257 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/987e49fa42ef8a36eb18d04ae4a0177d.docx 1e0aa22a309b854a7ecd7670328d61f4 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/032768ab82cff2d2d8e7d5613d5a76d9.pdf 872120e33afcb0b0ed0da64fbd3f9637 PDF Text Text SYNTHESİS AND CHARACTERİZATİON OF (BI2O3)1-XY(SM2O3)X(TM2O3)Y TERNARY SYSTEM Semra Durmuş DumlupınarUniversity, Kütahya, Turkey semradurmus@dpu.edu.tr Muammer Gavas DumlupınarUniversity, Kütahya, Turkey gavas@dpu.edu.tr Hicret Akalan Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey akalan23@hotmail.com Tuğba Çifci Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey tugbacifci@hotmail.com Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are very efficient electro- chemical energy-conversion systems because of their high energy conversion efficiency, high power density, clean and environmentally friendly output when hydrogen is used as fuel, and flexibility in using various fuels. Bi2O3-based materials have been considered as potential materials for solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte due to their high oxygen ionic conductivity. They have also been shown to be the most promising electrolytes for intermediate operating temperatures (600–800 0C) of SOFCs since they have higher oxygen ion conductivity compared with other materials with similar properties. Many researchers have focused on the properties of oxide doped Bi2O3-based electrolytes operating at intermediate temperatures and most of them have attempted to overcome the in stability problems of the materials to obtain better performance in technological applications � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2142 Title A name given to the resource SYNTHESİS AND CHARACTERİZATİON OF (BI2O3)1-X-Y(SM2O3)X(TM2O3)Y TERNARY SYSTEM Author Author DURMUS, Semra GAVAS, Muammer AKALAN, Hicret CIFCI, Tugba Abstract A summary of the resource. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are very efficient electro- chemical energy-conversion systems because of their high energy conversion efficiency, high power density, clean and environmentally friendly output when hydrogen is used as fuel, and flexibility in using various fuels. Bi2O3-based materials have been considered as potential materials for solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte due to their high oxygen ionic conductivity. They have also been shown to be the most promising electrolytes for intermediate operating temperatures (600–800 0C) of SOFCs since they have higher oxygen ion conductivity compared with other materials with similar properties. Many researchers have focused on the properties of oxide doped Bi2O3-based electrolytes operating at intermediate temperatures and most of them have attempted to overcome the in stability problems of the materials to obtain better performance in technological applications Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/09c7901b588d1cb9a10bd7847ec28ae6.pdf e8e4890977c0a631c7fda47f28e0b3b0 PDF Text Text Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Ti6Al4V Substrate by Biomimetic Method Mustafa Toparli Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Turkey mustafa.toparli@deu.edu.tr Ahmet Pasinli Ege University, Technical Vocational School of Higher Education, Turkey ahmet.pasinli@ege.edu.tr Hasan Yıldız Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Turkey hasan.yildiz@ege.edu.tr Erdal Celik Dokuz Eylul University,Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Turkey erdal.celik@deu.edu.tr Rıfat Sami Aksoy Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Turkey, sami.aksoy@deu.edu.tr Abstract: In this study, synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates by biomimetic technique was investigated. In this context, thin and continuous HA coatings were first deposited onto Ti6Al4V implant plates by immersion in 1, 1.5 and 3 times concentrated simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C for different times at pH=7.4. The HA layers were formed in the range of 6 and 19 µm thick. The obtained coatings were characterized by XRD, optical microscope, SEM, surface roughness and microhardness machines. The experimental results clearly show that the biomimetic approach has coated them with HA globular crystals having various diameters. It was found that the coating structure was affected by solution concentration. Introduction Biomaterials have been used to replace or support the human organs or tissues in many years. These materials are classified into four groups as metals, ceramics, polymers and composites (Gumusderelioglu, 2002). Biocompatibility is considered as the most important feature in biomaterials, allowing the surrounding tissue to differentiate normally and preventing undesired reactions such as infection and blood clot (Wintermantel et al., 1996; Bajpai et al., in Yamamuro et al., 1980). Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are the materials of choice for most dental and orthopaedic applications. The many advantages of these materials include high compatibility with the surrounding tissue, good resistance to corrosion, and excellent mechanical properties. However, bone response and implant success depend on the chemical and physical properties of the surface. The integration with bone tissue can be improved and accelerated by the presence of a calcium phosphate (HA) coating onto the metal implant surface (Van Noort, 1987; Bigi et al., 2005). Hydroxyapatite (HA: Ca5(PO4)3(OH)) is a calcium phosphate based bioceramic material and widely applied to the biomaterials for bone tissue implantation due to its good biocompatibility, osteoconductivity and bioactivity as well as the similarity to the inorganic component of the hard tissues in natural bones, and the HA coatings have been extensively applied with the aim of improving fixation between hard tissue and metal implants (Browne & Gregson, 1994; Bayraktar & Tas, 1999; Bigi et al., 2005). In addition, synthetic HA is a biocompatible prosthetic material, bonding strongly to the bone and promoting the formation of bone tissue on 275 �its surface. The HA is mostly used in clinics for making artificial bone due to its biocompatibility (to be used in various prostheses), treating cracks and fractures in the bone and coating of metallic biomaterials (Abe et al., 1990; Tas, 2000; Miao et al., 2005). For these applications, different methods such as plasma spray (Tong et al., 1995), high velocity oxy fuel spray (Li et al., 2002), sol-gel (Milella et al., 2001; Hsieh et al., 2002), electrochemical (Ban & Maruno, 1993), laser ablation (Katto et al., 2002), electrophoretic (Zhitomirsky, 1998), dip coating (Mavis & Tas, 200) and biomimetic are used to coat implant materials with HA. Nonetheless, there have been some problems in the application. The major problem is the gradual weakening of the bond between coating and metal surface. This problem occurs due to the low bonding strength of the coating material (Ishikawa et al., 1997; Nishio et al., 200; Yang & Chang, 2001). Of these methods, one of the most promising techniques for producing HA coatings is the biomimetic approach, which mimics the mineralisation process of bone. The biomimetic route utilises supersaturated aqueous solutions with ionic composition similar to that of human plasma, it allows to coat complex-shaped materials, and to co-precipitate biologically active molecules with apatite crystals onto metal implants (Abe et al., 1990;Browne & Gregson, 1994; Bayraktar & Tas, 1999; Bigi et al., 2005). This situation sometimes necessitates a second operation on patients with implant, which is not desired because of health and financial concerns (Demircioglu et al., 2004). Strengthening and stabilizing the bond between metal surface and HA coating could prevent this from occurring. In addition to the one above, there are some inherent problems associated with these methods. These problems are (a) complex preparation procedures, (b) application of high temperatures which cause structural damages either on host (Ti6Al4V) or coating material, (c) getting unwanted phases in coatings, (d) employing complex equipment, (e) high cost, and (f) bonding strength that depends upon coating thickness (Weng & Baptista, 1999). Because of the difficulties listed above, biomimetic method is chosen. In this method, HA coating is realized in a simple biocompatible environment (under the conditions of human body temperature of 37 ºC and pH=7.4) with chemical in-situ sedimentation method, where no high temperature is applied (Kokubo, 1998). The aim of the present study was to deposit the HA coatings on Ti6Al4V implant substrates by biomimetic technique. The obtained coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and microhardness tester. Experimental procedure Commercial Ti6Al4V alloy substrates (sample size Ø 19.05×1 mm and 3×5×15 mm) were used in the study. The samples were abraded by SiC sandpaper numbers such as 400, 800 and 1200, then washed with acetone and distilled water in an ultrasonic cleaner. The HA coatings were prepared by subjecting the metal to a chemical surface treatment to provide a surface layer conducive to apatite formation in a body environment. The HA layers were formed by soaking in a simulated body fluid (SBF) with pH and ion concentrations (pH 7.40, Na+ 142.0, K+ 5.0, Ca2+ 2.5, Mg2+ 1.5, Cl− 125.0, HCO3− 27.0, HPO42− 1.0, SO42− 0.5 mM) nearly equal to those of human blood plasma. Chemical compositions of SBF solutions were listed in Table 1. Commercially available Ti6Al4V alloy was subjected to 5.0 M NaOH treatment at 60°C for 24 h and subsequently to thermal treatment at 600°C for 1 h, and then soaked in SBF, see [Figure 1]. Chemical precursors g/l 1 SBF mg / 250 1.5 SBF mg/ 250 3 SBF mg / 250 ml ml ml NaCl 6.547 1.6368 2.455 4.910 NaHCO3 2.268 0.5670 0.851 1.701 KCl 0.378 0.0933 0.140 0.280 Na2HPO4.2H2O 0.178 0.0445 0.067 0.134 MgCl2.6H2O 0.305 0.0763 0.114 0.229 CaCl2.2H2O 0.368 0.0920 0.138 0.276 276 �Na2SO4 0.071 0.0178 0.027 0.053 (CH2OH)3CNH2 6.057 1.5143 2.271 4.543 Table 1: Chemical compositions of SBF Figure 1: Coating stages for the HA formation The film structures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD; Philips X’pert pro) with CuKα radiation 40 kV 200 mA at a scanning speed of 4.00°/min with a scanning range (2θ) from 25° to 45°. The microstructure of sample surface was observed under scanning electron microscopes (SEM-Philips XL 30S FEG), Cross-sections of the films were observed and thickness was measured by optical microscopy (Nickon Eclipse ME600) with image analyzer Lucia 4.1 programme. The surface roughness of the coating was measured using a standard surface roughness machine. The microhardness of the coatings was measured by using a standard microhardness tester with Vickers indenter. The load applied on the samples was 0.98 N and the indentation was applied for 15 s. Five readings were taken for each sample. Results and Discussion Figure 2 shows XRD patterns of HA coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy substrate by using biomimetic method. Small and broad HA peaks were obtained at 2θ of 25.70, 29.32, 32.14 and 40.34 corresponding to (002), (210), (211), 277 �(310) and (113) orientations for the samples that were immersed for 30 days in the 1.5 and 3 SBF solutions. These peak locations were validated and appeared much sharper when the SBF solution was changed from 1.5 SBF to 3 SBF. Similar results can be found in Reference (Baker et al., 2006). It is also clear from Fig. 2 that Ti peaks were obtained at 2θ of 40.26, 35.25, 38.47 and 53.20 corresponding to (001), (010), (002) and (012) orientations respectively. After chemical and heat treatment processes, Na-titanate and TiO2 peaks having rutile and anatase phases were determined from XRD patterns. Rutile TiO2 peaks were determined at 2θ of 27.40, 35.98 and 48.10. It is believed that the TiO2 phases were formed between HA coating and the substrate after heat treatment process as reported (Kukobo, 1998; Li et al., 2002; Baker et al., 2006). In as much as NaOH was chemically treated with HA coatings on Ti6Al4V substrate and the SBF solutions had Na+ ions, NaTiO2, Na2Ti5O11 and Na2TiO3 phases were formed in the coatings. We have a good agreement with research of Takadama’s team. Takadama et al. (2001) commented that the peak values of 2θ=23.31° and 48° in addition to Ti peaks occurred as a result of sodium titanate (Na2Ti5O11) and rutile (TiO2) crystals during their XRD investigation of biomimetic study. In addition to these, Kim at al. (1997) investigated the effects of heat treatment performed at different temperatures (400-800oC) on the apatite formation on chemically treated metal surfaces. Because peak point around 23°, 29° and 48° after the heat treatment at 600 oC were found to be related to sodium titanate hydrogel layer, gel layer was started to turn into Na2Ti5O11 and rutile TiO2 at 600 °C. After 7 days of soaking, the apatite phase was formed at all temperatures. As a result, the apatite coating of titanium implants after chemical and heat treatments increased the bone-implant interface bonding strength, and thus this method was found to be advantageous for load bearing implants. Figure 2: XRD pattern of the HA coatings prepared on Ti6Al4V alloy substrate from (a) 1.5 (top pattern) and (b) 3 SBF (bottom pattern) solutions by using biomimetic method. Characteristic peaks are found at approximately 25.70, 29.32, 32.14, and 40.34 2θ. The most intense peaks correspond to titanium Figure 3 demonstrates cross-sectional optical micrograph of the HA coating on the Ti6Al4V substrate. Thickness of the coatings was measured by using optical microscope for different SBF concentrations. As listed in Table 2, the thicknesses of coatings were in the range of 6.50 µm and 18 µm. It is obvious from Fig. 3 that the structure with sodium titanate was formed on the substrate and the HA started to nucleate and grow in SBF solutions after periods of 4, 12 and 19 days. After obtaining homogeneous HA coatings, the thicknesses of coatings prepared from 1, 1.5 and 3 SBF solutions were found to be as 6.78, 8.93 and 18.25 µm respectively. From these results, it can be concluded that coating thickness increased with increasing the solution concentration. When Ti alloy substrate which had been polished to remove its surface oxide layer was soaked in 3 SBF solutions with ion concentrations 3 times those of SBF, a dense layer of apatite was formed on its surface. The apatite nuclei grew spontaneously by consuming the calcium and phosphate ions from SBF solution. 278 �Figure 3: The cross-sectional optical micrograph of HA coating on the Ti6Al4V substrate The resultant apatite layer was tightly bonded to Ti-based substrate, since it is integrated to the Ti alloy substrate through the hydrated titita and titanium oxide which are gradually changed in their concentration (Kokubo, 1998). Furthermore, surface roughness values of the coatings prepared from 1, 1.5 and 3 SBF solutions were found to be 1.9, 2.2 and 2.6 respectively. In this context, it is said that surface roughness of the HA coatings increased as solution concentration and coating thickness increased as shown in Table 2. Solution concentration Coating thickness (µ µm) Surface roughness (µ µm) 1 SBF 6.50 1.8-2.0 1.5 SBF 10.50 2.0-2.4 3 SBF 18.25 2.0-2.8 Table 2: Thicknesses and surface roughness of the HA coatings Figure 4 depicts surface morphologies of the HA coatings with different concentrations such as 1, 1.5 and 3 SBF concentrations. When the coating thickness increased, cracks were observed from SEM studies. The layers were dense and uniform in thickness, showing some cracks of several tens of microns in length as shown in Fig. 3. The homogeneous HA coatings were formed from diluted SBF solutions. Spherical particles having diameters between 1-5 µm and porous structure of HA crystals are shown in coating with 1.5 SBF at different magnifications in Figure 4.a. However, the structures having cracks were coated from viscous SBF solutions, see [Figure 4.b]. The cracks were formed as a function of solution concentration and coating thickness as explained elsewhere (Barrere et al., 2002; Tas & Bhaduri, 2004). 279 �(a) (b) Figure 4: Surface morphologies of the HA coatings with different concentrations such as (a) 1.5 and (b) 3.0 SBF concentrations. The cracks in SEM micrographs were formed during heat-treatment owing to thermal expansion and thick coating. It is also obvious from SEM observations that the HA coatings have some spherical grain and porosity. Since the coating on the surface is thin, the metal surface is visible through the coating and the apatite nuclei were started to deposit at the peak points of the rough surface. The coating was uniform and contained small particles having diameters about 1-2 µm. It is concluded that the small particles on the surface were found to be important for adhesion and bigger particles affected coating homogeneity. Microhardness values of surface of coating, HA coating and substrate amounted about 343, 445 and 230 HV, respectively (Table 3). The surface microhardness of HA coating is lower than that of coating layer because some inhomogeneities such as open porosity, cracks and so on. In the future, in in-vivo studies, minimum coating thickness can be determined for metal implant surface thus the SBF concentration and soaking time can be optimized. Also, coating adhesion strength can be modeled numerically; effects of coating thickness, coating surface area on the adhesion can be investigated. Conclusion The HA coatings were deposited on Ti6Al4V implant substrates from SBF solutions by biomimetic technique. HA, Ti, TiO2, NaTiO2, Na2Ti5O11 and Na2TiO3 phases were found from XRD study. The thickness of coatings was ranged from 6.50 µm to 18 µm. As the solution concentration is increased the coating thickness increased. The homogeneous HA coating was formed in diluted SBF solutions. The cracks were formed as a function of solution concentration and coating thickness. The HA coatings have some spherical grain and porosity. Microhardness values of surface of coating, HA coating and substrate were measured about 343, 445 and 230 HV, respectively. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Mustafa Demircioglu at Ege University, Izmir for the technical help and Dr. I. Cevdet Alptekin at HIPOKRAT Company, Izmir for some chemical precursors and Ti6Al4V substrates. Also, we specially would like to thank Dr. A. Cuneyt Tas at University of Clemson for his experiences and bright ideas. 280 �References Abe, Y., Kokubo, T., Yamamuro, T. (1990). Apatit Coating on Ceramics, Metals and Polymers. Journal of Material ScienceMaterials in Medicine 1, 233-238. Bajpai, P.K. (1980). Ceramic Amino Acid Composites for Repairing Traumatized Hard Tissues In: Yamamuro, T., Hench, L.L., Wilson-Hench, J. (Eds.), Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics (pp. 255-270) Bato Raton: CRC Press. 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Influence of Residual Stress on Bonding Strength and Fracture of Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Substrate. Biomaterials 22, 1827-1836. Van Noort, R. (1987). Titanium-The Implant Material of Today. Journal of Material Science 22, 3801-3811. Weng, W. & Baptista, J.L. (1999) Preparation and Characterisation of HA Coatings on Ti6Al4V Alloy by a Sol-Gel Method. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82, 27-32. Wintermantel, E., Mayer, J. et al. (1996). Tissue Engineering Scaffolds using Superstructures. Biomaterials 17, 83-91. Zhitomirsky, I. (1998). Electrophoretic and Electrolytic Deposition of Ceramic Coatings on Carbon Fibers. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 18, 849-856. 282 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 441 Title A name given to the resource Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Ti6Al4V Substrate by Biomimetic Method Author Author Toparli, Mustafa Pasinli, Ahmet Yıldız, Hasan Celik, Erdal Aksoy, Rıfat Sami Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates by biomimetic technique was investigated. In this context, thin and continuous HA coatings were first deposited onto Ti6Al4V implant plates by immersion in 1, 1.5 and 3 times concentrated simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C for different times at pH=7.4. The HA layers were formed in the range of 6 and 19 μm thick. The obtained coatings were characterized by XRD, optical microscope, SEM, surface roughness and microhardness machines. The experimental results clearly show that the biomimetic approach has coated them with HA globular crystals having various diameters. It was found that the coating structure was affected by solution concentration. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f4552e14c517154743119d84334fd2e0.docx 5769c8e39db62d175ed031155f5ce842 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/63de60ae98525ae1bc7813a59110e48c.pdf e24a4ffa7440f6e4c455e0a63f1abd71 PDF Text Text SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL, SPECTROSCOPIC AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NOVEL S, O-SUBSTITUTED PBENZOQUINONES ZelihaÖzsoy-Güneş Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey ozsoyz@Istanbul.edu.tr Cemil İbiş Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey ibisml@Istanbul.edu.tr Keywords:Quinones compounds, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, isomeric compounds. ABSTRACT Quinones are naturally occurring compounds with specific characteristics that have a great impact on the living cell. The ability to carry electrons makes them an important component of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transfer chain. They are considered as components of biological electron transfer chains located in the membranes of mitochondria, bacteria and chloroplasts. Quinones are useful compounds for preparation of superconducting materials. Quinones are good electron acceptors and are known to be efficient quenchers of singlet state donor fluorescence of various fluorophores. The current data are consistent with an electron transfer mechanism, and the quenching efficiency is dependent on the redox potentials of the corresponding quinone–hydroquinone system. From the perspectives of designing magnetic materials and understanding photo-physical properties, the co-ordination chemistry of quinones is also very important. The quinones also find application as electrode material. In present study, from the reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone with difunctional thiols were synthesized heterocyclic isomer p-benzoquinone compounds. The synthesized compounds were characterized by fourier transform-infrared, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopic techniques, as well as elemental analysis and ultraviolet–visible spectra. The synthesized isomer compounds were identified by the carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. �O O O S R R O S O O R R S O S O R=-(CH2)3- ......etc ISSD2013 / RENEN-1433 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2163 Title A name given to the resource SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL, SPECTROSCOPIC AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NOVEL S, O-SUBSTITUTED P-BENZOQUINONES Author Author OZSOY-GUNES, Zeliha IBIS, Cemil Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords:Quinones compounds, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, isomeric compounds. ABSTRACT Quinones are naturally occurring compounds with specific characteristics that have a great impact on the living cell. The ability to carry electrons makes them an important component of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transfer chain. They are considered as components of biological electron transfer chains located in the membranes of mitochondria, bacteria and chloroplasts. Quinones are useful compounds for preparation of superconducting materials. Quinones are good electron acceptors and are known to be efficient quenchers of singlet state donor fluorescence of various fluorophores. The current data are consistent with an electron transfer mechanism, and the quenching efficiency is dependent on the redox potentials of the corresponding quinone–hydroquinone system. From the perspectives of designing magnetic materials and understanding photo-physical properties, the co-ordination chemistry of quinones is also very important. The quinones also find application as electrode material. In present study, from the reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone with difunctional thiols were synthesized heterocyclic isomer p-benzoquinone compounds. The synthesized compounds were characterized by fourier transform-infrared, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopic techniques, as well as elemental analysis and ultraviolet–visible spectra. The synthesized isomer compounds were identified by the carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/30fec1afb8eb0ab3fb884782f40fa799.docx 2bdc849b8da2d556e7c2daf947742533 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d87d440a3fa213b7bf2cfe8064568de6.pdf 759a37de6f6d98a39b7d144135b7f96c PDF Text Text T.C. MİLLİ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI’NIN “100 TEMEL ESER” LİSTESİNİN KANON AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ Hürdünya ŞAHAN Sakarya Üniversitesi, Türk Dili Bölümü, Sakarya / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Kanon, Türk Edebiyatı’nda Kanon, Kanonik Metinler, 100 Temel Eser. ÖZET Yunanca kanon (“değnek, cetvel; daha sonra “ölçü, kural”) ile Latince canon (“kural, norm”) sözcüklerinden Batı dillerine geçen kanon sözcüğü çoğu zaman “klasik” kavramı yerine kullanılmıştır. Kanon, bu basit sözlük anlamları dışında, bugün Türk Edebiyatı’nda “klasik” ya da “büyük yazarların ölümsüz eserleri” anlamlarını da taşıyacak şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Sözcüğün farklı anlamları ve tarihsel gelişimi göz önünde bulundurularak “100 Temel Eser Listesi” bu bakımdan incelenecektir. Bu listeye 73 Türk Edebiyatı sanatçısı alınmıştır. Türk Edebiyatı’nda kanon meselesi ele alınarak, listeye alınan eserler birer kanonik metin midir sorusuna bu bildiride cevap aranacaktır. Bu bağlamda yazarlar ve metinler kendi içlerinde, öncelikle yazıldıkları dönem açısından, ardından listeye alınmalarında etkili olan unsurlar ve nitelikleri açısından incelenmiş, Türk Edebiyatı’nda kanonun varlığı; kanonik ve kanon dışı metinler tespit edilmiştir. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2235 Title A name given to the resource T.C. MİLLİ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI’NIN “100 TEMEL ESER” LİSTESİNİN KANON AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ Author Author ŞAHAN, Hürdünya Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kanon, Türk Edebiyatı’nda Kanon, Kanonik Metinler, 100 Temel Eser. ÖZET Yunanca kanon (“değnek, cetvel; daha sonra “ölçü, kural”) ile Latince canon (“kural, norm”) sözcüklerinden Batı dillerine geçen kanon sözcüğü çoğu zaman “klasik” kavramı yerine kullanılmıştır. Kanon, bu basit sözlük anlamları dışında, bugün Türk Edebiyatı’nda “klasik” ya da “büyük yazarların ölümsüz eserleri” anlamlarını da taşıyacak şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Sözcüğün farklı anlamları ve tarihsel gelişimi göz önünde bulundurularak “100 Temel Eser Listesi” bu bakımdan incelenecektir. Bu listeye 73 Türk Edebiyatı sanatçısı alınmıştır. Türk Edebiyatı’nda kanon meselesi ele alınarak, listeye alınan eserler birer kanonik metin midir sorusuna bu bildiride cevap aranacaktır. Bu bağlamda yazarlar ve metinler kendi içlerinde, öncelikle yazıldıkları dönem açısından, ardından listeye alınmalarında etkili olan unsurlar ve nitelikleri açısından incelenmiş, Türk Edebiyatı’nda kanonun varlığı; kanonik ve kanon dışı metinler tespit edilmiştir Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cd98b32de3a74ef59586eef3ebc40a8d.pdf e49b57e92ebf6f1204ddcebe5ed476bc PDF Text Text Table Grapes Transport Simulation Study by Bardas (Vitis vinifera L.) Cultivar Grown in Karaman Turkey Fikret DEMĐR Selcuk UniversityFaculty of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Machinery 42003 Konya, Turkey fdemir@selcuk.edu.tr Zeki KARA Selcuk University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture 42003 Konya, Turkey zkara@selcuk.edu.tr Kazım CARMAN Selcuk University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Agricultural Machinery 42003 Konya, Turkey kcarman@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: Table grapes is a second industry in viticulture in Turkey and have been grown in primarily Mediterranean region a popular fruit for local consumption and export to many European and Asian countries as a fresh dessert and for this reason this product has to be transport so long distances for marketing. This simulated export transit experiment with Bardas (Vitis vinifera L.) local table grape cultivar grown in Karaman province was conducted in lab condition Selcuk University Faculty of Agriculture. To produce main knowledge, and to improve the application of resources used to produce, pack, transport, and merchandise Turkish table grapes by increasing efficiency, controlling cost and managing risk throughout the supply chain. In order to develop optimized methods of reducing table grape damage transport stimulatory as vibration stimulator have been used to measure the shocks and vibrations in market bins during 30 min and 60 min transport stimulation. During road transport simulation at 25°C in wooden boxes damages of clusters and berries were measured by laboratory trials to stimulate the events in a controlled and repeatable manner. 3 bins full of fruits were placed onto a vibration table, and during the stimulation three-load profile sensor were placed inside each of bins. While the number of separated berry was determined as a 31.33 in 30 min, the number was 83.10 in vibration period of 60 min. Starting with the beginning the numbers separate resistance of berry, resistance to cracking of berry and elasticity modulus is continuously lowering in 30-60 min vibration periods. The berry separate resistance from cluster were changing between 4.46 N to 1.73 N, and berry cracking resistance were measured between 31.59 N to 26.01 N, and berry elasticity modulus were obtained as between 1423 kPa to 1076.7 kPa. Natural frequency of berry was calculated as on 109.332 Hz that was obtained in of 1.42 m box height. Introduction Table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are physiologically speaking, a relatively durable fruit. They have a low respiration rate and can therefore live a long time after harvest. However, they are extremely susceptible to decay, can be injured easily, and lose water readily. If any of these deterioration factors is not well controlled, the potentially long post harvest life will be drastically shortened (Nelson, 1985; Bollen et al., 1994; Burton et al., 1989; Campbell et al., 1986; Maindonald & Finsh, 1986; Hinsch et al., 1993). Many of horticultural products are in consumer hands within 2 day of harvest in another part of the world. Transportation and packaging is the key to this success. Under the best circumstances the quality of table grapes can only be maintained, not improved, during transportation. During transportation, storage and marketing table grapes may be exposed to rough handling during loading and unloading, compression from the overhead weight of other containers of products, impact and vibration during transportation. Grapes are not ripening after harvest. Transits and storage life is 1-6 months. Packaging is by fiberboard, polystyrene foam, or wood lugs, or perforated film liners and 100 – 110 N some with sulfur dioxide 456 �pads. Transportation is by highways, and piggyback trailers, van containers or break-bulk vessels. Loading is unitized on pallets with corner. Proper packaging of table grapes is essential to maintaining product quality during transportation and marketing (Olorunda & Tung, 1985; McGregor, 1989; Kaynaş et al., 1989). In Turkey, current produce container standardization is not, but many of markets prefer to outside dimension of a 420 x 310 x 150 mm wooden containers that have 60-80 N grapes for table grape transportation. Pang et al. (1995) in their investigation observed solve natural handling conditions for transportation and used his observation to replicate the same situation in laboratory simulations. Mechanical damage on agricultural products changes depending on physical and biological structure of the products and type of the force applied. First damage on the products appears during harvest and transportation. This damage usually occurs as a result of colliding of products with the others or vibrations of the transportation system, and causes severe deformation, such as breakage, separation and bruise. According to the estimates, approximately 25% of the agricultural products harvested in Turkey is spoilt and wasted away between the producer and consumer (Dokuzoğuz, 1997). Transportation of vegetables and fruits should be rearranged to avoid any loss in quality and to provide more economical and productive conditions. Transportation type is chosen depending on the biological decay rate, rigidness and maturity of the product, on the carrier type, distance and purpose of the product usage. Other factors influencing this are physical characteristics, basic dimensions (geometrical measures, weight, density, pouring and shaking density), static- dynamic press resistance elasticity, vibration, behavior and also biological characteristics and product’s content, carriage style and type of container (Moser 1984). Static-dynamic press resistance and form changing characteristics of the product determine the allowable pouring and filling amount, fall height and vibration limit during the transportation of the product. Allowable static resistance (cell blowout biological resistance limit) is calculated by force deformation diagrams and dynamic resistance by crashing experiments for applications, allowable press resistance limit is the point of biological crashing. But some safety distance should be allocated. The resonance frequency, fR of the product is closely related to the speed and shock absorber of the transportation vehicle and to the filling depth of the container. In order to prevent the crushing, resonance frequency should not be the same with vehicles generated from outside factory frequency. Resonance frequency is inversely proportional to the pouring dept and the densityρ, λ of the container frequency acceleration affecting fruits carried in low depth containers is doubled especially in upper and middle levels when compared to deep containers (Moser 1984; Pang et al., 1995). The purpose of this study is to investigate factors on concerning the damage in table grape during transportation period in a simulated transportation environment in terms of separation resistance of berry from pedicel, number of separated berry, resistance to cracking of berry and elasticity modulus. Materials and Methods Materials In this study, table grape cv Bardas (Vitis vinifera L.) were used since it is an important product in Konya and Karaman, Province of Turkey. The description of cv. Bardas is as follow. This is a local variety. It accounts for about 20 percent of the table grape production in Göksu Valley in Turkey. Sex of flower is hermaphrodite. The cluster is large in size and compact in density. The very large and uniform berries are somewhat ovoid and elongated in shape dark red to reddish black in color with advanced maturity, particular flavor is none, and are seeded. Berry must yield is very high sugar and total acid content of must is medium. Harvest season extends from mid September through October. Because the berry is thick skinned and crisp, and stem attachment is hard clusters resist damage well during post harvest handling. The cluster of this variety is shown Fig 1. 457 �Fig 1. Table grape cv. Bardas (Vitis vinifera L.) Methods Chemical Properties The titration acidity of the fruits was analysis established with titration method by using 2,6 dichlorophenal indophenol solution. Soluble solids of the fruits were determined by Atago hand refractometer (Kara, 1992; Anonymous 1997). The initial moisture content of the berry was determined by using standard method (USDA, 1970). Technological Properties To determine the sizes and projected areas of berry, 10% samples were randomly taken and their linear dimensions were measured, i.e. length (L), width (W) and projected area (P). Projected area of a fruit was determined using a digital camera (Kodak DC 240) and Sigma Scan Pro5 program (Trooien & Heermann, 1992). Also, linear dimensions were established by using a digital vernier caliper with sensitivity of 0.01 mm. Several investigators (Deshpande et al., 1993; Gubta & Das, 1997; Demir & Özcan, 2001) have measured these dimensions for other grains and seeds in a similar manner to determine size and shape properties. The geometric mean diameter Dg of the berry was calculated by using the following formula (Sreenarayanan et al., 1985): (W=T) (1) Dg = (LW2)1/3 The berry volume V was calculated by using the following formula and its berry or true density Pk, Pycnometer and toluene displacement method. Toluene (C7H8) was used rather than water because it is absorbed by fruits to a lesser extent. Also, its surface tension is low, so that it fills even shallow dips in a berry and its dissolution power is low (Sahay & Singh, 1994). (2) V=πW2L2/6(2L-W) According to Mohsenin (1986); Sreenarayanan et al., 1985), the degree of sphericity (Ø) can be expressed as follows; (3) Ø = (LW2)1/3 / L = Dg/L (4) The surface area S of the fruit was calculated by using the following formula (McCabe et al., 1986); (5) S = (πWL2) / (2L-W) = π Dg2 The containers used in this study are of 420 x 310 x 150 mm size. These have four pieces horizontal wooden bar and bottom four pieces leveled wooden bar and four pieces flat wooden vertically, fixed nails. This is shown Fig. 2. Paperbound cartons were used as cushion materials, in order to reduce the damage on the bunch in transit. Paperbound cartons were placed at the bottom and side at the containers. The grape bunches were lined up in one layer in containers. Bunches contact with one another. According to the observation, 60-80 N bunches were placed in the containers. Fig. 2. Experiment device for simulates table grapes transport in laboratory During the transportation in truck and trailer the frequency is between 7.5 and 11.5 Hz and the acceleration g’ value is between 0.8 and 13 ms-2. It’s amplitude A is 0.6 and 6 mm (Aydin, 1993; Witney 1996). 458 �An important application of dynamic test is the determination of the vibration properties of table grape cultivars, in order to assess, their sensitivity to damage during transit. The table grape cultivars are generally transporting in containers on board motor vehicle. fR during transport the resonance frequency of the road or vehicle, then the acceleration of the grape berries will increase considerably owing to resonance and it will be damaged by impact. The natural frequency fn of table grapes in a container may be calculated approximately from the equation: (6) fn = [1/4λ]√Eg/ρ Computation using Eqn. (6) were found to correspond well with those of table grapes in bins vibration at resonance on a laboratory condition Fig. 3. Observation of berries were measured at average of 100 berries taken from the 1/3 medium scope of bunches. Fig. 3. Test equipment used in compression test The vibration simulation container used in this study, like the vibration container was projected California University (Öğüt et.al., 1999; O’Birien & Guillou, 1969). On this box, vibration was formed at every cycle using unbalanced weights. Changing the number of weights enables setting of maximum acceleration and expansion plate caused by natural frequency fn of the spiral system and the container. The vibration container is activated by a 0,55 kW electrical engine with a 2800 min-1 rotation and cos ϕ=0,827 and rotation of the box is set by an electronic vibrator. In treatments, the resonance frequency was adjusted as or 11.5 Hz. This frequency was obtained in 690 min-1 of simulation platform. The movement flow diagram in the vibration simulation container is given in Fig 2. Motor’s rotation is measured as min-1 using an electrical dynamo coupled directly with motor’ once and working linearly and measuring instrument’s monitor. Damage on the product was determined after 3060 minutes of vibrating the container at the set frequency. The vibration box had worked for 30 min and 60 min, which are equal to transportation of track with 540 km and 1080 km respectively in Turkish highways. The value of vibration were measured and recorded on magnetic tape. In order to determine the elasticity of berry, a plate test was used (Zohadie 1982). The test equipment is shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4. Deformation of berry during compression The calculation of elasticity modulus is based on the following assumptions: 1) The berries are long elliptic in shaped very small expansion in the longitudinal plane occurred with compression in vertical plane, and 2) Each side of the berry in contact with the flat plates has and equal deflection (O’Brien et al., 1965). According to following expression, the modulus of elasticity was calculated following equation: (7) E= F/πδ2 In order to determine damage during transport, the modulus of elasticity before the berries (which were harvested by hand) was placed on the vibration container and 30 and 60 min after than the modulus of elasticity that is subject to vibration was determined. 459 �In this study, damage is described as a difference of elasticity modulus, separation resistance, number of separated berry and resistance to cracking before and after the test. This study was carried out tree replication. MINITAB was used for statistical analysis. Vibration of the simulation container was measured using a HBM, SMM-31 type instrument which can measure vibration’s expansion, speed and acceleration at different levels. Results and Discussion Physical and chemical characteristics of grape fruits are given in Table 1. Among chemical characteristics; titration acidity content was 5.1 g/l and with 17.4 ⁰Brix soluble solids, and 83 ml/100 g fruit juice. Berry volume Berry weight Berry length Berry width Number of seeds per berry Cluster weight Number of berry per cluster Soluble solids Titration acidity Berry juice Project area Surface area Sphericity Geometric mean diameter Moisture content Natural frequency Elasticity modulus Density of berry in the container Separating resistance of berry from pedicel Berry density Resistance to cracking of berry 5476.05 11.17 ± 2.36 34.59 ± 1.81 20.61 ± 1.28 1.92 ± 0.79 682.65 ± 33.19 62.06 ± 4.70 17.4 5.1 83 763.3 1594.19 0.708 24.49 82.48 109.322 1347 3072.196 3.846±0.095 2.137 31.743±0.479 mm3 g mm mm number g number ⁰Brix g/l ml / 100 g mm2 mm2 mm % Hz kPa N/m3 N g/cm3 N Table 1. Some characteristics of berry and cluster Average berry moisture content was 82.48% (w.b.), berry length was 34.59 mm, berry width was 20.61 mm, berry weight was 11.79 g, berry volume was 5476.05 mm3, and berry sphericity was 0.708, the geometric mean diameter was 24.49 mm, the project area 763.3 mm2 and the surface area is 1594.19 mm2 found ( by using the method of Moser, 1984). It’s found that there was a decrease in the separate resistance of the grape in the beginning. First related to 30 min vibration period it was 44.40% and there was a decrease of 61.21% in the vibration period of 60 min. This decrease is found significant (p<0.01) from statistical respect and the lowest separate resistance was found at 60 min. period with 1.73 N average (Table 2). The increase in the period vibration lowered the separate resistance. Moser (1984) reports similar results. Containers position Top Middle Bottom Average (LSD: 0.58) Beginning (N) 4.33 4.46 4.60 4.46 a 30 min (N) 2.26 2.60 2.60 2.48 b 60 min (N) 1.33 1.61 2.24 1.73 c Table 2. Separating resistance of berry from pedicel Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 1% level of significance 460 �The container position and the vibration period is found statistically significant (p<0.01) on the number of separated berry (Table 3). The number of the separated berry was determined 82.83 at average in the top container and it decreased with 31.6% in the middle container. The number again reduced with 61.17% in the bottom container. These numbers were found at 30-60 min. vibration period. This results from the effect of high acceleration in the top container. Turczyn et al., (1986) found similar conclusions. The number of the separated berry had an increase of 265.2% in 30 min. vibration period to the period of 60 min. Containers position Top Middle Bottom Average 30 min (Number) 51.00 24.33 18.66 31.33 a 60 min (Number) 114.66 89.00 45.66 83.10 b Average (LSD: 4.70) 82.83 a 56.66 b 32.16 c Table 3. Number of separated berry Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 1% level of significance The numbers of the cracking resistance of the berry related to the position of the container and the vibration period is given in Table 4. The effect of the containers position and vibration period on the cracking resistance was found statistically significant (p<0.01). While the highest cracking resistance number was found in the bottom container with 28.81 N, the numbers were 27.67 N and 28.0 N in the middle and top containers. Statistically there was no difference between the middle and top container. While the cracking resistance number was 31.59 N averages in the beginning, the numbers were 26.01 N and 26.87 N at 30-60 min vibration periods. There has been no difference between the two vibrations periods found at statistical respect. Containers position Top Middle Bottom Average (LSD: 0.94) Beginning (N) 31.74 31.59 31.47 31.59 a 30 min (N) 24.79 24.72 28.53 26.01 b 60 min (N) 27.48 26.70 26.43 26.87 b Average (LSD=0.94) 28.00 b 27.67 b 28.81 a Table 4. Resistance to cracking of berry Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 1% level of significance. Although the effect of elasticity modulus on the container position was not significant, the vibration period’s effect was found significant (p<0.01). While the elasticity modulus was 1423 kPa in the beginning the number was 1203,7 kPa and 1076,7 kPa at 30-60 min vibration period, but there has no statistical difference observed between the two vibration periods (Table 5). (O’Brien et al., 1965; Fridley et al., 1968; Zohadie, 1982) These investigators found similar results. Box acceleration at top, middle and bottom were 1.90 ms-2, 0.90 ms-2 and 0.7 ms-2 respectively. Natural frequency of berry was calculated as on 109.332 Hz. This frequency was obtained in box height of 1.42 m. Aydin (1993) reported that natural frequency for the peach is varied between 7-110 Hz according to the box height. Containers position Top Middle Beginning (kPa) 1464 1381 30 min (kPa) 1228 1140 60 min (kPa) 1098 1020 Bottom Average ( LSD: 153.7) 1424 1423 a 1245 1203.7 b 1112 1076.7 b Table 5. Elasticity modulus Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the %1 level of significance 461 �Conclusions 1. Berry separating resistance from pedicel, number of separated berry, and berry resistance to cracking, and elasticity modulus were affected significantly by the vibration time. The affection was less at the 30 min vibration than 60 min vibration. The number of separated berry and resistance of the cracking of berry are affected significantly by the position of the container. 2. The separate resistance which is 4.46 N in the beginning becomes 2.48 N in the periods of 30 min and 1.73 N averages in the periods of 60 min. 3. The number of separated berry is 31.33 in the period of 30 min average and increased to 83.10 in the period of 60 min. While this is 82.83 in the top box the number is 32.16 in the bottom box. 4. Resistance to cracking is determined 28.81 N in the bottom box as the highest number. The resistance of cracking is 31.59 N in the beginning, and changes to 26.01 N and 26.87 N in the period of 30 and 60 min vibration time respectively. 5. While the elasticity modulus is 1423 kPa in the beginning these are 1203.7 kPa and 1076.7 kPa in 30 min and 60 min periods respectively. 6. Natural frequency of berry was calculated as on 109.332 Hz. This frequency was obtained in box height of 1.42 m. 7. Table grape variety Bardas (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Karaman Turkey have been found resistance to transportation. References Anonymous. (1997). Descriptors for Grapevine (Vitis spp.). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. 62p. Aydın, C. (1993). Bazı biyolojik malzemede titreşim etkilerinin belirlenmesi. [Determination of the vibration effects on some biological materials.] PhD Thesis, Department of Agricultural Mechanisation, Graduate School of Natural Applied Sciences, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey. Bollen, A.F., Wead, I. & Dela Rue, B.T. (1994). Compression forces and damage in the postharvest handling system, Harvest and postharvest technologies for fresh fruits and vegetables, Guanajuato, Mexico, February 20-24, 1995. Burton, C.L., Brown, G.K., Schulte Pason, N.L. & Timm, E.J. (1989). Apple bruising related to picking and hauling impacts. Paper no: 89-6049, ASAE/CSAE; Summer Meeting, Quebec, Canada. Campbell, D.T., Prussia, S.E. & Shewfelt, R.L. (1986). Evaluating postharvest injury to fresh market tomatoes. J. Food distribution research, September: 16-25. Demir, F. & Özcan, M. (2001). Chemical and technological properties of rose Rosa canina L. fruits grown wild in Turkey. Journal of Food Engineering, 47; 333–336. Dokuzoğuz, M. (1997). The development of garden products storage and marketing at garden products, Yalova, p, 1-7. Hinsch, R.T., Slaughter, D.C., Craig, W.L. & Thompson, J.F. (1993). Vibration of fresh fruit and vegetables during refrigerated truck transportation. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 364; 1039-1042. Kara, Z. (1992). Determination of the ampelographic characters of grape varieties in Tokat, Vitis Viticulture and Enology 312: 47. Kaynaş, K., Sürmeli, N. & Türkeş, N. (1989). Natural and simulated transportation on H2274 tomato; effect of static load, refrigeration and falling on quality of fruit in Turkish Gıda sanayi, Turkey, 14; 27-34. Maindonald, J.H. & Finch, G.R. (1986). Apple damage from transport in wooden bins. N.Z.J. Technology, 2; 171-177. McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C. & Harriot, P. (1986). Unit operations of chemical engineering. New York:McGraw-Hill. McGregor, M.B. (1989). Tropical products transport handbook US Dept. of Agr. Off. of Transp., Agr. Handbook no: 668, 148 pp. Minitab, C. (1991). Minitab reference manual Release 7.1 Minitab Inc., State Coll., PA 16801, USA. Mohsenin, N.N. (1986). Physical properties of plants and animal materials. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. New York. pp 5-8; 616-647. 462 �Moser, E. (1984). Verfahrenstechnik Intensivkulturen. Bd.4 Verlag Paul Parey- Hamburg-Berlin. Nelson, K.E. (1985). Harvesting and handling California table grapes for market, Agricultural Experiment Station University of California Division of agriculture and Natural Resources Bulletin 1913, pp 55. O’Brien, N., Gentry, J.R. & Gibson, R. (1965). Vibrating Characteristic of fruit as releated toyn- transitynijury, Transaction of the ASAE, 241-243. Öğüt, H., Aydın, C. & Peker, A. (1999). Simulated transit studies on peaches: Effects of container cushion materials and vibration on elasticity modulus, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America 303; 59-62. Olorunda, A.O. & Tung, MA. (1985). Simulated transit studies on tomatoes; effect of compressive load, container, vibration, vibration and maturity on mechanical damage, Journal of food technology, 206; 669-678. Pang, D.W., Bollen, F., McDougall, A. & Rue, B.D. (1995). Simulation of Bulk Apple handling to determine bruising levels, Harvest and postharvest technologies for fresh fruits and vegetables, Proceedings of the International Conference Guanajuto, Mexico 20-24 February 1995, p:152-159. Sahay, K.M. & Singh, K.K. (1994). Unit operations in agricultural processing. New Delhi: Vikas. Sreenarayanan, V.V., Subramanian, V. & Visvanathan, R. (1985). Physical and thermal properties of soyabean. Proceedings of the Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers, 3; 161-169. Trooien, T.P. & Heermann, D.F. (1992). Measurement and simulation of potato leaf area using image processing I, II, III. Transactions of the ASAE, 35(5): 1709-1722. Turczyn, M.T., Grant, S.W., Ashby, B. & Wheaton, F.W. (1986). Potato shatter bruising during laboratory handling and transport simulation. Transactions of the ASAE. 29(4): 1171-1175. USDA. (1970). Official grain standards of the United States. US Department of Agricultural Consumer and Marketing Service Grain Division, Revised. Widney, B.D. (1996). Choosing and using farm machines. Land Technology Ltd, p. 412, Scotland, UK. Zohadie, B. (1982). Elasticity of Malaysian papaya as a design criterion for prevention of damage during transportation, Fac. of Agric. Engineering, Univ. Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selanger, 52;178-183. 463 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 546 Title A name given to the resource Table Grapes Transport Simulation Study by Bardas (Vitis vinifera L.) Cultivar Grown in Karaman Turkey Author Author DEMİR, Fikret KARA, Zeki CARMAN, Kazım Abstract A summary of the resource. Table grapes is a second industry in viticulture in Turkey and have been grown in primarily Mediterranean region a popular fruit for local consumption and export to many European and Asian countries as a fresh dessert and for this reason this product has to be transport so long distances for marketing. This simulated export transit experiment with Bardas (Vitis vinifera L.) local table grape cultivar grown in Karaman province was conducted in lab condition Selcuk University Faculty of Agriculture. To produce main knowledge, and to improve the application of resources used to produce, pack, transport, and merchandise Turkish table grapes by increasing efficiency, controlling cost and managing risk throughout the supply chain. In order to develop optimized methods of reducing table grape damage transport stimulatory as vibration stimulator have been used to measure the shocks and vibrations in market bins during 30 min and 60 min transport stimulation. During road transport simulation at 25°C in wooden boxes damages of clusters and berries were measured by laboratory trials to stimulate the events in a controlled and repeatable manner. 3 bins full of fruits were placed onto a vibration table, and during the stimulation three-load profile sensor were placed inside each of bins. While the number of separated berry was determined as a 31.33 in 30 min, the number was 83.10 in vibration period of 60 min. Starting with the beginning the numbers separate resistance of berry, resistance to cracking of berry and elasticity modulus is continuously lowering in 30-60 min vibration periods. The berry separate resistance from cluster were changing between 4.46 N to 1.73 N, and berry cracking resistance were measured between 31.59 N to 26.01 N, and berry elasticity modulus were obtained as between 1423 kPa to 1076.7 kPa. Natural frequency of berry was calculated as on 109.332 Hz that was obtained in of 1.42 m box height. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3357 Title A name given to the resource TABOOS AND STIGMATIZATION AND THEIR MANIFESTATIONS IN LANGUAGE AND SLANG Author Author Sokolija, Alma Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper deals with two separate but related subjects: linguistic taboos and linguistic stigmatization illustrated through French and Bosnian languages and slangs (Paris versus Sarajevo). Through these two universal categories, we will try to illustrate their linguistic issues in substandard language where they are well visible. Since the slang is a linguistic form which deals with social taboos and stigmatized categories of people, these topics are present and explicit in its forms while they are normally hidden in standard language forms. The theoretical frame for our stigmatization analysis is especially Erving Goffman’s book Stigma, while our taboo analysis comes out partially from our PhD thesis work on the comparison of French and Bosnian slangs, published in France. Since Bosnia and Herzegovina is a multicultural country, taboo and stigmatization sometimes appear in the very complex patterns but these categories are nevertheless present even in French language and society in the very similar way. The subject itself deals also with cultural identity. The sacred and neuralgic topics are very similar in these societies which are visible by used linguistic stereotypes in many expressions. Nevertheless, while in French the religious taboo is a little bit more visible, religious taboos but also the taboo of family relationships are more present in Bosnian culture, where the place of mother as a central figure of the family stays as the sacred one. We will try to prove these claims by examples from substandard language where especially vulgarisms show this aspect of universal linguistic expressions. In this paper we shall try to prove in which way our language reflects our unconscious part and in which way it reflects and betrays our most hidden impulses. We shell also try to enrich the paper with some examples/equivalents from the English slang and this might be interesting from the perspective of the contrastive analysis approach. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 982 Title A name given to the resource Taking the Bull by the Horns: A Cognitive Linguistic Approach to Teaching Idioms Author Author Berberovic, Sanja Hundley, Lisa Abstract A summary of the resource. During the course of their English language studies, many students are asked to learn various kinds of idiomatic expressions in English, ranging from phrasal verbs to idioms. While learners may be able to memorize the standard meanings of such phrases, they frequently lack the contextual knowledge in order to use them appropriately. This presentation will describe a series of classroom activities conducted with 20 first-year English language students at the University of Tuzla in Bosnia & Herzegovina. The activities are designed based on cognitive theory of metaphor and metonymy (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Kövecses 2002, Radden & Kövecses 1999) and are intended to bridge the gap between learners’ understanding of meaning and usage of idioms. Specifically, these activities will encourage learners to hone their fluency via appropriate use of idioms while also suggesting ways for instructors to devise assessment mechanisms for appropriate use of these phenomena. The benefits of linking cognitive linguistic theory to meaning-focused classroom approaches and materials design will also be discussed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/229404817a36f0faf9158abfa656c7dd.docx 0f6a552996cd049cea94a4dad5eda72e https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/de30d4f44b13219895fbd0ceaf274713.pdf d3060f3ce0c0e4a0bc44df2ad6b50ed7 PDF Text Text Autor: Prof. dr. Adnan Duraković, vanredni profesor Institucija: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Zenici E-mail: adnan.durakovic@prf.unze.ba TAKTIČKI PRISTUP KONTROLI POBUNA I NEREDA U URBANIM SREDINAMA Sažetak Policija se osim povećane skale upotrebe vatrenog oružja, sile i otpora u rutinskim policijskim aktivnostima u djelovanju sa bandama, drogom, nasiljem, neredima i vandalizmom susreće i povremeno sa terorizmom, urbanom gerilom i oružanom pobunom. Političke protivrječnosti nekada podsticane i od stranog faktora dovode do erupcije ponašanja na ulici do nivoa ekstremnog nasilja koje zahtjeva primjenu adekvatne taktike u urbanim sredinama. Obezbjeđenje analitičke podrške događajima najčešće ima simptome sistematske patologije jer se zasniva na klasičnim načinima prikupljanja i obrade podataka podataka koji se temelje na analizi organizacijskih tvorevina i metodama sistemskog inžinjeringa. Ključne riječi: urbani neredi, pobune, taktika, policija �1. Uvod Revolucija je narodna igra s pjevanjem i pucanjem.i Savremeno gledište na suverenost država ne vidi više problem suverenosti u aspektu prava države u odnosu na druge države, zabranu agresije i interferencije u unutrašnju politiku tih država, jer se te stvari smatraju pravno definisane, odnosno teorijski su raščišćene u domenu klasičnih koncepcija međunarodnog prava, mira i rata. U zadnjih dvadeset godina fokus znanstvenika i praktičara je na pitanjima međunarodnog terorizma, asimetričnih prijetnji, pitanje razvoja i proliferacije oružja za masovno uništavanje, a naročito od strane nedržavnog faktora koji prijeti suverenosti država. Unutrašnji sukobi i građanski ratovi u nerazvijenim zemljama ili zemljama u razvoju (zemlje trećeg svijeta) otvaraju humanitarne dileme i pitanja vojnih intervencija od strane zemalja prvog i drugog svijeta (Amerika i Evropa) koja imaju svoje viđenje ekonomskih i socijalnih odnosa, a u čijim temeljima se nalaze kako oni vole reći potreba zaštite ljudskih prava od strane država, sa posebnim naglaskom na prava manjina. Spremnost države da poštuje zahtjevane standarde ljudskih prava utiče na kontekst viđenja prava na humanitarnu odnosno vojnu intervenciju zemalja prvog i drugog svijeta radi zaštite istih, naročito kada su određene populacije ekstremno povrijeđene ili ugrožene. To je dovelo do toga da su te zemlje danas operativno spremne da realizuju vojne, humanitarne i razvojne politike kako bi postigle svoje strateške ciljeve u tim zemljama. Međutim, te intervencije u većini slučajeva nisu u posljednjih dvadeset godina proizvele stabilnost i zamjenu diktatura sa demokratskim režimima nego su generirale slom tih država. Njih je pratio nastanak brojnih asimetričnih prijetnji, a koje djeluju samo naizgled po logici ranih anarhističkih pokreta i koji imaju težnju da razarajuće efekte vojnih humanitarnih intervencija na svom tlu vrate u one zemlje iz kojih su te intervencije i začete. Posljedično na zapadu pored već ustaljenih javnih nereda i demonstracija kao posljedica loših ekonomskih i socijalnih politika imamo i importovan terorizam u vidu asimetričnog ratovanja. Evidentno je kako su zapadne armije usavršavale ratovanje putem robotskih dronova, novih oružja, putem specijalnih i psiholoških operacija, operacija koje se daju označiti i kao „false flag“, ipak je došlo pod tim pritiskom i do evidentne promjene u taktikama koje primjenjuju razne asimetrične prijetnje. Policije svijeta se osim povećane skale upotrebe vatrenog oružja, sile i otpora u rutinskim policijskim aktivnostima, zatim u djelovanju sa bandama, drogom, nasiljem, neredima i vandalizmom susreće i povremeno sa terorizmom, urbanom gerilom i oružanom pobunom. Političke protivrječnosti nekada podsticane i od stranog faktora dovode do erupcije ponašanja na ulici do nivoa ekstremnog nasilja koje zahtjeva primjenu adekvatne taktike u urbanim sredinama. 2. Glavni dio 2.1 Trendovi Neko nam je stavio drogu u heroin!ii Trendovi dešavanja u oblasti kriminala, uličnog nasilja, demostracija, ali i dramatičnih promjena koje će pratiti narastanje populacije, oskudnosti sirovina i mogućnosti zadovoljavanja svakovrsnih potreba stanovništva, socijalne i druge protivrječnosti ukazuju da će konfrontacija sa pojedincima, grupama i i ii Aforizam Aforizam sa interneta �masama u budućnosti biti ozbiljan problem i izazov za vlade i policijske snage države. Civilna infrastruktura i njena uzajamna međuovisnost je veoma ranjiva, a time i društvena infrastruktura koja se na nju naslanja u slučaju njenog pada. Prisustvo medija koji u realnom vremenu prenose dešavanja u svijetu stvaraju ili dodatni pritisak i mogućnost zloupotreba ili mogu biti nekad i jedina komunikacija slabije strane koja traži političku podršku u zemlji ili van nje. Stoga operacije sa pojedincima, teroristima, ili pak konfrontacija sa masama zahtjevaju planiranje, organiziranje, djelovanje i kontrolu na najvišem stručnom nivou. - State Department Sjedinjenih Država daje tipologiju taktičkih djelovanja terorista: Bombaški napadi Kidnapiranja Kidnapiranja vozila i aviona Atentati Oružani napadi Fizičko povrjeđivanje Požari Vidimo da su određenom historijskom periodu dominantne razne taktike npr. otmice aviona, zatim situacije kao što su talačke krize kao u Minhenu, talačka kriza u Iranskoj ambasadi, ili otmica u školi u Beslanu, zatim slijedi talas brojnih bombaških napada, sa sve češćim samoubilačkim napadima, da bi u posljednjih nekoliko godina dominirali prepadi i aktivni incidenti sa upotrebom pješačkog naoružanja i eksplozivnih naprava po taktici slični vojnim prepadima. Jasno, incidenti variraju po veličini, po broju involviranih učesnika, a time i po smrtnosti. Bombaški napadi mogu biti kao oni na Baliju, u Madridu, Londonu gdje je to moguće i izvodivo. Osnovni cilj je slično i kao i u ratu nanijeti što veće „gubitke neprijatelju u živoj sili“ i razoriti mu moral. Napadi transformaciju doživljavaju i na taj način što se sada simultano odvijaju napadi taktički na isti ili različit način na više lokacija. Mumbaji, Pariz i neki drugi gradovi u zemljama trećeg svijeta pamte tu taktiku. Taktika aktivnih incidenata sa pucanjem na unaprijed individualno nedefinisana lica nije nova i ona je postojala kao neka periodična rutina naročito u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, ali je sve brojnije izvještavanje o incidentima u školama, na radnim mjestima i u Evropi. Ovi incidenti se po taktici i po nekim drugim odrednicama ne razlikuju puno od prepada koje vatrenim oružjem izvode osobe koje imaju političke motive. Iste prepreke u prevenciji su pred policijom, i slične taktike i problemi stoje pred agencijama za sprovedbu zakona u rješavanju ovakvih incidenata. Incident sa aktivnim pucanjem je takav incident koji zahtjeva direktan angažman policajca, sa ciljem da napadaču odvuče vrijeme i pažnju od ubijanja ili ozlijede drugih civila. Ovaj individualni pristup nije moguć u situacijama sa sličnim terorističkim aktima. U terorističkim aktima moguće je da vatru otvara više počinilaca koji su trenirani i opremljeni da načine maksimalnu štetu za civilnu populaciju. Posljedice incidenata sa aktivnim pucanjem su traumatične za pojedince koji su ih prežvjeli, za porodice ubijenih i ranjenih, a lokalne zajednice i čitave države nose ožiljke od toga. Posljedično biva poljuljana individualna, javna i nacionalna sigurnost. Slični incidenti se dešavaju i u gradovima Bosne i Hercegovine s tom razlikom da su oni rezultat sukoba individualno određenih lica na javnom mjestu, a ranjavanje i stradavanje trećih lica je posljedica nehata ili eventualnog umišljaja, a nikako cilj sam po sebi. U Evropi su ovakvi incidenti u medijskom fokusu nakon Brejvika, ili Pariza, dok su Amerikanci davne 1999. godine, nakon pucnjave u srednjoj školi Kolumbina u kojoj je ubijeno 12, a ranjene 24 osobe, počeli da razmišljaju o načinima prevencije, ali i o novim taktičkim rješenjima problema sa aktivnim pucanjem. U daljnjem tekstu ćemo pokazati sličnosti i razlike između ovih napada, ali već sada možemo izvući dvije ključne značajke. Individualni napadi su osveta za percipiranu ličnu nepravdu, dok političko �nasilje iako ima iste motive želi da da još jednu ključnu poruku vlastima i javnosti, a to je predstava o nedodirljivosti i nepovredljivosti onoga ko izvodi takav napad. U individualnim napadima sredina u kojoj su se desili ti događaji nije bila pripremljena niti je očekivala da se takvo nešto može desiti. Masakri pucnjavom u školama od strane učenika ili pucnjava od strane frustriranih pojedinaca prema onim pojedincima i grupama za koje smatraju da su krivi za njihovu situaciju čini da je policiji veoma teško to predvidjeti bez sistemskog pristupa problemu, izvorištu nasilja, ranim znacima upozoravanja kao i pristupu samom incidentu. Pojedinci koji krenu u sijanje smrti pucanjem na veći broj pojedinaca na mjestima gdje se okuplja veliki broj ljudi nisu kriminalci niti su obrađivani od policije. Oni su osvetnici. Tim prije policiji je teže da predvidi događaj i da se fokusira na njega. Očigledno i politički osvetnici i radikali koriste osobe sličnih profila što opet čini da je nemoguće predvidjeti i spriječiti takav napad. Kakav je odgovor policije? Spor, konfuzan, nepripremljen jer u suštini traži dosta vremena. A vijeme, mjereno sekundama znači da svakih par sekundi ili minuta raste broj ubijenih za jednu ili više osoba ili broj povrijeđenih. Statistika je determinisana količinom vatre u jedinici vremena, a to vrstom oružja, brojem napadača, činjenicom da li je upotrebljeno kakvo eksplozivno sredstvo kao i broja ljudi koji su meta napada i njihovog prostornog rasporeda, uključujući i mogućnost bjekstva i disperzije. Patrolni policajci koji dođu na lice mjesta su nepripremljeni, neosposobljeni za taktičku igru i čišćenje objekta, bez balističkih prsluka i često u neravnopravnom odnosu jer su pištolji za samoodbranu inferiorni u odnosu na automatsko oružje što se vidjelo nakon snimaka prvog napada u Parizu. Takvi napadi i slične situacije širom svijeta se shvataju kao neke kvazi talačke situacije koje tražu da patrolna policija po dojavi o incidentu okruži zonu incidenta, čeka dolazak specijalnih timova i iščekuje neku vrstu pregovora. U međuvremenu se bez ometanja dešava pucnjava i ubijanje. Aktivni pucački incidenti su okarakterisani na sljedeći način: - Osnovna odrednica je da se u lokalnoj zajednici gdje su se takve stvari odigrale stanovnici i policija jednoznačno mislili da se takvo nešto nikada tu ne bi moglo dogoditi; - Takvi događaji se teško mogu predvidjeti jer su spontani, ali ne znači da nema određenog stepena planiranja; - U ponašanju počinilaca je prije incidenta bilo određenih znakova koji su ignorisani; - Počinioci su kao takvi nepredvidljivi; - Puni su mržnje i žele osvetu; - Incident se dešava na mjestima gdje je mnoštvo lako dostupnih i vulnerabilnih meta; - Taktički odgovor patrolne policije koja prva stiže na lice mjesta je neadekvatan, a odgovor specijalnih snaga stiže sa zakašnjenjem. Tradicionalni pristup ovim incidentima uključuje odgovor policije koja po dobroj standardnoj proceduri okružuje prostor, ograničava pristup, zatim uključuje i ubacuje u objekat specijalne snage koje su opremljene i obučene za ove situacije jer one daju policiji veće šanse da u njihovim redovima neće biti poginulih. U novom pristupu koji je standardizovan u operativne procedure, a nakon što su se izvukle bolne pouke, fokus je na vremenu za otpočinjanje konfrontacije i na počiniocu. U novom pristupu cilj je fizički ograničiti počinioca kako bi mu se onemogućilo ubijanje u okviru brzog policijskog odgovora koji se provodi od dolaska već prvog policajca na lice mjesta. Pristup se temelji na konfrontaciji odnosno na borbi od strane momentalno pristiglih patrolnih policajaca i počinioca ili sa više njih. �2.2. Izašli bi mi iz krize ali nemamo gdje da odemo iii..... U 80% slučajeva incidenata pucnjava se desi na jednoj fiksnoj lokaciji kao što je kancelarija, škola i sl. dok je u 20% slučajeva počinilac mobilan. Načini okončanja incidenata sa aktivnom pucnjavom su sljedeći: napadač može biti smrtno pogođen, napadač je savladan od policije ili građana, napadač je pobjegao sa mjesta pucnjave ili da je incident okončan na drugi način kao što je samoubistvo. Vremenski gledano incident se okončava vrlo brzo i po fazama. Prvo se dešava pucnjava kao u lovu na patke, počinilac proganja i pogađa sve što mu je dostupno, da bi se nakon toga u fazi klimaksa događaja najčešće to okončalo samoubistvom počinioca. U oko polovine incidenata se pucnjava i sudbina napadača riješi prije dolaska policije i najčešće samoubistvom, dok vrlo mali broj počinilaca uspije pobjeći. U drugoj polovini broja incidenata policija mora riješiti slučaj ulaskom u objekat sa konfrontacijom prema počiniocu, uključujući upotrebu adekvatne taktike. Oko jedne trećine takvih slučajeva završi ubistvom ili teškim ranjavanjem policajca koji solo interveniše. Od oružja koje koristi počinilac u 2/3 slučajeva dominira pištolj, u 1/3 slučajeva je puška u pitanju, a u nekim od ovih slučajeva oko 40 % slučajeva počinilac ima uz sebe više vrsta naoružanja. Samo u nekoliko postotaka slučajeva se upotrebljava eksplozivna naprava. U medijskom izvještavanju treba ih označavati kao počinilac ili napadač, a ne po imenu kako se ne bi reklamirao način činjenja krivičnih djela i od njih stvarali heroji revolveraši. Policije imaju različite pristupe za djelovanje u ovim uslovima. U osnovi mogu biti dva tipa situacija zavisno od dinamike događaja. Statična situacija je ona u kojoj se osoba zabarikadirala i odgovor policije je u okruživanju i limitiranju efekata incidenta. Dinamična situacija je ona u kojoj se osoba kreće i poduzima određene aktivnosti kao što je pucanje u objektu ili prema ciljevima izvan objekta. Policijska taktika razlikuje situacije sa aktivnom pucnjavom od talačke situacije ili zabarikadiranja osoba unutar objekata ili drugih područja koja su zaštićena, jer osobe koje su se zabarikadirale često i nemaju namjeru da aktivno ozlijede bilo koga. Izlaz iz tih situacija je pregovaranje. Ipak, postoji mogućnost da se od aktivne pucnjave pređe i u neki drugi blaži oblik krizne situacije. U situacijama sa aktivnim pucanjem cilj je u što kraćem vremenu ubiti što veći broj ljudi i svako odugovlačenje sa aktivnim angažovanjem policije je davanje dovoljno vremena i prostora za ubijanje nevinih ljudi. Pojedine agencije kao prioritet stavljaju neutralisanje i zaustavljanje napadača, dok evakaucija i pružanje medicinske pomoći je od sekundarnog značaja. U ovim incidentima je važna i vremenska linija koja kazuje koliko je vremena prošlo od prve radnje počinioca u incidentu do neutralisanja počinioca ili do prekida incidenta. Sa vremenskom linijom javlja i se tranzicijska tačka koja je tačka u vremenu kada je počinilac prestao sa ubijanjem i od tog trenutka nastoji da pobjegne ili nastoji da se zabarikadira. Situacije zabarikadiranja mogu biti sa taocima ili bez njih, ali u svakom slučaju ako policija nema niti jednu indiciju da predstoji neposredna prijetnja za život i tijelo neke osobe tada do izražaja dolazi klasični koncept policijskog rješavanja ovakvih kriznih situacija. Uspjeh ovog koncepta ima izgleda samo ako je ranije pripremljen plan za takve situacije i u takvim objektima, jer on olakšava orijentaciju policiji. Podrazumjeva se da se osobe koje su se zatekle u objektu poznaju standardnu proceduru koja se sastoji u zaključavanju u kancelarijama, hotelskim sobama i sl. do dolaska policije, kako ne bi postali taoci, a od momenta kada je dat ”signalni kod” da se takva krizna situacija odvija u objektu. Taj signal je najčešće alarm ili poziv sa razglasa. Dok neke policije imaju pristup da dozvoljavaju prvom policajcu da se sam uključi u incident i zaustavi počinioca, neke druge radi povećanja sigurnosti prvog policajca zahtjevaju da se okupi minimalni broj policajaca koji može da formira tim koji se u incident uključuje radi borbe. Taj tim se naziva „kontakt tim“. Kontaktni tim je u punom sastavu ako ga čine 4 policajca. Moguće je da se formira i više kontaktnih timova, ali njihovo formiranje i koordinaciju vodi jedno lice koje komanduje kako ne bi došlo do uzajamnog ometanja i kako se ne bi našli jedni drugima na vatrenoj liniji. Kontaktni timovi zauzimaju taktičke formacije radi kretanja unutar objekta i čišćenja prostorija. One objezbjeđuju zaštitu sa svake strane i pregled 360 stepeni oko tima. iii Aforizam �Oni koji su uključeni u incidente sa pucanjem imaju namjeru da ubiju što više ljudi i često su u početnom trenutku bolje naoružani nego policajci, imaju detaljan plan i vrlo su bliski sa lokacijom na kojoj se odvija incident što im daje izvjesnu prednost. Koriste i eksplozivne naprave i sve vrste mogućih prepreka za kretanje policije unutar objekta. U osnovi, svaka od ovih situacija je jedinstvena i nije nemoguć pokušaj nekoga od naoružanih pojedinaca koji su i sami mete da onesposobe počinioca, ali izigravanje heroja ima svoje opasnosti. Svaki treći policajac koji je uključen u incident i sam je pogođen. Osnovni fokus kontaktnog tima je zaustaviti napadača koji puca. Izgled operativnog okruženja više odgovara i bolje se može opisati vojnom terminologijom. Tim okružuje haos, konfuzija i panika, a ranjeni su svuda okolo. U tom okruženju je vrlo teško izdavati uputstva i naređenja koja će građani biti voljni da poslušaju. Unutranji raspored u objektu je od ključne važnosti, a pogotovo je bitno da tim ima pomoć osoba koje rade u objektu kao što su zaštitari. U tom smislu policija treba zauzeti one tačke koje omogućavaju najbolji pregled prostora, a svaka komunikacija u prostoru vrši se preko sistema brojeva potencijalnih referentnih tačaka na objektu koje služe radi praćenja, analize i orijentacije u objektu ili na njemu. Kako se ne bi gubilo vrijeme ne ide se u one dijelove gdje se nasilje ne odvija nego pravo na izvor pucnjave. U toku kretanja tima koristi se svaka prilika da se osmotri, oslušne i da se na brzinu prikupe informacije o počiniocu od osoba koje se izvlače i na koje se naiđe u toku kretanja. Često se u velikim objektima zbog velike količine čelika i betona javljaju smetnje u radio uređajima, a uključuje se i alarm, ili se čuju vriskovi ljudi koji ometaju osluškivanje zvukova. Za kontaktnim timom se kreću timovi za evakuaciju koji nisu pravi timovi koji evakuišu, osim ako zona nije posve hladna, nego prave brzu trijažu povrijeđenih osoba i one koje nisu vitalno ugrožene ostaju na svojim mjestima, dok oni koji to jesu bivaju obrađeni jednostavnim tehnikama kako bi se onemogućilo brzo krvarenje i kako bi mogli isti dočekati hitnu medicinsku pomoć i evakuaciju. Timovi za evakuaciju moraju biti spremni da u svakom slučaju zbog dinamike situacije i sami postanu kontaktni timovi. Ovi timovi i sami moraju biti vidljivo označeni kao i policajci. U svakom slučaju timovi za spašavanje prikupljaju i vrijedne obavještajne informacije kojima opskrbljuju ostale policijske jedinice. Prvi pristigli policajac je ujedno i komandant incidenta čiji zadatak je da vrši prikupljanje, procjenu i diseminaciju informacija jedinicama i pojedincima kojima je to potrebno. Iako je uobičajeno da prvi najviši oficir bude i komandant incidenta nije dobro da bilo ko, bez obzira na čin, preuzme incident, a da podrobno nije načinjen brifing i da nije upoznat sa situacijom. Komandant incidenta je smješten u perimetru izvan vrele zone odnosno izvan lokacije pucnjave. Kontaktni tim se sastoji od najmanje 4 policajca od kojih je jedan vođa tima čija je funkcija da formuliše plan i da daje konkretne zadatke, drugi je pomoćnik vođe tima koji komunicira sa ostalim dijelovima policijske organizacije radio uređajem i djeluje kao kontaktna osoba zatim i kao spasilac, dok policajac koji osigurava leđa kao i policajac koji je naoružan puškom ili sačmaricom ima zadatak da osigurava zaštitu sa boka. Njihova misija je da sa svojim kretanjem obuhvate prostore kuda se počinilac kreće ili kuda bi pobjegao kako bi zaustavili nasilje. Vanjski prostor objekta je obuhvaćen perimetrom i tim koji osigurava da niko ne uđe unutar perimetra ima cilj i da spriječi da počinilac pokuša da pobjegne. Timovi za evakuaciju postepeno će ulaziti u hladne zone onako kako kontaktni timovi budu javljali da je prostor čist i evakuisaće povrijeđene. Ono što je bitno je da kontaktni timovi moraju u vozilima imati opremu za nasilan ulazak u prostore, štitove, balističke prsluke i puške sačmarice ili automatske puške. Oprema za nasilni ulazak služi da se savladaju prepreke kao što su katanci, lanci, zatvorena drvena i željezna vrata koja počinioci vežu ili zaključavaju kako bi onemogućili ulazak policije ili izlazak civila. Sačmarice mogu služiti za nasilan ulaz kroz zatvoren vrata, ali se ne preporučuje njihovo korištenje u pucnjavi nego su prikladnije puške sa olučenom cijevi zbog kontrole pogodaka u uskom području hodnika, soba i sl. Pošto su nekada napadači naoružani sa više vrsta oružja i sa velikom količinom municije, često zauzajući visinske tačke sa kojih pucaju nasumično, istovremeno onemogućujući da im policija dođe blizu kao u vojnoj taktici supresivnom vatrom, policija kao rješenje ima alternative da vatrom prisili napadača da traži zaklon kako bi mu se neprimjetno prišlo. Moguće je koristiti i oklopna vozila, a ako je noć moguće je i ugasiti rasvjetu ili koristiti dimne zavjese da bi se prišlo do bolje taktičke pozicije. Kako kontaktni timovi �napreduju tako šalju i informacije o svom progresu i daju informacije o lokaciji počinioca ili više njih, vrsti oružja koje koristi, o žrtvama, eksplozivu itd. Mogući ishod rada kontaktnog tima je da je počinilac uspio pobjeći, da je na njega otvorena smrtonosna vatra, da je savladan, da je prema njemu otvorena supresivna ili direktna vatra, ili da je počinio suicid, da je uzeo taoce, odnosno da se zabarikadirao. Supresivna vatra je ona koja se usmjerava više ili manje precizno prema lokaciji odakle neprijatelj dejstvuje kako bi ga se natjeralo da potraži zaklon. Saglasnost postoji da je to vojna taktika i da nije dozvoljena snagama policije. Direktna vatra je smrtonosna sila usmjerena na počinioca kako bi ga se neutralisalo i odgovora kriterijima nužne odbrane u krivičnom zakonu. I ova direktna vatra služi da se napravi distrakcija pažnje počiniocu kako bi obustavio paljbu i kako bi policija mogla zauzeti bolju taktičku poziciju ili da ga se spriječi da i sam dođe do bolje pozicije. Jasno, za otvaranje vatre mora da postoji razumno i pravno relevantno objašnjenje. Ono što je pravilo je da upotreba vatrenog oružja odnosno upotreba svakog ispaljenog metka podliježe sudskoj ocjeni o razumnom postupanju policajca i to je stvar procjene svakog policajca ponaosob, a ne odluke nadležnog autoriteta, jer je smisao angažovanja policajaca u ovim incidentima zaštita života koja je neodgodiva. Za razliku od pojedinačnih počinilaca koji mogu postići nevjerovatne ubilačke bilanse i za čije neutralisanje je potrebna savremeno obučena i opremljena policija, incidenti slični onima u hotelima kao što je u Maliju ili Mumbajiju, ili u prodavnici košer hrane u Parizu će testirati policijsku efikasnost na nivou cijele države kao i policijske organizacije u čijoj nadležnosti se dešava incident. Kao i kod pojedinaca počinilaca zahtjeva se poznavanje potencijalnih meta, a to je stvar prethodnog rada na strategiji prevencije i pripremama za slične moguće događaje. Koliko je to kompleksno govori činjenica da su do sada pojačano štićeni objekti kritične infrastrukture bile centrale, vojni kompleksi, vladine ustanove i sredstva masovnog prevoza kao što su aerodromi i za njih postoje protokoli i planovi sa dokumentacijom objekata za ovakve incidente. To znači da su meke mete svi oni objekti koji nemaju takav stepen zaštite kao što su hoteli, trgovački centri, škole i sl.. Međutim, nadležna tijela moraju biti upoznata i sa tim objektima kako bi mogli imati brz odgovor u kriznoj situaciji. Incidenti sa ubilačkim pohodima u hotelima su pokazali koliko su počinioci bili upoznati sa sistemom hodnika hotela i kako su vješto koristili javnosti dostupne dijelove zgrade i instalacije, ali i one koji su bili poznati samo uslužnom osoblju što im je davalo nevjerovatnu mobilnost u odnosu na policijske snage. Policija se istvremeno suočava sa višestrukim incidentima i ne može u kratkom vremenu sklopiti mozaik o pravoj prirodi događaja. Pokazalo se da počinioci vješto koriste višestruke sim kartice telefona kako onih koji su bili njihovom vlasništvu tako i uzetih od taoca što je onemogućavalo praćenje njihovih komunikacija. Pažljivim praćenjem medija od strane njihovih saradnika van objekata su bili obavještavani na vrijeme o akcijama policije čije aktivnosti prate mediji, čime su uspjevali da se suprostave istima. Iako je već na početku rečeno da individualni policajac ili tim policajaca može da djeluje ad-hoc u slučaju aktivnog incidenta sa pucanjem iz vatrenog oružja to u slučaju terorističkih napada nije moguće. Tu se traži odgovor najelitnijih snaga u najkraćem mogućem roku. 2.3. Nešto o prevenciji Optimizam je nedostatak informacija. iv Već smo rekli ranije da je ključ individualnog nasilja percipirana nepravda, bijes i osveta. Individualni ljudski kontakti su brojni, a policija može djelovati samo prema onim počiniocima koji su poduzeli neke konkretne aktivnosti nasilja ili prijetnje. Kako većinu počinilaca nije moguće kategorizirati kao kriminalce oni nisu u fokusu policijske pažnje, ali znaci mogućeg napada su poznati sredini u kojoj će se napad desiti, samo što ta sredina to ignoriše, minimizira ili negira. Kada bi osobe kojima su prijetnje upućene na vrijeme prijavile policiji događaje policija bi imala dovoljno indicija i zakonskih osnova da razgovara sa širim krugom osoba koji su upućeni u stanje, motive, mogućnosti, namjere i sredstva sa kojim iv Aforizam �raspolažu osobe koje predstavljaju prijetnju. Vrlo često između incidenta koji služi kao povod i incidenta sa ubilačkim nasiljem prođe i više godina što stvar čini još težom za prevenciju. U političkom nasilju osobe koje se koriste za ovakve prepade su kako se vidi iz novinskih natpisa bile ili poznate policiji, ali nisu prepoznati kao prijetnje ili uopšte nisu bili poznati policiji. Za prevenciju ovakvih napada je od značaja taktički nivo policijske i obavještajne aktivnosti, odnosno aktivnosti na lokalnom nivou koji je upoznat sa patrolnim rejonima, navikama i problemima ljudi u mikro sredini. I u jednoj i u drugoj vrsti incidenata dominira bijes i osveta zbog stvarne ili kao takve doživljene lične nepravde ili generalno doživljene političke nepravde i nasilja. Neophodno je da svi ljudi budu svjesni da se mnogi incidenti mogu izbjeći humanim i čovjeku prikladnim postupanjem, kao i preventivnim radom u zajednici. Fokus policije mora biti na situacije koje daju temelj za osnove sumnje da se sprema krivično djelo i tu su dva elementa: a) upućivanje prijetnje i b) mogućnost da se prijetnja realizuje. Samo ako je onaj ko upućuje prijetnju verbalno ili neverbalno, odnosno, svojim ponašanjem pokazuje interes za metu jer je prati, osmatra i testira, a zatim, ako je u stanju zbog znanja i posjedovanja resursa i oružja može da je ugrozi - ozbiljna prijetnja. Određene manjine, slojevi ili grupe mogu se osjetiti ugrožene takvim incidentima, jer određene glasine o incidentima stvaraju tenzije koje mogu i u samom izražavanju nezadovoljstva da poprime nasilne manifestacije. Naročito to dolazi do izražaja ukoliko odnos lokalne zajednice i policije je dio problema ili lokalna zajednica smatra policiju nedovoljno neutralnom ili naklonjenom jednoj strani. U takvim uslovima i najmanji događaj može pokrenuti val nasilja i nereda. Odnos će biti zakomplikovan dodatno ukoliko policijske snage nisu kulturalno bliske sa lokalnim stanovništvom, odnosno ukoliko se i kroz odnos policije i lokalne zajednice ispoljavaju etničke, kulturne, vjerske ili rasne različitosti koje daju sliku nepravde i nejednakosti. - Podrška policijskih obavještajnih aktivnosti taktičkim borbenim operacijama policije je sljedeća: podrška razumjevanju konkretne situacije sa upotrebom oružja; prikupljanje obavještajnih informacija, nadzor i prepoznavanje pojava; podrška za izgradnju strategijskog odgovora. Ovi zahjtevi su samo teorijski podijeljeni i klasifikovani, ali se u praksi oni odvijaju simultano i neodvojivi su jedan od drugog. Podrška razumjevanju situacije je potrebna prije svega u onim segmentima kada postoji asimetrija i to je kod kriminala, terorizma ili pobune. Do razumjevanja situacije dolazi se prije svega policijskim metodama i radom. Ukoliko su prijetnje više vojne prikupljanje se vrši vojnim metodama u saradnji sa policijskim agencijama. To uključuje procjenu trenutnih sposobnosti i potrebnih aktivnosti. Fokus obavještajnog policijskog rada je operativno okruženje, a ako su u operacije uključene i druge agencije i organi, odnosno, ako se podaci prikupljaju iz širih izvora to omogućuje da se ide i dalje od ovog okruženja od interesa. Proces se sastoji od redovnih aktivnosti obavještajnog i drugog osoblja kao i procjene istih što rezultuje policijskim obavještajnim proizvodom. Da bi se procjenilo koliko su policijske snage kompetentne za obavještajni proces treba analizirati sljedeće: - broj policijskih stanica u određenom području, tehnička oprema kojima raspolažu policijske snage i kompetentnost osoblja; - odnos stanovništva prema policiji i odnos policije prema lokalnoj zajednici; - stepen korupcije i profesionalnosti policijskih snaga; - prisustvo organizovanog kriminala ili organizovanih terorističkih organizacija; - kvalitet obavještajnog rada i odnosa sa pojedincima i zajednicom; - kvalitet krivičnog pravosuđa; - sposobnost policijskog sistema da sprovodi sve vrste istraga, da izvlači iskustva i organizaciono uči; - stepen poštovanja zakona i najviših etičkih vijednosti u radu policije. Neosporno je da je za većinu ovih akata odgovorna lokalna policija ili nacionalni nivo policije, ali u nekim slučajevima je potrebna koordinacija. Za neke terorističke akte potrebna je detaljna priprema i obuka �pa ćemo u tom kontekstu spomenuti i legislativu Evropske unije (EU). Na zvaničnoj web stranici eurlex.europa.eu/legal pod naslovom EU counter-terrorism policy se kaže da: - U okviru EU politike protiv terorizma koji je sadržan u Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council of 20 July 2010 – The EU Counter-Terrorism Policy: main achievements and future challenges [COM(2010) 386 final] evropska unutrašnja sigunosna strategija je formulirana na osnovama Štokholmskog programa borbe protiv terorizma, a strategija se sastoji od sljedećih mjera u prevenciji, zaštiti, potragama i odgovoru: - U prevenciji su usklađena unutrašnja zakonodavstva članica sa amandmanima iz 2008. godine naročito u korištenju interneta. European Agreement Model je unaprijeđen u potrebi dijaloga između internet provajdera i policija u spriječavanju korištenja interneta radi svrha terorizma. Evropska Komisija je na ovom planu išla i dalje u pogledu regrutacije za svrhe terorizma, pa je strategija je sastavni dio ovih aktivnosti koju prati akcioni i implementacijski plan. - U pogledu kontrole granica naglasak je na implementaciji najsavremenijih tehnoloških rješenja uključujući i biometrijske pasoše i sistem viza u Šengenu. - Potom je stavljen naglasak na zaštitu kritične infrastrukture i transporta kao i na industrijskoj sigurnosti što zahtijeva razvoj sistema certifikacije sigurnosnih rješenja. Posljedično u ovoj oblasti se moraju povesti vrlo ozbiljna istraživanja a koja bi povezala javni i privatni sektor, tehnologiju i sigurnost. - Standardizacija omogućuje provjeru validnosti rješenja i postupanja. - Iskustva iz događaja o kojima smo govorili u Evropi u posljednjim godinama doveli su do toga da se ozbiljno razmišlja i o legislativi koja bi obuhvatala metodiku istraživanja prijetnji koje su u fokusu problema kao i metodologiju procjene takvih prijetnji na nivou EU. - Prije svega, postoji mogućnost osnivanja Evropske obavještajne službe koja bi evropsku sigurnosnu politiku snabdijevala aktuelnim i pouzdanim informacijama i procjenama. - Uloga Europol-a je takođe od značaja, s tim da su u osnovi cijelog mehanizma sporazumi o koordinaciji u krizama (Crisis Coordination Arrangements - CCA) te sistem brzog obaviještavanja (European rapid alert system - ARGUS). 3. Zaključak Neosporno se može zaključiti da će u Evropi, a time i u Bosni i Hercegovini doći do redefinisanja policijske taktike u slučajevima sa aktivnim pucanjem bilo da se radi o pojedinačnim počiniocima ili organizovanim politički motivisanim počiniocima. U Sjedinjenim Državama su usvojene nove standardne operativne procedure zbog vrlo čestih događaja sa zloupotrebom oružja od strane pojedinaca kao i nove preventivne mjere na ranom uočavanju ovakvih osoba. Ono što je i dalje značajka ovih događaja je da je događaj „nepredvidljiv“ i kao takav iznenađenje i za zajednicu i za policiju koja djeluje sporo, što daje dovoljno vremena da incident dođe u fazu klimaksa sa velikim brojem ubijenih, a koji se najčešće okončava suicidom počinoca. Umjesto organizovanog djelovanja specijalnih snaga favorizuje se dobijanje na vremenu i momentalno djelovanje individualnog policajca ili ad hoc kontaktnog tima u neutralisanju počinioca. Ova taktika nije moguća u slučajevima terorističkih napada koji imaju cilj masakrirati što više osoba nego se zahtjeva odgovor na najvišem državnom nivou putem specijalnih snaga koji uključuje taktičku borbu na bliskom odstojanju. Ovo treba posmatrati u okviru dugotrajnih strategijskih procjena, priprema i uvježbavanja. U terorističkim incidentima se pokazalo da samo momentalni odgovor specijalnih snaga rezultuje smanjenjem broja ubijenih. U protivnom, statistici ubijenih civila se može samo pridodati broj ubijenih napadača, nakon što bude skršen njihov otpor u objektu. Evropsko zakonodavstvo pruža okvir za saradnju prije svega u oblasti nadzora nad granicama, u radu Europola, u području finansiranja projekata iz oblasti sigurnosti koji treba da razviju metodologiju istraživanja i djelovanja u ovoj oblasti, koji treba da da najnovija tehnološka rješenja u prevenciju i odgovoru, a sve na postojećim osnovama i u dograđivanju pravnih i drugih rješenja kroz uzajamnu saradnju. �Author: Adnan Duraković, PhD, Associate Professor Institution: Faculty of Law, University of Zenica E-mail: adnan.durakovic@prf.unze.ba TACTICAL APPROACH OF POLICE IN CONTROLLING REBELLIONS AND RIOTS IN URBAN AREAS Abstract In the routine police activities with gangs, drugs, violence, riots and vandalism, police organization is faced with increased use of firearms, force and resistance, but periodically police meets with terrorism, urban guerilla and armed rebellion marked as the most demanding tasks of all. Political contradictions and conflicts sometimes encouraged by foreign factors lead to the eruption of violence on the street to the level of extreme and that requires the application of appropriate tactics in urban areas. Providing analytical support for this events usually has symptoms of systemic pathology because it is based on the traditional ways of data collection and processing systems which are based on the analysis of organizational creation and research of system engineering methods. Keywords: urban riots, rebellion, tactics, police � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3172 Title A name given to the resource TAKTIČKI PRISTUP KONTROLI POBUNA I NEREDA U URBANIM SREDINAMA Author Author DURAKOVIĆ, Adnan Abstract A summary of the resource. Policija se osim povećane skale upotrebe vatrenog oružja, sile i otpora u rutinskim policijskim aktivnostima u djelovanju sa bandama, drogom, nasiljem, neredima i vandalizmom susreće i povremeno sa terorizmom, urbanom gerilom i oružanom pobunom. Političke protivrječnosti nekada podsticane i od stranog faktora dovode do erupcije ponašanja na ulici do nivoa ekstremnog nasilja koje zahtjeva primjenu adekvatne taktike u urbanim sredinama. Obezbjeđenje analitičke podrške događajima najčešće ima simptome sistematske patologije jer se zasniva na klasičnim načinima prikupljanja i obrade podataka podataka koji se temelje na analizi organizacijskih tvorevina i metodama sistemskog inžinjeringa. Ključne riječi: urbani neredi, pobune, taktika, policija Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-12-16 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-50-9 K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fd55fdbe0850f3abd4549cd9ca0d57d0.pdf 9f2c21bcdf13358080aafa5d58f175df Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource TanjirVise Mobile Application Author Author Minela Mustafi Abstract A summary of the resource. TanjirVise system aims to create a surplus food redistribution platform that addresses the major food waste problem that could be used for social welfare. Restaurants discard significant amounts of excess food while there are so many individuals who struggle to provide even a single meal for themselves and their families daily. TanjirVise system is designed to bridge this gap by connecting restaurants with socially disadvantaged groups with the help of volunteers. TanjirVise was developed using the .NET Core framework for the backend, React Native for the mobile client, and MS SQL server for the database. Key functionalities include user registration, authentication through login, creation of food requests, and their management and tracking. TanjirVise is deployed using Azure, precisely Azure App Service for backend deployment and Azure SQL Database for database hosting. Mailgun is integrated as an email service for email verification. It also implements JWT-based authentication and role-based authorization, guarding the system from unauthorized access and ensuring that only authorized users can access specific features. TanijrVise shows how technology can be used to connect different things for mutual benefit, and the benefit of the community. By providing a platform for connecting restaurants with surplus food and socially disadvantaged groups, it offers a solution to two problems: it helps reduce food waste and supports those in need. Keywords Keywords. food redistribution, food waste, social welfare, social impact, .NET Core, React Native Language A language of the resource English language sdp software engineering https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2b84f1a056fa0f0c19c144cc6ee454da.docx 9e43c8bcd98a1616530205012fab4d06 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f79555704f5656fc9548605c947d3a6b.pdf 03c824bb51e2d9c65e0f774370a053c8 PDF Text Text TANZİMAT ROMANLARINDA KADIN ve EĞİTİM Özlem POLAT ATAN Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, Türkçe Dersleri Koordinatörlüğü, İstanbul / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Tanzimat, Kadın, Eğitim. ÖZET Tanzimat dönemi romanlarında yazarlar, eğitim kavramını sistemli bir biçimde ele almışlar; roman kurgularını da bu sistem dâhilinde geliştirmişlerdir. Ele aldıkları konuların farklılığı, kahramanların çeşitliliği, hatta üsluplarındaki keskin ayrılıklar; romanların ortak paydalarda buluşan eğitim sistematiğini etkilememiştir. Romanların genelinde kahramanların öğretim süreci aktif bir eylem olarak detaylandırılmazken; erkeğin kadını eğitme süreci ayrıntılı olarak aktarılmıştır. Erkek kahramanlar; kadınların eğitiminin her aşamasına hâkimdirler ve onların, kendi kontrolleri dışında gerçekleşmesi muhtemel eğitim alma sürecini engellerler. Kadın kahramanların okuma yazma öğrenmeleri, dil bilmeleri, müzik aleti çalıp şarkı ve şiir bilgisine vakıf olmaları; kendilerine fayda sağlamaktan çok babalarına, eşlerine, kendilerini himaye eden erkeklere layık olmalarına; onları mutlu etmelerine yöneliktir. Bu bağlamda Tanzimat romanlarında kadın ve erkek kahramanların ilişkilerinin başlangıç, gelişme ya da bitiş aşamalarının etkin bir öğrenme/öğretme eylemi üzerinden aktarıldığı gözlenmektedir. Şemseddin Sami’nin “Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fitnat” adlı romanında, Talat ve Fitnat’ı buluşturan yegâne amaç, okuma yazma öğretme/öğrenme eylemidir. Ahmet Mithat’ın “Felatun Bey ve Rakım Efendi” romanın kahramanı Rakım, dostluk kuracağı İngiliz aileyle kızlarına ders verme gayesiyle tanışır; cariyesi Canan’la bilakis ilgilenmesinin esas nedeni ise ona gerekli tahsil ve terbiyeyi vermek isteyişindendir. Namık Kemal’in “Cezmi” adlı romanın kahramanı Cezmi, kendisine eş olması uygun görülen Ayşe’yi eğitme görevini üstlenmiştir. Samipaşazade Sezai’nin “Sergüzeşt” romanında ise ana karakter Dilber, esaret günlerinin tek mutlu anlarını okulda geçirdiğini vurgulamış, aralarındaki sınıf farkını gözetemeyip evin oğlu Celal’e umutsuzca âşık olduğunda ise yaşamını okuduğu “Pol ve Virjini” romanına uyarlayarak sonlandırmıştır. Benzer bir şekilde Nabizade Nazım’ın romana da ismini veren kahramanı Zehra; kendisini terkeden kocasından intikam alma yöntemlerini, defalarca okuduğu “Monte Kristo Kontu”ndan ilham alarak kendi yaşamına uyarlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, seçilen Tanzimat romanlarının kadın kahramanlar üzerinden toplumbilimsel yaklaşımla yapılmış içerik çözümlemeleriyle, eğitim temasının gerçek yaşamdan romana yansıyan sistematiği ortaya konulmuş; öncelikli amaçları halkı eğitmek olan Tanzimat yazarlarının kadın eğitimine bakış açıları, dönemin kadın gerçekliğine de ayna tutulmuştur. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2306 Title A name given to the resource TANZİMAT ROMANLARINDA KADIN ve EĞİTİM Author Author Özlem, POLAT ATAN Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tanzimat, Kadın, Eğitim. ÖZET Tanzimat dönemi romanlarında yazarlar, eğitim kavramını sistemli bir biçimde ele almışlar; roman kurgularını da bu sistem dâhilinde geliştirmişlerdir. Ele aldıkları konuların farklılığı, kahramanların çeşitliliği, hatta üsluplarındaki keskin ayrılıklar; romanların ortak paydalarda buluşan eğitim sistematiğini etkilememiştir. Romanların genelinde kahramanların öğretim süreci aktif bir eylem olarak detaylandırılmazken; erkeğin kadını eğitme süreci ayrıntılı olarak aktarılmıştır. Erkek kahramanlar; kadınların eğitiminin her aşamasına hâkimdirler ve onların, kendi kontrolleri dışında gerçekleşmesi muhtemel eğitim alma sürecini engellerler. Kadın kahramanların okuma yazma öğrenmeleri, dil bilmeleri, müzik aleti çalıp şarkı ve şiir bilgisine vakıf olmaları; kendilerine fayda sağlamaktan çok babalarına, eşlerine, kendilerini himaye eden erkeklere layık olmalarına; onları mutlu etmelerine yöneliktir. Bu bağlamda Tanzimat romanlarında kadın ve erkek kahramanların ilişkilerinin başlangıç, gelişme ya da bitiş aşamalarının etkin bir öğrenme/öğretme eylemi üzerinden aktarıldığı gözlenmektedir. Şemseddin Sami’nin “Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fitnat” adlı romanında, Talat ve Fitnat’ı buluşturan yegâne amaç, okuma yazma öğretme/öğrenme eylemidir. Ahmet Mithat’ın “Felatun Bey ve Rakım Efendi” romanın kahramanı Rakım, dostluk kuracağı İngiliz aileyle kızlarına ders verme gayesiyle tanışır; cariyesi Canan’la bilakis ilgilenmesinin esas nedeni ise ona gerekli tahsil ve terbiyeyi vermek isteyişindendir. Namık Kemal’in “Cezmi” adlı romanın kahramanı Cezmi, kendisine eş olması uygun görülen Ayşe’yi eğitme görevini üstlenmiştir. Samipaşazade Sezai’nin “Sergüzeşt” romanında ise ana karakter Dilber, esaret günlerinin tek mutlu anlarını okulda geçirdiğini vurgulamış, aralarındaki sınıf farkını gözetemeyip evin oğlu Celal’e umutsuzca âşık olduğunda ise yaşamını okuduğu “Pol ve Virjini” romanına uyarlayarak sonlandırmıştır. Benzer bir şekilde Nabizade Nazım’ın romana da ismini veren kahramanı Zehra; kendisini terkeden kocasından intikam alma yöntemlerini, defalarca okuduğu “Monte Kristo Kontu”ndan ilham alarak kendi yaşamına uyarlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, seçilen Tanzimat romanlarının kadın kahramanlar üzerinden toplumbilimsel yaklaşımla yapılmış içerik çözümlemeleriyle, eğitim temasının gerçek yaşamdan romana yansıyan sistematiği ortaya konulmuş; öncelikli amaçları halkı eğitmek olan Tanzimat yazarlarının kadın eğitimine bakış açıları, dönemin kadın gerçekliğine de ayna tutulmuştur. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548