the Urban 21 Conference (Berlin, July 2000), the following definition was developed for Sustainable Urban Development: “Improving the quality of life in a city, including ecological, cultural, political, institutional, social and economic components without leaving a burden on the future generations1. On the other hand, an unsustainable urban can be defined as the places where the physical environment was destroyed and polluted so that it threats human life; the places which have an economy with inefficient and insufficient infrastructure and also not supporting the expectations of people to increase the welfare and the quality of life; the places in which there is increasing tension, crime, alienation, as a result migration (Palabıyık, 2005: 620). There are different opinions about the necessary factors for sustainable urban development or possibility to attain it. For some views, it is impossible or only a utopia, but for some others, it is an unavoidable necessity. Some people think that cities are under unsustainble conditions because of heavy consumption, unplanned growth, intensive environmental distortions, excessive use of resources, deep inequalities among social classes. Nevertheles, cities are places where people wish to live with its successfull local governments and attractive features beyond everything. Most of the cities may be much better places to live in with the available technological facilities as well as citizens’ ecological attitutes and values (Palabıyık, 2005: 617) 1 http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/SustainableCities/What.html, 20.05.2009. 392 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Although sustainable development is seen as a global aim, each community/society needs to develop its own concrete policies in the direction of its own necessities to attain this goal. It is more rational to undertake the sustainability in harmony at the local, regional, national and international levels. Given that more than half of the world population and about 80% of European Union population live in cities, it can be easily stated that they are the most important places to implement sustainable development. In fact, with their strong cultural and economic power, cities have important advantages for reaching the sustainability goals by the societies (Palabıyık, 2005: 619). Local governments may be the most important actors to ensure the sustainable development and especially the urban sustainability or sustainable urban development. Being the closest units of public administrations to public, providing efficient and productive local public services, and improving and settling local democracy, local governments have priviliged position in the public administration system. When this position of local governments has been thought, it is basic and natural for them to undertake a dominant role in the success of urban sustainability, too. By ensuring local sustainability through the natural resource management, urban development, management of pollution, public health, public services, and education, local governments also contribute to national sustainability (Gökçeer, 1994: 27-28). Basic strategies that local governments should follow to ensure sustainable development may be listed as follows: • To use the indicators for sustainable development in the developing environmental targets, • To put the sustainable development as the main aim in designing Urban Development Policies, • To develop environmental protection and management systems to protect and improve the environment, • To develope environmental inventory approaches, • To inroduce and spread the environmental protection policies and programs to the public, • To get communicated and cooperated with international institutions about sustainable development. Local governments, which have the responsibilities in designing and implementing policies, especially in the local areas, have to mobilize their available resources towards the goal of sustainable development. It is obvious that the central governments also have to undertake various responsibilities towards the same goal. The most tops of these responsibilities include: • To give flexibility and fiscal autonomy to the local governments in their environmentally friendly enterprises and plannings, • To guide the local governments in both increasing the quality of urban life and using resources, • To support the field and transportation plans of the local governments, which are for sustainable development, • To protect the sustainable development strategy in all central planning policies, • To adopt the legislation and economic mechanism regarding the environmentally friendly enterprises, • To support and encourage the projects which take care of cleaner and rational use of resources, • To develop objective criteria and systems for all economic sectors to make the environmental inventory and monitor the developments, • To ensure relationships and partnerships among the main sectors and channel these into sustainable development and speed up the development (Gökçeer, 1994: 28): In recent years, the relationship between the global and local process related to the sustainable development is noticed, and the importance of bringing forward the sustainable development in the local and regional level as an aim is stressed. Particularly, in various formal declarations, such as in Rio in 1992, at Habitat II in Đstanbul in 1996, in Johannesburg in 2002, it is indicated that the local governments are very important in the application of sustainable development policies succesfully (Adaman and et al., 2004: 130). Sustainable Development and Local Agenda 21 Agenda 21, an output of United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, is defined as action plan which is the ultimate expression of global consensus and politic commitments towards acvieving “sustainable development” that aims to create a balance between development and environment (Kavili Arap, 2004: 163). Agenda 21 brings forward “global partnership” as an indispensable method to reach the goal of “sustainable development”. Because environmental and urban problems have the characteristics of locality, it is necessary to make efforts locally to prevent the problems before they appear or to solve them as soon as they appear. This is a natural result of both conventional decentralization approach and the principle of “providing services by administrative units closest to the public”. The declaration of Agenda 21 is a result of the efforts to build up arrangements on that sense and by this declaration, the duties assigned to local administration and compatriots have been overemphasized (Adıgüzel, 2003: 50). Local Agenda 21 (LA-21) can be defined as a participatory process with multiple agents aiming to reach the targets of Agenda 21 in local level by means of preparation of a long term strategic plan for developing solutions 393 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo to the problems in front of sustainable development and for their implementation (Sağır, 2003:32). The emergence of Local Agenda 21 is related to the process of turning the balance against environment which already exists in human-environment relation. In this process people realize the changing balance between human and environment. Due to the global importance of the problem, humanity initiated solution processes by international organizations (especially United Nations). The first important step of the solution processes was the Stockholm Conference held in 1972. The historical process that lasted since then to Johannesburg Summit in 2002 can be summarized as follows (Emrealp, 2005: 13-25): The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference-1972): The term of “sustainable development” was first defined in the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in June 1972 in Stockholm, Sweden. Three principles stated in the Stockholm Declaration as looking after intergeneration equity in using resources, connecting economic and social development with environment and emphasizing the coexistence of development and environment have formed basis for “sustainable development”. The importance and function of participation was also mentioned for the first time in the international documents by this conference, though it was stated in a weak manner. The United Nations convened the Habitat: United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Vancouver-1976): It became apparent in the UN Habitat I Conference, held in 1976 in Vancouver, Canada, that the policy which only the central authorities can be an object of the UN has steadily bankrupted. At this stage, it came out that international solutions needs involvement of local governments and non governmental organizations. This new expansion resulted in accepting local governments and non governmental organizations as indispensable “partners” at the international level. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development “Earth Summit” (Rio de Janeiro-1992): The starting point of Agenda 21 was the UN Conference on Environment and Development, so-called “Earth Summit”. This Summit not only put the sustainable development into our life but also enabled the adoption of participatory mechanisms and processes (Toprak Karaman, 1999:60). United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), (Cairo-1994): The first important summit following the Rio Conference was held in 1994 in Cairo, the capital of Egypt. The Cairo Conference focused on Chapter 5 of Agenda 21 titled “Demographic Dynamics and Sustainability”. World Summit for Social Development Copenhagen (Copenhagen-1995): The UN Social Development Conference was held in March 1995 in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The conference focused primarily on the Chapter 3 titled “Combating Poverty” and other several subjects dealt with in Agenda 21. The importance of setting up “partnerships” was emphasized in the main chapters of the Action Plan adopted in the conference. A global belief that democracy and a transparent and accountable governance and administration are the indispensable basis of a social and human-centered sustainable development is expressed especially in Chapter 5. The United Nations’ Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing-1995): Chapter 24 of the Agenda 21 carries the title of “Global Action for Women towards Sustainable and Equitable Development”. In this section, the importance of participation of women in all development activities in full, equal and most useful way was underlined. To ensure this target, various action plans and agreements adopted by the international community. Fourth World Conference on Women Beijing Declaration1 argued that women participaton in the process of economic and social development, equality of opportunity and as practitioners and beneficiaries of people-centered sustainable development full and equal participation of women and man take place in this process. United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) (Đstanbul-1996): Recognization of Agenda 21 in Turkey has been largely through the UN Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) held in Istanbul in 1996. At the Habitat Agenda, it was indicated that the indispensable foundation of the sustainable development based on democratic, respect for human rights, transparent, participant and accountable governance features. Thus, the principles of good governance for the 21st century were formulated ib this conference. The Habitat Agenda ended with ephasis that pre-condition of the success of this agenda depends on the participation of local governments, civil society organizations and active participation of other local actors. City Summit was strengthened and riched the movement of LA-21 launched in Rio by underlining the “facilitator” role of the management, by highlighting the basic principles of good governance, and by encouraging cooperation of local governments, civil society and the private sector. United Nations Millennium (Millennium) Declaration (New York-2000): Issued on 6-8 September 2000 at the United Nations’ Headquarter in New York, the United Nations Millennium Declaration as one of the accepted document of today’s most powerful global commitment and priority was signed by the heads of state and government of 189 countries, including Turkey at the beginning of a new millennium. In this declaration, eight goals2 were set to be reached by 2015 for development and poverty 1 2 http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/declar.htm, 28.04.2009. “Eight Millenium Development Goals” are: 394 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo reduction. LA-21’s have a vital fuction in the achieveiment of these goals. The large parts of the document, namely “Development and Poverty Reduction”, “Protection of Common Environment”, “Human Rights”, “Democracy” and “Good Governance” are directly related to LA-21 processes. United Nations the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) (Johannesburg-2002): Being the first global conference of 21st century, the UN World Sustainable Development Summit was held on 26 August-4 September 2002 in Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa. It was also the first international conference that was named after the term “sustainable development”. It is known commonly as Rio+10 as it aimed to assess the Agenda 21 processes started by Rio Conference in 1992. As two main outputs (results) of the summit “Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development”1 and the “Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development” have been adopted at the summit. In Johannesburg Sustainable Development Declaration, global commitments to the goal (objective) of sustainable development are repeated, the importance of partnerships is expressed and importance of application is emphasised. Moreover, despite the “best practice” examples of world-scale and well-intentioned efforts, it is argued that very limited and inadequate achievements have been obtained in the evaluation of success of Agenda 21 from ten-year period after the Rio Summit. In various parts of the Local Governments Dialogue Report which took place among the UN documents offered to the Johannesburg Summit, the major steps taken at the local level are mentioned about implementation of Agenda 21. The Report pointed out that LA-21s were the most efficienct and stable output of the Rio Conference. Local Agenda 21: Rise and Scope Local Agenda 21 (LA-21), that aiming to reaching Agenda 21 targets on the local base via preparation and application of a long-term strategic plan which oriented primarily toward the solution of sustainable development problems, is a participatitive and multi-sectoral process (Kaya, 2007: 180). This process colored with volunteerism principle, is a loosely organized civil initiative movement and does not depend to any institution whatsoever. “City Councils”, “City General Assemblies” and the like that main vehicles of LA-21 are constituted via city public institutions NGOs and shared participatition of city-dwellers (Adıgüzel, 2003: 51). At “UN Environment and development conference” the world summit held in Rio de Janerio in 1992, in the scope of Agenda 21 that is welcomed by UN as an application program for sustainable development, LA-21 program included as well. These arguments are placed in 28th chapter of Agenda 21 titled “Local Authorities Initiativer in Support of Agenda 21”: “Because so many of the problems and solutions being addressed by Agenda 21 have their roots in local activities, the participation and cooperation of local authorities will be a determining factor in fulfilling its objectives. Local authorities construct, operate and maintain economic, social and environmental infrastructure, oversee planning processes, establish local environmental policies and regulations, and assist in implementing national and subnational environmental policies. As the level of governance closest to the people, they play a vital role in educating, mobilizing and responding to the public to promote sustainable development.”2 Four main targets are put in place in corresponding chapter: As a first target, every single local authority in all countries is supposed to start a participatitive process with their own communities and constitute a consensus regarding a LA-21 for their cities. Secondly, cooperation is encouraged between international community and local authorities as well as cooperation amongst local authorities at international scope. Thirdly, in order to enhance experience and knowledge/information sharing coordination and cooperation level are targeted to be increased between local authorities and other representatives of local authorities. The last but of course not the least, programs aiming to effective participation of women and young people to the process of decision making, planning and implementation are encouraged at all local authorities in the world. The following objectives are proposed for this programme area: Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Goal 5: Improve maternal health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals, 11.05.2009. 1 http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm, 21.05.2009. 2 http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21chapter28.htm, 03.05.2009. 395 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo (a) By 1996, most local authorities in each country should have undertaken a consultative process with their populations and achieved a consensus on “a local Agenda 21” for the community; (b) By 1993, the international community should have initiated a consultative process aimed at increasing cooperation between local authorities; (c) By 1994, representatives of associations of cities and other local authorities should have increased levels of cooperation and coordination with the goal of enhancing the exchange of information and experience among local authorities; (d) All local authorities in each country should be encouraged to implement and monitor programmes which aim at ensuring that women and youth are represented in decision-making, planning and implementation processes. Every single local organization is encouraged to develop their own LA-21s in cooperation with private sector institutions, local authorities, fellow countrymen and local management authority at the framework of reaching at targets that spesified at 28th chapter of Agenda 21. Each local authority should enter into a dialogue with its citizens, local organizations and private enterprises and adopt “a local Agenda 21”. Through consultation and consensus-building, local authorities would learn from citizens and from local, civic, community, business and industrial organizations and acquire the information needed for formulating the best strategies. At the process that starting from 1992 the world summit in which LA-21 emerged, to 2002 Johannesburg UN world sustainable development summit, a number of universal UN conferences and summits are carried out. These organizations result in the widespread acceptance of LA-21s, which are local projections of “universal partnership”, and became the international pillar of this process. LA-21 is essentially a vision development aimed at city’s sustainable future and subsuquently suggests that a strategic, long-termed local action plans’ preparation and implementation that makes the vision to be carried out. LA-21 process is supposed to be open to all parts of society whether it be organized or not and stimulate participatitive policies and mechanism. Development of a governence approach based on variouss participatitive mechanism and local partnership is crucially important (Kaya, 2007: 181-182). Local Agenda 21 Practices in the World LA-21 has been implementing across the world in 135 countries since 1992. Even “LA-21” concept is directly not used; city numbers that participate to this process under similar names (Sustainable Cities Programs, Healty Cities Program etc.) are being increased day by day. UN development program, which is the coordinator of LA-21 at world scope, supports LA-21 processes that were accepted by around 85 countries that contains Turkey as well. LA-21 initiatives as of Rio and Johannessburg Summits are being accepted by UN as the most successful activities that provides local participatition. The outcome of Local Agenda 21 implementations since the Rio Summit finds its paramount expression in the report entitled “Implementing Agenda 21: Report of the Secretary-General”, prepared by the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan for WSSD - the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in 2002 in Johannesburg, which underlines that “At the local level, the most successful umbrella for participation has been the local Agenda 21 initiatives” (UNDP, 2006: 2). In addition, at Johannessburg Summit where “Local Authorities Dialog Report” is presented to UN, it is pointed out that local authorities have answered effectively to the Agenda-21 thanks to LA-21 (Kaya, 2007: 184185) Aalborg Charter has been signed after first Europeen sustainable cities and towns conferences held in Aalborg/Denmark between May 24-27th 1994. With this charter, in the framework of LA-21, in reaching sustainable cities and towns a campaign starting point which supposed to be implemented at local and regional level in Europe has been constituted. City authorities that signed the charter have made commitments of performing actions placed in the charter in order to have more sustainable cities. The Lisboa Action Plan: from Charter to Action , that projects more tangible steps in order to reach sustainable cities and towns, and that has been held in Lisboa at October 1996, has been constituted. After the third European conference on sustainable cities and towns occurred in Hannover, Germany, on 9-12 February 2000, in June 2004 again under the hostings of Aalborg a conference, Aalborg Commitment (Aalborg+10) statement has been accepted and opened to signature. On March 21-24, 2007 at fifth conference held in Spain/Sevilla (Sevilla 2007 Fifth European Conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns: Taking the Commitments to the Streets) according to signature listing around 2500 local authorities in more than 40 countries (for example, 1084 municipalities in Spain, 833 municipalities in Italy) have signed Aalborg Charter. Turkey has 7 municipal signatures of it. Furthermore, Çorum Governorship and Marmara and Vicinity Municipalities Association signed it provisionally. The Aalborg Commitments declared in 2004 has not yet been signed by Turkey. 396 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 1994 Aalborg Charter that charter of European cities and towns towards sustainablitiy and similar attemps are strong evidence that LA-21s are very important in Europe. European Union carefully supervises cantidates countries practises about LA-21. So, activities in Turkey that are undertaken in the framework of LA-21 bears vital importance. Local Agenda 21 Practices in Turkey As a response to the call made to local governments in Chapter 28 of the Agenda 21, LA-21 Program have been implemented in thousands of cities around 14 countries since 1992. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the coordinator organization for Agenda 21 over the world supports LA-21 processes in 85 countries, including Turkey. Today, LA-21 practices in Turkey are being carried out by the support of UNDP and under the coordination of United Cities and Local Governments, Middle East and West Asia (UCLGMEWA). The priority and importance should be given to the openness of LA-21 for the participation of both organized and non-organized social sectors and to the development of policies and mechanisms encouraging participation. Turkey LA-21 Program is open to all local governments, except for village administrations. A total of 71 local governments1 from different geographical regions are partners to this program as of April 2009, including 10 metropolitan municipalities, 1 special provincial administration, 21 provincial municipalities, and 39 town and district municipalities. Phases of Local Agenda 21 (LA-21) Programme in Turkey2 Turkey LA-21 Program has been carried out in four phases since 1997 when it started. The developments in each phase can be summarized briefly as follows. Phase I - Promotion and Development of Local Agenda 21s in Turkey (1997-1999) This is the phase on which the LA-21 processes in Turkey were launched in late 1997 via the project entitled “Promotion and Development of Local Agenda 21s in Turkey”, with the support of UNDP and under the coordination of International Union of Local Authorities Section for the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (IULA-EMME). This project was successfully completed in December 1999. Phase II - Implementing Local Agenda 21s in Turkey (2000-2003) In this phase, following the success of the first project, a new project entitled “Implementing Local Agenda 21s in Turkey” started in January 2000. The overall purpose of the Project is to strengthen local “governance” by ensuring that civil society participates in decision making and influences local investment. In a short time, a number of sub-projects and over 50 new partners from local authorities are included into the project. As a result of this, the name of the project was changed into the “Turkey Local Agenda 21 Program”. The Program had five basic objectives: The first objective was to increase the number of local authorities engaging in Local Agenda 21, and to promote and develop participatory processes in new partner cities. The second objective was to prepare local action plans in new partner cities and to implement them in these cities. The third objective was to launch campaigns to inform the public, as well as to work for increasing international support. The fourth objective was to ensure long term sustained support for the Local Agenda 21 processes. The fifth and final objective was to give a facilitating role for Local Agenda 21 in the recovery and reconstruction process of the Marmara earthquake3. Phase III - Localizing the UN Millennium Development Goals and WSSD4 Plan of Implementation through the Turkey Local Agenda 21 Governance Network (2004-2006) The project carried out during this phase had two main objectives: The first objective was to institutionalize LA-21 processes and mechanisms at the local and national levels through campaigns and capacity building initiatives. The second objective was to launch a Local Agenda 21 Small Grants Program to promote and substantiate the MDGs and WSSD Plan of Implementation at the local 1 http://www.la21turkey.net/`http://www.la21turkey.net/dl/yg21/IV_Asama/JanuaryMarch2009Progress.pdf, 13.05.2009. http://www.la21turkey.net, 21.04.2009. 3 http://www.la21turkey.net/index.php?pages=topic&op=cat&cid=118, 08.05.2009. 4 WSSD: World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, 2002), http://www.un.org/events/wssd, 09.05.2009. 2 397 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo level1. In order to attain these objectives, there had been several projects supporting each other. In this connection, by the support of UNDP-TTF Program and through the project entitled “Establishment of Sustainable Networking to Encourage Democratic Local Governance in Turkey”, the available web site renewed to be more interactive and the “Local Agenda 21 Governance Network” was developed (IULA-EMME, 2006: 14). In addition, by the support of the MATRA Program of the Government of Netherlands, another project entitled “Enhancing the Role of the Women and the Youth in Local Partnerships and Networking for Transparency” was carried out to increase the participation of women and youth to local decision-making procedures as well as to all fields of local governance2. The third project carried out in this phase was entitled “Localizing the UN Millennium Development Goals and WSSD Plan of Implementation through Turkey Local Agenda 21 Governance Network”. The project envisaged to increase the interest and support of central government and to promote better. By this project, “Supporting the Local Projects Program” was also started to institutionalize LA-21 processes (Kaya, 2007: 186-187). Phase IV - Localizing the UN Millennium Development Goals in Turkey through the Local Agenda 21 Governance Network (2006-2008) In this phase, the project entitled “Localizing the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Turkey through the Local Agenda 21 Governance Network” was designed to localize the Government’s MDGs commitments by advocating the prioritization of the UN MDGs in local action. It depended on participatory local governance as the basic means for achieving these goals (UCLG-MEWA, 2009: 21). The specific targets of the project included to launch a campaign at the national and local levels under the name of “Our City Supports the UN Millennium Development Goals”; to build monitoring capacities for local authorities and City Councils; to develop and internalize local governance practices; to establish the support, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for localizing the MDGs; to promote “best practices” of partnerships between local governance actors and the private sector (UNDP, 2006: 4). This project is still ongoing. The City Councils as One of the Basic Components of Local Agenda 21 The primary decision-making and “enablement” mechanisms for the LA-21 Program are the participatory platforms, namely the City Councils. These councils are supported and complemented by a number of different stakeholders in the city, such as working groups, women and youth councils, and platforms of children, elderly and disabled. Owing to the LA-21 Program, the “City Councils”, along with other participatory mechanisms and processes, are given a legal basis by the Article 76 of the new Law on Municipalities (No. 5393) (UNDP, 2006: 6). City Councils are the forms of governance mechanisms that meet central government, local government, and civil society under a partnership approach. These councils provide democratic and effective platforms for discussions among the participants whose number depends on the size of the cities about development priorities, urgent problems and possible solutions to them. The basic functions of city councils include identification of priorities and targets as well as basic strategies and areas of action for “sustainable development” and forming a common vision for their cities (Emrealp, 2005: 65). In addition they monitor all activities of local governments and prepare reports to be discussed by the public, thus they fulfill the task of democratic follow-up (Palabıyık ve Görün, 2004: 263). Citizens take part in working groups in accordance with their field of interest on the basis of voluntariness. There is no hierarchical relationship in these groups whose main aim is to work in harmony and efficiently (Kayan, 2005: 31). Conclusion Ensuring sustainable development is the common goal of all humanity. To achieve this goal, only the efforts of the central government of course can not be enough. It also requires efforts from local governments, international, supranational, private sector, professional, civil society organizations as well as citizens. Having a dynamic structure, local governments are successful units within the public administration system. Their basic characteristic of being the closest administrative unit to citizens provides them with the opportunity to make local services in an efficient and effective way. This characteristic also makes them to be the driving 1 2 http://www.la21turkey.net/index.php?pages=topic&op=cat&cid=117&tid=365, 10.05.2009. http://www.la21turkey.net/index.php?pages=topic&op=cat&cid=120&tid=328, 07.05.2009. 398 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo force in local and regional development. Finally it provides local governments with leading roles in promoting the culture of local democracy among the citizens. Undoubtedly one of the most successful products of LA-21 process is the establishment of city councils as platforms for local participation and democratic debate. In Turkey, the Law on Municipalities of 2005 makes the establishment these councils obligatory not only in the partner cities to LA-21 Program but also in all districts that have got a municipality. In spite of many shortcomings in legal and practical terms, city councils have become important units in Turkish Local Administrative System. Their importance derives basically from the functions of determining priorities and targets as well as basic strategies and areas of actions for “sustainable development” and forming a common vision for their cities. Despite these effective functions of the city councils, the number of the partner local governments to LA-21 Program is extremely inadequate (71) as of April 2009. Moreover, with a few exceptions, Turkish local governments seem uninterested or unwilling to sign the European Urban Charter (1992), Aalborg Charter (1994), Aalborg Commitments (2004) and similar texts. Therefore it is necessary for local governments to give more importance to LA-21 processes like their counterparts in Europe. Similarly, it is also necessary for central government to continiue its leading, encouraging, and to some extend forcing, supports. Considering European Union member states’ attitudes to LA21 processes, this becomes a more urgent need for Turkey’s compliance in this field. References Adaman, F., et al (2004). Sürdürülebilir Kentleşme: Yalova Örneğinde Bir Yöntem Önerisi, Yerel Yönetimler Kongresi, Dünden Bugüne Yerel Yönetimlerde Yeniden Yapılanma, Bildiriler Kitabı, Çanakkale. Adigüzel, Ş. (2003). Yerel Düzeyde Yönetime Katılım ve Yerel Yönetim Sürecindeki Đşlevleri Açısından “Yerel Gündem 21: Malatya Belediyesi Yerel Gündem 21 Örneği, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, Cilt 12, Sayı 1, Ocak 2003. Bozlağan, R. (2002). Sürdürülebilir Gelişme Düşüncesi, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, Cilt 11, Sayı 1, Ocak 2002. Emrealp, S. (2005). Yerel Gündem 21 Uygulamalarına Yönelik Kolaylaştırıcı Bilgiler El Kitabı, Yerel Gündem 21 Programı, IULA-EMME Yayını, Đstanbul. Gökçeer, F. (1994). Şehirlerimizde Sürdürülebilir Gelişmenin Değişim Yönleri, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, Cilt 3, Sayı 2, Mart 1994. Göktürk, A., & Kavili, S. (2000). Yerel Gündem 21 ve Katılım…!, Yerel Yönetimler Sempozyumu Bildirileri Kitabı, Ankara. IULA-EMME-Uluslararası Yerel Yönetimler Birliği Doğu Akdeniz ve Ortadoğu Bölge Teşkilatı (2006); “Türkiye Yerel Gündem Yönetişim Ağı Yoluyla BM Binyıl Bildirgesi Hedefleri ve Johannesburg Uygulama Planı’nın Yerelleştirilmesi” Projesi Gelişme Raporu. Kavili Arap, S. (2004). Yerel Gündem 21 ve Yerel Yönetişim, Yerel Yönetimler Kongresi, Dünden Bugüne Yerel Yönetimlerde Yeniden Yapılanma, Bildiriler Kitabı, Çanakkale. Kaya, E. (2007). Kent Yönetiminde Yeni Yaklaşım, Yerel Kalkınma Yönetimi, Genişletilmiş Đkinci Baskı, Okutan Yayınevi, Đstanbul. Kayan, A. (2005). Yerel Gündem 21, Belediyelerin Personel Sorunları ve Yerel Gündem 21’in Belediyelere Sağlayacağı Bazı Katkılar - I”, Yerel Yönetim ve Denetim, Cilt 10, Sayı 12, Aralık, 28-31. Orhan, G. (2005). Yerel Yönetimler ve Çevre, Yerel Yönetimler Üzerine Güncel Yazılar 1 Reform, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara. Palabiyik, H. (2005). Sürdürülebilirlik ve Yerel Yönetimler: Uygulanabilirliği ve Ölçümü Üzerine, Yerel Yönetimler Üzerine Güncel Yazılar 1 Reform, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara. Palabiyik, H., & Görün, M. (2004). Belediye Meclislerinde Temsil ve Katılım: Çanakkale Belediye Meclisi Örneği, Yerel Yönetimler Kongresi, Dünden Bugüne Yerel Yönetimlerde Yeniden Yapılanma Bildiriler Kitabı, Çanakkale, 257-272. Sağir, M. (2003). Küreselleşme Süreci ve Siyasal Katılımda Yeni Arayışlar: Yerel Gündem 21 Antalya Kent Konseyi Kadın Meclisi, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, Cilt 12, Sayı 4, Ekim 2003, 28-41. Toprak Karaman, Z. (1999). Yerel Siyasetin Dinamikleri ve Yerel Gündem 21, Đzmir Yerel Gündem 21 Siyasette Kadınlar ve Gençler, Đzmir, 53-71. Toprak Karaman, Z. (1998). Çevre Yönetimi ve Politikası, Anadolu Matbaacılık, Đzmir. UCLG-MEWA - United Cities and Local Governments Middle East and West Asia Section (2009). Progress Report, No: 10, 1 January 2009 to 31 March 2009. 399 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo UNDP - United Nations Development Programme (2006); Localizing the UN Millennium Development Goals in Turkey through the Local Agenda 21 Governance Network Project. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/urban/pdf/aalborg_charter.pdf, 03.05.2009. http://www.aalborgplus10.dk/default.aspx?m=2&i=307, 19.05.2009. http://www.bnpparibas.com/en/sustainable-development/text/EN_txt12_lisboa%20action%20plan.pdf, 03.05.2009. http://www.la21turkey.net, 21.04.2009. http://www.la21turkey.net/dl/yg21/OrtaklarListesi.pdf, 13.05.2009. http://www.la21turkey.net/index.php?pages=topic&op=cat&cid=118, 08.05.2009. http://www.la21turkey.net/index.php?pages=topic&op=cat&cid=120&tid=328, 07.05.2009. http://www.mimarlarodasi.org.tr/UIKDocs%5Caalborgsarti.pdf, 02.05.2009. http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/SustainableCities/What.html, 20.05.2009. http://www.sevilla2007.org, 19.05.2009. http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21chapter28.htm, 03.05.2009. http://www.un.org/events/wssd/, 09.05.2009. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/declar.htm, 03.05.2009. http://www.un-documents.net/jburgdec.htm, 21.05.2009. http://www.un-documents.net/jburgpln.htm, 21.05.2009. 400 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 280 Title A name given to the resource Functions of Local Governments for the Implementation of Sustainable Development: The Case of Turkey Author Author PEKTAS, Ethem Kadri Abstract A summary of the resource. The term “Sustainable Development” was used for the first time in 1987 by Brundtland Report known as “Our Common Future”. Being about meeting the needs of today without diminishing the capacity of future generations to meet their needs, sustainable development is the most important common goal of human being today. There have been many international efforts to reach this common goal since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. This conference established a connection between Sustainable Development and Local Governments in its main concluding document Agenda 21. Titled as “Local Authorities’ Initiatives in Support of Agenda 21”, Chapter 28 of this document calls each local authority to enter into a dialogue with its citizens, local organizations and private enterprises and adopt “a Local Agenda 21”. In accordance with this call, the Local Agenda 21 Program has been carried out in thousands of cities all over the world, including Turkey. In this country, local governments especially municipalities provide several services to their inhabitants to ensure Sustainable Development in their cities on the basis of the related legislation. This study aims to examine the functions of local governments towards Sustainable Development. In doing so, the study depends on the case of Turkey. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3b5ae10b68c39cfc970375e8eadf71b2.pdf 04105e7129157eb5b54f273063d46657 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Sustainable Rural Finance Intermediation for Sustainable Development of Rural Areas Amela PEDISA Investment Banking Department of FIMA Bank Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina apedisa@yahoo.com Abstract: Rural financial services are key to enhancing rural economic development in rural areas. Rural financial services in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in many cases, have completely broken down as a result of the war conflicts, restructuring and privatization. Access to financial services such as savings, loans, payment services, trade credit, insurance and leasing is generally scarce and limited in rural areas as for households as for farm and non-farm enterprises. The development of rural and micro finance institutions with an appropriate range of high quality financial services and products tailored to specific rural needs makes the availability of financial services in rural areas permanent. Favorable policies, improved and adapted legal and regulatory framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina which support the coexistence rural and micro finance institutions with other finance providers (formal financial institutions, informal financial service providers, NGOs and member-owned organizations) promise sustainable rural financial intermediation. Key words: rural finance, micro finance, sustainable development, rural areas, and financial intermediation. Introduction Traditional approaches for agricultural development of rural areas are ineffective in accomplishing economic stability and efficiency, social equity and effective environmental protection of rural areas. Use and conservation of resources of rural communities with the aim of continuous, economical, ecological, and social way to meet human needs in the long term implies the need for multidimensional approach to development of rural areas. Rural financial services are key to enhancing economic development in rural areas. Financial services for rural households, farm and non-farm enterprises.are either inappropriate or non-existent. A lack of local financial services tailored to specific rural needs harms the economic viability and sustainability of rural areas. Population in rural areas should have acceptable access to a wide range of financial services and facilities. In order to support change toward sustainable rural development, this paper discusses the concept of developing rural financial intermediation based on the sustainability. Methodologies for Rural Micro Finance and Principles of Sustainable Rural and Micro Finance There are different methodologies for providing financial services to households and their micro enterprises in rural areas such as village banking, solidarity group, credit unions and transformation lending (Otero & Rhyne, 1994: 117). These methodologies are not appropriate in every context. It is important develop a range of financial intermediaries in order to use sources of financing such as long term refinancing, equity, time deposits or debentures/bonds. A community credit and saving association organized by the members of village, with decentralized institutional structure providing community based savings and credit is village bank. If clients join a group to receive access to financial services, primarily credit and collectively guarantee loan repayment we have solidarity group. A cooperative financial institution that is owned and controlled by its members and provide credit and other financial services to its members is credit union. Transformation lending methodology turn micro enterprises into small businesses by providing working capital and fixed-asset loans combined with training. Basic principles common to the rural and micro finance institutions are: • Rural and micro finance services are demand-driven and meet the needs of households and their enterprises in rural areas. 482 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo • • • • • • � Customers need access to a variety of financial services such as saving credit, payment transfers, insurance, etc. in rural areas. Saving is equally important as credit. Services is simplified, customer-friendly and located close to client. Repayment are motivated by saving, group solidarity and joint liability. Saving is an effective tool for achieving self-sustainability and decreasing vulnerability of rural client. Credit is not always appropriate, private capital can be complemented by grant. The governments support an enabling environment. State Estimation Agriculture is still an important activity for the economic growth in rural areas of the Bosnia and Herzegovina. Rural sector is facing low population density, undeveloped public infrastructure (transportation, communication, electricity, health, education, etc,), low and irregular income flows from agricultural production. Rural financial services, in many cases, have completely broken down as a result of war conflicts, restructuring and privatization. Access to financial services such as savings, loans, payment services, trade credit, insurance and leasing is generally scarce and limited as for rural households as for farm and non-farm enterprises. Because of small size of the transactions, high transaction costs, less affluent clients, lack of adequate security and information on borrowers' credit history, banks have little or no presence in many rural areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Finance providers such as micro credit organizations promote credit services as the most important financial services to rural clients. Micro credit organizations in the Bosnia and Herzegovina are not allowed to mobilize savings. Credit is not always appropriate. In order to decrease their vulnerability and accumulate lump sums for purposes specific to their needs, poor and low-income households and their micro enterprises in rural areas such as small farmers, small-scale traders, artisan producers want to save and save in various forms such as cash, gold, land, animals, etc. They want to entrust their savings to financial institutions but they do not have access to those institutions. If they have it, it is limited access with inappropriate products and delivery services. Many of them keep money at home or entrust their savings to relatives or friends. On the basis of researched sources that elaborate rural and micro financial intermediation and taking into account the state estimation, it is necessary to develop a range of financial intermediaries in order to use sources of financing such as long term refinancing, equity, time deposits, debentures and bonds. Research Results On the basis of researched sources that elaborate rural and micro financial intermediation and taking into account state estimation, it is necessary to develop a range of financial intermediaries, in order to use sources of financing such as long term refinancing, equity, time deposits or debentures/bonds. Favorable policies, improved and adapted legal and regulatory framework of the Bosnia and Herzegovina which support the coexistence of rural and micro finance institutions with other finance providers (formal financial institutions, informal financial service providers, NGOs and member-owned organizations) promise sustainable rural financial intermediation. The development of rural and micro finance institutions with an appropriate range of high quality financial services and products tailored to specific rural needs makes the availability of financial services in rural areas permanent. These institutions that are authorized to mobilize savings have either the legal form of savings and credit unions or of mini banks. Conclusion Because of elemental and partial approach to developing of rural finance access to financial services such as savings, loans, payment services, trade credit, insurance and leasing is generally scarce and limited in rural areas as for households as for farm and non-farm enterprises. Rural population needs access to a broad range of financial services, appropriate products and delivery processes. Sustainable rural and micro finance intermediation that supports both agricultural and non-agricultural activities with appropriate financial services, such as savings, credit, payment transactions and insurance etc. can contribute to sustainable rural development and vulnerability reduction and use synergies with other rural development measures. Supervised financial institutions engaged in rural and micro finance can reach significant scale through mobilization of domestic savings. Other financial providers such as community-based savings and credit associations, self-help groups and NGO may support certain target groups that remain beyond the reach of 483 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo formal financial institutions. Savings mobilization is crucial for long-term sustainability of rural and micro financial institutions. It is very important to work on environment, and create favorable policies and regulatory and legal framework which will enable the development of rural and micro financial institutions, rural savings and credit unions, the development of a wider range of rural financial products, appropriate industry standards and supervision. References Otero, M., & Rhyne, E. (1994). The New World of Micro enterprise Finance: Building Healthy Financial Institutions for The Poor. West Hartford: Kumarian Press, Inc. Reimer, B. (1997). Informal Rural Networks: Their Contribution to Making a Living and Creating Rural Employment. In (Bollman, R., & Bryden, J.) Rural Employment: An International Perspective. Oxford: CAB International. Yaron, J. (1992). Successful Rural Finance Institutions. World Bank Discussion Paper, No.150, World Bank, Washington. Persson, L.O., & Ceccato, V. (2001). Dynamics of Rural Areas: National Report-Sweden. Siklos, P. (2001). Money, Banking and Financial Institutions. Canada in Global Environment. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, pp.35. 484 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Assessment of Development Trend of Natural Stone Industry for Turkey Tekin ERSEN Pazaryeri Vocational School, Bilecik University, Pazaryeri/Bilecik, Turkey tekin.ersen@bilecik.edu.tr Kamil ÖZDEMĐR Pazaryeri Vocational School, Bilecik University, Pazaryeri/Bilecik, Turkey kamil.ozdemir@bilecik.edu.tr Suheyla YEREL Bozuyuk Vocational School, Bilecik University, Bozuyuk/Bilecik, Turkey suheyla.yerel@bilecik.edu.tr Abstract: Natural stone is the oldest building material used by man. From ancient times until today, natural stones including marble, granite and other building stones have played an important role in Turkish industry. The industry of natural stone, which has developed in an important trend since 1980, has become one of sectors supporting in country such as the potential of production, exportation and employment. For this reason, in this paper, the position of natural stone industry being in the last five years in Turkey has been considered, and exportation value has been analyzed with statistical technique. At the end of the study, results were interpreted for statistical approach. This study shows the necessity and usefulness of statistical assessment of large datasets in order to get better information about the development trend of natural stone industry. 1. Introduction With approximately 73 million of population and 16th largest economy in the world, being a young, growing and EU candidate country, Turkey’s economic policies have shown significant differences before and after 1980. Industrialization strategies based on an important substation policy had been left and the reforms were designed to transform the structure of the economy in the direction of an open, liberal and market-oriented since 1980’s. The main components of the economic reform of turkey are diminishing government intervention and liberalizing economic sectors, implementing a floating exchange rate policy, loosening import and export regulations, encouraging foreign investments, deregulating financial markets and privatizing public entities (Anac and Tamzok, 2007). Today, Turkey is far more integrated into the global economy and the Turkish economy has experienced a mean growth rate of almost 5 percent over the past 20 years (State Planning Organization, 2007). Natural stones are an integral part of the human history in terms of ornamental and construction use. Dimensional stones are produced in more than 42 countries of the world while 12 of these procedures are dominant in the international market i.e. 6 European countries and 3 each from Asian and African. Technological advances in the last seventy years had increased the world production and consumption of dimensional stones to 49.5 million tons. Due to increase in world consumption the natural stone international trade is grows. Italy is the major player in the international market and exported 38% of the dimensional stone’s exports, while its imports were 18% of the international imports. Other major exporters include Spain, Turkey and Portugal while major importers were USA; China, Germany and Hong Kong (Url-1). Turkey has very diverse and large amounts of natural stone reserves. The total base reserves are about 13 billion m3. The important Turkish marble reserves are found Afyon, Bilecik, Burdur, Denizli, Mugla, Elazig, Balikesir and Eskisehir. Turkey is also one of the world’s most important natural stone procedures. Turkey’s natural stone production has increased and Turkey has become one of the most important natural stone procedures in the world. Production and exports of natural stones have increased substantially in recent years, reaching value of $1 billion (Anac and Tamzok, 2007). In this paper, exportation price ($) of natural stone being in the last five years in Turkey has been assessment with statistical technique including Mann-Whitney U test for two samples. 485 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 2. Mann-Whitney U Test for Two Samples The Mann-Whitney U test for two independent samples is employed with ordinal data in a hypothesis testing situation involving a design with two samples. The Mann-Whitney U test is based on the following assumptions (Sheskin, 2000; Sprent and Smeeton, 2001): - The two samples or sample pairs are independent of one another; - The original observation values in the sample pairs are subsequently ranked; - The underlying distributions from which the samples are derived are identical in shape. Hypotheses for each of the sample pairs are derived from these assumptions. Null hypothesis ( H 0 ) claims that the sample 1 ( θ1 ) , and the sample 2 ( θ2 ) represent the same population. Alternative hypothesis ( H1 ) claims that the sample 1 ( θ1 ) and the sample 2 ( θ2 ) do not represent the same population (Canyurek and Asan, 2001). The following protocol is used for the Mann-Whitney U test for two samples: - All observation values within sample pairs are arranged in order of magnitude; - Each observation value is assigned a rank; - If two or more observations have the same value, the average of the ranks involved is assigned to all observation values tied for a given rank; - Once all of the observations have been assigned a rank, the sum of the ranks for each of the sample pairs is computed; - After determining the sum of the ranks for both sample pairs, the values U is computed employing equation 1.  × ( + 1)  U = (n1× n 2) +  n1 n1  − ∑ R1   2   (1) where n1 is the number of observations in sample 1, n2 is the number of observations in sample 2, ΣR 1 the sum of the ranks for sample 1. Interpretation of the test results; the smaller of two values is determined as the computed U statistic value. The value of U statistic is evaluated in accordance with the table of critical vales for the Mann-Whitney U test for two samples ( U α ; n1 ; n 2 ) . 3. Case Study As described by Mann-Whitney U test for two independent samples protocol, year pairs of natural stone exportation price ($) in Turkey were formed for four separate probabilities for five years’ and the hypotheses were established. These data were obtained from Url-2. The hypotheses for the natural stone exportation price ($) of the 2004 and 2005, 2005 and 2006, 2006 and 2007 or 2007 and 2008 year pairs are presented below. H0 : Year pair is identical in terms of the years. H1 : Year pair is not identical in terms of the years. The total number of the exportation price ($) collected for five years is 95. The numbers of exportation price ($) for the years of the 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 were taken as n2004=19, n2005=19, n2006=19, n2007=19 and n2008=19, respectively. Then, U statistical value for each year pair was calculated by using equation 1 and U statistical value was determined as shown in Tab. 1. Table 1. Evaluation of U statistic for years Year pairs U(0.05;19;19) U-Statistic Remarks 2004 - 2005 124 164.00 H0 accepted 2005 - 2006 124 180.00 H0 accepted 2006 - 2007 124 168.00 H0 accepted 2007 - 2008 124 175.50 H0 accepted As presented in table, the evaluated U statistical value was compared with the critical value in MannWhitney U statistical table (U(0.05;19;19)). As all the U statistical values calculated were higher than the two-tailed 486 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo critical value, the hypothesis zero was accepted. H0 hypotheses were supported with 95% confidence interval as well. Therefore, the H1 were rejected. As a result, it was determined in statistical terms that those five years were identical in terms of exportation price ($) for natural stone. Among the exportation price, five years were found to be similarities of these years. Thus, the fig. 1 is supported the Mann-Whitney U test for two samples results. Figure 1. Exportation prices of natural stone in Turkey 4. Conclusion In this study, it was shown that the identicalness of the years (2004-2008) in natural stone exportation price ($) could be determined by using Mann-Whitney U test for two samples. After, these years were applied block diagram for investigated development trend. As a result of the block diagram of the years were supported by Mann-Whitney U test for two samples. In conclusion, it was determined that Mann-Whitney U test for two samples technique and block diagram could be used as an efficient analysis technique for determining the similarities or dissimilarities of the years. References Anac, S., & Tamzok, N. (2007). The mining industry in Turkey, Slobodan Vujic (ed). 2nd Balkan Mining Congress Book of Proceedings, VA. 37-43. Canyurek, E., & Asan, Z. (2001). Parametrik olmayan istatistiksel teknikler, T.C. Anadolu Universitesi Yayinlari No:1266, Turkey. Sheskin, D. J., (2000). Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures. second ed. Chapman&Hall/CRC, United States of America. Sprent, B., & Smeeton, N.C. (2001). Applied Nonparametric Statistical Methods, third ed. Chapman & Hall/CRC, United States of America. State Planning Organization, 2007, Main Economical Indicators, Ankara. Url-1. www.smeda.org.ph Url-2. www.tuik.gov.tr 487 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 297 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Rural Finance Intermediation for Sustainable Development of Rural Areas Author Author PEDISA, Amela Abstract A summary of the resource. Rural financial services are key to enhancing rural economic development in rural areas. Rural financial services in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in many cases, have completely broken down as a result of the war conflicts, restructuring and privatization. Access to financial services such as savings, loans, payment services, trade credit, insurance and leasing is generally scarce and limited in rural areas as for households as for farm and non-farm enterprises. The development of rural and micro finance institutions with an appropriate range of high quality financial services and products tailored to specific rural needs makes the availability of financial services in rural areas permanent. Favorable policies, improved and adapted legal and regulatory framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina which support the coexistence rural and micro finance institutions with other finance providers (formal financial institutions, informal financial service providers, NGOs and member-owned organizations) promise sustainable rural financial intermediation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2736d7a173812804123f304abc3a380c.pdf 20b4adf7e95af59d83b8da0506bc76a3 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Apple Production and Marketing in Turkey Cennet OĞUZ Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Economics, Konya, Turkey coguz@selcuk.edu.tr Zuhal KARAKAYACI Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Economics, Konya, Turkey zkarakayaci@gmail.com Đ.Hakkı KALYONCU Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture, Konya, Turkey kalyon@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: Turkey has wide varieties of fruits and vegetables, of which many are indigenous to the area, such as the pear, quince, cherry, plum, grape, hazelnut, walnut, apricot, and apple. The land area has 6% fruit, olives and vineyard of Turkey. Six top countries for apple production in the World are Chine, USA, Iran, Turkey, and Russia. Their apple production percentages that took from World production are 42.8%, 6.6%, 4.1%, 3.5% and 3.4% respectively. These countries provide approximately 60 % of the World apple production. Turkey is top fourth apple producer country in the World, by 3, 7 % of total production. Apple yield in Turkey is by 20600 (kg/ha) that over than it’s in the World average. In spite of large amount of apple production in Turkey, the export percentage in the annual apple production is very low, just 1%. In this case, foreign exchanges are not reaching to apple producers in Turkey. Some varieties of apple that produced in Turkey need to be putted on the market immediately after harvest. Also, storage period is very short for some varieties of them, so apple decay is high in Turkey. Apple waste can be decreased by increasing storage capacity and provide better storage conditions. Producer’s conscious act for choosing good variety and cultivation techniques, and also improving quality by giving more attention to the labeling, packing, and storage conditions in order to increase apple export. The aim of this study can be explained as over viewing or exposing of apple production structure and the portion of it in World production, estimating export potential of apple, determining the problems of apple marketing, confirming the measures of solving the problems, and predicting some options in order to increase apple export in Turkey. Key words: Apple production, apple trade, apple marketing, Turkey Introduction Many fruits except some tropic fruits can be grown in Turkey because of suitable climate and ecological characteristics. The mother land of apple is The South Caucasus Region which includes Anatolia Region. Apple can be planted almost everywhere in Turkey because of ecological conditions compatibility and being gene center. Although, the most convenient hybrid types of apple exist in The North Anatolia Region as run parallel with spread area of undomesticated apple types. Furthermore, South Anatolia, Black Sea Coast Region, Central Anatolia and transition regions between East Anatolia uplands constitute the most important apple growth area. Apple has big importance in nutrition by reason of included minerals and vitamins. Fresh apple contains 84%water. Dry matter components of apple are carbohydrate, malice acid, proteins, oily substances, vitamins, pectin and mineral substances. Some salt is formed by A and C vitamins conjoin with some elements like calcium, magnesium and sodium. The organic parts of such salts, organic acids, oxidation in blood to provide energy resulted with some alkali components. Thus, apple gain acid-alkali equilibrium. A case study of conducted in England shows that, one apple consumption in a day decreases risk of cancer (Anonym 2003). 164 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Material and Method The main material of the study was statistical data and published researches. Especially, data of State Planning Organization and Statistic Institution was largely used in the study. World Apple Production, Consumption, and Trade World Apple Production and Consumption Today in the world cultivated area for apple is 4.9 million hectare, the production is 64.2 million tone and the yield is 13.1 tone/ha. Years 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Table 1. The Apple Production Area, production and Yield (Source: FAO) Production area Üretim Miktarı Verim (Hectare) (Tone) (Ton/Hectare) 4.878.245 55.952.172 11,5 4.781.818 58.377.086 12,2 4.761.005 62.775.656 13,2 4.802.133 62.123.069 12,9 4.786.350 63.875.324 13,3 4.921.767 64.255.520 13,1 Fifth top countries for apple production in the World are China, USA, Iran, Turkey and Rusia. Their production percentage that took from world production as listed respectively above; 42.8%, 6.6%, 4.1%, 3.5% and 3.4%. These countries provide approximately 60 % of the World apple production. Turkey is the 4th country of the world according to apple production by sharing of 3, 5%. China is the top first country in apple production results from greatness of apple production. Being in the most important countries about yield per hectare in the world are Belgium (40.7 tone/ha) and France (33,7 tone/hectare) and Chile and Italy are following that. On account of apple yield per hectare, Turkey is the 4th place in the world. Table 2. The Most Important Countries for Apple Production in the World and Their Production Amount (2007) Production Area Production Amount Yield Countries (hectare) (tone) (tone/hectare) 2.000.650 27.507.000 13,7 China 156.000 4.237.730 27,2 USA 150.000 2.660.000 13,1 Iran 110.000 2.266.437 20,6 Turkey 370.000 2.211.000 5,9 Russia 61.188 2.072.500 33,9 Italy 261.600 2.001.400 7,6 India 46.000 1.800.000 39,1 France 38.000 1.390.000 36,6 Chile 46.000 1.300.000 28,3 Arjantin 8.100 1.093.853 40,7 Belgium 175.400 1.039.100 5,9 Polland 31.700 911.900 28,8 Germany Source: FAO Average annual apple consumption per person in the world is 9, 28 kg by FAO data sources. Off course there are also countries that apple consumption per person is 48 kg annually. World Apple Export and Import The most important quality of apple is consumes as fresh. On the other hand, the rest is used in processing industry. China is the top first country in the world apple export, Chile, Italy, France, USA and polland, Netherland fallow Belgium with apple export amount. Although Turkey is the fourth order for apple 165 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo production in the world, its share of world export is too low. The most countries which have the important share in the apple production, also take big portion in the first orders by the apple export. Countries China Chile Italy France USA Poland Netherland Belgium South Africa New Zeland Turkey World Source: FAO Table 3. World Apple Export(tone) 2002 2003 2004 438.857 609.052 774.131 548.194 601.248 738.985 687.771 707.712 541.969 766.992 803.778 628.017 596.126 546.244 491.676 327.823 348.656 407.393 258.475 349.414 388.094 394.806 340.094 336.737 256.467 325.809 305.190 318.860 322.758 358.327 14.504 19.442 20.023 5.668.121 6.235.832 6.422.428 2005 824.050 639.515 723.944 654.074 685.431 427.034 444.353 352.775 262.745 318.608 29.043 7.006.255 2006 804.246 725.002 713.179 683.351 638.625 384.796 354.958 291.300 267.863 265.436 8.586 7.166.752 The World apple import is nearby 6.606.012 tone annually. The most important apple important countries are Germany, Russia, UK, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, USA, Mexico, China and Canada respectively. Their import is just 10% the world apple import. Countries Russia Germany England Netherland Belgium Mexico Spanish Iraq Canada USA Chine Turkey World (Source: FAO) 166 2002 362.071 777.014 448.569 279.799 246.644 171.719 207.770 26.500 138.945 170.354 173.676 3.189 5.392.425 Table 4. World Apple Import (tone) 2003 2004 608.297 705.277 812.653 736.256 475.860 524.928 387.078 322.596 249.609 222.052 180.774 154.051 236.114 248.937 43.537 76.798 142.054 133.341 186.763 207.378 150.269 154.109 2.866 2.465 5.986.483 6.236.237 2005 723.579 773.567 514.215 320.092 225.533 195.172 224.829 95.132 159.061 122.773 170.598 4.021 6.613.919 2006 812.726 698.513 531.785 364.926 214.187 204.400 188.592 172.906 156.676 156.651 148.761 5.644 6.967.882 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 2002 2003 2004 export 2005 2006 import Figure 1. World Apple Trade(Tone) World Apple Prices The World apple price has been examined as import and export price between 2002 and 2006 in the study. As the export price was 508,59 $/tone in 2002, that increased to 618,38 $/tone. The world apple import price was 570,32 $/tone in 2002. While this price has been floating year and year, in 2006 that increased to 695,41 $/tone. Table 5. World Apple Prices Import Price ($/tone) 570,32 633,41 686,57 622,34 695,41 Years 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: FAO Export Price($/tone) 508,59 548,85 594,90 554,25 618,38 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2002 2003 2004 Import 2005 2006 Export Figure 2. World Apple Import and Export Price ($/tone) 167 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Apple Production, Consumption, and Foreign Trade in Turkey According to 2007 Statistics from the National Statistical Service, Turkey apple production was the first highest ranked fresh market fruit. Annual apple production of Turkey is about 2.266.437 tones while it was 2.200.000 tones in 2002, so Turkey’s apple production has been increasing 3% in last decade that’s equal the world production increased level in the same period. The production of apple in Turkey has been changed during the years like it’s in Figure 3. While the fruit production changes year and year, average fruit production in Turkey is 19,83 million tone. 84 % of total fruit production is apple. For average of last 5 year, Turkey annual apple production is about 2,4 million tones. The apple consumption in Turkey is 36, 22 kg/person in the same period. Years 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: FAO Table 6. Apple Production Area (hectare) and Yield (Kg/hectare) in Turkey Production Areas Production Yield (Hectare) Ton) (Ton/Hectare) 109.890 2.200.000 116.551 2.600.000 118.216 2.100.000 120.860 2.570.000 121.667 2.002.033 110.000 2.266.437 125.000 20,0 22,3 17,8 21,3 16,5 20,6 25000 120.000 20000 115.000 15000 110.000 10000 105.000 100.000 5000 2002 2003 2004 2005 Production Area(Hectare) 2006 2007 Yield(Kg/Hectare) Figure 3. Apple Production Area (hectare) and Yield (Kg/hectare) in Turkey Apple Export and Import in Turkey In value terms, over 1% percent of Turkey fresh apple was exported in last decade. Export price of apple is about 3.024.000$ in Turkey. Total apple exports have been decreasing in recent years. The Turkey apple import is nearby 3.633.000 tone annually. Years 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (Source: FAO) 168 Table 7. Apple Export and Import in Turkey (Tone, 1000$) Import Export Amount (Tone) Value (1000$) Amount (Tone) Value (1000$) 3.189 1.250 14.504 5.891 2.866 1.370 19.442 9.879 2.445 1.544 20.023 9.950 4.021 3.007 29.043 11.960 5.644 4.975 8.586 3.024 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2002 2003 2004 Import 2005 2006 Export Figure 4. Apple Trade in Turkey (Tone) The 53,29 % of Turkey’s apple production is supplied by the 5 provinces such as Isparta, Karaman, Antalya, Nigde, Denizli in Turkey. According to 2007 Statistics from the National Statistical Service, Annually apple production of Turkey is about 2.3 million ton. Table 8. The Name of Most Important Apple Production Provinces and Their Production Amounts in Turkey Percentage of Apple Production Provinces Production Amount (Tone) Province in Turkey Apple Production (%) 496.596 21,91 Isparta 342.447 15,11 Karaman 308.376 13,61 Antalya 219.376 9,68 Niğde 174.676 7,71 Denizli 81.219 3,58 Kayseri 79.673 3,52 Çanakkale 65.010 2,87 Konya 62.884 2,77 Đçel 40.490 1,79 Bursa 1.870.747 82,54 Total of 10 Provinces 2.266.437 100,00 Total of Turkey Source: SIS 2007 Agricultural Structure (Production, Price and Value) 169 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Çanakkale 4% Kayseri 4% Konya Đçel 3% 3% Bursa 2% Isparta 22% Denizli 8% Niğde 10% Karaman 15% Antalya 14% Isparta Karaman Antalya Niğde Denizli Kayseri Çanakkale Konya Đçel Bursa Figure 5. The Name of Most Important Apple Production Provinces and Their Production Amounts in Turkey Turkey Apple Prices The average apple price in Turkey has been examined as import and export price between 2002 and 2006 in the study. As the export price was 406,16 $/tone in 2003, that decreased to 352,20 $/ton. Turkey apple import price was 391,97 $ in 2002. While this price has been floating year and year, in 2006 that increased to 881,47$/ton. 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2002 2003 2004 Import 2005 2006 Export Figure 6. Apple Price of Turkey Marketing Fresh vegetable and fruit trade is regulated by 552 Law in Turkey. The aim of law is to take record of fresh vegetable and fruit since them are not record in farms. Every Municipality of Turkey has wholesale place for fresh vegetable and fruit. Municipalities are not allow to fresh vegetable and fruit to be sold before that record in the place. Recently Turkey’s Government allow to public or private entrepreneurs to establish wholesale fresh vegetable and fruit place in 2003. Unfortunately this regulation is not going on yet. Fresh fruits and vegetables come to consumer after some stages some time long chain like producer-broker and/or wholesaler-trim-seller and/or consumer (Olgun and Işıklı 1992). 170 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Transportation is one of the most important and compulsive services in foreign trade of fresh fruit and vegetable in conditions of Turkey nowadays. This service can be provided by suitable transport system and haulage vehicle (Karabağlı and et al. 1989). The quality and quantity of Turkey export can be increased conscious and planned program which is implemented from production to consumption. The observed problems about fresh fruits and vegetables marketing are packaging, storage and transportation (Gündüz 1993). The principles of act in every type of product transportation are common. The product should be protected against decomposition and quality loosing. This protection act includes transportation product without disturbance and also conserve product against freeze in winter and hot weather in summer. Easily decomposed agricultural products need air cooling construction and protection precautions during transportation. So, these steps increase the transportation expenses in huge amount (Yurdakul 1996). Aggregation of products in specific gathering center, product processing and products distribution to the consumer centers are important. Nevertheless, marketing comprise all these steps, harvesting, gathering, rating, standardization, packaging, transportation, storage, venturing the damage danger, consisting of price, making financial affairs, organizing accounting affairs, organizing sale, and creating demand (Güneş 1996). Usually harvested apple keep in store until put them to the market. These stores may low quality storages, cold stores and controlled atmosphere cold stores.The apple keep period in store may differ according to fruit storage time, the feed situation of tree season and type. The fruit which is harvested after normal period resulted with quick mature and earlier harvested resulted with huge amount of loosing water and decreases of eat quality of fruit. In Turkey, 30%-40% production waste occurs after fresh fruit-vegetable harvest. This waste comprises all waste that occur in every phase of cold chain. In this case, annually 750.000 tone of 2,5 million tone produced apple is wasted in Turkey. The storage capacity is not enough, so almost half of produced apple are not stored in Turkey. Recently, Turkey’s government has being grant for establishing cols stores in rural area. The fundamental cause of marketing problems is about do not being organized either producers or exporters. Apple producers must be organized in Turkey where have significant portion in the World apple production in order to cerate significant portion for apple export too. Apple producers are interesting in choosing good quality of apple and applying new growing techniques in the orchards. Also, producers are couriers brought quality of apple, using productive inputs, packing, labeling, and conservation. In consequence, to solve the marketing problems in Turkey apple producers should be organized as federation, cooperative, and union. Off course, unorganized producers are always been alone against to the dealer and middleman. The result of that they do not fix price as they want, dealer and middleman take the considerable share of value added and consumers have to pay more for the goods all this problems will be solved by only establishing democratically producer organization such as Farmers Union, Producer Export Union, and Research Progressive(Oğuz et. al 2006) Conclusion Absences of efficient marketing organization in domestic and overseas markets are creating some marketing problems. Establishing producer organizations are necessary for surviving in external competition, even for sustainability in the markets. Productivity, good quality and consumer pleasure are the keys in order to take advantage from the competition in the markets. References Anonymous (2003). The Chamber of Agricultural Union’s Report, Ankara. Anonymous (2002). Agricultural Structure (Production, Price and Value) SIS, Ankara Anonymous (2001). Vegetable Production Special Commission Report, Fruit Sub Commission Report. 8th Five Year Development Plan, DPT: 2644, ÖĐK: 652, Ankara. Anonymous (2009a). News Bulletin, Plant Production 2008, Number:50. Anonymous (2005) http://www.ansiad.org.tr Anonymous, (2005) http://www.fao.org. Anonymous (2009). http://www.fao.org Anonymous (2005). http://www.tarim.gov.tr Anonymous (2009). http://www.tarim.gov.tr Anonymous (2005). http://www.ansiad.org.tr 171 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Gündüz, M. (1993). The Importance of Cold Chain in Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Export and Analyses of Present Structure .Export Promotion Center, Ankara. Güneş, T. (1996). Agricultural Marketing. The University of Ankara Agricultural Faculty. General Publication No: 110, Ankara. Karabağlı, A., Şenel, D., Ergün, N., Arıkbay, C., Yıldırım, Ş. (1989). Improvement of Internal and External Marketing Substructure of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables in Turkey. National Productivity Center. Publishing No: 388, Ankara. Oğuz, C., Peker, K. Kan A. and Beşen T. (2006). Apple marketing in Turkey, International Horticulture Quality Conference, BOKU Vienna, Austria, 2-6 February. Olgun, F.A. ve Işıklı, E. (1992). Production, Valuing and Market Issues and Solution Suggestions of Some Important Fruits for Aegean Region Agriculture. Turkey 1th National Horticulture Congress, Volume1, The University of Agean Agricultural Faculty, 13-16 October, Đzmir. Tan, M. (2001). The Organizational Structure and Marketing Targets of Agricultural Unions. The Symposium of Turkish Agriculture Targets for 2010, 21-23 February, Đzmir. Yurdakul, O. (1996). Agricultural Marketing. The University of Cukurova, Agricultural Faculty. General Publication No: 39, Adana. 172 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 163 Title A name given to the resource Apple Production and Marketing in Turkey Author Author OĞUZ, Cennet KARAKAYACI, Zuhal KALYONCU, İ.Hakkı Abstract A summary of the resource. Turkey has wide varieties of fruits and vegetables, of which many are indigenous to the area, such as the pear, quince, cherry, plum, grape, hazelnut, walnut, apricot, and apple. The land area has 6% fruit, olives and vineyard of Turkey. Six top countries for apple production in the World are Chine, USA, Iran, Turkey, and Russia. Their apple production percentages that took from World production are 42.8%, 6.6%, 4.1%, 3.5% and 3.4% respectively. These countries provide approximately 60 % of the World apple production. Turkey is top fourth apple producer country in the World, by 3, 7 % of total production. Apple yield in Turkey is by 20600 (kg/ha) that over than it’s in the World average. In spite of large amount of apple production in Turkey, the export percentage in the annual apple production is very low, just 1%. In this case, foreign exchanges are not reaching to apple producers in Turkey. Some varieties of apple that produced in Turkey need to be putted on the market immediately after harvest. Also, storage period is very short for some varieties of them, so apple decay is high in Turkey. Apple waste can be decreased by increasing storage capacity and provide better storage conditions. Producer’s conscious act for choosing good variety and cultivation techniques, and also improving quality by giving more attention to the labeling, packing, and storage conditions in order to increase apple export. The aim of this study can be explained as over viewing or exposing of apple production structure and the portion of it in World production, estimating export potential of apple, determining the problems of apple marketing, confirming the measures of solving the problems, and predicting some options in order to increase apple export in Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory