269 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9390fe2eed86df4c2b381b6881d152d6.docx 9d583307dfe5a54719b2d206707d1e32 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/74b5635dddcd06cafaaeaec87f9ca7f6.pdf 0e3b8e743bfedcaedcf40bfa5386e89d PDF Text Text The Casual Effect of Education Level on Wages: Albanian Case JerinaPodo Epoka University Albania jpodo@epoka.edu.al Abstract: Education is a very important investment decision motivated by the fact that it will yield ongoing long term income. This income otherwise is called wage, which refers to regular payment gained by working. There are a lot of factors that define the wage level such as: job position, employment policies of the country etc., but does the education level have significant impact on the wage or wage growth? This paper makes a methodological, qualitative analyze by using the empirical results generated by the survey “The effect of education level on wages: Albanian case”, provided to a random sample of employed people in Albania. By observing the data on the education level and the job satisfaction with regard to wage level, this survey aims to show if the overall wage growth changes proportionally as the education level changes and also if the more educated people have higher working opportunities. The results of the survey reflect that the education level has a significant effect on the job position, especially in the specific working areas, so the working experience and the wage level grow monotonically with the education level. Keywords: education level, wage growth, working experience, specific working areas, welfare. 65 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2500 Title A name given to the resource The Casual Effect of Education Level on Wages: Albanian Case Author Author PODO, Jerina Abstract A summary of the resource. Education is a very important investment decision motivated by the fact that it will yield ongoing long term income. This income otherwise is called wage, which refers to regular payment gained by working. There are a lot of factors that define the wage level such as: job position, employment policies of the country etc., but does the education level have significant impact on the wage or wage growth? This paper makes a methodological, qualitative analyze by using the empirical results generated by the survey “The effect of education level on wages: Albanian case”, provided to a random sample of employed people in Albania. By observing the data on the education level and the job satisfaction with regard to wage level, this survey aims to show if the overall wage growth changes proportionally as the education level changes and also if the more educated people have higher working opportunities. The results of the survey reflect that the education level has a significant effect on the job position, especially in the specific working areas, so the working experience and the wage level grow monotonically with the education level. Keywords: education level, wage growth, working experience, specific working areas, welfare. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/04a30e209db71dbc02ad3fb5f7261d6f.pdf 35dbf12ce1b11dcb1786b97e1ba1aeef PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gregory Cannor, Robert A. Korajczyk, (1992), The Arbitrage Pricing Theory and Multifactors Models of Asset Returns. Gur Huberman, Zhenyu Wang, (2005), Arbitrage Pricing Theory. Harry Markowitz, (1952), Portfolio Selection. James L. Davis, (2001), Explaining Stock Returns: A Literature Survey. John Y. Campbell, Motohiro Yogo, (2006), Efficient Tests of Stock Return Predictability. Jonathan W. Lewellen, (2000), On the Predictability of Stock Returns: Theory and Evidence. Robert C. Merton, (1973), An Intemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model. Internet Sources www.wkipedia.org www.portfoliosolutions.com/f-11.html http://www.investopedia.com http://www.bionicturtle.com/forum/threads/p1-t1-64-arbitrage-pricing-model-apt-versuscapm.5328/ The causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP in Turkey Huseyin Kalyoncu1, Ilhan Ozturk2, Muhittin Kaplan1 1Meliksah University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 38010, Kayseri, Turkey. 2Cag University, Faculty of Economics and Business,33800, Mersin, Turkey. Email: hkalyoncu@meliksah.edu.tr, ilhanozturk@cag.edu.tr, mkaplan@meliksah.edu.tr Abstract This paper attempts to investigate the short-run and long-run relationship and causality between energy consumption and economic growth during 1960-2006 period for Turkey. Johansen and Juselius cointegration method and vector error correction model (VECM) have been employed to examine this issue. After finding cointegration among variables, a VECM is estimated and the Granger causality tests were carried out based on a VECM. The results have shown that there is no short-run causality in both energy consumption and GDP models. The results also confirmed that there is unidirectional long-run causality among variables of interest and the direction of long-run causality is running from per capita GDP to per capita energy consumption. As a result, conservation hypothesis which postulates unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption is confirmed for Turkey. Taken together, these empirical findings involve valuable information for policy makers. Keywords: Energy consumption, Economic growth, Causality, Turkey 20 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo JEL classification: C3, O4, Q43 1. INTRODUCTION The topic of causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has been well-studied in the energy economics literature for both developing and developed countries. The causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has important policy implications. Hence, several studies have attempted to establish the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth1. A general observation from these studies is that the results have been mixed and it can be concluded that, almost all types of causality results have been reported in the literature. The directions that the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has could be categorized into four testable hypothesizes within the literature. First, the “neutrality hypothesis” suggests the absence of a causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Second, the “conservation hypothesis” postulates unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption. Third, the “growth hypothesis” asserts unidirectional causality from energy consumption to economic growth. Fourth, the “feedback hypothesis” emphasizes the bidirectional relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in which causation runs in both directions (Squalli, 2007). There are few studies in which the energy consumption-growth nexus have been examined for Turkey. Soytas et al. (2001) found that causality is running from energy consumption to growth. However, the causality is running from economic growth to energy consumption according to the study of Lise and Van Montfort (2007). On the other hand, while bidirectional causality is confirmed in the study of Erdal et al. (2008), no causality is investigated in the studies of Altinay and Karagol (2004), and Soytas and Sari (2009). Thus, there is no consensus on the causality between energy consumption and growth for Turkey. It is not possible to conclude definitely the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth. However, it is known that this causality is of major importance for effective energy policy design and implementation. A country that is energy dependent will have a cautious energy policy because any negative shock on energy supply will have negative effects on economic growth. On the other hand, in an economy where energy consumption is determined by economic growth an energy conservation policy will have very little affect on economic growth (Ouedraogo and Diarra, 2010). The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship and causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey for the 1960-2006 period by using Johansen and Juselius cointegration method and vector error correction model. The results obtained in this study are dependent on the sample period, the variables used and the methodology employed. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: The next section describes the data and methodology. Section 3 presents the results from empirical analysis. Section 4 concludes the paper. 2. Methodology The relationship between energy consumption and GDP has been discussed in detail in the empirical literature. However, the results of the empirical studies provide mixed results on the existence of causality and the direction of causality. The existence of cointegration 1 See Ozturk (2010) for detailed literature survey on energy-growth nexus. 21 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo relationship between energy consumption and GDP is taken as evidence that there is close relationship between these variables. Then, the direction of causality has been investigated. In this study, we will examine the relationship between energy consumption and GDP estimating vector error correction model (VECM). The VECM representations of energy model can be written as: (1) (2) where, represent the natural logarithm of energy consumption per capita and reel GDP per capita respectively. ECT represents error-correction term and is the usual error term. The advantage of this formulation and estimation procedure is that it allows a straightforward test of the direction and the source of causality. Using the VECM, we can test the long-run and short-run causality between per capita energy consumption and GDP per capita. The existence of short-run causality meaning that the dependent variable responds only to shortterm socks can be determined by testing the null hypothesis of in equation (1) and in equation (2). To determine whether energy consumption cause economic growth /or visa vice in the long-run, we look at the coefficients on the ECT’s in equations (1) and (2). While the size of the coefficients on ECT indicates how fast deviations from long-run equilibrium are eliminated, the significance of these coefficients implies the presence of longrun causality among energy consumption and economic growth. We can also determine whether these two sources of causality are jointly significant by testing the joint hypothesis of in equation (1) and in equation (2). The rejections of the joint hypothesis imply that following a shock to the system, both these sources of causation are responsible for the re-establishment of long-run equilibrium. 3. Data and Empirical Results All data are annually and gathered from the World Development Indicators (2008), Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) electronic data delivery system, IMF’s International Financial Statistics (IFS) website. The series employed in this study are per capita energy consumption (lepc) and per capita real GDP (lpcgdp) and sample period is from 1960-2006 for Turkey. Table 1 provides descriptive statistics of the data used in the study. Per capita energy consumption is expressed in terms of kg of oil equivalent and obtained from the World Development Indicators (2008). The real GDP series is expressed in 1987 constant billion TL (local currency) and obtained from the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) electronic data delivery system (www.tcmb.gov.tr). Per capita GDP series are obtained from dividing real GDP series by population which is taken from IMF’s International Financial Statistics website. All series are expressed in logarithms. Table 1. Descriptive Statistics of Data Variables Mean Standard deviation Median Maximum Minimum PCEC 777.2 267.6 739.0 1304.0 274.0 22 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo PCGDP Observations 1288.9 388.8 1183.4 2160.3 702.1 47 47 47 47 47 Note: PCEC stands for the per capita energy consumption (in kg oil equivalent); PCGDP is per capita GDP at 1987 constant Turkish Liras (TL). The results obtained from preliminary analysis of data and estimation of the VECM equation (1) and (2) on the causal relationship between per capita energy consumption and per capita GDP are presented in this section. It become customary to check unit root of time series before carrying out econometric analysis of the data since non-stationary regressors invalidate most of the standard empirical results. For this reason, we first establish the level of integration of the series using both the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and the Phillips and Perron (1988) (PP) unit root test tests. After establishing that series are I(1), we can proceed to test for a long-run relationship between the series. The existence of the long-run cointegration relationship among per capita energy consumption and per capita GDP will be tested using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method of Johansen and Juselius (1990). If the cointegration relationship is found, then a VECM given above will be estimated and related test of causality will be carried out. We first perform unit root tests in levels and first differences in order to determine univariate properties of the series used in this study. We, therefore, use the classical unit root tests, namely, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) (see Dickey and Fuller, 1981; Said and Dickey, 1984) and PP unit root tests (see Phillips and Perron, 1988). The number of lags in the ADF regressions is determined by using the Schwarz Information Criteria (SIC). Table 2 provides the results obtained from the ADF and the PP tests over the sample period for the levels and first differences of variables. The test results shows that while the hypothesis of a unit root in levels cannot be rejected, it was rejected in first differences at the 1% level suggesting that the variables are difference stationary, I(1) variable. This is true for both the ADF and PP test statistics. Table 2: Unit Root Test Results Variables ADF Statistics PP test Statistics Level First difference Level First difference Lepc -0.9724 -13.7671* -0.8301 -12.1625* Lpcgdp -0.3770 -7.5360* -0.3409 -7.5327* 1% Critical Value -3.5811 -3.5811 -3.5811 -3.5847 5% Critical Value -2.9266 -2.9266 -2.9266 -2.9281 10% Critical Value -2.6014 -2.6014 -2.6014 -2.6022 Note: (*) indicate 1% level of significance Having established that all variables are integrated of the same order , we proceed with the Johansen multivariate cointegration tests, which allow us to test for long run relationship among the per capita energy consumption and per capita GDP. Before undertaking 23 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo cointegration tests, let us first specify the relevant order of lags of the vector autoregression (VAR) model. In determination of the relevant order of lags used in the VAR model, we used the Hannan-Quinn (HQI) information criterion, the Schwarz Bayesian Criterion (SBC) and Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC). Table 3 presents the results on lag specification. According to all of the lag selection criteria, the number of lags was determined as one. Table 3. Selection of Lags Number of Lags HQI criterion AIC criterion SIC criterion 1 -7.825731* -7.9163* -7.6706* 2 -7.621177 -7.7722 -7.3626 3 -7.389001 -7.6004 -7.0270 4 -7.159026 -7.4308 -6.6936 Note: * indicates lag order selected by the criterion. HQI, AIC and SIC stands for: Hannan-Quinn information criterion, Akaike information criterion and Schwarz information criterion respectively. Table 4 provides the cointegration test results obtained from the Johansen and Juselius (1990) method for the energy model. In the JJ method, two tests are used to determine the number of cointegrating vectors (r): the trace test and the maximum eigenvalue test. In the trace test, the null hypothesis is that the number of cointegrating vectors is less than or equal to r, where r is 0, 1, or 2. In each case, the null hypothesis is tested against a general alternative. In the maximum eigenvalue test, the null hypothesis r = 0 is tested against the alternative that r = 1, r = 1 against the alternative r = 2, etc. The results show that the null hypothesis of no cointegration, i.e., r=0 is rejected by both the maximum eigenvalue and the trace statistics since both of these statistics are greater than corresponding critical values. Also, the null of r=1 cannot be rejected in favor of r=2. These results confirm the conclusion that there is only one cointegrating relationship amongst the two variables. Cointegration vector normalized with per capita energy consumption is found to be 1, -0.506, and 1.099. Table 4: Johansen-Juselius Maximum Likelihood Cointegration Tests results Trace Test Null Alternative Statistic r=0 r≥1 31.1547* r≤1 r≥2 0.0122 Maximum Eigenvalue Test Critical Values Null Alternative Statistic r=0 r=1 31.1426* r≤1 r=2 0.0121 15.4947 3.8414 Critical Values 14.2646 3.8414 Notes: Asterisks (*) denotes statistical significance at 5%. r stands for the number of cointegrating vectors. 24 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo After we determined that per capita energy consumption and per capita GDP series are cointegrated, we can proceed to test causality among these variables estimating a VECM. Different from the VAR model, VECM allows us to investigate both the short-run and longrun causality as well as joint causality of both long-run and short-run causality. The results of the causality tests based on the VECM are presented in Table 5. The examination of the table shows a number of important results on the causal relationship between per capita energy consumption and per capita reel GDP. Table 5. Granger causality test Dependent Variable Sources of Causation (Independent Variable) Short-run Long-run ECT lpcgdp lepc lpcgdp lepc ( 24.923* 0.905 1.250 Joint lpcgdp and ECT) Joint ( lepc and ECT) 12.784* 0.497 0.634 Note: Asterisk (*) denotes statistical significance at 1% level of significance The coefficient on lagged GDP term in the per capita energy equation and lagged per capita energy term in GDP equation are statistically not significant event at 10% level. These imply that there is no short-run causal relationship between per capita consumption and per capita GDP. In addition, the coefficient on the error-correction term (ECT) for the per capita energy consumption is statistically significant at 1% level in which its t-value equals to -4.99 and its size is equal to -0.5633 implying that adjustment coefficients are fairly high and deviations from the long-run equilibrium are eliminated rapidly. The coefficient on the error-correction term (ECT) in the per capita GDP equation (which is equal to -0.071 with t-value of -0.71) is however statistically significant at 10% level of significance. Taken these two findings together, the results imply that per capita real GDP variable is weakly exogenous and there is unidirectional long-run causality between lepc and lpcgdp running from lpcgdp to lepc. Furthermore, while the joint hypothesis that the coefficients on the ECT and the interaction terms are jointly zero is rejected at 1% level in the per capita energy equation, the corresponding hypothesis in the per capita real GDP equation could not be rejected at 10% level. These findings provide further support for the results that there is unidirectional longrun causality between lepc and lpcgdp and the causality is running from real GDP per capita to per capita energy consumption. As a result, conservation hypothesis which postulates unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption is confirmed for Turkey. Thus, energy consumption is determined by economic growth and energy conservation policy will have very little affect on economic growth in Turkey. Finally, considering the evidences provided in Table 5 together, it can be argued that there is only a long-run causality between per capita energy consumption and per capita real GDP but there is no short-run causality. 25 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. CONCLUSION This paper attempted to investigate the causal relationship between per capita energy consumption and per capita GDP employing vector error correction model (VECM) for Turkey. After finding cointegration among variables, a VECM is estimated and the Granger causality tests were carried out based on a VECM. The results have shown that there is no short-run causality in both per capita energy and GDP models. However, the coefficient on the ECT term for per capita energy equation is negative and statistically significant implying the presence of long-run causality among variables of interest. The results also confirmed that there is unidirectional long-run causality among variables of interest and the direction of longrun causality is running from per capita GDP to per capita energy consumption since the ECT’s coefficient in the GDP equation is insignificant. This result was also confirmed by the findings obtained from the joint hypothesis that the coefficients on the ECT and the interaction terms are jointly zero. As a result, conservation hypothesis which postulates unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption is confirmed for Turkey. Thus, energy conservation policy will have very little affect on economic growth. Taken together, these empirical findings involve valuable information for policy makers. It is well known that causality issue between energy consumption and GDP is of major importance for effective energy policy design and implementation. For policy purposes, the presence of long-run unidirectional causal relationship between per capita energy and per capita GDP imply that energy consumption per head will increase in parallel with the level of economic activity and hence it is very important to secure energy resources to achieve sustainable economic growth. REFERENCES Altinay, G., Karagol, E. 2004. Structural break, unit root, and the causality between energy consumption and GDP in Turkey. Energy Economics 26 (6), 985–994. Dickey, D., Fuller, W. 1981. The likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica 49, 1057-72. Erdal, G., Erdal, H., Esengun, K., 2008. The causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Energy Policy 36(10), 3838–3842. Johensen, S., Juselius, K. 1990. Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 52, 169-210. Lise, W., Van Montfort, K. 2007. Energy consumption and GDP in Turkey: is there a cointegration relationship? Energy Economics 29, 1166–1178. Ouedraogo, I.M., Diarra, M., 2010. Electricity consumption and economic growth in Burkina Faso: A cointegration analysis. Energy Economics. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2009.08.011 Ozturk, I., 2010. A literature survey on energy–growth nexus. Energy Policy 34(1), 340-349. Phillips, P.C.B., Perron, P. 1988. Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika 75, 335-346. Said, E.S., Dickey, D.A. 1984. Testing for unit roots in autoregressive moving average models of unknown order. Biometrika 71, 599-607. Soytas¸, U., Sari, R., Ozdemir, O., 2001. Energy consumption and GDP relation in Turkey: a cointegration and vector error correction analysis. Economies and Business in Transition: 26 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Facilitating Competitiveness and Change in the Global Environment Proceedings. Global Business and Technology Association, pp. 838–844. Available at: http://sari_r2.web.ibu.edu.tr/yayinlarim/Energy%20Soytas_Sari_Ozdemir.pdf. Soytas, U., Sari, R., 2009. Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: challenges faced by an EU candidate member. Ecological Economics 68(6), 1667-1675. ''Sustainable Development Projects as Opportunity for Economic Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina'' Ajdin Perčo, Erkan Ilgun International Burch University, Faculty of Economics 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mails: ajdin_tesanj@hotmail.com Abstract The global climate changes as a worldwide phenomena are on the top of the agenda of most states and international organizations. The adverse effects we currently feel and even worst things to come are stressing the need for action and firm resolution of this problem. In this sense, the need for ‘’environment friendly’’ energy is becoming top priority and renewable energy sources are in high demand. Furthermore, many countries are noticing this as a development potential and are investing in this sector. One of these countries is Bosnia and Herzegovina with its unlimited natural resources including wind, water etc. This paper will analyze ongoing and planed projects in the area of renewable energy and economic benefits Bosnia and Herzegovina will experience from it. Furthermore, after the adoption of Kyoto Protocol and creation of state agency Bosnia and Herzegovina is now eligible to apply for CDM (Clean Development Projects). These projects are financed by developed countries and are to be implemented in developing countries. It goes without saying that this is enormous opportunity for Bosnian companies and agencies to apply for these projects and bring foreign investments that will boost domestic economy. Besides this, the journey of Bosnia and Herzegovina towards European Union is requiring various laws to be adopted and implemented. One of these laws are rules and regulations related to the various aspects of climate changes and ways on how to combat climate changes. Financial incentives that European Union is providing to ‘’green energy’’ companies and renewable energy sources are additional motivation for Bosnia and Herzegovina to develop this are furthermore. Thereby in this paper I will address the current issue of climate changes and the need for renewable energy sources. Special focus will be on Bosnia and Herzegovina and the opportunities for economic development available through investing and working on ‘’green energy’’ and renewable energy projects. I will analyze current projects and future planned projects and their impact on economic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The focus of the research will be on various documents, projects and analysis currently available for this purpose. The main finding is that Bosnia and Herzegovina is truly a country with great potential for investments in renewable energy projects and the research paper will provide abundance of arguments for this statement. 27 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1309 Title A name given to the resource The causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP in Turkey Author Author Huseyin , Kalyoncu Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper attempts to investigate the short-run and long-run relationship and causality between energy consumption and economic growth during 1960-2006 period for Turkey. Johansen and Juselius cointegration method and vector error correction model (VECM) have been employed to examine this issue. After finding cointegration among variables, a VECM is estimated and the Granger causality tests were carried out based on a VECM. The results have shown that there is no short-run causality in both energy consumption and GDP models. The results also confirmed that there is unidirectional long-run causality among variables of interest and the direction of long-run causality is running from per capita GDP to per capita energy consumption. As a result, conservation hypothesis which postulates unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption is confirmed for Turkey. Taken together, these empirical findings involve valuable information for policy makers. Keywords: Energy consumption, Economic growth, Causality, Turkey JEL classification: C3, O4, Q43 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b42b26bedbb406296eae0243ec9d8417.pdf 83002f24ee9e6d3852af44573f809bac PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo The Challenge of Intercultural Communicative Competence for Polish Learners Christopher Brighton Krosno State College, Poland. cwbrighton@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: Intercultural Communicative Competence is a well established field of study with a well documented and constructed theoretical model which also provides clear skills and goals attainable for ICC learners. The skills, goals and attitudes can be evaluated by the use of Self-Awareness Inventories with an ICC training programme utilising SAI data. The question is what are the challenges of developing an intercultural ability which faced by largely homogeneous cultural societies, such as Poland. Much of current Polish research into ICC is limited and focused on investigating Polish intercultural business experiences or examining Hofstede‘s dimensions in relation to specific cultural groups and regions. Little work has been undertaken on the issues that Polish people face in developing ICC. This paper will present findings of research conducted regarding challenges that Polish learners of ICC face in the developing the necessary skills and goals. The paper is based on an SAI which was developed by the author specifically to evaluate socio-cultural background factors and their relationship to the development of ICC skills. The results of the survey provide indicators to certain areas which may hamper or effect intercultural communicative competence. The challenge of intercultural communicative competence (ICC) is something which we all face in the current era of globalisation. ICC is an ever present in the interconnected spheres of education, media, business and our own social networks. The issue is not how we deal with ‗the other‘ but how we approach and how we understand the concept of being an Intercultural Communicator. In modern society we can transcend borders virtually and really with little difficulty. No longer are nations as closed to foreign travellers as they once were and great distances across time zones can be made insignificant with messenger programmes. As a result, people are arguably more connected today than at any time in the past and this connectedness creates the real challenge of intercultural communicative competence. The challenge is created by our home nation‘s approach to the issue, the purpose and the reasons of being an intercultural communicator. Most importantly, the challenge is individual and connected to our understanding of the intercultural concept. This paper will examine the challenges and approaches to being an intercultural communicator in Poland. 1.1. Evaluating Intercultural Communicative Competence The development of the notion of intercultural is largely credited to Edward Hall (The Silent Language, 1959). Since this time, the rise of the field has seen a plethora of work and studies conducted into what is understood as being intercultural (for example: Ting-Toomey, 1999; Geert Hofstede; Gert Jan Hofstede, 2005) as well as how to evaluate and measure intercultural communicative competence (Chris Brown; Kasey Knight, 1999). The field has become multidisciplinary and been taken into health care and drama studies, which is far removed from the initial diplomatic and business approach. This in turn has advanced the concept and definition of ICC which can be argued, makes it more difficult to locate and accurately specify (Castle Sinicrope et.al 2007; Rathje, 2007). Moreover, the number of ICC evaluation tools at the disposal of the researcher is ever growing (Pusch, 2004). Each of these tools approaches the concept of ICC in a different manner from a pen and paper test as used by Self-Awareness Inventories (SAI) to observations, evaluations and continuous assessment as used by the Portfolio approach. Which approach the researcher uses can provide a definition and structure of what is intercultural. However, the problem can be alleviated by cross-checking the areas, attitudes and aspects of behaviour the various tools evaluate and the primary definitions of being an intercultural communicator. When this is undertaken several themes emerge which suggest a baseline for evaluation. These are: 275 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The work environment The area in which we live The ability to empathise with others Our curiosity Our ability to adapt to new situations Home and Family life These themes operate both at an intracultural and intercultural level. Within our home society, we build over time the abilities to deal with the situations we face in each category on a daily basis providing an intracultural ability. This ability is rarely challenged or changed until we face an intercultural situation where the realities of the situation differ from those we are used to. The purpose of evaluating intercultural competence is to identify and acknowledge the areas we may have difficulties with. For the current study, English language students of Krosno and Tarnow State College were evaluated to determine their intercultural ability as well as understand the background factors that may influence intercultural competence. In order to achieve this goal, a survey entitled ―The Socio-Cultural Background Survey‖ was created which was part Self-Awareness Inventory and part personal questionnaire. The SAI was developed and utilizes many of the techniques and styles of questions that can be found in major inventories and portfolios. (see: Tucker, 1999; Kelley & Meyers, 2003; Janet M. Bennett; Milton J. Bennett, 2004; Michael Byram et.al 2005). The questions in the SAI were categorized in three areas of Politics, Education and Family, which covered the themes mentioned above. Questions which related to the first two themes of work and our areas of living were assigned as being Politics as they are influenced by the rules, laws and social notions of the society in which we live. The second two themes of empathy and curiosity were assigned to Education as the system and structure of schooling teaches these skills. The final area of Family was given to questions that asked about our ability to adapt and our home life. Accompanying the inventory was a personal questionnaire that evaluated background factors that may influence intercultural competence. The aspects questioned include: time spent abroad either for work or holiday; access to social networks such as Facebook and Twitter; as well as the area the respondent lives in – city, town or village. The data from the inventories has been calculated and correlated to answers provided by the respondents in the inventory creating these three clear categories for evaluation. The corpus of the study was 119 students from Krosno and Tarnow State College, who represent a specific sector of Polish Higher Education. The State College, or PWSZ sector in Polish, was established in 1999 to represent students from non-university cities and provides education to the first degree (Bachelor or Licentiate) level. Current 2008 figures indicate there are over 93,000 students in the State College sector with most students coming from rural or less affluent backgrounds as indicated by scholarships and allowances for almost 20,000 students (2009, pp. 49, 248). This is further supported by the data provided by the corpus as only 24 students declared they lived in a city against 48 who stated town and 47 who stated village. The cities where State Colleges are located are less well known and less popular for tourism than the university cities in Poland. Tarnow has a population of 115,000 and Krosno a population of 50,000 so they can be said to be representative of medium and small city Poland. More importantly, as has been stated, the students of the State College institutions are not necessarily city dwellers, but reflect a more rural background. As such the respondents represent a large portion of the Polish population which are outside the remit of most intercultural studies done so far, which have heavily focussed on business aspects of ICC (Silwa, 2007) or have been conducted in a university setting (Bandura, 2007). 1.2. Challenges Intercultural Competence The research conducted on the corpus of 119 students produced the following mean results for the categories of Politics, Education and Family: Politics Education Family 42.93 44.15 40.73 276 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo In order to create a clearer understanding of the challenges and the concept of being an intercultural communicator the data was further analysed based on responses in the background questionnaire. The following information presents the findings and evaluates the data in the areas of: City, Town and Village; Work and Holidays Abroad; and Access to Social Networking sites. 1.2.1. City, Town and Village Where you live can be one of the most influential aspects to developing intercultural competence. In larger cities there is greater diversity as well as greater chances of encountering larger groups of tourists, business visitors and migrants. Other factors may include the location of the city – whether it is on a main transit route or tourist trail – and festivals, celebrations and cross-border links. The size of the city is not directly relevant, although a larger city should be able to support a large base of diversity as well as a larger business community. In Poland the large cities are university cities – Warsaw, Krakow, Lodz, Wroclaw, Poznan, Gdansk, Katowice etc. – with large tourist attractions, business communities and cultural diversity. Krosno and Tarnow, although smaller, are located on principal trade routes and close to the Slovakian border as well as having tourist attractions in the city architecture. This is supported by the scoring for 24 city dwellers from the corpus. In the mean scores of Politics, Education and Family the results were: Corpus of 119 Politics 42.93 Education 44.15 Family 40.73 City Dwellers Corpus of 24 Town Dwellers Corpus of 48 Village Dwellers Corpus of 47 42.92 44.00 43.81 43.58 44.23 42.21 40.71 39.90 41.34 In terms of difference to the overall corpus there is little difference between the mean scores of Politics and Family. However, village respondents have a much lower score in Education which is 1.94 points lower than the overall average. Moreover, town dwellers have a higher score for Politics which is 1.07 higher than the overall average. These slight differences in scores from the overall average for city, town and village dwellers indicates that intercultural competence is not hindered or advanced by the location in which you live. This may be said to go against conventional wisdom or common sense which would consider the location as an important factor in the development of intercultural competence. However, the findings indicate that this is not the case which is a positive comment as if location was an important influencing factor then the lottery of location would be essential for intercultural competence. Therefore, location cannot be said to be a challenge of developing intercultural competence for Polish learners. 1.2.2. Work and Holidays Abroad Due to the increasingly globalised nature of employment it is more common today for people to migrate in search of employment. In the Polish case this has been a long part of history with waves of emigration over the past several centuries. The recent past, since 1989, has seen Western Europe as the major destination with an estimated two million Polish people migrating to the UK since Poland became a full member of the EU on 1st May 2004. Over the following years many of these migrants have returned to Poland, but the UK, Ireland, Sweden and, from 1st May 2011, Germany are the most popular legal destinations. For students, especially learning a foreign language, the attraction of spending a summer or longer abroad is twofold: on the one hand they can improve their language skills and on the other they can earn money. Those who seek work abroad experience culture shock as well as undergoing an unsettling experience as they relocate. Clearly, the difficulties of moving from your home to a foreign country are great and as such not everyone is persuaded to or willing to make such a move. From the student respondents only 37 had spent time working abroad whereas 60 had spent time abroad on holiday. Only 22 students replied that they had never been abroad for a holiday or for work. The mean scores for Politics, Education and Family were: 277 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Corpus of 119 Politics 42.93 Education 44.15 Family 40.73 Work Abroad Corpus of 37 Holiday Abroad Corpus of 60 Never been Abroad Corpus of 22 43.81 43.77 41.86 45.24 44.13 42.05 42.49 39.80 39.77 As can be seen from the presented data, the students who had spent time working abroad score higher in each category than those who have only been on holiday, never been abroad and the overall average from the corpus of 119. This is a significant finding and indicates the benefits of long-term stay in a foreign country as well as the interaction with others in a normal environment. All of the students who had worked abroad had spent between one month and one year employed abroad. The social setting of their work, no matter what sector of the economy, enabled them to experience and to have contact with members of the foreign culture in a normal non-tourist related environment. Furthermore, the nature of living and working creates the need for greater interaction with different parts of the foreign culture from transportation, shopping, renting accommodation and social settings. All of these factors increase and clearly have an influence on intercultural competence as the six factors mentioned earlier all come in to play. In the case of the students who had been only on holiday the slight rise in the mean score for Politics and the slight decrease in the mean score for Family are not significant. The holiday experience does not provide access to the real foreign culture as tourist centres are often more liberal and accepting of differences among tourists as well as promoting culture in a tourist manner. The tourist centre purpose is to facilitate and provide a service to the guests, providing for their expectations, desires and demands. The results are clearly significant when compared with those students who have never been abroad. In all categories those who had never been abroad scored lower than the average of the corpus of 119. Specifically, in relation to those who had worked abroad, the differences for those who had never been abroad were: -2.21 in Politics; -3.20 in Education; and -2.72 in Family. These differences are significant and indicate the importance of experience which is gained from being abroad. Even in contrast to those students who had been only on holiday, those who had never been abroad scored lower. Therefore, in terms of developing intercultural competence spending time abroad is essential. For Polish learners this is a challenge, especially in light of the economic circumstances for many of the State College students who rely upon scholarships and assistance grants. 1.2.3. Access to Social Networks The final area for comparison is students‘ access to social networks and their range of friends and contacts on the sites. Over the past few years the growth of social networking sites has mirrored or been partly responsible for the greater globalisation of society. No longer can we only speak of business and companies being global, but now ideas, trends and gossip is global with what happens in one part of the world becoming a topic for the whole world. The rise of Facebook and Twitter only illustrate the interconnected nature of people in today‘s world. In Poland, Nasza Klasa, which is a similar portal to Facebook and was originally designed to reunite classmates, has a dominant position in the market. However, even the Polish social network community is becoming influenced by Facebook with its global reach. Out of the 119 students surveyed, 76 have a social network page with 51 having contact with foreigners and 25 having contact only with other Polish people. Forty-three people responded that they had no social network site access. The mean results in Politics, Education and Family were: Corpus of 119 Politics 42.93 Education 44.15 Family 40.73 Social Network with foreign contacts 43.88 44.45 41.76 278 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Corpus of 51 Social Network with no foreign contacts 43.08 43.80 40.24 Corpus of 25 No Social Network 43.09 43.84 39.51 Corpus of 43 In comparison, those students who had foreign contacts on their social network site had a higher mean score than those who did not and those who had no social network. The differences between the scores are not very significant, but indicate that contact with foreigners does provide broader horizons and greater intercultural competence. This is an important piece of information and shows how even limited foreign contacts can influence understanding of other cultures. Moreover, all 37 people who had worked abroad had foreign contacts on their social network site, again indicating that even after their period of working abroad was over they kept in contact with those who they had met. Creating cross-cultural networks is an essential part of developing intercultural competence as it provides access to information about other cultures as well as encouraging communication and the exchange of ideas, thoughts and experiences. The challenge is for those Polish learners who do not have access to social network sites to do so at the earliest opportunity. 1.3. Conclusions The learners of English at the State Colleges in Krosno and Tarnow illustrate many of the challenges that are faced by Polish learners. Firstly, the students come from a variety of locations which present specific challenges to overcome. Most importantly, as can be seen from the statistics quoted with regards to scholarships and assistance grants, many of the students who attend the State College sector come from lower income backgrounds which affect their access to modern technology and foreign visits due to the financial costs. However, the location itself does not impair the development of intercultural competence given the right framework and opportunities to develop. The presented data illustrates that greater communication with foreign cultures does increase intercultural competence. In terms of experience of being abroad, work and holiday provide clearer understanding of the rules, laws and social notions of society not only of where we live but also of where we are. This is shown by both groups of respondents scoring higher Politics averages than those who have never been abroad. Furthermore, access to a social network, especially with foreign contacts, creates better intercultural competence. This is because of the global nature of today‘s social society with Facebook campaigns, groups and associations which are open to everyone. Providing access to greater foreign exchange programmes, for example via the Erasmus scheme in Higher Education, and encouraging the development of social network communication, either formally between institutions or informally, will clearly be of benefit to the development of intercultural communicative competence. 279 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Bandura, E. (2007). Nauczyciel Jako Mediator Kulturowy. Krakow: Tertium. Castle Sinicrope; John Norris; Yukiko Watanabe. (2007, Fall). Understanding and Assessing Intercultural Competence: A summary of Theory, Research and Practice (Technical Report for the Foreign Language Program Evaluation Project). Second Language Studies , 26 (1), pp. 1-58. Chris Brown; Kasey Knight. (1999). Introduction to Self-Awareness Inventories. In S. M. Fowler, Intercultural Sourcebook: Cross-Cultural Training Methods (pp. 19-30). Boston, MA: Intercultural Press. (2009). Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland. Warsaw: Central Statistics Office GUS. Geert Hofstede; Gert Jan Hofstede. (2005). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw Hill. Hall, E. T. (1959). The Silent Language. New York: Random House. IDI_Sample. (2006, 05 04). Retrieved 03 02, 2010, from The OFFICIAL Site of the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI): http://www.idiinventory.com/pdf/idi_sample.pdf Janet M. Bennett; Milton J. Bennett. (2004). Developing Intercultural Sensitivity: An Integrative Approach to Global and Domestic Diversity. In D. Landis, J. M. Bennett, & M. J. Bennett, Handbook of Intercultural Training (pp. 147-165). Thousand Oakes: Sage Publications. Kelley, C., & Meyers, J. (2003). CCAI Sample Report. Chicago: Vangent Inc. Michael Byram; Torsten Kùhlmann; Bernd Mùller-Jacquier; Gerhard Budin. (2005, 01 21). INCA The Theory. Retrieved 02 13, 2010, from Inca project: http://www.incaproject.org/en_downloads/24_INCA_THE_THEORY_eng_final.pdf Paige, R. M. (2004). Instrumentation in Intercultural Training. In D. Landis, J. M. Bennett, & M. J. Bennett, Handbook of Intercultural Training: Third Edition (pp. 85-128). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Portfolio of Intercultural Competence. (2004, 12 17). Retrieved 02 13, 2010, from INCA project: http://www.incaproject.org/en_downloads/24_INCA_THE_THEORY_eng_final.pdf Pusch, M. D. (2004). Intercultural Training in Historical Perspective. In J. M. Dan Landis, Handbook of Intercultural Training (3rd Edition ed., pp. 13-36). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Rathje, S. (2007). Intercultural Competence: The Status and Future of a Controversial Concept. Langauge and Intercultural Communication , 7 (4), pp. 254-266. Silwa, A. (2007, June 03). Overview of Polish Publications about Intercultural Communication in Business. Retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://www.sjo.ae.wroc.pl/Raport%20o%20badanich.pdf Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Communicating Across Cultures. New York: Guilford. Tucker, M. F. (1999). Self-Awareness and Development Using the Overseas Assignment Inventory. In S. Fowler (Ed.), Intercultural Sourcebook: Cross-Cultural Training Methods (pp. 45-52). Boston MA: Intercultural Press. 280 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 42 Title A name given to the resource The Challenge of Intercultural Communicative Competence for Polish Learners Author Author Brighton, Christopher Abstract A summary of the resource. Intercultural Communicative Competence is a well established field of study with a well documented and constructed theoretical model which also provides clear skills and goals attainable for ICC learners. The skills, goals and attitudes can be evaluated by the use of Self-Awareness Inventories with an ICC training programme utilising SAI data. The question is what are the challenges of developing an intercultural ability which faced by largely homogeneous cultural societies, such as Poland. Much of current Polish research into ICC is limited and focused on investigating Polish intercultural business experiences or examining Hofstede‘s dimensions in relation to specific cultural groups and regions. Little work has been undertaken on the issues that Polish people face in developing ICC. This paper will present findings of research conducted regarding challenges that Polish learners of ICC face in the developing the necessary skills and goals. The paper is based on an SAI which was developed by the author specifically to evaluate socio-cultural background factors and their relationship to the development of ICC skills. The results of the survey provide indicators to certain areas which may hamper or effect intercultural communicative competence. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8e4a2d56a40c719ade777aed5ce81789.docx b56619be998f8b8f8b350c74cdf9172f https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6cc1b800d614d55fae29ffbe71765df4.pdf af4d315be6aa4ab063ea18c7600cc1bb PDF Text Text The Challenges of Western Balkans towards the European Union Loren Senja Epoka University Albania lsenja@epoka.edu.al Abstract: Integration of the Western Balkans in the European Union is one of the major challenges in the policies of this Union. There are different reasons for this situation. European countries look with distrust coexistence of peoples of the Balkan under the mantel of EU. The economic crisis that has involved the European Union has created difficulties in integration of the Western Balkans. As a result of economic crisis extremist spirit was added in some states of the Union. This paper presents challenges faced by Western Balkan countries towards EU integration.The hypothesis of this paper is to analyze economic crisis in European Union and diminished initiative to expand to new countries. Paper also analyzes the impact of Balkans interior conflicts of 1990s and approaches towards integration. Additionally paper examines the steps that are following Western Balkans to become EU member. What are the challenges of Western Balkan countries towards EU integration? Why Enlargement of Union was not supported too from citizens of EU? What new brought economic crisis in EU? Strong economic dependence of Balkan states with European Union and national deficits has less opportunity for progress. Solving the economic crisis is seen with more priority by countries members of the EU rather than its expanding initiatives. Furthermore the paper discusses the fact that economic crisis raised the extremist spirit of some European Union member states. Countries like Netherlands and Greece have their veto for the further expansion of the Union. Methodology used is multiple case reports through qualitative method. Literature is based in different books, newspapers and various articles related with this topic. First part discusses Balkan internal problem and EU. The second part analyzes European Union economic crisis and integration of Western Balkans. Keywords: Western Balkans, European Union, Economic Crisis, Expanding, Integration 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2436 Title A name given to the resource The Challenges of Western Balkans towards the European Union Author Author SENJA, Loren Abstract A summary of the resource. Integration of the Western Balkans in the European Union is one of the major challenges in the policies of this Union. There are different reasons for this situation. European countries look with distrust coexistence of peoples of the Balkan under the mantel of EU. The economic crisis that has involved the European Union has created difficulties in integration of the Western Balkans. As a result of economic crisis extremist spirit was added in some states of the Union. This paper presents challenges faced by Western Balkan countries towards EU integration.The hypothesis of this paper is to analyze economic crisis in European Union and diminished initiative to expand to new countries. Paper also analyzes the impact of Balkans interior conflicts of 1990s and approaches towards integration. Additionally paper examines the steps that are following Western Balkans to become EU member. What are the challenges of Western Balkan countries towards EU integration? Why Enlargement of Union was not supported too from citizens of EU? What new brought economic crisis in EU? Strong economic dependence of Balkan states with European Union and national deficits has less opportunity for progress. Solving the economic crisis is seen with more priority by countries members of the EU rather than its expanding initiatives. Furthermore the paper discusses the fact that economic crisis raised the extremist spirit of some European Union member states. Countries like Netherlands and Greece have their veto for the further expansion of the Union. Methodology used is multiple case reports through qualitative method. Literature is based in different books, newspapers and various articles related with this topic. First part discusses Balkan internal problem and EU. The second part analyzes European Union economic crisis and integration of Western Balkans. Keywords: Western Balkans, European Union, Economic Crisis, Expanding, Integration Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/15308d6683bd4075b46adfb84b41fb87.docx f77c673f1a3ba00be73ffff819c8616d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2d21e0a4d3e2ab04124c9f4bccf93aad.pdf 2837daec2f21cd10af08ea58404d04bb PDF Text Text The Change of Meaning Of Nouns in the Process of Number Alteration Dzenita Joldic University of Tuzla/ Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: English, nouns, meaning, number, alteration ABSTRACT Exceptions to the rules phenomenon within a language system have always been a problem in the process of learning a foreign language. There are prescribed rules about the use of language and there are exceptions to these rules which cannot be found in grammar books. As language changes from one minute into another, so do the rules it is governed by. Such is the case of English nouns. English plural invariable nouns which according to the grammar rules can only have plural form also have their singular forms existing in English and they have different meaning from their plural form. This paper addresses this teaching and learning challenge raising awareness of the nouns which change their meaning when they are used in their singular form. The methodology used in the paper is giving the necessary theoretical background and semantic analysis of the example nouns. The results of the analysis show that there is a considerable number of English plural invariable nouns which change meaning in the process of number alteration and therefore represent potential problems for speakers of English language. This paper presents a number of the nouns which undergo such changes and explains the difference in meaning. As such it helps us to identify nouns from this group and helps speakers to avoid possible problems of their misunderstanding. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1769 Title A name given to the resource The Change of Meaning Of Nouns in the Process of Number Alteration Author Author JOLDIC, Dzenita Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: English, nouns, meaning, number, alteration ABSTRACT Exceptions to the rules phenomenon within a language system have always been a problem in the process of learning a foreign language. There are prescribed rules about the use of language and there are exceptions to these rules which cannot be found in grammar books. As language changes from one minute into another, so do the rules it is governed by. Such is the case of English nouns. English plural invariable nouns which according to the grammar rules can only have plural form also have their singular forms existing in English and they have different meaning from their plural form. This paper addresses this teaching and learning challenge raising awareness of the nouns which change their meaning when they are used in their singular form. The methodology used in the paper is giving the necessary theoretical background and semantic analysis of the example nouns. The results of the analysis show that there is a considerable number of English plural invariable nouns which change meaning in the process of number alteration and therefore represent potential problems for speakers of English language. This paper presents a number of the nouns which undergo such changes and explains the difference in meaning. As such it helps us to identify nouns from this group and helps speakers to avoid possible problems of their misunderstanding. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d3de4135d1f0a38c886025886047ff58.pdf 20412d242c55e324e47290db29888803 PDF Text Text The Changing Sufficiencies for Teachers on the Use of Educational Technologies’ Ahmet Naci ÇOKLAR Faculty of Education, Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies, Selçuk University Konya/Turkey e-mail: ahmetcoklar@selcuk.edu.tr H. Ferhan ODABAŞI Faculty of Education, Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies, Anadolu University, Eskisehir/Turkey e-mail: fodabasi@anadolu.edu.tr Abstract: As with many other fields, technological developments have rapid effects on the field of education. The use of new technologies in the field of education has been followed by ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education) and is conveyed as a standard. The sufficiency requirements of today’s teachers regarding the use of technology is determined by the NETS*T standard. This research studies the changes taking place in the sufficiencies of teachers regarding the use of technology by analyzing the old and new NETS*T (National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers) standards as well as the indicators of these standards. Regarding teachers’ sufficiencies on the use of technology; the speed of technological change, changing roles towards a guide and model (as opposed to an educator) and various innovations brought by the internet (the digital age, digital citizenship etc.) can be described as important determinants. Keywords: Teacher sufficiencies, Educational technologies, Educational technology standards, NETS*T. 1. Introduction In today’s world of rapid technological development, important concepts such as “change” and “innovation” come to mind. Newer, more advanced and more functional models of many products of technology are released before the originals are effectively made use of. Examples of such products would be computers, mobile phones and PDAs. Each new product brings with it new features and capabilities. While once merely tools for voice communication, cellular phones are now capable of playing music, Bluetooth wireless communication, photography and video, multimedia sharing with MMS messaging and lately with the adoption of 3G technology, digital transactions. Mobile phones accurately summarize the change that has taken place in the last ten years. Similarly, despite the fact that the personal computer (PC) entered our lives in the 1970’s and has become small enough to fit in our pockets, it has become more capable and functional. An important technological development of today is the internet. Its current state entered our lives in the late 1990’s and has become an important part of various aspects of our lives such as trade, banking, communication and health services. Another field that has been affected by the internet is education. As a technology, the internet has brought with it various changes and has made certain sufficiencies mandatory. An important part of the education system affected by these changes are teachers. The qualities of teachers change according to changes in technology. 223 �2. Educational Technology Technology can be defined as tools and utilities developed by man to inspect and manipulate their material surroundings as well as all associated knowledge (TDK, 2009). This definition shows that technology is not limited to items and tools. The whole concept regarding the tools and their use is under the scope of the definition of technology. The general purpose of technology, however, is to simplify or make life easier. Educational technology can be seen as the use of technology in the field of education. In this regard, the concept of educational technology encapsulates both tools and utilities and the methods, techniques and underlying system of concepts associated with these tools and utilities (Demierl, Seferoğlu & Yağcı, 2004). Kaya (2005) states that educational technology is a complex and complete process which covers every aspect of human learning as well as the analysis of problems and the people, ideas, equipment and organization required to provide findings, applications, evaluation and management of the solutions to these problems. In other words, educational technology should be considered more than just tools and utilities. The use of educational technologies also covers the methods and techniques, or in other words the sufficiencies associated with the use of devices such as computers, television and PDAs. Akpınar (2004) has stated that every tool or item assisting in the reduction of the interaction of the subject matter to a level understandable by the student is within the study scope of educational technology. 3. Educational Technology Standards Various innovations such as multimedia computers, video discs, CD-ROMs and other computer supported educational applications were introduced to the field of education in the 1990s with the expectation that they would be more widely adopted in time (Kronour, 2004). Due to the inability to ensure the expected levels of technology use, the United States Department of Education started the ‘Preparing Tomorrow’s Teachers to Use Technology’ program (PT3) with significant success in its first year (Stuve & Cassady, 2005). In application, the program made use of the preexisting National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) to remedy what was seen as the problem of ensuring the equal and prevalent use of educational technology throughout the United States (NETS, 2006; Suve & Cassady, 2005; UNESCO, 2002). An important purpose of standards is to add the use of new technologies such as computers and the internet in educational programs. As such, the enforcement of new and high level technologies is attempted (Stuve & Cassady, 2005). 4. The Development and Factor Structure of NETS NETS is not limited to the sufficiencies regarding the use of technology in education by teachers. When analyzed as a process, the standards required for students, teachers and administrators regarding the use and planning of technology were combined under the scope of NETS in June 1998, June 2000 and November 2001 respectively (NETS, 2006). These standards have been designated NETS-S (Student), NETS-T (Teacher) and NETS-A (Administrator). Despite its American origin, many countries and regions such as Australia, China, Ireland, Latin America and England have made use of the NETS standards to develop national and regional standards or have adapted them for their own use (UNESCO, 2002). The primary reason for this is that the NETS subsides within the International society for Technology in Education (ISTE). ISTE has declared its mission statement to be to ensure the effective use of new technology in P-12 education and teacher training without profit. As an international establishment, it is accepted as an authority in many countries (ISTE, 2009). The ISTE updates the NETS standards at regular intervals based on technological developments. The NETS*T standard which deals with teacher sufficiencies has been updated 4 times up to the year 2009. NETS*T was first established in 1993 with 13 indicators and revisions made in 1997 dewvided it into three categories with 18 indicators. In 2000, it took the form of six categories with a total of 23 clauses (NETS, 2006). Finally, the updates performed in 2008 restructured the NETS*T standard into five categories and 20 indicators (NETS, 2009). These indicators determined by the ISTE based on new educational technologies are important aspects in portraying changing sufficiencies for teachers. 5. Changind Teacher Sufficiencies Based on the New NETS*T Standards 224 �To understand the changing sufficiencies of teachers regarding the use of educational technology, a comparison between the latest and previous NETS*T standards must be conducted. Both standards can be viewed in Table 1. NETS*T 2000 Standards NETS*T 2008 Standards I Technology Operations and Concepts I Facilitate and Inspire Student Learning and Creativity II Planning and Designing Learning Environments and Experiences II Design and Develop Digital-Age Learning Experiences and Assessments III Teaching, Learning, and the Curriculum III Model Digital-Age Work and Learning IV Assessment and Evaluation IV Promote and Model Digital Citizenship and Responsibility V Productivity and Professional Practice V Engage in Professional Growth and Leadership VI Social, Ethical, Legal, and Human Issues Tablo 1. NETS-T Standards It can be seen from Table 1 that significant changes have taken place in the sufficiencies required by teachers regarding the use of educational technology. The changing role of teachers towards guidance and counseling advisors stands out. While the teaching qualities of teachers are prioritized in the NETS*T standards of 2000, the new NETS*T standards emphasize teachers’ quialities such as role modeling, inspiration, motivation and assistance. This situation is described in the initial instructions of the NETS*T standards as teachers’ use of technology in the assistance of role modeling and in the fulfillment of student standards (NETS*S). Another important innovation is the inclusion of concepts such as the digital age, digital citizenship and digital responsibility as a reflection of the internet in NETS*T standards. Therefore the innovations brought by educational technology standards towards teachers can be described as the sufficiencies for the digital age. Another important feature is considering teachers have basic levels of sufficiencies regarding technological knowledge and skills, the ensuring of teachers providing technology as a means for creativity and innovation is described as a new sufficiency. Emphasis is placed on teachers’ assistance and role modeling, with teachers making use of face to face or virtual environments to increase student learning stated as sufficiencies. Teachers’ technology sufficiencies such as developing student creativity, increasing learning and planning processes of self evaluation were present in previous standards. Emphasis on the design and development of learning experiences for the digital age can be observed in these standards as well. Considering the speed at which technology changes, new sufficiencies regarding these rapid changes have been put into place. These sufficiencies are described as models for the lifestyle and learning styles of the digital age. In today’s world with rapidly changing technology, a required quality of teachers is the ability to follow new technology, analyze and evaluate it and lead students in its use, providing assistance to students on the use of this technology in both their daily lives and as a research tool or for learning purposes. Another important sufficiency stated is the sufficiencies directed towards digital citizenship and responsibilities. Previous standards incorporated sufficiencies regarding legal and ethical use of computers. This section emphasizes the use of technology and knowledge in a legal and ethical manner with respect towards copyrights. Along with these additions, sufficiencies regarding the healthy use of technology has been omitted. Additionally, new sufficiencies have been implemented regarding the teachers being a model and motivational factor regarding digital ethics in the use of communication technologies for social communication such as chat and e-mail. Regarding vocational development, supporting the use of educational technology as an addition to the general use of educational technologies can be seen as a new sufficiency. In other words, the role modeling and motivation provided by students, teachers and administrators (all individuals) to ensure an increase in the use of technology is considered a standard. Self development and the use of technology for lifelong learning was present in previous standards. However it can be seen that the new standards aim to construct a synergy within the school. 225 �6. Results The new NETS*T standards shaped towards new educational technologies (with an emphasis on the internet) established by ISTE in 2008 put forth new sufficiencies required of teachers regarding the use of educational technologies. The innovations and changes established by the new NETS*T standards regarding teachers’ use of educational technologies can be summarized as follows: ‰ A change in teachers’ roles towards advisors, role models and motivators regarding educational technologies. ‰ Considering teachers’ pre-established and basic levels of technology use, a higher level of sufficiencies through the use of face to face and virtual environments. ‰ Teachers’ ability to use the qualities of the digital age (ie. mobile phones, the internet, PDAs etc.) in the design of learning environments to stimulate curiosity in students, develop creativity and similar objectives rather than mere sources of information. ‰ To follow technology’s rapid change and keep up with this change, while using these new technologies for educational purposes. ‰ In the wake of the spread of the internet, to inform society about increasingly important digital citizenship and to be a leading figure in the legal, ethical and copyright-aware use of technology. ‰ To establish a synergy with all individuals associated with education to increase the use of technology. ‰ Following this study, it is recommended that the new NETS*T standards prepared and established by experts in the field and with a broad field of view by the ISTE be integrated as an important planning resource and organizational tool for in-service training and the teacher training process by all nations. 7. References Akpınar, Y. (2004). Teachers’ Approaches to Some Educational Technology Related Factors Affecting Learning. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – TOJET, 3(3), Article 15, 2004. Retrieved: 21 01, 2006, from: http://www.tojet.net/ articles/3315.htm. Demirel, O., Seferoglu S. & Yagcı E. (2004). Öğretim Teknolojileri ve Materyal Geliştirme. (5.edition), Ankara: Pegema Publishing. Kaya, Z. (2005). Öğretim Teknolojileri ve Materyal Geliştirme. Ankara: Pegem Publishing. Kronour, J. P. (2004). Preservice Teaching Standards: What Skills Should First Year Teachers Possess As They Enter The Field. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Dayton, Ohio, USA. UNESCO, (2002). Information And Communication Technologies In Teacher Education: A Planning Guide. France: Division of Higher Education. ISTE, (2009). International Society for Technology in Education. Retrieved: 22 04, 2009, from Web Pages of ISTE: http://www.iste.org/AM/Template.cfm? Section=About_ISTE. NETS, (2006). National Educational Technology Standards. Retrieved: 12 01, 2006, from Web Pages of NETS: http://cnets.iste.org/. NETS, (2009). National Educational Technology Standards. Retrieved: 23 04, 2009, from Web Pages of NETS for Teachers: http://www.iste.org/AM/Template.cfm? Section=NETS. Stuve M.. ve Cassady J.(2005). A Factor A Factor Analysis of the NETS Performance Profiles: Searching for Constructs of SelfConcept and Technology Professionalism. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 13(2), pp.303-324. TDK, (2009). Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü. Retrieved: 12 05, 2006, from Web Pages of The Turkish Language Association Dictionary: http://www.tdk.org.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx? F6E10F889243CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF05A79F75456518CA. 226 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 403 Title A name given to the resource The Changing Sufficiencies for Teachers on the Use of Educational Technologies’ Author Author ÇOKLAR, Ahmet Naci ODABAŞI, H. Ferhan Abstract A summary of the resource. As with many other fields, technological developments have rapid effects on the field of education. The use of new technologies in the field of education has been followed by ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education) and is conveyed as a standard. The sufficiency requirements of today’s teachers regarding the use of technology is determined by the NETS*T standard. This research studies the changes taking place in the sufficiencies of teachers regarding the use of technology by analyzing the old and new NETS*T (National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers) standards as well as the indicators of these standards. Regarding teachers’ sufficiencies on the use of technology; the speed of technological change, changing roles towards a guide and model (as opposed to an educator) and various innovations brought by the internet (the digital age, digital citizenship etc.) can be described as important determinants. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/38387530f976dd190727cd4d0162915c.pdf 4f6217ff9e9d2381fe824aa39014d214 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1397 Title A name given to the resource The Channels of Contagion in the Global Crisis: The Case of the Southeastern Europe (SEE-7) Countries Author Author Ali , Sen Huseyin, ALTAY Abstract A summary of the resource. Prior to the global crisis, the SEE-7 had a strong growth performance through increasing in exports and capital inflows. However, they also, just like developing countries, suffered from the global economic crisis. The purpose of this paper is to analyze through what channels the global crisis had an impact on economic activity of the SEE-7. Initially, we reviewed literature about contagion, including its definitions and its channels. We used panel data regression to analyze the impacts of external variables on GDP. According to empirical findings obtaining from the panel regression results, until the global crisis, the external variables significantly promoted the abilities of their growth. However, the contributions of external variables on their growth rate reduced sharply with the global crisis. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cced2548fdbbcb7c0db8ff18d6522e72.pdf 55fc6d26a7a9744ee75c37a9679eb99f PDF Text Text THE CHARACTERISTICS AND DYNAMICS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROLS IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES: MEASURING PERFORMANCE ACCORDING TO EMPLOYEE STIMULATION Lejla Huseinbašić International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina lejla.huseinbasic@hotmail.com Abstract: This paper begins with explanation of importance of the control management in organisations and how controlling aspect of organisations plays an important role in achieving organisational’s best interests and goals that are strategically planned. Set of controls need to be implemented in order to decrease undesirable behavior and to encourage desirable actions. Individuals don’t generally comprehend what is anticipated from them nor how they can best perform their employments, as they might do not have some essential capacity, preparing, or data. Also, individuals have various inalienable perceptual and psychological predispositions, for example, a failure to prepare new data ideally or to settle on reliable choices, and these inclinations can decrease hierarchical viability. This paper suggests that the proper stimulation of employees in terms of different types of rewarding can result in higher achievements, both for the employee and the organisation. Keywords: Management, Control, SME, Performance, Employee Introduction Individuals at work actually have a tendency to receive instinctual methods of conduct that are self-defensive as opposed to open and synergistic. This clarifies why feeling is a solid power in the work environment and why administration frequently responds fiercely to reactions and as a rule looks to control as opposed to go out on a limb. Along these lines, keeping in mind the end goal to dispense with this sort of viewpoint and to build representative inspiration, it is best that you impact conduct as opposed to change identities. The world of business administration is not all about income, spreadsheets, and advertising, there is the precarious business of human conduct that must be gone to. Most business supervisors who examined administration in school invested significantly more energy in bookkeeping and financial aspects class than they did in psychology class and in some cases human conduct can be a significant riddle. In an organization not just authority, the workforce is likewise an imperative segment. We ought to treat individuals similarly, no preference. Motivation is a worker’s inborn eagerness about and drive to perform exercises identified with work. Motivation is that inner drive that causes a person to choose to make a move. An individual’s motivation is impacted by natural, scholarly, social and passionate components. In that capacity, motivation is a complex, not effectively characterized, inborn main impetus that can likewise be impacted by outer components. Each representative has exercises, occasions, individuals, and objectives in his or her life that he or she discovers rousing. In this way, motivation about some part of life exists in every individual’s cognizance and activities. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 181 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) The trap for businesses is to make sense of how to move representative motivation at work. To make a workplace in which a worker is roused about work, includes both inherently fulfilling and extraneously promising components. Worker motivation is the blend of satisfying the representative’s needs and desires from work and the work environment considers that empower worker motivation - or not. These variables make inspiring representatives testing. Businesses comprehend that they have to give a workplace that makes motivation in individuals. Be that as it may, numerous businesses neglect to comprehend the essentialness of motivation in achieving their central goal and vision. Notwithstanding when they comprehend the significance of motivation, they do not have the ability and learning to give a workplace that encourages representative motivation. Choices to hold, advance, or fire individuals must be made in each association. What is the most exact approach to settle on these choices? Traditionally, these choices were made through support and nepotism, where individual connections inside the association largy affected advancement and terminating choices. While individual connections are still vital today, numerous commercial enterprises attempt to deliberately survey specialist execution, so as to build efficiency (and at last, benefits). Productive employees are the soul of each enrolling business, however what method can be used to survey their execution levels? Do they comprehend objectives and desires of the organisation? Is it accurate to say that they are meeting their own destinations? Each organization ought to ceaselessly screen and assess their workers. Assessing worker execution ought to be completed on an on-going premise and incorporate all zones of their hard working attitude and individual accomplishments. Keeping in mind as well, that poor execution or negative practices can likewise be symptomatic of a basic issue with organisation’s way of life, so have an arrangement set up to address any issues that can be find. Motivation methods There are the same number of various techniques for spurring workers today as there are organizations working in the worldwide business environment. Still, a few procedures are common over all associations endeavoring to enhance representative motivation. The best worker motivation endeavors will concentrate on what the representatives regard to be critical. It might be that representatives inside the same division of the same association will have distinctive motivation. Numerous associations today find that adaptability in occupation plan and compensate frameworks has brought about representatives’ expanded life span with the organization, enhanced efficiency, and better spirit. Empowerment Giving workers more obligation and basic leadership power builds their domain of control over the assignments for which they are considered mindful and better prepares them to complete those errands. Subsequently, sentiments of disappointment emerging from being considered responsible for something one doesn’t have the assets to do are reduced. Vitality is occupied from self-protection to enhanced assignment achievement. 182 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Creativity and Innovation At numerous organizations, representatives with imaginative thoughts don’t express them to administration for trepidation that their info will be overlooked or criticized. Organization endorsement and toeing the organization line have turned out to be so instilled in some workplaces that both the worker and the association endure. At the point when the ability to make in the association is pushed down from the top to line work force, representatives who know a vocation, item, or administration best are given the chance to utilize their thoughts to enhance it. The ability to make rouses representatives and advantages the association in having a more adaptable work power, utilizing all the more admirably the experience of its workers, and expanding the trading of thoughts and data among representatives and divisions. These upgrades additionally make an openness to change that can give an organization the capacity to react rapidly to market changes and support a first mover advantage in the commercial center. Learning On the off chance that representatives are given the apparatuses and the chances to achieve all the more, most will tackle the test. Organizations can propel representatives to accomplish more by focusing on never-ending upgrade of worker aptitudes. Accreditation and authorizing programs for representatives are an undeniably prominent and powerful approach to realize development in worker learning and inspiration. Regularly, these projects enhance representatives’ states of mind toward the customer and the organization, while reinforcing self-assurance. Supporting this statement, an examination of components which impact inspiration to-learn found that it is specifically identified with the degree to which preparing members trust that such interest will influence their employment or profession utility. At the end of the day, if the group of information picked up can be connected to the work to be refined, then the procurement of that learning will be a beneficial occasion for the worker and the employer. Quality of Life The quantity of hours worked every week is on the ascent, and numerous families have two grown-ups working those expanded hours. Under these circumstances, numerous specialists are left thinking about how to meet the requests of their lives past the work environment. Frequently, this worry happens while at work and may decrease a worker’s efficiency and confidence. Organizations that have established adaptable worker game plans have increased spurred representatives whose profitability has expanded. Programs consolidating strategic scheduling, dense work filled weeks, or occupation sharing, for instance, have been fruitful in centering overpowered representatives toward the work to be done and far from the requests of their private lives. Monetary Incentive For all the championing of option inspirations, cash still possesses a noteworthy spot in the blend of helpers. The sharing of an organization’s benefits offers motivating force to representatives to create a quality item, perform a quality administration, or enhance the nature of a procedure inside the organization. What advantages the organization straightforwardly advantages the representative. Financial and different prizes are being given to representatives for creating cost-investment funds or processICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 183 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) enhancing thoughts, to support profitability and lessen truancy. Cash is successful when it is specifically fixing to a representative’s thoughts or achievements. All things considered, if not combined with other, non-money related inspirations, its spurring impacts are fleeting. Further, fiscal motivations can demonstrate counterproductive if not made accessible to all individuals from the association. Other Incentives Study after study has found that the best inspirations of laborers are non-money related. Fiscal frameworks are lacking helpers, to a limited extent since desires frequently surpass results and in light of the fact that uniqueness between salaried people may separate instead of join workers. Demonstrated non-money related positive inspirations foster cooperation and incorporate acknowledgment, obligation, and headway. Administrators who perceive the “little wins” of representatives, advance participatory situations, and treat workers with decency and admiration will observe their representatives to be all the more exceptionally energetic. One organization’s administrators conceptualized to think of 30 effective prizes that cost little or nothing to actualize. The best compensates, for example, letters of recognition and time off from work, improved individual satisfaction and sense of pride. Over the more drawn out term, true acclaim and individual signals are much more powerful and more sparing than recompenses of cash alone. At last, a project that consolidates money related prize frameworks and fulfills inherent, self-realizing needs might be the most strong worker spark. Ilustration 1: Employee motivation principles 184 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Entirely separated from the advantage and good estimation of an unselfish way to deal with regarding associates and representatives as individuals and regarding human poise in all its structures , looks into and perception demonstrate that well motivated workers are more gainful and innovative. What is the stimulation of the employees? Numerous managers still hold the old feeling that an employee will complete his occupation constrainted by good and cash. Obviously, both are viable for pulling the occupation off. Else they could complete it without productivity. It is set to trust that capable work genuinely influence the venture’s proficiency. Despite what might be expected, with a higher work excited, individuals can effectively perform work, in order to upgrade the organization in this appreciation advantage. What we ought to do is simply given each representative a chance to be keen on his work and stir his excitement to make the organization’s advantages the entire upgrade. The purported faculty consolation implies the enterprise invigorates from outside to actuate the staff’s needs, longings and inspirations. Structure a particular objectives and protect when the representative achieve his objective he remains a high spirits, supportable positive state and discharges the boundless mechanical potential. The mental studies demonstrate that individuals are spurred while they encounter some unsatisfied needs or uncompleted objectives. In this way, the necessities or objectives, can be either physical and material, or mental and otherworldly. As a general rule, individuals’ interest is not single. Workers are “trainable”- at one level, people are just creatures and the practices can be comprehended as a progression of boost and reaction designs. At an extremely fundamental level, we rehash practices that have worked for us in the past and neglect to rehash practices that have not worked for us. This idea is called behaviorism and it says that when representatives are compensated for good conduct, they will rehash the conduct. In an awful occupation, the main compensate a representative gets is a paycheck and he or she will do as meager as could reasonably be expected to continue getting that remunerate. In a great job, there are steady remunerates; even acclaim can be viewed as a spurring compensate that supports great conduct. An intriguing thing to note about behaviorism is that discipline is just used to decrease conduct. In the event that you need any kind of conduct to expand, you have to compensate the conduct, not rebuff a man for absence of it. For instance, on the off chance that you need a worker to tidy up their range toward the end of the movement, discipline for not cleaning won’t ingrain the conduct (despite the fact that it may work for some time). On the off chance that you really need to change conduct, you have to give a prize for cleaning the region. This doesn’t mean you have to chase after your representative’s tossing treats throughout the day. The prize can be, “when your zone is cleaned, you can go home”. In the event that going home is remunerating, that will soon get to be connected with cleaning the region. You would prefer not to get in the propensity for treating representatives like pets, however it regards comprehend the essential way of human conduct and how support functions. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 185 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Employees need to feel engaged enormous conduct issues can come about because of workers feeling weak in their parts. Feeling weak can show itself in various courses with various workers; some will take a uninvolved forceful position, picking up force by what they don’t do as opposed to what they do. Different workers may react to sentiments of frailty by more forceful means, such as tattling and abusing the organization. Still others may take out the sentiments on subordinates or even on their clients. 5 ways to encourage employee behaviour through motivation 1. Adjusting individual financial interests to organization execution It takes more doing at the most elevated administration levels than the rest. In any case, impetus pay programs that give workers at all levels of an association an opportunity to advantage when an organization succeeds can actually support inspiration (accepting strong individual execution with the goal one should partake in money related prizes). 2. Taking a real enthusiasm for the future way of a employee’s vocation It does ponders for a worker’s state of mind to trust that a supervisor truly thinks about where his or her profession is going. Tutoring, instructing, proposing extra preparing or coursework - these can be useful to workers, and very esteemed. 3. Taking a sincere enthusiasm for their work-life equalization To the degree that administrators can offer some adaptability in timetables and to be understanding about family duties, medical checkups et cetera – such affectability can be enormously refreshing. Little motions regularly have a major effect. 4. Giving a purpose Managers need to be ready to motivate its workers by giving them a reason. When achieving that, they comprehend the vision better and can execute all the more emphatically. What’s more, by comprehension their motivation and the reason for the business, a worker is better ready to see how they fit into the 10,000 foot view. 5. Being Transparent Trying to be exceptionally open with workers about what’s going on at the most abnormal amount so there are no curve balls and everybody has an opportunity to make inquiries and give input. The representatives need to feel incorporated into major choices and focused on the bearing our organization takes. This has managed inspiration and expanded organization faithfulness and pride. Data When it comes to demographic data, I found out that the percentage of males and females are almost the same (51,06% of males). From the age point of view, the majority was between 18 and 40 years old (57, 45%). Further on, i found out that the majority have finished high school (34, 04%) and graduated from faculty (34, 75%). Looking at income, the majority have an income between 801 and 1600 KM. (50, 35%). The most 186 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation respondents in my research were married (54,61%). At the end, the biggest number of respondents have working experience 10 or more years (35,71%). See Table 1. Table 1: Demographic profile of respondents Demographic profile of respondents Categories Gender Age Level of education Status Monthly income Martial status Working experience Number (#) Percentage (%) Male 72 51,06 Female 69 48,96 18-40 81 57,45 41-60 57 40,34 61 or more 3 2,13 Elementary school or lower 2 1,42 1 - 3 grades of high school 9 6,38 Finished high school 48 34,04 1 - 3 years of faculty 19 13,48 Graduated 49 34,75 Master studies 10 7,09 Phd 4 2,84 Less than 800 KM 43 30,50 801 - 1600 KM 71 50,35 1601 – 2400 KM 20 14,18 2400 KM or more 2 1,42 Single 25 17,73 In relationship 30 21,28 Married 77 54,61 Divorced 6 4,26 Widowed 3 2,13 Less than 1 year 13 9,29 1 – 3 years 34 24,29 3- 5 years 20 14,29 5 – 10 years 23 16,43 10 or more years 50 35,71 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 187 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Average satisfaction among respondents is aroud 3,87 on scale from 1 to 5 and the most frequent grade for satisfaction is 4 (mode). The lower standard deviation is the more data points are centerd around the mean, in this case the standard deviation is 1,1 which means that the numbers in the range are clustered near mean. See Table 2. Table 2: Average job satisfaction I am satisfied with status in firm where I work. Valid 141 Missing 0 Mean 3.87 Median 4.00 Mode 4 Std. Deviation 1.101 Minimum 0 Maximum 5 N Average response in survey which respondents choose when it comes to equal behaviour toward manager and employees processes is 3,82 on scale from 1 to 5 and the most frequent grade for satisfaction is 5 (mode). The standard deviation is 1,29 which means that the numbers in the range are clustered near mean, but less than in previous example. For more details, see Table 3. Table 3: Fair treatment between manager and employees The company where I work treats fairly when it comes to equal behaviour toward manager and employees processes. Valid N Missing 141 0 Mean 3.82 Median 4.00 Mode 5 Std. Deviation 1.291 Minimum 1 Maximum 5 188 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation From Table 4 it can be seen that 31, 9% agree and 23, 4% of respondents strongly agree that their company is constantly improving in employee motivation in order to gain organisational benefit. Table 4: Effects of motivation on organisation The company where I work is constantly improving in employee motivation in order to gain organisational benefit. Cumulative Frequency Percent 4 2.8 2.8 2.8 Disagree 23 16.3 16.3 19.1 I don’t know 36 25.5 25.5 44.7 45 31.9 31.9 76.6 33 23.4 23.4 100.0 141 100.0 100.0 Strongly disagree Valid Agree Strongly agree Total Valid Percent Percent From the Table 5. we can see that 35, 5% agree and 17% of respondents strongly agree that their companies are doing the right thing while controlling the environment in which employees operate on a daily basis. Table 5: Control of the environment The company where I work is doing the right thing while controlling the environment in which employees operate on a daily basis. Valid Cumulative Frequency Percent Percent Percent 6 4.3 4.3 4.3 Disagree 19 13.5 13.5 17.7 I don’t know 42 29.8 29.8 47.5 50 35.5 35.5 83.0 24 17.0 17.0 100.0 141 100.0 100.0 Strongly disagree Agree Valid Strongly agree Total In Table 6. we can see that 37, 6% agree and 27% of respondents strongly agree that their company rationally stimulate and motivate their employees in order to create more productive business environment. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 189 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Table 6: Stimulation and motivation of employees The company where I work rationally stimulates and motivates their employees in order to create more productive business environment. Cumulative Frequency Percent 5 3.5 3.5 3.5 Disagree 17 12.1 12.1 15.6 I don’t know 28 19.9 19.9 35.5 53 37.6 37.6 73.0 38 27.0 27.0 100.0 141 100.0 100.0 Strongly disagree Agree Valid Strongly agree Total Valid Percent Percent Conclusion Employee engagement is drawing in a lot of enthusiasm from businesses over various areas. In some regards it is an exceptionally old yearning – the craving by businesses to discover approaches to expand representative inspiration and to win more duty to the occupation and the association. In some ways it is “new” in that the connection inside which engagement is being looked for is changed. One part of this distinction is the more prominent punishment to be paid if specialists are less connected with than the representatives of contenders, given the condition of worldwide rivalry and the raising of the bar on productivity measures. A second perspective is that the entire way of the significance of work and the guidelines for vocation relations have moved and there is an open space concerning the character of the relationship to work and to association which managers sense can be loaded with more advanced methodologies. In any case, there is motivation to stress over the absence of thoroughness that has, to date, frequently portrayed much work in worker engagement. On the off chance that we keep on referring to “engagement” without comprehension the potential antagonistic results, the centre prerequisites of achievement, and the procedures through which it must be executed, and on the off chance that we can’t concur even to a reasonable meaning of what individuals should be occupied with doing any other way at work (the drew ‘in what’ question), then engagement may simply be one more ‘HR thing’ that is here for a brief span. On a positive note, there is presently a more extensive cluster of estimation methods with which to evaluate patterns in engagement and a related exhibit of ways to deal with impact some change. In this manner, goal can all the more plausibly be deciphered enthusiastically. Making a work environment with brilliant resolve and persuaded representatives is a long haul venture, and should be installed inside the fabric of an organisation’s every day operations. Profoundly energetic and connected with faculty are a colossal advantage for any organisation. Growing all around spurred employees prompts more fulfilled clients and higher deals; this thus prompts more prominent employee inspiration and makes an idealistic circle. Exceptionally energetic employees are liable to be locked in workers, willing to run the additional mile with clients, and to remunerate their managers with dedication, abnormal amounts of profitability, and more prominent development. 190 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Many economic theories recommend that independent from anyone else proprietorship is unrealistic to enormously influence specialist exertion and execution. Proprietorship must be consolidated with employee association and different approaches that give labourers the ability to follow up on possession motivations and the attitude to oppose the propensity to free ride. My examination of labourer reported exertion crosswise over firms and of specialists inside two firms underpins these contentions. I find critical contrasts in specialist evaluation of work exertion crosswise over ESOP firms, demonstrating that even in firms with significant representative possession, different components impact results. Relating specialist reported results to their feeling of proprietorship and a file of HR arrangements demonstrates that possession and HR approaches are both emphatically connected to worker reports of working environment execution, which is itself identified with organization execution. My analysis of employee’s reaction to colleagues who perform inadequately demonstrates that specialists on employee contribution boards of trustees or who generally report being included in setting objectives for their work gathering will probably talk specifically with non-performing labourers and are less inclined to do nothing. Thoughtfully, a comprehension of how representative proprietorship functions requires a three-pronged examination of: (1) the motivators that possession gives; (2) the participative instruments accessible to specialists to follow up on those impetuses; and (3) motivators/corporate society that balances inclinations to free ride. All organizations, whether representative possessed or not, need to consolidate these three components to inspire labourers to execute admirably well. Representative proprietorship gives an unmistakable answer for the impetus issue, however should at present manage the investment and free-riding issues. References • Abadi, F. E., Jalilvand, M. R., Sharif, M., Salimi, G. A., & Khanzadeh, S. A. (2011). A Study of Influential Factors on Employees’ Motivation for Participating in the In-Service Training Courses Based on Modified Expectancy Theory. International Business and Management, 2 (1), 157-169. • Ali, R., & Ahmad, M. S., (2009). The Impact of Reward and Recognition Programs on Employee’s Motivation and Satisfaction: An Empirical Study. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5 (4), 270-279. • Battisti, Pete. Reward to Motivate. Walls & Ceilings. December 2005. • Hohman, Kevin M. A Passion for Success: Employee buy in is the key. Do-It-Yourself • Retailing. February 2006. • Houran, J., & Kefgen, K., Money and Employee Motivation. Retrieved May 10, 2016 from www.2020skills.com • Jun, M., Cai, S., & Shin, H. (2006). TQM practice in maquiladora: antecedents of employee satisfaction and loyalty. Journal of Operations Management, 24, 791812. • Rynes, S. L., Gerhart, B., & Minette, K. A., (2004). The Importance of Pay in employee Motivation: Discrepancies between What People say and what they do. Human Resource Management, 43 (4), 381-394. • Viorel, L., Aurel, M., Virgil, M. C., & Stefania, P. R., Employees Motivation Theories Developed at an International Level. Labor Management, JEL article code:M54: Labor Management, 324-328. • White, Carol-Ann. Expert’s View on Managing Demotivated Employees. Personnel Today. 15, November 2005. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 191 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3327 Title A name given to the resource THE CHARACTERISTICS AND DYNAMICS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROLS IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES: MEASURING PERFORMANCE ACCORDING TO EMPLOYEE STIMULATION Author Author Huseinbasic, Lejla Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: This paper begins with explanation of importance of the control management in organisations and how controlling aspect of organisations plays an important role in achieving organisational’s best interests and goals that are strategically planned. Set of controls need to be implemented in order to decrease undesirable behavior and to encourage desirable actions. Individuals don’t generally comprehend what is anticipated from them nor how they can best perform their employments, as they might do not have some essential capacity, preparing, or data. Also, individuals have various inalienable perceptual and psychological predispositions, for example, a failure to prepare new data ideally or to settle on reliable choices, and these inclinations can decrease hierarchical viability. This paper suggests that the proper stimulation of employees in terms of different types of rewarding can result in higher achievements, both for the employee and the organisation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f30c17548118dc075c35de07c7776f60.docx 172be59a6c28bb19014a0856068f8d5b https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0a7decf0f792ffe326fddbe6bfe1d8ef.pdf c816924a50f76cd82d95cdf90fd1c7b7 PDF Text Text The Characteristics of New Albanian Nationalism and its Impact on Albania’s Relation with Neighbors KritonKuci Mediterranean University of Albania, Albania kritonkuci@umsh.edu.al Abstract: The Balkan region has experienced in the past a lot of tragedies caused by nationalism. Beginning with the Greek revolution, in the first part of the 19th century and onward all Balkan countries have experienced the rising of nationalism in the framework of the nation building process. Albania did too. However in the last decade a new wave of nationalism is rising in Albania. “New Albanian Nationalism” is different from the traditional Albanian nationalism (mainly in form not in content). From 2008 until today, there have been three major developments which have influenced decisively the increasing of the “New Albanian nationalism”. First was the declaration of independence of Kosovo. The solution of the Kosovo issue has always been one of the pillars of the traditional Albanian nationalism. Secondly, signing of an agreement between Greece and Albania on the delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone. The agreement was signed in 2009, was challenged by the opposition and public opinion in Albania continues to have great publicity and be part of the political dialogue and the Greek-Albanian relations. Thirdly, there was the official count of the population, the CENSUS which took place in 2011. A process that was strongly contested and was the impetus for establishing the Red and Black Alliance was known firstly as a social movement (a radical nationalist one) and then as a political party with extreme nationalist character. This paper consists of a theoretical overview and critical analysis of the rising of nationalism in Albania from 2008 till today. The first part of the paper will focus on the comparison between traditional and new Albanian nationalism, on the content and the basic thesis of the “NewAlbaniannationalism” (Anti-Hellenism, Anti-Serb, Pan Albanism common positions on"nationalissues"inAlbania, Kosovo and FYROM), and on the political parties, organizations supporting Albanian nationalism. The second part will deal with the impact that the rising of the Albanian nationalism will have on Albania’s relations with its neighbors. Keywords: New Albanian nationalism, Pan Albanism, Balkans, Red and Black Alliance, radical movement, extremism. 27 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2457 Title A name given to the resource The Characteristics of New Albanian Nationalism and its Impact on Albania’s Relation with Neighbors Author Author KUCI, Kriton Abstract A summary of the resource. The Balkan region has experienced in the past a lot of tragedies caused by nationalism. Beginning with the Greek revolution, in the first part of the 19th century and onward all Balkan countries have experienced the rising of nationalism in the framework of the nation building process. Albania did too. However in the last decade a new wave of nationalism is rising in Albania. “New Albanian Nationalism” is different from the traditional Albanian nationalism (mainly in form not in content). From 2008 until today, there have been three major developments which have influenced decisively the increasing of the “New Albanian nationalism”. First was the declaration of independence of Kosovo. The solution of the Kosovo issue has always been one of the pillars of the traditional Albanian nationalism. Secondly, signing of an agreement between Greece and Albania on the delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone. The agreement was signed in 2009, was challenged by the opposition and public opinion in Albania continues to have great publicity and be part of the political dialogue and the Greek-Albanian relations. Thirdly, there was the official count of the population, the CENSUS which took place in 2011. A process that was strongly contested and was the impetus for establishing the Red and Black Alliance was known firstly as a social movement (a radical nationalist one) and then as a political party with extreme nationalist character. This paper consists of a theoretical overview and critical analysis of the rising of nationalism in Albania from 2008 till today. The first part of the paper will focus on the comparison between traditional and new Albanian nationalism, on the content and the basic thesis of the “NewAlbaniannationalism” (Anti-Hellenism, Anti-Serb, Pan Albanism common positions on"nationalissues"inAlbania, Kosovo and FYROM), and on the political parties, organizations supporting Albanian nationalism. The second part will deal with the impact that the rising of the Albanian nationalism will have on Albania’s relations with its neighbors. Keywords: New Albanian nationalism, Pan Albanism, Balkans, Red and Black Alliance, radical movement, extremism. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6e497079419e94af475422ae03fbe5a5.pdf 82214a6cde3b58d3d0b590b710b9411e PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CRAYFISH (Astacus leptodactylus) IN POND YENICE Selçuk Berber, Selçuk Türel*, Sevdan Yılmaz Marine Sciences and Technology Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey * Correspondonce: selcukturel@comu.edu.tr Abstract The changes in the compositions of crude protein, fat and fatty acid in the muscle tissues of male and female samples of Astacus leptodactylus acquired by hunting in the dates between November 2007 and June 2008 which is the breeding season for the crayfish from Pond Yenice which is used for irrigation in Çanakkale province, Turkey, are examined in the study. Whereas the amount of crude protein in male samples is around 11.78-15.68%, it is identified that the amount is around 13.09-17.59% with the female samples. Fat changes from 3.294.95% for the male samples, 3.67-5.82% with the female samples. It is observed that there is a continuous increase in the compositions of crude protein and fat generally through the beginning and the end of the sampling period. The amounts of EPA, DHA and AA show change according to the breeding season and season. Keywords: Astacus leptodactylus, Fatty acids, Crude protein, Lipid, Seasonal change. 75 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Introduction The crayfish (A. leptodactylus), a member of the Astacidae family, is widely seen in our inland waters. Generally, they live in various habitats such as streams, rivers, ponds and lakes (Lowery Köksal, 1988). Having more than 500 species over the world, the crayfish is represented only by two subspecies (A. leptodactylus leptodactylus and A. leptodactylus salinus) of A. leptodactylus species (Geldiay & Kocataş, 1970). They exist naturally in many lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Crayfish is one of the species of the crustacean species which has a high economic value. The A. leptodactylus species is reported in the inland waters of Turkey in Kayseri, Bursa and İstanbul for the first time (Bott, 1950). While the crayfish were represented only by A. leptodactylus until recent time in our country, the existence of Austropotamobius torrentium (Shrank, 1803), a new species in the northern Thrace, is proven (Harlıoğlu Güner, 2006). There are about 500 lakes in various sizes in the Marmara region and these lakes and ponds are unrestrainedly filled with crayfish in different times. One of the water resources that are filled with crayfish is Pond Yenice (Berber, Yıldız, Ateş, Bulut, Mendeş, (2010)) (Çanakkale, Yenice Central Irrigation Pond). Its most significant natural habitat is lakes and ponds and they began to be seen widely in the lakes and ponds of the Marmara region after the 2000’s (Harlıoğlu, 2004; Berber et al. 2010). Reaching 5000 tons in the 1980’s nationwide in Turkey, the crayfish production decreased substantially due to a mycosis, the crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) after the date (Bolat, 2001). Like in other aquaculture products productions, the breeding season and breeding physiology are quite significant in crayfish production as well. Healthy and genetically durable offspring are needed to increase the amount of production in the lakes and ponds. The quality of the brood stock should stand out in order to acquire individuals with high life forces. The availability of quality offspring is based on body biochemical compositions of the brood stock. The composition of fatty acid in the muscle and egg tissues of the brood stock individuals is an important parameter for quality as well. Fatty acid levels of EPA, DHA and AA in the muscle and egg content are especially important for the offspring quality (Bulut, 2003). The fatty acids; DYA, MUFA and PUFA are individually important for the offspring and brood stock quality and should be evaluated one by one (Bulut, 2003). The effect of the fatty acid content on the offspring quality is studied in the research. The seasonal fatty acid change in the muscle tissue of the brood stock is identified. 76 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Material and Methods Research Field and Material This research is performed in the Center Irrigation Pond in Yenice District, Çanakkale Province between the dates July 2007-June 2008. 1842 A. leptodactylus salinus crayfish caught from the pond are used as material in the test. Literature is used in determining the type of crayfish (Bott, 1950; Holthius, 1961; Geldiay  Kocataş, 1970; Köksal, 1988) The Hunting Gears Used A single-entry fyke net with two venters is used to catch the crayfish samples from the pond. The fyke net used have 5 frames and a stretch net is put between two fyke nets. The cell width of the fyke net is 34 mm. Identification of Physical and Chemical Features of the Water Samples The warmth, oxygen, pH, salinity and conductivity features of the pond water is evaluated using YSI Probe (556 MPS) and its calcium and magnesium contents are analyzed in inductively-matched plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, in Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Science and Technology Application and Research Center. Chemical Analysis In this study, 255 male (mean weight=29.96 g) and 291 female (mean weight=31.04 g) are used for the chemical analysis. All analyses were performed in triplicate. Analyses of crude protein, moisture and ash in crayfish were performed according to standard procedures (AOAC, 2000). Dry matter content of samples was determined by drying at 105 oC until a constant weight was obtained. Ash content was measured by incineration in a muffle furnace at 525 oC for 12 h. Crude protein (N*6.25) was analyzed by the Kjedahl method after acid digestion using the Gerhardt system. Total lipids in the crayfish were extracted according to the procedure of Floch, Lee  Sloane-Stanley (1957) with chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v). The fatty acids in the total lipid were esterified into methyl esters by saponification with 0.5 N methanolic NaOH and Trans esterified with 14% boron trifluoride-methanol (AOAC, 2000). Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) were analyzed using a flame ionization gas chromatograph (Shimadzu GC-2014) equipped with an Omega wax 250 capillary column (30 mg/l X 0.25 mm internal diameter), a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and a split injection system with nitrogen carrier gas. Injector port and detector temperatures were maintained at 250 oC and 260 oC, respectively. The column temperature program was held at 140 oC for 5 min and then elevated at a rate of 3 oC/ min to 200 oC. Total run time was 60 min per sample. Fatty acids were identified by comparing their retention times of the standard fatty acid standards (SigmaAldrich Co, USA). 77 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Statistical analysis All data were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan multiple range test using Stat graphics 7.0 version for Windows (Manugistics Incorporated, Rockville, MD, USA). The results were treated statistically significant at the P<0.05 level. Results The physico-chemical water parameter findings acquired from Pond Yenice are displayed in Table 1. The highest temperature detected in the pond during the field work is 26.8°C in August; the lowest is 5.7°C in December 2007. The dissolved oxygen values are determined to be under 8mg/1 in the dates July, September and October 2007; determined to be above 10mg/1 in the dates December 2007, February, March and June 2008. Apart from these, the pH is 5.5 and the following values displayed a change between these ranges: conductivity 229.1-387.1 μS, Ca 21.06-38.27 mg/l, Mg 6.91-10.47 mg/l. The saltiness (S) levels are determined to be 0.2 ppt except for the dates July-August 2007 (0.1 ppt). Table 1.The physico-chemical water parameter findings acquired from Pond Yenice Tarih T (°C) ÇO (mg/l) pH EC (μS) Ca (mg/l) Mg (mg/l) S (ppt) July,2007 28.9 7.65 9.03 279 36.16 9.85 0.1 August,2007 26.8 8.25 8.95 301.2 37.46 10.47 0.1 September,2007 22.1 7.9 8.8 330.2 31.33 9.21 0.2 October,2007 18.2 7.6 8.75 387.1 24 8.41 0.2 November,2007 8.3 8.72 7.14 229.1 23.08 8.11 0.2 December2007 5.7 11.8 8.68 269.5 36.43 9.77 0.2 January,2008 8.2 8.5 8.34 320.1 21.06 8.91 0.2 February,2008 9.1 10.2 7.86 344.6 24.43 8.02 0.2 March,2008 9.6 12.85 9.03 382.3 38.27 7.88 0.2 April,2008 13.9 9.53 6.11 311.6 23.85 6.91 0.2 May,2008 15.9 9.02 5.5 265.8 34.31 7.44 0.2 June,2008 22.4 10.69 6.85 234.5 36.5 8.11 0.2 The changes in the crude protein and fat compositions in the muscle tissues of the male and female individuals of A. leptodactylus species acquired from Pond Yenice are displayed in Table 2. While the lowest amount of crude protein (respectively 11.78 – 13.09 units) of both male and female individuals is observed in the samples taken in November, the highest amount (respectively 15.68 – 17.59 units) in both individuals is determined in the samples taken in June. While the monthly difference in the samples taken from male individuals in May and June are seen significant, it is determined that this difference is significant for the females in the months April, May and June (P<0.05). While the monthly change in the fat compositions of male individuals are seen significant only in June, the fat changes are significant for the female individuals in November, April and June (P<0.05). In the study, the interaction between male and female individuals is evaluated. 78 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Table 2. Biochemical composition of muscle tissues of Freshwater crayfish (A. leptodactylus) November January March April May June Crude Protein 11.78a 12.06a 13.45ab 13.86ab 14.06b 15.68c Male Fat 3.29a 4.63ab 4.08ab 3.78ab 4.66ab 4.95b Ash 0.91a 1.45ab 1.13ab 1.33ab 1.59ab 1.32b Crude Protein 13.09a 14.23a 15.35ab 16.47b 17.12b 17.59b Female Fat 3.67a 4.28ab 4.00ab 4.72b 4.50ab 5.82c Ash 1.03 1.58 1.74 1.57 1.36 1.25 Lower-case letters indicate differences in the same column The fatty acid changes in the muscle tissues of the male individuals of the crayfish that were acquired in the breeding season are shown in Table 3, the fatty acid changes in the muscle tissues of the female individuals are shown in Table 4. While the C14:0 fatty acid is found significantly high in November (1.16%) and in April (1.32%) in male individuals, this difference is found significant for the female individuals only in November (1.13%) (P<0.05). The amount of C15:1 fatty acid is determined to have a remarkable increase in June (2.28%) for the male individuals and in April (2.87%) for the female individuals. While the difference in the C16:0 fatty acid composition in April (16.22%) is observed to be significant only for the male individuals, this difference is not significant for the females (P<0.05). While the changes in the C16:1 fatty acid is found significantly high in January (4.28%) for the male individuals and in April (7.34%) for the female individuals (P<0.05). Table 3. Variation in fatty acid compositions of muscle tissues of male Freshwater crayfish (A. leptodactylus) (%) Fatty Acids C14:0 (Myristic) C14:1 (Myritoleic) C15:0 (Pentadecanoic) C15:1 (cis-10-Pentadecenoic) C16:0 (Palmitic) C16:1 (Palmitoleic) C17:0 (Heptadecanoic) C17:1 (cis-10-Heptadecenoic) C18:0 (Stearic) C18:1n9c (Oleic) C18:1n7 C18:2n6 C18:3n6 (g-Linoleic) C18:3n3 (a-Linoleic) C18:4n-3 C20:0 (Arachidic) C20:1n9 (cis-11-Eicosenoic) C20:2 (cis-11,14-Eicosadienoic) C20:3n3 (cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic) C20:4n6 (Arachidonic) C20:5n3 (cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic) C22:0 (Behenic) C22:1n9 (Erucic) C22:2 (cis-13,16-Docosadienoic) C23:0 (Tricosanoic) C22:5n3 C22:6n3 (cis-4,7,10,13,1619-Docosahexaenoic) Male November 1.16b 0.16 0.53 1.23a 15.97ab 2.62a 0.87 1.08 7.93 18.30ab 4.29 7.03 0.30 0.96 0.19 0.41 1.34 1.45 7.09ab 0.30 18.40 0.27 0.25 1.78ab 0.19 0.75ab 4.70a January 0.78ab 0.21 0.77 1.73a 14.57ab 4.28b 0.79 0.91 6.14 18.22ab 5.04 5.63 0.31 0.82 0.26 0.51 1.13 1.98 8.22b 0.35 17.28 0.50 0.22 1.13a 0.31 0.88ab 7.01b March 0.52a 0.18 0.81 1.72ab 14.22ab 3.57ab 0.75 1.29 5.81 17.45ab 4.27 6.35 0.26 0.84 0.36 0.23 0.47 2.15 9.20b 0.56 18.10 0.44 0.24 0.77a 0.33 1.18b 7.86b April 1.32b 0.19 0.83 1.50ab 16.22b 3.95ab 0.87 1.01 7.02 19.43ab 4.45 5.08 0.30 0.70 0.19 0.58 1.81 2.07 9.50b 0.28 13.52 0.32 0.20 1.50ab 0.35 0.75ab 5.85ab May 0.54a 0.19 0.36 1.64ab 13.65a 3.81ab 0.83 0.85 8.23 26.30b 5.16 6.25 0.41 0.60 0.23 0.55 0.42 1.23 5.87a 0.41 12.26 0.68 0.23 4.16b 0.48 0.53a 4.43a June 0.63a 0.19 0.63 2.28b 15.61ab 3.47ab 0.83 1.03 6.83 15.85a 4.00 6.44 0.26 0.70 0.25 0.26 1.06 2.01 9.13b 0.48 19.42 0.35 0.19 1.25a 0.55 0.79ab 5.44ab Lower-case letters indicate differences in the same column. 79 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 4. Variation in fatty acid compositions of muscle tissues of female Freshwater crayfish (A. leptodactylus) (%) Female Fatty Acids C14:0 (Myristic) C14:1 (Myritoleic) C15:0 (Pentadecanoic) C15:1 (cis-10-Pentadecenoic) C16:0 (Palmitic) C16:1 (Palmitoleic) C17:0 (Heptadecanoic) C17:1 (cis-10-Heptadecenoic) C18:0 (Stearic) C18:1n9c (Oleic) C18:1n7 C18:2n6 C18:3n6 (g-Linoleic) C18:3n3 (a-Linoleic) C18:4n-3 C20:0 (Arachidic) C20:1n9 (cis-11-Eicosenoic) C20:2 (cis-11,14-Eicosadienoic) C20:3n3 (cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic) C20:4n6 (Arachidonic) C20:5n3 (cis-5,8,11,14,17Eicosapentaenoic) C22:0 (Behenic) C22:1n9 (Erucic) C22:2 (cis-13,16-Docosadienoic) C23:0 (Tricosanoic) C22:5n3 C22:6n3 (cis-4,7,10,13,16,19Docosahexaenoic) November b January a March a April May a a June 1.13 0.19 0.58 1.59ab 15.46 2.40a 0.81 1.00 7.85 18.18ab 4.25 7.00 0.30 0.91 0.19 0.51 1.30ab 1.45 7.15ab 0.30 0.84 0.15 0.74 1.55ab 13.31 3.28a 0.73 1.12 7.04 20.39ab 4.42 5.41 0.30 0.77 0.22 0.55 0.93ab 2.22 11.11b 0.36 0.88 0.21 0.75 1.72ab 14.44 3.63a 0.89 1.02 7.80 19.10ab 4.39 5.80 0.39 0.72 0.25 0.26 0.52a 2.16 10.50b 0.51 0.84 0.22 0.89 2.87b 17.92 7.34b 0.68 1.05 6.21 17.13a 4.40 7.00 0.30 0.71 0.27 0.48 0.96ab 1.65 5.91a 0.41 0.53 0.20 0.43 1.33a 13.53 3.49a 0.90 0.99 8.42 24.03b 4.94 6.02 0.43 0.90 0.22 0.59 1.74b 1.76 6.57a 0.31 0.68a 0.12 0.59 1.80ab 15.01 3.46a 1.01 0.97 8.16 21.60b 4.25 5.25 0.30 0.86 0.26 0.57 2.08b 1.88 7.28ab 0.37 18.31b 17.20ab 16.34ab 16.82ab 15.21a 15.24a 0.39 0.23 1.69ab 0.29 0.71 0.29 0.22 0.81a 0.49 0.69 0.38 0.28 0.81a 0.49 0.65 0.51 0.23 0.85a 0.28 0.77 0.49 0.31 1.18ab 0.58 0.67 0.52 0.23 2.12b 0.36 0.60 4.59 4.36 5.09 3.15 4.26 4.51 Lower-case letters indicate differences in the same column. The difference in the C18:1n9c fatty acid is significant in May (24.03%) and June (21.60%) for the female individuals, while it is significant only in May (26.30%) for the male individuals (P<0.05). While the difference in the C20:1n9 fatty acid compositions are significant in May (1.74%) and in June (2.08%) only for the female individuals, this difference is not significant for the males (P<0.05). The difference in the C20:3n3 fatty acid compositions is significant in January (8.22%), March (9.20%) and June (9.13%), the difference is determined significant in January (11.11%) and in March (10.50%) for the females compared to other months (P<0.05). The difference in the C20:5n3 fatty acid amount is significant in November (18.31%) only for the females, this difference is not significant for the males (P<0.05). The difference in the C22:2 fatty acid is found significantly high in May (4.16%) for the males and in June (2.12%) for the females (P<0.05). The difference in the C22:5n3 and C22:6n3 fatty acid compositions is significant in respectively March (1.18%), January (7.01%), March (7.86%) for the male individuals, this difference is not found significant in the female individuals. It is seen that the monthly difference between the other fatty acids researched is insignificant for both male and female individuals (P<0.05). 80 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 1. The values of DYA%, MUFA% and PUFA% for the male individuals. Figure 2. The values of EPA, DHA and AA for the male individuals. For the male individuals, the values of DYA%, MUFA% and PUFA% in Figure 1, the values of EPA, DHA and AA are shown in Figure 2. For the female individuals, the values of DYA%, MUFA% and PUFA% in Figure 3, the values of EPA, DHA and AA are shown in Figure 4. 81 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 3. The values of DYA%, MUFA% and PUFA% for the female individuals. Figure 4. The values of EPA, DHA and AA for the female individuals. 82 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Discussion The levels of fat and protein determine the adaptation character and strategy of a living being (Vonk, 1960). The levels of fat and protein are effected by many biotic (maturation, breeding and bait suitability) and abiotic (photoperiod, warmth, pH and dissolved oxygen) factors (Vonk, 1960). The crude protein and fat contents in the muscle tissue have constantly increased in the test during the time of research. The cause for this increase that appeared over time could be the seasonal changes seen in the bait diversity in pond Yenice. While filament green algae (Cladophora) and plant wastes become dominant in fall and winter, maggots and fishes are also seen alongside with algae and plant wastes in spring and summer (Türel  Berber, 2013). Therefore, it might be assumed that plant wastes and Cladophora in fall and winter and maggots and fishes in the following period might have been consumed. The nutrition acquired through these resources is sent to the muscle that works as storage for the fats and protein through blood and to hepatopancreas after being digested (Vonk, 1960). Every living being require an optimum level of temperature in order to survive. When the temperature drops lower than this optimum level and/or rises above it, the metabolic activities of these living beings slow down and thus their energy consumption decreases (BOFC). Such effects of the temperature might possibly be another reason for the increase in the crude protein and fat levels over time. Because the value of optimum temperature for the A. leptodactylus species is 4-22 ºC. The average water temperature in fall and winter in Pond Yenice, on the other hand, are determined to be respectively 16.2ºC and 7.6 ºC in the studies by Berber, S. As the water temperatures of both periods are below the optimum value for the survival of the crayfish, the metabolic activities would slow down and accordingly, there will be a decrease in the energy consumption. As a result of accumulation of surplus of protein and fat in the muscle tissue due to such effects of the temperature, such an increase might have happened over time. The water temperatures in spring and summer in the pond are evaluated as respectively 15.3 ºC and 25.3 ºC. Along with the increase in the temperatures, there will be acceleration in the metabolic activities and an increase in the energy consumption. The reason for the increase of protein and fat components might be that the bait diversity improves as the temperature rises and thus the living beings that carry relatively more protein and fat than the algae and plant wastes, such as maggots and fishes, are consumed (Lowery, 1988). There is an increase in the fat content in the seasonal muscle of the crayfish from November to June. This is all related to the nutrition and temperature in the pond and it shows a routine increase and decrease except for the gonad development period. The period between November and June is the breeding season for the A. leptodactylus species. Therefore, vitellogenesis, gonad development period and gamete generation, seen in this period depending on the time, might have caused the biochemical structure of the being to change. Because proteins and fats are the structural compounds and energy resources of the embryonic tissues (Vonk, 1960). Hence, the proteins and fats in the storage organs (hepatopancreas and adiposis) are constantly transferred to the gonad (Güner  and Mazlum,( 2010); Harlıoğlu, Cakmak, Köprücü, Aksu, Harlıoğlu,Yonar, Çakmak, Özcan,  Gündoğdu,(2013)). The Gonadosomatic and Hepatosomatic indexes gain importance since there is a constant transfer of protein, fat and energy from the hepatopancreas to the gonad. When the relation between these two is in inverse ratio, it means that the individual reaches maturity and protein, fat and energy are transferred to the gonad (Güner and Mazlum, 2010). In a research performed on the C. quadricarinatus species, it is determined that there is an increase in the protein composition in the gonad as a result of transfer of energy from hepatopancreas to the gonad and the oocytes through endocytosis in the gonad (Abdu, Davis, 83 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Khalaila & Sagi, 2002). It is obviously seen that vitellogenesis that happens during the hepatopancreas breeding season is the primary source of energy, protein and fat which are essential for the gamete generation and gonad development. If one considers that hepatopancreas fulfills the needs in this period and the increase in the protein and fat amounts in the muscle tissues, one might think that breeding has no effect whatsoever on this increase over time. In this study, the amounts of ash, fat and crude protein decrease in the cold periods and increase in accordance with the increase of nutrition variety with the temperature. However, there is a decrease in the breeding season and during the gonad generation. To increase the survival rate of the offspring acquired at this period, brood stocks should be fed with nutritionally rich food. In a comparison between the male and female brood stocks, the fat and protein levels of the females are determined to be the higher. The reason for this is that the living being always feels the need to store the energy since the gonad generation continues throughout the year for the females. All vertebrates need polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). If this need is not fulfilled, there might be some deficiencies in reproduction, development and growth. Almost all of the vertebrates need linolenic and linolenic fatty acids. The effective form of the PUFA is generally C20 and C22. Metabolic forms are in the form of; linolenic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The various deviations (linolenic, stearidonic, docosapentanoic acids) of n-3 series fatty acids in the vertebrates occur as a result of the biological activities of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic fatty acids. This situation is more apparent with the fresh-water living beings (Sargent et al. 1989). In this study, it is determined that the PUFA amount in the muscle is higher compared to HUFA and DYA. This could be a sign that the crayfish species used in this study might have a high performance of growth, development and reproduction. Like in the biochemical composition, the amount of PUFA of female individuals is determined to be higher than the male individuals. This is considered to occur because the females need more PUFA due to the gonad generation. EPA rate for the male individuals from November to June, decreased in April and May and then it stayed around the same level. On the other hand, a decrease from November to June is observed with the females. This could be explained with the breeding season and that the gonad generation period has advanced. Investigating the DHA rates, it is seen that the male individuals had an increase in January and March, a decrease in May and an increase starting from June. This is considered to be about the temperature and the nutrition regime of the male brood stock. DHA is seen less with the females compared to the males and it decreased to its lowest level in April and then stayed the same. This makes us think that DHA has no direct effect on reproduction. It is seen that the AA amount is at the highest level in March, the minimum level in April and that it rises again. Unlike the males, females have their maximum in March and April and then a decrease and an increase afterwards. It could clearly be seen that the arachidonic acid has no direct effects on reproduction. Bulut, (2003) suggested that EPA, DHA and AA are much more significant in the researches he made about the egg quality and survival rates of some saltwater fish. The fatty acids stated in our study also show seasonal changes according to the breeding season. It is determined that this change is about reproduction. MUFA is at its maximum values in April and May and it stayed as normal in the other months for both males and females. DYA, however, is identified less in the muscle compared to MUFA and PUFA and there is not much seasonal difference between the male and female individuals. Bulut, (2004) in the research he made on the egg quality and biochemical features of sea bass and bream, stated that compared to MUFA and DYA, PUFA is more significant. The results show that PUFA, compared to the other fatty acids, is more significant in terms of reproduction and development for the crayfish as well. 84 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 As a result, the biochemical composition of the living beings and contents are great signs of continuity and quality of life. The quality of offspring and brood stocks might be improved using the amounts and rates. This study is quite significant as it forms the structure of future researches. Acknowledgements This study is partially supported by the project titled as "The comparison of Bio-Ecological and morphometric features of the crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) population of Yenice Central Irrigation Pond (Çanakkale)" numbered 2007/47. References Abdu. V., C. Davis, I. Khalaila & A. Sagi. (2002). The vitellogenin cDNA of Cherax quadricarinatus encodes a lipoprotein with calcium binding ability and its expression is induced following the removal of the androgenic gland in a sexually plastic system. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 127: 263-272. AOAC, (2000). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, (17th ed.), Gaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC. Berber, S., Yıldız, H., Ateş, A.S., Bulut, M., & Mendeş, M. (2010). A Study on the Relationships between Some Morphological and Reproductive Traits of the Turkish Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) (Crustacea: Decapoda), Reviews in Fisheries Science, 18 (1): 131-137. Bolat, Y. (2001). 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Harlıoğlu, M.M., Cakmak, M.N., Köprücü, K., Aksu, Ö., Harlıoğlu, A.G., Mine Yonar, S., Çakmak Duran, T., Özcan, S. & Gündoğdu, H. (2013). “The Effect Of Dietary N-3 Series Fatty Acids On The Number Of Pleopadal 85 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Egg And Stage 1 Juvenile In Freshwater Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz”. Aquaculture Research, Doi:10.1111/J.1365-2109.2012.03090.X, 44. 860-868. Holthius, L. B. (1961). Report on a Collection of Crustacea and Stamotopoda from Turkey and the Balkans, Zool. Verhandelungen, No: 47, 1-67. Köksal, G. (1988). A. leptodactylus in Europe. In: Freshwater Crayfish: Biology, Management and Exploitation ( D.M. Holdich and R.S. Lowery), Croom Helm Press, pp. 365-400. Lowery R.S. (1988). Growth, moulting and reproduction In: Holdich DM and Lowery RS (eds). Freshwater crayfish: biology, management and exploitation. Croom Helm, London, 83–113. Sargent, J., R.J. & Henderson & Tocher D. R. (1989). The lipids, p. 153-218. In J.E. Halver (Ed.), Fish nutrition and Academic Press, New York. Türel, S., & Berber, S. (2013). Kalsiyum İçerikli Yemlerin Tatlısu İstakozları (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) 'nin Büyüme Performansına Etkisi, 3. Ulusal Alabalık Sempozyumu, Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 24-26 Mayıs. Vonk, H.J. (1960). Digestion and metabolism. In: The Physiology of Crustacea Vol. I, pp. 291-316. Ed. Waterman T H. Academic Press, New York. 86 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2488 Title A name given to the resource THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CRAYFISH (Astacus leptodactylus) IN POND YENICE Author Author TUREL, Selcuk BERBER, Selcuk YILMAZ, Sevdan Abstract A summary of the resource. The changes in the compositions of crude protein, fat and fatty acid in the muscle tissues of male and female samples of Astacus leptodactylus acquired by hunting in the dates between November 2007 and June 2008 which is the breeding season for the crayfish from Pond Yenice which is used for irrigation in Çanakkale province, Turkey, are examined in the study. Whereas the amount of crude protein in male samples is around 11.78-15.68%, it is identified that the amount is around 13.09-17.59% with the female samples. Fat changes from 3.29- 4.95% for the male samples, 3.67-5.82% with the female samples. It is observed that there is a continuous increase in the compositions of crude protein and fat generally through the beginning and the end of the sampling period. The amounts of EPA, DHA and AA show change according to the breeding season and season. Keywords: Astacus leptodactylus, Fatty acids, Crude protein, Lipid, Seasonal change. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics