266 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7fae1506c66cd915ed206642cd439520.docx 80af7beb66f0aa89a05eb75c64f6bd9e https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2154a89921e753663b29945720f4557b.pdf dd14b962fc04f9848119b247ca17eacc PDF Text Text THE ADSORPTION OF REACTIVE BLUE FROM AQUEUS SOLUTION BY USING FERRITE NANOPARTICLES Yüksel Köseoğlu Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey yukselk@fatih.edu.tr Turan Tekin Private Fatih College,Istanbul, Turkey seyyidturan@hotmail.com Naim Sezgin Istanbul University,Istanbul, Turkey nsezgin@Istanbul.edu.tr Keywords:Textile wastewater, Nanoferrites, XRD, Superparamagnetism, Reactive Blue 5, Adsorption. ABSTRACT Releasing the industrial dye-bearing wastewaters without removing colour is becoming one of the major environmental problems since most dyes are stable to light and oxidizing agents. Since the wastewaters including dyes reduce the light penetration and photosynthesis, destroy the biological cycle and some are toxic and even carcinogenic for human health, it is important to remove these dyes from wastewater. In this study we have synthesized MnFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 nanoporous materials by using auto-combustion method and used them to remove REACTİVE BLUE 5 (RB5) from aqueous solutions. XRD studies indicated that the nanoparticles have single phase spinel structure. SEM pictures revealed that the samples have porous nanostructures which are advantageous for RB5 removal. From VSM measurements it is observed that the samples have superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. The saturation magnetization of the samples are found to be 28 emu/g for MnFe2O4 and 34 emu/g for NiFe2O4 which are sufficient for magnetic separation via applying strong external magnetic field. Removal efficiency of the materials are found to be %79.84-82.22 RB5 removal by using 2 g/L nanoparticles (NiFe2O4 and MnFe2O4) and 24.00-24.70 mg/g adsorption capacity were determined. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2062 Title A name given to the resource THE ADSORPTION OF REACTIVE BLUE FROM AQUEUS SOLUTION BY USING FERRITE NANOPARTICLES Author Author KOSEOGLU, Yüksel TEKIN, Turan SEZGIN, Naim Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords:Textile wastewater, Nanoferrites, XRD, Superparamagnetism, Reactive Blue 5, Adsorption. ABSTRACT Releasing the industrial dye-bearing wastewaters without removing colour is becoming one of the major environmental problems since most dyes are stable to light and oxidizing agents. Since the wastewaters including dyes reduce the light penetration and photosynthesis, destroy the biological cycle and some are toxic and even carcinogenic for human health, it is important to remove these dyes from wastewater. In this study we have synthesized MnFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 nanoporous materials by using auto-combustion method and used them to remove REACTİVE BLUE 5 (RB5) from aqueous solutions. XRD studies indicated that the nanoparticles have single phase spinel structure. SEM pictures revealed that the samples have porous nanostructures which are advantageous for RB5 removal. From VSM measurements it is observed that the samples have superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. The saturation magnetization of the samples are found to be 28 emu/g for MnFe2O4 and 34 emu/g for NiFe2O4 which are sufficient for magnetic separation via applying strong external magnetic field. Removal efficiency of the materials are found to be %79.84-82.22 RB5 removal by using 2 g/L nanoparticles (NiFe2O4 and MnFe2O4) and 24.00-24.70 mg/g adsorption capacity were determined. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/66ca40c28e68dfd16f1271234d1f5693.pdf 315a47624bbcd19d425d173da42133af PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Affecting Channels Of The Global Crisis On The South-Eastern Europe (See-7) Countries’ Growth Performance Ali Sen1, Huseyin Altay2 1Dumlupinar University; Kutahya; TURKEY; 2Bilecik University; Bilecik E-mails: alisen@dumlupinar.edu.tr,haltay16@hotmail.com SEE-7 includes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of the global crisis on the growth performance of SEE-7 countries. From the beginning of 2000’s to the eve of the global crisis, these economies had a strong growth performance. Especially, increasing export, inflows of foreign direct investments and private capital significantly contributed to their economic growth. However, the global economic crisis adversely affected all the SEE-7. According to empirical findings obtaining from the panel regression results, until the global crisis, the external variables significantly contributed to growth performances of these economies. However, the impacts of external variables on GDP growth rate reduced sharply during the crisis. Keywords: The SEE-7 countries, growth performance, the global crisis, external variables, panel data. 1.INTRODUCTION While the global crisis erupted in advanced countries, it started to affect other countries after last quarter of 2008. In the beginning of 2009, many developing countries were heavily exposed by the global crisis. The impact of the global crisis on economic activity varied widely across countries that have different real, external and financial vulnerability (Berkmen, et al. 2009). At first, the most adverse affecting countries became more openness ones. Seven of South-Eastern Countries (the SEE-7)25 also suffered from the global crisis despite of their different monetary, exchange rate regimes, and fiscal stances (Cocozza et al., 2011). However, these countries had some common characteristics as economically and politically. Firstly, they were new independent countries. Most of them gained their independence in the mid-1990s after a violent war, including destructive effects on their economies. Secondly, their transitions from central planned to market economies occurred at the same period. In 1990s because of conditions of war and transition, these economies had to deal with both economic and politic distresses. Finally, they had a high level of economic and financial openness and thus exposed to the risk that came with the global crisis. 25 SEE-7 includes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. 229 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Most of current economic literature, not depending on empirical evidences, claimed that the main cause of their economic contractions in the global crisis was sharp reduction of their export capacities and foreign capital inflows. The aim of the paper is to analyze the effect of external variables, which many of them are components of the balances of payments, on GDP growth rate of SEE-7 countries in 2000-2010. The paper examines the effects of external variables in two different periods. It describes 2000-2007 as the period of pre-crisis and 20072010 as pre-crisis plus post-crisis. Thus, it is possible to compare with two different periods with respect to impacts of external indicators. There are not enough empirical papers about this topic in literature. The purpose of the paper is to fill this gap and provide empirical evidence to support the claims of current literature. At first, the impacts of the global economic turbulence were spread across SEE-7 countries by two different channels (Cocozza et al., 2011): First channel is deficiency of import demand of the developed countries shortening the export capabilities of other countries. Especially, small open economies like SEE-7 the exportoriented began to slump. In addition, because the largest partner of SEE-7 countries is EU, they incurred aftermaths of the global crisis. Second is disappearance of their financial facilities because of turmoil in the global finance and capital markets. Diminishing in inflows of foreign direct investments, portfolio equity and contradiction in total reserves in SEE-7 countries reduced their growth rates. As long as capital inflows reduced, SEE-7 countries’ growth rate having been fuelled by credit boom decreased. In addition, as their exchange rates depreciated, their real burden of foreign currency loans increased. Both their external debt stocks and interest payments on external debts rapidly rose. The extent of openness to flows of foreign direct investment has been a major cause of the transmission of the effects of the crisis to the region (Bartlett and Prica, 2011). The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces an overview of current literature about transmission channels of the global crisis in SEE-7 countries. In Sections, an econometric analysis identifies the effects of external variables on GDP growth rates in SEE-7 economies. Section 4 includes conclusions. 2. AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT LITERATURE From the beginning of 2000s to 2008, the SEE-7 had a strong growth performance. All the SEE-7 countries experienced rapid increase of economic output pre-crisis. The measures of economic stability and restructuring seriously contributed to this achievement (Nero, 2010). In addition, increasing their facilities of exports and financial sources integrated them into the global economic system and provided a significant contribution of their growth performances. As a result, in the period of 2000-2007, they had an average growth rate about 4.9 % (Table 1). In 2008-2010, the same rate reduced 0.9 %. Investments, remittances, industrial production, foreign exchange reserves and employment rates have fallen sharply. As a result, growth has slowed down (Ismail and Sahin, 2009). Especially, Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro further suffered from the crisis. Table 1. Growth Rates, (%) 2000 230 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.5 Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia 3.8 4.5 3.1 5.3 Kosovo Slovenia 4.3 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2001 4.4 3.7 -4.5 1.1 5.3 27.0 2.9 2002 5.3 4.9 0.9 1.9 4.1 -0.7 3.8 2003 4.0 5.4 2.8 2.5 2.7 5.4 2.9 2004 6.1 4.1 4.6 4.4 9.3 2.6 4.4 2005 5.0 4.3 4.4 4.2 5.4 3.8 4.0 2006 6.2 4.9 5.0 8.6 3.6 6.0 5.8 2007 6.8 5.1 6.1 10.7 5.4 6.3 6.9 2000-07 5.4 4.5 3.0 4.6 5.1 7.2 4.4 2008 5.4 2.2 5.0 6.9 3.8 6.9 3.6 2009 -2.9 -6.0 -0.9 -5.7 -3.5 2.9 -8.0 2010 0.8 -1.2 1.8 2.5 1.0 4.0 1.4 2008-10 1.1 -1.7 1.9 1.2 0.4 4.6 -1.0 According to Stiblar (2009), they were small and weak local capital markets, overdependence on capital inflows from Western Europe. They were highly dependent on external inflows of money, either capital investments or loans, and foreign financial aid. Sanfey (2010) argued that during the past decade, SEE-7 has experienced a serious transformation such as the progress in economic development, democratic reforms, and integration into global economic and financial markets. On the other hand, SEE-7 countries had huge current account deficits and thus needed foreign credit or investments. The former have high current account deficits driven by even higher trade deficits (Gligorov and Landesmann, 2009). Beltramello et al. (2009) described the global crisis as an “imported” crisis, because its origins stem from countries in Western Europe and North America. Due to falling demand from key EU trade partners, the region’s exports declined substantially. According to Risteski and Trpkova (2009), the main channels of the crisis were trade shocks, lower remittances and lower foreign direct investments. As a result, credit growth decelerated and domestic demand shrunk. According to Jerger and Knogler, (2009), there were some significant channels to spread to SEE-7. First of them was decline of export demand as the most obvious channel through which an economy may be affected. Decline of the demand for exports obviously became more painful for countries with high export dependence. Export of goods and services as a percentage of GDP in Slovenia, Macedonia and Croatia is respectively 67%, 50% and 42% in 2008. Second leading channel was a considerable amount of debt denominated in foreign currencies. The burden of this debt increased with devaluation of the domestic currency. Bartlett and Monastiriotis (2010) claimed that as the SEE banking systems were not directly exposed to ‘toxic assets’, the crisis was transmitted to the region through a number of indirect channels. These included a contraction of international trade, a sudden stop to credit growth, a rapid fall in inflows of foreign direct investment. Over the last decade, foreign investors found extensive opportunities, besides the banking sector, in telecommunications, energy and other sectors opened up by privatization. According to IMF (2009), the SEE–7 were exposed to the global crisis more than in previous ones, because they were more integrated with the world economy through trade, FDI, and remittances. The crisis significantly influenced these countries through reduced demand for their exports. Rising interest rates increased debt service costs. Increased trade and financial links with the outside world also imply greater dependence on external conditions. Because 231 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the slowdown in global growth reduced trade, remittances, foreign direct investment, these factors had a major impact on the SEE–7. Tightened global liquidity conditions adversely affected financing facilities. SEE-7 countries had developed based upon an economic model dependent on capital inflows from abroad; with the global credit crunch adversely affected their ability to maintain this growth strategy (UN, 2009). The rapidly expanding credit growth financed with short-term external bank borrowing came to a sudden stop in 2008 (IMF, 2011). Sewel (2011) argued that the crisis transmission mechanism was not the banking and financial system. Rather the serious decline in export markets and the collapse of foreign direct investment that had the origin of recent growth and development in the region adversely affected their performance. Virtually all of the countries had balance of payments deficits prior to the crisis. Generally, current account deficits are quite normal for such developing countries in the beginning of growth. The first growth spurt is frequently financed by inflows of investment, capital goods and equipment. Moreover, their physical capital legacy had already become old largely. Thus, they needed new enormous investment facilities as both physical and financial capital stock (Gallego, 2010). Until the global crisis, the availability of export facilities and significant capital inflows for SEE-7 have helped finance their growth spurt (Sewel, 2011). Jovicic (2009) studied the relationship between the degree of trade integration to the EU market and the timing and intensity of the onset of the crisis effects among the Western Balkan countries. She found that while those with a high degree of trade integration experienced the crisis sooner, those with a lower degree of integration experienced a larger decrease in production. 3. ECONOMETRIC MODEL AND RESULTS The dataset is composed of annual data for SEE-7 countries, which are Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia from 2000 to 2010. Data was collected from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI). The objective of our empirical model is to investigate the impacts of external variables on GDP during the global crisis and pre-crisis. To compare crisis period with pre-crisis period it is analyzed 2000-2007 and 2000-2010 separately. The aim is to examine in both period data set. Data set consists of 10 variables. The dependent variable is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as change of percentage. As share of percent of GDP the independent variables are Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Private Capital Flows (PCF), Portfolio Equity (POE), Total Reserves (TOR), Export of Goods and Service (EXP), Import of Goods and Service (IMP), Official Exchange Rate (OER), External Debt Stocks (EDS), and Interest Payments on External Debt (IPE). The paper has four different models analyzing the impacts of external variables on GDP growth rate. (2) (3) (4) 232 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo (5) To estimate models, it is used OLS method. Firstly, to eliminate the problem of poisson regression, unit roots is tested for each variable. Levin, Lin, Chu (LLC) and Im, Pesaran, Shin (IPS) unit root results are in Table 2. According to Table 2, all variables are stationary in first level I(1). Table 2. The Results of Panel Unit Root Test Levin, Lin, Chu Im, Peseran, Shin Variables t statistic Results W statistic Results -1,734** I(1) -1,435* I(1) GDP *** ** -4,056 I(1) -1,953 I(1) FDI -3,065*** I(1) -1,386* I(1) PCF ** *** -1,879 I(1) -2,372 I(1) POE -5,083*** I(1) -2,471*** I(1) TOR *** ** -4,199 I(1) -1,825 I(1) EXP ** * -1,665 I(1) -1,206 I(1) IMP -5,298*** I(1) -4,949*** I(1) OER *** ** -3,044 I(1) -1,777 I(1) EDS -5,331*** I(1) -3,104*** I(1) IPE Secondly, it is investigated whether the problems of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity. The availability of autocorrelation problem is tested by Wooldridge test; the availability of heteroskedasticity problem is analyzed by Wald test. In models it is implemented Estimated Generalized Least Squares (EGLS) to eliminate autocorrelation problem. White’s cross section coefficient covariance method is applied to eliminate heteroskedasticity problem. Thirdly, it is determined the method (fixed effects or random effects) to estimate the models using Hausman test. Finally, in estimating the models, it is analyzed two different periods (2000-2007 and 2000-2010) separately (Table 3 and Table 4). Table 3. The Results 2000-2007 Variables FDI PCF POE TOR EXP IMP OER EDS 233 Model 1 Model 2 2000-2010 Model 3 Model 4 Model 1 21.648* (1.897) -18.975 (-0.807) -29.576*** (-2.888) -21.425 (-1.255) 3.515 3.864 (1.257) -2.580 (-0.362) -5.199*** (-2.860) 0.767 (0.133) -2.507** (-2.677) -0.299 (-0.614) -15.80* (-1.725) 6.400** -0.016 (-0.002) 4.933 (0.536) -8.658** (2.167) -8.248 (-1.565) -1.626 (-1.579) -0.630 (-0.998) -10.962 (-1.095) Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 -7.444 5.240 (1.355) 1.366 (0.138) -16.367** (-1.097) -8.099 (0.133) 11.939 (1.216) 4.124 (0.758) -9.734 (-1.288) -5.511** 19.800 (0.874) -3.283** (-2.290) -22.307 (-1.463) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 0.813 0.809 (1.228) -1.493 (-0.202) 0.803 Adj R 0.787 0.788 0.788 0.832 0.105 0.131 0.102 0.347 F statistic N D-W Woolridge test Wald test Hausman test 0.000 42 2,079 0.000 42 2.108 0.000 42 2.217 0.000 42 2.225 0.043 63 2.194 0.015 63 2.147 0.024 63 2.029 0.000 63 2.021 0,003 0,007 0,001 0,005 0,001 0,005 0,001 0,004 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 RE RE RE RE RE RE RE RE IPE R2 2 (2.187) 4.389 (0.985) 0.873 0.177 0.187 (-0.960) -32.843 (-1.173) 0.145 (-2.063) -8.676 (-1.042) 0.452 * Significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%; t values in brackets. Table 3 shows results from panel OLS regressions for SEE-7 countries in two different periods that are 2000-2007 and 2000-2010. It is estimated four models for each period. Model 1 includes four variables that foreign direct investment, private capital flows, portfolio equity and total reserves. Model 2 consists of three variables that are export, import and official exchange rate. Model 3 comprises only two variables that are external debt stock and interest payments on external debt. Model 4 have all variables in other models. Although, for each variable, it is not obtained enough significant results from the panel regressions, these models reveal a striking empirical evident coinciding with main hypothesis of this paper. Adjusted R2 has higher values in 2000-2007 than 2000-2010 does. In other words, the models for 2000-2007 have more explanatory power than 2000-2010 do. The effects of external variables on GDP growth rate in the SEE-7 countries are further in precrisis period. From 2000 to 2007, in other words until the global crisis, the external variables contributed to growth performances of these economies. However, the impacts of external variables on GDP growth rate naturally reduced sharply during the crisis. For example, in model 4 including all variables, while adjusted R2 is 0.832 for 2000-2007, the same value is only 0.347 for 2000-2010. 4. CONCLUSIONS The impacts of the global crisis were spread across SEE-7 countries by two different channels. First of contagion channels of the global crisis is deficiency of import demand of the developed countries shortening the export capabilities of other countries. Second of them is disappearance of their financial facilities because of turmoil in the global finance and capital markets. The paper examines the effects of external variables on GDP growth rate in the SEE-7 in two different periods. The first is 2000-2007 as the period of pre-crisis. The second period is 2007-2010 as pre-crisis plus post-crisis. Thus, it is possible to compare with two different periods with respect to impacts of external indicators. According to empirical findings obtaining from the panel regression results, until the global crisis, the external variables significantly contributed to growth performances of these 234 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo economies. However, the impacts of external variables on GDP growth rate naturally reduced sharply during the crisis. REFERENCES Bartlett, W. and Monastiriotis V. (2010) South East Europe after the Economic Crisis: A New Dawn or back to Business as Usual?, London School of Economics and Political Science: LSE European Institute, London (November). Bartlett, W. and Prica, I. (2011). The Variable Impact of the Global Economic Crisis In South East Europe, Economic Annals, Volume LVI, No. 191 / October – December. Beltramello, A., Cruickshank-Valencia E., and Hengel E. (2009) The Global Financial Crisis: Preliminary Evidence in South East Europe and Responses from Governments, SEE Investment Committee, Tuesday, 7 April Brussels. Berkmen, P., Gelos G., Rennhack R., and Walsh J.P. (2009) the Global Financial Crisis: Explaining Cross-Country Differences in the Output Impact, IMF Working Paper, WP/09/280), December. Cocozza, E., Colabella, A. and Spadafora, F. (2011). The Impact of the Global Crisis on South-Eastern Europe, IMF Working Paper WP/11/300, December. Ergin, I. Sahin S. (2009) Global Financial Crisis and its Impact on Balkans, 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10, Sarajevo. Gallego, S., Gardo, S., Martin, R. Molina L., and Serena, J.M. (2010) The Impact of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis on Central Eastern and Southeastern Europe (CESEE) and Latin America, Bancodespano. Gligorov, G. and Landesmann M. (2009) What is to be done? A policy note, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies. IMF. (2009). The Implications of the Global Financial Crisis for Low-Income Countries, IMF Multimedia Services Division, March. IMF. (2011) Republic of Slovenia: 2011 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; Staff Statement; and Statement by the Executive Director for Slovenia, May, IMF Country Report No. 11/121. Jerger, J. and Knogler M. (2009) The Economic and Financial Crisis in South-Eastern Europe, International Scientific Conference: Challenges of the World Economic Crisis, Nis, October 15-16th. Jovicic, M. (2009). The Onset of the Economic Crisis in the West Balkans. The conference on Economic Policy and Global Recession. Belgrade, 25-27 September. Nero, V.W. (2010) Economic and Labour Market Impacts of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis on the Countries of the Western Balkans and Moldova, March. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/eurpro/geneva/download/ecosoc_crisisimpact_westb alkan.pdf Risteski, S. and Trpkova M.Sc. M. (2010) Global Economic Crisis and its Impact on the Western Balkan Countries Labor Markets, The Young Economists Journal, Vol. 1, issue 15. Pp. 96-107. 235 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sanfey, P. (2010) South-Eastern Europe: Lessons from the Global Economic Crisis, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Working Paper No. 113. Sewel, J. (2011) The Balkan Economies: Regional Roadblocks, European Distractions and Global Crisis, NATO Parliamentary Assembly. Stiblar, F. (2009) The Impact of the Global Crisis on Montenegro and the Western Balkans, published by Central Bank of Montenegro. UN. (2009) The Global Financial Crisis: Impact and Response of the Regional Commissions The Importance Of Aphrodisias Ancient City In Sustainable Economical Development Matcicek Zekeriya1, Pajo Aykut2 1Adnan Menderes University,Aydın, 2Kırklareli University,Kırklareli E –mails: zekeriyamatcicek@adu.edu.tr,aykut.pajo@kirklareli.edu.tr Abstract Aphrodisias is an ancient city nearby Karacasu, Aydın. It was established by the name of Goddess Aphrodit. It is a big settlement from the Bronz Age to Bizans time. It has been found baths, agora, stadium, odeon, Aphrodit temple in arceologic excavations. Aphrodisias is known as an important sculpturing centre in first- era, was given sculpturing education in that term.Of all the ancient cities in Anatolia, The Stadium of Aphrodisias is one of the best preserved. Aphrodisias is an ancient city which is famous for its Aphrodit temple especially in Roman age. It is one of the most important archeological places of Turkey with its well-protected movement – buildings now. The excavations started by New York University in 1961 are being continued today, too. The new historical sites have been found in excavations that still last now. These historical sites have been presented in the museum of Aphrodisias. About 125.000 tourists visit Aphrodisias ancient city each year. The visitors come from America and European Countries mostly in spring and autumn. In other hot months, French, Italian and Spanish people visit and Brazilian tourists have visited ancienty city lately. Tourists who come in winter visit mostly for shopping and Aphrodisias ancient city is visited. The avarage age of visitors is quite high. It is preferred by only the participants of cultural tours because Aphrodisias Ancient city is visited according to cultural tourism. These tours reachmostly beginning from İstanbul to Bursa – Çanakkale – İzmir Efes – Kuşadası – Didim Milet and then Aphrodisias – Pamukkale Hierapolis and Antalya. In this research the variation of tourist which visit Aphrodisias ancient city have been determined and it has also been determined how tourists in this community spend their money. The effect of these spendings on economical sustainable development of Turkey and the region where ancient city is has beendetermined. 236 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1328 Title A name given to the resource The Affecting Channels Of The Global Crisis On The South-Eastern Europe (See-7) Countries’ Growth Performance Author Author Ali , Sen Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper analyzes the impact of the global crisis on the growth performance of SEE-7 countries. From the beginning of 2000’s to the eve of the global crisis, these economies had a strong growth performance. Especially, increasing export, inflows of foreign direct investments and private capital significantly contributed to their economic growth. However, the global economic crisis adversely affected all the SEE-7. According to empirical findings obtaining from the panel regression results, until the global crisis, the external variables significantly contributed to growth performances of these economies. However, the impacts of external variables on GDP growth rate reduced sharply during the crisis. Keywords: The SEE-7 countries, growth performance, the global crisis, external variables, panel data. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/09120adcb44f9e1cbc2df49fc20fb541.pdf 1406ece4f8a4ca03d78a32102b070d4a PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Analysis of Sustainability Development of Eastern and South Eastern Europe in the Post Socialist Period Fatih Çelebioğlu Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Kütahya, TURKEY, fcelebi@dumlupinar.edu.tr Phone: +90 274 265 20 31 (ext.2114-2200) Fax: +90 274 265 21 97 Abstract Since the collapse of socialism, Eastern Europe and South Eastern (Balkans) Europe countries have been expeditiously changing as social, economic and politic structure. Some former socialist countries (as Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania) and Greece became full member of European Union. Some Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia) lived difficult war years. After the wars, they have started to struggle for economic, social and political reconstruction process. Some CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries (as Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus) tried to adapt market economics. Each country in this region wants bigger real per capita income, better welfare level, and generally become a developed country. But these countries have some political, economic and social problems in development and sustainability process. The aim of this paper is to analysis the countries in terms of development indicators such as per capita GDP growth rates, Human Development Index values and Sustainable Human Development Index values in the period of 2000-2010. It will be used the tools of spatial statistics (ESDA -Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis). Keywords: Sustainable Development, per capita GDP growth, Human Development Index, Sustainable Human Development Index, ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) 1. INTRODUCTION Eastern and South Eastern Europe are an important area because of witness historic and politic experiences and incidents for ages. But it has been also living historical alteration in recent decades. Although some Balkan countries were relatively stable in 1990s, there was war in Balkan Peninsula. Some former socialist countries (as Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania) and Greece became full member of European Union. The others have been struggling for this aim. In spite of Kosovo declared of independence in 2008, many countries haven’t been accepting this situation. Besides, CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries (as Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus) tried to adapt market economics. Nevertheless these regions of Europe are living relatively stable condition nowadays, compare 477 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo with last ten years. Whole countries in these regions, especially gain independence in recent decades, wants to become rapidly developed country. After a long war and unstable political period, the countries have taken an opportunity about their development process nowadays. These regions have been gaining stable structure overtime and this stable period has been supporting development indicators. In this paper, Balkan countries are being analyzed in terms of development indicators such as average rates of per capita GDP growth in the period of 2000-2010, Human Development Index in 2010, and Sustainable Human Development Index in 2010. 2. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT INDEX (SHDI) INDEX (HDI) AND SUSTAINABLE HUMAN UNDP calculates The Human Development Index (HDI). HDI includes some special data such as life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rates, gross primary-secondary and tertiary enrolment, GDP (gross domestic product) per capita (PPP - purchasing power parity- US$). HDI separates three subgroup as developed (high development), developing (middle development), and underdeveloped (low development) countries. Africa, Middle East, South Asia and some South American countries have big problems in terms of level of human development. Especially in Africa, the level of human development is lower than other regions of the world. Besides, The Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) was calculated by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Sri Lanka in 2008. The new version of the index has been revised in 2010. This index calculated with the contributions of United Nations University in Tokyo, Japan. The index calculated by incorporating environmental aspects and quality of the life such as carbon emission, bio capacity, ecological footprint and poverty to Human Development Index (HDI) developed by UNDP to consider the sustainable human development aspects which ignore in HDI. (environmentmin.gov.lk, April 12, 2012). Acoording to Togtokh and Gaffney (April 15, 2012); by including carbon emissions in recalculation of the HDI, it has gotten an indication of the cost of one country’s quality of life to another’s. If a country has a very high HDI but also high carbon emissions, it can be said that the high quality of life enjoyed by this nation comes at a price to the quality of life in other countries, particularly developing nations, and to future generations. The index shows that, while the US is vilified for its poor record on tackling emissions, Canada is a long way from being a role model. Yet, with the traditional HDI, the UN is using such countries with very high human development as examples to the rest of the world. Other nations attempting to emulate the success of these particular countries in terms of human development look at the economic model and policies adopted to bring about that success. Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) has been calculating by using HDI and different indexes as the following: SHDI = ¼(HDI +Ecological Index-Climate Change Index +Poverty Index) 478 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. DATA, METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS 3.1. Data GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita growth (annual %) data set comes from World Development Online Database (WDI online) for 21 countries in the period of 2000-2010. Human Development Index data (2010) has been prepared by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). Sustainable Human Development Index was calculated by Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Sri Lanka in 2008. The last version of the index was published in 2010. To analyze spatial relations between Eastern and South Eastern Europe countries, we use GeoDa (Geographic Data Analysis) software package which conducts Spatial Data Analysis, geovisualization, spatial autocorrelation and spatial modeling78. 3.2. Methodology 3.2.1. Quartile Maps Our analysis start with the quartile maps of the distribution of our variables for each country. Darker colors explain higher values and lighter colors show lower values in quartile map in for all variables. Figure 1: Per capita GDP annual growth rates in the period of 2000-2010 Figure 2: Human Development Index Values (2010) Figure 3: Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) values in 2010 78 Here are some of the studies in this regard: Rey and Montouri (1999), Ying (2000), Manfred et al. (2001), Le Gallo and Ertur (2003), Van Oort and Artezema (2004), Dall’erba (2005), Voss et al. (2006), Ezcurra et al. (2007), Ezcurra et al. (2008), Battisti and Di Vaio (2008), Celebioglu and Dall’erba (2010). 479 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 1 shows that per capita GDP growth rate is especially high values in Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, and Ukraine. On the contrary, Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Hungary, and Slovenia have the lowest values in this analysis. Figure 2 displays distribution of each country. According to figure 2, especially Greece, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Estonia have the highest Human Development Index values. Bosnia Herzegovina, Macedonia, Turkey, Moldova, and Ukraine have the lowest HDI figures. Figure 3 presents Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) values. In this figure, we can see only one difference compare with Figure 2 in terms of highest values. While Estonia is one of the highest value countries in HDI, there is Lithuania in SHDI in place of Estonia. We understand from quartile maps that disparity is clear in this region. For this reason we start ESDA analysis with spatial weight matrix. 3.2.2. Spatial Weight Matrix A spatial weight matrix is the necessary tool to impose a neighborhood structure on a spatial dataset. As usual in the spatial statistics literature, neighbors are defined by a binary relationship (0 for non-neighbors, 1 for neighbors). Weight matrix calculation is performed under GeoDa. It can be used two basic approaches for defining neighborhood: contiguity (shared borders) and distance. Contiguity-based weights matrices include rook and queen. Areas are neighbors under the rook criterion if they share a common border, not vertices. Distance-based weights matrices include distance bands and k nearest neighbors. Based on these two concepts, we decided to create weight matrices to investigate the distribution of our variables of interest: k_3 nearest neighbor matrix. Due to space constraints, we present the k_3 nearest neighbor matrix only below:  w (k )  0 if i  j  ij *   wij (k )  1 if dij  Di (k ) and wij (k )  wij (k ) /  wij (k ) for k  3 j   w (k )  0 if d  D (k ) ij i  ij (1) where di,j is great circle distance between centroids of country i and j and Di(k) is the 3th order smallest distance between regions i and j such that each region i has exactly 3 neighbors. Now that the weight matrix has been defined, we estimate a couple of spatial statistics that will shed some light on the spatial distribution of our variables. The most common of them is Moran’s I which is a measure of global spatial autocorrelation (Anselin, 1988). 3.2.3. Calculation of Moran’s I for Global Spatial Autocorrelation Spatial autocorrelation refers to the correlation of a variable with itself in space. It can be positive (when high values correlate with high neighboring values or when low values correlate with low neighboring values) or negative (spatial outliers for high-low or low-high values). Note that 480 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo positive spatial autocorrelation can be associated with a small negative value (e.g., -0.01) since the mean in finite samples is not centered on 1. Spatial autocorrelation analysis includes tests and visualization of both global (test for clustering) and local (test for clusters) Moran’s I statistic (Anselin et al. 2006). Global spatial autocorrelation is a measure of overall clustering and it is measured here by Moran's I. It captures the extent of overall clustering that exists in a dataset. It is assessed by means of a test of a null hypothesis of random location. Rejection of this null hypothesis suggests a spatial pattern or spatial structure, which provides more insights about a data distribution that what a quartile map. For each variable, it measures the degree of linear association between its value at one location and the spatially weighted average of neighboring values (Anselin et al. 2007; Anselin 1995) and is formulized as follows: n It  n *  wij (k ) xit x jt i 1 j 1 n n (2) xit x jt  i 1 j 1 & w ij Where is the (row-standardized) degree of connection between the spatial units i and j and Xi,j is the variable of interest in country i at year t (measured as a deviation from the mean value for that year). Values of I larger (smaller) than the expected value E(I) = -1/(n-1) indicate positive (negative) spatial autocorrelation. In our study, this value is (-0.050). There are different ways to draw inference here. The approach we use is a permutation approach with 999 permutations. It means that 999 re-sampled datasets were automatically created for which the I statistics are computed. The value obtained for the actual dataset has then been compared to the empirical distribution obtained from these re-sampled datasets. The results of Moran’s I are presented in table 1 below. All the results indicate a positive spatial autocorrelation, i.e. the value of a variable in one location depends positively on the value of the same variable in neighboring locations. For instance, when the per capita income in one country increases by 1%, the one of its neighbors increases by slightly more than 33%. All of our three variables of interest are significant (at 1%) with the k_3 nearest neighbor matrix. For this reason, this is the weight matrix we will use in the rest of our study. Table: The results of Moran’s I for the nearest four neighbors Variables K_3 Per capita GDP (average values of 2000-2010) 0.3310 (0.010) Human Development Index Values (2010) 0.2421 (0.029) Sustainable Human Development Index Values 0.2672 (2010) (0.027) Note: p-values are into brackets 481 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.2.4. Moran’s Scatterplots of Variables The Moran scatter plot complements Moran’s I because it provides to categorize the nature of spatial autocorrelation into four types: low-low (LL), low-high (LH), high-low (HL) and highhigh (HH). The x-axis captures the value of a variable compared to the average value of the sample. For example, all the points on the right hand side of the figure mean (the vertical axis in the middle) that in the corresponding provinces, the value of the variable under study was above the sample’s average. On the other hand, the y-axis captures the average value of the same variable in the neighboring locations (with the neighbors being defined by the weight matrix). For instance, all the points below the mean (the horizontal axis in the middle of the figure) represent provinces of which neighbors display, on average, a lower value than the sample’s mean. The result of this approach is a figure with four windows which reflect the correlation between the relative (to the mean) value of a variable in one location and the relative value of the same variable in neighboring locations. For instance, the quadrant HH means a high value in the studied area and a high value in the neighboring areas. Countries located in quadrants I and III refer to positive spatial autocorrelation, i.e. the spatial clustering of similar values, whereas quadrants II and IV represent negative spatial autocorrelation, i.e. the spatial clustering of dissimilar values. Note also that the link between a scatter plot and Moran’s I is reflected by a line of which slope is the value of Moran’s I statistic. Figure 4: Moran’s Scatterplot for average of per capita GDP growth in the period of 2000-2010 Figure 5: Moran’s Scatterplot for Human Development Index in 2010 Figure. 6: Moran’s Scatterplot for Sustainable Human Development Index in 2010 Figures 4 to 6 above show the Moran scatter plots of our variables of interest. All of the per capita GDP, Human Development Index and Sustainable Human Development Index have positive spatial autocorrelation that is reflected by the value of Moran’s I and the fact that most of the countries are located in quadrants HH and LL. When we look at the HH quadrant in scotterplot of per capita GDP growth, we see mostly Eastern Europe such as Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. In 482 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the contrary, the HH quadrant in scotterplot of HDI has been composed by Croatia, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Besides, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania take part in HH quadrant of SHDI. 3.2.5. LISA Statistics for Local Spatial Autocorrelation LISA statistics (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) measure, by definition, the presence of spatial autocorrelation for each of the location of our sample. It captures the presence or absence of significant spatial clusters or outliers for each location. Combined with the classification into four types defined in the Moran scatter plot above, LISA statistics indicates significant local clusters (high–high or low–low) or local spatial outliers (high–low or low–high). The average of the Local Moran statistics is proportional to the Global Moran's I value (Anselin 1995; Anselin et al. 2007). Anselin (1995) formulated the local Moran’s statistics for each country (I) and year (t) as follows:  x  I i   i   wij x j  m0  j with m0   xi2 / n (3) i where wij is the elements of the row-standardized weights matrix W and xi(xj) is the observation in country i(j). Their significance level is based on a randomization approach with 999 permutations of the neighboring provinces for each observation. Figure 7: LISA Cluster Map of per capita GDP growth (average of 2000-2010) Figure 8: LISA Cluster Map of HDI (2010) The randomization approach is used in the context of a numeric permutation approach to describe the computation of pseudo significance levels for global and local spatial autocorrelation 483 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo statistics. In order to determine how likely it would be to observe the actual spatial distribution at hand, the actual values are randomly reshuffled over space 999 times. Figure 9: LISA Cluster Map of SHDI (2010) Countries that are in HH area (red color) in Figure 7 are Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine. HH type autocorrelation is very strong in Eastern Europe. In Figure 8 is LISA cluster map of HDI. This figure point out that Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia are in HH quadrant (red color), Romania is in HL area (pink color) and Ukraine is in LL area (blue). It is interesting that although Ukraine is in HH quadrant of per capita GDP growth, there is a different situation in the figure. Though Figure 9 is similar to Figure 8, Albania is in LL area of SHDI. But in LISA map of SHDI, Ukraine was in HH type autocorrelation. 4. CONCLUSIONS The aim of this paper is to analysis spatial distribution of development indicators such as per capita GDP growth rates, Human Development Index values and Sustainable Human Development Index values in the period of 2000-2010. For this purpose we use quartile maps, Moran’s Scotterplots and LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) statistics. We investigate spatial distribution of per capita GDP growth in the period of 2000-2010, Human Development Index (2010) and Sustainable Human Development Index (2010). First of all, our quartile maps show that there is an important development level gap between countries of Europe. Secondly, when we estimate spatial autocorrelation by means of Moran’s I, our results indicate positive (and significant) global autocorrelation for all of our variables and thus indicating the geographical location of a country influences its level of per capita GDP growth rate, Human Development Index and Sustainable Human Development Index. Secondly, these results are corroborated by the corresponding Moran’s Scatterplots that display the HH quadrant in scotterplot of per capita GDP growth includes mostly Eastern Europe such as Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. In the contrary, the HH quadrant in scotterplot of HDI has been composed by Croatia, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Besides, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania take part in HH quadrant of SHDI. Thirdly, LISA statistics confirm the significant presence of local spatial autocorrelation and highlight spatial heterogeneity in the form of two distinct spatial clusters of high and low values 484 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of per capita GDP growth rate, Human Development Index and Sustainable Human Development Index. And finally, we can say that there is an important spatial heterogeneity and spatial disparity in terms of our all variables. But the countries in the east part of Europe are divided two groups in the region. Firstly, swiftly growing countries in terms of per capita GDP growth rate and secondly, countries that has high level of SHDI –HDI. For this reason, we can say that swiftly growing countries in terms of per capita GDP growth rate should be developed also in terms of human development. REFERENCES ANSELIN, L. (1988), Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. ANSELIN, L. (1995) Local Indicator of Spatial Association – LISA. Geographical Analysis 27, pp.93–115 ANSELIN, L., Sridharan S and Gholston S (2007) “Using Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis to Leverage Social Indicator Databases: The Discovery of Interesting Patterns”, Social Indicators Research, 82, pp.287–309. ANSELIN, L., Syabri I. and Kho Y. (2006) GeoDa: An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis. Geographical Analysis 38, pp.5–22. Battisti M. and Di Vaio G. (2008) A Spatially Filtered Mixture of β-Convergence Regressions for EU Regions, 1980–2002, Empirical Economics. 34, 105–121. Celebioglu F. and Dall’erba S. (2010) Spatial Disparities across the Regions of Turkey: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, The Annals of Regional Science, 45, 2, 379-400. Dall’erba S. (2005) Distribution of Regional Income and Regional Funds in Europe 1989–1999: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, The Annals of Regional Science, 39, 121-148 Ezcuerra R., Iraizoz B., Pascual P. and Rapún M (2008) Spatial Disparities in the European Agriculture: A Regional Analysis, Applied Economics, Volume 40, Number 13, July 2008 , pp. 1669-1684(16) Ezcuerra R., Pascual P. and Rapún M. (2007) Spatial Disparities in the European Union: An Analysis of Regional Polarization, The Annals of Regional Science, 41, 401–429. http://www.environmentmin.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104 &Itemid=275&lang=en, April 12, 2012. Le Gallo J. and Ertur C. (2003) Exploratory spatial data analysis of the distribution of regional per capita GDP in Europe, 1980–1995, Papers in Regional Science, 82, 2, 175-201. Manfred F.M., Fröhlich J., Gassler H. and Varga A. (2001) The Role Of Space in The Creation of New Technological Knowledge in Austria: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, In: Manfred F.M. and Fröhlich J. (Eds.), Knowledge, Complexity and Innovation Systems, Springer, Berlin, 124-145. 485 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Rey S.J., Montouri B.D. (1999) US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective, Regional Studies, 33, 143–156. Togtokh C. and Gaffney O., development-index/, April 15, 2012. http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/the-2010-human-sustainable- Van Oort F.G. and Atzema O.A.L.C. (2004) On The Conceptualization of Agglomeration Economies: The Case of New Firm Formation in the Dutch ICT Sector, The Annals of Regional Science, 38, 263–290. Voss P.R., Long D.D., Hammer R.B. and Friedman S. (2006) County Child Poverty Rates in the US: A Spatial Regression Approach, Population Research and Policy Review, 25, 369–391. WDI Online Database, http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=12&id=4&CNO=2 www.undp.org Ying L.G. (2000) Measuring the Spillover Effects: Some Chinese Evidence, Papers in Regional Science, 79, 75–89. The Factors Determined To The Improvement In The Least Developed And Developing Countries: Testing A Model Gözde Ergin, Adil Oğuzhan Trakya University, Department of Econometrics. Abstract Finding the different ways of the improvement as a multidimensional process causes different improvement ways in all countries in the world. The economic improvement that cause a structural changing is very important in all economies all over the world and it is necessary for the least developed countries at the same time. These countries have solved the phenomena of poverty, unemployment, low life standards and unimproved. The differentiation in the sociocultural structures of the least developed and developing countries effect the improvement in a positive way. In the study, the socio-economic factors of improvement and a classification according to the gross national product levels per person in the least developed and developing countries have been done by taking the definition accepted by World Bank into consideration. There are fifteen countries in the classification of the least developed and developing countries. The data of thirtythree factors in the comparison of these countries have been obtained from the data source of World Bank, OECD, EUROSTAT and UN (2000 – 2009). 486 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1356 Title A name given to the resource The Analysis of Sustainability Development of Eastern and South Eastern Europe in the Post Socialist Period Author Author Fatih , Çelebioğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. Since the collapse of socialism, Eastern Europe and South Eastern (Balkans) Europe countries have been expeditiously changing as social, economic and politic structure. Some former socialist countries (as Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania) and Greece became full member of European Union. Some Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia) lived difficult war years. After the wars, they have started to struggle for economic, social and political reconstruction process. Some CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries (as Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus) tried to adapt market economics. Each country in this region wants bigger real per capita income, better welfare level, and generally become a developed country. But these countries have some political, economic and social problems in development and sustainability process. The aim of this paper is to analysis the countries in terms of development indicators such as per capita GDP growth rates, Human Development Index values and Sustainable Human Development Index values in the period of 2000-2010. It will be used the tools of spatial statistics (ESDA -Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis). Keywords: Sustainable Development, per capita GDP growth, Human Development Index, Sustainable Human Development Index, ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3379 Title A name given to the resource THE ANALYSIS OF THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ENGLISH BOOK FOR GRADE TWO OF IRANIAN GUIDANCE SCHOOLS ACCORDING TO THEIR TEACHING APPROACHES Author Author Enayati, Bayez Mohammadi, Mohammad Abstract A summary of the resource. Applying the appropriate theoretical approaches to the teaching strategies has been of great importance in the last two decades. Putting a theory into practice seems not to be so easy although teacher educators have frequently encouraged teachers to do this. The teaching approaches considered to be used for teaching English in guidance schools make the books difficult for students to learn since the syllabuses have not suitably been selected. In this paper, the English book of grade two of guidance schools has been studied. A library study of the book has been used as the method. After analyzing the contents and the approaches considered to be used for teaching these contents, the advantages and the disadvantages of the book have been defined. The results show that although there are plenty of useful contents in English for grade two of guidance school, lack of coherence of the contents, artificial dialogues with discouraging pictures along with many other reasons make the book unpleasant to learn as a suitable source of learning English. Keywords: English, book, guidance school , grade two Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f7c19e24459ec1bb2274666bb3ef1c35.docx 05911e39df39a82ecc438b1c794780be https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d880aeff61ca1fb245142a59aafaccc4.pdf 35aa171a73c9f67964d8cb5db45c6f18 PDF Text Text The Analysis of the Gains in Turkish Teaching Programme According to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Gökhan Ari & Betül Keray Aksaray University/ Aksaray, Turkey Key words: Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy, Gains in Turkish Teaching Programme ABSTRACT There are many classifications used in the field of education. It is Bloom’s Taxonomy that is the most widely used in the classifications. Bloom’s taxonomy has been used by many researchers for many years. Revising of the taxonomy has been raised. Seven educators led by Anderson and Krathwohl collaborated and then updated taxonomy. Revised Bloom’s taxonomy consists of Knowledge Dimension and Cognitive Process Dimension. Knowledge Dimension consists of Factual Knowledge (Knowledge of Terminology, Knowledge of Specific Details and Elements), Conceptual Knowledge (Knowledge of Classifications and Categories, Knowledge of Principles and Generalizations, Knowledge of Principles and Generalizations), Procedural Knowledge (Knowledge of SubjectSpecific Skills and Algorithms, Knowledge of Subject-Specific Tecniques and Methods, Knowledge of Criteria for Determining When to Use Appropriate Procedures), Metacognitive Knowledge (Strategic Knowledge, Knowledge About Cognitive Tasks, Including Contextual and Conditional Knowledge, Self-Knowledge) categories. Cognitive Process Dimension consists of Remember (Recognizing, Recalling), Understand (Interpreting, Exemplifying, Classifying, Summarizing, Inferring, Comparing, Explaining), Apply (Executing, Implementing), Analyze (Differentiating, Organizing, Attributing), Evaluate (Checking, Critiquing), Create (Generating, Planning, Producing) categories. The aim of this study is to determine levels of listening, reading, writing, speaking gains in 6, 7 and 8 Class of Turkish Teaching Programme according to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy. The data (gains) will be resolved by two researchers separately via SPSS 15.0 package program. In order to test the inter-rater reliability, a formula; Reliability = (The number of agreements) / (The number of agreements + the number of disagreements) will be used. Category analysis will be done. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1733 Title A name given to the resource The Analysis of the Gains in Turkish Teaching Programme According to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Author Author ARI, Gokhan BETUL, Keray Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy, Gains in Turkish Teaching Programme ABSTRACT There are many classifications used in the field of education. It is Bloom’s Taxonomy that is the most widely used in the classifications. Bloom’s taxonomy has been used by many researchers for many years. Revising of the taxonomy has been raised. Seven educators led by Anderson and Krathwohl collaborated and then updated taxonomy. Revised Bloom’s taxonomy consists of Knowledge Dimension and Cognitive Process Dimension. Knowledge Dimension consists of Factual Knowledge (Knowledge of Terminology, Knowledge of Specific Details and Elements), Conceptual Knowledge (Knowledge of Classifications and Categories, Knowledge of Principles and Generalizations, Knowledge of Principles and Generalizations), Procedural Knowledge (Knowledge of Subject-Specific Skills and Algorithms, Knowledge of Subject-Specific Tecniques and Methods, Knowledge of Criteria for Determining When to Use Appropriate Procedures), Metacognitive Knowledge (Strategic Knowledge, Knowledge About Cognitive Tasks, Including Contextual and Conditional Knowledge, Self-Knowledge) categories. Cognitive Process Dimension consists of Remember (Recognizing, Recalling), Understand (Interpreting, Exemplifying, Classifying, Summarizing, Inferring, Comparing, Explaining), Apply (Executing, Implementing), Analyze (Differentiating, Organizing, Attributing), Evaluate (Checking, Critiquing), Create (Generating, Planning, Producing) categories. The aim of this study is to determine levels of listening, reading, writing, speaking gains in 6, 7 and 8 Class of Turkish Teaching Programme according to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy. The data (gains) will be resolved by two researchers separately via SPSS 15.0 package program. In order to test the inter-rater reliability, a formula; Reliability = (The number of agreements) / (The number of agreements + the number of disagreements) will be used. Category analysis will be done. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4800f4fd71360afb290cc4a9714011a4.docx 05911e39df39a82ecc438b1c794780be https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d82d7c74d1a18a466f3b22d2f9dae6bc.pdf 35aa171a73c9f67964d8cb5db45c6f18 PDF Text Text The Analysis of the Gains in Turkish Teaching Programme According to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Gökhan Ari & Betül Keray Aksaray University/ Aksaray, Turkey Key words: Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy, Gains in Turkish Teaching Programme ABSTRACT There are many classifications used in the field of education. It is Bloom’s Taxonomy that is the most widely used in the classifications. Bloom’s taxonomy has been used by many researchers for many years. Revising of the taxonomy has been raised. Seven educators led by Anderson and Krathwohl collaborated and then updated taxonomy. Revised Bloom’s taxonomy consists of Knowledge Dimension and Cognitive Process Dimension. Knowledge Dimension consists of Factual Knowledge (Knowledge of Terminology, Knowledge of Specific Details and Elements), Conceptual Knowledge (Knowledge of Classifications and Categories, Knowledge of Principles and Generalizations, Knowledge of Principles and Generalizations), Procedural Knowledge (Knowledge of SubjectSpecific Skills and Algorithms, Knowledge of Subject-Specific Tecniques and Methods, Knowledge of Criteria for Determining When to Use Appropriate Procedures), Metacognitive Knowledge (Strategic Knowledge, Knowledge About Cognitive Tasks, Including Contextual and Conditional Knowledge, Self-Knowledge) categories. Cognitive Process Dimension consists of Remember (Recognizing, Recalling), Understand (Interpreting, Exemplifying, Classifying, Summarizing, Inferring, Comparing, Explaining), Apply (Executing, Implementing), Analyze (Differentiating, Organizing, Attributing), Evaluate (Checking, Critiquing), Create (Generating, Planning, Producing) categories. The aim of this study is to determine levels of listening, reading, writing, speaking gains in 6, 7 and 8 Class of Turkish Teaching Programme according to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy. The data (gains) will be resolved by two researchers separately via SPSS 15.0 package program. In order to test the inter-rater reliability, a formula; Reliability = (The number of agreements) / (The number of agreements + the number of disagreements) will be used. Category analysis will be done. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1732 Title A name given to the resource The Analysis of the Gains in Turkish Teaching Programme According to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Author Author ARI, Gokhan KERAY, Betul Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy, Gains in Turkish Teaching Programme ABSTRACT There are many classifications used in the field of education. It is Bloom’s Taxonomy that is the most widely used in the classifications. Bloom’s taxonomy has been used by many researchers for many years. Revising of the taxonomy has been raised. Seven educators led by Anderson and Krathwohl collaborated and then updated taxonomy. Revised Bloom’s taxonomy consists of Knowledge Dimension and Cognitive Process Dimension. Knowledge Dimension consists of Factual Knowledge (Knowledge of Terminology, Knowledge of Specific Details and Elements), Conceptual Knowledge (Knowledge of Classifications and Categories, Knowledge of Principles and Generalizations, Knowledge of Principles and Generalizations), Procedural Knowledge (Knowledge of Subject-Specific Skills and Algorithms, Knowledge of Subject-Specific Tecniques and Methods, Knowledge of Criteria for Determining When to Use Appropriate Procedures), Metacognitive Knowledge (Strategic Knowledge, Knowledge About Cognitive Tasks, Including Contextual and Conditional Knowledge, Self-Knowledge) categories. Cognitive Process Dimension consists of Remember (Recognizing, Recalling), Understand (Interpreting, Exemplifying, Classifying, Summarizing, Inferring, Comparing, Explaining), Apply (Executing, Implementing), Analyze (Differentiating, Organizing, Attributing), Evaluate (Checking, Critiquing), Create (Generating, Planning, Producing) categories. The aim of this study is to determine levels of listening, reading, writing, speaking gains in 6, 7 and 8 Class of Turkish Teaching Programme according to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy. The data (gains) will be resolved by two researchers separately via SPSS 15.0 package program. In order to test the inter-rater reliability, a formula; Reliability = (The number of agreements) / (The number of agreements + the number of disagreements) will be used. Category analysis will be done. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34af4c669f146ba56a7ee62964507158.docx 9d3d231ec4ae255d24ddd7ba3ea46523 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9e3a44e35283c104b0adfc5626d99783.pdf 7e00502c2027eda530bf2ca82680ccb1 PDF Text Text The Analysis of Turkish Elements as a Cultural Connection between Bosnia and Turkey in Sevdalinka Songs Mersima Strika & Azamat Akbarov International Burch University/ Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: Sevdalinka, Sevdalinka songs, Common elements, Cultural connection. ABSTRACT Since 1463, there has been a cultural connection between Bosnia and Turkey.There is a bridge between Bosnia and Turkey such as culture,civiliation and society.Turkish people have brought their tradition,customs as well as a lot of elements that combine strong relations between those two countries.Sevdalinka is one of the examples that combines both cultures.Even though we have different languages,we have similar elements that make us understand each other.Some of those elements are words found in Sevdalinka songs that have Turkish origins.The common elements of Turkish and Bosnian languages in Sevdalinka songs will be examined in this study. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1891 Title A name given to the resource The Analysis of Turkish Elements as a Cultural Connection between Bosnia and Turkey in Sevdalinka Songs Author Author STRIKA, Mersima AKBAROV, Azamat Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Sevdalinka, Sevdalinka songs, Common elements, Cultural connection. ABSTRACT Since 1463, there has been a cultural connection between Bosnia and Turkey.There is a bridge between Bosnia and Turkey such as culture,civiliation and society.Turkish people have brought their tradition,customs as well as a lot of elements that combine strong relations between those two countries.Sevdalinka is one of the examples that combines both cultures.Even though we have different languages,we have similar elements that make us understand each other.Some of those elements are words found in Sevdalinka songs that have Turkish origins.The common elements of Turkish and Bosnian languages in Sevdalinka songs will be examined in this study. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/78b61ae77abdda48b13a5564b99d1896.pdf 3e6bf77347fd2d912952e29c172a68ac PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2009. In 2010 government made a strategic plan with several strategic goals in order to move forward. Among the goals they put macroeconomic stabilization, competiveness, employment, sustainable development and EU integration. In order to succeed government has to implement policies developed in this strategic plan efficiently and has to coordinate among these five goals, because the only way to have results is to implement them in the same time. REFERENCES Agency of statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Last Accessed April 29, 2012, http://bhas.ba/?option=com_saopstenje&cbgodina_saopstenja=2012&pregled=1&lang=ba A. Hodžić (2008). Geo-economic and geopolitical importance of the Balkan region in the expansion of European Union. Center for Security studies. Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Council of Ministers, Directorate for Economic Planning (2010). Development strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency, Last accessed on April https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html 28, 2012, N.L. Dobretsov, A.V. Kanygin, and A.E. Kontorovich, Paper on Economics and Environment as Factors of Sustainable Development of Siberian Mineral Resources Quotations Page, Last Accessed on April 22, 2012, http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/ 26032.html Tutor2u, Last Accessed on April 10, 2012, http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2macro-causes-of-inflation.html Wikipedia, Last Accessed April 29, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations The Applicability of Green Economy Policies: Governance Approach and Sustainable Development Fatma Neval Genç, Gülizar Seda Çorak, Murat Yılmaz Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 09900, Nazilli, Aydın, Turkey. E-mails: fatmanevalgenc@gmail.com, seda.corak@adu.edu.tr, muratyilmaz@adu.edu.tr Phone: +90 256 347 70 11 Abstract This report tries to focus on how the “governance” approach can enable “green economy” that develops along with change in the field of energy. As is known, governance approach emerged as a product of public administration paradigm starting to change at 1970s, and is 330 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo specially emphasized by supranational organizations like The United Nations, The European Commission and The World Bank. This is because; the increasing energy demand leads the world to a new energy economy and the search for renewable energy sources. While financial policies are crucial for sustainable development, applicability and consistency of these policies can be succeeded by networks and tight relationships between the actors that governance has developed. Keywords:Green Economy, Governance, Sustainable Development, Global Warming and Climate Change, Carbon Tax. 1.INTRODUCTION Our world experiencing Global Crisis in 2008 continues to discuss effects of this crisis on one hand while it goes through global climate change on the other hand. We encounter with new serious signs indicating that nature becomes more and more unbalanced every passing day. In addition, it becomes difficult to meet unlimited needs of the world population, which increases day by day, through limited resources. Accordingly, search for new resources is launched. Principally aiming at growing after crisis, the world targets sustainable development by giving weight to renewable ones among existing resources in addition to search for new resources. Today, global climate change is not an agenda topic for only scientists, heads of state and summits but also civil society and economists. This is because; it is possible to recover this problem by adopting “green economy” policies that bring about energy transformation and focus on efficiency, growth and employment in investments. In brief, four main conditions of sustainable development are human, environment, energy and economy. Aiming at creating an active and conscious civil society as a sector, governance approach can introduce a model that is capable of meeting this deficit. This model can be developed through relationships of sectoral and social networks. This is because; global climate change is not a problem that can be overcome by states alone. It is not low-cost, and it does not have boundaries. This study will focus on global climate change, renewable energy resources, energy-economy relationship and “green economy”-related alternative policies developed/expected to be developed by supranational organizations and governments (states) generally and by Turkey specially within the framework of “sustainable development” concept emphasized by governance approach. The present study will also deal with approaches and activities of “civil society”, which is expected to take an active role in formation of these policies and is one of main components of governance. The first chapter focuses on global climate change and the process concerning recognition of the problem. The second chapter deals with birth of the concept of governance and its importance in sustainable development. The third chapter chronologically examines global and local steps taken in the matter of climate change (Rio UN Conference on Environment, IPCC, KYOTO, HABITAT etc.) and touches upon paradigm changes experienced in the administrative mentality and appearance of governance in these steps. The fourth and last chapter focuses on policies and financial instruments developed by developed and developing 331 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo countries in the field of green economy, theoretically examines carbon Tax in particular, and discusses possible effects of Turkey’s accession to Kyoto Protocol. 1.1. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: RECOGNITION OF THE PROBLEM The change our world has gone through since its existence has determined living space, class and cycle of living beings at the present time. The “moment” we are in also bears witness to this change and affects natural change of the world. Considering that earth assumedly started to be formed approximately 5.5 billion years ago and the first living being assumedly appeared 3.5 million years ago, and the first human being started to live on the earth just nearly 100 thousand years ago, it is possible to say that there is a difference of 5.4 billion years between formation of earth and start date of human being to live on the earth. Apart from problematique of evolution and physical development of human beings, which is included in the field of study of anthropologists, looking at universal content historical data we have, we can say that human being got acquainted and started to interact with earth not a very long time ago from the point of earth. This interaction, which covers the entire history of human being, is a process still continuing. It is accepted that human beings have deformed earth and atmosphere within this process as a result of invention of machinery, industrialization and rapidly increasing growth of technology. The surmise that natural cycle of the world was deformed due to human factor was reached upon examination of external effects (seasons, weather events etc.) and movements (rotation of the world, crustal movements etc.) experienced by human beings that come from “nature”. It was stated for the first time in declaration of 1972 UN Stockholm Conference that everyone had a right to have good living conditions in a quality environment. This right was included in “third-generation rights”. The 56th article of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey says, “Everyone has the right to live in a healthy, balanced environment.” and emphasizes that it is the duty of the state and citizens to improve the natural environment, to protect environment health and to prevent environmental pollution. Limitedness of bearing capacity of the environment was also suggested for the first time at Stockholm Conference. In this context, a basis of the sense of sustainable development was formed. Environmental problems had been categorized as air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution until the last twenty years. However, the earth started to get heated as a result of increase in technology use, non-controllable growth in industrialization, and emission of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and ozone gases having heat retention features), therefore global warming and climate change problem came to be more important than all other environmental problems. This is because; no other problem than global climate change and global warming has directly threatened humanity to this degree. Global warming is a deepened problem, which is also associated with other environmental pollutions. Global warming was a topic discussed only in a couple of academia of developed countries in the 1980s. The importance of the problem was recognized at a lated speed. Upon recognition of the problem, The World Climate Conference was held in 1979, and a scientific infrastructure was prepared through establishment of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 (Karakaya, 2008:11). 332 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Global warming and environmental problems have no boundaries. It is not possible to expect that a pollution experienced in Asia will not affect other lands and oceans of the world. From this point of view, global climate change is a common problem of all individuals, all states and all organizations, and can be overcome only through cooperation and common will. One should not regard policies developed in regard to global climate change as of special power groups. Global order is not static, but dynamic. In fact, governance approach is an important paradigm to avoid this idea. Decisions should be made through participation of different actors from each level. They should be implemented through efforts, interaction and supervision of these actors. A large number of international studies, meetings and agreements have been carried out up until today regarding environmental problems and global climate change, which are considered common problem of the entire humanity. However, active “stakeholder” participation, openness, transparency, accountability, measurability, effective communication channels and a fair environment are needed in decision making, implementation and evaluation processes for adoption, applicability and consistency of generated ideas, prepared plans or alternative policies. Considering that environmental problems are regarded as a common problem of the entire humanity, governance approach is closely related to ensuring green economy and sustainable development with participation paradigm and principles it has developed. It would be appropriate to touch upon dynamics and history of governance approach prior to proceeding to relationship of governance with sustainable development and green economy and mentioning financial policies implemented for green economy. 2. PARADIGM CHANGE EXPERIENCED IN ADMINISTRATIVE MENTALITY: GOVERNANCE General propositions made concerning classical administrative mentality and traditional public administration organization (Weber Bureaucracy) started to remain incapable as expectations and demands from states increased because different administrative mentalities were adopted by different countries as a result of new world order after the World War II and need-based consumption approach of citizens changed. Firstly, in the 1960s, different bureaucratic models were compared through Comparative Public Administration. At the end of this comparison, non-functionality of principles of classical public administration approach (rules set in detail, strict hierarchy, specialization, unity of command, over-monitoring) was revealed. New Public Administration and New Public Management approaches, which shifted public administration to business administration axis and aimed at eliminating democracy and representation crisis having gone on in public administration in a certain way, survived until the 1990s. It can be thought that these approaches emerged as alternative models to criticisms addressing to interventionist structure of state. However, both mechanisms of state and citizens should internalize behavioral changes required by democratization within the process where democratic systems and constitutionalism are questioned, and they should go through different experiences in order to advance their political cultures and levels of consciousness in this direction. Efforts that were launched by democratic systems on the way to achieving best as of the 1980s in particular focused on new models and concepts allowing for direct participation of people in government and aiming at 333 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo removing jacobinism and fanaticalness. Public administration order experiencing a crisis of concept and identity (Kalfa, 2011:404) adopted an utterly different identification with the concept of “governance”. Although the concept of governance had appeared in some academic studies in the USA beforehand, it took the first serious stage in the Report named, “Sub Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth; A Long Term Perspective Study” published by The World Bank in 1989 as “good governance”. Then, it was generalized by United Nations, OECG and IMF in the following years (Uysal et al., 2011: 15). The concept of “governance” taking shape with the slogan, “State that does not row, but steers” (Koçak, 2010:470) enabled necessary meanings to be attributed to it in a field having certain meaning deficits. Governance approach, which includes active and effective urban administrations within the framework of the participation-localization-demilitarization triangle instead of clumsiness of traditional public administration mentality in provisions of services and fulfillment of demands, covers more flexible and horizontal organization instead of complicated traditional public organization allowing participating at minimum level and includes active civil society as a sector, has adopted the following principles as general administration principles: transparency, openness, participation, accountability, flexibility, effectiveness and efficiency in use of public resources. Governance approach develops partnership and cooperation model in administration. According to Public Administration dictionary of TODAIE, governance is a structure or order formed by results obtained through joint efforts of all relevant actors in a social political system (Bozkurt and Ergun, 2008:274). Versatility and participation of governance as a model refers to participation and coming together of all actors/parties in a public administration system in terms of order (Gündoğan, 2010:16-17). Development of methods aimed at solution of problems by the society itself is of great importance for legitimacy of decisions and achievement in solution of problems. In governance, society consists of relationships between networks of public, private and voluntary organizations. Thanks to relationships and partnerships between networks, active participation of different segments of the society is ensured. These partnerships bring about a special link. Networks with different characteristics (civil–military bureaucracy, private sector, non-governmental organizations) play an active role in the process of constituting public policies within interaction and communication with one another (Üstüner, 2003:4950). What is important is to enable for networks with different structures and different characteristics to meet on a common ground in policies to be constituted and decisions to be implemented. Civil society, which is now regarded as a sector, has started to lead the state. In this sense, governance puts an emphasis on active citizen and civil society participation at each level (local-national-international), but on a local scale in particular. Governance should be adopted as a model and system in order for green economy policies, which are developed to ensure sustainable development, to be set and implemented. It is an inevitable requirement to determine financial-economic solution models developed or to be developed concerning global warming and climate change, which are common problem of today and future, through participation and support of multi-stakeholder partnerships and active civil society. 3. SUSTANABLE DEVELOPMENT-GOVERNANCE RELATIONSHIP Having summarized multi-level and participatory structure of governance, it is necessary to emphasize the meaning carried by governance in terms of sustainable development. 334 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sustainable development is a concept representing the relationship, more precisely the compromise between economic development and environment (Sönmezoğlu, 1989:547). In this context, we think that it would be more useful to touch upon history of sustainable development and its link with governance without proceeding to economic dimension of the issue. 3.1. Governance, Rio UN Conference on Environment and Agenda 21 Recognition of problems related to environment and natural cycle of the world took place in the 1960s when the Cold War made its presence felt. The fact that habitat, living space of human beings, and future of humanity were in danger was understood during discussion of dimensions of nuclear armament and disaster scenarios likely to emerge during nuclear war. Following these discussions, a rapid increase occurred in studies on environmental problems and future of humanity. Club of Rome, which regarded itself as “world citizen” and expressed its anxieties about future of humanity, published the report named “The Limits to Growth” in 1972, which made its mark on the last forty years (Bardi, 2011: ix). This report emphasized that facilities of environment for human beings to live in the next generations were decreasing more and more. The fact that this report was followed by UN Conference on the Human Environment, foundation of the UN Environment Programme, acceptance of Declaration of the Human Environment and establishment of World Commission on Environment and Development in 1983 revealed that environmental problems could not be ignored by governments or supranational organizations, and that sustainable development approach should absolutely be adopted when constituting both economic and political policies. A frightening picture was drawn in Bruntland Report (Our Common Future) run by UN in 1987 concerning future habitable spaces and resources in the world, and a basic definition was made for sustainable development in parallel with that. The report defines sustainable development as, “sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Çetin, 2006:2). According to this report, the only way out of humanity against environmental problems, which got harder and harder every passing day, was to establish a bridge between environmental development and economic growth and to make development sustainable (Yıkmaz, 2011:17). Certain recommendations and warnings were given to governments concerning revision of growth, risks associated with technology use, controlling population increase, adoption of economic policies in accordance with environmental problems and sustainable development. Evaluations made in the period until 1992 demonstrated that consciousness about the matter and precautions taken for preventing environmental problems fell short of the expectations. Decisions having the characteristics of a recommendation and investigations performed in the form of an assessment did not have any deterrent force. 1992 Rio UN Conference on Environment (Rio Summit/1992 Earth Summit) became an important step for adoption of sustainable development with action strategies and outputs it developed. Sustainable development constituted main agenda of 1992 Rio UN meeting. At the end of Rio Summit, Rio Declaration was published to indicate rights and obligations of countries in the matter of 335 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo global climate change and development and to determine principles of sustainable development. Agenda 21 action plan, which is referred to as an expression of a global consensus and political commitment at the highest level aiming at actualizing “sustainable development” which targets establishment of a balance between development and environment (Aydın Kent Konseyi [Aydın City Council], 2011), was drawn up as an annex to the declaration.Prepared with the aim of reducing destruction on nature and abandoning all kinds of technologies harming the environment, Agenda 21 set the agenda of the 21st century as “sustainability of humanity”. Agenda 21 highlighted inevitability of global partnership for achieving the said sustainability. In addition, Agenda 21 is different from other studies in that it argues that non-state actors should also share the responsibility for preventing environmental problems and ensuring sustainable development (Göktürk, 2008:3). Agenda 21 emphasized the importance of participation and cooperation of local governments in process for planned activities to be carried out and goals to be achieved. In parallel with that, it was decided to set Local Agendas 21 to determine problems on site, to monitor activities, to ensure local participation and to do principal local plans (The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992: the article 28). In this scope, establishment of Local Agenda 21 mechanisms became another output of the conference whose main theme was sustainable development. Within the framework of this idea, local Agenda 21 aims at preparation and implementation of a long-term strategic plan concerning achieving goals of Agenda 21 and bringing solutions to local sustainable development problems, and requires actualization of governance based on participatory and multi-actor local partnerships within the scope of this target (Göktürk, 2008: 2). It would not be wrong to say that Local Agenda 21 mediates localization and legitimation of global decisions. Local Agenda 21 introduced governance model, which was based on partnership and participation, instead of urban administration based on centralization and hierarchy. The first organization in which the concept of governance became a subject to international strategies is meaningful in terms of our topic. As mentioned above, it was planned in the third chapter of 1992 Rio UN Conference on Environment to constitute units close to people in order to ensure participation and cooperation via governance approach through becoming a field and instrument of collective administration with common participation of all actors in the system by setting aside a one-way administrative mentality. In this context, it was aimed at establishing a governance network based on participation by means of Local Agenda 21 mechanisms. From 1992 UN Rio Summit to the present, many studies and meetings have been conducted on sustainable development at both national and international scales. Among these efforts, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1994), Istanbul HABITAT II Summit (1996), KYOTO protocol (1997), UN Millennium Summit (2000) Johannesburg Summit (2002) and projects and compressive studies carried out for Rio+20 Summit (2012) can be regarded as held within the body of United Nations. As a founding member of the United Nations, Turkey did not remain indifferent to efforts performed. Turkey developed policies on the basis of sustainable development and governance, and consistently emphasized sustainability and a participatory administration model in its development plans. As a matter of fact, the seventh chapter of the 9th Development Plan includes the article, “Fulfillment of 336 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo international obligations will be realized in the framework of the principle of sustainable development and the principle of common but differentiated responsibility” (SPO, 2006). In 2010, SPO prepared the comprehensive Turkey 2010 Millennium Development Goals Report, and set the target of integrating sustainable development principles with country policies and programmes and reversing annihilation of environmental resources (SPO, 2010). In the 2012 programme of the 9th Development Plan, policy priorities and measurements are mentioned following the article, “Main goal is to reach adequate environmental protection level and to make cities clean and safe places with high life quality through protection of human health, natural resources and aesthetic values in accordance with sustainable development principles” (SPO, 2011). Specialized Commission Report on Good Public Governance discussed the actions to be taken in order to ensure participation at each level and to activate civil society. National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan (2007) and finally National Experience on Carbon Markets and Future Outlook (2011) reports indicate that Turkey is included in, willing for and interested in environmental sustainability process. Since main purpose of our study is to establish the link between governance, sustainable development and green economy within a theoretical framework and under particular limitations, it is not possible for us to present information pertaining to all studies and activities conducted from Rio up to the present. 3.2. Governance in Constitution of Sustainable Development Policies Measurable targets can be set and these targets can be accomplished if policies and practices concerning environmental problems are developed based on cooperation of various stakeholders/partners (central government, local governments, civil society and private sector), that is, governance. It is important to focus on governance approach concerning how to ensure sustainable development. In this scope, reports such as “governance for sustainable development” (UNED, 2001) and “global environmental governance” (Halle and Najam, 2011) were prepared, and policies suggested in these reports were implemented. It was emphasized in the Governance for Sustainable Development report that governments, supra-national organizations and civil society had a general deficiency in implementation of sustainable development following the 1992 Rio Summit, that the deficiency stemmed from nonexistence of sufficiently harmonious actions of the said networks, and that common policies for future should be generated and implemented within the framework of governance. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) holds the idea that administration of networks and partnerships is not same as that of classical organizational management. While classical administrative mentality makes mention of use of personnel and financial resources, business plans and work evaluation, governance approach focuses on shaping relationships between actors and stakeholders and accountability of structures acting in cooperation and actions of these structures. This is because; it is difficult to ensure transparency and accountability of multi-stakeholder partnerships within classical organizational management approach. Accountability is a concept answering the question, 337 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo “Why is a work performed; who is responsible for this work; in which aspect is this person responsible for work?” Accountability becomes bidirectional when processes and plans are distributed to exercise one’s authority and obligations are expressly indicated and responsibility is shared. While a vertical accountability-based partnership is formed in the top management mechanism, there is a horizontal accountability between stakeholders/partners. A fair process which includes transparency of information and decision making processes as well as negotiation and participation methods is required for policies constituted and decisions made by administration mechanisms, courts and all kinds of decision making bodies to acquire public confidence and support. According to International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), key aspects of governance that should be discussed in terms of sustainability include (IISD,2011); Vision, mission, goals and objectives – what is the network or partnership all about? “Network principles" or "partnership principles" – operating values that guide collaboration. Decision-making process - what types of decisions does the membership have the authority to make, or to delegate their representatives to make? Accounting / reporting – how will the network or partnership report to its stakeholders and broader communities/audiences on its work and its financing? Other issues that may be of concern - e.g., project proposals and results of projects; role of the secretariat; roles of special committees; procedures for withdrawing from the collaboration; dispute-resolution mechanisms; and limitations on advocacy. Upon looking at the above-mentioned key aspects, it is observed that governance steers sustainable development discussions in the matter of determination of international strategies at a local and global scale. Governance approach also focuses on civil society-government partnership, a public organization mechanism’s hosting a partnership for sustainable development, and possibility/impossibility of ensuring a cooperation between organizations completely independent from governments (IISD, 2008: 10-21). International organizations established for sustainable development have generally focused on the concept of multi-stakeholder governance. In a public system, authority and power generally come from state. However, this power is legitimized only when it is shared. During environmental governance discussions, legitimacy basis of green economy policies is sought in common decisionmaking processes. Relevant international organizations and supra-national organizations, the United Nations in particular, accept that consistency can be achieved in implementation of these decisions only through a multi-actor participation which is parallel with governance approach. It is possible to see this situation in reports, studies and plans published. Green economy policies, which are expected to make sustainable development possible, undoubtedly include technical issues and require establishment of initiatives/networks with high technical capacity. At this point, recommendations and opinions related to targets are expected from groups of specialists in order to set measurable targets and develop technical strategies. 1992 Rio Declaration (UNCED 1992) demonstrated that consciousness of and responsibility for environmental and social issues were inevitable, and emphasized that this 338 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo responsibility had to be distributed among all stakeholders. Participation of people and all actors in the system (a whole of pieces interrelated with one another) is of great importance for regulations made for solution of the problems to bring about public benefits. It is undoubtedly a basic truth that each one of stakeholders has different characteristics, and they are not actors with the same importance level. Pre-determination of goals and expectations helps us concerning which organizations should make what kinds of attempts, and what kind of roles the stakeholders will take within initiative. Pre-determination of goals and expectations is a necessary stage in terms of attribution of different characteristics to each stakeholder and differentiation of roles of stakeholders. Multi-stakeholder process is an effective model for development and implementation of environmental and social responsibilities, and leads actions in accordance with sustainable development approach. In conclusion, governance of stakeholders is an approach that should be primarily adopted for ensuring conformity between new institutional structures formed to overcome environmental problems, which is a public issue. IISD developed various strategies to ensure sustainable development in particular. Sustainable development strategies are not a simple documentation. These plans are an adaptable and consistent process of strategic and coordinated activities (Figure 1). The model can be expressed as follows (IISD, 2011b);  It is necessary to develop a vision for an effective and progressive process based on mutual consensus, to continue to set new goals and to determine returns of achieving these goals, and to use this achievement as a guide for the next step of learning process.  A particular importance should be attached to establishment of coordinated mechanisms and continuous monitoring of operation of such mechanisms.  Model of the governance, which creates a difference, has a special place in the sense that it adopts harmonious strategic processes rather than big planning schemes, competition rather than authoritativeness, a strong relationship between networks and hierarchical structure rather than strict hierarchy, monitoring, learning, progressing and feed backing rather than controlling, and learning more rather than being content with what is known. Figure 1:Components of Strategic and Coordinated Activities Aimed at Sustainable Development: National Sustainable Development Strategy and Process 339 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Reference: (International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2011) According to this model, leadership, planning, implementation and monitoring processes are followed on the basis of participation and coordination. Leader should determine strategic approach, show his/her commitment to and concentration in the issue, internalize sustainable development principles aimed at intergenerational and mutual solidarity, and have other stakeholders adopt the same. Plans should build on a legal and organizational basis and be subjected to a political evaluation. In the implementation process, a particular attention should be paid to accountability, financing and intervention of policy initiatives in the process. In the monitoring process which is the last component; evaluations should be made in regard to strategies, sustainable development approach should have been understood, and learning and adaptation process should have been gone through. Other examples of efforts of UN and its affiliated organizations on governancesustainable development relationship are “National Strategies for Sustainable Development” (NSSD) research project and “Governance Structures for National Sustainable Development Strategies” (GSNSDS) studies. NSSD is an international common research project concerning strategies undertaken and stakeholders efforts conducted for sustainable development on a national scale in various countries. GSNSDS is an effort in which a study group constituted by OECD within the body of International Institute for Sustainable Development examines good governance examples and their effectiveness regarding sustainable development strategies in approximately 20 countries. 4. ECONOMIC and FINANCIAL POLICIES DEVELOPED IN THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF GREEN ECONOMY Although recognition of Global Warming and Climate Change problem, attraction of attentions to this issue, and rise of level of consciousness have made up the first step, it is a fact that deterrence can be achieved only through economy. Therefore, the most effective way of protecting the environment is adopting methods such as making polluters to compensate for harms of their activities harmful to environment, introducing tax incentives for activities not damaging the environment, legally prohibiting practices harming the environment or imposing additional tax burden on these kinds of practices (Bilgin and Orkunoğlu, 2010: 80). In this way, production and consumption channels will turn to encouraged eco-friendly mode of production or consumption of substitute goods instead of carrying out an activity within the scope of environment tax in order to avoid additional tax burden. Considering from the point of public revenues, the fact that administrative costs of environment tax practices are lower than other practices38 and they have an impact reducing tax burden on other sources of taxation thanks to income-generating feature will create a positive impact (Bilgin and Orkunoğlu, 2010: 80). 38 Financial instruments reduce administrative expenses as the cost for decreasing sourcing through command-control mechanism is several fold more than the cost for decreasing it by implementing environment tax (FULLERTON et al., 2008:3). 340 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.1. Financial Instruments Used in Environmental Policies Environmental policies phase of sustainable development includes guiding decisions and acts of economic actors in favor of environment by increasing costs of choices bringing a high level of damage to environment and encouraging the choice with a high social benefit. Among many components of environmental policies, the most effective ones are policies built on the market basis in that they are cost-effective and enable new production techniques to be created and expanded through supporting eco-friendly technologies. Financial instruments related to environment can be examined under two groups. However, scope of the present study only theoretically deals with purpose and effects of environment taxes and, focuses on Carbon Tax collected over carbon-content fuels, which are the most important cause of global warming and climate change. 4.1.1. Environment Taxes: The fact that right of possession and disposition of global collective goods (free goods) belongs to entire world and environmental resources do not have any price set under market conditions causes these resources to be used abusively. In addition, environmental effects lead to externalities that mean social benefit or cost. While beneficial externalities increase social welfare, the cost aspect of it lays a burden on the society. Accordingly, the most important instrument in environmental policies is to enable environmental externalities spreading as social cost to be compensated by those causing this externality by imposing an additional tax burden, that is, to “internalize externalities” as stated in the literature. In the European Union and OECD countries, taxes are implemented within the framework of environmental policy through adapting existing taxes to environment39 and loading an additional tax burden on polluters for their activities causing negative externalities in the environment. Accordingly, the expression of environment tax includes both taxes and duties and charges (Çelikkaya, 2011:99). Environment taxes have double dividends in the sense that they internalize negative externalities, and reduce tax burden on labor and capital thanks to revenue earned from this tax (Fullerton et al., 2008: 3; Monrgenstern, 1995: 6). 4.1.1.1. Purposes of Environment Taxes 39 That tax collected over lead gasoline, which is more harmful to environment due to lead content, is higher than the tax collected over unleaded gasoline, which is less harmful to environment, can be given as an example for this practice which is called tax discrimination. 341 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.1.1.1.1. To Internalize Negative Externalities:Economic units that carry out activities harmful to environment create a cost that does not reflect on market price of these harmful goods, which is social cost. This is a market failure (Çelikkaya, 2011: 99). An additional tax should be imposed on those causing social cost as a price to eliminate this failure. This is because, environmental resources are public goods, and if an additional tax is collected over use of these resources, market price of the resource subject to tax will increase, and therefore a decrease will be achieved in consumption, which is the goal desired to be accomplished. In addition to fall in environmentally hazardous consumption, new, cleaner and eco-friendly production technologies will be adopted from the side of production. 4.1.1.1.2. To Reduce Tax Burden on Labor: It is aimed for special tax on environmentally hazardous activities to reduce burden of taxes such as income tax, special security premiums and corporate tax by increasing tax burden on these activities, that is, to enable for tax burden to be distributed more fairly (Çelikkaya, 2011:99). Chart 1: Reducing Effect of Environment Tax Revenue on Tax Burden on Labor Price SMC P’ --------------------------------------------------------- PMC+Environment Tax P PMC Demand 342 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Q QAmount of Consumption of Goods Polluting the Environment Reference : (Fullerton et al., 2008:11) “Let’s assume that we will examine the market of an environmentally hazardous goods under a circumstance where there is no state control concerning environmental pollution. Demand curve indicates marginal utility provided by this goods for consumer at the end of consumption. In this market, marginal utility (demand curve) and private marginal cost (PMC) intersect at P price and Q amount levels. However, negative externality caused by consumption of environmentally hazardous goods creates a cost on the rest of the society. Accordingly, Social Marginal Cost (SMC) is higher than Private Marginal Cost (PMC). In this market,  ratio of tax to be applied according to who pollutes pays for it approach (Piqovian approach) will reduce the difference between social marginal cost and private marginal cost (by increasing PMC), accordingly price of this goods will rise from P level to P’ level. Rise in price will lead consumers to consume less by guiding them to substitutes of the said goods” (Fullerton et al., 2008: 11). Increased revenue obtained by state through environment tax will reduce the tax collected over incomes. In this way, the difference between gross revenue and net revenue of employees will decrease, accordingly labor supply will increase. As a result, tax burden on labor will be decreased (Fullerton et al., 2008: 11). 4.1.1.1.3. To Generate Revenue:Sustainable development and green economy mean protecting the nature for today's generation as well as next generations (Regional Environmental Center REC Turkey, 2006: 9). Many financial policies adopted for this purpose fulfill their financial functions as other taxes do in the sense that they generate revenue for state. 343 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Chart 2: Environment Taxes in EU (Billion Euro, GDP %) Energy Transportation Environmental Percentage of Taxes in GDP Pollution and Natural Resources Total Reference: (Stamatova and Steurer, 2011: 1) 4.1.1.2. Economic Effects of Environment Taxes 4.1.1.2.1. Effect of Environment Taxes on Distribution of Income: Taxes levied on investments are already addressing to rich people who have a chance to replace their investments with eco-friendly investments supported by state. Since low-income families allocate higher amount of money to fuel in comparison to high-income families (Akkaya, 2000:3) and use fossil fuels like coal, they may be negatively affected by carbon tax. However, this situation is prevented through exceptions granted up to certain energy consumption levels40(Akkaya, 2000: 3). On the other hand, carbon tax is seen to have neutral effect on distribution of income (Akkaya, 2000: 3) considering other indirect effects such as restriction of environmentally 40 In The Netherlands, no tax is collected for consumption of 800 cubic meters natural gas and consumption of 800 kwh electricity. It is seen that tax imposed for decreasing energy consumption keeps its effectiveness as this exception amount is not set as very high (Akkaya, 2004:4). 344 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo hazardous consumption, use of revenues for encouraging investments, fall of tax burden on labor and provision of compensatory payments (Özdemir, 2009: 22–23). 4.1.1.2.2. Effect of Environment Taxes on Competition: In countries implementing green tax reform, some sectors recommend ways such as voluntary participation instead of environment taxes because of possibility of these taxes to affect international competition negatively. There will as many winners as losers in sectoral or international competition at the end of environment tax practices. In fact, an effective taxation in fight with pollution will also decrease costs in the long term. In addition, the more countries adopt implementation of environment taxes, the less international competition is affected. After all, it is tried to prevent loss of competitiveness through implementing exemption, exception and tax return mechanisms in many sectors, and revenue of environments taxes collected is returned to these sectors as incentives. 4.2. Carbon Tax Among environmental problems, the most hazardous one is global warming and climate change. The basic reason for that is greenhouse gases emitted during burning of fossil fuels whose usage has gradually increased since the Industrial Revolution (Koç and Garip, 2008:151). Carbon dioxide gas has the greatest share in greenhouse gases concerning which policies are directed by the Kyoto Protocol. Karbon Tax, which is a specific tax collected over carbon emission amount, is the most important phase of fight with climate change in terms of financial instruments. When there is an activity of an economic actor causing a negative externality in the environment, this externality turns into social cost if it is not included in the market price. Accordingly, policy instruments may be deterrent only if they directly increase costs of relevant activities through affecting prices. Therefore, Carbon Tax collected over carboncontent fossil fuels based on the principle, ‘who pollutes pays for it’ seems to be the most effective instrument. Although environment is a global property and the problem should be solved by taking global-scale measurements, it is not possible to implement a global taxation. However, Carbon Tax is undoubtedly the most important tax as it appears in many international agreements and introduces inter-country partnerships in terms of implementations. Even though cost of environmental problems and fights with these problems is high, it is seen that marginal cost of protection by carbon tax is less than marginal benefit to be obtained through protection of the environment (Hotunluoğlu and Tekeli, 2007: 112). Carbon taxation is a practice aimed at reducing the difference between private costs occurring in the situation where no tax is imposed and social cost imposed by negative externalities, which occur at the end of activities causing carbon emission, on society by adding carbon tax 345 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo burden to cost functions of those performing such activities (Hotunluoğlu and Tekeli, 2007:111). Reduction of carbon emission was suggested in 1988 Toronto Conference, and a reduction target of 20% was set for the first ten years (Repetto, 1992: 54). It was decided to determine emission strategies for a common purpose in UN Convention on Climate Change, which was signed in 1992 with participation of more than 150 counties (Repetto, 1992: 54). In the first ring of production chain; taxation is implemented starting from fossil fuel sources such as mines and wells, which affects all stages of fossil fuel use as it reflects on producers and companies processing these sources or using them as inputs and consumers such as households purchasing carbon-content goods and services. Consumers will respond to rise of energy prices by carbon tax by using less fossil fuel, and producers will react to it by turning to less carbon-content inputs (Repetto, 1992:54). However, effectiveness of carbon tax depends on price flexibility of fuel41 and return of carbon tax revenues to clean investment and production techniques (Çelikkaya, 2011:104–105). In regard to development process of carbon tax in practice, we can say that it started to be discussed for the first time in England in the 1970s. However, carbon taxation was firstly implemented by Finland in 1990, and Norway and Sweden in 1991. Then, the Netherlands and Denmark put it into effect. These countries were the first EU member countries adopting carbon tax (Hotunluoğlu and Tekeli, 2007:115; Çelikkaya, 2011:104–105)). 4.2.1. Effectiveness of Carbon Taxation in Practice Carbon tax transfers right of possession from those polluting the environment to state. Therefore, individuals have to pay tax to state in order to get back their right to pollution. In this context, carbon tax, which is effective as an economic instrument, intervenes in the market, and accomplishes environmental purpose through equalization of marginal social benefit and marginal social cost. In addition, financial purpose is accomplished by generating public revenue (Hotunluoğlu and Tekeli, 2007). While some people argue that since tax increases costs, it will create a disadvantage for domestic producers especially in energy-intensive sectors, opponents state that carbon tax will encourage new technological developments and bring about positive results in terms of competition in the long term (WRI, 2008: 1–2) Some econometric analyses demonstrated that environment taxes collected in countries implementing carbon taxation did not have any significant effect on carbon dioxide emission. This situation can be attributed to three reasons (Hotunluoğlu and Tekeli, 2007:121-122): 41 Environment-related taxes are mostly implemented in the sectors of energy and transportation. According to estimations, flexibility is high in the energy sector in the long term. Therefore, environment taxes have a very important effect on reduction of energy demand in the long term. Studies on gasoline demonstrate that price elasticity is quite high (Kulu, 2001:3). 346 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Environment taxes do not cover the entire carbon dioxide emission, and requirement for tax to cover the entire emission mentioned in the carbon theory tax cannot be achieved. Energy-intense sectors using significant amount of fossil fuels have an influence on government for giving exceptions and exemptions as they become disadvantageous as a result of rise in costs by tax (WRI, 2008:1–2), they fail to proceed to clean production techniques in the short term, and accordingly they face the danger of falling behind in international competition. This tax cannot completely accomplish its environmental and financial purpose due to exemptions granted in this manner. Although the primary purpose of this tax is to restrict environmentally hazardous activities and carbon emission in theory, financial resource-related purpose is attached more importance because of large amount of tax revenues (Yıldız, 2006: 104). In addition, it is seen that environment taxes, which must directly regard the environmental goal and are “primarily” categorized as environmental taxes, are shaped as taxes collected over goods due to ease of implementation instead of adoption as a pollution tax (Akkaya, 2000:3). How these tax revenues are used is of great importance for effectiveness of implementation of carbon tax. Obtained tax revenues can be used for meeting budget deficits in order to ensure macro-economic stabilization independently from the purpose of taxes. This, however, requires tax ratio to be at a level to keep tax revenues at maximum42. Accordingly, if Carbon Tax is not raised to a level sufficient to be deterrent for obtaining large amounts of tax revenues, it will not be possible to reduce harmful gas emission to the level targeted within the framework of sustainable development (Tekin and Vural, 2004:325). Ratios in goods and services on which all types of environment taxes will be implemented must be correctly set in order to accomplish the purpose effectively. Considering Carbon Tax, which is collected in direct proportion to carbon content, tax to be imposed on coal must be higher in comparison to natural gas as it is a more polluting fossil fuel due to carbon content it contains (Akkaya, 2000:3) 4.3. Kyoto Protocol and Turkey The most important legal document concerning reduction of carbon emission is Kyoto Protocol. According to this Protocol, countries appearing on the Annex-1 list of the Protocol (EU member countries being in the first place) have to reduce their emission levels by %5 from levels observed in 1990 during the 2008-2012 period. Turkey became a party to Kyoto Protocol with a Law accepted on 05/02/2009, and made a commitment to reduce carbon emission until 2013. In this way, parties to the Protocol entered into an important obligation regarding prevention of environmental pollution (Regional Environmental Center REC Turkey, 2006: 31). 42 Laffer Curve. 347 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Unlike other agreements, Kyoto introduces three flexibility mechanisms in order to decrease costs in reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2009:24-25): Joint Implementation: This is a project-based mechanism to be implemented by countries appearing in Annex-1. If necessary conditions are fulfilled with this implementation, Annex1 countries can conduct emission reduction project among themselves. That is to say, when an Annex-1 country achieves emission reduction, it wins an “Emission Reduction Unit”, and can sell this amount to another Annex-1 country. The Clean Development Mechanism: This mechanism is implemented between Annex-1 countries and non Annex-1 countries. Annex-1 countries are regarded to realize an actual reduction in emission ratios through technology transfer within the scope of projects they carry out in non Annex-1 countries. Annex-1 countries use Certified Emission Reduction Credits they have won at the end of the project within the scope of their own reduction obligations, and gain right to generate more emissions in the country up to this amount. Emissions Trading: In this market-based implementation, if any country included in Annex-1 list achieves more emission reduction than it commits, it can sell this additional reduction defined in Annex-B to parties included in Annex-1. Table 2: Turkey’s Current Participation in Flexibility Mechanisms Kyoto Instruments Host Country The Clean Development Mechanism NO Guest Country . YES . Joint Implementation NO NO Emissions Trading NO NO Reference:(Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2011:80) 4.4.1. Turkey as a Party in Fight with Global Warming and Climate Change Since Turkey was an OECD member, it was included in both Annex-1 and Annex-2 lists in 1992 when UN Framework Convention on Climate Change was opened for signature. Although Turkey supported purposes and general principles of the convention, it did not become a party to convention until 2004. In the 7th Parties Conference held in Marrakech in 2001, it was decided to “delist Turkey from Annex-2 and to give it a place in Annex-1 in another position different from the Annex-1 countries by recognizing its ‘special circumstances’”. Upon this decision, Turkey became a party to UNFCCC on the 24th of May 2004 and to Kyoto Protocol on the 26th of August 2009 (Possible Effects of Kyoto Protocol on Turkish Energy Sector, 5). 348 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.5. A Critical Perspective on Environment Taxes and Carbon Markets It is possible to criticize effectiveness of environment taxes from many aspects. Possibility of polluting environment as much as affording taxation does not generate a healthy result. In addition, it does not seem to be a fair solution for those who are already low-income and have to use fossil fuels like coals which are supplied much and relatively cheaper. Considering carbon markets, although emissions trading seems to encourage countries for emission reduction by allowing them for generating revenue through selling emission reduction they achieve more than the set amount, it does not seem that it will eliminate fossil energy dependency because it gives other counties to generate emission more than the limitation. “Turkey is also in voluntary carbon market with some clean energy production projects, and aims at increasing its share in this market. This is because a company developing clean production techniques will sell its own emission credit to a company polluting environment and avoiding facing heavy costs of it within the scope of Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism. This will cause purchasing company to continue hazardous production by paying the price for it” (Konak, 2011:154). The fact that developing countries have a chance to purchase pollution they generate instead of adopting industrial production techniques that bring less damage to environment will delay new structural changes in industrialization. Although renewable energy type projects like energy efficiency, solar energy, biogas, geothermal, wind, hydroelectricity, which can make the greatest contribution to sustainable development, are large in number among The Clean Development Mechanism projects, these projects bring about low amount of emission reduction and introduce few credits (Konak, 2011:164). On the other hand, the fact that carbon markets have turned even environmental issues into an instrument of speculation tarnishes plausibility of solution seeking. That The Czech Republic, The Netherlands, Estonia, Sweden and France declared their national emission data in April 2006 early and it was realized that they generously distributed carbon credits led to speculations in the carbon market (Konak, 2011:163 ) and carbon prices fell instantly. Therefore, fall in cost of purchasing carbon credits and decrease in profit of selling emission reduction surplus caused companies not to prefer emission reduction. In short, Kyoto flexibility mechanisms mediate not reduction, but transfer of emission from one place to another. Another problem the world faces within global climate change is food problem. Turkey has productive soils and a high bio-diversity. Complementary component of making a direct investment in protection of nature is making an investment in biological capacity. 349 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Among ways of increasing productiveness of land are returning distorted lands to their previous conditions, improving land tenures, improving land management, product management and crop productivity. To achieve this, factors such as land tenures of landowners, land ownership problems and lack of infrastructures should be solved (WWF, 2010:94). Considering the problem and developed solutions together, it is seen that more concrete and realistic solutions are needed in terms of justice of income and environment. Approaches such as making existing fuel sources less hazardous through techniques like filtering and making investment in heat insulated and energy-efficient buildings and transport systems that consume less energy, that is, making production energy-efficient seem to be beneficial solutions at this stage. Since increase in GDP is not enough alone today, changing consumption habits and raising awareness concerning the fact that resources of our world are limited and gradually decreasing are the primary solutions to be adopted. 5.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS It is environment which has suffered most in the process of fulfilling unlimited needs through limited resources. The fact that this damage which is “human” related returns again to human to damage him caused seriousness of this problem to be recognized and become a topic focused on by not only marginal groups and scientists but also national and international organizations, heads of states, media and economists. Although nature has selfperpetuation feature, technology and industrialization, which advance at a speed impossible to keep pace with, destroy this ability of nature in the ratio of their own speeds. Continuing its rapid economic growth, the world has encountered a big problem which is impossible to be compensated and threatens “today” and “future”: Global warming and climate change. A new concept appeared in the 1970s in which not only physical capital but also human capital and environment increased their importance: Sustainable development. To develop by meeting the needs of the present without limiting the future generations. Economy, public administration, social policies, civil society, media, national and international organizations should progress shoulder to shoulder in order for sustainable development to be really ”sustainable”. Especially multi-national companies shifted their production to developing countries as a result of removal of limitation on international trade. Capital mobility and search for cheap labor also had an impact on this tendency of the companies. These companies concentrating in petrochemical, automotive, electronics, rubber and pharmaceutical sectors that bring the greatest damage to environment started to rapidly pollute these regions which had remained naturally intact until their intervention. Green economy (environmental economics) developed within the framework of sustainable development aims at minimizing the damage to environment at the stages of production, consumption and leaving waste on 350 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo nature, and requires use of efficient and more renewable energy resources. While national and international steps taken for environment increase every passing day, they bring along certain responsibilities. Since implementation of these policies arouses fear of missing foreign capital among developing countries that desire to achieve a rapid growth even though they are subjected to industrial waste, these countries cannot properly implement green economy policies. In this case, it is thought that a choice has to be made between environment and economy. However, environmental policies will already show their benefits in the long term. In this context, the most effective solution is adoption of green economy policies aimed at achieving production, growth and economic development without polluting environment or by bringing minimum damage to environment instead of falling into a dilemma and making a choice between giving up production for environment or growing even if it results in damaging the environment. Environment is a global common property. Sustainability of environment can be achieved only through an international cooperation. Within this framework, the most important international step is Kyoto Protocol, to which Turkey became a party in 2009, and the most prominent financial instrument is carbon tax. Taking into consideration environmental negative externalities, which occur in production and consumption stages, in production and pricing besides this tax and other environmental taxes will be deterrent due to obligation of bearing cost of destroying environment. These taxes should be homogenously imposed on a global scale as much as possible, and rise in prices and costs in the entire world should not negatively affect sectoral and international competition in order for these taxes to fulfill their environmental and financial purposes duly. Governments should regulate exemptions and exceptions without tarnishing the purpose of taxation. Revenues obtained from additional environment taxes should be used for encouraging eco-friendly activities and developing new production techniques. In this sense, progress should be achieved through technology transfers. At this point, social policies including training should be developed, and specialists should be trained and employed in these fields. In Turkey, environment taxes do not absolutely serve their purposes. There are many answers to the question, “Is it possible to implement Carbon Tax in Turkey?” On the other hand, effect of this taxation on citizens should be taken into consideration besides introduction of an emission reduction. The fact that our economy, in which foreign investments have a big share, does not have the luxury to lag behind international competition in this period makes it probable for industrial segment, which comes first to be affected by carbon tax, to put leverage on government for receiving exemptions and exceptions. In addition, it is possible for carbon tax to negatively affect low-income families considering that they allocate greater part of their incomes to fuel consumption in comparison to high-income families and most of these low-income families use fossil fuels like coals that contain high level of CO2. Natural gas, which emits less carbon than coal, appears to be first alternative for households. In this context, local governments have a great responsibility for carrying out necessary infrastructure works. Since enterprises in Turkey cannot take part in emission trading as a purchaser until 2012 within the scope of Kyoto Protocol, they can perform sales only in foreign voluntary carbon markets. Important changes will occur in their tax burdens as they will become both purchaser and seller as of 2012 351 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Actors of sustainable development are environment, society and economy. 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Identifying The Dimensions Of Attitudes Toward Vocational Economy And Commerce Education: A Research In Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegovina A.Tuba Duman, Uğur Ergün Internatıonal Burch Unıversıty, Faculty of Economıcs, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovına E-mails: d.aybalatuba@yahoo.com, uergun@ibu.edu.ba Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the dimensions of attitudes toward vocational economy and commerce education in high schools in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 354 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1343 Title A name given to the resource The Applicability of Green Economy Policies: Governance Approach and Sustainable Development Author Author Emil, Knezović ERGÜN, Uğur Abstract A summary of the resource. This report tries to focus on how the “governance” approach can enable “green economy” that develops along with change in the field of energy. As is known, governance approach emerged as a product of public administration paradigm starting to change at 1970s, and is specially emphasized by supranational organizations like The United Nations, The European Commission and The World Bank. This is because; the increasing energy demand leads the world to a new energy economy and the search for renewable energy sources. While financial policies are crucial for sustainable development, applicability and consistency of these policies can be succeeded by networks and tight relationships between the actors that governance has developed. Keywords:Green Economy, Governance, Sustainable Development, Global Warming and Climate Change, Carbon Tax. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6d8f46a65b1c64bf6441276edeca0389.docx 2463ff5b39dc9a422adbd58c90955644 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3625 Title A name given to the resource The Application of Jus Cogens Norms in UN Peacekeeping Missions: A Possible Source of Conflict with the UN Charter? Author Author Muharemović, Mahir Abstract A summary of the resource. Summary: Peacekeeping missions represent an important and significant part in the United Nations (UN) security system. Although this peacekeeping missions (PKM) aim to protect human rights, maintain security and peace, within this operations regularly human rights violations and other misconduct by peacekeepers is reported. In the Nuhanovic case (2011) the Dutch Court of Appeals, as the first national court, used the effective control test which confirmed the principle that troop- contributing states can be liable for internationally wrongful acts of their troops who are embedded in the UN peacekeepers. This case represents a key shift in the theory and practice when dealing with state liability for human rights violations attributable to states operating under an international organisation. This article has created a more creative approach, to the complex matter of liability in UN PKM, even going further then the Dutch courts did, showing that jus cogens norms, have priority over all other international law and that troop contributing states can always rely on this concept when engaging their troops through UN PKM. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Social Sciences Research Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/66ae46b16f989b8c89cca48d23413101.docx 04beb8281ad7afd52761639a3d18d1ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2977 Title A name given to the resource THE ARABIC TEACHING IN PREPARATORY CLASSES OF THEOLOGY FACULTIES (THE SAMPLE OF KASTAMONU UNIVERSITY) Author Author Çekin, Abdulkadir Abstract A summary of the resource. Preparatory classes in theology faculties can be considered as foundation of Arabic teaching. Qualified teaching in these classes can be possible with planning, practicing and evaluating the teaching process by the data of educational sciences. The method used in Arabic teaching is one of the most important points that should be taken into consideration. Methods selected by taking into consideration of teaching elements and actively applied make learning easier. On the other hand, methods selected at random are not consistent with the conditions and reduce the success of teaching. Therefore, successful Arabic teaching largely depends on the methods that are selected and used considering the conditions. In this context, teaching methods must be primarily selected by considering teaching objectives. In this paper, it has been tried to find out which curriculum and methods are used, how students’ attitudes and instructors’ ideas are, in Arabic teaching in preparatory classes of theology faculties. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics