256 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1f41c674151ab0828c317268a255e53d.pdf 91c23d22498e70e2871d8bf9e7e52a8c PDF Text Text REFERANCES Vavouraki A. I. Putnis C. V. Putnis A. and Koutsoukos P. G. (2008) An Atomic Force Microscopy study of the growth of calcite in the presence of sodium sulfate, Chemical Geology, 253, 243–251. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite (2012). Fernandes H.R. Tulyaganov D.U. and Ferreira J.M.F. (2009) Preparation and characterization of foams from sheet glass and fly ash using carbonates as foaming agents, Ceramics International, 35, 229–235. de Sousa E. Rambo C.R. Hotza D. Novaes de Oliveira A.P. Fey T. and Greil P. (2008) Microstructure and properties of LZSA glass-ceramic foams, Materials Science and Engineering A, 476, 89–97. Hasheminia S. Nemati A. Eftekhari Yekta B. and Alizadeh P. (2012) Preparation and characterisation of diopside-based glass–ceramic foams, Ceramic interanational, 38, 20052010. Scheffler M. and Colombo P. (2005) Cellular Ceramics: Structure, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications, wiley-vch verlag gmbh&co. , Weinheim. Bernardo E. Cedro R. Florean M. and Hreglich S. (2007) Reutilization and stabilization of wastes by the production of glass foams, Ceramics International, 33, 963–968. Liao Y.C. and Huang C. Y. (2012) Glass foam from the mixture of reservoir sediment and Na2CO3, Ceramics International, 38, 4415–4420. Sustainable Urbanization And Ecocities Çiçek Eda, Demirkiran Özlem, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkiye E-mails: edacicek@sdu.edu.tr,ozlemdemirkiran@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Nowadays, fears about leaving a liveable world to next generations are increased. While sources are decreasing rapidly, demands are increasing more swiftly. In order not to restrict next generations‘ right to live, some measures must be taken. At this point, sustainable urbanization concept came forward. Therefore the governments brought ecocities to agenda. In this study, the phenomena of urbanization, sustainability, sustainable urbanization are examined briefly. Problems caused by urbanization are detected. And the ecocity approach that implemented for the realization of sustainable urbanization is discussed. Lastly, sample ecocities from different places are dealt with. 292 �Keywords: Sustainability, Sustainable Development, Urbanization, Sustainable Urbanization, Ecocity 1.INTRODUCTION Urban settlement dates back to five thousands of years before present day. Along with the population growth and industrial revolution, migration from the countryside to the cities increased greatly and this brought out the phenomenon of rapid and unplanned urbanization. This kind of urbanization brought about conclusions such as troubles faced for the use of resources, increasing environmental pollution, global warming and extinction of some plants and species. Due to the fact that resources in nature are not limitless and their uncontrolled use leads the world to the deprivation of resources rapidly, sustainability approach which is based upon balanced use of current resources occurred. The term ‗sustainability‘ came up first at the conference on Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972.In the conference, the capacity of the environment and the rights of the future generations were emphasized and the relation of economic and social development with environment was realized. In 1987, sustainable development was identified in a report called ‗Our Common Future‘ arranged by Earth and Environmental Development Commission. According to this, sustainable development is to meet today‘s needs without restricting the abilities and possibilities of future generations oriented toward covering their needs. Sustainable development has brought with sustainable urbanization as well. Unplanned growth of cities leads to serious destruction not only on the natural environment but also on the human nature. A successful sustainable urbanization is possible on condition that both physical and social sustainability studies are accomplished in integration with each other. Cities have continually been destroying nature due to the lack of recycling technologies, unplanned settlement and desire for constructing houses to green areas, air pollution and unhealthy infrastructure. This also reveals the importance of physical sustainability. As a result of the quests and efforts oriented toward physical sustainability of cities, the idea ‗Ecocity‘ emerged. Ecocity is a city designing and application approach in which human, city and environment issues are handled in relation and interaction with each other. The word (ecocity) was first used in 1987 by Richard Register in his book ‗ Ecocity Berkeley: Building Cities For a Healthy Future‘. In Ecocity design, some principles such as reducing the effect of cities on environment, the use of renewable energy sources, the lowest level of waste production and the use of renewable energy sources have been taken into consideration. Dongtan and Tianjin in China and Masdar cities in Abu Dhabi desert are a few samples being built with Ecocity logic. In this study, sustainable urbanization phenomenon and ecocity approach put into effect for the realization of this phenomenon will be discussed. 2.CITY AND URBANIZATION CONCEPT The term ―city‖ might be identified in different ways according to the areas it has been used. In general, cities are settlements the cultural activities, management structure, intrasocial 293 �relations and population density of which differ from country sides where living sources of the population is out of agriculture and stock raising (Şentürk, 2008). Urbanization, in its narrow meaning, means the increase in the number of cities and the population who live in the cities. Yet, it is wrong to identify urbanization only with the increase of population. While urbanization in demographical sense means the migration of the population from the country sides and agricultural areas to the cities, urbanization in economic sense is the move of the population working on agriculture and stock raising, mainly industry, toward sectors out of agriculture. As for urbanization in socio-cultural sense, it means adopting of the population the norms and living standards of cities becoming cities demographically and economically as a style, living it, that is to say, to become urbanized (Ulusoy, Vural 2007). Urbanization phenomenon is a complex process in which sociological, technological, economic and political factors affect each other. Via the effect of these factors, urbanization has not been realized in the same style in every region of a country. 3.PROBLEMS CAUSED BY URBANIZATION Urbanization phenomenon, appearing as a result of the population increase and industrialization, has brought along many problems as well. In additional to socio-economic effects of urbanization such as stress, noise, rising in rental prices, it also has negative effects on environment such as air pollution, water pollution etc. We can examine the problems brought by urbanization in four sections (Ulusoy, Vural, 2007). The initial one out of these is the cost of population increase (Getting crowded). The cost of getting crowded caused by dense population in cities is on a level that can not be neglected. For instance, that millions of people change places continually in central transport lead both to loss of time due to the traffic jam and waste of fuel oil. In addition, the stress experienced causes the fall of productivity and decrease in production in conclusion. Secondly, the excessive rise in rental prices. Housing crisis caused by dense population paves the way for building site speculation right along with causing an increase in rental prices. Unjust incomes of building site speculators could not be taxed sufficiently; income distribution has been affected negatively as a result. Thirdly, the houses put up quickly without proper permissions. Owing to improper housing in cities brought by haphazard growth and deformations occurring on aesthetic appearance of the city are such samples. In the solution of problem of the houses put up quickly without proper permissions, decisive attitude of the politicians is also needed in addition to technical, administrative and financial precautions. The final one is the increase of costs. Immeasurable and excessive growth in cities and increasing costs all bring a supplementary burden both economically and financially. That is to say, while communication difficulties in local administrations exceed a certain magnitude, dense bureaucracy and the number of staff increasing as a result of political pressures drop productivity, it leads to an increase in costs gradually. In the solution of these problems caused by urbanization, several methods have been suggested. While some parts of these are called the reducing of dense population in cities and the movement for preventing expansion (development of cities), some studies suggest constructing new cities. 294 �4.SUSTAINABLE URBANIZATION In the process of moving from agriculture to industry in developing countries, sustainable urbanization phenomenon makes itself felt as well. Gradually increasing problems of outskirts, appearing of infrastructure problems as a result, increase in the rates of crimes, lack of education and health services etc. all make cities places that cannot be lived by degrees (Gürlük, 2001) Sustainability concept was identified in Bruntland Report published by United Nations Environment and Development Commission in 1987. According to this definition, sustainability means to be able to meet the needs of current generations without making a concession from the needs of future generations (Ertan, 2007). Sustainability concept has entered into scientific studies through sustainable development concept. For that reason, one should initially examine the meaning of sustainable development concept in order to identify and apply sustainable urbanization and sustainability concepts in all other fields. Sustainability in every field is directly related to this concept (Ertan, 2007). Sustainable development concept was initially adopted by Earth Protection Strategy dated 1980. Later on, it has been identified with the concept of sustainability in a report in 1987. Additionally, Rio Summit, Agenda 21 Document and World Businessmen Council have adopted sustainable development concept in their policies and applications (Ertan, 2007). Sustainability concept began to be used widely in many areas such as security, energy, city planning etc. in the years of 1990. It was put forward as an alternative way of application in the solution of problems occurring out of mutual interactions of concept, economy and environment (Ertan, 2007). One of the most significant problems of sustainability is excessively increasing population. For meeting the needs of the increasing population, the need for supplementary service in cities reveals the definition of sustainable development on its own. This concept which envisages a full integration of environmental, economic and social goals meets the needs of present generation and covers being taken notes of the demands of future generations to natural sources as well (Bursa Yerel Gündem 21 1997-99 Raporu, 1999). For the realization of sustainability, four important approaches exist: 1. Eliminating poverty and deprivation. This situation draws the attention of poor persons who have no remedy but to destroy the environment. 2. Development which does not drop environmental quality. This situation provides the continuation of the removal of poverty. 3. Widening the idea of the necessity of attempts the centre of which is human. 4. Combining economy and ecology at decisions in every stage, in other words, realization of institutional change (Richardson, 1995). Sustainability urbanization consists of harmonious and balanced growth of the city with ecological system in a way to be reflected toward future. This understanding aims at leaving cultural, historical and natural inheritance to future generations in addition to living in a humanely urban environment of societies today (Ertan, 2007). The most important problem occurring on this stage is at which rate the sustainability of cities could be realized. Because, 295 �horizontal and vertical growth of cities lead to damages both in nature and human‘s nature dependent upon the recovery of living conditionals. The presence of sustainable urbanization is possible on condition that both physical and social sustainability are integrated with each other (Şentürk, 2008). For providing the continuation of physical sustainability; one should prevent unplanned construction, save up infrastructure investments providing vertical growth of cities not horizontal, prevent building houses to green areas, change the transport system (using transport by sea or tubes instead of highway vehicles) and use recycling technologies in every field. Social problems experienced by city human must be removed through social sustainability (disappearance of contemporary relations among humans, becoming ghetto, the existence of street gangs). According to Gow Pidwirny, in order to become sustainable, a city should attempt to implement the following practices: (Gow and Pidwirny, 1996) - Reduce Urban Sprawl: To meet the necessity for housing of a constantly increasing population urban areas should grow upwards rather than outwards. In order to achieve this, development must shift from single detached homes to multi-storey houses that more than one family live. - Conserve Natural Habitats: Lots of species live in habitats like wetlands and marshes. Wetlands are important in controlling flooding and filtering out water pollutants and sediments and trees and other forms of vegetation help to purify air. - Develop Areas With Respect to Environmental Protection: When an area is developed natural features should be taken into consideration. Urban development should be continued in areas which are not vulnerable to erosion or other types of natural hazards. Cultivated areas should be protected. - Provide Ample Green Space for Urban Citizens: Growing trees in the city can improve air quality, moderate climate, stabilize soils and provide habitat for bird species, etc. Plants that grown in rooftops and window sills serve to supplement food sources, provide habitat for wildlife species, and are aesthetically pleasing. - Encourage Water and Energy Conservation: People consuming too much water and energy urban areas. In order to diminishing problems of supply and environmental degradation, the conservation of these two resources should be promoted. - Discourage the Use of Motor Vehicles: Motor vehicles, require a lot of energy, contribute to air pollution and require large amounts of land for roads and parking lots. By designing a sustainable city that is compact with most things within walking distance, reduces dependency on motor vehicles. Using fewer vehicles decrease energy consuming, reduces air pollution, and saves land. - Initiate Recycling Programs to Reduce Waste: Many different types of wastes products are produced in large quantities in cities. Recycling is possible for them. Sewage effluents, solid waste, and hazardous waste can be also be recycled for other uses. 296 �5.ECOCITY Although city areas cover only 2% of earth, they consume four third of the sources. For instance, the city of London needs 125 times more earth of its area so as to meet its own consumption. According to many environmentalists, cities are the main source of many environmental problems such as pollution and carbon dioxide oscillation. The solution is to protect the rest part of nature and to start building cities with a new understanding. According to specialists, city understanding needs a radical change. For that, environmentally friendly cities that meet its own consumption with its self production must be created (Habitat). In any way; governments, planners, architects and engineers have begun to realize this idea and have started to search new ways for environmentally friendly cities. Their approach depends on two main principles: recycling of anything possible and minimizing the use of cars. As well as developing energy-activated buildings, it has been paid attention to arrange integrated working and living areas in a way to form common environments in cities instead of increasing mass transport and dividing into settlement, trading and industrial areas. Ecocity concept has occurred as a result of efforts and quests oriented toward the sustainability of cities. It is a city designing and application approach in which human, city and environments are taken into consideration in relation and interaction with each other. The first source of the word used is the book called ―Ecocity Berkeley: Building Cities For A Healthy Future‖ by Richard Register published in 1987. Four main elements take place on the basis of Ecocity. These are; making soil, water and air alive and keeping heat under supervision (Şen, 2008). Ecocity approach is based on two main principles the basic goal of which is to protect nature and elevating the quality of life standard in developing countries; recycling anything possible and reducing the use of automobile to minimum. However, building productive buildings about the use of energy; developing designs paying attention to climate factor; widening mass transport and approaches such as making working residential areas close to each other instead of dividing the city into residential area, trading area or industrial area (Cyprus Newspaper, 2010). One of the cities aimed to be built with Ecocity logic in the world is the city of Dongtan in China. The city, just outside of Shangai, has been thought to be built on Chong-ming island which is on the bed of Yangzi river. According to the project, the ecocity is going to produce zero carbon as it is self-sufficient on the issues of energy and water. This settlement to be built on Chong-ming island had been used for agriculture beforehand and there was an important park for birds. Via the plan, transforming some parts of the agricultural areas into forest and making the whole agriculture organic has been aimed. In the city, producing energy out of agricultural wastes and wind tribunes and recycling of wastes have been planned. In the project, by giving permission only to electrical vehicles in the city centre, it has been thought that transport would be provided by buses and water taxis working with solar energy and hydrogen (Zaman, 2009). The building of wind tribunes began in 2006 but only 10 wind tribunes have been set so far, the first stage of which is thought to have been completed in the year 2010. The project could not reach at the desired target. Another ecocity planned to be built in China is Tjanjin which is going to be a product of China-Singapoure partnership. Tianjin Eco-city, which is going to shelter totally 350.000 persons under its body, stresses strongly the balance of residential towers rising among valleys, walking tracks and green areas and the features of landscape design. As for urban 297 �transport infrastructure of Tianjin is going to be solved with light railway system at a great ratio. The regions will be integrated into each other through light railway system. This, at the same time, is an application to drop carbon oscillation in the city. In addition to the use of dense landscape and green areas, in the scope of the project, many sustainable technologies, mainly an effective infrastructure system, oriented toward accumulating solar energy wind energy and rainwater. The project is still in charge (http:/www.tianjinecocity.gov.sg/index.htm, http://www.yapi.com.tr) Another environmentally friendly city is Masdar set in Abu Dhabi desert by United Arab Emirates. The building of the city to cover 7 km2 area in total for 50.000 persons began in February, 2008. The city to host both trading centers and little industrial businesses has been aimed to be completed in 2016. Through ―Masdar Initiative‖ developed with supports of American Massachusetts Technology Institute (MIT), a city with clean energy has been envisaged. Railway system is to be used instead of cars. The energy need (82% solar energy) of the city is to be met with a system recycling the food wastes (17%) by burning and wind tribunes (1%). In the city, the distance of closest local transport vehicles has been designed to be 200m at most. As for the public inhabiting the city where vehicles with petrol are forbidden to enter the city, persons are going to wander around with private vehicle or mass transport systems using clean energy (Zaman, 2009). Rapid Transport System (PRT) is going to be composed of an electrical vehicle without 2500 drivers in which four persons could travel 150.000 journeys by following the receptors extending along the railways down the pedestrian walk. The cars, the buildings and everything else is expected to be powered by solar photovoltaic panels on the rooftop of every building, solar thermal power plants (which use the sun to heat liquids that spin turbines and generate electricity) and waste-to-energy plants (CNN, 2008). Sea water refining system is going to provide some water of 5000m3 and 60% of the water to be used is going to be recycled. Trees to provide clean air and desert wind to the streets are going to be settled round the city strategically and when thrown into the litter, vacuum pipe is going to sweep it to a central area and some thrash decomposed there is to be re-gained (Zaman, 2009). 6.CONCLUSION Sudden and scary climate changes and the issue of environmental damage experienced today have become more visible and sensitive in great walks of society. In fact, limitless consumption of limited sources to create for future generations was on agenda since 1970‘s. However, large scale measures taken on the levels of government suit to closer duration of time. In this frame, the concepts ―sustainability‖, ―sustainable development‖ and ―sustainable urbanization‖ that are connected to each other for leaving a more livable world to future generations have been started to be pronounced. The application of these three concepts which cannot be envisaged different from each other will be possible on the level of urbanization with environmental new cities mentioned as ecocities. Despite the fact that it has not been completed yet, ecocity projects, still in charge, are promising applications that can partly remove the ecological problems of future generations if they succeed. 298 �BIBLIOGRAPHY ―Building the world‘s cleanest city‖, CNN, March 7, 2008, http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/05/news/international/gunther_masdar.fortune/, access time: 24.04.2012. ―Geleceğin şehirleri: Eko-kent‖, Zaman, January 8 http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=801144, access time: 24.03.2012. ―Yeni, Yeşil Kentsel Gelişim Modeli: Tianjin http://www.yapi.com.tr/Haberler/yeni-yeşil-kentsel-gelisim-modeli-tianjin-ekokenti_85805.html?Sayfa=1, access time: 24.04.2012. 2009, Eko-Kenti‖ Bursa Yerel Gündem 21 1997-99 Raporu. (1999) Bursa. Ertan, K.A. (2007) ―Sürdürülebilir Kent‖, Kent ve Politika Antik Kentten Dünya Kentine, Editör: Ayşegül Mengi, İmge Kitapevi, Eylül. Gow, T. and Pidwirny, M. (1996) Land Use and Enviromental Change in the ThompsonOkanagan: Urbanization, http://www.livinglandscapes.bc.ca/thomp-ok/envchanges/land/ch4.html#4.4, access time: 19.04.2012. Gürlük, S. (2001) ― Sürdürülebilir Kentleşme Olgusu Ve Cumalıkızık Örneği‖ Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 19, Sayı: 1-2, Bahar-Yaz Dönemi Nisan, http://homepage.uludag.edu.tr/serkan/sustainable.pdf. http://www.habitat.org.tr/ekokent.html, access time: 20.03.2012. ―Sürdürülebilir Yaşam Örneği: Ekokent‖, October 4, http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/print.php?news=103202, erişim tarihi: 20.03.2012. 2010, http://www.tianjinecocity.gov.sg/index.htm, access time: 24.04.2012. Richardson, M. (1995) Güneydoğu Anadolu‘nun Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Potansiyeli, Tes-Ar Yayınları, No: 15, Ankara. Şen, M. (2008) ―Sürdürülebilir Kentleşmenin Odağı: Ekokentler‖, Yerel Üzerine Aykırı Yazılar, Okutan Yayınları, Haziran. Şentürk, H. (2008), ―Sürdürülebilir Kentleşme‖, Merkezden Yerde Siyaset. Okutan Yayıncılık, Ocak. Ulusoy, A. and Vural, T. (2007) ―Kentleşmenin Sosyo Ekonomik Etkileri‖, Yerel Siyaset Dergisi, Haziran. 299 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1259 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Urbanization And Ecocities Author Author Çiçek , Eda Abstract A summary of the resource. Nowadays, fears about leaving a liveable world to next generations are increased. While sources are decreasing rapidly, demands are increasing more swiftly. In order not to restrict next generations‘ right to live, some measures must be taken. At this point, sustainable urbanization concept came forward. Therefore the governments brought ecocities to agenda. In this study, the phenomena of urbanization, sustainability, sustainable urbanization are examined briefly. Problems caused by urbanization are detected. And the ecocity approach that implemented for the realization of sustainable urbanization is discussed. Lastly, sample ecocities from different places are dealt with. Keywords: Sustainability, Sustainable Development, Urbanization, Sustainable Urbanization, Ecocity Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ce4f359714745466bdb8f24843abf64f.pdf c6f8594d8785b132eaceedbe01a53a91 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Örücü, E., Türk, Z. & Süngü, A. (2003). Kit’lerde Performans Değerleme Çalışmalarına Astların Destek ve Güveni: Muğla–Yatağan Termik Santrali Örneği. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 10(2): 51–62. Özgüven, B.M. (1989). Toplum Bilimlerine Giriş, Ata Ofset Matbaacılık, Ankara. Özgüven, I.E. (2003). Endüstri Psikolojisi, Sistem Ofset, Ankara. Randolph, W.A. & Posner, B.Z. (1981). Explaining Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity via Individual and Interpersonal Variables in Different Job Categories. Personnel Psychology, 34 (1): 89–102. Rusbult, C. E. & Farrel, D. (1983). A Longitudinal Test of the Investment Model: The Impact on Job Satisfaction, Job Commitment and Turnover of Variations in Rewards, Costs, Alternatives and investments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(3), 429–438. Stanley, D. (2006). Role Conflict: Leaders and Managers. Nursing Management, 13(5): 31– 37. Şimşek, M. Ş. & Aslan, Ş. (2007). Mesleki ve Örgütsel Bağlılığın, İşin Özellikleri, Rol Stresi, Örgüte İlişkin Davranışsal Sonuçlar, İş ve Yaşam Doyumuyla İlişkilerinin Araştırılması. 15. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Sakarya: 724–733. Sustainable women policies in local administrations Isparta practice Nesrin Şalvarci Türeli,Nedret Çağlar Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta Turkey E-mails: nesrintureli@sdu.edu.tr,nedretcaglar@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Nowadays, feminine policies have begun to set the agenda economically, socially and politically. Resolving inequality and sexual apartheid in community and sustaining it, is a fundamental principle of democracy. This principle also, constitutes one of the fundamental principles of the sustainable development. Therefore, while making feminine policies sustainable and generalizing in community, there are a lot and different things to do for different institutions, and there is a need to handle this subject integrated and cooperatively. In this study, local governments’ feminine studies and sustainability of this are worked on. For this purpose interviews have been made, studies of institutions are investigated on site 105 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo and evaluated. The place of women in Local development plans and appreciation are worked on. It is thought that the awareness on woman will rise with this study, which emphasizes that with policies and implementations which are not sustainable; actions taken will not be persistent. Keywords: Sustainable development, Local government, Development plan, Feminine policies, Women. 1.INTRODUCTION Up to now, in nearly every society, policies and structures have been shaped favouring male benefits, and male-dominated structuring has brought along gender inequalities. Corporate and cultural structures affected by the norms of patriarchal societies have forced women to a secondary status against men. Housework and motherhood roles, which have occurred as a result of the sexist labour division, have been considered as women’s natural roles in the society (Dedeoglu, 2011:63). While women were kept outside the public fields by usually being employed as nurses or teachers, which are suitable professions for their traditional roles, men have continued to be the ones who make the laws (Meena, 1992). While the social labour division has restricted women with specific fields, it has integrated men with the public fields (Caglar, 2011:62). Women have remained as small minorities concerning the parliament, cabinet, and the administrative positions in the public/private sectors (Meena, 1992). Women and men do not use the common living spaces in the same way and value. The chances they possess for benefiting from the socio-economical opportunities offered by the living environment as well as their needs and problems are not the same. Thus, (lack of) policies intended on common living spaces have a greater effect on women (Alkan, 2004a). The factors and cliché judgements that effect women’s reach/equal reach to several fields such as education, health, land management and finance do not only restrict women’s hope but also the future of nations. It is highly necessary to make legislations in order to support women in realising their potentials, defending their rights and empowering (Bachelet, 2012). “Studies which focus on preventing gender discrimination and increasing the status of women in the society are among the most seriously conducted activities of the modern societies of our day. In this sense, in many countries new regulations protecting women’s rights are passed and some malfunctions which cause inequalities between men and women in the society are worked on to eliminate them” (Tugen, Ozen, 2008:2). The right to vote and stand for election has been entitled to women, however they have been prevented from participating in the decision making processes using their traditional role as an excuse or it has not even seen necessary for women to think on these kinds of issues. Because the primary duty of a woman is being a mother and wife and it would be unfair to her if she were given more duties (!). The number and variety of the obstacles brought to women have increased day by day such as poverty, timelessness, lack of technical information, lack of self-esteem, family, neighbourhood and tribe relations and honour codes 106 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo (Bora, Isat, 2006:13). Even labour unions have maintained a patriarchal point of view while defending women’s right to work instead of considering women’s priorities first. They have defended equal wages for equal labour but kept their silence on the issue of women’s employment on equally valued positions (Urhan, 2009:85). 2. SUSTAINABLE WOMAN POLICIES The quality of life depends on the quality of the environment. The right to live is universal for every living being and it is inacceptable to think that a species is entitled with this right more than any other species is (Yıldıztekin, 2009:370). However, in nearly every society policies, decisions and actions have always emerged with a focus on men, women have always followed after men or been forced for that deliberately or not, and their rights have always been more restricted. Politics has been perceived as a tool belonging to and empowering a minority –men- in the society, and policy makers –men- have always obtained the power by using politics. Women’s struggle to show and prove themselves (entering to business life, founding organisations or becoming members of them) has been perceived as a threat, which might harm the balances in the society and has been subject to resistance (Bora, Isat, 2006:15). However, sustainable development depends on the equal distribution of the sources for today and tomorrow. This can never be managed without gender equality. Gender equality is not only a key issue for sustainable development, but also an objective on its own for social development and environmental sustainability (Informal Document, 2011:7;Flannery, 2011). If the main objective of sustainability is thinking of future, assuring the benefits of future generations, and meeting their current needs without limiting their skills and opportunities; women should also be included in the process of sustainable development (Ozyol). Sustainable development cannot be maintained without the equal distribution of the sources both today and tomorrow. While meeting the needs of people, these policies should definitely avoid risking the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Informal Document, 2011:20). In order to ensure woman participation to the development process, patriarchal ideologies should change. Giving women no chance of involvement in the economical sustainable development plans shall make a sustainable development impossible. Sustainable development is only possible with proper planning and management of quality human resources (Meena, 1992). Regarding the active participation of women to sustainable development, education is an important factor. Educated women are able to bring up the future generations. They make more suitable and proper preferences on that sense and they bring up healthy generations 107 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo (Vizyon 2050, 2010:48). In this respect, investments which target improving women’s living and lifestyle are quite important concerning sustainability. Management of the natural resources and climate changes affect primarily women due to their role in the family (Bachelet, 2012). It is easier for educated women to adopt a sustainable lifestyle. Educated women contribute to society in several ways as mentioned below: (Vizyon 2050, 2010:48); They possess detailed product information or demand information. They share feedbacks with the companies from which they purchase the products (sharing expectations and areas of interest). This way they provide chances for increasing the abilities of these companies for managing sustainability. Life quality of women increases with education. Thereby their negative impact on the ecological environment decreases and they find solutions. They transfer the traditional knowledge and skills to future generations. They contribute to environment in terms of hygiene and recycling. 3.SUSTAINABLE WOMEN POLICIES IN LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS It has been accepted in 1992 United Nations Environment and Development Conference held in Rio de Janeiro that social, economical and environmental factors affect each others’ concerning sustainability. The resolutions that emerged from this summit are called ‘Agenda 21’ and with those resolutions it was aimed to prepare the World to the next century. ‘Agenda 21’ is an action plan including the activities local administrations should follow as well (Yapıcı, 2003:225). It was stated in the action plan that together with other actors, local administrations should start a participatory process, determine the environmental and development problems in the cities and build a local agenda (Bora, Isat, 2006:42). Local administrations are parties of this responsibility in terms of their position and structure. Local administrations meet the spatial, public, socio-cultural and common economical needs of the people residing in a city and solve the problems of people*1. Local administrations are obliged to ensure that people live and work in secure, healthy environments and urban areas are used efficiently. While providing these services, they also have to participate in the  -such as a decrease in infant death rate, malnutrition cases and birth rate, making conscious preferences concerning consumption, creating an awareness relating the importance of insurance against the risk of disasters, increasing household income levelsTasks such as construction, water, sewer system, fire departments, police service, traffic, marriage registration, providing vocational opportunities, public transportation, landscaping, protection of the land, preventing erosion, supports, forestation, building parks and gardens, emergency rescue, social services, protection houses for women and children, civil defence duties, and duties concerning the elections. 108 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo decision-making processes concerning the areas they are responsible for and audit the services provided (Tokman, Kendirci, 2006). Local administrations are accepted as the schools of democracy and they are more advantageous compared to central administrations in determining the needs of people properly and meeting those needs directly (Seyyar, 2008:30). Although women are in close relations with the environment they live in and sustainability, they are not participating adequately to decision-making processes concerning sustainability issues both in the local and national levels. Participation of women to local administrations is lower than 1 % (Bora, Isat, 2006:35). In this respect, it is obvious that women should be included to the decision makers of local administrations. 4. EVALUATION OF THE (LACK OF) SUSTAINABLE POLICIES TARGETING WOMEN IN ISPARTA LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS The scope of this study is, determination of the work conducted by Isparta Provincial Administration and Isparta Municipality with the aim of reaching women who are among disadvantageous groups, evaluation of the sustainability of these studies and introduction of new strategies on this regard. In this study one of the most important findings is the fact that local administration units are not conscious enough in women studies and this situation has restricted the service areas aimed at women (training courses, women assemblies, women clubs, women guest houses, art centres, kindergartens etc.) This restriction has narrowed our work areas as well. During the study, relative literature obtained from the secondary resources has been examined; data obtained from Isparta Provincial Administration General Secretariat and Isparta Municipality Cultural and Social Programs Directorate (ISMEK) has been evaluated and face-to-face interviews have been conducted with officials. The low percentage of woman participation in the decision-making processes around Turkey is quite noticeable in Isparta local administration units as well. During March 2009 Local Administrations Election, only 3 women were nominated as mayor candidates in 13 provinces in total including Isparta centre province as well. When the 2009 Provincial Council nomination and election outcomes are evaluated, it is seen that 26 (9, 7%) woman candidates participated the elections against 240 (90, 3%) male candidates and only 1 (0, 3%) woman entered the city general assembly. For 2009 Municipality Council Elections 558 (88, 9%) candidates nominated while the number of woman nomination was strikingly only 63 (11, 1%). After the elections the total number of women in the municipal councils of 13 provinces was 12. Again in 2009 in the centre province of Isparta there were only 3 (4, 8%) women neighbourhood headman (mukhtar) against 59 (95, 2) men headman (Tureli, Caglar 2010:34). Under the light of all this data, it is clear that woman representation in Isparta Local Administration Units is notably limited. It was announced in 2006 that a ‘Woman Guesthouse’, which is based on providing direct services for women was founded in Isparta. Isparta Municipality provided the building for the 109 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ‘Women Guesthouse’ and Isparta Provincial Administration furnished it. Isparta Municipality’s studies on women were examined, it was seen that ‘Productive Women Bazaar’ Project organized within the scope of Isparta Municipality Arts and Vocational Courses, which are known as ISMEK in short, have entered into service starting from 2010 and have met a considerable interest regarding the appreciation of woman labour. In the scope of 2010 ‘8 March International Women’s Day’ 160 women opened food and handicraft stands in ‘Productive Women Bazaar’, which was arranged in a shopping mall for a short period of time, 7 days. ‘Productive Women Bazaar’ organized in the city centre every year on April lasts for 6 months and no stand fee or charter fee is demanded from the women. ‘Productive Women Bazaar’, which is a social project, is applied in the districts which are popular among the society. When women producers who open stands in productive women bazaar are evaluated on yearly basis, it is seen that women contribute to family budget with the profit they make from food and handicraft stands (Table 1). Table 1. Women Producers that Open Stands in Productive Women Bazaar Participation Food Stand Participation Handicraft Stand Participation Total Participation Year F % F % F % 2010 298 54 255 46 553 100 2011 104 40 158 60 262 100 Source: ISMEK, Isparta, ( 30.03.2012). When the data of Isparta Municipality is examined, vocational courses operating in cooperation with Isparta Public Training Center and Evening Vocational Schools draw attention. It was observed that only women preferred courses planned according to traditional woman roles such as sewing, lace and ribbon works. It was determined that both men and women participated in foreign language, literacy and computer courses. When the course distribution according to gender is examined (Table 2), the lack of courses intended only for women compared to the number of courses to which women and men participate together draws attention. Table 2. Course Distribution According to the Gender of Participants Courses Participants Woman+Man Woman 110 Courses opened in 2009 Courses opened in 2010 Courses opened in 2011 F % F % F % 59 94 36 77 48 84 4 6 11 23 9 16 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Total 63 100 47 100 57 100 Source: ISMEK, Isparta, ( 30.03.2012). When the distribution of certificates regarding the gender of participants is examined (Table 3), it is seen that the number of woman participants obtaining certificate is higher compared to men on a yearly basis. Women participation to the courses is higher than man participation. We can perceive this as an indicator of women’s endeavour and demand in having a profession and being active in public fields and business life. Table 3. Distribution of Certificates Regarding the Gender of Participants People that received certificate 2009 F 2010 2011 % F % F % Women 954 70 671 75 626 79 Men 417 30 226 25 166 21 Total 1.371 100 897 100 792 100 Source: ISMEK, Isparta, ( 30.03.2012). 5.CONCLUSION Sustainable development cannot be managed without complete and equal participation of women on every level. Up to now, concerning both the national and local level, women have been inadequately represented. It should be assured that women participate the national and local decision-making mechanisms equally with men. Political parties should abandon the perspective (inequality) which considers women as keys of reaching households during election processes, and after that violates their right to possess seats in the councils or gives them seats only in the number political parties themselves shall decide. The main intentions of local equality action plans are establishing strategies to increase the level of woman participation concerning local decision making processes, increasing their standards of living, ensuring the implementation of these strategies and managing equality on every level. However Isparta local administrations have not started any activity yet in the scope of Local Equality Action Plans. On the local level (in Isparta) the status of woman should be determined socially, economically and politically and a case assessment (demographical structure, number of woman enterprises, woman foundations, number of woman executives) should be conducted. The problems of the groups, which will be formed according to the outcomes of this assessment and their casual relations, should be discussed and objectives should be determined. Control points should exist during the implementation of the activities (producing local projects, finding funds, protecting the environment and health of women, increasing their standards of living) arranged with the aim of reaching the objectives and deficiencies should be eliminated on time. It is also highly important not to forget supporting the productive and reproductive role of women when policies are concerned (Meena, 1992). 111 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo While arranging action plans regarding the objectives, collaborators and partners (media, universities, political parties, and associations) should be determined and the sources we have should be combined. Local women organisations, assemblies, expertise councils and provincial councils should be formed with equal participation of women in order to eliminate the cliché judgements in the society such as the place of woman is her home or husband is free to beat or caress his wife*2 (Alkan, 2007b). It must be made possible for women to live in an easier and more secure way in the cities. Local administration units should follow action plans formed upon equality. During those implementations women’s value and sustainability should be placed to the centre of life, and this consciousness should be obtained throughout the society under the leadership of local administrations. In Isparta where we conducted our study, the lack of sustainable policies for assuring equality between women and men in local level, empowering the status of women in public context and ensuring their representation in decision-making processes is quite noticeable. This is a clear indicator of women’s secondary status. REFERENCES Alkan, A.(2004a) “Yerel Siyaset Kadınlar İçin Neden Önemli”, Birikim, S.179 http://kasaum.ankara.edu.tr/gorsel/dosya/1216284579yerel_siyaset_kadinlar_icin_neden_one mli.pdf. (05.04.2012). Alkan, A.(2007b) “Yerel Eşitlik Eylem Planlarına İlişkin Değerlendirme Raporu”, http://www.sabancivakfi.org/sayfa/yerel-esitlik-eylem-planlari. (02.04.2012) Bachelet, M. (2012) “Rural Women And Sustainable Development”, United Nations Entity For Gender Equality and The Empowerment of Women, http://www.unwomen.org/2012/02/rural_women_and_sustainable_development/ 27.02.2012, ECOSOC Chamber, UN headquarters, New York. (07.03.2012) Bora, A., İşat C. (2006) Düğüm Bilgisi, KADER, İkinci Baskı, Ankara. Çağlar, N. (2011) “Kadını Siyasal Yaşama Katılımı ve Kota Uygulamaları”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner, C.3, S. 4, 56-79. Dedeoğlu, S. (2011) “Türkiye’de Cinsiyet Politikaları ve Kadın İstidamı”, Kadın Emeği Konferansı, Kadın İstihdamı Ve Sorun Alanları Bildiri Kitabı, 3 Mayıs 2011, Tepav Yayınları, No:57, 63-72. Flannery, C. (2011) “Empowering Women for Sustainable Development”, http://www.ifuwforums.org/blog/2011/04/21/empowering-women-for-sustainabledevelopment/(8.02.2012). *’Sensitivity to women’ trainings should be organised for the staff employed in Governerships, Municipalities, Women Gueasthouses. 112 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Informal Dokument (2011), Empowering Women For Sustainable Development, Economic Commission for Europe, Sixty-fourth session, Geneva, No.2, 29–31 March 2011, http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/commission/2011/Informal%20document%20No.%20 2.pdf. (15.04.2012) Isparta Provincial Administration General Secretariat. Isparta Municipality Cultural and Social Programs Directorate (ISMEK). Özyol , A. (15.04.2012) () “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma”, http://hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf. Meena, R. (1992) "Women and Sustainable Development", http://www.unngls.org/orf/documents/publications.en/voices.africa/number5/vfa5.07.htm, (8.02.2012). Seyyar, A. (2008) “Yerel siyasetin gelişiminde Sosyal http://www.yerelsiyaset.com/pdf/ocak2008/8.pdf, (8.02.2012) Politikaların Önemi”, Tokman, L.Y., Kendirci, S. (2006) Yerel Yönetimlere İlişkin Yasal Düzenlemeler Çevresinde Kadınlara Yer Açmak, KADER Yayınları, Birinci Baskı, Ankara. Tüğen, K., Özen, A.(2008) “ Cinsiyete Duyarlı Bütçele Anlayışı”, Maliye Dergisi, S.154.111. Türeli, N. Çağlar, N. (2010), “Yerel Yönetimde Kadın Temsili-Isparta İli Örneği”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, C.2, S.1, 16-40. Urhan, B. (2009) “Görünmezlerin Görünür Olma Örgütlenmeleri”, Çalışma ve Toplum, S.2, 83-110. Mücadeleleri: Çalışan Kadın Vizyon 2050 (2010), İş dünyası İçin Yeni Gündem, İş Dünyası ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Derneği, http://www.tusiad.org/__rsc/shared/file/Vision2050-New-Agenda-TR.pdf. (28.03.2012) Yapıcı, M.(2003) “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Eğitim”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2003; 5(1):223-229 http://www.aku.edu.tr/AKU/Dosya yönetimi/SOSYALBILENS/dergi/V1/myapıcı.pdf. (15.04.2012) Yıldıztekin, İ.(2009) “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Çevre Muhasebesinin Etkileri”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13-(1), 367-390. 113 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1103 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable women policies in local administrations Isparta practice Author Author Nesrin, Şalvarci Türeli Abstract A summary of the resource. Nowadays, feminine policies have begun to set the agenda economically, socially and politically. Resolving inequality and sexual apartheid in community and sustaining it, is a fundamental principle of democracy. This principle also, constitutes one of the fundamental principles of the sustainable development. Therefore, while making feminine policies sustainable and generalizing in community, there are a lot and different things to do for different institutions, and there is a need to handle this subject integrated and cooperatively. In this study, local governments’ feminine studies and sustainability of this are worked on. For this purpose interviews have been made, studies of institutions are investigated on site and evaluated. The place of women in Local development plans and appreciation are worked on. It is thought that the awareness on woman will rise with this study, which emphasizes that with policies and implementations which are not sustainable; actions taken will not be persistent. Keywords: Sustainable development, Local government, Development plan, Feminine policies, Women. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/00c3d5566e97718f8e4f468fcea0936a.docx d04bd84a4bbd2599cf122c6d26de14b3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fafccda765bde4c113258c4b13f6afc9.pdf 3f83fe37b22615d6cca4bd34513e1264 PDF Text Text Pregledni naučni rad Izv.prof.dr.sc. Mirela Župan, Pravni fakultet Osijek Martina Drventić, mag. iur. SUSTAV SREDIŠNJIH TIJELA KROZ EUROPSKI MODEL NAPLATE PREKOGRANIČNOG UZDRŢAVANJA Saţetak: Jedna od konzekvencija suvremene intenzivne mobilnosti je značajno povećanje broja prekograničnih obiteljskih predmeta. Pravni sustavi na ovu pojavu odgovaraju normiranjem (kako na nacionalnoj, tako i na meĎunarodnoj razini), u okviru kojega se u području pravne zaštite najranjivijih, prije svega djece, naglasak stavlja na rad i funkcioniranje sustava središnjih tijela. Sustav središnjih tijela ima presudnu ulogu u prekograničnoj naplati uzdržavanja, te time čini jednu od ključnih poluga u smanjenju siromaštva vjerovnika uzdržavanja. Predmetom je ovoga rada pozicioniranje sustava središnjih tijela u rješavanju meĎunarodno obilježenih obiteljskih predmeta, pojašnjenje djelokruga njihova rada u predmetima uzdržavanja te u kontekstu Hrvatske konkretna obrada relevantnih propisa, poglavito Uredbe br. 4/2009. Ključne riječi: sustav središnjih tijela, uzdržavanje,Uredba o uzdržavanju. 1. Uvod Jedna od konzekvencija suvremene intenzivne mobilnosti je značajno povećanje broja prekograničnih obiteljskih predmeta, uključivo i predmeta uzdržavanja. Pravni sustavi na ovu pojavu odgovaraju normiranjem: usvajaju se moderniji nacionalni zakoni o meĎunarodnom privatnom i procesnom pravu,1 dok se u okviru rada meĎunarodnih organizacija iznalaze i donose novi pravni okviri. Vodeći globalni akter za meĎunarodne konvencije u području meĎunarodnog privatnog prava je Haška konferencija za meĎunarodno privatno pravo,2 dok značajnu regionalnu poziciju danas zauzima Europska unija.3 Normiranje se u svojoj osnovi dogaĎa u sferi metoda uvriježenih za rješavanje meĎunarodno obilježenih situacija: propisivanje pravila o meĎunarodnoj nadležnosti, propisivanje mjerodavnog prava, uvoĎenje pravila o meĎunarodnoj litispendenciji, odreĎivanje postupka i pretpostavki za priznanje i ovrhu stranih odluka. Ipak, u području pravne zaštite najranjivijih, prije svega djece, odavno je na meĎunarodnoj sceni u okviru rada Ujedinjenih naroda usvojen još jedan pristup: uvoĎenje sustava središnjih tijela (tada prijemnih i otpremnih). Sustav središnjih tijela danas doživljava svoju renesansu u svim novijim meĎunarodnim i europskim aktima namijenjenim rješavanju prekograničnih predmeta. Sustav središnjih tijela ima presudnu ulogu u prekograničnoj naplati uzdržavanja, te 1 Symeon C. Symeonides, Codifying Choice of Law Around the World. An International Comparative Analysis (Oxford University Press 2014). 2 www.hcch.net 3 Geert Van Calster, European Private International Law (Hart Publishing, Oxford) 2013. 151 �time čini jednu od ključnih poluga u smanjenju siromaštva vjerovnika uzdržavanja. Predmetom je ovoga rada pozicioniranje sustava središnjih tijela u rješavanju meĎunarodno obilježenih obiteljskih predmeta, pojašnjenje djelokruga njihova rada u predmetima uzdržavanja te konkretna obrada nadležnosti, rada i funkcioniranja u kontekstu Uredbe br. 4/2009. 2. Sustavi središnjih tijela – pravni izvori Suvremeni trend prema kojem se zbog unapreĎenja pravosudne suradnje u obiteljskim predmetima prakticira mehanizam središnjih tijela nije inovacija našeg vremena!4 UN Konvencija o ostvarivanju alimentacijskih zahtjeva u inozemstvu iz 1956. jedna je od najstarijih konvencija kojom je uspostavljena globalna mreža središnjih tijela.5 U radu Vijeća Europe takoĎer se koristi ovaj vid pravosudne suradnje u prekograničnim obiteljskim predmetima.6 Konvencije Haške konferencije u kojih je korišten mehanizam središnjih tijela7 poslužile su kao prototip širokom prakticiranju u instrumentima EU. EU acquis prihvaća ovaj model, štoviše, u domeni pravosudne zaštite djeteta daje prednost mehanizmu meĎuvladine administrativne suradnje putem središnjih tijela u odnosu na klasične mehanizme meĎunarodnog privatnog i procesnog prava. Središnja tijela u svakoj su državi članici bazična struktura u učinkovitom pristupu pravnim i upravnim postupcima u kojima se mogu naći djeca i njihovi roditelji, kako u okviru Uredbe 2201/2003 (dalje Brisel II. bis),8 ali i Uredbe br. 4/2009. o 4 Sardenber, M., Judicial and administrative cooperation in family law matters: introduction, u Wybo P. Heere ur., International law and the Hagues 750th anniversary (The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press 1999). 5 Implementacija ove konvencije bilježi značajne poteškoće. Više vidi Duncan, W., The Development of the New Hague Convention on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintennace, 38 Family Law Quarterly (2004), str. 666. 6 Poglavito su to slijedeće tri konvencije: The European Convention on recognition and enforcement of decisions concerning custody of children and on restoration of custody of children (the Custody Convention) [ETS No. 105 - Luxembourg 20.05.1980]; The European Convention on the exercise of children"s rights [ETS No. 160 - Strasbourg, 25.01.1996]; Convention on contanct concerning children, Strasbourg, 15.V.2003. 7 Convention of 19 October 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Session 1996 II. (The Hague 1996) str. 615; Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child AbductionActes et documents de la Quatorzième session 1980, III. (The Hague 1980) str. 481; Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Session 1993, II. (The Hague, 1993) str. 659; Convention of 23 November 2007 on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance, Final Act of the Twenty-First Session, The Hague 23. November 2007. dostupno na: http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php, (posjećeno: 15.3.2015.) 8 Uredba Vijeća (EZ) br. 2201/2003 od 27. studenoga 2003. o nadležnosti, priznavanju i izvršenju sudskih odluka u bračnim sporovima i u stvarima povezanim s roditeljskom odgovornošću, kojom se stavlja izvan snage Uredba (EZ) br. 1347/2000, OJ L 338, 23.12.2003. 152 �uzdržavanju.9 Sukladno čl. 53. Brisel II. bis, odnosno članku 49. Uredbe o uzdržavanju svaka država članica odreĎuje središnje tijelo kojemu su povjerene brojne opće i posebne zadaće. U načelu ova tijela promiču razmjenu informacija o nacionalnom zakonodavstvu i postupcima, meĎusobnu suraĎuju u primjeni odnosnih uredaba; olakšavaju komunikaciju izmeĎu sudova, i drugo. 3. Središnja tijela u prekograničnim postupcima uzdrţavanja sukladno Uredbi o uzdrţavanju 3.1. Prekogranična suradnja u predmetima uzdržavanja Sam se sustav središnjih prijemnih i otpremnih tijela prvo pojavio u kontekstu predmeta uzdržavanja kroz New Yoršku konvenciju.10 Mehanizam je prihvaćen i bitno pojačan kroz sustav Haških konvencija.11 Ključna je pregovaračka točka kod usvajanja HK o uzdržavanju 200712 bila upravo u općim i posebnim zadacima povjerenim središnjim tijelima, u kontekstu nužnih promjena nacionalnih sustava koji bi trebali osigurati takav sveobuhvatan, brz i učinkovit rad središnjih tijela.13 U okvirima acquisa, Uredba o uzdržavanju do sada je najsveobuhvatnije normirala rad središnjih tijela.14 Posebne zadaće u okviru Uredbe o uzdržavanju odnose se na prijem i prijenos zahtjeva, pokretanje postupaka za donošenje odluke ili izmjenu odluke o uzdržavanju ili za ovrhu odluke o uzdržavanju, pomoć u nalaženju dužnika ili vjerovnika, i drugo (članak 50. – 53.). U prvoj je godini primjene Uredbe o uzdržavanju na razini EU zaprimljeno više od 4000 zahtjeva putem središnjih tijela.15 Ipak, isto je istraživanje pokazalo da se sve države članice teško nose s kratkim rokovima koje Uredba predviĎa ili ih ne uspijevaju ispoštovati.16 9 Uredba Vijeća (EZ) br. 4/2009 od 18. prosinca 2008. o nadležnosti, mjerodavnom pravu, priznavanju i izvršenju sudskih odluka te suradnji u stvarima koje se odnose na obvezu uzdržavanja, OJ L 19, 10.1.2009. 10 Curry-Sumner, I., International Recovery of Child Maintenance Administrative Cooperation in in-coming child maintenance cases, dostupno na http://www.voorts.com/wpcontent/uploads/Publicatie-C.13.pdf (posjećeno: 15.3.2015.) str. 44. 11 Duncan, W., The Hague Convention of 23 November 2007 on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance Comments on its Objectives and Some of its Special Features, u Bonomi, A. i Volken, P. ur., X Yearbook of Private International Law (2008) str. 321, 325. 12 13 Borrás, A., Degeling, J., Convention of 23 November 2007 on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance, Explanatory Report (Hague, 2013) str. 77. 14 Curry Sumner, I., Transnational Recovery of Child Maintenance in Europe: The Future Is Bright, The Future is Central Authorities, dostupno na http://www.law.muni.cz/sborniky/Days-ofpublic-law/files/pdf/mep/Curry-Sumner.pdf (posjećeno: 15.3.2015.) 15 Walker, L., Beaumont, P., Empirical Study on the Early Operation of the EU Maintenance Regulation,u Beaumont, P., Hess, B., Walker, L., Spancken, S. (eds), The Recovery of Maintenance in the EU and Worldwide (Hart Publishing, 2014) str. 339 et.seq. 16 Walker i Beaumont, ibid, str. 354-359. 153 �3.2. Postupanje središnjih tijela povodom zahtjeva po Uredbi o uzdržavanju 3.2.1. Zahtjevi putem središnjih tijela Opće i posebne funkcije središnjih tijela utvrĎene u člancima 50. i 51. Uredbe o uzdržavanju u praksi se ponajviše ostvaruju kroz zahtjeve utvrĎene u članku 56. Zahtjevi se ulažu preko središnjeg tijela države članice u kojoj podnositelj zahtjeva boravi središnjem tijelu zamoljene države članice. U Republici Hrvatskoj kao središnje tijelo za provedbu Uredbe o uzdržavanju odreĎeno je ministarstvo nadležno za poslove socijalne skrbi.17 Uzdržavanoj osobi koja nastoji naplatiti uzdržavanje na raspolaganju stoji šest vrsta zahtjeva: (a) zahtjev za priznavanje ili za priznavanje i proglašenje izvršivosti sudske odluke; (b) zahtjev za izvršni postupak sudske odluke donesene ili priznate u zamoljenoj državi članici; (c) zahtjev za izdavanjem sudske odluke u zamoljenoj državi članici kad nema odluke, uključujući prema potrebi utvrĎivanje roditeljstva; (d) zahtjev za izdavanjem sudske odluke u zamoljenoj državi članici kad priznavanje i izvršivost sudske odluke donesene u državi koja nije zamoljena država članica, nije moguće; (e) zahtjev za izmjenom sudske odluke donesene u zamoljenoj državi članici; (f) zahtjev za izmjenom sudske odluke donesene u državi koja nije zamoljena država članica. Dok obveznik uzdržavanja protiv kojeg je donesena postojeća odluka o uzdržavanju može uložiti zahtjev za: (a) priznavanje sudske odluke na temelju koje se izvršenje prethodne sudske odluke suspendira ili ograničuje u zamoljenoj državi članici; (b) izmjenu sudske odluke donesene u zamoljenoj državi članici; (c) izmjenu sudske odluke donesene u državi koja nije zamoljena država članica. Očekivano je da će glavninu postupaka po ovoj Uredbi činiti zahtjevi za priznavanje ili za priznavanje i proglašenje izvršivosti sudske odluke. Ovaj zahtjev primjenjiv je u slučajevima u kojima podnositelj zahtjeva posjeduje odluku o uzdržavanju i želi njezino priznanje ili izvršenje u zamoljenoj državi članici. Zahtjev uklanja potrebu za donošenjem nove odluke u zamoljenoj državi članici i omogućuje da postojeća odluka o uzdržavanju bude priznata u zamoljenoj državi članici na istom pravnom temelju na kojem je donesena u državi porijekla. Kao primjer ćemo navesti majku koja ima uobičajeno boravište u državi članici A i posjeduje odluku o uzdržavanju kojom se utvrĎuje obaveza njezinog bivšeg supruga na plaćanje uzdržavanja za njihovo troje djece. Bivši suprug ima uobičajeno boravište na području države članice B. Država A proslijedit će zahtjev za priznavanjem i proglašenjem izvršivosti sudske odluke državi B. Središnje tijelo države B proslijedit će zahtjev tijelu nadležnom za 17 Zakon o provedbi Uredbe Vijeća (EZ) br. 4/2009 o području nadležnosti, mjerodavnog prava, priznanja i izvršenja odluka te suradnji u stvarima koje se odnose na obveze uzdržavanja, Narodne novine br. 127/13, čl. 3. st. 1. 154 �priznavanje i izvršenje sudske odluke. Bivši suprug bit će obaviješten o pokrenutom postupku priznavanja i proglašenja izvršivosti te će imati priliku osporiti takvu odluku sredstvima koje mu na raspolaganje daje Uredba. Ukoliko bivši suprug dobrovoljno ne pristane na plaćanje uzdržavanja, nadležno tijelo države B poduzet će potrebne mjere za izvršenje odluke i u konačnici proslijediti naplaćenu novčanu tražbinu državi A.18 U Republici Hrvatskoj tijela nadležna za postupanje na području primjene Uredbe o uzdržavanju su sudovi i centri za socijalnu skrb, sukladno s propisanim djelokrugom i nadležnostima tih tijela.19 Tako će, postupajući po ovakvom zahtjevu, središnje tijelo Republike Hrvatske potpuni zahtjev proslijediti nadležnom centru za socijalnu skrb koje će o okolnostima obavijestiti obveznika uzdržavanja i proslijediti zahtjev nadležnom sudu. Zahtjev za priznavanje ili priznavanje i proglašenje izvršivosti sudske odluke podnosi se na obrascu iz Priloga VI Uredbe o uzdržavanju. Ostalu potrebnu dokumentaciju Uredba utvrĎuje u Poglavlju IV kojim je ureĎeno priznavanje, izvršivost i izvršenje sudskih odluka pri čemu se dokumentacija razlikuje s obzirom na to je li odluka donesene u državi članici koju obvezuje Haški protokol iz 2007. godine ili u državi koju ne obvezuje Haški protokol iz 2007. godine.20 Druga je vrsta zahtjeva za izvršni postupak sudske odluke donesene ili priznate u zamoljenoj državi članici. Radi se o najjednostavnijem zahtjevu na temelju Uredbe. Njime se želi ostvariti da zamoljena država članica izvrši vlastitu sudsku odluku ili odluku koju je ranije priznala. Uredba na ovaj način omogućuje podnositelju zahtjeva ishoĎenje izvršenja odluke, bez odlaska u državu koja je donijela ili priznala odluku, podnošenjem zahtjeva putem središnjeg tijela države u kojoj ima uobičajeno boravište. I u ovom slučaju, ukoliko obveznik uzdržavanja dobrovoljno ne pristane ispuniti svoju obvezu, zamoljeno će središnje tijelo poduzeti mjere potrebne za izvršenje sudske odluke. Zahtjev se takoĎer podnosi putem obrasca iz Priloga VI i dokumentacije utvrĎene u Poglavlju IV Uredbe. Zahtjev za izdavanjem sudske odluke u zamoljenoj državi članici podnosi se u svrhu ishoĎenja odluke o uzdržavanju. Podnositelj zahtjeva se obraća središnjem tijelu države u kojem ima uobičajeno boravište koje njegov zahtjev prosljeĎuje središnjem tijelu države u kojoj obveznik uzdržavanja ima uobičajeno boravište, s ciljem donošenja odluke o uzdržavanju u toj državi, što po potrebi uključuje i utvrĎivanje očinstva. Uredba poznaje dva razloga za podnošenje ovog zahtjeva – kada nema odluke o uzdržavanju i kada postoji 18 Lortie, P., Groff, M., Practical Handbook for Competent Authorities : the 2007 Hague Child Support Convention, the 2007 Hague Protocol on Applicable Law (Maintenance) and the 2009 European Union Maintenance Regulation(CIP National Library of Romania, 2013) str. 34. 19 Zakon o provedbi Uredbe Vijeća (EZ) br. 4/2009 o području nadležnosti, mjerodavnog prava, priznanja i izvršenja odluka te suradnji u stvarima koje se odnose na obveze uzdržavanja, op. cit. (bilj. 1.), čl. 5. 20 Pismena za potrebe izvršenja odreĎena su u čl. 20. Uredbe o uzdržavanju za odluke donesene u državi članici koju obvezuje Haški protokol iz 2007. godine, a u čl. 28. odreĎeno je koje se isprave prilažu zahtjevu za proglašenju izvršivosti za odluke donesene u državi članici koju obvezuje Haški protokol iz 2007. 155 �odluka o uzdržavanju donesena u državi članici koja nije zamoljena državi, ali postoje razlozi zbog kojih nije moguće njezino priznavanje i izvršivost u zamoljenoj državi članici. Uzmimo za primjer majku maloljetnog djeteta koja ima uobičajeno boravište na području države članice A. Majka nije bila udana za oca djeteta i isto tako očinstvo maloljetnog djeteta nikada nije utvrĎeno. Otac djeteta ima uobičajeno boravište na području države članice B. Majka želi ostvariti pravo na uzdržavanje maloljetnog djeteta od strane oca te se obraća središnjem tijelu države članice A. Središnje tijelo države A proslijedit će zahtjev za izdavanjem odluke o uzdržavanju državi B. Središnje tijelo države B poduzeti će sve potrebne mjere s ciljem izdavanja sudske odluke što će svakako uključivati prosljeĎivanje zahtjeva nadležnom tijelu. Nadležno tijelo u državi B poduzet će potrebne radnje za utvrĎivanje očinstva. Nakon donošenja odluke središnje tijelo države B će se pobrinuti i za njezino izvršenje te u konačnici proslijediti naplaćenu novčanu tražbinu državi A. U ovako provedenom postupku više neće biti potrebe za podnošenjem dodatnih zahtjeva od strane majke.21Kod podnošenja ovog zahtjeva u slučajevima kada odluka o uzdržavanju postoji ali nije moguće njezino priznavanje ili izvršivost, postupak je isti osim što je isključena potreba utvrĎivanja očinstva. Razlozi za odbijanje priznanja ureĎeni su u članku 24. Uredbe o uzdržavanju, a temelje se na Uredbi Vijeća (EZ) br. 44/2001 od 22. prosinca 2000. o nadležnosti, priznavanju i izvršenju sudskih odluka u graĎanskim i trgovačkim stvarima. Ovaj se zahtjev podnosi putem obrasca iz Priloga VII uz koji se prilažu svi drugi potrebni podaci ili dokazi o pravu podnositelja na pravnu pomoć. Zahtjev za izmjenom sudske odluke primjenjiv je u slučajevima kada postoji odluka o uzdržavanju, ali podnositelj zahtjeva želi njezinu izmjenu. Razlozi podnošenja zahtjeva su promjena životnih potreba na strani vjerovnika, ili pak promjena financijske sposobnosti na strani obveznika uzdržavanja. Podnositelj zahtjeva (vjerovnik ili obveznik uzdržavanja) zahtjev podnosi putem središnjeg tijela države u kojoj ima uobičajeno boravište središnjem tijelu države članice u kojoj druga strana ima uobičajeno boravište. Za primjer uzmimo majku koja posjeduje odluku o uzdržavanju donesenu u državi A kojom se odreĎuje uzdržavanje za njeno dvoje djece od strane njenog bivšeg supruga. Bivši suprug boravi u državi B. Odluka o uzdržavanju priznata je u državi B. Majka želi povećanje iznosa uzdržavanja budući da su se primanja njezinog bivšeg supruga povećala nakon donošenja odluke. Majka će putem središnjeg tijela države A proslijediti za zahtjev za izmjenom odluke središnjem tijelu države B. Bivši suprug bit će o svemu obaviješten te saslušan pred nadležnim tijelom u državi B. Nakon donošenja, izmijenjena odluka biti će izvršiva u državi B.22 Zahtjev za izmjenom sudske odluke takoĎer se podnosi putem obrasca iz Priloga VII. 3. 2. 2. Zahtjevi za posebne mjere 21 22 Lortie, op. cit. (bilj. 18.), str. 37. Lortie, op. cit. (bilj. 18.), str. 38. 156 �Uz navedene zahtjeve Uredba o uzdržavanju ureĎuje i dodatne vrste zahtjeva putem središnjeg tijela, zahtjeve za posebnim mjerama, koji podnositelju zahtjeva stoje na raspolaganju samo u slučaju kada u skladu s člankom 56. nije podnesen ni jedan zahtjev. Tako Uredba o uzdržavanju u članku 53. odreĎuje kako središnje tijelo može uz odgovarajuća obrazloženja dati zahtjev drugom središnjem tijelu za poduzimanjem odgovarajuće posebne mjere ukoliko bi poduzimanje takve mjere pomoglo pri pronalaženju obveznika uzdržavanja ili uzdržavane osobe; pomoglo pri pribavljanju podataka o dohotku i drugih potrebnih financijskih okolnosti obveznika uzdržavanja ili uzdržavane osobe, uključujući lokaciju imovine; olakšalo pribavljanje dokaza u obliku isprava ili u drugom obliku, ne dovodeći pritom u pitanje Uredbu (EZ) br. 1206/2001; osiguralo pomoć pri utvrĎivanju roditeljstva kad je to potrebno za naplatu tražbina za uzdržavanje; pokrenulo postupak ili olakšalo njegovo pokretanje i ostvarilo potrebne privremene mjere teritorijalnog karaktera i čija je svrha osigurati ishod neriješenog zahtjeva za uzdržavanje te olakšalo uručivanje pismena, ne dovodeći pritom u pitanje Uredbu (EZ) br. 1393/2007. Zamoljeno središnje tijelo poduzet će prema potrebi ove mjere, ako je uvjereno da su korisne i ako smatra da su potrebne kako bi potencijalnom podnositelju zahtjeva pomogle pri podnošenju zahtjeva iz članka 56. ili utvrĎivanju treba li uopće zahtjev uložiti. Glavnina je ovih zahtjeva usmjerena na pronalaženje obveznika uzdržavanja te na pribavljanje podataka o dohotku i drugim financijskim okolnostima obveznika. Ovaj zahtjev najčešće se podnosi kada je podnositelju zahtjeva poznato na području koje države boravi obveznik uzdržavanja, ali mu nije poznata njegova adresu. Nerijetko podnositelju zahtjeva nije poznato niti u kojoj državi članici obveznik uzdržavanja ima boravište, ali s obzirom na okolnosti koje su mu poznate pretpostavlja koja bi to država ili države mogle biti. U tom slučaju moguće je uputiti zahtjev za posebnim mjerama u središnja tijela više država. Nakon što zamoljeno središnje tijelo zaprimi zahtjev za posebnom mjerom sa svrhom pronalaženja obveznika uzdržavanja ili uzdržavanje osobe ili sa svrhom pribavljanja podataka o dohotku i drugim potrebama financijskih okolnosti obveznika uzdržavanja ili uzdržavanja osobe, uključujući lokaciju imovine, ono će od nadležnih nacionalnih institucija ili putem službenih evidencija pokušati pribaviti tražene podatke. Ukoliko su takve informacije dostupne, zamoljeno će središnje tijelo priopćiti pribavljene informacije središnjem tijelu koje je podnositelj zahtjeva.23Ako zamoljeno središnje tijelo ne može osigurati tražene informacije, o tome odmah izvješćuje središnje tijelo koje je podnijelo zahtjev te razloge svoje odluke. Zahtjev za posebnim mjerama podnosi se putem obrasca iz Priloga V. Središnje tijelo molitelj popunjava „Dio A“ obrasca. U zahtjevu je poželjno navesti što više informacije o osobi na koju se zahtjev odnosi, kao što su puno ime i prezime, datum roĎenja, adresa, kako bi nadležne institucije zamoljenog središnjeg tijela 23 Uredba u čl. 53. st. 2. odreĎuje da kad su zatražene informacije pribavljene u skladu s člankom 61. Uredbe u priopćenju se navodi samo adresa potencijalnog tuženika u zamoljenoj državi članici. U slučaju zahtjeva u svrhu priznanja, izvršivosti ili izvršenja, u priopćenju se dodatno može navesti samo ima li obveznik uzdržavanja dohodak ili imovinu u toj državi članici. 157 �u što kraćem vremenskom roku i sa što većom sigurnošću utvrdile tražene informacije. „Dio B“ obrasca ispunjava zamoljeno središnje tijelo nakon što utvrdi činjenice tražene u zahtjevu te ispunjeni zahtjev vraća središnjem tijelu molitelju. 3.2.2. Slanje, primanje i obrada zahtjeva Osim slanja, primanja i obrade zahtjeva središnja tijela takoĎer imaju važnu zadaću koja podrazumijeva pomoć podnositelju zahtjeva prilikom podnošenja samog zahtjeva. Ona se očituje u davanju jasne upute o potrebnim podacima i ispravama, dostavljanju praznih obrazaca podnositelju i pomoći pri ispunjavanju istih, naputku o tome koje je isprave potrebnu prevesti na jezik zamoljene države i sl. Po primitku dokumentacije od strane podnositelja zahtjeva središnje tijelo će pregledati je li potpuna te ukoliko nije zatražiti dopunu ili ispravak. Središnje će tijelo proslijediti zahtjev središnjem tijelu zamoljene države tek kad smatra da zahtjev ispunjava sve uvjete iz Uredbe. Po zaprimanju zahtjeva zamoljeno će središnje tijelo pregledati zahtjev i zaprimljenu dokumentaciju prije nego li je proslijedi tijelu nadležnom za postupanje. Vezano uz to, Uredba u čl. 58. st. 2. nameće i obavezu zamoljenom središnjem tijelu da u roku od 30 dana od datuma zaprimanja zahtjeva, potvrdi primitak na obrascu iz Priloga VIII, te izvijesti središnje tijelo države članice moliteljice koje su početne mjere poduzete, ili će biti poduzete, te po potrebi zatraži potrebne dodatne dokumente i podatke. Isto tako, kroz obrazac iz Priloga VIII priopćit će središnjem tijelu molitelju i kontakt podatke osobe ili jedinice nadležne za odgovaranje na upite o napretku pri obradi zahtjeva. Osim toga, zamoljeno središnje tijelo dužno je izvijestiti središnje tijelo države moliteljice o stanju obrade zahtjeva u roku od 60 dana od datuma potvrde primitka. Zamoljeno središnje tijelo ne smije odbiti zahtjev isključivo zbog toga što su potrebni dodatni dokumenti ili podaci. MeĎutim, zamoljeno središnje tijelo može od središnjeg tijela molitelja zatražiti da predoči te dodatne dokumente ili te podatke. Ako središnje tijelo molitelj to ne učini u roku 90 dana ili tijekom duljeg razdoblja koje je odredilo zamoljeno središnje tijelo, zamoljeno središnje tijelo može odlučiti da više ne obraĎuje zahtjev. U tom slučaju o tome odmah obavješćuje središnje tijelo molitelja na obrascu iz Priloga IX. 3.2.3. Komunikacija između središnjih tijela Uredba inzistira na učestaloj i brzoj komunikaciji izmeĎu središnjih tijela, stoga su ona dužna primijeniti najžurnija i najučinkovitija sredstva priopćavanja koja im stoje na raspolaganju. Kao najbrži i najpovoljniji način komunikacije najzastupljenija je komunikacija putem elektroničke pošte. Ova vrsta komunikacije najlakši je i najbrži način za dobivanje informacija o statusu predmeta pred središnjim tijelom i pred tijelima nadležnima za postupanje po Uredbi. Isto tako, dok država ne stekne praksu u postupanju po Uredbi s odreĎenom državom članicom, na ovaj način najbrže može saznati zahtjeva li 158 �možda zamoljena država dodatne isprave u skladu sa svojim nacionalnim pravom izuzev onih koje propisuje Uredba. Na taj način izbjeći će se moguća potreba za dopunom dokumentacije nakon podnošenja zahtjeva. 3.2.4. Troškovi podnositelja zahtjeva Osim što Uredba za cilj ima ubrzati postupak za ostvarivanjem prava na uzdržavanje, za cilj ima i maksimalno smanjiti troškove podnositelja zahtjeva, koji je u većini slučajeva ekonomski slabija strana. Svi zahtjevi u skladu s člankom 56. omogućuju podnositelju zahtjeva da svoje pravo ostvari bez odlaska u stranu državu. Isto tako podnošenje zahtjeva putem središnjeg tijela ne zahtjeva osobni dolazak podnositelja zahtjeva u središnje tijelo. Podnositelj zahtjeva će sve potrebne informacije i upute od središnjeg tijela dobiti telefonski, elektroničkom poštom ili pisano poštom, a svoj će zahtjev u konačnici dostaviti središnjem tijelu putem redovne pošte. U skladu s člankom 54. Uredbe središnja tijela ne smiju podnositelju zahtjeva naplaćivati svoje usluge, osim izvanrednim troškova koji proizlaze iz zahtjeva za posebnim mjerama. Troškovi manjeg opsega za stranku bi mogli nastati jedino prilikom prikupljanja dokumentacije potrebne za pojedini zahtjev. Tako nerijetko za stranku nastaju troškovi zbog potrebe prevoĎenja odreĎene dokumentacije.24U takvim se slučajevima podnositelju zahtjeva savjetuje da u tu svrhu pokuša ostvariti pravo na jednokratnu naknadu u skladu sa Zakonom o socijalnoj skrbi.25 MeĎutim, rješenje o pravu na jednokratnu naknadu diskrecijskom ocjenom donosi centar za socijalnu skrb, što podnositelju zahtjeva i dalje ne pruža sigurnost da će njegovi troškovi biti nadoknaĎeni. Stoga je, zbog socijalne osjetljivosti stranaka u većini predmeta uzdržavanja, nužno na nacionalnoj razini utvrditi pravni mehanizam koji će podnositelju zahtjeva dati pravo na djelomičnu ili potpuno naknadu troškova ove vrste. Prijevodi obrazaca kojima se podnose zahtjevi – Prilozi V, VI, VII neće stvarati dodatan trošak stranci, zahvaljujući veoma dobroj i razvijenoj informatizaciji europskog zakonodavstva. Naime, službenicima u središnjim tijelima dana je mogućnost da korištenjem Internet stranice „The European e-Justice Portal“, ispune željeni obrazac na svom jeziku te po završetku ispunjavanja obrasca odaberu jezik države članice na koji žele da obrazac bude preveden.26 24 U skladu s čl. 20. st. 1.(d) i 28. st. 1.(c) Uredbe o uzdržavanju, kada je potrebno, kod podnošenja zahtjeva za priznavanje ili priznavanje i proglašenje izvršivosti sudske odluke, izvod iz odluke koju je donio sud podrijetla uporabom obrasca iz Priloga I ili priloga II mora biti transliteriran ili preveden na službeni jezik države članice koja obavlja izvršenje ili kad u državi članici ima više službenih jezika, na službeni jezik ili na jedan od službenih jezika sudskog postupka mjesta u kojem je uložen zahtjev u skladu s pravom te države članice ili na drugi jezik koji je predmetna država članica navela kao prihvatljiv. Čl. 20. st. 3. i 28. st. 3. odreĎuju kako svaka država članica može navesti službeni jezik ili jezike institucija Europske unije, a koji je drukčiji od njezina jezika, koji prihvaća za ispunjavanje obrazaca. Svaki prijevod mora učiniti osoba kvalificirana za prevoĎenje u jednoj od država članica. 25 Čl. 46.-48., Zakon o socijalnoj skrbi, Narodne novine br. 157/13 i 152/14. 26 Bitno je napomenuti da ovaj sustav prevodi samo formu obrasca, dok će ispunjeni tekst obrasca ostati na jeziku na kojemu je upisan, stoga je uobičajena praksa izmeĎu središnjih tijela da se tekst 159 �4. Zaključak Učinkovitost prekogranične naplate uzdržavanja već je gotovo cijelo stoljeće u fokusu kako nacionalnih država, tako i meĎunarodne zajednice. Europska unija je prekogranični pravni promet odlučila urediti brojnim tradicionalnim metodama prvenstveno procesnog prava, ali u njihovim unaprijeĎenim varijantama: primjerice ukidanje egzekvature za priznanje odluka drugih država članica,27 ili zamrzavanje računa kao privremena mjera osiguranja prekograničnog potraživanja, eklatantni su primjerci.28 Nadalje, u odnosu na uzdržavanje djece EU predviĎa besplatnu pravnu pomoć u predmetima uzdržavanja. Ipak, suvremeni intenzivni prekogranični pravni promet stavlja na kušnju uvriježene pravne mehanizme meĎunarodnog privatnog i postupovnog prava. Klasična parnica i postupak postaju u velikoj mjeri neučinkoviti u kontekstu zaštite najranjivijih: oni su skupi i spori. MeĎunarodna zajednica je prije više od pola stoljeća prvi puta prakticirala sustav logističke podrške koji pomaže ostvarenju pravosudne zaštite najranjivijih, a taj je mehanizam danas obilno preuzela i koristi EU. Stranke same niti mogu niti znaju kako locirati dužnika, utvrditi imovinu, pokrenuti postupak, naplati tražbinu – za to im danas kao servis treba služiti središnje tijelo na koji se prebacuje taj teret. Prednosti EU u odnosu na sve ostale sustave središnjih tijela (poglavito one usvojene u okvirima Haških konvencija) je učinkoviti nadzor primjene, redoviti monitoring i izvješćivanje o radu, te mogućnost sankcioniranja države članice koja bi zakazala u provedbi svojih obveza. Unatoč teškoćama u radu središnjih tijela, njihovo funkcioniranje ukazuje na progresiju prava usmjerenu smanjenju siromaštva djece, a koja su u inferiornoj socio-ekonomskoj poziciji u predmetima uzdržavanja. ispunjava na engleskom jeziku. Budući da ispunjavani dio obrasca obično čine samo nazivi, brojke i eventualno kratka pojašnjenja takva praksa do sada nije naišla na poteškoće. 27 Župan, M., Osobitosti ovrhe strane odluke o uzdržavanju, u: Rešetar, B., Župan, M., Imovinskopravni aspekti razvoda braka – hrvatski, međunarodni i europski kontekst (Osijek, 2011) str. 331-367. 28 Župan, M., Cross-border recovery of maintenance taking account of the new European Account Preservation Order (EAPO), radni materija predstavljen na ERA ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON EUROPEAN FAMILY LAW, Trier 2014 ( u postupku objave). 160 �Mirela Župan, Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Osijek Martina Drventić, mr. iur. Faculty of Law, University of Osijek SYSTEM OF CENTRAL BODIES THROUGH EUROPEAN MODEL OF CROSS-BORDER PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE Summary: One of the consequences of modern intensive mobility is a significant increase in the number of cross-border family cases. Legal systems correspond to this phenomenon by introducing new/improved legal norms (both at national and international level). In the field of legal protection of the most vulnerable, especially children, emphasis is placed on norms that present a legal framework for functioning of the central authority system. System of central authority has a crucial role in cross-border payment of maintenance and thus constitutes one of the key levers in reducing poverty of support creditors. This paper speaks of positioning of the system of central bodies in resolving international family matters, clarifying the scope of their work in the case of maintenance and in particular Maintenance Regulation no. 4/2009. Key words: central authority system, maintenance obligations, Maintenance Regulation. 161 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2994 Title A name given to the resource SUSTAV SREDIŠNJIH TIJELA KROZ EUROPSKI MODEL NAPLATE PREKOGRANIČNOG UZDRŽAVANJA Author Author ŽUPAN, Mirela Abstract A summary of the resource. Jedna od konzekvencija suvremene intenzivne mobilnosti je značajno povećanje broja prekograničnih obiteljskih predmeta. Pravni sustavi na ovu pojavu odgovaraju normiranjem (kako na nacionalnoj, tako i na međunarodnoj razini), u okviru kojega se u području pravne zaštite najranjivijih, prije svega djece, naglasak stavlja na rad i funkcioniranje sustava središnjih tijela. Sustav središnjih tijela ima presudnu ulogu u prekograničnoj naplati uzdržavanja, te time čini jednu od ključnih poluga u smanjenju siromaštva vjerovnika uzdržavanja. Predmetom je ovoga rada pozicioniranje sustava središnjih tijela u rješavanju međunarodno obilježenih obiteljskih predmeta, pojašnjenje djelokruga njihova rada u predmetima uzdržavanja te u kontekstu Hrvatske konkretna obrada relevantnih propisa, poglavito Uredbe br. 4/2009. Ključne riječi: sustav središnjih tijela, uzdržavanje,Uredba o uzdržavanju Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Law faculty of University Džemal Bijedić Mostar Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b9366ab96f8127374414504d87008e0e.doc fd341f2a9f7f7afa59a3d6db60822d4f https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/20d52eb2b7a0bc13343ea13ad8a1a5a0.pdf eb8aafd199a773641aed7f496bbfe822 PDF Text Text 1st International Annual Student Symposium The analysis results showed that the research included the members of other religious groups, it is not just focused on the majority of the population (Muslims), and the ratio of male and female respondents is almost the same. It is found that general knowledge of Islamic banking is low, especially among non-users. Findings showed that religion plays important role is selection process and cost benefit factor is also very important to the customers. More than half answered that they would switch to the participation bank if it offers better and more qualitative services. Findings also showed that respondents think that Bosnia and Herzegovina has suitable conditions for development of Islamic banking. SWOT and competitiveness analysis of BiH tourism sector Alen Husukić International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Keywords: GDP, natural and social resources, tourism oriented country, SWOT analysis, competitiveness analysis, UNWTO ABSTRACT Tourism industry is one of the most important industries in the world, especially in Europe. Its contribution to total worlds GDP is about 7,5%, engages more than 75.000 employees what is about 7% of total world employment, more than 750 million of international tourists arrive all around the world in 2011 and all these indicators increase every year. In time when BH is on the one of the lowest levels of development in Europe, and when most of economy branches are undeveloped, it is very hard to say what should be considered as starter of economic development. Most of the scientists and economists agree that tourism sector is field that could contribute the most, with the biggest chances and opportunities to increase economic well-being of people in BiH. 18 | �BOOK OF ABSTRACTS BiH has all conditions to become tourism oriented European country. It is found in heart of Europe, on intersection of important communication and transportation roads. It has all necessary natural and social resources, favorable climate, geographic and geomorphologic conditions, to have good developed tourism sector. In this research influence of neighbor countries on B&H and their tourism development will be analyzed. Also it will be shown what are the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats of BiH in cooperation with countries from the region. As a conclusion of this research paper it will be proved that BiH can compete with all countries on Balkan region and Europe, but it must make good strategy and improve a lot of spheres of economy and tourism sector. All the resources and infrastructure is not important if there is not enough investments and desire for progress. Effect of Changing Lifestyle on Marketing Strategy of Companies Furkan Özbek International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT The research is Effect of Changing Lifestyle on Marketing Strategy of Companies. Lifestyle is way of living could be the approach anyone existence. After 2000 year’s people started to get effect modernization by cultures and hard lifestyle. It's recognized which modernization, as much as technology along with science come to mind, surfaced as soon as the Industrial Revolution, which was induced by the invention associated with re-writing devices throughout Great Britain during the overdue 16 centuries. Throughout some other Asian countries modernization features generally recently has been puzzled by using Westernization. The reason being modernization, while that took place throughout these kinds of international locations, in many cases meant acknowledging Developed lifestyle along with resulted in great adjustments associated with everyday activities. Companies | 19 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1439 Title A name given to the resource SWOT and competitiveness analysis of BiH tourism sector Author Author HUSUKIC, Alen Abstract A summary of the resource. Tourism industry is one of the most important industries in the world, especially in Europe. Its contribution to total worlds GDP is about 7,5%, engages more than 75.000 employees what is about 7% of total world employment, more than 750 million of international tourists arrive all around the world in 2011 and all these indicators increase every year. In time when BH is on the one of the lowest levels of development in Europe, and when most of economy branches are undeveloped, it is very hard to say what should be considered as starter of economic development. Most of the scientists and economists agree that tourism sector is field that could contribute the most, with the biggest chances and opportunities to increase economic well-being of people in BiH.BiH has all conditions to become tourism oriented European country. It is found in heart of Europe, on intersection of important communication and transportation roads. It has all necessary natural and social resources, favorable climate, geographic and geomorphologic conditions, to have good developed tourism sector. In this research influence of neighbor countries on B&H and their tourism development will be analyzed. Also it will be shown what are the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats of BiH in cooperation with countries from the region. As a conclusion of this research paper it will be proved that BiH can compete with all countries on Balkan region and Europe, but it must make good strategy and improve a lot of spheres of economy and tourism sector. All the resources and infrastructure is not important if there is not enough investments and desire for progress. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3380 Title A name given to the resource Syllabus Design and Materials Development in English for Public Administration and Political Sciences Course Author Author Bytyqi, Besa Abstract A summary of the resource. This research paper aims to show the importance of the syllabus design and materials development in English for Specific Purposes for students at the Faculty of Public Administration and Political Sciences at South East European University, Republic of Macedonia. Public Administration is a new field in this region and the studies provide the educational requirements to support students begin their professional career path in government, state and local government agencies, municipalities, public institutions, local schools administration, non-profit organizations, universities and corporations. When students graduate they should use written and speaking English language according to protocols and rules related to Public Administration. English Language is a core subject at the university level and students take the ESP course in the third and fourth semester, after they have finished with their Basic English courses. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were used for the data collection. The evidence for the paper was gathered by interviewing the students and preparing the target vocabulary for ESP 1 and ESP 2, and the scope and sequence of the course. Students were also given a questionnaire to answer on their preferences where would they prefer to work after they graduate. The University data was also used to show the percentage of the already employed graduate students, and according to that new syllabi and materials were selected to motivate students, engage and give assignments on topics that they will use on a daily basis. Course packs were designed for both ESP 1 and ESP 2 courses and other additional materials were selected that will prepare students for their future career. Keywords: Syllabus design, materials selection, ESP, Public Administration, Political Sciences Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ed7937ca4bf9928300625d28d4c4222b.pdf 09752e15fd2013e76855353a828c2f27 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Symbolic Construction of Turkish National Identity as a Factor of International Management Hüsamettin ĐNAÇ Associate Professor, Dumlupinar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Public Administration Department Kutahya, Turkey husamettininac@yahoo.com Abstract: This presentation aims to explore the symbolic construction of Turkish nationalism during the early Republican period in order to trace the origins of the anti-global nationalism in today’s Turkey. It discusses the symbolic bases of Turkish nationalism by going back to early years of modern Republic. We identified three main components of Turkish nationalism in this period: history, geography, and language. They are symbolically constructed within a nationalist perspective. The founders of the Republic and the ideologists of Turkish nationalism hoped this to serve two purposes. One was to establish the bases of realizing the unity of Turkish nations. The other, perhaps the most important, purpose was to prove that the Turks were an advanced and civil nation during the course of history, and to respond the western pressures of disruption, defeat, invasion and exclusion (e.g. the western labels of barbarian Turks, backward Muslims). The main argument in this study is that the Turkish national identity tried to co-exist with, and to join, the modern western civilization by placing geography, history and language in a symbolic context and in accordance with the idea that it determines national interests as a part of a Business of Corporations and key factor of Managers within the international competitive environment. In this context, Turkish history was interpreted as the source of human civilization and the geographies of the Central Asia and Anatolia were the home of human civilization while the Turkish language was viewed as the origin of human languages. By doing so, they aimed to repel the claims of backwardness and barbarity and tried to introduce the national identity as an integral part of national culture having great impact on a process of negotiations. Keyword: Symbolic Construction, Turkish National Identity Introduction In this historical era of globalized world nation-states experience a great transformation. Some social scientists interpreted this change as the end of nation-states. On the other hand, there are profound controversies and conflicts due to micronationalisms in regional context. Therefore, it is necessary to revisit the early construction of nationalism in Turkey. As a result of the social and political effects of globalization on nationstate and national identity, there emerge new ‘national front’ movements and new types of reactions to globalization. These developments can also be observed in Turkish society. Especially Turkey’s membership talks with the European Union caused a heated debates as to national identity and the transformation of nationstate leading to the emergence of “nationalist front” movements (Bozkurt 2004: 7; Perinçek 2005: 1-2). To understand this new political situation and nationalism in Turkey it is necessary to analyze how Turkish national identity was constructed during the early Republican period and what kind of symbolization is used in this construction process. The early construction of the Turkish national identity can shed a significant light on today’s rejuvenated debates as its role in relation to globalization in particular and Turkey’s accession talks with the European Union. While the globalization exposes the county’s culture, economy and social structure to global factors such as economy and culture, the EU accession talks cause heightened debates as to the nature and future of the Turkish national identity. In one extreme, there is a clear rejectionist trend toward both globalization and European Union from both secular and religious camps that emphasize the uniqueness of national culture. On the other end, there is a strong accommodationism. This accomodationism appears in the form of incorporation of western and universal values with little attention to traditional Turkish culture, or in a more cooperationist attitude with a strong confidence on traditional identity and culture. While the former represents the traditional secular elites in Turkey, the latter is represented by the Justice and Development Party in power. The fact that both globalization and EU talks began to highlight the need for recognizing the presence of more local elements of national identity that were ignored in the original construction of national identity. 131 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Therefore, Kemalism as an ideology of national ideology began to gradually go away from the strict imagination of national identity (Kramer 2000). It is surprising that the arguments of today’s new nationalist outlook that emerging due to globalization, micronationalism and EU integration is parallel to the nationalist arguments of the early years of the Turkish Republic (Perinçek 2004). This paper elaborates on how nationalist identity was constructed during these early years by arguing that this construction is made through us of geography, history and language. Our main assumption is that nationalist symbolic construction in Turkey aimed to develop alternatives to the western arguments that the Turks were backward and barbarians. This symbolization implies that the Turks are equal to their counterpart in the West and that the Turks lead many great events in history and founded the first civilization and, therefore, deserve to take its place in modern civilization. In this respect this article first elaborates on the symbolization and nationalism. Secondly, it analyzes how and why nationalism was symbolically constructed through the symbolization of homeland or geography, history and language. Nationalist Identity and Symbolism Nation-states that emerged as a result of modern political theorization focused on constructing national identity as a social collectivity. Individuals attempted to find meaning around this new identity. In this context national identity is constructed around a common land, myths, a historical memory, duties, rights and economy (Smith 1994: 31-32). The two main criteria in defining national identity: continuity over time and differentiation from others (Guibernau 1996: 73). The nation that is a basis formational identity refers to a group of people organized as a community. This community is based on the assumptions of a common culture, land, history, future and self-government. Nation gradually tends to define itself as a sentiment by differentiating from nationstate with its various forms of nationalisms. The members of the community define themselves as a whole of sentiment with various symbols (Guibernau 1996: 47). These symbols try to construct a common meaning to national identity. Symbols are the stocks of meaning for a society and provide “a capacity to create meaning”. Therefore, community members assign similar meanings to the world they live in by using the same symbols (Cohen 1999: 14). These meanings are a “social map” shared by society (Mardin 1982: 91). With this map individuals obtain a common consciousness, values, views, behaviors and beliefs. At the same time, there emerge a culture with consistent meanings around a system of symbols. This culture gain unity by means of meanings provided by these symbols. For example, in Turkey there is a culture unified as around such as a land, flag and bravery (Mardin 1982: 101). Symbolization can transform a community into a symbol by emerging in the minds of community members. Whey a community is transformed into a symbol, community members can easily perceive themselves a part of the same collectivity (Cohen 1999: 83). Therefore, symbols function as an important concept that constructs a sense of with in community. In this context the nation transforms itself to the status of the similarities from the differences of realities. Therefore, people invest in the ideological integration of the community. This explains the ability of nationalism to connect people from different cultural and social positions. Symbols point to a difference and similarity to create a group feeling. People construct the community and use it as an expression of their own identity (Guibernau 1996: 82). Yet through symbols people speak the same language, act similarly, participate in the same rituals, pray the same God and wear similar dresses (Cohen 1999: 20; Smith 1994: 123). The differences in society can also help to eliminate and reinforce unity (Cohen 1999: 82). Symbols have the capacity to transform opposing messages into a single slogan or image and to transform them into an action. Combined with conflict, symbols’ capacity to condense, unite and narrow messages can mobilize meanings and political symbols (Brown-Roger,2003). Also, symbols function to draw boundaries that are important in the construction of national identity. The exclusionary and unifying role of symbols in drawing the boundaries are also critical to maintain group identity and its solidarity. As Armstrong put it, like traffic lights, symbols can constitute the markers of boundaries for entrance and exit. Each group, community or state can develop colors, flags or historical references mobilized for certain goals as symbolic inventories (Brown-Roger, 2003: 83-108). As Cohen (1999: 19) mentioned, sharing the same symbols leads to distinguishing themselves from other communities by perceiving themselves as separate. Symbols define national boundaries. The nation attains a sense of unity through symbols by differentiating themselves from others. A symbol can be an object, a sign or a word, to make it easy to recognize each other. Therefore, members of the nation will have a sense of difference and the nation becomes instrumental in differentiating the nation from others (Guibernau 1996: 81). National flags, names of the states, geographies, and histories and languages contribute to the construction of national unity while they contribute to the sense of their being different from other nations. Symbols may change their content in time. They express a transfer to the future with continuity with the past. Symbols are not static; they passed from generation to generation or can emerge with a new generation. Nationalism use this dynamic feature of symbols to maintain the national unity and improve them the interpreting them in new ways (Guibernau 1996: 82). The rich 132 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo associations provided by symbols and potential to create new meanings facilitate the construction of national identity. Symbols' capacity to create meanings (Cohen 1999: 17), are instrumental in creating new meanings to legitimize national identity. For example, religious symbols are strategically employed to reinterpret the concept of modern national identity. When the symbols are located within a national context they greatly contribute to the perception of a nation by improving the meanings. In this context symbols try to create "single meanings" by constructing the same language, geography, and history. Through symbols national identity is constructed and reality is transferred to old ultra-reality. Nation states' land, languages, history, names, cities, etc. are carried to extrareality and gain new meanings through symbols. Turkish national identity and symbolic construction Turkish national identity is also constructed through various symbols and gained new meanings in the keep nation-state and its relations to the West. Above all, Turkish national identity emphasizes the “integrity” of the nation in contrast to local, regional, ethnic and religious differences in the Ottoman society (Mardin 1982: 135, 137). Singular meanings are constructed through symbols. Since Turkish nationalism perceived the pluralist nature of the Ottoman society as fragmented, the nation was envisioned as national unity that tried to avoid such fragmentation. The available symbols served as a stock of meanings in this envisioning as symbols of history, geography, and language were reformulated in order to attribute new meanings to the nation. While Turkish national identity seeks symbolization the meaning it involved against the West becomes important. This meaning of westernizing against the West played a primary role in the symbolization of national identity. As well-known, the fragmentation old empire and the invasion of Anatolia by the West always frightened the intellectuals. Even before the war, the intellectuals said in ‘we either westernize or collapse … if we don't westernize, the West will expel us not just from the West not from the whole world’ (Safa 1988: 20). Against the Western accusations of retardation and the shocks experience by the intellectuals, the nation state that was declared to be Republic simultaneously tried to response to West. The message here was simple: Turks are not backward and have the right to join the West as a developed modern nation. Symbolization of Geography/Space In the graveyard tablets that reflects the 17th century Istanbul’ classical culture, the homeland is defined as a place where someone was born and grew up (Yildirim 2005). Therefore, homeland carries a local emphasis. Along with modernity, the notion of homeland keep is totally transformed within a new cultural and political paradigm. In this paradigm homeland is placed in a national context and is identified with a national geography and it is perceived as a soil where the sovereignty of nation-state is realized. Homeland is certainly not solely territorial space where the national sovereignty is practiced. It rather carries a symbolic dimension in relation to a set of more pervasive and deeper meanings. As Smith (1994) pointed out, ‘homeland is a sacred place with historical memories, a sacred place with lakes, rivers, mountains, cities... With these features, homeland is a main source of identity’ (p.25). In Turkish nationalism related to modernity, homeland carries a significance as a symbolic geography that involves various emotions, values and beliefs as a part of national identity. The notion of homeland (vatan) was first used by Namik Kemal that deserved to the title of homeland’s poet due to his ability to artfully use literature and poetry. In his play called “Homeland or Silistre” that was screened in 1873, Namik Kemal, perhaps for the first time, draws a striking picture of homeland: Homeland! Homeland! I said homeland is in danger. Don’t you hear? Allah created me and homeland raised me. Allah is feeding me … Homeland filled my stomach. I was naked and was dressed by homeland … My body is from homeland soil … My breath is from homeland’s air. If I am not to die for the sake of homeland, why was I born? (Kemal 1996: 8). Believing that homeland’s under siege, Namik Kemal tried to establish a belief in saving the homeland by identifying it with human breath, a feeder and a value to die for. After Namik Kemal, homeland continued to be constructed by Turkish nationalists as under siege in order to promote a belief in saving and defending it. For example, Turk Yurdu, a journal first published in 1911 as a forerunner of Turkish nationalism, keep similar depictions. Many parallel stories, poems, and articles were published in this journal. A poem that describes homeland as a cluster of feelings: In the poem, homeland is described by referring to various feelings and actions such as seeing, sleeping, hearing and thinking. Individual is thought to be unified with its land both symbolically and materially. Somewhere else in the journal, land is conceptualized as a “symbolic land”, as a mother giving birth to humans and is perceived as an entity that teach the individual humanity. Homeland is thought to be a source of love, to involve belongingness to the birth place with an aspiration to maintain religion and race, to help to enter 133 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo human community with a Turkish Muslim identity, and to provide sovereignty and future. Homeland is where someone and his ancestors are buried. Homeland must be loved as a place where one obtains identity and where nations obtain happiness. Homeland is beautiful and symbolizes loyalty to ancestors and the past and, therefore, there is a sense of appreciation for the homeland (Tevfik 1912: 18-21). Ziya Golalp, a sociologist of nationalism, provides one of the most interesting symbolizations of homeland in the journal Turk Yurdu. For him homeland is a sacred country for which lives are sacrificed. While other countries are not considered sacred, homeland is thought so. Those who consider homeland sacred can sacrifice their families, lives and their most beloved ones. The value of homeland comes from its sacred qualities rather than its material features (Gökalp 1914). Homeland is the place in whose mosque ezan is called and in whose school the Qur’an is recited with one language and one religion, capital, science and knowledge, shipyards, factories and trains belong to the Turkish nation (Gökalp 1976:1). Mehmet Emin, one of the pioneers of Turkish nationalist activist-thinkers, was an important figure in the symbolization of the homeland (vatan) concept. For him, homeland was the future place where one would be free with his temple, school and everything, where no one would be persecuted, where there was no oppressor or oppressed, the poor and the rich would be equal before justice, where everyone would have a land and a farm living there happily and peacefully and where remote villages would come alive (Emin 1914). In this respect, Mehmet Emin attempted to create a hopeful utopia about future in the face of despair due to disruptions and fragmentations in the Ottoman society. Homeland is named after the ‘pure soil where the Turks shed with their own blood and live’ (Sabir 1913). Therefore, the conception of the ‘pure and sacred’ soil is emphasized by many nationalist elite. For example, Nihal Atsız found the prevalence of this approach in the journal Orhun, one of the most important representatives of civil nationalism. In its most extreme form, Atsız (1934) said in the homeland ‘everything is at war. Everyday is a holy war (gaza) against the nature, against the enemy, and even against God… This land is a place of martyrs throughout’ . He named the enemies as “subversive communists”, “disgraceful Jews”, “sneaky and hybrid traitors”. He even says that these enemies cannot dismantle the homeland, “let alone God that established the world’s system” (p.1). In the journal Ülkü, one of the most important source of official nationalist ideologies during the Republican period, one can find many articles that emphasized the homeland’s sacred, metaphysical, emotional features (Ülkü Mecmuası 1935). However, in real politics homeland is constructed in relation to Anatolia. In the 1930s the official textbooks of history and in the Turkish thesis of history, we notice a symbolic construction of geography in a new way. In this construction the Central Asia is constructed as the motherland, Anatolia represents the last phase of its continuum. In the case of Turkish humanity, the motherland first emerges in the Central Asia and matures in Anatolia seen as a place the Turks adopted a homeland in their most civilized and developed phase. Hittites and Sumerians were Turks as the most advanced structures of Anatolian geography. With Hittites and Sumerians, Anatolia reached the highest level of civilization as a Turkish homeland (Tarih I 1931). The conceptualization of Anatolia as a geography of a superior civilization aimed to disprove the Western claims that the Turks are backward and, therefore, must be expelled from Anatolia. In this perspective Anatolia becomes the Turkish homeland and represents an advanced civilization (Copeaux 1998: 15). Accordingly, we can interpret Ataturk’s thesis transcribed by Afet Đnan that the earlier races that lived in Anatolia were Turks in this line. In 1918 Ziya Gökalp, a sociologist that advanced Turan symbol, tried to answers the question ‘where is the homeland for the Turkish nation?’ as follows: ‘Homeland is neither Turkey nor Turkistan; Homeland is a great and eternal land: Turan… ‘ (Gökalp 1950: 48). For Gökalp, ‘Turan is an ideational land that includes its parts and excludes others. Turan is the sum of ‘the countries where the Turks inhabit’ (Gökalp 1950: 48). The Great Turan represents a single land in the Turkish spirit, a single ruler and a single language and reflects a general and comprehensive unity, excluding individuality, lineage and tribal components (Gökalp 1989: 101). Turan is where the Turks are buried and Turkish martyrs fell (Aktuğ 1913: 50-52). Turan is depicted as a broad and great world where the knowledge of the era prevails and happiness and life are created (Ziya 1913: 197). In the years of decline when the Ottoman empire was under siege by the West it was said ‘Turan is crying in the land of Islam’ (Gündüz 1913: 465). According to Turkish nationalists the Turanis are the most ancient communities of Asia and they come from the same race as the Turks. The picture of a double-headed eagle is a result of the experience of Turani civilization. Just as today’s Europe, Byzantium, Rome and Russia attempted to destroy the Turanism in history. Turks, Yakuts, Mongolians, Japanese and Korean people constitute the Turan that belong to the Ural-Altaic race. Japan was founded by the Turanis that established the most powerful state. Mongolians, Seljukis, Ottomans and the like are interpreted as the forces of Turanis that founded states. Asia, Far Asia, Central 134 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Anatolia and India are the geographies where several civilizations are founded by the Turanis (Marki Efendi 1912: 231-234). The homeland symbolized as Turan covers the eastern geography of the world. This perception of geography is a symbol of a ‘great east’ against the Western destruction and cultural pressure. Through this symbol they try to substitute the real homeland that faced the danger of falling apart, invasion, shrinking and extinction with a idea of imagined homeland. They try to provide the members of the nation with an idealist, great, respected, valuable geographical meanings. The Turan concept remained alive in the republican era’s nationalism and was advocated as a cultural geography and a political construction. For example, in the Turkistan night organized in April 20, 1940 the slogan was ‘The road from Anatolia to Caucasus goes to the Turan’. The representatives of Azerbaijan, Turkistan, Anatolia, Caucasia, Idyl-Ural regions participated in the night (Bozkurt 1940: 78-79). The new Turkish thesis of history and the Sun Language Theory also involved Turan in a cultural sense. We will focus more on it in terms of the symbolization of history. Symbolization of History: National Construction of Time The symbolization of history reflects the spirit of the day since it is constructed selectively. The past is symbolically remembered, creating simple historical labels to describe complex and ideological messages. These views can be found especially in political rhetorics (Cohen 1999: 112,115). The expression of temporal continuity through symbols means ‘the reconstruction of a cultural unity in the face of its disruption by the forces of change’ (Cohen 1999: 118). Therefore, following the Ottoman decline, Turkish society experienced a deep cultural and political crisis. In order to overcome the danger of “becoming meaningless”, Turkish nation used historical symbolization to define its place in history or world. In Turkey, the founders efficiently institutionalized a national history and their support for nationalist narratives were well popularized and canonized by the new state apparatus (Canefe 2002). The nationalist intellectuals advanced an image of a common nation with historical heroism and victories in community. For them the Turks won all the victories for a great and honorable nation (Gökalp 1941: 13) and become a nation through Mete, Bilge Han, Jangyz and Timurlenk’s raids that played a unifying role (Gökalp 1950: 44). As Turks, Timurlenk made other people obey, to himself Bayazed distracted the enemy, the Sultan Selim rushed in to Europe, Asia, Africa and found the world too small while making Istanbul a capital and bringing Caliphate to Istanbul and defeating the United Europe in Mohach. The word ‘Turk’ became as dreadful and fascinating as God. The Turk becomes the God’s elect in the world’ (Türkkan 1940: 1). The Turks are claimed to be the first people that established a civilization. Cities like Samarkand, Tashkent, Bukhara, Konya and Istanbul were the centers of this civilization. They thought that, as a result of excavation the Central Asia as the motherland of the Turks was a home for the most ancient civilization and that the first civilization started there as animals were domesticated and metals were shaped for the first time (Tarih I 1931: 35). Similarly, many mines in the Altai Mountains are claimed to prove that the Turks were the first to discover metals to extract copper, iron and gold from those mines (Tarih I 1931: 38). In the early historical era when, in various regions of the world, people used to live in the holes of tree and rocks, Poetry is a good example of the symbolization of Turkish history. The nationalist perspective of the Republican era portrays the Turks’ historical role as the initiators related to discovering, and creating, civilization and by using the symbolization potential of poetry. As can be seen in the poetry above, they, for example, make distinctions between the Turks and other human societies with the words ‘us’ and ‘others’ as well as between a ‘shepherd’ and a ‘herd’. The theme that, with migrations, the Turks spread around the world and pioneered in developing civilizations in other regions was an important example of historical symbolizations. This theme was first advanced in the journal Turk Yurdu a main intellectual representative of Turkish nationalism. Here, the ‘Turani race’ is said to have left their barren lands and steps, Atilla, Jangyz, Hulagu and Timurlank to spread from Spain to China and from Yemen to India. It was claimed that they mixed with people when they went to Arabia and Persia, they united with Germans and Russians when they arrived in Europe they became a shah in Iran, a sultan in Yemen, a khan in China a king in Hungary. Therefore, the Turks revitalized the hearts and minds by spreading around the world and this was due to a mission assigned by God (Hikmet 1912: 189-192). The same perspective can be found in the journal Ülkü Mecmuası that was the most important documents of official nationalism during the Republican era. In the journal the Turks are said to have gone to China, Japan, and the Okan islands and then to Mexico, Peru and America, from above the Black Sea to Ural, Volga regions, then to Thrace and Macedonia, to the Mansh Sea from there they went to France and named the Alps. Again, they claim that the Turks founded a culture and civilization called Etrusks in Italy and that they influenced the native peoples of America and Europe in growing animals (Muzaffer 1934: 249-254). The Turkish Thesis of History claims that a major climate change in the Central Asia forced the Turks to migrate from their homeland toward China, India, Africa, Levant and Europe. And, the Turks are said to ‘carry civil knowledge, high and noble morals, pure and simple faiths to these regions’ (Tarih I 1931: 28). 135 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo According to this thesis, the Turks established a civilization wherever they went, for example keep in Mesopotamia by drying out swamps and opening up water channels. When they reached Egypt, they settled in the Nile delta and established the Egyptian civilization. The westward migrations found the Aegean basin as suitable for settlement. Again, history shows that the brackicephal tribes founded Mediterranean civilizations in the regions known with the names of Troy, Crete, Lidia and Ionia. The origin of the brackicephal tribes is the Central Asia, the motherland of the Turks. This explains the similarities between the antique pieces in Crete and Troy (Tarih I 1931: 30-31). Again, the Turks are said to have brought civilization to Europe in the shores of the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, reaching the Atlantic Ocean from Europe and invaded Britain and Ireland, carrying the arts of the iron, age polished rocks, copper, rice. The Turks freed the natives peoples of Europe from cave lifestyle by teaching them agriculture, farming, domesticating animals, pottery (Tarih I 1931: 33). Conclusion National identity plays an important role in the continuity of a state or a nation as it provides meaning for the current state of affairs. In Turkey history is interpreted within a cultural perspective consistent with the modern nationalist identity and it is ‘reinvented’ within a new set of meanings. These meanings aimed to refute the charges of backwardness and they served to associate Turkish society with universal, developed and modern Western civilization. The main theme in the attempts of symbolization of history, geography, culture and language were that the Turkish society as a whole were a part of modern western civilization and that, as a great nation, the Turks played an important role in history. It was claimed that the Turks founded the first civilization and that they served as the forerunner of the Anatolian civilizations and they inspired the Greek civilization. The main function of Turkish History Thesis was to create a meaning for that cause rather than being purely scientific. This thesis claimed that the Turks were leading figures in the history of civilizations and contributed to major civilizations of the world. Probably due to their desire to distance themselves from the Islamic past represented by the Ottoman Empire, the founders of the new-nation state focused on the pre-Islamic origins of Turkish culture and its relations with the western civilization. For that purpose, the language was used as an important symbolic mechanism in constructing the national identity. The Sun Language Theory claimed that all world languages stemmed from Turkish language. Early nationalists criticized the Ottoman language for being under a heavy influence of Arabic and Persian and emphasized the need for nationalize and purify the Turkish language, thinking that a unified and purified language will help realize the national unity and integration. References IV. Türk Dil Konferansı. (The 4th Conference of Turkish Language) 1942-3. Ankara: Alaaddin Kural Basımevi. 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Yund, Kerim. 1939. ‘Biz Kimiz? (Who are We?)’, Bozkurt, No. 1, Đstanbul, P.35. 138 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 145 Title A name given to the resource Symbolic Construction of Turkish National Identity as a Factor of International Management Author Author İNAÇ, Hüsamettin Abstract A summary of the resource. This presentation aims to explore the symbolic construction of Turkish nationalism during the early Republican period in order to trace the origins of the anti-global nationalism in today’s Turkey. It discusses the symbolic bases of Turkish nationalism by going back to early years of modern Republic. We identified three main components of Turkish nationalism in this period: history, geography, and language. They are symbolically constructed within a nationalist perspective. The founders of the Republic and the ideologists of Turkish nationalism hoped this to serve two purposes. One was to establish the bases of realizing the unity of Turkish nations. The other, perhaps the most important, purpose was to prove that the Turks were an advanced and civil nation during the course of history, and to respond the western pressures of disruption, defeat, invasion and exclusion (e.g. the western labels of barbarian Turks, backward Muslims). The main argument in this study is that the Turkish national identity tried to co-exist with, and to join, the modern western civilization by placing geography, history and language in a symbolic context and in accordance with the idea that it determines national interests as a part of a Business of Corporations and key factor of Managers within the international competitive environment. In this context, Turkish history was interpreted as the source of human civilization and the geographies of the Central Asia and Anatolia were the home of human civilization while the Turkish language was viewed as the origin of human languages. By doing so, they aimed to repel the claims of backwardness and barbarity and tried to introduce the national identity as an integral part of national culture having great impact on a process of negotiations Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f889528dfa8367ea5f102abaf07d7267.pdf 5a8477b3244d33d89afa98572cf3aa4b PDF Text Text Symposium Notes of the 2nd INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo; Economy and Management Sessions Mustafa ÜÇ Epoka University Department of Business Administration, Tirana, Albania muc@epoka.edu.al The 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development was held on the premises of International Burch University in Sarajevo, on June 8-9 2010. Participants from five different countries and more than four hundred academics participated in this distinguished event. After the opening remarks and key-note speech, concurrent sessions were held which were designed according to the theme of the proceedings in different disciplines. There were three main categories in the symposium: economy and management, social sciences, and science and technology. In this paper, after giving information on the opening remarks that common part for all categories in the conference, I review only the economy and management sessions of the symposium. The 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development opened with the speech of International Burch University Rector Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Padem. The Rector of the host university addressed his pleasure to see the participants and thanked them for their contributions. After his speech, Safet Keso, Minister of Education of Sarajevo Canton, Emeritus Professor John Tunbridge, Canada Carleton University and Brighton University Professor and Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Çelik, Former Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Turkey also addressed the audience. Firstly, all speakers thanked the organizing committee and the participants and they stressed the importance of this scientific event and its topic “Sustainable Development.” The keynote speaker of the symposium, Emeritus Professor Dr. John Tunbridge from Brighton University, UK, presented his topic ``Sustainable Development: Community, Heritage and Tourism,`` which concluded that Bosnia and Herzegovina’s natural and cultural resources have great potential for this type of tourism.Before the beginning of parallel sessions for each discipline, owners of posters began to present their posters and answered questions about their studies in the main entrance hall. In the afternoon, the first parallel sessions were started at the chairmen’s call. There were three parallel sessions for the economy and management discipline from 14:00 to 18:00. Within nine separated sessions, 45 proceedings were presented by the academics. In the first session of the economy and management section, three topics were considered in detail from the aspect of sustainable development. The first parallel session’s main topic was concerned with accounting and auditing issues. The second parallel session mostly focused on energy strategies and sustainability. The third and last parallel session was allocated for the proceedings which aimed to discuss tourism from different perspectives. �The second session of the first day also had three parallel sessions. The proceedings’ topics were mostly based on law issues in the first session. Especially, changing regulations and the effects of this change on the business world were evaluated in detail with some case studies. The second parallel session’s main topic was the European Union (EU). After a general review of the Balkan countries with a paper titled “Comparative Analysis of Bosnia Herzegovina to the other Former Yugoslav Federation Countries in the Context of Political and Economic Perspectives,” the following proceedings provided discussions on specific issues about the EU and the EU process. In the third parallel session, tourism was again the main topic and presentations were held related to the topic. The third session of the first day of the symposium was separated into three parallel sessions. In the first, macroeconomic issues were discussed and proceedings were presented about financial crises and solutions. The relationship between regional development and universities and some regional agencies were the theme of the second session. The proceedings had empirical findings and revealed the positive role and contribution of universities and other regional agencies to regional development. The proceeding presented in third parallel session consisted of specific management issues, such as intellectual capital and risk tolerance of executives on a broad scale. On the second day of the symposium, parallel sessions continued from 9:00 to 18:30. There were two sessions in the morning separated into three parallel sessions. There were three afternoon sessions and they were held in two different halls. Briefly, 57 proceedings were presented by the end of the second day of the symposium with 12 separate sessions. There were two different parallel sessions in the first session of the second day of the symposium. During the first session, macroeconomics issues like Balkan countries’ human development and analysis of the sustainability of current accounts were discussed by the presenters. In the second one, for the most part, marketing issues were discussed in axes of sustainable development. The third session focused on cost accounting and international accounting standards, which are among the most disputed contemporary issues in the field. The second session in the morning also had three separated parallel sessions also. In the first session, micro issues were taken into consideration, such as the relationship between strategy and performance, corporate governance, and values in corporations. The second session consisted of several proceedings which had some particular marketing issues. In the third section, the global crisis and its effects were taken into consideration one more time. The afternoon of the second day had three sessions, each of them consisting of two parallel sessions which were designed in accordance with the proceedings’ topics on similar subjects. Proceedings in the first session included specific studies on fundamental topics of management and organization, such as entrepreneurship, leadership and its types, and organizational behavior. In the second session, the main topics were macro economy and public finance. In the third session, there were proceedings containing quantitative methods and some had advanced statistical methods, such as fuzzy techniques. The topics discussed during the second session were appealing; Multi-Dimensional Performance Measurement Model in Businesses, Relationship between Religiosity and Ethical Attitudes of Managers, A Successful Case Study for a Chinese Family Business. In the third session’s first parallel session, there were invaluable proceedings on a broad scale from finance to marketing which had statistical analyses as their �point in common, such as Garch analysis and data envelope analysis. The second parallel session had different topics such as the contribution of universities to the national economies and financial determinants of investment in Turkey. In the second parallel session, answers to these questions were investigated with proceedings titled Does International Capital Mobility Increase the Risk of Financial Crisis? and A Comparison of Ethical Perspectives in Business in Turkish Ahilik and American Society and the American Marketing Association. After the presentation of the last proceeding on the comparison between Turkish Ahilik and the American Marketing Association, participants of the session discussed the reliability and eligibility of comparison of these two institutions. Consequently, there are some common points in the symposium which should be specified here. First of all, participants found a good opportunity for presenting new research, exchanging information and discussing current issues. The symposium played a very important role by providing a meeting ground for academics from various places. After the completions of the presentations, chairmen of the sessions granted time for questions and comments about the presented studies. In this way, many new ideas were introduced about ongoing papers and further research. The fact is that symposiums do not only consist of several scientific events but also contain social activities. In this context, participants of this symposium were very lucky because after two days long papers presentation, they had an opportunity to see some of the natural beauties of Bosnia and Herzegovina on trips to Mostar and Travnik. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2354 Title A name given to the resource Symposium Notes of the 2nd INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo; Economy and Management Sessions Author Author ÜÇ, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. The 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development was held on the premises of International Burch University in Sarajevo, on June 8-9 2010. Participants from five different countries and more than four hundred academics participated in this distinguished event. After the opening remarks and key-note speech, concurrent sessions were held which were designed according to the theme of the proceedings in different disciplines. There were three main categories in the symposium: economy and management, social sciences, and science and technology. In this paper, after giving information on the opening remarks that common part for all categories in the conference, I review only the economy and management sessions of the symposium. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-01-30 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 1986 – 8502 AC Collections. Series. Collected works https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/50e1a7dde6833065213614ccaed19ff7.pdf 8e021758202f2108abc8128d007db5d4 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo K. Konishi, M. H. (1998). Sliding mode control for a class of chaotic systems. Phys. Lett. A, vo1.245 , pp.511-517. Lorenz, E. ( 1963). Deterministic non-periodic flows. J. Atmos.Sci., Vol.20, No.1 , 130–141. OE, R. (1976). An equation for continuous chaos. Phys. Lett. A,;57 , 397–398. S. Emiroğlu, Y. U. (2010). Passivity based Chaos Control of the T System,. IMS 2010 (s. 118-125). Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina: International University of Sarajevo. X. Chen, C. L. (2010). Passive control on a unified chaotic system. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications 11 , 683-687. Y.Zeng, S. N. (1997). Adaptive control of chaos in Lorenz system. Dynamic Contr., vol. 7 , pp 143 - 154. Yu, W. (1999). Passive equivalence of chaos in Lorenz system. IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst. I, vo1.46, no.7 , pp.876-878. Synchronization of a chaotic finance system via active control Zekeriya Özdemir, Selçuk Emiroğlu, Yılmaz Uyaroğlu Sakarya University, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Turkey E-mails: zozdemir@sakarya.edu.tr, selcukemiroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract This paper discusses chaos synchronization of the three dimensional finance system based on active control technique. Using active control theory, chaos synchronization of three dimensional chaotic finance system is realized with three input. The designed controllers ensure the stability of error dynamical system between two identical chaotic finance systems. Also, the controllers provide that the error dynamical system converges to zero equilibrium. Numerical simulations show that the proposed method is effective for chaotic finance system. Keywords: Chaotic finance system, chaos synchronization, active control 1. INTRODUCTION Since the control of chaotic systems is firstly proposed by Ott, Grebogi and Yorke, chaos control has become one of the much interesting research subject. Also, chaos synchronization has received a huge increasing interest and has been studied in the past two decades, after Pecora and Carroll introduced the synchronization method. Recently, many control methods are proposed to the control and the synchronization of the chaotic systems. The control strategies applied to control and synchronization of chaos such as OGY method (E. Ott, C. G. 1990), linear feedback control (A.E. Matouk, 2008), passive control (S. Emiroğlu and Y. Uyaroğlu, 2010; X. Chen, C. L. 2010), active control (S. Emiroğlu, Y. Uyaroğlu, 2011) etc.. 130 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In this paper, we study the control of chaos in a nonlinear finance chaotic system which was proposed by reference (Guoliang Cai, 2007). The state equations of chaotic finance system are written below Eq 1. (Guoliang Cai, 2007) x  z  ( y  a) x y  1  by  x 2 (1) z   x  cz where variable x represents the interest rate in the model; variable y represents the investment demand and variable z is the price exponent. The parameter a is the saving. b is the perinvestment cost. c is the elasticity of demands of commercials. And they are positive constants. Mathematical model of a finance system is constructed by using Matlab-Simulink program as shown in Figure 1. u 2 x z y 1 1 s 1 x s z 1 s a b c y Figure 17. Matlab-Simulink model of finance system Chaotic time series and phase portraits of the system are shown in Figure 2. 131 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 18. Phase portraits of the system 2. SYNCHRONIZATION OF CHAOTIC FINANCE SYSTEM In this section, the synchronization of finance chaotic system (2) is achieved using active control theory. The active control scheme is employed to realize chaos synchronization. Suppose the drive system below, x1  z1  ( y1  a) x1 2 y1  1  by1  x1 (2) z1   x1  cz1 and the response system, x 2  z 2  ( y 2  a) x 2  u1 2 y 2  1  by 2  x 2  u 2 z 2   x 2  cz 2  u 3 (3) where ui(i = 1,2,3) is active control function to design. Then the error dynamical system between the drive system (2) and the response system (3) is 132 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo e1  e3  y 2 x 2  y1 x1  ae1  u1 2 2 e2  be2  x 2  x1  u 2 (4) e3  e1  ce3  u 3 in which e1 = x2 - x1, e2 = y2 - y1 and e3 = z2 - z1. The active control functions can be designed as u1  e3  y 2 x 2  y1 x1  (a  1)e1 u 2  (b  1)e2  x 2  x1 2 2 (5) u 3  e1  (c  1)e3 When the controllers are added to chaotic system, then the eigenvalues of the closed loop system are -1, -1 and -1. Hence, in light of the linear system theory, our choice can ensure that the origin of the error dynamical system is asymptotically stable. Numerical simulation of synchronization of chaotic finance system which has different initial conditions is performed. The initial conditions of the drive system and the response system are (0.1 0.23 0.3) and (0.1 0.5 0.7) respectively. Figure 3 shows time series of drive and response system and error between drive and response system. As can be seen from Figure 3, after controllers are activated t=50s, the synchronization of two chaotic finance system with different initial conditions is realized and also, can be seen that the error between drive and response system converges to zero. 133 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4 x1-x2 2 0 -2 -4 0 20 40 60 80 100 60 80 100 60 80 100 60 80 100 60 80 100 60 80 100 t 4 y1-y2 2 0 -2 0 20 40 t 2 z1-z2 1 0 -1 -2 0 20 40 t 4 e1 2 0 -2 -4 0 20 40 t 4 e2 2 0 -2 -4 0 20 40 t 4 e3 2 0 -2 -4 0 20 40 t Figure 3 Time series of the drive and response system and error between drive and response system when active controllers are activated at t=50s 3. CONCLUSION 134 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo This work discusses chaos synchronization of the finance chaotic system. Synchronization between the two finance chaotic systems with different initial conditions is achieved by using active control scheme. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to verify the theoretical analysis and also show that the proposed method works effectively. REFERENCES E. Ott, C. G. (1990). Controlling chaos. Phys.Rev.Lett.,vol.64 , pp.1196-1199. A.E. Matouk, (2008) Dynamical analysis, feedback control and synchronization of Liu dynamical system, Nonlinear Analysis 69 3213–3224 S. Emiroğlu and Y. Uyaroğlu, (2010). Control of Rabinovich chaotic system based on passive control, Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5(21), pp. 3298-3305. X. Chen, C. L. (2010). Passive control on a unified chaotic system. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications 11 , 683-687. Selçuk Emiroğlu, Yılmaz Uyaroğlu (2011), Kaotik Burke-Shaw Çekicisinin Aktif Kontrol İle Senkronizasyonu, e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, Volume: 6, Number: 1, Article Number: 1A0154 Guoliang Cai, J. H. (2007). A New Finance Chaotic Attractor. International Journal of Nonlinear Science Vol. 3 (2007) No. 3 , pp. 213-220. Feedback control of chaos in a hyperchaotic finance system Yılmaz Uyaroğlu1, Recep Temel2, Hilmi Kırlıoğlu3 1Sakarya University, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Turkey 2Bozok University, Turkey 3Sakarya University, Faculty of management, Turkey E-mails: uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, hilmik@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract Based on the mathematical model of a nonlinear finance chaotic system, the complicated dynamical behavior of the model is further investigated. Firstly, the complicated dynamical behaviors of the system are analyzed. Moreover, the feedback control of the nonlinear finance chaotic system is presented. We settle the nonlinear finance chaotic system to equilibrium point with only one controller. Keywords: Hyper chaotic finance system, chaos control, feedback control 1. INTRODUCTION 135 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1288 Title A name given to the resource Synchronization of a chaotic finance system via active control Author Author Zekeriya , Özdemir Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper discusses chaos synchronization of the three dimensional finance system based on active control technique. Using active control theory, chaos synchronization of three dimensional chaotic finance system is realized with three input. The designed controllers ensure the stability of error dynamical system between two identical chaotic finance systems. Also, the controllers provide that the error dynamical system converges to zero equilibrium. Numerical simulations show that the proposed method is effective for chaotic finance system. Keywords: Chaotic finance system, chaos synchronization, active control Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 831 Title A name given to the resource Syntactic alternations of Telugu verbs with reference to Morphological paradigm and Phonological changes. Author Author Devi, G.Renuka Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this paper is to show the alternation pattern of verbs in Telugu. The work is guided by Beth Levin’s work on English verb classes and alternations where English verbs are classified semantically according to their argument structure. There is a strong belief that the semantic nature of verbs is largely dependent on its argument structure. The nature of the Telugu verbs shows that along with the argument structure, attention should also be paid to the phonological changes which influence the morphological paradigms. Preliminary attempts have been made to class the simple verbs of Telugu into different morphological paradigms along with the changes. At present I am concentrating only on verbs of Communications. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed N Visual arts (General) For photography, see TR Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 832 Title A name given to the resource Syntactic Alternations, verb classes, Argument structure, Semantic Category. Author Author Elkilic, Gencer Abstract A summary of the resource. There have been many efforts to teach a foreign language successfully in Turkey over the last two centuries. Various teaching techniques have been tried as a result of different educational politics. Through the project formed by the Ministry of National Education to promote the teaching of Foreign Languages, recruiting native language teachers have come to fore in 2011. In the Project, it is aimed to reorganize the foreign language laws, prepare a foreign language action plan, to renovate the programs and materials used according to universal standards, to redetermine the requirements of foreign language teacher employment, and to recruit a total of forty-thousand native foreign language teachers in four years (ten thousand each year) until the Project has been completed, and to provide activities for the students to practice foreign languages in schools at weekends and in summer holidays with both native and non-native teachers. In the Project, it is planned to hire the native teachers as a guest status and a one-year contract is thought to be signed, if deemed necessary, the contacts will be renewed. The main aim of this study is to determine the perceptions of teachers, secondary school principals, and university instructors in relation to the Project of the Ministry of Turkish National Education to recruit native teachers. In order to achieve the main aim of the study, answers to following questions will be sought: According to the teachers, secondary school principals, and university instructors; 1) What are the problems in teaching foreign language in Turkey? 2) What are their perceptions in relation to the universal standard requirements of materials applied in schools? 3) What are their perceptions in relation to non-native teachers’ accompanying the native teacher in the class? 4) What are their perceptions in relation to positive and negative effects of recruiting native foreign language teachers in Turkey? Method This study has been prepared according to a qualitative research design. In the study, the perceptions of teachers, school principals, and university instructors have been examined qualitatively. Subjects The participants of the study are the foreign language instructors working at Kafkas University, Faculty of science and letters, Kars, English language teachers and school principals working in Kars province. Instruments and Data Collection Procedure Data in the study have been collected using semi-structured interview technique, which is one of the qualitative techniques. Technique used in the study has been prepared by the researcher and administered in person by the researcher. Data Analysis Data of the study have been analyzed through content analysis technique, one of the qualitative data analysis techniques. To this end, first of all, the transcript of the interview has been put into written form and codes have been formed in this text. And then related and meaningful codes have been united under the items. In order to justify the reliability of the coding and item forming process, data have been coded by different two researchers and validity between them has been examined. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics