254 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/90a297c354c3545b3081cecf21c8f330.pdf 58c451ee2bd324b4ece63205e0f95676 PDF Text Text Sustainable Aquaculture and Environmental Interactions Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali CANYURT Ege University Faculty of Fisheries 35100- Bornova- Đzmir- Turkey m.ali.canyurt@ege.edu.tr Abstract : Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector in all of the world in recent years. It is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture in the world. For this purpose The Commission of the European Communities prepared a communication on the strategy for the sustainable development of european aquaculture. Salmon, trout, sea bass and sea bream farming have been developed in european countires. Differents farming methodes and technics are used in aquaculture. But especially marine fish farming has been criticised for its environmental and ecological impacts. The extensive and semi intensive farming methods have less environmental impacts than intensive aquaculture. In this paper we try to review differents fish culture methods and their impacts on the aquatic environment. It is also discussed the necessary measures to be taken to minimize the effects of fish farms on the environments Key words: Sustainable aquaculture, environmental impacts, aquaculture methods, Introduction Fish is an important dietary source of animal protein. Humans consume most of the world’s fish production, and by 2030 the average person is expected to eat as much as 20 kilograms of fish each year. Aquaculture may be a recent addition to our vocabulary, but the farming of fish and the cultivation of shellfish dates back millennia, from old Chinese civilisations to the Roman Empire. What is new is the level of production now demanded by a growing world population and the challenge this presents to farmers who want to conduct their activity in a sustainable way. Modern aquaculture represents a major innovation in the production of fish and aquatic food and has been the fastest growing food production sector with an average worldwide growth rate of 6-8% a year. With a global production of nearly 52 million tonnes in 2006, world aquaculture has increased. Aquaculture is an important economic activity in certain coastal and continental areas Elvevoll (2010) asks how much seafood should we eat, in themselves, omega-3 fatty acids are not enough, we need to eat fish. Seafood is rich in antioxidants, fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, easily digestible proteins with special amino acid composition, minerals, trace elements and fat of the healthy, polyunsaturated type. He has carried out a clinical study that shows the uptake of omega-3 is three to four times greater from salmon fillet than from fish oil. Different values exist in the scientific literature for what is the ideal daily or weekly intake of EPA and DHA for human health. Government advice varies considerably between countries. However, as a general rule, a healthy diet is generally assumed to include 1-2 fish per week, especially fatty fish. Environmental Interactions Most of the information given below about environmental interactions is taken from Consensus portal available at Euraquaculture organisation. The CONSENSUS initiative was funded by the European Union as part of its key action "Food Quality and Safety". 21 European Organisations are Consensus partners. With its stakeholder representation of consumers, aquaculture producers, environmental and other nongovernmental organisations, Consensus is building sustainable aquaculture protocols based on low environmental impact, high competitiveness and ethical responsibility with regard to biodiversity and animal welfare. The development of aquaculture has raised some associated environmental concerns. Like any farming operation on land, fish farm cages produce waste materials. These fall into three categories - uneaten feed, fish faeces and dead fish. Most of the environmental impacts of coastal aquaculture can be managed and minimised 678 �through understanding of the processes involved, responsible management and the effective siting of farms (FAO 1966). • Uneaten Feed o o • If uneaten feed reach the bottom of a cage, processes that break it down can reduce the amount of oxygen in the sediment. In severe cases, oxygen levels in the water above may also decrease, creating "anoxic" conditions in which only a few animal species can survive. Should the feed contain antibiotics used to treat the farmed fish above, bacteria in the sediment and the natural breakdown of waste material might be affected. In practice, fish farmers do everything they can to prevent such a situation, since the cost of fish feed amounts up to 40 percent of the total production cost. Feed reaching the sediment is lost, and it is in the farmer's interest to minimise such waste. On well-managed farms, feeding is carefully regulated to ensure that the maximum amount of food is taken up directly by the fish and farmers aim to ensure that less than 5 percent of the feed is wasted. To improve uptake by fish, feed pellets are manufactured to either float or to sink slowly through the water. Fish Faeces Unlike land animals, fish do not generally produce compact solid faecal material and more often excrete a loose cloud of faecal material that is easily dispersed by water currents. In still conditions, however, faecal material can build up beneath fish cages. It is, however, not in the farmer's interest to let this happen, since the buildup of faecal material can lead to anoxic conditions which affect the fish above. Fish farmers wanting to ensure the health of their fish will frequently check the bottom below their fish cages to ensure that faecal material is not building up. In addition, in many EU Member States, the government employs diving teams to carry out inspections. If faecal build-up is observed, farmers will be advised to move their cages, allowing the bottom to recuperate for a short period, however full recovery typically takes between three to ten years. In recent years, improved feed formulations have also been introduced that fish digest more efficiently, producing less waste. Fish farmers generally avoid overly sheltered and stagnant sites, preferring areas that contain a healthy flow of water through the cages. Such flows disperse fish faeces so it can enter the natural food chain. Dead Fish Dead fish are a loss to the farmer and a potential health hazard to the stock as well as a source of pollution. Fish farmers will, at all times, endeavour to minimise the number of dead fish on their farms and to remove such mortalities where they occur. Fish farms are required to report significant fish deaths when they occur and are inspected by state agencies at least twice a year. Pond Fish Farming Fish pond systems represent the oldest fish farming activity in Europe, at least dating back to medieval times. Ponds were built in areas where water supply was available and the soil was not suitable for agriculture. The wetlands of Central and Eastern Europe are good examples of this. The total European production from pond farming is approximately 475,000 tonnes. About half of this production is cyprinid fish, such as common carp, silver carp and bighead carp. The main producer countries are the Russian Federation, Poland, Czech Republic, Germany, Ukraine and Hungary. In order to reach higher yields, farmers today introduce nutrients into the pond such as organic manure. This is accompanied by stocking of fingerlings and by water being flushed through the pond. Fish pond production, however, remains ‘extensive' or ‘semi-intensive' (with supplementary feeding) in most countries, where semi-static freshwater systems play an important role in aquaculture. Chemicals and therapeutics are not usually used in such ponds. Hence the main environmental issue is the use of organic fertilisers, which may cause eutrophication in the surrounding natural waters. The use of organic fertilisers is regulated at national levels. Extensive fish ponds are usually surrounded by reed belts and natural vegetation, thus providing important habitats for flora and fauna. They play a growing role in rural tourism. Many pond fish farms have been turned into multifunctional fish farms, where various other services are provided for recreation, maintenance of biodiversity and improvement of water management. In areas where water is scarce, some farm systems recirculate, treat and re-use their water. 679 �Such systems are generally self-contained and therefore pose little threat to the environment. Solid waste material produced in such systems is rich in organic compounds and often used as a fertilizer elsewhere. Alternatively, new hydroponic systems have been developed to grow vegetables and other food crops in the nutrient-enriched water. There is much interest in these systems, but their economic viability remains challenging. Recirculation Aquaculture Systems Recirculation Aquaculture Systems (RAS) are land-based systems in which water is re-used after mechanical and biological treatment so as to reduce the needs for water and energy and the emission of nutrients to the environment. These systems present several advantages such as: water and energy saving, a rigorous control of water quality, low environmental impacts, high biosecurity levels and an easier control of waste production as compared to other production systems. The main disadvantages are high capital costs, high operational costs, requirements for very careful management, high land prices and difficulties in treating disease. RAS is still a small fraction of Europe's aquaculture production and has its main relevance in some European countries. The main species produced in RAS are catfish and eel but other species are already being produced using this type of technology such as turbot, sea bass, pikeperch, tilapia and sole. The Case Of Escaped Fish It is inevitable that fish farmed in net pens in either fresh or salt water will sometimes escape into the wild. In some cases, there will be a small but steady release of fish. Sometimes, large numbers will escape due to severe damage to the net pen by way of storms, predator attacks or vandalism. Therefore, a limited escape of farmed fish would be unlikely to have a serious effect on wild fish populations. Only if very large numbers of fish escape into a small area, would interbreeding occur and the fitness of the local population potentially be reduced. In its Aquaculture Europe 2005 conference, the European Aquaculture Society invited the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO) to hold a special workshop on the interactions between wild and farmed salmon. The summary report of this event "Wild and Farmed Salmon - Working Together" drew the following main conclusions: Through the use of single bay management, single generation sites and synchronised fallowing, real progress is being made in relation to minimising impacts of diseases and parasites, which are key issues for wild fish interests. The development of third-party audited containment management systems may represent a significant step forward. The liaison group should look more at the possibilities of rearing all-female triploid salmon, which could eliminate genetic interaction with the wild stocks, but which need to be balanced by the production cost of these fish, as well as consumer resistance to what could be seen as genetic manipulation. Sustainable Feed Resources Fish farming is very efficient in terms of the conversion of protein, which means an important ecological advantage in light of the sustainability of fish feed resources. One of the most-frequently cited issues with the sustainable development of aquaculture is the capture of other fish as raw material to be used as fish feed in the form of fish meal and fish oil. It is seen as an issue because a food production sector is in part relying on a capture fishery for the supply of raw materials for the production of aquaculture feed. Typically, these other fish species are small, oil-rich, bony pelagic fish that are not normally used for direct human consumption. Two decades ago, the majority of fish meal and oil was used to make feeds for land animal production. At present, over 50 percent of fishmeal and over 80 percent of fish oil is used for aquaculture. If aquaculture is to fill the gap in demand for seafood, this raises important sustainability issues as to the availability of sufficient feed supply. This is particularly relevant given the fact that fishmeal and fish oil production has been, and is likely to remain, relatively constant at around 6 million and 0.9 million tonnes per year, respectively. However, as the demand for fishmeal and fish oil in aquaculture has increased, so the price has risen. This has driven both terrestrial agriculture and aquaculture to seek nutritional alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil. This is an on-going process and estimates made by the International Fishmeal & Fish oil Organisation show that the growth of aquaculture and the substitution of fishmeal and fish oil can continue together. 680 �Replacement of Marine Protein Sources by Terrestrial Plant Protein For various reasons, fish meal and fish oil are gradually being replaced by plant proteins in feed that is used in fish farms. Plant proteins can be less costly and they are free of potential contaminants like dioxin, PCB or mercury. However, fishmeal is an important ingredient in fish feed and can only to a limited extent be replaced by vegetable proteins without reducing feed efficiency and growth. After all, carnivorous or ‘piscivorous' fish naturally feed on other fish. The fatty acid composition in the flesh from farmed fish will also reflect the feed composition and inclusion of vegetable oil will reduce the level of omega-3 fatty acids. Although the introduction of plant protein into the feed can be seen as a way of reducing the sector's dependence on fish meal and fish oil, some have questioned the trend because: • carnivorous fish do not naturally feed on plants; • plant proteins may have anti-nutritional effects on fish; • there is a maximum level of replacement, after which the texture and eating quality of the fish is compromised; • some plant proteins could be derived from GMOs . Constraints of Aquaculture in Turkey Especially marine aquaculture systems are criticised for their environmental and ecological impacts. The extensive and semi intensive farming methods have less environmental impacts than intensive aquaculture. It is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture. For this reason European Commission designed in 2002 a strategy document for the sustainable development of aquaculture in Europe (CCE 2002). As a candidate country to the European Community, Turkey takes all the measures to respect and to adopt the rules designed by the European Commission. Fisheries and Aquaculture file is one of the 31 files to be discussed with European Commission. The importance of aquaculture has been recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) and by the private sector in collaboration with the Universities. The development of aquaculture is very important in Turkey because it provides jobs. The General Directorate for Agriculture Production and Development of MARA is the responsible authority for development and management of aquaculture. The aquaculture sector in Turkey is facing some constraints (Canyurt 2005) such as: • The complexity of licensing procedures, • Site selection problems, • The complexity of project preparation and application, • Problems with some other sectors, such as tourism, protected areas and navigations, • High prices of inputs and difficulties in supplying, • Disease risk with imported eggs and fry, • Marketing and quality control problems, • Non organization of the sector, can be cited as major constraints of aquaculture in Turkey to be solved. Conclusions and Recommendations Turkey has rich inland water sources, about 200 natural lakes, about 750 artificial lakes or ponds, about 193 reservoirs, 33 rivers and streams of 177.714 km length and 8.333 km of coastal strips. Some lagoons covering of 70.000 hectares in Aegean and Mediterranean coastal strips are very suitable for aquaculture. Aquaculture development, especially trout farming in inland waters and sea bass and sea bream in marine waters in Turkey is growing rapidly (Canyurt 1996 &1997, Canyurt&Akhan 2009). Turkey has the third fastest growing aquaculture sector in the world (Deniz 2007, MARA 2006, TSI 2007). Marine and inland water resources provide an important source of protein for human nutrition. In addition to this appreciation, aquaculture has some advantages over capture fisheries in term of marketing the products. One of these advantages is that aquaculture creates jobs. More than 25 000 persons are working in the sector of aquaculture in Turkey (Deniz 2007). Some ecological and socio-economical interactions should be discussed for a sustainable 681 �aquaculture (Canyurt 2005, Deniz 2007), that is why it is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture. References: Canyurt, M. A. (1996). Akuakültür ve Çevre Đlişkisi. Tarım – Çevre Đlişkileri Sempozyumu. Doğal Kaynakların Sürdürülebilir Kullanımı. 13-15 Mayıs 1996. Mersin Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi. Mersin. Canyurt, M. A. (1997). Denizde kurulan akuakültür işletmelerinin çevre üzerine etkileri ve bu etkileri minimuma indirmek için alınabilecek önlemler. 2. Kıyı Sorunları ve Çevre Sempozyumu, Kuşadası. Canyurt, M. A. (2005). The Development of Aquaculture in Turkey. 11. International Scientific Conference- Research For Rural Development 2005. Research for rural development: International scientific conference proceedings, . Latvia University of Agriculture, 18-21 May 2005, Jelgava, Latvia, pp.19-22. Canyurt, M. A. & Akhan, S. (2009). Development And Situation Of Trout Culture In Turkey. 15. International Scientific Conference- Research For Rural Development 2009. Latvia University of Agriculture, 19-21 May 2009, 90-94 Jelgava, Latvia. CCE (2002). Une strategie pour le developpement durable de l’aquaculture europenne. Communication de la Commission au Conseil et au Parlement Europeen. 27 p., Bruxelles. COM (2009). Building a sustainable future for aquaculture. A new impetus for the Strategy for the Sustainable Development of European Aquaculture. Available at http://eur- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52009DC0162:EN:NOT, 05.05.2010. Consensus, (2010). Towards Sustainable Aquaculture in Europe. Available at www.euraquaculture.info, 25.04.2010. Communautes Europeennes, (2004). Code Europeen de bonnes pratiques pour une peche durable et responsable. Office des publications officielles des Communaute europennes, 15 p, Luxembourg. Deniz, H. (2007). Aquaculture development in Turkey. Aquaculture and Fisheries Infoday and Networking Event, 14-15 November 2007, Brussels. Available at http://www.fp7.org.tr/tubitak_content_files/268/r_d_news/Profiles_Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Hayri_Deni z.pdf. 12.03.2009. Elvevoll, E. (2010). Farming replacing hunting. Available at http://www.euraquaculture.info/, 05.05.2010. FAO, (1966). Monitoring the ecological effects of coastal aquaculture wastes. Gesamp Reports and Studies, no: 57, 38 p., Rome. Journal Officiel de l’Union Europeenne, (2003). Avis du Comite economique et social europeen sur la Communication de la Commission au Conseil et au Parlement europeen, Strategie pour le developpement durable de l’aquaculture europeenne, c 208/89, Bruxelles. Turkish Statistical Institute, (2007). Fisheries statistics 2007, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/balikcilikdagitimapp/balikcilik.zul, 26.02.2009. Aquaculture production.: Available at Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, (2006). Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics, available at: www.tarim.gov.tr,http://www.euraquaculture.info/index.php?option=com_bookmarks&Itemid=55, 05.05.2010. 682 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 616 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Aquaculture and Environmental Interactions Author Author CANYURT, Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali Abstract A summary of the resource. Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector in all of the world in recent years. It is necessary to support the development of sustainable aquaculture in the world. For this purpose The Commission of the European Communities prepared a communication on the strategy for the sustainable development of european aquaculture. Salmon, trout, sea bass and sea bream farming have been developed in european countires. Differents farming methodes and technics are used in aquaculture. But especially marine fish farming has been criticised for its environmental and ecological impacts. The extensive and semi intensive farming methods have less environmental impacts than intensive aquaculture. In this paper we try to review differents fish culture methods and their impacts on the aquatic environment. It is also discussed the necessary measures to be taken to minimize the effects of fish farms on the environments Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3800f6eb39ce842a38aac99dd13f4ba0.pdf 9769015540f98be1229b0c5e7c7ff682 PDF Text Text Sustainable Aquaculture Practise: A Profitable Venture In Nigeria Adelakun, K.M.1; Ogundiwin, D.I.2; Ajagbe, S.O.1; Ijagbemi A.B.1 Federal College of Wildlife Management. P.M.B.268, New Bussa. Bewasol Integrated Farms, Powerline, Osogbo E-mail: adelakunkehinde@gmail.com Abstract Aquaculture, which involves the farming of fish for nutritional and economic benefits as well as food security and income generation, has in the last few years witnessed spectacular growth in Nigeria. The level of intensification witnessed in recent times has raised several issue that need to be addressed for the sustainability of the industry. This paper reviews relevant literature and examines the status and profitability of this green business in Nigeria. While it notes that economic viability of aquaculture depends on the interplay of various determinants (resources). It highlights land, water, labour and capital as resources employed for the optimum production in fish farming. The paper also discussed prospects that emanated from yearly shortfall in fish supply which is an indicator that there is a stable and ready market for fish. Possible suggestion were proffered to the problem of poor quality fish seed, high cost of fish feed, poaching, lack or insufficient of capital and marketing of fish and fish products identified as the hindrance militating against aquaculture development in Nigeria. The investigation reveals that aquaculture is very profitable in Nigeria due to the diversity in the culturable species in the country and its ability to yield between 30-100% return on investment in some very successful cases. Therefore, if taken as a full time occupation or venture it makes a significant economic impact on the investor. Keywords: Aquaculture, determinants, problems, profitability, prospects. 1.INTRODUCTION Fisheries occupy a unique position in the agricultural sector of the Nigerian economy. In terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the fishery sub-sector has recorded the fastest growth rate in agriculture to the GDP. The contribution of the fishery sub-sector to GDP at 2001 current factor cost rose from #76.76billion to 162.61billion in 2005 (CBN report, 2005). It however has diverse sub-sector and this included fish farming (Aquaculture) which involves the rearing of fish for nutritional and economic benefits. More specifically for food security, the productionof fish offers the prospects of improved local nutrition by providing ready source of high quality protein as well as an opportunity to generate income (Otubusin, 1998). Aquaculture account for 25,000 metric tonnes which is currently far below its estimated potential of 2.50million metric tonnes annually, yet it has contributed 6% to the local domestic fish production in 2002 (FDF, 2005). 265 �The awareness on the potential of aquaculture to contribute to domestic fish production has continued to increase in the country. This stems from the need to meet the much needed fish for domestic production and export. Fish species which commonly cultured include Clarias and Heterobranchus spp. (catfish), Tilapia spp. (Tilapia),Cyprinuscarpio (Common carp),Heterotisniloticus (Slap water). This culturable species usually grow to a minimum acceptable marketable size in a reasonable growing period (usually between 4-9 months of culture) depending on the production system. Despite the growing aquaculture, livestock and poultry industries, the problem of protein deficiency still persist (Adewuyiet. al., 2010). The protein deficiency in diet is equally associated with the inability of fish farming industry to supply the required quantity of fish despite its huge potential. The situation causes poor health, low efficiency, low productivity and poor standard of living. It is therefore expedient to review the profitability of fish farming in Nigeria in order to review the profitability of fish farming in Nigeria in order to unveil the golden opportunities in this green business. Investment in fish farming will increase local production of fish for consumption and importation.Specifically, it has a special role of ensuring food security, alleviating poverty and provision of animal protein. 2.IMPORTANCE OF FISH FARMING Source of food: Fish as a product provides an excellent balance of calories. Fish is high in good quality protein. The percentage of edible lean tissue in fish is appreciably greater than that in beef, pork or poultry. Fish has a concentration of calcium and phosphorus in the bones. Conquer and Holub (2002) noted that fish oil significantly lower blood pressure, protect against blood vessel construction thrombosis and heart arrhythmia. Fin fish consumption also decreases the risk of blood cancer and reduces insulin resistance in skeletal muscles. Employment generation: Fish production also occupies a very significant position in the primary sector providing direct employment for over a million people (FDF, 2005). The IFC (2004) estimated that some of the fish consumed in Nigeria is catfish and farmed raised fish is increasingly contributing to this market, which to date remains largely a live, fresh market. Employment opportunities are not only in the production, credit for aquaculture farms and consultancy services. Source of income: Many fish farms are established yearly to produce fish, rivers and streams are continuously utilized as regular fish ponds, generating revenue to the individualfish farmer and other resource holder. Most recent investment in aquaculture has been targeted towards catfish farming. Presently live catfish attracts premium price in Nigeria, with a high ROI (Return On-Investment) ranging between 30-100 percent in some very successful enterprises and considered a viable option of increasing income of the investor. Source of raw materials to local manufacturers: Fish is a ready source of raw materials to manufacturers and producers of all types of feeds and animal rations. Fish trashes, offal, gills, scales and even lesser-utilized fish can be converted to fish meal which is often an expensive unit of all animal feeds. Fish are supply to convenience store and relaxation center for its availability to the individual customer at their convenience. 266 �3.DETERMINANTS (RESOURCES) OF FISH OUTPUT Resources used in fish production are Land, water, labour and capital. These resources are employed for the optimum production in fish farming. LAND: This is the most important resources readily available for production in developing countries. The mode of acquisition of land in the country today is mostly through outright purchase from individual owner or from government by issuance of a certificate of occupancy. However, there are still other areas where land acquisition could be by traditional inheritance. The location of land determines how land is used and the type of fish culture system adopted by fish farmers. Farmers, whose lands are located in swampy area with plenty of water, simply evacuate such lands into earthen ponds. On the other hand, farmers utilized any available empty space in their homes and build them into either concrete or any other types of holding tanks. WATER: This is basically the most important determinant. Adequate quality water as an essential commodity in fish farming cannot be underestimated. Without assurance of water supply, fish production would be made impossible. The major source water for fish farming are stream water (perennial or seasonal) and domestic water supply (well or borehole). LABOUR: Labour is a very important factor in traditional agriculture (Norman, 1972). Two kinds of labour identified with fish farming are family labour and hired labour. Family labour is very important in fish production because majority of the fish farms are homestead. The size of the household helps in making this kind of labour available. Hired labour is important in all scale of operation especially farm based operation. CAPITAL: The capital could be durable and non-durable. The durable capital items used by the fish producers are ponds, vehicle and fixed asset while non-durable capital items are stock (either fingerling or juvenile), feeds (local and imported) and other variable resources. Capital inform of money needed to finance all production activities is also important resources. Kudiet.al, 2008 report that most fish farmers in Nigeria depends on personal savings to finance their production activities while only few have access to either cooperatives or other lending institutions. Economic viability of aquaculture depends on the interplay of these various complex resources. It is often the aim of fish farm operators to cut down production cost in order to increase the return on investment. However, product cost is a function of operational skills which include selection of sites, fish species and the manipulation of the growth pattern of the stock, management capability of the operators and also the production of the culture. The practical application of these resources will definitely result in viability of the aquaculture business. 4.CURRENT ECONOMIC VIABILITY STATUS OF FISH FARMING IN NIGERIA The current phase of aquaculture development in Nigeria is the emergence of investment from the private sector as the driving force. This is also complemented with the ability of researchers to provide scale basis. Moreover, there have been proof beyond reasonable doubt that the rate of return is encouraging if well planned before embarking in it. 267 �According to Raufu et.al., (2009) in the study of Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos state, reported that the total variable cost and total fixed cost represents 32.5% and 67.5% of the total cost of production respectively. The higher value for fixed cost may be due to the high cost of land acquisition in the area as well as high cost of construction materials like cements used in constructing a high standard fish pond. The gross margin of #11,479,304 and a net farm income for #8,985,904 indicates that small scale fish farming is profitable in the area. Table 1: Budgetary analysis of the study in Alimosho Local Government Area Variables Amount (#) Total variable cost 1,201,186 Total fixed cost 2,493,400 Total cost 3,694,586 Total revenue 12,680,490 Gross margin 11,479,304 Net farm income 8,985,904 Source: Raufu et.al., 2007 In the last ten years, individual has virtually taken over the industry and invested massively in aquaculture especially freshwater catfish farming. Adewuyiet.al., 2010 in the profitability analysis of fish farming in Ogun state shows an equally evident result of an average fixed cost of #243,287 and total cost of #394,380 incurred per annum while gross revenue of #715,030,thereby having returning gross margin of #574,314 and a profit of #320,650. The rate of return on-investment of 0.55 which implies that for every #1 invested, a return of #1.55 and a profit of #0.55 were obtained. The implication of these is that there is considerable level of profitability in fish farming in consistent with the findings of Ashaoluet.al., 2005; Olukunle, 2004; and Kudiet.al.,2008 from their separate studies on profitability of fish farming in different area of Nigeria. 5.PROSPECTS OF AQUACULTURE IN NIGERIA 5.1.Prospects Aquaculture has high prospects in Nigeria with a population of over 140 million, the fish demand estimated at 1.6 million metric tones, while the current local supply was 640,000 metric tones (FDF, 2005). Faturoti (1999) noted that recent trends all over the world point to a decline in landing from capture fisheries which is an indicator that fish stocks have approached or even exceeded the point of maximum sustainable yield. This shortfall in fish supply has led to low annual per capita fish consumption of 7.5kg per annum 2002 even though the WHO/FAO recommended 268 �13.5kg per annum (FDF. 2005). Aquaculture therefore remains the only viable alternative for increasing fish production in order to meet the the protein need of Nigerians. Table2: Projected Population and Fish Demand/Supply, 2008-2016 Year Population (Million) Fish demand Fish domestic Shortfall (Million tonnes) supply (Million (Million tonnes) tonnes) 2008 143.0 1.09 0.85 0.24 2009 147.1 1.12 0.89 0.23 2010 151.2 1.15 0.93 0.22 2011 155.5 1.18 0.97 0.21 2012 159.9 1.22 1.00 0.22 2013 164.4 1.25 1.04 0.21 2014 169.1 1.29 1.08 0.21 2015 173.9 1.32 1.12 0.20 2016 178.8 1.36 1.16 0.20 Source: http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/NGA/body.htm March 2000 Nigeria is blessed with suitable land where freshwater, brackish and marine fish species can be cultured.Tobor (1990), report that 1.8 million hectares of suitable land for aquaculture out which less than 20% has been put into use. If the available land is put into proper use, fish production will increase from the present level. The yearly shortfall in fish supply is also an indicator that there is a stable and ready market for fish; coupled with disease outbreak in poultry, high cost of beef and other alternative animal protein sources. Aquaculture therefore, has a lot of prospect, not only in alleviating under-nutrition and poverty but as a source of foreign exchange for Nigeria. Aquaculture can also provide a viable socio-economic alternative to capture fisheries. Aquaculture can be operated either on a small scale, low cost, utilizing family labour or at high cost under intensive operation (Omitoyin, 2007). This provides opportunities for both the poor and the rich to improve their standards of living, apart from providing employment opportunities. 269 �5.2.Problems Inspite of the potentials of aquaculture, there are lots of problems militating against its development. Prominent among these as discussed by Omitoyin, 2007 are; Poor quality fish seed: Many states of the federation lack functional fish hatcheries where farmers can purchase fingerlings and juveniles to stock their ponds. Farmers have to travel long distances to source for fish seeds, or collect from the open waters. Even where there are hatcheries, in some cases, fingerlings of poor genetic quality are produced for farmers to grow. Some hatcheries sell advanced fry as fingerlings. This has resulted in stunted growth of fish, poor survival rate, and poor returns on-investment. Akintunde (2009) estimated fish seed demand to 55million in 2007.There is therefore, the need for more private sector participation in fish seed production and adequate manpower training to bridge this gap. High cost of fish feed:Although there has been a lot of research work on fish feed production to meet the nutrient requirement of culturable fish in Nigeria, (Faturoti and Akinbote 1986; Falaye 1988; Ayinla 1988; Omitoyin 1995 and Olukunle and Falaye 1998): good-quality fish feed pellet are still sparingly used by fish farmers. This is due to high cost of most fish feed ingredients particularly fish meal and its competitive use by livestock farmers. There are also few commercial fish feed producers in Nigeria, a lot of farmers depend on imported quality fish feed which are expensive and not affordable. This increases their cost of production and reduces their profit margin. Poaching: This is becoming a serious problem to the development of aquaculture in Nigeria. Many farmers have lost substantial, if not all stocks to poachers. As a result of this, many fish farms have closed down while many more farmers have run into debt. This has also prevented lending agencies from giving out loans to genuine fish farmers. The overall effect is a decrease in fish production. Lack or insufficient of fund: Many fish farmers lack adequate capital to either operate their farms profitably or expand them. The situation is made more difficult by the unwillingness of financial institutions to grant loans to the farmers. When loans are given, it is usually at very high interest rates. The number of operational fish farms in the country has reduced significantly as a result of lack or insufficient capital and expected fish yield is affected in the long run. Government should therefore encourage financial institutions to give loans to serious minded would-be investors at considerable interest rates but with proper monitoring. This will helpto increase farmers‘ production levels and profitability. Marketing of aquaculture products: Marketing of aquaculture products is becoming a problem in Nigeria. This is not because the supply is in excess of demand but because of uncoordinated marketing programmes. Many farmers sell their fish in fresh form to middlemen at very low prices. There is, therefore the need for networking and marketing information among fish farmers, processors and consumers on availability of fish and current market prices all over the country to prevent the farmer from being ripped-off. There is also the need to add value to aquaculture products in order to increase the profit margin of farmers. Modern fresh fish distribution chains should be developed as to make fish available to consumers no matter where they are in the country. The quality control of such products should be ensured by regulatory agencies. 270 �6.CONCLUSION There are not too few fish-there are too many people (Tidwell and Allen, 2002). In view of the high demand for fish as an important delicacy in Nigerian meal and the Nigerian‘s domestic fish production is yet to meet up, the outlets are continually looking for high quality fish which gives an affordable source of protein to the people, create opportunity for business diversification and reduces importation of fish and fish products into the country. Aquaculture (fish farming) is very profitable in Nigeria due to the diversity in the culturable species present in the country and its ability to yield between 30 – 100 percent return oninvestment in some very successful cases. If taken as a full time occupation or venture it makes a significant economic impact to the farmer. It alsohas a special ability of ensuring food security, alleviating poverty and provision of accessible animal protein for Nigerians. REFERENCES Adewuyi, S.A.; Phillip, B.B.; Ayinde, I.A.; and Akerele, D. (2010): Analysis of profitability of fish farming in Ogun state, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, 31(3): 179-184 Akintunde, N.A (2009): Freshwater fish seed resources in Nigeria. Fishnetwork, Vol.5 (4) Pp. 26-37. 2009 Ashaolu, O.F.; Akinyemi, A.A.; Nzekwe, L.S.O. (2006): Economic viability of homestead fish production in Abeokuta metropolis of Ogun state, Nigeria. Asset Series A, 6(2): 209-220 Ayinla, O.A. (1988): Nutrition and reproductive performance of the African catfish (Burchell 1822). Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Central Bank of Nigeria (2005): Statistical Bulletin, 264-267 Conquer, J. and Holub, B.J. (2002): Human Health Effects of Decosahexanaenoic acid, Pp.311-329 Falaye, A.E. (1988): Utilization of Cocoa husk in the nutritional of Tilapia (O. Niloticus) (Trewavas). Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Faturoti, E.O. (1999): Fisheries potentials and investment opportunities in Nigeria. Paper presented at the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) Investors workshop held at NIOMR, Lagos. April 22nd 1999 Faturoti, E. O. and Akinbote, R.E. (1986): Growth responses and nutrient utilization of Oreochromisniloticus fed varying levels of dietary Cassava peel. Nigerian Journal of Applied Fisheries and Hydrobiology 1: 47-55 Federal Department of Fisheries (2005): Fisheries Statistics of Nigeria. Pp. 2-43 Federal Department of Fisheries (2006): Nigeria fish import and value (1993-2004) Kudi, T.M.; Bako, F.P.; and Atala, T.K. (2008): Economic of fish production in Kaduna State, Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. Vol-3, No.5 and 6, Pp17-21 Norman, D.W. (1972): An economic study of three villages in Zaria Province, Samani miscellaneous paper 38, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Olunkunle, O. (2004): Homestead Pond Management Ibadan, John Limited. Pp.4-36 271 �Olukunle, A.O and Falaye, A.E. (1998): Use of Sesame seed cake as replacement for fish meal in diets of catfish (Clariasgariepinus (Burchell, 1822)). Appl. Trop. Agric. 3(2): 86-91 Omitoyin, B.O. (2007): Introduction to Fish Farming in Nigeria, Ibadan University Press. Pp. 1-9 Omitoyin, B.O.(1995): Utilization of poultry by products (Feather and offal) in the diets ofAfrican catfish (Clariasgariepinus (Burchell, 1822)). Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Raufu, M.O.; Adepoju, A.A.; Salau, A.S. and Adebiyi, O.A. (2009): Determinants of yield performance in small scale fish farming in Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos state. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development -2(1):2009 Pp.10-14 Tidwell, J.H. and Allen, G.L. (2002): Fish as Food: Aquaculture‘s contribution, Ecological and Economic impacts and contribution of fish farming and capture Fisheries Tobor, J.G. (1990): The fishing industry in Nigeria. Status and potential for self sufficiency in fish production. NIOMR Tech. Paper No.54 Sustainable City Ahmetspahic Erna International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies Architecture Department 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E- mail : eahmetspahic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract On the beginning of 20th century, cities become synonymous for progress, wealth and increasing opportunities when compared with the rural regions. Based on some UN information‘s, 30% of world population was urban in 1950, this percentage increase to 47% in 2000, and expectations are that in 2030 60% of population will live in cities. If changes in space organization do not happen until 2030, total earth population will increase to 8,1 billion and 5 billion people will live in urban regions with the 2,67 billion that will not have place to live. This change of the world, from rural to predominantly urban is continuous and cannot convert again, so these changes affect using of water, energy, earth and other nature resources. In the same time cities are primary victims of climate changes. Half of the population lives in urban regions, but they consume 80% of global energy production. 272 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1255 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Aquaculture Practise: A Profitable Venture In Nigeria Author Author Adelakun, Abstract A summary of the resource. Aquaculture, which involves the farming of fish for nutritional and economic benefits as well as food security and income generation, has in the last few years witnessed spectacular growth in Nigeria. The level of intensification witnessed in recent times has raised several issue that need to be addressed for the sustainability of the industry. This paper reviews relevant literature and examines the status and profitability of this green business in Nigeria. While it notes that economic viability of aquaculture depends on the interplay of various determinants (resources). It highlights land, water, labour and capital as resources employed for the optimum production in fish farming. The paper also discussed prospects that emanated from yearly shortfall in fish supply which is an indicator that there is a stable and ready market for fish. Possible suggestion were proffered to the problem of poor quality fish seed, high cost of fish feed, poaching, lack or insufficient of capital and marketing of fish and fish products identified as the hindrance militating against aquaculture development in Nigeria. The investigation reveals that aquaculture is very profitable in Nigeria due to the diversity in the culturable species in the country and its ability to yield between 30-100% return on investment in some very successful cases. Therefore, if taken as a full time occupation or venture it makes a significant economic impact on the investor. Keywords: Aquaculture, determinants, problems, profitability, prospects. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8d1ef363d7039cd5f406fd199b382bba.pdf aeca84f0c8e1bcb67e0e841cd00474c4 PDF Text Text Olukunle, A.O and Falaye, A.E. (1998): Use of Sesame seed cake as replacement for fish meal in diets of catfish (Clariasgariepinus (Burchell, 1822)). Appl. Trop. Agric. 3(2): 86-91 Omitoyin, B.O. (2007): Introduction to Fish Farming in Nigeria, Ibadan University Press. Pp. 1-9 Omitoyin, B.O.(1995): Utilization of poultry by products (Feather and offal) in the diets ofAfrican catfish (Clariasgariepinus (Burchell, 1822)). Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Raufu, M.O.; Adepoju, A.A.; Salau, A.S. and Adebiyi, O.A. (2009): Determinants of yield performance in small scale fish farming in Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos state. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development -2(1):2009 Pp.10-14 Tidwell, J.H. and Allen, G.L. (2002): Fish as Food: Aquaculture‘s contribution, Ecological and Economic impacts and contribution of fish farming and capture Fisheries Tobor, J.G. (1990): The fishing industry in Nigeria. Status and potential for self sufficiency in fish production. NIOMR Tech. Paper No.54 Sustainable City Ahmetspahic Erna International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies Architecture Department 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E- mail : eahmetspahic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract On the beginning of 20th century, cities become synonymous for progress, wealth and increasing opportunities when compared with the rural regions. Based on some UN information‘s, 30% of world population was urban in 1950, this percentage increase to 47% in 2000, and expectations are that in 2030 60% of population will live in cities. If changes in space organization do not happen until 2030, total earth population will increase to 8,1 billion and 5 billion people will live in urban regions with the 2,67 billion that will not have place to live. This change of the world, from rural to predominantly urban is continuous and cannot convert again, so these changes affect using of water, energy, earth and other nature resources. In the same time cities are primary victims of climate changes. Half of the population lives in urban regions, but they consume 80% of global energy production. 272 �Urban theorists saying that city is dead. In the future we can talk about two models of the cities that are totally different: ecological conscious city that becomes sustainable with the own resources and „ slum city ― that is fighting for the healthier life. How to deal with challenges of the global age that are barrier for progress and sustainability, and in same time keep own identity and diversity? The cities are kind‘s social - ecological systems that have a wider range of articulation with ecology. How to produce positive results – results which enabling contribution of sustainability of environment in cities? Cities are complex systems of consumption and production and that complexity makes them essential for finding solutions. Differences of the cities come from different politics of the governments, basic economy, and ordinary cultural life of the citizen‘s. One of those facts is that whole energy flow and materials of the economy become pollution and waste of ecosphere just in different shape. Are the global ecological conditions result of the urban agglomeration and density, or are they result of specific urban system types? Long time ago cities become places for innovations, development and starting of complex physical and organization systems. It is important to find solution for the big number of ecological damage and formula for reconfiguration of social – ecological systems that are made because of urbanization. Keywords: Sustainable Urbanism , Eco – City , Ideal City , Sustainability , Brownfield , Re – Use , Urban recycling , Open Arhitecture , Green Buildings . 1.INTRODUCTION How we as architects and urban planners can contribute to sustainable development? By following caprices of technique and investors , taking in consideration economic profit all of projects , we all become main actors of global crisis. This paper presents review of city sustainability problem , the same city that is the main tissue of the physical existence of people. Framework of responsibility and spatial problems were the basic causes of the introducing of brownfield area as a potential space sustainability. Environment limits are decreasing every day. The goal of the research is to find possible solutions for existing problems of humanity, which will be starting point for sustainable development of city. Possible strategies, ways of acting and implementations that can be applied by architects and urban planners, are summarized in this work. The strategies are sequenced by the problems with a more than one sourced , and way of acting depends on this. 273 �2. URBAN VISION 2.1.Implementation The city can be viewed as an organism in which all parts must function properly. So the city does not exist independently of all its elements. The implementation should be defined by the zones, points that must be acted on. If we take into account the complexity of cities, historical context and contemporary spirit we need to know different predictable effects on each of these units. Striving for sustainable urban structures involve and sustainable development of the existing structure. Renovation is often associated with the term deportation. Renewal does not necessarily mean that it is sustainable. During the urban sprawling ,urban space becomes close to its resting partly on the old industrial areas, military areas, storage areas or rusty communal areas. These zones represent a break in physical functioning - black holes. Brownfield sites are then negative phenomena in the cities, because they contribute in creating a poor environment, with frequent pollution of soil and groundwater, the potential sources of infection etc. Brownfield locations are general threats of development and environmental loads. It is evident that because of their previous functions these places make huge untapped areas. Physical barriers also represent a certain psychological barrier. World cities reached very high level of solving brownfield problems, well known and unified methods and systems are established in there . The goal of brownfield revitalization is to convert these locations to places of public purpose of general interest. The increased risks and costs associated with their reconstruction and re-using discourage private capital from direct economic intervention. Ecological experts in the world want to introduce a circular logic in the function of cities, and the maximize re-use of waste, to reduce it. 3.Sustainable strategy One of the important questions for every strategy that must be asked , is where to start from? Should it be implemented from local or global level ? Taken scale that effects the space could have crucial significance. Cities are incarnation of urban crisis. Within the urban crisis , also society, economical, ecologic and politic cries are classified. Does it mean when we start to solve elements of other crises , we are on the good way to solve the urban crisis ? The mission of the architecture must be encouraging the society on changes , because architecture presents its values. Ideal city doesn‘t exist. There are only variations of idealization of certain cities as world powers , which brings us back to the political dimensions. Searching for sustainable planning of cities is future mission. 274 �Eco – city should talk to the eco- revolution. New urban planners as a base to every project should have a green line that will clearly accruable economic benefit or gain of the society. To achieve a positive result acting should be in the broader spatial and temporal scales , observing the effects of local activities on the macro – level , such as global warming , acid rain formation and global plunder of resource. Sustainability of cities is not only reflected in the ecological resources and techniques that it have , but also in saves and production of the energy. Buildings are responsible for around 40% of total energy consumption and 36% of CO2 emissions. By designing in accordance with climatic conditions , the proper organization of existing and open public spaces , we contribute to sustainability. Renewable energy, consumption reduction and energy conservation, need to become the standard of each space. The sustainability strategy must be based on NEEDS and FUTURE GENERATIONS. 3.1.Social dimension Develop an social action plan (education , multidisciplinary approach at national , regional and local level) Cooperation and exchange of information within sectors Remove vulnerability of space Marketing Carbon - neutral lifestyle 3.2. Ecological dimension Support in construction of green areas, greenfield should be merged with the renewal of zone brownfield Through the elements of connective tissue, streets, squares and parks connections will be established with other areas of brownfield zones Green Corridors - environmental arteries Design with Nature 3.3. Eco - political dimension Define each of brownfield location in cities and areas with critical parameters Create a law framework (government, parliament, the ministry) 275 �Set criteria for assessing the status and utilization of these zones Get rid question of ownership. Public and Private Develop a national policy for access to brownfield zones Brownfield zones as a priority investments (public investment projects) Each of these strategies can be presented through the urban recycling. Recycling is a concept that is very often practice in the world. In architecture it runs through all aspects, so we have a recycling of materials, recycling facilities and recycling of whole urban area. Recycling is closely associated with brownfield , or areas that have become the industrial crisis delays in the area, the black spots, the termination of all activities. Recycling of urban area is deeply into the core of the problem of addressing the issues of land use , materials and man in this area. A well designed concept of brownfield zone regeneration can change the image of the city and become a new catalyst within a space. Urban recycling and sustainable design are mutually supportive. Urban recycling is needed for visual quality. 4. CONCLUSION With the expansion and growth of cities the processes of transformation and reconstruction is occurring . The question remains is how to proceed , what is the purpose and by which methods and models. On the question of vision, in the not so distant future, 2050. years, many European cities will try to find the answer, and to prepare the development strategy or provide some alternative proposals. Focusing on sustainability priorities and stimulating urbanism rather than urbanism of obligations, new methods should be created and effective in the space of continuous change. Urban transformation as a result of globalization give many negative products in the further development of cities , as already noted in the social, economic and environmental direction of urban development. In this paper possible solutions are defined that lead to sustainability of the city. Proposed strategy, method of urban recycling and regeneration of brownfield area can be applied to any city. If sustainable urbanism becomes new form, is it the only way to build the city? How sustainability should be treated, and is sustainability in time of globalization becoming part of our lives or is it just word for the public? One thing is sure, urbanism and architecture of new age can be called by any name, but the result that must be produced cannot have bad influence on the citizens and their lives. REFERENCES Acioly, C. (2000) ‗Can Urban Management Deliver the Sustainable City?‘ In Compact Cities 276 �M.Jenks and R.Burgess , Sustainable Urban Forms for Developing Countries, Spon Press, London. Cliff Moughtin , Peter Shirley ,(2005)Urban design: Green dimensions. 2nd edition, Amsterdam Simon Guy, Steven A. Moore,(2005) Sustainable Architectures. Cultures and Natures in Europe and North America, New York Polese, M. and Stren, R. (2000) The social sustainability of cities: diversity and management of change, University of Toronto Press, Toronto Mike Jenks , Colin Jones (2010), Dimensions of the Sustainable City (Future City) ,2nd edition, New York Matthew E. Kahn,( 2006) Green cities : Urban Growth and the Environment, Washington Adam S. Weinberg, Allan Schnaiberg, David N. Pello , ( 2000 ) Urban Recycling and the Search for Sustainable Community Development , Princeton University Press Jon Lang, ( 2005 ) Urban design: a typology of procedures and products John Eade ,Christopher Mele ( 2002 ) Understanding the city. Contemporary and future perspectives Sallie Westwood ,John Williams ( 1997 ) Imagining cities: scripts, signs, memory, London Tio2 Reinforced Al2o3 Composites Gunhan Bayrak1, Ferit Ilgar2, Ediz Ercenk3, Senol Yilmaz3, Uğur Sen3, Volkan Gunay4 1Sakarya University, Arifiye Vocational School, 54580 Arifiye, Sakarya 2Alpha Foundry and Machine Industry Co., Organized Industrial Zone, Avar Street, No: 1 06935 Sincan / Ankara 3Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Esentepe Campus, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey, 4TUBITAK-MAM, Material Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey Abstract In this study, the effect of TiO2 addition on properties of alumina ceramics was investigated. The prepared commercial Alcoa alumina reinforced 0-15 % TiO2 were ground in ball mill for 2 h by wet milling and then powders were shaped dry pressing. After shaping operations, the 277 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1256 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable City Author Author Ahmetspahic , Erna Abstract A summary of the resource. On the beginning of 20th century, cities become synonymous for progress, wealth and increasing opportunities when compared with the rural regions. Based on some UN information‘s, 30% of world population was urban in 1950, this percentage increase to 47% in 2000, and expectations are that in 2030 60% of population will live in cities. If changes in space organization do not happen until 2030, total earth population will increase to 8,1 billion and 5 billion people will live in urban regions with the 2,67 billion that will not have place to live. This change of the world, from rural to predominantly urban is continuous and cannot convert again, so these changes affect using of water, energy, earth and other nature resources. In the same time cities are primary victims of climate changes. Half of the population lives in urban regions, but they consume 80% of global energy production. Urban theorists saying that city is dead. In the future we can talk about two models of the cities that are totally different: ecological conscious city that becomes sustainable with the own resources and „ slum city ― that is fighting for the healthier life. How to deal with challenges of the global age that are barrier for progress and sustainability, and in same time keep own identity and diversity? The cities are kind‘s social - ecological systems that have a wider range of articulation with ecology. How to produce positive results – results which enabling contribution of sustainability of environment in cities? Cities are complex systems of consumption and production and that complexity makes them essential for finding solutions. Differences of the cities come from different politics of the governments, basic economy, and ordinary cultural life of the citizen‘s. One of those facts is that whole energy flow and materials of the economy become pollution and waste of ecosphere just in different shape. Are the global ecological conditions result of the urban agglomeration and density, or are they result of specific urban system types? Long time ago cities become places for innovations, development and starting of complex physical and organization systems. It is important to find solution for the big number of ecological damage and formula for reconfiguration of social – ecological systems that are made because of urbanization. Keywords: Sustainable Urbanism , Eco – City , Ideal City , Sustainability , Brownfield , Re – Use , Urban recycling , Open Arhitecture , Green Buildings . Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e479f1b5c68fca5ef618b00e00a9b498.pdf c9edbbbe388ff4749c360abe7a3f730d PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Uzun S., İlbaş A.İ., İpek A., Beyzi E.Uranbey, S. and Arslan, N. (2012). In Vitro Propagation of Endemic Iris galactica Immature Zygotic. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 109. ANTALYA. Yıldırım Z., Öztürk G. and Esen, M. (2010). Propagation of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) in In Vitro Conditions. III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:98-102. İZMİR Zencirkıran M.and Mengüç A. (2002).The Effects of Twin Scale and Chipping Techniques on Bulblet Production in Galanthus elwesii Hook. II. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p: 24-28.ANTALYA. Zeybekoğlu E. and Özzambak E, 2012. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 225. ANTALYA. Sustainable Collection of Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Leaves in Antalya Province Deniz Hazar1 Ibrahim Baktir2 Ozgul KaraguzeL3 Levent Ht4 1*Akdeniz University, Kumluca Vocational School 2 Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture 3Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute 4Antalya Forest Department E-mail: dhazar@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) is an evergreen shrub which belongs to the Lauraceae family. It grows naturally along the entire coastal line of Turkey up to altitude of 1200 m. Laurel has been regarded as an important medicinal and aromatic plant for years in the Mediterranean Basin. Meantime, it is also often used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens because it is very much suitable to pruning and to give the desired forms. Turkey provides about 97% of the world’s laurel leaf need. It is one of the top five plants collected from nature and exported from Turkey. However, there are some serious problems about the production system of laurel. Laurel production is done in conventional methods by local people. These areas are under threat due to overgrazing and uncontrolled collection. Ultimately, laurel growing areas have been exploited. In recent years, the researches related to sustainable use of laurel have increased. In this study it was investigated the researches conducted to sustainable use of laurel in Sırtkoy, Manavgat district and some other districts of Antalya. The aim of these studies was to develop an inventory method and to prepare management plans to be used by forest service and regional people. The cut shoots and leaves of laurel should be controlled and they should not be cut from the same locations every year. The rotation must be strictly applied in every 3 or 4 years intervals. Leaf collections should be done by experienced people in right period of the years and the leaves should be dried in a proper way. Keywords: Laurel, leaf, sustainability 104 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.INTRODUCTION Medicinal and aromatic plants are used for many purposes. There is a growing demand for them at the global level. They are mostly collected from nature. Therefore, conservation and sustainable use of these species are necessary to meet the needs of present and future generations. Laurel is an important medicinal and aromatic plant in Turkey. Laurel areas are under threat due to some serious problems such as uncontrolled collection and overgrazing. In this study, it was investigated the researches have been conducted so far (e.c. SırtkoyManavgat district) to conservation and sustainability of laurel areas. Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) is a member of the Lauracea family which contains 45 genera and about 1000 species. It is also known, as sweet bay, bay laurel, Grecian laurel, true bay and bay. In Turkish, it is named as Akdeniz defnesi or only defne. The homeland of the Laurel is Anatolia and Balkans. But it was taken to the shores of the Mediterranean in ancient times. Today it is one of the characteristic plants of the Mediterranean. Laurel grows wild and is cultivated in many warm regions of the world particularly in the Mediterranean countries (Turkey, Greece, France, Spain, Portugal, Algeria and Morocco). It grows naturally along the entire coastal line of Turkey up to altitude of 1200 m (Davis, 1982; Başer and Ekim, 2003). It has a wide distribution in Turkish flora: Balıkesir, Bursa, İstanbul, Zonguldak, Kastamonu, Sinop, Trabzon, Rize, İzmir, Muğla, Antalya, Mersin and Maraş (Davis, 1982) (Figure 1). It isn’t selective in terms of soil request and prefers stream beds (Göker and Acar, 1983; Özel, 2008). Its distribution area is related to water (in soil or in weather) every time (Özel, 2008) Laurel is an evergreen large shrub or small tree growing up to 15 m in height (Davis, 1982). The leaves are elliptic and shiny dark green about 5-10 cm long, rather thick, aromatic and leathery. It has shiny gray bark. The laurel is dioecious plant with male and female flowers on separate plants. Clusters of small yellow or greenish white flowers are produced in spring on the female plants. The fruits are small (about 1-2 cm long), egg-shaped, green single-seeded berries that ripen to shiny, purplish black in the fall (Gökmen 1973; Seçmen et al., 1992). Figure 1. Distribution of Laurel in Turkey (Davis, 1982) Laurel has been symbolised of victory, strength and protection since ancient times. After the victory or success, a crown of laurel leaves was worn by the emperors, generals, heroes and 105 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo athletes in ancient Rome and Greek. Also it has been used for many purposes for ancient times (Jirovetz et al., 1997). The tree is grown primarily for its leaves. Fresh or dried, they are used as a culinary herb and also for leaf essential oil. Dried leaves are used as flavour and spice, especially in canned meat and fish, storage of olive, packaging raisins and dried figs. Laurel leaf essential oil has got widely usage in the flavouring, cosmetic and perfume industries. The oil extracted from berries is utilized in the food, drink, pharmaceutical, chemical and cosmetic industries. The leaves are also used in traditional medicine and to rheumatism, joint pains, epilepsy, parkinsonism, schizophrenia, stress, stomach ulcers, to stimulate the appetite and as a sedative and antiseptic. The oil extracted from the berries is used as a cure for irritated skin, earache, asthma and urinary ailments. Furthermore, it was widely cultivated and used mainly in Europe and the USA as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens because of suitable to pruning and to give the desired forms. (Barla et al., 2007). Turkey has an important potential for production and exports of the laurel. About 90% of world’s laurel production is done in Turkey. It is one of the top five plants collected from nature and exported from Turkey. Laurel leaf production is arranged according to laws and principles and the annual production programs of the General Directorate of Forestry. Laurel leaf production is done between July October due to vegetative growth has stopped. Since the best quality leaves are on 2-3 year-old shoots, leaf production is the collection of these leaves. This process is not in the form collection of single leaves, is obtained by cutting the 2-3 year old leafy shoots (Bozkurt et al., 1982; OGM, 1987).Leafy shoots are made bunch and are dried in the shade. So, the green color of leaves is protected. After the leaves dried, they are collected from shoots. Yellowed leaves and contaminated foreign substances are eliminated. Then the dried leaves are separated into quality classes and packed. The drying process is made very primitive conditions. Ultimately, percent of the unqualified leaf is increased. 106 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 2. A graph showing the production quantities until 2006 and the estimated demand quantities after 2006 in the laurel areas As seen from the Figure 2, the demand quantities are increasing every year. However, there is no increase in the laurel areas. On the contrary, it decreases with each passing day. Accordingly, the amount of production also decreases. The reasons for this are as follows: 1. The dense, irregular and uncontrolled leaf collecting is made. 2. These areas are under threat due to overgrazing. 3. There is not an applicable inventory method and management plan accepted and implemented by forest service and small farmers. 4. Laurel production is done in conventional methods by local people. 5. Laurel production is mostly done from its native areas. The newly established plantations are very limited. 6. The clonally propagation techniques aren’t used for sampling production. Therefore, the standard product can not be obtained from the new plantations. 7. Diseases and pests of laurel are damaged its leaves. This situation causes a loss in product. 8. The lack of information Some researches have been conducted to ensure the sustainability of production and exports of laurel leaves in the laurel production areas of Antalya and other provinces. 2.Researches on Laurel in Antalya: 1. Sırtkoy-Manavgat: This is the main study in laurel. Sırtkoy-Manavgat district were chosen to study the criteria of sustainable use of laurel. The aim of this study was to develop an inventory method and prepare a management plan to be used by forest service and farmers. In 107 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the first step, the inventories of the areas were carried out and the areas were assigned into homogenous classes. In the second step, fresh laurel leaf yield was measured on 30 sampling plots. In the third step, an index named “crown index” was developed to estimate actual leaf stocking in sample plots taken for inventory. The index is determined by multiplying of crown diameter and crown height and gives the values represent the amount of leaf production for a tree. Correlation of this index values with measured values was significant (r=0.79; P<0.0001). This index was used successfully for inventory of study area. The index was also suggested to planers to use for inventory studies. The digital maps produced by the use of GIS (Geographic Information System). The leaf harvesting rotation plans were developed on digital maps. GPS (Global Positioning Systems) was also used to locate all the fieldwork plots. As a result, a management plan was prepared for practitioners and forest service (Baş et al., 2005). 2. Yardop project: After the huge forest fire (16 000 ha) in Tasagil-Serik in 2008, Yardop project was developed in order to establish fire-resistant forests by forest service. This project aims to establish with leafy forest trees 50-150 m wide area between forest and farmland. For this purpose selected plants are laurel, carob, acacia, olives, almonds and cypress. Especially laurel is preferred because it is fire resistant and provides income. 3.The Other Researches on Laurel in Turkey: 1. The aim of this study was to determine the most suitable leaf harvesting method and cutting period which were yield good quality and quantity leaves of laurel and its economy. Experimental design was completely randomized parcel design with three different leaf harvesting methods (clear cutting, pollarding, combination) and three different shoot cutting periods (every year, once in two years, once in three years) on total 108 plots. First treatment was clear cutting method (coppice system). Second treatment was pollarding method. Within this method, one shoot which good growing and 1.0-1.5 m height at each plot was selected and were cut over its shoots on 1/3 ratio. The third treatment is combination method. It was combination of first and second methods. Shoot cutting periods were every year cutting, at two years interval cutting and at three years interval cutting. Commercially important dry leaf yield/plot (g/plot), the best quality dry leaf yield/ dry leaf yield ratio (%), the best quality dry leaf yield/plot (g/plot) and dry base essential oil contents (%) were given. According to results of this research; combined leaf harvesting method and two years interval cutting period were suggested for laurel areas (Polat et al., 2009). 2. The aim of this study was to determine the most suitable vegetative propagation method of laurel. For this, the cuttings were taken in 11 different time periods and treated with 5 different dose of IBA, were planted in 4 different medium. The best results were obtained from cuttings taking on 30 July and applied with 5000 ppm IBA. The mix of peat and perlite was determined as the best media (Parlak, 2008). 4.CONCLUSION In this study, to ensure the sustainability of laurel areas have been revealed primarily the problems. Some researches done in these areas are examined and some proposals are presented. One of the oldest and the most comprehensive studies were done in SırtkoyManavgat district and it was followed by several other studies. Considering the results of 108 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo these studies, the following recommendations can be presented to the sustainability of the laurel areas: The cut shoots and leaves of laurel should be controlled and they should not be cut from the same locations every year. The rotation must be strictly applied in every 3 or 4 years intervals. Leaf collections should be done by experienced people in right period of the years and the leaves should be dried in a proper way. To prevent destruction in natural laurel areas and to promote management of culture fields should be primarily carried out education, information and organization activities. For this purpose, the state, producers and private sector must be provided coordination and unity of purpose. REFERENCES Barla, A., Topcu. G., Oksuz, S., Tumen, G.and Kingston, D. (2007). Identification of cytotoxic sesquiterpenes from Laurus nobilis L. Food Chem, 104: 1478-1484. Baş, M.N., Güler, S. ve Erkan, N. (2005). Defne (Laurus nobilis L.) Alanlarında Yaprak Üretim Miktarlarının Belirlenmesi (Manavgat-Sırtköy Örneği). Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü. Teknik Bülten Serisi. No:24, Antalya Baser, K.H.C. and Ekim, T. (2003). Medicinal Plants in the Western Black Sea Countries: Turkey, Eurasia Environment Conference, Istanbul, 21-23 October 2003, Türkiye Çevre Vakfi Yayini, Istanbul. Bozkurt, Y., Yaltırık, F. ve Özdönmez, M. (1982). Türkiye’de Orman Yan Ürünleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İÜ Yayın no:2845, O.F. Yayın no:302, İstanbul, s:13-15 Davis P.H. (1982). Flora of Turkey, Vol. 7, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Göker,Y. ve Acar, İ. (1983). Orman Yan Ürünlerinden Akdeniz Defnesi (Laurus nobilis L.). İ. Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. Cilt: 33. Seri: B. Sayı: 1. İstanbul. Gökmen, H. (1973). Kapalı Tohumlular 1. Cilt. Şark Matbaası. 576 s. Ankara. Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G.and Ngassoum, M. (1997). GC/MS-analysis of essential oils from Cameroon plants used as spices in local foodstuff. Recent Research and Development In Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1: 241-255. OGM (1987). Ülkemizdeki Bazı Önemli Orman Tali Ürünlerinin Teşhis ve Tanıtım Kılavuzu, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No:659, Seri No:18, Ankara, sayfa:25. Özel N., Akkaş, M.N., Öner, H.H., Akbin, G., Altun N. ve Albayrak Akbin, N. (2008). Batı Anadolu’da Defne (Laurus nobilis L.)Yayılış Alanlarının Yetişme Ortamı Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Ege Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü. Teknik Bülten Serisi. No:39, İzmir. Parlak, S. (2008). Defne (Laurus nobilis L.)’nin Çelikle Üretilmesi. Ege Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü. Teknik Bülten Serisi. No:42, İzmir. Polat, S., Gülbaba, A.G., Tüfekçi, S. ve Özkurt, A. (2009). Defne (Laurus nobilis L.) Alanlarında En Uygun Yaprak İşletme Şekli ve Maliyetlerinin Belirlenmesi (Tarsus Örneği). Doğu Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü. Teknik Bülten Serisi. No: 34, Tarsus. Seçmen, Ö., Gemici, Y., Görk, G., Bekat, L. and Leblebici E. (1992.) Tohumlu Bitkiler Sistematiği (Ders Kitabı). Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi No:116. Ege Ünv. Basımevi. Bornova-İzmir. 109 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1234 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Collection of Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Leaves in Antalya Province Author Author Deniz, Hazar Abstract A summary of the resource. Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) is an evergreen shrub which belongs to the Lauraceae family. It grows naturally along the entire coastal line of Turkey up to altitude of 1200 m. Laurel has been regarded as an important medicinal and aromatic plant for years in the Mediterranean Basin. Meantime, it is also often used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens because it is very much suitable to pruning and to give the desired forms. Turkey provides about 97% of the world’s laurel leaf need. It is one of the top five plants collected from nature and exported from Turkey. However, there are some serious problems about the production system of laurel. Laurel production is done in conventional methods by local people. These areas are under threat due to overgrazing and uncontrolled collection. Ultimately, laurel growing areas have been exploited. In recent years, the researches related to sustainable use of laurel have increased. In this study it was investigated the researches conducted to sustainable use of laurel in Sırtkoy, Manavgat district and some other districts of Antalya. The aim of these studies was to develop an inventory method and to prepare management plans to be used by forest service and regional people. The cut shoots and leaves of laurel should be controlled and they should not be cut from the same locations every year. The rotation must be strictly applied in every 3 or 4 years intervals. Leaf collections should be done by experienced people in right period of the years and the leaves should be dried in a proper way. Keywords: Laurel, leaf, sustainability Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f5f9f679db9fd3ed52ccf52375d25035.pdf f3d17ee44529b830f54edf7b006f849f PDF Text Text Sustainable Consumer Behaviour in the UK -In general and in relation to outdoor equipment and vehicle accessoriesAjla Ćosić1,Hana Ćosić2 International Burch University, Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina, Scuola Superiore Sant’ Anna, Pisa, Italy Emails: ajlacosic@gmail.com, hana.cosic@gmail.com Abstract Sustainability is becoming an important factor to consider while buying different products such as outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories. Also there is a growing awareness that business side should take an important role in promotion of sustainable consumer behaviour. This paper investigates sustainable consumer behaviour in general and in relation to outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories in the UK. It explores sustainable consumer behaviour through 50 phone interviews with retailers in outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories over the UK. The findings reveal there is a large awareness on sustainability issues in the investigated segments. Also there is willingness to pay more up to 20 % more for products with sustainability features in the outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories. Moreover projections on development of sustainable consumer behaviour are very positive. Business plans for more sustainable consumption include an increase in number of products with sustainability features and following manufacturers. The paper concludes with some reflections on how sustainable consumption behaviour should be promoted from the business side and gives recommendations for the businesses in the investigated segments. Keywords: sustainable consumer behaviour; the UK; outdoor equipment; vehicle accessories; interviews. 1.INTRODUCTION Every day, sustainable consumption and sustainable production are becoming more and more important and at the same time they are helping us to move toward sustainable development. Over the years, majority of people have realized that their purchasing behaviour had a direct impact on the global warming, climate change and other ecological problems Michel et al (2001). Maybe this is one of the reasons why people are becoming more and more aware about sustainable consumption, and its positive impact on the whole society. In our opinion consumers are the main drivers that will help us to move towards more sustainable production and consumption. This is one of the reasons why we chose to do a research on the sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK because we think that sustainable development can help us to improve the quality of life of present and future generations. 1 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The purpose of this paper is to determine sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK in general and in relation to outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories. We think sustainable consumer behaviour is of extreme importance for the future as consumers are drive force of consumption. In this paper we will try to answer through secondary and primary data:      what is level of environmental awareness in the UK where is the UK among other countries in sustainable consumer behaviour how important is sustainability in consumer’s purchasing decision making in general and in the outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories segment analyze sustainability as a trend few years ago and now check what are plans from business perspective in terms of sustainability 1.1.What is sustainability? Sustainability plays an important role in our every day life. Hundred years ago people did not know much about sustainability, but today sustainability is a wide ranging term that can be applied to every segment of our life. The concept of sustainability was first discussed in 1983 in corporate agenda via the UN Commission on Environment and Development, where the term of sustainable development was defined as development that “meets the needs of the present without compromising ability of future to meet their own needs” (United Nations, 1987). Today they are many discussions and debates about sustainability, and sustainable development describing various approaches and solutions, but when it comes to implementation rare are those who follow those sustainable rules and principles. Whether we want to accept or not, sustainability is global issue that should concern all of us, and that we should work together towards achieving global solution. Beside the widely accepted definition there are also three types of sustainability and they are: social, economic and environmental as stated (United Nations General Assembly, 2005). Social- Social sustainability is related to retention of social capital. This social capital according to many scholars is called moral capital. To have social sustainability achieved it is required to share values and provide equal rights as well as to promote cultural and religious interactions by the society (Wiley, 2009). Economic- One of the most accepted views on economic sustainability is maintaining the level of capital which can be easily explained by the Hick’s definition of income where the amount of income that person can consume and be as well off at the end of the period (Burgess,2003). Environmental- Environmental sustainability includes natural capital such as water, minerals, ecosystems which are often converted to economic capital (Nordhaus, 1994). In this paper environmentally friendly products mean a wide range of different sustainability features incorporated not just environmentally friendly features. We have done this as many studies that are investigating sustainable consumer behaviour name products that have 2 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo incorporated sustainability features environmentally friendly products. In our paper as well, environment is considered as a wide concept including all three perspectives on sustainability. 1.2.What is sustainable consumption? Today there are many signs that consumption issues are becoming of central concern for business. Currently we are living in an era in which global consumption patterns are unsustainable. In order to avoid this and bring global consumption to a sustainable level many changes are required both from consumers and producers. Changes are required but not just in technology, it will also be required in consumer lifestyles, including ways in which consumers choose and use products and services. This is a big challenge, but we think that business should take a leading role and try to move toward more sustainable levels and patterns of consumption. One of the propositions how this could be done is that business should use their current business processes such as innovation, communication and marketing and by working together with consumers, governments and stakeholders they can define and achieve more sustainable lifestyle (WBCSD, 1997). To meet the challenges of sustainable development, business should help consumers to choose and use their goods and services sustainably. In order to do so, business should create sustainable value for their consumers offering them products and services that will meet their functional and emotional needs but at the same time respecting environmental limits and common values (WBCSD, 1997). When global drivers of consumption come to the role, business should consider rapid global population growth, because world population is projected to reach 9 billion by 2050 (UNDP, 2008). 1.3.Why there is a need for sustainable consumer behaviour? Recent studies show that we are already exceeding the Earth’s ability to support our lifestyles, and have been doing so for approximately twenty years (WWF, 2006). Also there are predictions that the supply of energy and material resources needed for industrial growth, such as natural resource consumption is expected to rise to 170% of the Earth’s biocapacity by 2040 (WWF, 2006). So this is a big challenge and task for us, it can be solved only if we see the importance of sustainable consumption. The projections mentioned previously should help us to answer the question: Why do we need sustainable consumption? However it is good to know that consumer’s attitudes and behaviours are changing over the last two decades. Consumers are increasingly concerned about environmental, social and economic issues, and increasingly willing to act on those concerns. According to recent studies 96% of 3 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Europeans say that protecting the environment is important for them personally. Two-thirds of this group say that it is “very important” (European Commission, 2008). In the UK, 18 % of consumers are willing, able and motivated to take action on environmental issues. The role of consumers and their willingness to change is a key driver in this process. 2.LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.Available surveys and studies in the UK- National geographic surveys For our study it is important to see how the UK is ranked in worldwide studies and surveys on sustainable consumer behaviour. One of these studies is Greendex. National Geographic conducted Greendex survey in January 2009. This survey is a world wide tracking survey on consumer choice and the environment. One of the findings of this survey is that consumers are paying more attention to sustainability as their knowledge improves. This survey tracks behaviour in 65 areas related to four major categories housing, transportation, food and consumer goods (Greendex, 2009). When it comes to overall results for the 14 countries included in this survey in 2008, overall results showed there is an increase in environmentally friendly consumer behaviour in 2009. This tells us there is an upward trend in sustainable consumer behaviour. Overall green index for Great Britain was a slight increase from 2008 to 2009 from 48.2 to 49.4 points, what ranked it at the 13th place out of 17. According to this survey (Greendex, 2009) there are two main reasons for the improvements of results. These are cost considerations and environmental concerns. 2.2.DEFRA survey from 2007 DEFRA is the Department for Environment Food and rural Affairs in England and it released a Survey of Public Attitudes and Behaviours in England in 2007. This study covers what customers think and how they behave in relation to different environmental issues. It covers for each different section attitudes, behaviours and barriers. In this paper we will summarize findings (DEFRA, 2007) from three different sections that are relevant to our topic. These will be attitudes and knowledge in relation to the environment, transport and eco-friendly purchasing. In each section of this survey respondents were asked on their attitudes towards eco-friendly purchasing. 4 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Results showed that 52 % of respondents agreed or tended to agree that they ‘try not to buy products from a company whose ethics they disagree with’. Also 45 % of respondents agreed they would be prepared to pay more for environmentally friendly products’, but at the same time over a quarter disagreed. This shows there is a mix of consumers who would be willing to pay more and those who would not. To test their attitudes respondents were then asked on their behaviours in eco-friendly purchasing. We think these results are expected as there in the UK Fair trade development is helped by government programme for sustainable development. This study also asked on barriers that stopped people from purchasing environment friendly products and the first barrier was price. 47 % of respondents said these products are too expensive. The second barrier was lack of availability with less than 12 % of respondents answering. The third barrier was a lack of labelling. Again we think that attitude and behaviour gap repeated as larger proportion of respondents said that it would pay and then minority said it would not pay. 3.METHODOLOGY As our task is to investigate and try to determine sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK in general and in relation to the outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories segment, we can say that we will use both secondary and primary data. Secondary data will be used to answer questions more in general about sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK. Different studies, books, journal articles and legislature documents will be used (e.g. OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) and WBCSD (World Business Council on Sustainable Development)). We decided to collect data in three different types of stores as we think they are in a close relationship. We collected data through phone interviews in the outdoor equipment (Patagonia’s stores), vehicle accessories (Thule’ stores) and car stores (Toyota’s, Volvo’s and BMW’s). We think that all the three selected type of stores will give us more knowledge about sustainable consumer behaviour in the outdoor equipment and car and vehicle accessories segment as they are related. For example customers need vehicles to transport their outdoor equipment and they will use vehicle accessories (for example Thule’s) such as bike carriers or ski carriers. Also they need outdoor equipment such as Patagonia’s products to perform outdoor activities. We think that we can get better knowledge if we connect all these three and then draw conclusions. In addition to phone interviews with retailers/managers we did phone interviews with experts on sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK that will help us to deepen our knowledge and understanding on sustainability and sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK. As we intend to measure consumer behaviour, through open ended questions we can find out a lot about this from our respondents. To achieve content validity we did literature searches on this 5 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo topic and pretested open ended questions. Literature searches helped us to have adequate coverage of our topic and pretested open ended questions helped us to get more valid questions. As this paper investigated sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK in the outdoor equipment and cars and vehicle accessories segment the same set of questions were used in the both segments to get consistent results. Also to improve reliability, a test retest method was used. The same questions we asked to the same group of respondents (retailers/experts) at different points in time. With multiple sources reliability of this paper will be improved. 3.1.Strengths and weaknesses Given that many discussion papers and studies showed misleading sustainable consumer behaviour through consumer surveys/interviews where consumers tend to show ‘right behaviour’ and not the real, using phone interviews with retailers can be considered as a strength. We think that phone interviews with retailers/mangers will answer us through their experience how important is sustainability for customers, are they willing to pay more, how much more but at the same time check through their experience trend, what sustainability feature are customers interested in and similar. Also as this is an opportunity to listen to the business side we can find out about their plans when it comes to sustainability in the next years. The main weakness of this method is that we are investigating consumer behaviour indirectly by not asking consumers. We will lose opportunity to learn directly from consumers about sustainable consumption in the UK. Moreover we will lose opportunity to learn more about the main barriers for sustainable purchasing behaviour. All in all, we think that from phone interviews with retailers/managers and experts in this field combined with secondary data, we can learn a lot about sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK. Also we think that our findings can be useful for the business side (producers and distributors) especially in the investigated segments of outdoor equipment, cars and vehicle accessories. We think that our research is exploratory and unique because as far as we know, no similar study that investigates sustainable consumer behaviour in relation to outdoor equipment and car and vehicle accessories in the UK has ever been done before. 3.2.Sampling procedure and data collection The study was conducted between 6 and 11 May 2010 in the UK. The population for this study is defined as all retailers/managers of Patagonia’s, Thule’s, Volvo’s, Toyota’s and BMW’s dealer stores in the UK. Over 260 of these retailers in the outdoor equipment and car and vehicle accessories were randomly selected in the UK. They were interviewed via phone. 6 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo During randomization, it was considered to cover larger geographical area in the UK. From 260 called retailers only 50 of them replied. Initial plan was to conduct interviews with 100 retailers/managers but response rate was unexpectedly low. Our assumption for this low response rate is lack of knowledge and fear that it will not be done as it should. From 260 phoned interviewees 170 were selected in the Patagonia’s dealer stores, 30 in the Thule’s dealer stores, and 60 in the different car dealers’ stores. In total 50 interviewees were conducted which gives 20 % response rate. This will decrease our sample representativeness of population in the selected segments. We need to mention that the lowest response rate was in vehicle accessories stores in the Thule’s dealer stores. Out of 30 only 3 replied and it was only 10 % response rate. Our assumption is that sustainability is not developed in this segment and that by conducting these interviews we had a feeling that retailers/managers were even a bit afraid to talk about sustainability. In addition to this, probably they lack of products that have sustainability features incorporated. From these 50 who responded, 37 were with the selected retailers/managers in the Patagonia’s dealer stores, 3 were with the Thule’s and 10 were with different car dealers. This research is of a qualitative type. However we will show graphs with statistics to get better understanding and quality of analysed data. To get more reliable results interviewers were asked the same questions. To increase reliability verbatim answers on all questions are available in the Appendix. Our phone interviews contained 6 questions for the selected retailers/managers. 4.RESULTS 4.1.Summary of main findings Sustainable consumer behaviour in the outdoor equipment and car and vehicle accessories in the UK in the both segments over two thirds of respondents said sustainability is either fairly or very important for customers in the car and vehicle accessories ‘very important’ was the most frequent answer with slightly less than half of respondents, while in outdoor equipment ‘fairly important’ was the most frequent answer with slim majority of respondents We can say that when combined these segments, sustainability is important for customers while purchasing goods in the selected segments. in the outdoor segment around 70 % of respondents said that customers are willing to pay more for sustainability features, comparing to 85 % of respondents in the car and vehicle accessories 7 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A customer buying products in these segments is willing to pay more for sustainable features. the most frequent willingness to pay is up to 5 % more in the outdoor segment and maximum willingness to pay is 20 % more in the car and vehicle accessories maximum willingness to pay is 10 % more and the most frequent answer was that is hard to quantify how much customers are willing to pay more When combining these two, we can say customers are willing to pay more but with differences in the maximum willingness to pay, probably due to differences in the base price. slightly over 50 % of respondents said market for sustainable products or sustainable consumer behaviour developed gradually or in an upward trend direction over the last few years in the outdoor segment, comparing to one third of respondents who said it did not change-‘fairly steady’ in the car and vehicle accessories segment 38 % respondents said it developed well over the last few years, while one third said it did not change When comparing these two we can assume that the outdoor equipment market for sustainable products is more developed. in prediction of development for this market or sustainable consumer behaviour in the outdoor equipment segment slightly less than 40 % of respondents think it will be an upward trend In the car and vehicle accessories almost two thirds see it as an upward trend This difference is probably due to lower development in the past years in the car and vehicle accessories segment. When we combine result, we can say that respondents see it as an upward trend. It is important to mention that mostly price is a barrier for predictions for non development or a very slow development of this market. Vast majority of respondents in the both segments said customers are interested in sustainability features and they ask about these. In the outdoor equipment the most frequent sustainability feature is recycling. Other two important features are longevity and whether product is organic. Fuel efficiency and lower emission are the most frequent features that customers are interested in the car and vehicle accessories segment. When combining results for sustainability features we can say they are pretty different. Probably this is because of different products offered. But basically for the outdoor equipment customers are interested in recycling, organic and longevity, while in the car and vehicle accessories customers are interested in fuel efficiency (probably due to costs) and lower emission. 8 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Plans from the business side for the future when it comes to sustainability in the outdoor equipment segment were again in recycling direction with around 40 % of respondents. Either to increase more products made from recyclable materials or to improve recycling in their business activities. Other two most frequent plans were for energy saving, probably cost driven and the third group of these plans are related to customer-manufacturer actions. This is an important piece of information for manufacturers. In the car and vehicle accessories segment a third of respondents said their plans are manufacturer driven. Other third said to increase number of hybrid and fuel efficient cars. We think that in the both segments when combined there is an important message for producers that managers want to increase their offers of environmentally friendly products. Moreover their plans are also manufacturer driven, so it is up to manufacturers to increase their offers of products with sustainability features. 4.2.Comparison of our study results to other study results Our first question was testing customers’ attitudes towards sustainability. Our study results were positive as in the outdoor equipment around two thirds of respondents said that for customers sustainability is either fairly or very important. Similar results were also in the vehicle accessories and car segment where around two thirds of respondents said that sustainability is either very or fairly important for customers. Other studies found similar results when testing attitudes of customers. A study done by PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008) found that over 80 % of 4 thousand customers surveyed, demonstrated awareness and concerns about sustainability issues. Moreover in a study done by DEFRA (2008) where consumers were asked on their attitudes on eco-friendly purchasing, 52 % strongly agreed or tended to agree that they “try not to buy products from a company whose ethics they disagree with”. We think our results even though with much smaller sample are similar with other study results and it shows its larger reliance. When comparing our results for the second question on willingness to pay for more environmentally friendly products again we have similar results as other studies. In our study we found that over two thirds of customers in the both segments are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. There are similar results in a study done by DEFRA (2008) where 45 % of respondents, strongly agreed or tended to agree that they ‘would be prepared to pay more for environmentally friendly products’. In this study (DEFRA, 2008) over a quarter of respondents disagreed that are not ready to pay more. In our study results are similar as one third of customers are not willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. As it is important to have an estimate on percentage that customers are willing to pay we will see also check other study results. In the PwC study (2008) top six UK grocery’s products were 9 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo examined and it was found that price premium was over 40 % for some environmentally friendly products. In our study we found that maximum willingness to pay for environmentally friendly products is 20 % price premium in the outdoor segment, but it is important to say that this was only 10 % of respondents. On the other hand in the car and vehicle accessories segment maximum price premium is 10 %. The most frequent price premium is 5 % in the both segments. Moreover PwC study (2008) found that willingness to pay a social or environmental premium on everyday items was closer to c.20 %. This is similar to our results that showed a premium of 20 % for the outdoor segment and a lower premium of 10 % for the car and vehicle accessories segment as prices are larger. Also one more study showed similar results on customer willingness to pay more for environmentally friendly products. In the EU Commission study (EU attitudes, 2008) results showed that customers would pay more for environmentally friendly products: 7 in 10 said they would be willing to pay up to 20 % more. Our findings about customer willingness to pay more for environmentally friendly products also showed that around 70 % of customers are willing to pay more to 20 % more. In our third study question retailers/managers were asked about development of this market for sustainable products or in more general sustainable consumer behaviour over the last few years. Over 50 % of our respondents in the outdoor equipment said it developed gradually or it is an upward trend. In the car and vehicle accessories segment around 40 % said it is an upward trend. For our study it is important to mention that growth is present in Fairtrade and organic clothing purchase in the UK. There is a growth from 2005 to 2008 from 7 % of shoppers to 17 % in 2008 (PwC, 2008). Also we asked our respondents on development’s projection of market for environmentally friendly products. Results showed that over half of respondents said they think it will be an upward trend or a gradually increase in the outdoor equipment. Moreover in the car and vehicle accessories segment there are even more positive projections. More than a half of respondents see an upward trend in the market for sustainable products. We think these results could be taken seriously as results of a study (EUbarometer, 2008) showed that consumers clearly show that want to buy more sustainable products in the future. In this study 58 % said they want to buy more environmentally friendly products. The most frequent sustainability feature that customers are interested in the outdoor equipment segment was recycling. It seems that other study results showed similar results. For example in the Greendex survey (2008) the British were among the top three countries when it comes to recycling actions undertaken. It seems that recycling is very present in the UK and that customers usually relate it to sustainability features. 10 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Also over the 30 % of the EU citizens, among them the British were the most likely to select minimising waste and recycling as the actions having the greatest impact on solving environmental problems (EU barometer, 2008). DEFRA's (2008) results showed that 71 % of respondents were engaged in recycling more and intended to continue to do the same in the UK. Other sustainability features in our study were longevity, the way products are produced, where products are produced, packaging and similar results were found in other survey. A survey done by (PwC, 2008) showed that customers care more about what they buy, how it is made, what it is made from, how far it travels and how it is packaged. Also in the car and vehicle accessories segment customers want to have more fuel efficient cars as our study results showed. Also some other studies showed that people are reluctant to change their behaviour in transportation sector and that people just love convenience of car use (DEFRA 2008&Greendex 2009). However we found through our interviews that customers are largely affected by taxes on fuels and they want to pay lower taxes especially for companies’ cars. In our analysis we showed some statements that showed us a large influence of regulations on retailers/managers. Our study results showed that the business sustainability plans were in direction of recycling and energy efficiency in the outdoor equipment segment. In the car segment plans are to increase offer of fuel efficient and hybrid cars. It seems again as other studies showed that the business side plans are in a large proportion in direction of recycling (EUbarometer, 2008). Also customers and manufacturer driven was something that was found in our study. It seems that statistics were very similar to some other studies but we think beside these statistics we have more knowledge about sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK and especially in the selected segments through statements. 5.CONCLUSION Going through different perspectives we saw that sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK is very important. Investigating the existing EU’s and the UK’s regulation we found it is changing over the past years. At the EU level there is a sustainable consumption and production programme that includes different areas of action. In the UK there is a national sustainable development plan and many other instruments explained that will encourage greater sustainable consumption. After giving a background intro to the mentioned issues, we then started with investigation of sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK. Firstly, the world tracking survey on sustainable consumer behaviour was analysed. 11 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo This was National Geographic survey Greendex. After checking the UK’s ranking in the worldwide survey, we then investigated sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK only. The main findings of this survey were that environmental awareness increased and the British are more aware of the environmental issues. Also it was found that they are starting to buy more environmentally friendly products. When it comes to actions that are undertaken mostly British are undertaking recycling. Also this survey showed reluctance of changing transportation behaviour because the British like to travel by car. But as these surveys were more in general not related to any specific segment of the industry, we did our own research in the outdoor equipment and car and vehicle accessories segment. Results showed that in the both segments outdoor equipment and car and vehicle accessories sustainability is important for customers. Over two thirds in the both segments said sustainability is either fairly or very important for customers. When analyzing customers’ willingness to pay, again around two thirds in the both segments said that customers are willing to pay more for sustainable products. Also there are some respondents who did not quantify how much customers are willing to pay more. The most frequent willingness to pay for environmentally friendly products in the outdoor equipment was up to 5% more, comparing to car and vehicle accessories of 5-10% more. However maximum willingness to pay was larger in the outdoor equipment with 20 % more, while in the car and vehicle accessories this was up to 10 % more. Probably this is due to larger prices in the car and vehicle accessories segment. We also need to mention that from this answer we found out that price is the main barrier while purchasing sustainable products. Also we found this through the interviews with experts on sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK. Our respondents in the both segments told us that market for environmentally friendly products developed well over the last few years. This answer was in less than a half of the sample. When analyzing projection on development of this market in the future, more positive projections were in the car and vehicle accessories segment. In this segment around 40 % respondents said they see it as an upward trend. This can tell us maybe that the outdoor equipment segment is better developed. But as this customer can be in the both segments we can expect better development for the car and vehicle accessories segment. In the outdoor equipment segment recycling is the sustainability feature that customers are mostly interested in, comparing to fuel efficiency in the car and vehicle accessories segment. It seems there is a large percentage of customers that think recycling is important sustainability feature. Other two studies, DEFRA’s and Greendex showed similar studies. Also in the both segments many retailers related their plans with sustainability to government regulations and following the same. 12 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo When asking about plans regarding sustainability in the outdoor equipment segments recycling is again the most frequent answer. On the other hand in the car and vehicle accessories segment plans are to increase number of fuel efficient cars and hybrid cars and to follow what manufactures do. We think this is an important piece of information for manufacturers that retailers will follow what they do. Through interviews we found there is a shifting from niche products sustainable market to mainstream products market. This is important for the segments that we investigated, as we think it is more mainstream product market. Based on our research we think there is going to be positive development of market for products having incorporated sustainability features. Our research showed there is a large awareness about sustainability features in the selected segments. Also customers are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products in the both segments. It is important to say that still price is a barrier for more sustainable products purchase. Supported with our study results currently products with sustainable features incorporated are overpriced. We think if prices would be up to 10 % more in the investigated segments, this would be a winning combination for more sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK. Also it is important to mention that manufacturers of the products in the selected segments can produce more products that have sustainability features incorporated. We say this as our results showed there is a large awareness among customers on sustainability in the selected segments. Moreover also retailers have plans to increase their offers of products that have sustainability features incorporated and to follow what manufacturers will do. Our projections about development of sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK are very positive. In the future probably also regulations will be stricter. Probably customers will demand more products that have sustainability features incorporated. Doing nothing for the business side in the outdoor segment and car and vehicle accessories is no longer an option. We think consequences of doing business unethically or in an environmentally unfriendly manner in the investigated segments can be large in the long run. All in all we think future will bring more sustainable consumer behaviour in the UK in general and in the outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories. Business side should seriously involve in this market in order not to lose the game and market share. With all market players’ involvement, consumers, businesses and regulators we will witness more sustainable consumption that can lead us to more sustainable development in the future. REFERENCES Andersen, 1972, ‘The socially conscious consumers’ Journal of Marketing, vol.36, no.7, pp. 2331 Burgess, Jacquie 2003. Sustainable Consumption: is it really achievable? Consumer Policy Review 13(3), 78-84. 13 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Banerjee, B. and McKeage, K. 1994, ‘How green is my value: exploring the relationship between environmentalism and materialism’, in Allen, C.T. and John, D.R. 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WWF-UK, 2006, Let Them Eat Cake: Satisfying the New Consumer Appetite for Responsible Brand Persuade to Buy: Implications for Online Advertising Alma Jeftić1, Dženan Đonko International University of Sarajevo1, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: ajeftic@ius.edu.ba Abstract The aim of this article is to explore the development of a variety of online advertising tools and the implications that the characteristics of these tools have on their effectiveness, as well as to discover how important are the amount and nature of cognitive processing that a person does about a persuasive message in order to determine the kind of persuasion that occurs. Even though advertisements are a necessary and important component of the Internet, most users are merely concerned with the quality of online experience and do not appreciate pop-up ads. However, the majority of previous researches in the area of online advertising lack in application of psychological theories of information processing and attitude change. This article seeks to explore the connection between cognitive processing and consumers' online experience as well as behaviour change in order to provide the most important factors that attract customers. The study 18 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1358 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Consumer Behaviour in the UK -In general and in relation to outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories- Author Author Ajla , Ćosić Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainability is becoming an important factor to consider while buying different products such as outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories. Also there is a growing awareness that business side should take an important role in promotion of sustainable consumer behaviour. This paper investigates sustainable consumer behaviour in general and in relation to outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories in the UK. It explores sustainable consumer behaviour through 50 phone interviews with retailers in outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories over the UK. The findings reveal there is a large awareness on sustainability issues in the investigated segments. Also there is willingness to pay more up to 20 % more for products with sustainability features in the outdoor equipment and vehicle accessories. Moreover projections on development of sustainable consumer behaviour are very positive. Business plans for more sustainable consumption include an increase in number of products with sustainability features and following manufacturers. The paper concludes with some reflections on how sustainable consumption behaviour should be promoted from the business side and gives recommendations for the businesses in the investigated segments. Keywords: sustainable consumer behaviour; the UK; outdoor equipment; vehicle accessories; interviews. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/283fa0cbc4cae3e65699fe6f2e66136a.pdf 0253c93f340c2825b27922d88d0fc4b6 PDF Text Text Sustainable Development as a Course: Social Service Applications M. Ruhat YAŞAR Education Faculty, Kilis 7 Aralık University, Turkey. e-mail: ruhat@hotmail.com Ömer AYTAÇ Sociology Department, Fırat University, Turkey. e-mail: oaytac75@hotmail.com Abstract: This study includes a general analysis of the “Social Service Applications” course, which became part of the curriculum of Education Faculties in 2006-2007 in Turkey within the context of sustainable development. A holistic perspective that takes socio-cultural elements into account instead of a deterministic view which stresses only the economic factors is very important in sustainable development. Enhancing knowledge and policies must be shared in a cooperative way, as improvement of social life is very important for sustainable development. Therefore, the objectives and contents of the afore mentioned course is in line with the aim of utilizing human resources within the context of social problems, which is very important in social development. This approach which enhances the development of social life necessitates a new cooperation that will secure cooperation between universities and society. “Social Service Applications” course is, therefore, an important opportunity within the context of sustainable development. In this study, it is verified that university students who are conditioned not to take responsibility without being given homework get used to taking responsibility within the context of the course. The study also comprises evaluations of what can be done to make the course more useful and efficient, as well as its role in sustainable development. The study discusses the coordination between the university, civil society and public management in the applicability of the course, as well. Introduction Along with developments that have occurred in the international system since the 1990s, the growthcentered development approach has begun to change. Politically, the end of the Cold War, the East Europe's disengagement, a growing struggle for national independence, energy wars, ethnic turmoil, poverty, population movements, lack of education and deterioration of ecological balance brought about the sustainability problem, and thus, the orthodox economy that take man as the tool of development and the unmanned management have begun to be questioned. Today man is face to face with risks he produced himself rather than natural risks. Moreover, it is known that these risks will not be limited to only one nation or region, because the fact that the world is an integrated whole has been understood better. According to a United Nations’ Report (2001) it is estimated that the world’s population will rise to 9.3 billion in 2050. Even this fact alone can lead to serious chaos in relation with basic needs such as environment, health, and nutrition, as well as social and political issues. According to the same projection, there is a high probability that in 2025, 48 countries will suffer from water scarcity and dozens of countries will be inflicted with poverty, hunger, terrorism and conflicts (Şenyüz, 2001). 85 years ago, B. Russell assumed that industrialization will bring abundance to the present generation, poverty to the second generation and famine to the third generation unless preventive measures are not taken. In modern world, where defense expenses and money paid for weapons reach tremendous levels, idealogies that are built on the idea that resources are scarce have no meaning. Probably the most lethal weapon is the idea that resources are insufficient, because human beings have been in a merciless struggle against each other and the nature over the issue of utilizing the resources since the industrial revolution, and thus have begun to threaten the future of humanity. Factors such as two world wars in the 20th Century, the cold war period, industrialization, unfair distribution of income, poverty, population growth have destroyed the natural and social environment rapidly. Social and environmental problems obscure the issue of what is rational and what is irrational. Hence, the end of wealth state, Chernobyl disaster and the collapse of the Berlin Wall are actually seen as signs of ambiguous rationality/irrationality. The search for sustainable development has drawn a great deal of attention due to the risks these indicators point to. Risk society alludes to evident ambiguity, dread created by illusion about borders and the world’s farewell to order (Bech, 1999: 9). Today, a new era has begun, in which security has replaced values such as 49 �equality and freedom and impulse of ‘fear’ in societies with a cast system (Bech, 1992: 49). According to Baudrillard, these general feelings of insecurity are the price of being a consumption society. In fact, his insecurity and fear is not in vain. From this perspective, first of all, it is necessary to rethink the question whether environment is part of the economy or vica versa. Method In this study, first a literature survey on sustainable development was conducted and later the relationship between sustainable development, civil society, and education was probed. It also includes an account of the discussions among specialists at a worshop in Mersin, Turkey over the issue of the “Social Service Applications Course”. Later, a focus group study was implemented within the context of the course and as part of this study leaders of the six groups formed earlier were asked to express their feelings and experiences concerning the course activities. The discussions were tape-recorded. In this qualitative study, the problems they encountered and their suggestions to solve the problems, their views about the course, their impressions of the host-institution, were evaluated. The focus group study took about four hours, and each participant talked for about 45 minutes. However, the speeches were not in the form of monologues, but rather conversations. The discussions and evaluations that took place in the focus group study were summarized and were included in the present study in the form of brief items. Sustainable Development Today, most countries argue for the best ways of development on the one hand and are face to face with a new concept, sustainable development, which criticizes present development perspective, on the other. The term ‘sustainable development’, which came around in 1970s, means programming the present and future in a way that addresses the needs of future generations by building a balance between human beings and nature and without exhausting natural resources. In this sense, sustainable development is a modernization style that is reflected in the aphorism that “the world is entrusted to us by our grandchildren”. The term ‘sustainable development’, which stands for the permanence of a quantitative and qualitative development, has also been defined as “addressing today’s needs without making a concession on future generations’ opportunity to meet their own needs.” (T.Ç.V., 1987: 31-67); (OECD, 2001). Although the term seems to emphasize the importance of environmental protection, it comprises topics such as improving life quality, immigration, population explosion, as well as social problems such as urbanization, health problems and poverty (TÜBİTAK, 2002: 3). For instance, at the Johannesburg Conference in 2002, issues such as fighting poverty, planning the utilization of natural resources in global action against poverty, and the relationship between poverty and the environment were discussed (UNDESA, 2003: 4). Human-environment interaction takes place in essence upon the basis of values that determine the basic codes of human behavior. As culture is the damage inflicted on the nature on the one hand and a process of adaptation to natural environment on the other, improvement of culture and social behavior is very important for sustainable development. But, this is too difficult to be performed by modern culture. According to D. Bell, economization is the principle of modern social structure. That is, it means directing resources towards the targets of the least cost and highest profit. That is why there is a serious crisis in cultural tendencies in most countries today. Economization attaches importance to rationality, whereas new cultural movements stress antirational behavioral models. Bell thinks that this fact is the historical crisis of modern societies and it affects the society deeply (Belek, 1997: 154-155). In his Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, Bell asserts that the modernist culture destroys the values of daily life and natural life. He argues that this atmosphere has incited hedonistic motives that do not comply with the professional disciplines in the society. Moreover, the modernist culture is in completely opposition to the moral bases of objectivist and rationalist life perspective. Besides, there are contradictions between sustainable development and not only ideologies but also national interests. Such elements reflect the tendency to spoil the ecosystem. The risk concept, which implies possible hazards in the ecological, social and cultural structure, is closely related to sustainable development. Risk entails threats that are efficiently estimated by taking future possibilities into account. The fact that risks pertain to modern societies rather than traditional ones is closely related to rational thinking and the need to determine the future (Yıldırım, 2000: 78-83). Ambiguity and unaccountability that occurred as a result of the extreme rationalism is an important criterion of a transition from industrial society to the risk society. Modern capitalism differs from all previous systems with this conduct towards future and risks the future in its gain-loss estimation. The relationship between modernization and risk is hidden in the dynamism of risk, which leads to change and brings the society into action. This process which forms the notion of growth is thought to be an important cause of both environmental and social instability. According to Baudrillard, the current capitalist system 50 �declines while expanding and at this point where it survives as its own parasite it consumes its own essence as it reproduces itself (Baudrillard, 1997: 35-36). In the next 50 years, the world’s income is expected to increase by 3 % and this increase means that the world’s annual gross product will quadruple. Such increase in income and gross national product may lead to constraints on environmental and social structures unless consumption and production models are changed. Taken with fast population growth, the consumption pressure on natural resources will reach alarmingly high levels. This trend of increasing consumption (both public and private) will not only further increase consumption in transportation, tourism, energy and commodities, but also result in the disposal of more harmful waste. Therefore, it is very important to adopt consumption and production models that will secure sustainability of natural resources. However, it is a fact that the patterns of sustainable consumption which is one of the most important factors of sustainable development is not covered in the social studies books. So, it is useful to insert into the curriculum the subjects such as the patterns of children’s and adults’ expenditures. In this curriculum, it is very important to teach the values related to thriftyness and economizing. It might be argued that the capitalist rationalism, which does not care about future, uses the concept of sustainable development to overcome the current crisis (Minibaş, 2001). Hence, while taking into account the role given to education in sustainable development we have to contend that the logic producing this concept is the same as the logic that produces problems sustainable development. In this sense, we must underline not only the problems, but also the causes of problems and this consumer mentality in all course books from primary schools to university. So, it is the time to adopt values that care about the sustainability of life rather than the development that is based on excessive consumption; because, as Einstein said, "we cannot solve problems by residing in the logic that produced those problems”. However, determining these values is not enough for sustainable development. What is more important is how to get students and the society to assimilate these values and behaviors. Thus, the main objective of education is to address the question of how to transfer these values. Sustainable Development and Education As sustainable development is based on an environment, economy and society-based knowledge, education and sustainability are inevitably linked to each other. Education is the key institution for a sustainable future. Actullay, many problems evaluated as part of sustainable development are based on ignorance. Today, population growth and poverty are two examples for such problems. So indeed, poverty and population growth account for natural and social problems. Rapid population growth and increasing needs cause the depletion of environmental resources. Population and poverty decreases environmental sensitivity. Problems regarding this issue are related to people's behavior and attitudes, so individuals have to be educated from cognitive, affective and behavioral perspectives. Beyond technology and capital, sustainable development, necessitates a community's social and mental transformation, flexibility, self-reliance and entrepreneurship, creativity and problem solving skills. Therefore, the roots of development phenomenon lie in education, organization self discipline and self-confidence of individuals and the habit of cooperation, rather than economics, because development cannot be created by grafting operations of a handful of elite groups. This, in turn, requires a process that includes the education, organization and discipline of the community. Therefore, it was deemed to be important to have students gain awareness of a sustainable society within the framework of education for sustainable development, and decisions made for this purpose on various platforms began to take effect in time globally. Creating the necessary infrastructure to reach information and recognizing the value of education has been the most important issue in this process. In a report published after a meeting in Founex, Switzerland in 1971, it is asserted that environmental problems are not related only to industrialized countries, but that poverty and under-development are also effective in environmental issues in the world (Karbuz, 2002: 9). This result, which created the sustainable development approach, caused many developing countries to join 'People and the Environment' conference held in Stockholm in 1972. The term 'development not excluding the environment’ which was first coined by Secretary General Mauricoe Strong at the Stockholm Environment Conference in 1972, envisages a development strategy that aims at fair utilization from local resources. This term further expanded with Cocoyos Declaration in 1974 and contained helping people in their education and organization activities so that they can enjoy the resources in the economic system (Keleş and Hamamcı, 1993: 139). The 1972 Stockholm Conference on Environment and People is an important stage showing that the environment-related issues are also related to politics and ideology (Keleş, 1992: 152). The environmental education gained a global dimension at the "United Nations Conference on Human Environment" in Stockholm in 1972, and with the impact of this conference, in 1975 a survey was carried out about “Evaluation of Resources for Environmental Education” in 136 countries that were UNESCO Environment Agency members (UNESCO, 1975). The survey showed that environmental education practices were very poor, and 51 �therefore, the International Environmental Education Program (IEEP) was founded in cooperation with UNESCO and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) with the aim of resolving these limitations. In 1977, the first Intergovernmental Environmental Education Conference was held in Tbilisi in cooperation with UNESCO and UNEP, and ministers of various countries participated in the conference. The declaration and recommendations of Tbilisi Conference were a turning point in terms of giving environmental education due attention in national curriculums. The documents created at this conference specified the broad context of environmental education at national and international levels, as well as its characteristics, goals and teaching principles (UNESCO, 1977). At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the IEEP was commissioned to bring a “sustainable development dimension” to education (UNCED, 1992). Education for sustainable development was discussed for the first time at Rio Conference 1992 (Agenda 21, Section 36) under the heading "Encouraging teaching, public awareness and education”, and in 1997 the United Nations organized a conference titled "International Conference on Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability” in Thessalonilci (UNESCO, 1997). After this conference, the United Nations Economic Council for Europe (UNECE), defined education for sustainable development in a document titled "Vision of Education Strategy for Sustainable Development" as follows: "Sustainable development for the education develops and strengthens individuals’, groups’, communities’, institutions’ and countries’ capacity to make assessments and choices in favor of sustainable development. Changing perspectives of individuals, it makes the world more secure, healthier and more prosperous, and increases people's quality of life. Education for sustainable development may provide more opportunities for discovery of new visions and concepts and new methods/tools that are necessary for the development of critical thinking and more awareness." As is seen in the above statement, four important issues come to the fore, which are the restructuring of education, development of human resources, social awareness and the development of quality of life. In this context, while a 'problem-based' approach was developed in Stockholm, an integrated approach sustainable economic growth and development of human resources was adopted in Rio (Füsunoğlu, 1997: 15). Taking these targets into account, achieving sustainable development does not seem to be possible through traditional education system (Hungerford and Peyton: 1994); Hungerford and Volk: 1994). In Turkey, environmental problems were addressed in a separate section for the first time in the 3rd Five-Year Development Program. The issue was handled in detail 6th Five-Year Development Program, and was evaluated as a whole within environmental, economic, health, educational and social context. Indeed, in 1991 the Ministry of Environment was established with the same concerns, and environmental education has been given in educational institutions since 1992 (Aydoğdu and Gezer, 2006: 215). However, it is difficult to say that environmental, economic, cultural and social values, on which sustainable development is based, are included in the syllabuses of higher education institutions as much as the process of re-regulation elementary education system. It is difficult to say that this topic draws due attention in higher education except for certain areas. For instance, within the context of a program designed to train environmental engineers was started at the undergraduate-level, but a program such as “environmental science teaching” has not been launched yet. However, the increasing rates of literacy and rising educational levels are not sufficient for countries to become sustainable societies in terms of development. One of the biggest reasons for this fact is the educated people’s alienation to the society and the environment especially in Turkey. It is very strange that this problem has not been resolved yet despite the fact that formal education has an institutional history of approximately 150 years in Turkey. Adequate steps have not been taken to solve this problem, which is expressed in the gap between students and the school itself; that is, between schools and social problems despite the fact that this is often expressed (Ergun, 1987: 88-89). The same problem caused teachers to stay away from social problems for a long time and, therefore, brought about the expectation that candidate teachers would also disregard social problems. Although this social alienation expectation was because of the roles of neutrality, efficiency and change, this situation, in which political worries were the main determinant, has prevented teachers from taking social responsibility (Tezcan, 1984: 323324). Some conflicts and revolutions in Turkey led teachers, as well as other officers to stay away from society prevented them from being interested in social problems, participating in charitable organizations. It is not possible to activate the sensitivity and large-scale participation necessary for sustainable development in this atmosphere, effects of which are currently continuing. As a result, it is not realistic to expect students who have been taught to believe that "if there is no homework, there is no responsibility" to develop social responsibility and bring proposals for the solution of problems. From this perspective, students should be allowed to observe problems and be close to related areas and groups so as to develop their social and environmental awareness. In this sense, just as swimming cannot be taught by telling, social awareness cannot be gained by telling. From this perspective, "Social Service Applications" course should be seen as a responsibility projects and it should be given due importance. 52 �Besides this, it is a serious mistake to believe that it is sufficient to educate only those who have access to school, for education provides people with knowledge, skills and perspectives throughout their life. Transfer of information acquired in education for sustainable development to the society by students is very important in the implementation of acquired information and occurrence of behavior change. There seems to be a habit of providing information to the public about this issue from time to time or only after instances of danger. As there is a tendency in non-formal education towards enabling people to get a profession according to general preferences, environmental education seems like as a secondary problem (Aydoğdu and Gezer, 2006: 220). Moreover, solutions to the problems cannot be found right away, since there is no co-operation between official institutions and voluntary organizations regarding this issue. Civil Society and Sustainable Development The problems caused by growth-centered approach to development and the necessity of sustainable development thought led to reevaluation of the role of nongovernmental organizations in the process of development. Indeed, in contemporary democracies the political participation does not mean only voting, but also people’s participation to the execution with various nongovernmental organizations and audition of the process. Moreover, functions of nongovernmental organizations in modern society are becoming more important, because the risk society is a self-critical society. The OECD has highlighted the importance of a good participant management; that is governance, so as for policies to be consistent with realization of sustainable development objectives (OECD: 2002a). This insistence is not in vain, because even in places with the worst practice of democracy the existence of a more efficient structure in tackling environmental issues has been observed, compared to authoritarian regimes. As sustainable development is closely related with democracy, the impact power of civil society should not be ignored. Today, corruption, poverty and environmental disasters in many parts of the world are known to be closely related with nondemocratic structures (Sen, 1997). Therefore, to strengthen democracy and reduce problems the Civil Society Development Program was started by the EU, and thus civil society initiatives were supported. One of the most important reasons is functions of non-governmental organizations such as their participation in the management, problem-solving abilities, supervision, and molding public opinion. Active, conscious individuals and volunteering are important elements of the sustainability of development, for initiatives in the public sphere are the basis of democracy, which is also the basis of citizenship. Therefore, today many of the international funding institutions have set as the primary principle of their agenda to increase local capacities, and help people to solve their own problems (Çakmak, 2002: 33-35). As development is a social phenomenon, it is indispensable to consider institutions that form the social structure as an integrated structure to make development sustainable. This situation necessitates an approach that activates economic, cultural, educational, political and psychological factors together, instead of an approach with a single-cause determination in a comprehensive phenomenon like development, which means the change in social system (Tezcan, 1991: 198). Taking the comprehensiveness of these factors into account, there is a need for a holistic approach, in which not only decision-makers’ but also everyone’s participation and support is provided. In this sense, educating people on various topics and making them voluntary parts of the change program, for goals with both social and environmental content, is only possible through civil society. Today, it is claimed that these organizations can be faster and more efficient than the state in the development and implementation of policies due to their prevalence, representative power, and flexible, open and small-scale structures. However, today non-governmental organizations have serious problems both in quantity and quality. For example, it is known that civil society organizations are deprived of qualified staff and research, analysis and implementation tools. Project studies, which are popular nowadays, cannot be carried out without qualified volunteers even if financial resources are provided, for consensus building, project preparation, implementation and reporting require as a tedious work. Although problems concerning civil society differ from region to region, we can easily say that there is a similar situation throughout the country. According to data reflected in “World Values Survey 1999", the rate of NGO membership in Turkey is 7.8%. Parallel to low rates of participation in civil society in Turkey, the rate of citizens volunteering for charity activities is also very low. According to the same research data, the rate of people who volunteer for charities in Turkey is only 1.5%. However, it should be specified that professional chambers and trade unions, membership of which is not voluntary, are included in these rates (Bikmen and Maydanoğlu, 2006: 44-47). However, according to the World Values Survey in 1991 71% of people in the United States 38% in France, 64% in Canada, 52% in England and 67% in West Germany were members of a voluntary organization (Fukuyama, 2000: 188). 53 �Education for sustainable development refers to people’s effort for a sustainable living and development knowledge, skills, and the social values needed for increasing democratic participation and supporting sustainable behavior. Some actions are recommended so that Turkey can achieve its long-term environmental goals; the need for intensifying information and sensitivity is highlighted and adoption of European Union's environmental standards and regulations is envisaged (T.Ç.V. 2001: 99). Prior actions proposed for increasing the level of information and sensitivity are addressed on axis of informing groups, consciousness raising education and civil society. Yet, the main elements that need to be active in creating awareness and information, that is, non-governmental organizations are quite inadequate in quality and quantity in terms of human resources. The fact that civil society cannot extend to the masses creates weaknesses in terms of protecting democracy and life spaces against governments (Çakmak, 2002: 3). Although there is a lot to do in these institutions, the volunteers working in such places run out of energy due to insufficient number of volunteers, and this brings about negative consequences such as becoming professional or losing their efficiency (Çakmak, 2002: 19). In this sense, we believe that with "Social Service Applications" course university students will reduce NGOs’ professionalization risk in the process by supporting them with their voluntary work. Most non-governmental organizations are in need of professional staff today and this has a cost, yet we do not believe that these organizations cannot contribute to the solution of problems by developing appropriate ideas without professional people. Such institutions, which have a dialectical relationship between public and private spheres, are known to have the capability to create a power/synergy that operates in society from below upwards. But, this cannot happen if NGOs do not get the support of society. Social Service Applications Course It is known that education is an essential element of society with its social, economic and cultural functions. The function of education cannot be denounced in improving individuals according to the needs of society, addressing the needs in the light of contemporary developments, and providing solutions. Realizing most environmental and social problem in a rapidly changing world and developing appropriate strategies in related issues necessitate a flexible, responsive, participatory understanding of man and education. Such an understanding requires cooperation and responsibility of different people from all classes of the society in the subtle way from education to democracy. The “Social Service Applications” course might be an important means of accomplishing this goal. Social Service Applications might play an important role in reducing problems and helping the underprivileged in Turkey, where the principle of social state has not sufficiently developed yet. The expectation that this course, which is taught at education faculties, will put candidate teachers into action about development and environment issues is actually parallel to traditional roles set earlier for teachers.1 As it is known, nearly half a century ago, teachers were expected to serve as leaders in many issues such as development, poverty reduction, adult education, citizenship education, health problems, leisure-time activities, and being a model for young people in Western Europe and Turkey (Tezcan 1984: 323). It has often been stressed in related works that the mission of modernizing Turkey enabled professional groups of the one-party era to identify themselves with the government (Bora, 2000). However, this idea was found to be unrealistic and due to increased change and professionalism, teachers are, nowadays, expected to provide guidance in such issues instead of serving as leaders. From this perspective, with this course students can be expected to develop awareness for social and environmental problems and guide the society various problems. Rapid changes parallel to industrialization have created the need for teacher candidates to be acquainted with what happens in the world adjust themselves accordingly. The need to set a balance between school pedagogy and social pedagogy is an issue of importance in industrial society today. Because of increasing leisure time and the positive impact of the wealth of outside school experience, teachers should also be active in non-educational activities. As education is the process of producing solutions to problems in accordance with social needs and needs of the age, the "Social Service Applications" course should be considered as multifaceted for sustainable development. Besides, applied courses, in which students act with the information they acquire and the group 1 Ministry of Aducation, too, joined the efforts to endow teachers with the mission of leadership. One of the most interesting events was the translation, publication and free distribution of “Beyaz Zambaklar Ülkesinde” to teachers in 1928. The novel is by Russian author, Grigori Petrof and sketches the life of an idealist teacher (See, Yahya Akyüz. Türkiye’de Ögretmenlerin Toplumsal Degişmedeki Etkileri, Ankara: Dogan Basımevi, 1978.). 54 �dynamics, are seen as an important chance in not only the changes in behavior but also the changes in attitudes and feelings. Another dimension of this issue is that there are a lot of young people who have great ideas but no opportunity to realize their ideas. So, this course may be chance for young people. As sustainable development is ultimately a project of change, no change project can be successful unless supported by educational institutions. According to Toffler, education should be oriented towards future and young people should develop plans for the future by understanding the direction and pace of social change (Ergun, 1994: 248). Toffler asserts that as the pace of change increases, it may become more difficult for people to build relations with each other and therefore they have to struggle with problems. In this sense, the course is considered to be an important means of sustainable development with its feature that prepares the ground for this. As is known, material changes are accepted more rapidly, while spiritual/mental elements take longer time to be adopted. This cultural lag, which has created problems in terms of sustainable development, can be eliminated by effective sharing of information. Max Weber states that education creates certain personalities according to varying social structure and economy. In this context, Weber implies that the aim of educating "cultured people" in the old bureaucratic structure will be replaced by the aim to educate the "expert people" in industrial society (Tezcan, 1997: 254-255). But in the current global age, the “expert people” model does not suffice and the "responsible people" model is needed, which can educate people sensitive to environmental problems. The "Social Service Applications" course, which was prepared by Board of Higher Education within the framework of the Higher Education Council Law No. 2547, became part of the revised syllabus of education faculties, which has been implemented since the 2006-2007 school year. The course is taught in the 6th term of all education faculties as 1 theory hour and 2 application hours, which makes 3 credits. The University Council describes the work related to this course as follows: Students will identify current problems of society and develop projects to produce solutions in this course, which is obligatory for all teacher training programs. Also within the scope of this course, students will be encouraged to participate in events such as panel discussions, conferences, congresses, symposia as viewers, speakers or organizers. Students’ success in these studies will evaluated as part of the "Social Service Application Course" (Coşkun, 2008: 3). In this sense, it is important to know the guidelines identified in the workshops. The workshops identified the following principles (Tezbaşaran, 2006: 4-6) : 1)In the Social Service and Applications course and in the defined activities of the course, it is aimed to provide teacher candidates with social sensitivity and awareness, cooperation, solidarity, effective communication and selfassessment skills, social responsibility and self-confidence. 3)Activities defined in the Social Service Applications projects should be original and different from the activities defined in the programs. 4)Activities defined in the Social Service Applications projects should enhance scientific, critical and creative thinking in the target audience, and should motivate them and make them curious for reading, learning, research, analysis. The goals here show that the candidate teachers are projected as a development element that tries to bring solutions to problems rather than a technician teacher who has been designed to do what he/she is told to do. In this course, although it is aimed to develop candidate teachers’ co-operation, awareness, personal development, communication, and self-enhancements skills, it is also aimed to produce benefits for society. Through the course, candidate teachers are expected to socialize, become integrated with the society, and consequently play their role of social leadership (although criticized today). Besides being aware of social problems, they are also expected to take responsibility to solve various problems and get emotional and behavioral accomplishments related to their profession. Implementation of the Course With regard to this course, participants at the Mersin workshop discussed whether this course was aimed at removing certain shortcomings that are in responsibility of public administration or it was an awareness creating process in which students will actively participate. Moreover, it was observed that there were different ideas as to whether this course should be compulsory as it is now or elective. Those who thought that the course should be elective argued that a compulsory course would disrupt the voluntary character which formed the implementation philosophy of the course and that this would adversely affect individuals’ tendency to do voluntary work. Those who were against its being elective contended that especially because of military revolutions people shun from civil 55 �associations, foundations and social service organizations and that there would not be sufficient participation if the course was elective. Additionally, some other suggestions about how to apply this course were put forward as follows (Tezbaşaran, 2006): 1)Not limiting the social service applications to only one term, starting the activities in the first year, and designing each activity with a "project-based" approach 2)Creating "Social Service Applications Project Pools" and sharing the proposed projects with other faculties by publishing them on the internet 3)Monitoring of realized projects and award the best project in project festivals It was recommended at the workshop that new students should be informed about this course each year and that course-related activities and projects should be announced, thus encouraging students to attend activities and projects starting from their first year at school. It is stated that the course will be completed with the evaluation of various activities the students have attended with their own preference in a 3-year period (6 semesters). As the activities students participate in this process will be documented in the personal files approved by the advisor or coordinator, monitoring and evaluation projects will be accomplished without any problem. However, current organization is insufficient for realizing all these suggestions. For example, as noted above, it is uncertain who will monitor students’ activities to be carried out until the 6th semester and how. Therefore, the first thing to be done about this is to create a unit about this course and employ a group of two or three social scientists who are familiar with social problems and applications such as sociologists, psychologists, social service professionals and anthropologists in this unit. The course may provide important contributions to sustainable development goals if such a unit takes the responsibility for issues such as the general organization of the course, identification of project areas, creation of the project pool, announcement of projects at certain times, and budgeting. Otherwise this course cannot be carried out effectively and productively under the coordination of faculty members who have to teach for 20-25 hours per week as is the case in current applications. Such a coordination that will be undertaken for a low tuition and abandoned with such worries from time to time cannot be effective in neither the preparation of original projects and guidance nor the creation of a project pool, monitoring and evaluating applications. Concerning social service, the contribution of faculty members can only be effective during the implementation of the project, predetermined or organized with students by “Social Service Applications Course” Coordinators. During this implementation faculty members can guide them in the process of monitoring and evaluation of activities and provide the project unit with some ideas about problems and other original projects. Otherwise, the school year will be over before identifying what project should be done and how and organizing the activities. Besides, while coordinating the "Social Service Applications" course the type of projects that can be done should be discussed in detail with Governorate, Municipality and related Civil Society Institutions and necessary permissions must be taken and organizations must be made in advance so as to minimize the potential risks for students’ activities. Otherwise, getting permission from related institutions every time and doing the same things over and over again for organization will lead to serious loss of time. In this process, students may be directed to public institutions as well as civil society organizations in order to participate in their projects. However, some projects produced by students may be related to groups that these institutions serve and therefore it may be necessary for them to cooperate with such institutions. However, cooperation with local government is needed to identify relevant non-governmental organizations beforehand because of the risk that some student might be directed towards illegal groups. So as to do all these, serious organization with universities, civil society and local government is needed. In this organization, significant synergy can be attained for sustainable development if local governments can cooperate to facilitate the activities and reduce the risks and if civil society organizations can cooperate to decide what to do about what subjects. At the faculty of education the following activities were done within the framework of the Social Service Application Course: 1)Education support for those who cannot read and write 2)Preparing secondary school students for national examinations 3)Organizing muzical entertainment programs on behalf of the poor 4)Blood donation campaign 56 �5)Teaching grown-ups how to read and write 6)Reporting the problems of the city to authorities 7)Planting trees and environmental design 8)Collecting books for schools in villages In the focus group study, participants expressed that the activities were beneficial for both themselves and the target groups. They also expressed that participating in various social activities at different institutions was very useful for themselves in terms of their professional and personal development in general. However, they also asserted that the course was a real opportunity for the target groups with special needs; that they felt insufficient or unefficient in certain cases and that they were distressed in such cases. The focus group study revealed that especially the students who were interested in problematic target groups encountered with problems and felt helpless in some situations. So, they must be guided and directed towards activities that they can do easily. Some of students’ problems concerning the implementation of the course are as follows: Difficulties concerning the supervision of students High amount of expenses concerning activities Disagreement between students about working together Misconduct by some students during the sharing of responsibilities Not considering the course as a real course and disreagard towards it by teaching staff Difficulties in evaluating students’ success or performance in the course Excess of reports about the course and tedius formalities Indifference and authoritarian conduct towards students at the host institutions Boring nature of some activities for students Abuse of students during the activities from time to time Insufficiency of students’ qulifications related some specific activities Delays resulting from the identification of activities Host institutions’ disregard for some of the activities Inadequacy of the place where the activies are planned to take place Discrepancy between the program of students’ department and that of the host institution Concerning the implementation of this course at Faculty of Education, Kilis 7 Aralık University, I observed that students do not perceive this lesson as a normal course and that they had positive views about it. Two important factors seem to be effective in this. First, because the course is based on activities proposed by students and implemented in a social environment generally outside the university setting, it is perceived differently. Moreover, students are active rather than being passive in this course. Also, as they do the planning themselves when arranging the activities, they act within a more flexible and freer atmosphere. Besides, as this course contains a sense of expressing themselves, participation, collaboration, product creation, solidarity, and competition with other groups, group dynamics allow them to receive more satisfaction this course. This course, which entails learning by doing or learning through experience, may provide a significant contribution in terms of emotional wellbeing. However, personal characteristics of coordinators will be the determining factor in this. The project format of the course will have important cognitive contributions during the preparation and reporting of the activities such as planning and self-discipline. However, implementing the course in a fashion similar to other courses, assigning students to do very difficult projects and making them struggle with too many formalities in the preparation and reporting process will result in serious consequences. In this sense, there is a need for an atmosphere in which the course is planned in a completely student-centered way and the students are told what to do only in the manner of guidance. In this sense, the method of handling the course will be more decisive on the perception of the course, rather than it is being defined in the curriculum as compulsory or elective. However, defining it as an elective course in the curriculum will be more appropriate to the voluntary nature of it in general. The fact that the spirit of volunteering is essential for this course requires such a quality on behalf of teaching staff that can create such an atmosphere, and therefore, carrying out the course only for course tuition will not be fruitful. Results and Evaluation Industrial revolution which takes an important place in the history of civilization has turned into a process in which environmental resources are destroyed in an irreversible manner as a result of humankind’s quest for establishing control over the nature. Population growth, distribution of commodities among individuals, and unemployment have been the most important problems the humanity have had to face in the last two hundred years. 57 �However, as the environmental dimension of these three problems is ignored, even in optimum processes where these problems are thought to be overcome, economic growth has been found to unsustainable. As the sustainability of economic growth, which is the basic paradigm of our age, is not considered, social and environmental impoverishment is increasing. Determining economic growth only with the increase in the level of gross national income means not understanding what development sustainability is. Negative experiences undergone so far have brought about a new debate in which the whole capitalistic system is questioned together with the positivistmaterialist paradigm. Although the concept of sustainable development, which came into use in such an atmosphere, is evaluated as a step taken within the system itself, the discussions it has are important for the future of humanity. Sustainable development, which consists the planning of social, economic and natural resources in a supporting and holistic manner, requires a broad participation which cannot be addressed with only state policies, limited efforts of law makers or civil society members. Today we cannot expect the state to deal with every problem and solve them with the decisions it makes. Rapidly changing nature of modern society and the complex nature of the needs and problems it has brought necessitates lifelong learning, sensitivity and responsibility. Nevertheless, it is a fact that people cannot cope alone with social problems. The advantages provided by group dynamics to cope with such problems increases the importance of civil society institutions and reveal the need to support these institutions. As the voluntary service of qualified staff is the most important part of this support, university students’ familiarity with these institutions and working for them for a while will be an important start and these institutions will gain a significant vision and dynamism with their participation. A culture of civil society has not developed enough in Turkey due to historical, political and cultural reasons. It is known that civil society institutions are not effective enough and are unable to realize their goals mainly because of financial reasons and many other reasons. One of the most important reasons behind the fact that civil initiatives are inadequate in their intervention to problems is that they are deprived of qualified human resources and participant individuals. As these institutions lack human resources, they experience serious difficulties in project development and implementation. Indeed, today many projects with social, economic, cultural contents and supported by the EU are known to have not been implemented because of insufficient human resources. This difficulty can be overcome with "Social Service Applications" course, because the topic, purpose and procedures of this course are suitable for a project-based work. It can be said that this will help civil society organizations especially in their project applications concerning overseas funds. To give a simple example, foreign language requirement during the project preparation and reporting process is a cause of worries for many civil society organizations. However, students at foreign language departments can help civil society organizations in this regard. With the "Social Service Applications" course, which will be implemented at universities, there will be a higher probability that not only young people but also lecturers and professors will be more interested in social problems and provide more contribution to solve the problems. Faculty members’ guidance to students especially in identification and implementation of activities within the framework of this course will produce effective results because of ensuring expert participation in social problems. So, this course can be applied as a instrument of active politics. But for this, it is needed the coordination between university and other institutions such as civil and formel establishments. An organizing of office related to tihs course helps realizing the this coordination and activities. Sustainable development, which has many economic, social and environmental dimensions, requires a collective struggle which includes not only governmental agencies or businesses but also various groups. Therefore, for a sustainable world, democratization of management and conscious participation of citizens in the management is needed. A conscious society will support the state to accomplish its sustainable development objectives easier and quicker, because society’s being aware of the goals of sustainability makes it easy to achieve sustainability goals in terms of knowledge and skills. As in all over the world, in Turkey, too, there is a need for citizens with sufficient information and environmental awareness and human power that can provide guidance in the application of sustainability plans. However, this is really difficult to achieve. That is to say, asking people to participate in the solution of problems does not guarantee their participation. In this respect, the education system should devise ways encouraging and guiding participation. We can argue that the Social Service Application Course has a format which serves this aim but, ıf this course isn’t paid attention to as ıt should be, it is misused, easily. If this course is misused or this organization is not done competently, this fact destroyes volunteerness, deeply. Because of various reasons, young people in Turkish society are quite insufficient in terms of developing awareness to problems, participating in civil society, and working in cooperation with others. From this perspective, it can easily be presumed that university students are more important for the dynamic and ever-changing nature of the society compared to other groups, and that they can take responsibilities in sustainable development, which has many sub-headings such as environmental, economic and social problems. However, especially in developing countries, where literacy rate is very low, it is difficult to do this without participatory training programs that will 58 �reach audiences outside the formal education to mobilize and incite awareness and consciousness in them. From this perspective, there is no other large group as acceptable as university students in terms of their energy, participation, qualifications and organization. In this sense, it is believed "Social Service Applications" course will provide an important function. Within the framework of this course, adult individuals can be informed and made conscious about environmental, cultural, economic and social issues with various educational programs (vocational training, service training, etc.). Otherwise, carrying out these programs at a limited level is not suitable to the logic of sustainable development, which requires broad participation, because the desired results cannot be derived without spreading this type of program to the society and securing a wide range of participation. The most important difference of this course from other courses is the fact that it is suitable for group work and that provides individual and group satisfaction. If this course, which is very convenient to the cultural background of Turkish society (e.g. imece, the spirit of collective labor) in terms of social assistance and expectations of group dynamics, can be organized well, it can be maintained that universities will become significant units for sustainable development. Of course neither this course, nor students can be perceived as saviors of heroes. But with efficient implementation of this course, thousands of students will go down from the grandstand like audience to touch on problematic issues and contribute to the efforts of finding solutions to society's different problems. Thinking that with this course thousands of students at faculties will take action on various topics with the aim of social service, we are face to face with a huge group of people who wait to be organized and informed. These huge groups can contribute actively to the solution of many problems assailing sustainable development and become experienced volunteers, experts or workers for many issues related to their background later in life. From this perspective, "Social Service Applications", which can be considered as a kind of social internship, can function as a response to expectations concerning university-industry cooperation in social life. References Akyüz, Yahya (1978). Türkiye’de Ögretmenlerin Toplumsal Degişmedeki Etkileri. Ankara: Dogan Yayıncılık. Ali, Çakmak (2002). Projeler, Projecilik ve Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları. İstanbul: T.E.T. Tarih Vakfı Yayınları. UNESCO (1975). Assessment of Resources for Environmental Education: Needs and Priorities for Member States. Aydoğdu, Mustafa ve Kudret Gezer (2006). Çevre Bilimi. Ankara: Anı Yayınları. Baudrillard, J. (1997). Tüketim Toplumu. Trans.: H. Deliceçaylı; F. Keskin, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları. Bech, Ulrich (1999). Siyasallığın İcadı, Trans.: N. Ülner. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Beck, Ulrich (1992). Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, London: Sage. Bikmen, Filiz ve Zeynep Maydanoğlu (2006). Türkiye’de Sivil Toplum: Bir Değişim Projesi, Uluslar arası Sivil Toplum Endeksi Projesi Türkiye Raporu. TÜSEV Yayınları. Bora, Tanıl (2000). “Türkiye’de Meslek Kuruluşları: Kamu, Sivil ve Milli’nin Muglak Kesişim Alanı”. Türkiye’de Sivil Toplum ve Milliyetçilik, Eds.: Stefanos Yerasimos, Günter Seufert ve Nuray Mert, Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Ergun, Doğan (1987). Sosyoloji ve Eğitim. Ankara: V Yayınları. Ergun, Mustafa (1994). Eğitim Sosyolojisine Giriş. 5th Edition. Ankara: Ocak Yayınları. Fisunoğlu, Mahir (1997). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Ekonomi”. Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Uygulanması. Ankara: T.Ç.V Yayınları. Fukuyama, Francis (2000). Büyük Çözülme. Trans.: Z. Avcı, A. Aydemir. İstanbul: Sabah Yayınevi. Hasan, Coşkun (2008). Topluma Hizmet Uyuglamaları. Ankara: Anı Yayınları. Hungerford, H.R., Volk, T.L. and Ramsey, J.M. (1994). "A Prototype environmental Education Curriculum for the Middle School", Environmental Education Series (29), UNESCO-UNEP. IEEP. 59 �Hungerford, HR, Peyton, R.B. (1994). "Procedures for Developing an Environmental Education Curriculum", Environmental Education Series (22), UNESCO-UNEP-IEEP. UNESCO-UNEP (1977). Intergovemmenta1 Conference on Environınental Education, Tbilisi. UNESCO (1997). International Conference on Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability, "Final Report". Thessalonilci. Keleş, Ruşen ve Can Hamamcı (1993). Çevrebilim. Ankara: İmge Kitapevi. Keleş, Ruşen (1992). ‘Çevre ve Siyaset’. İnsan Çevre Toplum. İmge Yayını No: 46. Minibaş, Türkel (2001). “Çok Taraflı Yatırım Anlaşması ve Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (WTO). İktisadın Dama Taşları, İ.Ü. İktisat Fakültesi Mezunlar Cemiyeti, Sayı: 1. OECD (2002). Improving Policy Coherence and Integration for Sustainable Development A Checklist. OECD (2001). Strategies for Sustainable Development-Practical Guidance for Development Cooperation. Sen, Amartya (1983). "Development: Which Way Now?" Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, Vol. 93(372), pages: 74262, December. Şenyüz, Hanife (2001). “Dünya Tükeniyor”. Radikal Gazetesi. 05. 11. 2001. Sohbet, Karbuz (2002). ‘Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Zaman Yolculuğu’. İktisat (Year: 17, 198), pp. 9-27. Tezbaşaran, A. Ata & et al (2006). Topluma Hizmet Uygulamaları Yönergesi, Mersin. Tezcan, Mahmut (1984). Eğitim Sosyolojisi. 3 th Edition. Ankara: Çağ Matbaası. Tezcan, Mahmut (1997). Eğitim Sosyolojisi. 7 th Edition. Ankara: Çağ Matbaası. Tezcan, Mahmut (1991). Kültürel Antropoloji. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları. TUBITAK (2002). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma için Bilgi ve İletişim Çalıştayı. Ankara: TÜBİTAK- MAMESÇAE Yayını. Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı (2002). Ortak Gelecegimiz Dünya Çevre Ve Kalkınma Komisyonu Raporu. 3 th Edition. Ankara: Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı Yayını. Türkiye Çevre Vakfı (2001). AB’de ve Türkiye’de Çevre Mevzuatı. Ankara: TÇV Yayını. UN-DESA (2003). Governance for World Summit Sustainable Development Implementation in Countries with Economies in Transition Workshop Report, Istanbul: United Nations. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development- UNCED (1992). Rio de Janerio. United Nations (1972). Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm. Values and Development, Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 1984; 1997. Yıldırım, Engin (2000). “Küreselleşme, Refah Devleti ve Risk Toplumu”. Küreselleşmenin İnsani Yüzü. Edt.: V. Bozkurt. İstanbul: Alfa. 60 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 322 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Development as a Course: Social Service Applications Author Author YAŞAR, M. Ruhat AYTAÇ, Ömer Abstract A summary of the resource. This study includes a general analysis of the “Social Service Applications” course, which became part of the curriculum of Education Faculties in 2006-2007 in Turkey within the context of sustainable development. A holistic perspective that takes socio-cultural elements into account instead of a deterministic view which stresses only the economic factors is very important in sustainable development. Enhancing knowledge and policies must be shared in a cooperative way, as improvement of social life is very important for sustainable development. Therefore, the objectives and contents of the afore mentioned course is in line with the aim of utilizing human resources within the context of social problems, which is very important in social development. This approach which enhances the development of social life necessitates a new cooperation that will secure cooperation between universities and society. “Social Service Applications” course is, therefore, an important opportunity within the context of sustainable development. In this study, it is verified that university students who are conditioned not to take responsibility without being given homework get used to taking responsibility within the context of the course. The study also comprises evaluations of what can be done to make the course more useful and efficient, as well as its role in sustainable development. The study discusses the coordination between the university, civil society and public management in the applicability of the course, as well. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/35386bc170415fa3bccd9339e76a8cd1.pdf dd4520387a3cc705ba36986878a32dbe PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Sustainable Development Efforts in Hydrogen Energy Technologies Murat ÖZTÜRK SDU, Hydrogen Technology Research and Application Center 32260, Cunur, Isparta, Turkey mozturk@sdu.edu.tr Nuri ÖZEK SDU, Hydrogen Technology Research and Application Center 32260, Cunur, Isparta, Turkey nozek@fef.sdu.edu.tr Ġskender AKKURT SDU, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Department of Physics 32260 Cunur, Isparta, Turkey iskender@fef.sdu.edu.tr, Yunus Emre YÜKSEL SDU, Hydrogen Technology Research and Application Center 32260, Cunur, Isparta, yemre82@gmail.com Abstract: Although fossils are the main energy source for many countries, some alternative energy sources have been created to generate electricity. This new energy source would be sustainable and promising energy sources and change the current energy economy to a sustainable economy, which is hydrogen economy. Hydrogen is the most efficient fuel and it is about 26% more efficient than fossil fuels. On the other hand it is not a primary energy source, but a secondary energy source or an energy carrier. Actually, it is the cleanest energy carrier, since it does not produce greenhouse gases, or chemicals which deplete the ozone layer. In addition, it is the most cost-effective fuel, when its higher efficiency and the environmental damage caused by fossil fuels are considered. In this study, hydrogen delivery, storage, conversion and utilization methods are investigated for sustainable development strategy. Keywords: Energy, hydrogen, sustainable development. Introduction The current means of generating and utilizing fuels and energy are not sustainable. Even though the fossil economy has provided significant advances for societies, it has also led to considerable environmental deterioration, health problems and security issues. These destructive consequences continue to impact societies, especially ones that are newly developing to adapt conventional fossil technologies to meet their increasing demands. Additionally, fossil resources are not infinite. All these factors necessitate a shift to a more sustainable energy system. Hydrogen has many potential attractions as a new fuel. It may be derived from non-fossil sources, it burns cleanly to water with no pollutants being emitted, it is suitable for use in a fuel cell to generate electricity directly, and it has a high energy content expressed on a per mass basis. Unfortunately, these attractive features are counter balanced by many practical engineering and economic considerations that explain why hydrogen does not already find extensive use as a fuel (Dell & Rand 2004). Most hydrogen today is made from fossil fuels by chemical reforming reactions and its major uses are in the refining of crude oil and the manufacture of ammonia. Lesser, non-energy, applications are found in the manufacture of other chemicals, as well as in the food, plastics, metals, electronics, glass, electric power and space industries. Hydrogen Transmission, Distribution and Delivery Methods Hydrogen delivery is defined as the transport of hydrogen from the production site to the consumption site, namely the end-user. The methods of delivery necessarily vary according to the method of production and 274 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo consumption. Hydrogen production will be classified in two categories; centralized hydrogen production sites such as natural gas-to-hydrogen conversion plants, clean coal conversion plants, megawatt wind farms etc. These will obviously require a sophisticated and high capacity hydrogen delivery infrastructure. Whereas, smaller hydrogen production sites, will depend on the storage methods rather than delivery methods, since the produced hydrogen will be consumed on-site. Excess hydrogen produced will be delivered to anywhere else with smaller capacities of delivery methods such as truck delivery. 275 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo H2 Production Hydrogen storage *Compressed gas Non-renewable feedstocks Coal Residual oil Natural gas H2S Nuclear *Cryogenic liquids *Metal hydrides Gasification Partial Steam Solar oxidation reforming cracking Thermolysis Electrolysis Thermolysis Thermochemical *Chemical carries *Complex and chemical hydrides *Nanostructured materials Coal cracking Methane cracking Carbon CO2 Sulfur Fission products Hydrogen transportation *Pipeline *Trucking Sequestration *Coal and gas reservoirs Hydrogen *Rail *Marine shipping *Aquifers Hydrogen end-uses Renewable feedstocks *Deep ocean Chemical embodiment Renewable energy *Methanol *Hydro *Thermo PV *Ethanol *Solar PV *Tidal *Octane Fuel cells *primary and back-up power generation *road vehicle *consumer electronics *Solar thermalElectricity *Wave Water *Wind *Ammonia Biological process Greenthermal electrolysis *Ocean *Geotermal *Solid biomass *spacecraft Internal combustion engines (gasification) *Automobiles Solar energy *Thermal *Photonic H2O *Thermochemical *Photothermal *Photoelectrochemical *Liquid biomass *Buses (fermentation) *Ships *Photo-chemical *Aircraft (algae, bacteria) *Industrial and domestic heating Industrial processes *Oil refining *Chemicals *Food (oils and fats) *Plastics *Metals *Electronics *Glasses Figure 1: The hydrogen producing, storing, transportation and end-use (Adapted from Dell & Rand 2004) Rocket fuels 276 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Road Transport Hydrogen delivery via road transport should be classified into sub-categories such as cylinders, tubetrailers and cryogenic cylinders. Each of the methods has advantages and disadvantages over the cost, distance and performance concerns. The most suitable method for every production site should be investigated according to these parameters, with the information of hydrogen production rate of the site. Production rate, with the distance-to-destination information will provide the decision data for which road transport option to use. In general, when Turkish industrial conditions are taken into account, ―high pressure stainless steel cylinders‖ will appear as the most suitable option for a wide variety of road transport applications of hydrogen. The reason is that Turkey has an experienced engineer and technician background in stainless steel industry with a sophisticated industrial organization. Turkish materials industry is still very dependent on conventional materials such as steel and commodity plastics, while developed countries are making the way in their materials research and industry in engineering plastics and ceramics fields, leaving the burden of commodity materials to the developing countries. This is also a chance to turn the situation reverse, by using the steel infrastructure and knowledge to produce high technology storage and delivery options for hydrogen. At this stage, efforts should be concentrated on cylinder design and manufacturing, specialized for hydrogen delivery by trucks and tubetrailers. Great potential for hydrogen delivery via road transport is seen, safety is a very important issue about the road transport of hydrogen. New safety standards should be developed for this topic. Sea Transport Hydrogen delivery via sea transport will be a very important option within the concept of off-shore and coastal wind-hydrogen projects. Turkey, with its three coasts, has great potential of wind-electricity and windhydrogen production. Although, a complex network of natural gas pipelines are being developed, most of the coastal and off-shore wind power farms will be costly to be interconnected to the hydrogen/natural gas pipeline. When the road transport is also costly to deliver the hydrogen produced from the production site to consumption site, or to a foreign country for export, sea transport will be the best option. The existing infrastructure of sea transport of compressed natural gas should be reviewed and necessary modifications for hydrogen transport using the same infrastructure should be investigated. Through Pipelines Hydrogen delivery via pipelines is the most promising technique for high capacity hydrogen transport. The key point of hydrogen delivery by this method is that, hydrogen and natural gas are very similar in their nature. Existing natural gas pipelines could be used for hydrogen delivery with small modifications, and newer ones without modification. Another advantage of pipeline delivery is that hydrogen could be injected to the natural gas flowing pipeline, enriching the natural gas in certain amounts. With a total of 5,000 km of natural gas pipeline (completed and under construction) Turkey has a big chance to distribute hydrogen via pipelines both internally and for export. Highly sophisticated network of natural gas pipelines would allow hydrogen production from a variety of suitable sites with cost effective distribution network. As a rule, hydrogen transmission through pipelines requires larger diameter piping and more compression power than natural gas for the same energy throughput. However, due to lower pressure losses in the case of hydrogen, the recompression stations would need to be spaced twice as far apart. In economic terms, most of the studies found that the cost of large-scale transmission of hydrogen is about 1.5–1.8 times that of natural gas transmission (Veziroglu & Barbir 1998). Within this context, the availability of natural gas pipelines for hydrogen transport in terms of capacity should be investigated in great detail. Also modifications for pressure drop stations and gas quality stations should be researched to utilize this potential. Pipelines are one of the most important elements of hydrogen energy system and distribution network for Turkey, since they stand for the potential export route of hydrogen to nearby countries and especially European Union. Hydrogen Storage Methods Hydrogen is a non-polluting fuel, but since it is a light gas it occupies too much volume. Effective and safe storage of hydrogen has been a challenge for researchers world-wide for almost three decades. Hydrogen storage is a critical enabling element in the hydrogen cycle, from production and delivery to energy conversion and applications. Reaching the highest volumetric density by using as little additional material as possible and the reversibility of uptake and release of hydrogen are important criteria for hydrogen storage. Because of hydrogen's low density, its storage always requires relatively large volumes and is associated with either high pressure which requires heavy vessels, or extremely low temperatures, and/or combination with other materials. Basically, five main storage methods are considered: 277 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Compressed Gas The storage of compressed hydrogen gas in tanks is the most mature technology. Pressurized gas storage systems are used today in various sizes and pressure ranges from standard pressure cylinders (501,200 bar) to stationary high-pressure containers (over 200 bar) or low pressure spherical containers (<30,000 m 3, 12 to 16 bar). Materials having high tensile strength, low density and which are non-reactive with hydrogen, i.e. austenitic stainless steel or Cu, are the best option for high pressure cylinders. The drawbacks of this method are safety issues and the relatively low hydrogen density together with the very high gas pressures in the system. Another hydrogen gas storage system -yet in research and development phase- is the underground storage of hydrogen in caverns, aquifers, depleted petroleum and natural gas fields and man-made caverns. This method is likely to be technologically and economically feasible (Taylor et al. 1986) in the future. Achievable storage density of this method is between 5 to 10 kgH2/m3. Liquid Hydrogen Liquid hydrogen takes up less storage volume but the liquefaction process requires cryogenic tanks at 253K at ambient pressure. The drawback of this method is the large amount of energy necessary for liquefaction process (Sherif 1991). Approximately one-third of the energy content of hydrogen is lost during this process. Storage via Chemical Reaction Hydrogen can be generated via chemical oxidation of metals with water. The major challenge of this method is reversibility and control of the thermal reduction process. Physisorption of hydrogen Another storage method is physisorption, in the process of which a gas molecule interacts with several atoms at the surface of a solid. Activated or nanostructured carbon and carbon nanotubes, which have large surface areas, are possible substrates for physisorption. Hydrogen can be physically adsorbed on those materials. The adsorption rate increases at higher pressures and/or lower temperatures. For any practical use, temperatures below 100 K are needed. Carbon nanotubes are capable of storing between 4.2% to 65% of their own weight in hydrogen (FCS 2008). Hydrogen can be stored in glass microspheres by heating them which increase the permeability of their walls. The spheres are then cooled, so that the hydrogen inside microspheres are locked. Hydrogen can be released again after reheating the spheres. At room temperature and 25 MPa pressure, a storage density of 14% mass fraction and 10 kgH2/m3 is achieved (Rambach & Hendricks 1996). Besides those materials, zeolites have been investigated by scientists. At 77 K zeolites physisorb hydrogen in proportion to the specific surface area of the material. Metal hydrides are capable of absorbing and desorbing hydrogen with small pressure variations. Advantages of metal hydrides are low pressure storage of hydrogen in a safe and compact way and reasonable volumetric storage efficiency. Main challenge of this storage method is the weight reduction and thermal management issues. Complex Hydrides Complex hydride is another method used for hydrogen storage. The difference between complex and metal hydrides is the transition to an ionic or covalent compound upon hydrogen absorption. Complex hydrides consist of light metals, such as Li, Mg, B, Al. The borides offer the advantage of high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen density. LiBH4, which has the highest gravimetric hydrogen density (18% mass) among complex hydrides, could be ideal hydrogen storage material for mobile applications. Conversion Hydrogen can be converted into useful forms of energy via engines, turbines and fuel cells. Combustion of Hydrogen in Engines and Turbines Hydrogen use in internal combustion engines results in approximately 20% more efficient as compared to gasoline engines. However, use of hydrogen causes a power loss of approximately 15% (this can be reduced by using liquid hydrogen or advanced fuel injections techniques). Basically, the only products of hydrogen 278 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo combustion in air are water vapour and small amounts of nitrogen oxides. When hydrogen is used in turbines and jet engines the only emission is again NOx. But this can be lowered by water injection, exhaust gas recirculation, or using liquid hydrogen. The usage of hydrogen in gas turbines increases the overall efficiency by pushing the gas inlet temperatures beyond 800°C. But there are some challenges for the use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines, turbines and jet engines. Flame characteristics of hydrogen combustion and the use of advanced materials in hydrogen combustion systems need to be understood well and searched more intensively. Use of hydrogen (liquid) for rocket engines in the space program has been extensive, and has brought about a great deal of experience in techniques for liquefaction, handling, storage and distribution. Combustion of Hydrogen for Steam Generation Hydrogen can be combusted with pure oxygen to produce steam for use in the electricity generation sector (e.g. for load electricity generation) and to meet steam needs of industry. High temperatures in flame zone can be reached via this reaction. Both saturated and superheated vapor can be produced, after arranging the steam temperature by means of water injection. Hydrogen steam generator can be used in power plants, industrial steam supply networks, medical technology and biotechnology. Catalytic Combustion of Hydrogen In the presence of a catalyst and at low temperatures (up to 500 oC), hydrogen and oxygen can be combined to produce heat and emit only water vapor as a product of the reaction. Due to low temperature, NO x emissions are not formed. The only product of catalytic combustion is water vapor. Catalytic burners can be designed using this principle and they can find application in household appliances. The usage of catalyst increases the cost. In order to lower the cost and implement the techniques in a wider field, there should be more investigations. Electrochemical Conversion (Fuel Cells) Electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, which takes place in fuel cells, produce electricity and thermal energy. Various kinds of fuel cells, which distinguish by construction and mode of function, are under development worldwide for portable, transport and stationary applications. Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) are already commercially available in container packages for stationary electricity generation. PAFCs are reliable and they tolerate approximately 1% of CO. Concentrated phosphoric acid is used as catalyst and the operating temperature of the fuel cell is between 150-220°C. One disadvantage of PAFC is that the fuel cell becomes unusable when phosphoric acid effloresces less than 42°C (HyNet 2008). Proton exchange membrane or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) can be used in automotive, mobile phones or combined heat and power applications. PEMFC has high power density. It's very efficient and it is easy to handle. Its operating temperature is typically between 60-80°C. The main disadvantage of PEMFCs is that very pure hydrogen is needed and PEMFCs are very sensitive to carbon monoxide. Alkaline fuel cells have been used in space programs to provide electricity and drinking water since 1960's. Since the smallest amounts of dirt would destroy the fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen should be in purest form. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), which are high temperature fuel cells, are appropriate for stationary electricity generation and cogeneration applications. They can also be used in transportation applications, especially in trucks. The operating temperature of MCFC is between 580-660°C. This type of fuel cell does not require gas purification and natural gas, biogas or synthesis gas can be used directly without the need of a reformer. SOFC can run on fuels such as natural gas, biogas and methanol, thanks to its ability to reform hydrocarbons within the cell itself. Solid oxide fuel cells typically operate at about 1000°C. Since the materials that could withstand high temperatures need to be used, these fuel cells are rather expensive. More durable and cheaper SOFCs should be built. Research is going on to develop SOFCs that can operate at 550-600°C. Conversion via Metal Hydrides The coupling of hydrogen and metal hydrides serves various hydrogen conversion methods, aside from its use as a storage medium. The combination of hydrogen with a metal (or an alloy) is an exothermic process, which means that heat is released. Using different types of metals with different characteristics and making use of the heat and temperature properties of reactions, metal hydrides can be utilized for various applications, such as heat storage, heating/cooling, pumping and hydrogen purifications. 279 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Hydrogen Utilization Hydrogen as an energy carrier has many applications. Hydrogen enables the use of renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels for almost all purposes: as a fuel for surface and air transportation, as a fuel for heat production and even as a fuel for direct electricity production in fuel cells or indirect electricity production through gas and steam turbine driven generators. Additionally hydrogen is the only energy carrier which makes it possible to power an aircraft using solar energy. Generally one can differentiate between three main areas for the use of hydrogen which are mobile, stationary and portable applications. Mobile Hydrogen Applications All the means of transport known today could be powered by hydrogen. Technologies are being developed to use hydrogen in both fuel cells and internal combustion engines, including methanol systems. Hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engine vehicles are viewed as a near term, lower cost option that could assist in the development of hydrogen infrastructure and hydrogen storage technology. A key advantage of this option is that hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engine vehicles can be made in large numbers when demand warrants. The use of fuel cells in cars has some distinctive advantages: 1) There is only water emitted from the exhaust. 2) It operates without noise and without vibrations. 3) It is more efficient than a combustion engine. Efforts to convert vehicles to hydrogen operation began in the mid 1920s with the work of a German engineer Rudolf Erren, who converted numerous engines to run on hydrogen for a variety of applications including trucks, buses and submarines (Hoffmann 1981). Large amount of research work has been done on the use of hydrogen as a fuel for cars, trucks and buses starting in 1970s. This work has been mainly aimed towards conversion of the existing internal combustion engines to run on hydrogen and studying the problem of hydrogen storage in vehicles. Three concepts, based on compressed hydrogen, liquid hydrogen and metal hybrid storage have been developed, tested and successfully demonstrated. Hydrogen Driven City Buses For buses the two different concepts of internal combustion engine and fuel cell could be used as well. Compared with diesel buses they both have the advantage of greatly reduced pollutant emissions. A Canadian fuel cell manufacturer, Ballard, demonstrated one of the first PEM fuel cell powered buses in 1993 (Howard & Ballard 1986). The bus was driven over 2,000 km in Vancouver, Los Angeles and Sacramento. Since then Ballard has built several more buses using more advanced fuel cell stacks. Ballard plans to introduce a commercial fuel cell bus, which will be in the range of 550 km. Daimler-Benz introduced its first hydrogen fuelled PEM city bus NEBUS (new electric bus) demonstrator. The engine consist of ten 25 kW fuel cell stacks by Ballard. Compressed hydrogen is carried in seven 150 lt, 300 bar roof-mounted cylinders. The range of the bus is 156 km (Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Letter 1997). Hydrogen Powered Automobiles Worldwide all the big motorcar producing companies such as Daimler Chrysler, Opel and Ford are developing test cars with fuel cell drive systems. BMW presented hydrogen powered cars very early but they are still concentrating on combustion engines. Recently Daimler Chrysler wanted to bring up a serial A-class model with fuel cells for sale. It has not been decided yet whether to use hydrogen or methanol as fuel. Presently the missing fuel station infrastructure is an obstacle to the broad market introduction of fuel cell cars. Marine Applications of Hydrogen Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells particularly low temperature fuel cells such as PEMFC have characteristics which make them ideal for powering submarines: Since they do not need air they can operate underwater, provided that both fuel (hydrogen) and oxidant (oxygen) are stored on-board. They do not produce any emissions or waste products except water and can therefore maintain zero buoyancy. Since there are no moving parts they operate quietly and reduce sonar temperature. They reject heat at low temperature and generate very low thermal signature. They are very efficient proving longer cruising range and lower ―indiscretion‖ time. Hydrogen and oxygen storage on-board may pose a problem due to weight and volume constraints. Liquid hydrogen and oxygen seem to be the best option, although metal hydrides for hydrogen storage have been considered as well (Brighton et al. 1992). 280 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo In 1989 Perry Technologies, Florida completed a small submarine equipped with Ballard‘s fuel cell. The German Navy has decided to equip their next generation of submarines with hydrogen fuel cell power plants and Siemens has developed reliable an efficient fuel cells exclusively for submarine applications (Strasser 1992). Australian and Canadian navies are experimenting with hydrogen fuel cells for their submarines. Fuel cell power plants may also be used for surface ships and boats, both as main propulsion engines and as auxiliary generators. As geothermal energy potential is abundant in Island, the government is considering production of hydrogen from geothermal energy and using it in the fishing boats instead of diesel oil which they have to import (Arnason et al. 1992). This would also help the country to meet the proposed United Nations restrictions for CO2 emissions. Trucks and Trams The use of hydrogen and fuel cells in trucks has not been tested yet, because on long-distance rides diesel engines work very efficiently. However the use of fuel cells in delivery vehicles operating in cities is very interesting because these vehicles are usually part of a fleet and have only a limited daily mileage. In the evening they could be refilled in the depots. Hydrogen Powered Airplanes Liquid hydrogen has numerous advantages as a fuel for commercial subsonic and especially for supersonic aircraft (Brewer 1991). The most important advantage of liquid hydrogen is its high energy content (142 MJ/kg), which is 2.8 times higher than the energy content of conventional jet fuel. A liquid hydrogen powered aircraft would therefore have to carry one third of the fuel mass of a conventional aircraft. This means more payloads, smaller engines and higher fuel utilization. A subsonic hydrogen fuelled passenger aircraft will need on average 16 per cent less fuel to complete the same flight than a comparable conventional aircraft. This advantage will be even higher in a supersonic aircraft (28 per cent). Stationary Hydrogen Applications The most important stationary application of fuel cells and hydrogen is the co-generation of electric power and heat in a fuel cell heating and power station. The advantage of making use of both products, electric power and heat, is the very high overall system efficiency thus making the best possible use of the primary energy sources. Hydrogen Application in Buildings Hydrogen can be used for space heating and cooling, and water heating in the same fashion as natural gas is being used today, with minor modifications to the burner and fuel supply. In addition, instead of flame combustion, hydrogen can be used in catalytic combustors directly heating and humidifying the air. Since no other emissions are generated, these heaters can safely be used indoors. Another option for space heating and cooling, as well as refrigeration, using hydrogen would be hydrogen/hydride refrigeration systems. Another way of providing heat in domestic applications would be to use the waste heat from residential/commercial fuel cell power systems. The fuel cells are very efficient in generating electricity, yet there is a significant amount of heat that may be recuperated and used for space and water heating. In this case the efficiency of the fuel cell may be raised to 70% to 80%. The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Germany has developed, designed and tested several appliances based on the principle of catalytic combustion of hydrogen, which are now deliverable to customers (Ledjeff 1990). These appliances are: a catalytic hydrogen stove, an absorption refrigerator with catalytic H2 burner and a modular H2 eliminator system. The Solar Wasserstoff Bayern demonstration plant includes the following hydrogen appliances: *Two gas fired heating boilers for variable natural gas/hydrogen mixtures, 20 kWth each, one using air and the other using oxygen as oxidants. *Catalytic heater, 10 kWth boiler output, fuelled with natural gas and variable mixtures of natural gas/hydrogen and air as oxidant. The heater is integrated into the building heating system. *Catalytically heated absorption type refrigeration unit, with rated refrigeration capacity of 16.6 kWth, with hydrogen as fuel and air as oxidant. This unit supports the existing chilled water circuit. 281 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Hydrogen Application in Electricity Generation Hydrogen fuel cells are very efficient devices which can produce both electricity and heat. Fuel cells can be used for centralized or individual electricity generation. Several fuel cell concepts are currently being developed and some such as phosphoric acid fuel cell plants are already in the demonstration and commercialization phase. Phosphoric acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) is the most advanced fuel cell type available today. Numerous demonstration plants have been constructed and are operating in the USA, Japan and Western Europe ranging from several kilowatts to megawatts. Fuel cells offer the possibility of decentralized power generation and may alleviate the need for establishing a massive grid infrastructure. This method of electricity generation and supply is very suitable for the biggest and fastest developing electricity markets such as heavily populated urban areas in developed countries and scarcely populated developing countries. In the former case, decentralized, zero emission electricity generation may be the only option for the expansion of energy services since building new power plants is physically impossible. In the later case, developing countries do not have a developed electrical grid and developing one for small power requirements but large distances would be economical. Efficient hydrogen use in electricity generation will become very important in solar power plants, where hydrogen serves as an energy storage medium. During periods when the available solar energy is higher than the demand surplus energy can be used in electrolysers to produce hydrogen and during periods when demand is higher than available, electricity can be produced from hydrogen via fuel cells. Another way to generate electricity from hydrogen is combustion of hydrogen in gas turbines or generation of steam, which can then be used in conventional steam turbines. Portable Power Generation A great variety of possible applications for fuel cells and hydrogen can be found in the energy supply of portable devices. Mobile phones, laptops, walkman, camcorders and many other things could be powered by hydrogen and by fuel cells in the size of batteries. Many participants in the fuel cell industry are developing small capacity units for a variety of portable and premium power applications ranging from 25 watt systems for portable electronics to 10 kilowatt systems for critical commercial and medical functions. Most of these portable applications will use methanol or hydrogen as fuel. In addition to consumer applications, portable fuel cells may be well suited for use as auxiliary power units in military applications. Having a look at a computer powered by a fuel cell, one can see that the operation time far exceeds the operation time of computers powered by conventional accumulators. Fuel cells which are even smaller, so called micro fuel cells could be integrated in mobile phones. Prototypes with an operation time of fifty hours have already been presented. Portable applications with higher power ratings are in the development stage as well. In the USA the lighting appliances on some construction sites in remote regions are already powered by fuel cells. Provided there is a big enough tank these systems work for weeks and they are cheaper to run than batteries with equivalent capacities. Vision for Hydrogen Applications Hydrogen will be available for transportation, power generation, industrial process heaters and portable power systems. It is expected to be an indispensable fuel for commercial and government fleets, personal vehicles and trucks. In order to generate electricity and thermal energy for domestic and industrial use, Hydrogen can be combusted directly or mixed with natural gas in turbines and reciprocating engines. Regarding mobile and stationary applications, it can be used in fuel cells. Furthermore it can be also used in portable devices such as laptops, mobile phones and any other electronic equipment. Obstacles and Proposed Solutions for Hydrogen Applications In order to realize the vision for the hydrogen applications, some obstacles need to be dealt with. Hydrogen Storage Mobile, stationary and portable applications require technological solutions. Regarding the transportation applications, hydrogen storage which is both practical and affordable is not available. This obstacle seriously prevents investment in infrastructure development. 282 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Customer Opinion Customers need to approve the hydrogen technologies and fuel cell vehicles which are still in the early stage of development. The hydrogen fuel infrastructure which seems to be limited in the early years will be spread out gradually. Hydrogen fuelled vehicles have quite a lot of advantages such as reduced emissions and safe energy compared to conventionally fuelled vehicles. The customer needs to be convinced of these benefits to increase its detected value. However these social benefits need many years to be realized after the market introduction. Research and Development Low cost and long lasting fuel cell stacks and systems are needed to be developed for transportation and stationary applications. For transportation applications research should be made on reformer in order to enable near term end use of hydrogen prior to the development of a larger hydrogen delivery system. Hydrogen storage research should focus on systems that are safe, small size and cost effective. Codes and standards should be developed to ensure the safety of the storage system designs. Combustion technologies and after treatments should be improved to optimize the power output and thermal efficiencies while reducing the emissions. Lean, premixed combustion is considered to be the best technology to control emissions in stationary turbines. Better strategies should be developed to make hydrogen and hydrogen enriched hydrocarbon fuels more popular. Demonstration Studies Strong coordination between the government and industry is needed in order to implement hydrogen energy technologies. Stationary, mobile and portable applications should be increased in order to evaluate the potential of hydrogen as a long term energy solution. The costs and benefits of infrastructure requirements for transition to hydrogen economy could be achieved through technology demonstrations and hydrogen pilot projects. Demonstrations on alternative hydrogen energy technologies and their commercial uses including the related performance should be increased significantly. Conventional conversion devices should be demonstrated in stationary, transportation and mobile applications. Public Policies for Encouragement of Hydrogen Use as a Fuel The major goal is to convince consumers to use hydrogen energy devices for transportation, electric power generation and portable electronic devices such as laptop computers and mobile phones. After identifying the cost and the performance of hydrogen energy systems it should be focused on customer awareness and acceptance. The major consumer demands are safety, affordability, convenience and environmental friendliness. The customer preferences need to be well understood and integrated into related hydrogen system design. Additionally, incentives such as price parity and cost sharing demonstrations should be applied in order to convince the public to use hydrogen applications. Stationary hydrogen customers should be treated equally and distributed generation options should be made valued for their ability to utilize waste heat and have high efficiencies. Conclusion Today‘s hydrogen conversion products, have started introducing hydrogen energy economy around the world but most of the products have not yet been manufactured in large quantities, since cost, durability and reliability issues need to be solved first. Consumers are not convinced to buy hydrogen conversion products since conventional fuels and conventional devices are practical and cheaper. Therefore, there is a need of policies of Government to improve the marketing of hydrogen conversion products, after more durable, reliable and cost-efficient fuel cells, engines and other hydrogen conversion products are manufactured. The most difficult would be the initial penetration of hydrogen energy technologies into the existing energy markets. As any new technology, hydrogen energy technologies are in most cases initially more expensive than the existing mature technologies. Neither hydrogen, nor equipment for hydrogen production and utilization are mass produced, since there is no demand for them and there is no demand since they are expensive. The only way for hydrogen energy technologies to penetrate into the major energy markets is to start with those technologies that may have niche markets and penetrate them with governmental or international subsidies. Once developed, these technologies may help reduce the cost of other related hydrogen technologies and initiate and accelerate their market penetrations. Interrelation and interdependence between hydrogen technologies has also impact on the market penetration of hydrogen technologies. For instance, without economically feasible technologies for hydrogen 283 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo production, storage, delivery and refuelling, it is not possible to introduce hydrogen powered airplanes into the market. Therefore, the design and implementation of a hydrogen economy must be considered as a whole system from production to end-use. References Arnason, B., Sigfusson, I., Jonsson, V.K. (1992). New Concepts of Hydrogen Production in Iceland. Hydrogen Energy Progress, IX (3), 1863-1869. Brewer, G.D. (1991). Hydrogen Aircraft Technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Brighton, D.R., Mart, P.L., Clark, G.A., Rowan, M.J.M. (1992). The Use of Fuel Cells to Enhance the Underwater Performance of Conventional Submarines. Proc. Maritime Technology in the 21st Century, University of Melbourne, Australia. Dell, R.M. & Rand, D.A.J. (2004). Clean Energy, Advancing the chemical sciences, RS-C Publishing FCS (Fuelcell Store), http://www.fuelcellstore.com/information/hydrogen_storage.htm, 12.10.2008 Hoffmann, P. (1981). The Forever Fuel: The Story of Hydrogen, Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Howard, P.F. (1986). Ballard Zero-Emission Fuel Cell Engine, Intertech Conference on Commercializing Fuel Cell Vehicles, Chicago. Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Letter (1997). Daimler-Benz Unveils PEM Bus Demonstrator, H&FCL, Vol. XII, No.6, p.1. HyNet, http://www.hyways.de/hynet/ 30.06.2009 Ledjeff, K. (1990). New Hydrogen Appliances, Hydrogen Energy Progress VIII (3), Pergamon Press, New York. Rambach, G. & Hendricks, C. (1996). Hydrogen Transport and Storage in Engineered Glass Microspheres, U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review. Sherif, S.A. (1991). Analysis and Optimization of Hydrogen Liquefaction and Storage Systems, Proc. DoE/NREL Hydrogen Program Review Meeting, Washington, D.C. Strasser, K. (1992). Mobile Fuel Cell Development at Siemens. Journal of Power Sources, 37, 209-219. Taylor, J.B., Alderson, J.E.A., Kalyanam, K.M., Lyle, A.B., Phillips, L.A. (1986). Technical and Economic Assesment of Methods for the Storage of Large Quantities of Hydrogen. Int.J. Hydrogen Energy. 11(1), 5-22. Veziroglu, T.N. & Barbir, F. (1998), Hydrogen Energy Technologies, Emerging Technology Series. 284 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 180 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Development Efforts in Hydrogen Energy Technologies Author Author ÖZTÜRK, Murat ÖZEK, Nuri AKKURT, İskender YÜKSEL, Yunus Emre Abstract A summary of the resource. Although fossils are the main energy source for many countries, some alternative energy sources have been created to generate electricity. This new energy source would be sustainable and promising energy sources and change the current energy economy to a sustainable economy, which is hydrogen economy. Hydrogen is the most efficient fuel and it is about 26% more efficient than fossil fuels. On the other hand it is not a primary energy source, but a secondary energy source or an energy carrier. Actually, it is the cleanest energy carrier, since it does not produce greenhouse gases, or chemicals which deplete the ozone layer. In addition, it is the most cost-effective fuel, when its higher efficiency and the environmental damage caused by fossil fuels are considered. In this study, hydrogen delivery, storage, conversion and utilization methods are investigated for sustainable development strategy. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bc9b81f6a0417eff604e28cc85214e3e.pdf 905e8d4b69387743e6ee349f5db5af20 PDF Text Text Sustainable Development Field Mapping: A Case of ISSD 2012 Nermina Durmic, Zeynep Kara, Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyse the nature of research preoccupying participants in the Third International Symposium on Sustainable Development (ISSD 2012) in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 31May - 1June 2012. It involved the analysis of abstracts and papers submitted for presentation and publication at ISSD 2012. Each submission was coded and entered into the Excel spreadsheet for quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results reveal dominant research groups, as well as the type of work that has the highest relevance to research and practice. These findings may serve as signposts for future research directions in the field. Keywords: sustainable development, knowledge mapping, ISSD2012, literature review, protocol analysis 1. INTRODUCTION Knowledge networks and/or communities of practice are considered crucial for economic development and the achievement of local and global development goals. They are increasingly emerging as a new form of work which includes different actors and have the potential for knowledge creation and development performance. According to Wenger, a pioneer and leading thinker in the field of organizational community, Communities of Practice (CoPs) are groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis (Cox, 2005). More specifically, communities of practice are formed by individuals with different personal characteristics and capabilities, but with shared interest, who interact regularly through narration, collaboration and enculturation, applying common practices, using the same tools and expressing themselves in a common language in order to share ideas, strategies and experiences, learn from each other, determine solutions and build innovations to provide value to themselves and their organizations. Furthermore, additional advantage and aim of CoPs is to develop of a social capital and bring the socialisation and practice together. The term „Communities of Practice“ is relatively new, but Communities of Practice are not. They started existing ever since people in organizations realized that sharing their knowledge with others is beneficial for solving problems and support to decision making (Nickols, 2003). The first Community of Practice was formed on a voluntary basis by the technicians in Xerox 595 �Corporation with the aim of figuring out a way to diagnose and repair Xerox customers' copy machines. The results were invaluable for the company's business value and customers' satisfaction (Nickols, 2003). This is where the idea of this kind of communities came from, later followed by four works essential for the official formation of the idea and definition of a Communities of Practice: First, Lave and Wenger (1991) proposed a new approach to understanding of learning as an interaction among practitioners, instead of traditional process in which a producer provides knowledge to a consumer (Kahan, 2004). They suggested observation and peripheral participation as the best practices of learning. At the same time, Brown and Duguid (1991) agreed with Lave and Wenger's statements at basic level, but they focused more on knowledge acquisition through narrative and improvisation by experts in community instead of reproduction of an existing practice. Then, Wenger (1998) finally defined a Community of Practice as a group that coheres through „mutual engagement“ on an appropriated enterprise, and creating a common repertoire (Cox, 2005). He also recognized the community members' identity as the key factor for the existence and success of the associations that stand for the Communities of Practice (Nickols, 2003). Wenger, McDermott and Synder (2002) redefined the Wenger's initial concept of Communities of Practice from 1998, focusing on the value of the Community of Practice as a management tool used for socialization, innovation and increasing a problem solving potential in large corporations, and defining the Communities of Practice as groups of people who are ineterested in the same thing, but with many diversities, that interact to share knowledge and insights, instead of to get the job done (Cox, 2005). This approach is widely accepted today. Although the concept of Communities of Practice has been applied to business, organizational design, government, education, professional associations, development projects and civic life, most of the studies concentrate on their appliance specifically in organizations (Lave and Wenger, 1998). Mainly, CoPs originate and act primarily on self-organizing basis, without organization's management support. But very soon after they start adding value to organization's business by developing professional skills, helping organization recruit and retain talent, transfering best practices, solving problems very quickly and starting new lines of business, the management decides to make them more beneficial for the organization and supports them in every possible way, making them become sponsored CoPs in that way (Wenger and Snyder, 2000). However, not every organizational group is a Community of Practice. While formal work groups, project teams and informal networks are formed necessarily by the management in order to deliver given task in specified period of time, the purpose of Communities of Practice is to develop members' capabilities and build knowledge and they last as long as there is interest in maintaining the group. They belong only to members who select themselves and passion, commitment and identification with the group's expertise are what hold them together (Odom and Starns, 2003). The CoP's short-term value is seen outside of it, in actions of solving problems at the places the CoP's members act. In long-term, the value is twofold: over time the CoP's capacity and quality increases creating whole repository of knowledge and problems solved, furthermore, it 596 �makes very positive effect to the development of social capital and socialisation, which is assumed to enable tacit knowledge, values and beliefs to be transferred between individuals through shared experience, space and time (Handzic, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to examine the Third International Symposium on Sustainable Development (ISSD 2012) in Sarajevo as a case an evolving knowledge network/community of practice in the Balkan region. 2.Research Methodology The character of ISSD 2012 was examined by the analysis of 343 papers/posters submitted by 683 authors. The first phase of the research required going through abstracts of all papers submitted and the extraction of participants, participants' countries, paper topics and keywords into Excel spreadsheets for analysis. After the duplicate records - in terms of participants and countries, were removed, the data were grouped into several categories in order to create corresponding charts and make conclusions. The keyword analysis tool was used for detection the most frequent keyword in abstracts. 3.Main Findings The participants analysis found a total of 683 authors from four different continents. Since the symposium was held in the European country - Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was expected that the majority of the participants would come from Europe. However, the symposium accomplished a big success having participants from USA, Africa and Australia too, in the rates shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Demographic Analysis Results per Continents Further analysis of the European attendance showed the main interest in the sustainable development research coming from eight European countries (with Turkey leading the group). The results presented in Figure 2 reveal a surprisingly intense response from foreign countries, that has even surpassed the host country. 597 �Figure 2. Demographic Analysis Results per European Countries With respect to collaboration analysis, the results in Figure 3 indicate that participants preferred working in groups, mostly in groups of two (45%) and three (23%) people. Interestingly, one paper was co-authored by seven and one by nine people. This indicates that researchers recognize that team work and knowledge sharing is the fastest path to the quality and desired achievements. Given that one of the most important purposes of knowledge networks and communities of practice is collaboration and knowledge sharing, this is an encouraging finding. Figure 3. Collaboration Analysis Results The results of track analysis, exploring themes and topics of most interest to the participants indicate similar spread of contributions across six different tracks. This is indicative of rich and diverse research culture. Detailed results are shown in Figure 4. 598 �Fi gure 4.Track Analysis Results The final keyword analysis, focused on the keywords provided within each of the abstracts submitted. The results presented in Figure 5 show only those words that were mentioned more than 10 times in keywording of each paper. Apart from 'sustainable development' and 'sustanability', most frequently mentioned keywords include 'management', 'economics' 'tourism' and 'Turkey'. The remaining keywords are spread evenly and reflect different conference tracks. Figure 5. Keywords Analysis 4.CONCLUSIONS 599 �The main objective of this study was to analyse the nature of research presented at ISSD2012. With respect to participants, the study showed clear dominance of foreign (particularly Turkish) researchers over those coming from Bosnia, thus emphasising the international character of the event. Most papers were co-authored by two or more individuals coming from one or more different institutions, suggesting strong collaborative nature of research. All conference tracks attracted sufficient interest, indicating high thematic and topical diversity. While the finding of collaborative and diverse work is encouraging, the uneven geographic representation is of some concern. It suggests the need for paying more attention on promoting the event at local and regional levels, particularly among neighbouring countries. REFERENCES Handzic, M. (2007) Communities of Practice: Enhancing Collective Effectivness. SocioTechnical Knowledge Management: Studies and Initiatives, 193-207 Odom, C.J., Starns, J.F. (2003) Leveraging Communities of Practice. Knowledge Management World, Volume 12, Issue 3 Lesser, E.L., Storck, J. (2001) Communities of Practice and Organizational Performance. IBM Systems Journal, Vol 40, No 4,831-841 Cox, A.M. (2005) What are Communities of Practice? A Comparative Review of Four Seminal Works. Journal of Information Science, Vol 31, No 6, 527-540 Hasan, H., Crawford, K. (2003) Distributed Communities of Learning and Practice. Handžić, M., Hasan, H. Australian Studies in Knowledge Management, Chapter 5, 136-155 Nickols, F. (2003) Communities of Practice: An Overview Kahan, S. (2004) Engagement, Identity and Innovation: Etienne Wenger on Communities of Practice. Journal of Association Leadership, 27-37 Lesser, E., Prusak, L. (1999) Communities of Practice, Social Capital and Organizational Knowledge. Information Systems Review 1., Vol 1, No 1, 3-10 Lave, J., Wenger, E. (1998) Communitites of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity, Cambridge University Press Wenger, E.C., Snyder, W.M. (2000) Communities of Practice: The Organizational Frontier. Harward Business Review, 139-145 600 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1216 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Development Field Mapping: A Case of ISSD 2012 Author Author Nermina , Durmic Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this study was to analyse the nature of research preoccupying participants in the Third International Symposium on Sustainable Development (ISSD 2012) in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 31May - 1June 2012. It involved the analysis of abstracts and papers submitted for presentation and publication at ISSD 2012. Each submission was coded and entered into the Excel spreadsheet for quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results reveal dominant research groups, as well as the type of work that has the highest relevance to research and practice. These findings may serve as signposts for future research directions in the field. Keywords: sustainable development, knowledge mapping, ISSD2012, literature review, protocol analysis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7aea8557f0fab7c171ad6e2ebfc4eb7a.pdf 4a22917824cc29700b8e139223bee813 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo concentration of anesthesia increases, the time of transition to induction stage shortens (Ross et al, 2008). Induction times of the fish vary depending on the dose of clove oil and, normally, as the dose increases, recovery time increases. REFERENCES Çetinkaya, O., Şahin A.( 2005) Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri. (Ed) Mehmet Karataş, Balıklarda Anestezi Uygulamaları ve Başlıca Anestesikler, 237-270. ISBN.975-591-757-8. Cookea, S. J., Suskib, C. D. Ostranda , K. G, Tuftsb, B. L., Wahl, D. H.(2004) Behavioral and physiological assessment of low concentrations of clove oil anaesthetic for handling and transporting largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), Aquaculture 239, 509–529. Padilla, D. K., Williams, S. L.(2004) Beyond ballast water: aquarium and ornamental trades as sources of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 2004, 2(3): 131–138. Ross, L., Ross, B.(2008) Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic animals, 240. Seol, D., Lee J., Im, S., Park, I. (2007) Clove oil as an anaesthetic for common octopus (Octopus minor, Sasaki). Aquaculture Research, 38, 45-49. Tolon, T., Hekimoğlu, M.A.( 2011) Türkiye´de Süs Balığının Pazar Durumu. XVI. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu 25-27 Ekim 2011 Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya. Ucar, A., Atamanalp, M. (2010) The Effects of Natural (Clove Oil) and Synthetical (2phenoxyethanol) Anesthesia Substances on Hematology Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario), Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9(14): 1925-1933. Whittington, M., Pereira, M. A. M., Gonçalves, M., and Costa, A.(2000) An Investigation of the Ornamental Fish Trade in Mozambique. URL http://www.oceandocs.org/bitstream/1834/889/1/2000.11en.pdf Yıldırım, Y.B., Genc, E., Turan, F., Cek, S., Yanar, M.(2010) The Anaesthetic Effects of Quinaldine Sulphate, Muscle Relaxant Diazepam and Their Combination on Convict Cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Günther, 1867) Juvenies, Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,9(3), 547-550. Sustainable Development in Aviation Industry and the case of Turkish Airlines Mustafa Kavacık1, Saadet Zafer2, Ali Yıldız3, Davut Karaman 1Akdeniz University Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey, 2Muğla University Dalaman Vocational School, Dalaman, Muğla, Turkey, 3Akdeniz University Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry Vocational School, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: mkavacik@akdeniz.edu.tr, saadetzafer@akdeniz.edu.tr, aliyildiz@mu.edu.tr,davutkaraman@akdeniz.edu.tr 157 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Abstract Within changing world, sustainable development globally has become an important strategic goal for all sectors. Sustainable development seeks to protect, develop and balance social, economic and environmental goals and resources in order to secure comfort and welfare of present and future generations. The significance level of these related goals and sources is very high. Threats and hazards such as limited resources around the globe, overly population increase, global warming, damaging of ozone layer, decreasing of live species and environmental pollution dramatically reveal the importance of sustainable development. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol which was signed in 1997 came into force in 2005. In this context, aviation industry is a good sample for sustainability. Fuels used in consist of non-renewable resources so contribute to climate change negatively. But, at the same time, that industry makes very valuable and unique contributions to the sustainable development aimed by global society. These contributions are realized social, economical and environmental dimensions. Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient type in public transportation. Over long distances and beyond geographical barriers, no alternative one exist so. It offers affordable transportation services to the nations, regions and individuals with wide transportation network. Furthermore, by promoting cultural and social ties, it facilitates exchange of educational experiences. Economically, aviation industry encourages economic development by facilitating access of regional and global markets, involving with these markets and increasing market share. At the same time, aviation industry leading to the development of trade, travel and tourism sector provides improving of income distribution by creating employment around the globe. This industry pioneers to the electronic transportation. Highly savings got at ticketing and other documentation transactions by adopting to the electronic system. Decrease in the level of aircraft noise-footprint at a 20 db in recent years, an increase in fuel efficiency of 70 percent in last 40 years – today’s newest aircraft technology often matchs the energy consumption of modern cars and in some cases (depending on speed and distance)-, coming down Carbon emission ratios dramatically, alternative fuel systems as biofuels and less service required space area compared to other transportation types can be taken as outstanding environmental effects of this industry. Turkish Airlines (THY) showed an outstanding performance both economically and socially for the last years. Now, being a member of Star Alliance Group, it has a wide flight network around the globe with generated fleet. Furthermore, the company works to make contributions to the sustainable future. Keywords: Sustainable Development in Aviation İndustry; Sustainable Aviation; Carbon Emission; Turkish Airlines Case; 1. INTRODUCTION 158 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Today, world deals with not only the countries’ GDP values or other economic data’s but environmental issues and social benefits also. Climatic changes threat the future at a significant degree higher than ever. Nowadays, world consumes its resources rashly, but could future generations reach these resources easily is a problem the world faced. Similar issues appear to be problem the world faces in this century. Aviation industry plays essential role both in economic, social and environmental respect. As air transportation developed, trade volume will increase, good transportation volume will continue to be positive, cultures will socialize as a result of increased tourism traffic and time will be used more efficiently. By performing all of them, using resources less and effectively, being environmentally sensitive creates the critic points of this industry. To survive in this industry depends on “Sustainability” and companies should change and design strategies towards to the “green coloured” strategies. At this stage, instutions as IACO, IATA, UN, EU help companies by creating and regulating rules, standards and systems as KYOTO or European Union Emission Trading Scheme ETS. In this sense, this paper examines the importance of sustainable development for aviation industry. However, we examine Turkish Airlines as a case study in the context of how it has become an international effective player in recent years, strategic alliances that have made and contributions to the sustainability efforts. 2. Environmental Issues Associated with Aviation Civil aviation, like most other economic activities, gives rise to environmental problems of various kinds. In 1999, the ICAO (Interational Civil Aviation Organization) Secretariat compiled an inventory of environmental problems what may be associated with civil aviation, to assist the ICAO Council in identifying future priorities in the environmental. It was assumed that "the environment" means all those natural and man-made surroundings which may be adversely affected by the presence of civil aviation, but which are not directly involved in the aviation itself10. Issues include: 2.1. Aircraft noise Historically, noise has been the external impact of aviation with the highest profile. There have been substantial reductions in the noise generated by new aircraft and in the overall noise at many airports. However, at most airports, the frequency and total number of movements is expected to increase in the future. For some people near airports, aircraft noise is a significant nuisance affecting their quality of life. There is considerable variation in individual reactions. Aircraft noise can also have impacts on sleep.11 Significant progress has been achieved in reducing the noise impact around many airports, arising from reductions in both engine and airframe noise as well as improvements in 10 http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd9_bp9.pdf 11 http://www.desd.org.uk/UserFiles/File/new_articles/pro_body_participation/sustainable_aviation/S ustainable-Aviation-full-document.pdf 159 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo operational procedures. Today's aircraft are typically 75% quieter than jets in the 1960.12 Research initiatives target a further 50% reduction by 2020. The number of people exposed to aircraft noise worldwide has gone down – by about 35% between 1998 and 2004. IATA (The Air Transportation Association) has developed a policy on night flights. According to this policy, Night time operational restrictions are increasing, especially in Europe. At some airports, night flights are completely banned. These restrictions can have a serious impact on the economy, next-day delivery services, home-based charters, freight services and intercontinental flights. They can also increase daytime congestion.13 According to Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) data, The South African horn made infamous at 2010 World Cup, the vuvuzela, at blast is rated at 127 decibels. An A380 on the other hand takes off with a relative whisper at 82 db.14 This shows us the latest improvements in aircraft engine technologies. 2.2. Carbon Emissions & Fresh Air Air pollution arising from airline and airport operations has a variety of sources, including aircraft engines, apron vehicles, ground transportation, refueling and power generation equipment. These can pose a problem at a local scale, where increasingly stringent environmental quality standards are being imposed, and at a global level, where increasing concern is being expressed about the significance of the contribution of aircraft engine emissions to the problem of global warming.15 With regard to climate change, IPCC Report16 estimates that aircraft contribute about 3.5 per cent of the total radiative forcing by all human activities and that this proportion is likely to increase. The emissions from aircraft of relevance for climate change include carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides and soot. In the context of environment, technological advancements, operational measures, and air traffic management can all improve emissions and fuel efficiency. Acc. to IATA data, new aircrafts are 70% more fuel efficient than 40 years ago and 20% better than 10 years ago. Airlines are aiming for a further 25% fuel efficiency improvement by 2020. By 2050, net aviation carbon emission is aimed to be half of what it was in 2005. Modern aircraft achieve fuel efficiencies of 3.5 liters per 100 passenger km. The A380 and B787 are aiming for 3 liters per 100 passenger km – better than a compact car! Aircraft engine emissions are directly related to fuel burn. Each kilogram of fuel saved reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 3.16 kg. So the key for airlines to minimize their environmental impact is to use fuel more efficiently. IATA airlines improved their fuel efficiency by 3.1% in 2006 and 2007. IATA 12 http://www.desd.org.uk/UserFiles/File/new_articles/pro_body_participation/sustainable_aviation/S ustainable-Aviation-full-document.pdf 13 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/aircraft_noise.aspx 14 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 15 Upham P. Maughan J. Raper D. And Thomas C. (2003) Towards Sustainable Development , Earthscan Publications, 115 16 http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/index.php?idp=22 160 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo airlines have adopted a voluntary fuel efficiency goal. This is to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions (per revenue tonne kilometer) by at least 25% by 2020, compared to 2005 levels.17 ICAO projections states that the commercial aircraft fleet is expected to increase to about 47,500 by 2036, of which more than 44,000 (94 %) aircraft will be new generation technology.18 Acc. to ATAG, today, global aviation industry produces around 2 % of all human-induced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Aviation is responsible for 12 % of CO2 emissions from all transport sources, compared to 74 % from road transport. And around 80 % of aviation CO2 emissions are emitted from flights over 1,500 kilometers, for which there is no practical alternative mode of transport19. The Figure below indicates passenger air traffic fuel consumption per 100 km. It shows that fuel consumption will decrease in subsequent years due to increasing technology and new generated engines and aircrafts. Figure 1: Air Traffic fuel efficiency trend and today’s aircraft (source: ICCAIA)20 2.3. Alternative Fuels Because of both economic and environmental issues, aviation industry should seek ways for diversification of current fuels and should produce alternative fuels. The International Air Transportation Association (IATA) is dedicated to support its members and the industry to reduce the emission of CO2. Alternative fuels, particularly sustainable biofuels, have been identified as one of the key elements in helping achieve this goal. Biofuels derived from sustainable oil crops such as jatropha, camelina and algae or from wood and waste biomass can reduce the overall carbon footprint by around 80% over their full lifecycle. Biofuels test flights carried out by seven airlines have proven biofuels work and can be mixed with existing jet fuel. The industry is now working on finalizing technical certification so biofuels can be 17 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/pages/fuel_efficiency.aspx 18 http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/env2010/Pubs/EnvReport2010/ICAO_EnvReport10-Ch2_en.pdf 19 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 20 http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/env2010/Pubs/EnvReport2010/ICAO_EnvReport10-Ch2_en.pdf 161 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo used for passenger flights.21 If the industry were to get 6 % of its fuel supply from alternative fuels by 2020, this would reduce current carbon footprint by 5 %.22 Objectives are as follows: building a long-term sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost competitive aviation industry. 3. Social and Economic Factors Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient type in public transportation. Over long distances and beyond geographical barriers, no alternative one exist so. It offers affordable transportation services to the nations, regions and individuals with wide transportation network. Furthermore, by promoting cultural and social ties, it facilitates exchange of educational experiences. However, developments at aircraft Technologies and at fuels affect the social life directly. People lives near airports expose high noise than to other people, so night sleep can be a torture for them. But recent developments decreased the noise problem at a significant level about 35 % between 1998 to 2004.23 And also, low carbon emission will affect social life in a positive manner too. There is a general acceptance that there is a positive, mutually supportive relationship between aviation and economy.24 Aviation supports some 56.6 million jobs around the world or it carries 35% of the world’s cargo by value. According to ATAG report 201025; Airlines transport over 2.6 billion passengers annually with revenue passenger kilometers (RPK) totaling nearly 5 trillion in 2010. The USA followed by China and then the UK were the top three countries in terms of RPK. Aviation is indispensable for tourism, which is a major engine of economic growth, particularly in developing economies. Globally, 51% of international tourists travel by air. Connectivity contributes to improved productivity by encouraging investment and innovation; improving business operations and efficiency; and allowing companies to attract high quality employees. Aviation’s global economic impact (direct, indirect, induced and tourism catalytic) is estimated at $2.2 trillion, equivalent to 3.5% of world gross domestic product (GDP). It provides 8.4 million direct jobs: airlines, air navigation service providers and airports directly employ 7.6 million people and the civil aerospace industry (manufacture of aircraft systems, frames and engines) employs 0.8 million people. There are 9.3 million indirect jobs generated through purchases of goods and services from companies in its supply chain. Industry employees support 4.4 million induced jobs through spending. Aviation-enabled tourism generates around 34.5 million jobs globally. The world’s airlines carry over 2.6 billion passengers a year and 48 million tonnes of freight in 2010. Providing these services generates 8.4 million direct jobs within the air transport 21 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/alternative-fuels.aspx 22 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 23 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/pages/aircraft_noise.aspx 24 Upham P. Maughan J. Raper D. And Thomas C. (2003) Towards Sustainable Development , Earthscan Publications, 39 25 http://www.aviationbenefitsbeyondborders.org/download-abbb-report 162 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo industry and contributes $539 billion to global GDP. Compared with the GDP contribution of other sectors, the global air transport industry is larger than the pharmaceuticals ($445 billion), the textiles ($236 billion) or the automotive industries ($484 billion) and around half as big as the global chemicals ($977 billion) and food and beverage ($1,162 billion) sectors. In fact, if air transport were a country, its GDP would rank it 19th in the world, roughly equal to that of Switzerland or Poland. In 2030, forecasts suggest that there will be nearly 6 billion passengers and aviation will support nearly 82 million jobs and $6.9 trillion in economic activity. 4. Turkish Airlines Turkish Airlines Incorporation that was established in 1933 and named shortly THY was called The State Airlines Administration when first established. It has taken action as incorporation that it is called today. At first it started to fly by using 5 aircrafts. The first international voyage Atina was flown in 1947. Turkish Airlines offered about 50% of shares to the public in 2006 and they were traded at Istanbul Stock Exchange. In addition, it had 50% of partnership in Sun Express centered in Antalya by making an agreement with German airline Lufthansa in 1989 and invested in Sarajevo airline Bosnia and Herzegovina Airlines by purchasing 49% of shares. Company established AnadoluJet centered in Ankara to serve all people in Turkey in 2008. It joined oldest airlines alliance of world, Star Alliance, by making an agreement in Istanbul in 2008. On the other hand, Turkish Airlines was named Turkish Airlines Cargo has taken action its cargo service in 1936 and changed its name to TURKISH CARGO in 2000. Turkish Airlines that owned 6 cargo aircrafts had totally 179 aircrafts. Company grows by purchasing new aircrafts continuously and also develops its cargo services. At the end of 2011 it reached of totally 189 cities including 40 cities for domestic and 149 cities for international. Simultaneously it has 2 technical maintenance centers in Istanbul. Turkish Airlines Technical Incorporation that is one of these centers was established in Atatürk Airport in 2006 and has become an important technical maintenance point in air transportation. Other center, Aviation Maintenance Repair and Modification Center Incorporation (HABOM), was founded in Sabiha Gökçen Airport in 201126. After World War II with global economy, aviation industry also developed rapidly. With increasing population and income level, there were changes in travel expenditures and behaviours. As a results of these developments, new infrastructure, routes, airfares and offers was served up in aviation industry. The importance of social, economical and environmental purposes and preservation, improvement and balancement of resources were understood. For these purposes, Turkish Airlines shows improvements in terms of sustainable development that global community aims. When mentioned about sustainable development, firstly, development without effecting environment adversely might be mentioned. World is under threat of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and ozone. In this sense, Turkish Airlines tries to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide caused by aircrafts and other activities. Because of Fuel-Saving Project implemented in 2008, Turkish Airlines saved jet fuels about 78.371.439 $ and decreased carbon dioxide emission about 201.700 tons. 26 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/tarihce 163 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Aviation industry was joined to the Carbon Emission Trading System that was valid from 1 January 2012. In this context, Turkish Airlines has to comply with regulations of European Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) as other airlines operating flights to Europe27. Temel Kotil, General Manager of Turkish Airlines, said that they were working with International Air Transport Association about fuel-saving. So, less fuel usage at flights, 30 million $ fuel-saving per year and significantly decreasing amount of carbon dioxide emission was aimed28. Activities about decreasing of damages to the environment and human health that derives from airport facilities were initiated by Directorate General of Civil Aviation. In 2010, for luggage transportation, vehicles with electricity started to be used instead of vehicles with fuel at airports with heavy traffic. If airport facilities met certain conditions in the context of this project, airports are taken to the category of “Green Airport” and facilities that met conditions provide discounts in the service recipe29. Aviation industry in Turkey has grown substantially for last decade. There were liberalization steps in the industry that was closed to the open competition and under the monopoly of Turkish Airlines until 200230. Between 2002-2010, average annual growth was 16% for air traffic and 25,5% for passenger traffic31. In 2009, while the aviation industry in the world downsized, Turkish Airlines continued to develop and increased by 11%. Turkish Airlines carried 10,4 million passengers in 2003, raised the number of passengers to 22,5 million in 2008, 25,1 million in 2009, 29,1 million in 2010 and 32,6 million in 201132. In 2011, among the member airlines of Association of European Airlines, it ranged fourth with 8,7% market share in terms of number of passengers and fifth with 7,3% market share in terms of seat kilometers offered. While total number of passengers of member airlines increased by 4,2%, Turkish Airlines raised by 15,6%. In addition, Turkish Airlines is market leader in air cargo transportation in Turkey. It increased its market share by 64% in 201133. Turkish Airlines implements efficiency-oriented employment program. Its total number of personnel was 10.239 people in 2003 and raised by 15.491 people in 2011. To become the best airline in the world, the best cabin crew is required as a return of differentiation in the service concept. From this point, Turkish Airlines applied “Service Quality and Increasing Passenger Satisfaction Programme” since August, 201034. 27 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 28 http://hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/15229951.asp 29 http://shgm.gov.tr/greenairport.pdf 30 http://invest.gov.tr/tr-TR/infocenter/publications/Documents/TURIZM.SEKTORU.pdf 31 http://shgm.gov.tr/doc4/2010fr.pdf 32 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/yolcu-sayisi 33 http://thy.com/download/investor_relations/annual_reports/faaliyet_raporu_aralik_2011.pdf 34 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/is-gucu 164 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Company also gives promotion tickets, companion tickets and opportunity to upgrade to the members with Miles&Smiles Programme. At the same time, call center which is one of the most important marketing and sales channel were included in the service as of 200935. Turkish Airlines achieved significant successes in context of brand invesments. Sponsorship of Euroleague, FC Barcelona and Manchester United has provided a great advantage in the European market. There were other sports sponsorships. On the other hand, Kevin Costner, Caroline Wozniacki, Kobe Bryant and Novak Djokovic were brand face of Turkish Airlines with the slogan of “Globally Yours” and company has increased brand awareness. In the sense of financial discipline, one of the most important keys of sustainable development, Turkish Airlines applies long-term value-based growth programme and effective cost management. Aviation Week Magazine, leading broadcasting organizations of aviation industry, identified Turkish Airlines as the best airline from the point of financial situation in 2010. It has given “The Best Airline of Europe”, “The Best Airline of South Europe” and “The Best Premium Economy Seat” by “Skytrax World Airline Awards” organization, known as the Oscars of aviation industry. Turkish Do&Co catering company, joint of Turkish Airlines, was awarded as the best of world with the catering service in economy class. Furthermore, it achieves “The Best Market Leader” of 2010 in the context of Air Transport World Airline Industry Achievement Awards, accepted one of the most prestigious awards of aviation industry36. Turkish Airlines also sustains activities about culture, art and social responsibility. It has supported Istanbul, 2010 European Capital of Culture, as “Capital Sponsorship”. According to the contract with Turkish Red Crescent, company contributes victims of natural catastrophes. Moreover, by planting 5.000 saplings it made up “THY Technical Commemorative Forest” in Kurtköy and Kemerburgaz37. 5.CONCLUSION This paper has attempted to show how sustainable development in aviation industry is important for global world. Sustainable development seeks to protect, develop and balance social, economic and environmental goals and resources in order to secure comfort and welfare of present and future generations. Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient transport type. Industry meets the society’s air transport needs by establishing relationship with employees, local communities, customers and industry partners. A competitive and commercial viable aviation industry makes a positive contribution to the world economy. Aviation industry generates $2.2 trillion in 2010 and it equals to 3.5% per cent of global GDP. Around the world industry supports 56.6 million jobs. Emission is a huge problem standing that the future generations will face tragically. New aircrafts are 70 % more fuel efficient than 40 years ago and 20 % better than 10 years ago. In 2050, industry aims to decrease carbon emission to be half of what it was 2005. The importance of social, economical and environmental purposes and preservation, improvement and balancement of resources were understood. For these purposes, Turkish 35 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 36 http://thy.com/download/investor_relations/annual_reports/faaliyet_raporu_aralik_2011.pdf 37 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 165 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Airlines shows improvements in terms of sustainable development that global community aims. With its new generation aircrafts, Turkish Airlines tries to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide caused by aircrafts and other activities and fuel consumption. Hence, it has taken important steps about the sustainability by being a member of European Emission Trading Scheme. In the sense of financial discipline, one of the most important keys of sustainable development, Turkish Airlines has got remarkable performance by performing the economic aspects of sustainable development. Company has to fulfil conditions what the sustainability requires so it may survive in the market and become number one in avaition industry around the world. REFERENCES ATAG, Aviation Benefits Beyond Borders, Last Accessed on 04 21, 2012, from http://www.aviationbenefitsbeyondborders.org/download-abbb-report ATAG, Facts And Figures, Last Accessed on 04 22, 2012, from http://www.atag.org/factsand-figures.html Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Green Airport Project, Last Accessed on 4 28, 2012, from www.shgm.gov.tr/greenairport.pdf. 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ICAO, Environmental Report, 2010, Last Accessed on 04 21, 2012, from http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/env2010/Pubs/EnvReport2010/ICAO_EnvReport10-Ch2_en.pdf IATA, Aircraft Noise, Last Accessed on 04 21, http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/aircraft_noise.aspx 2012, from IATA, Fuel Efficiency, Last Accessed on 04 20, http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/pages/fuel_efficiency.aspx 2012, from IATA, Alternative Fuels, Last Accessed on 04 20, http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/alternative-fuels.aspx 2012, from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, 1999 at ICAO’s request by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Last Accessed on 04 21, 2012, from http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/index.php?idp=22 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communication Directorate General of Civil Aviation, 2010 Annual Activity Report, Last Accessed on 4 24, 2012, http://web.shgm.gov.tr/doc4/2010fr.pdf. 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Turkey, Last Accessed on http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/15229951.asp Turkey, Last Accessed tr/kurumsal/tarihce on 4 20, 2012, 4 from 29, 2012, http://www.turkishairlines.com/tr- Turkish Airlines, Carbon Emission, Last Accessed on 4 27, 2012, http://www.turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/duyurular/2967/karbon-emisyonu.aspx. 166 from from �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Turkish Airlines, Labor, Last Accessed on 4 30, http://www.turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/is-gucu. 2012, from Turkish Airlines, Turkish Airlines’ 2010 Annual Report, Last Accessed on 4 27, 2012, from www.turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf Turkish Airlines, The Activity Report of The Board of Directors For the Period 1 January to 31 December 2011, Last Accessed on 4 28, 2012, from http://wwwdownload.thy.com/download/investor_relations/annual_reports/faaliyet_raporu_ar alik_2011.pdf. 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Forecasting Carbon Emission For Turkey: Time Series Analysis Mehmet Mercan1, Etem Karakaya2 1Hakkari University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science 2Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science E-mail: mmercan48@gmail.com; mehmetmercan@hakkari.edu.tr, ekarakaya@gmail.com Abstract Within the context of sustainable development objectives, reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) that cause climate change was first discussed and officially negotiated at the 1992 Rio Conference, which particularly emphasised developed countries to take serious measures. Then, it was followed by the Kyoto Protocol, which specified national ghg emission reduction targets for developed countries. With Kyoto Protocol, it was decided for these countries to reduce global emissions by 5% below 1990 levels compared to 2008-2012 emission levels. Turkey became a party to the Kyoto Protocol in 2009, yet due to their special circumstances they did not take any emission reduction commitments.. Negotiations on Post-2012 emission reduction obligations are still in progress under the UNFCCC umbrella and it is expected to have emission reduction targets not only by developed countries but also by developing ones. In this regard, it is important for Turkey to estimate its future ghg emissions, if they have to take a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) for their strategy. There are various ghg emission estimations for 2020 and the results indicate different emission levels. 167 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1241 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Development in Aviation Industry and the case of Turkish Airlines Author Author Mustafa , Kavacık Saadet , Zafer Ali , Yıldız Davut , Karaman Abstract A summary of the resource. Within changing world, sustainable development globally has become an important strategic goal for all sectors. Sustainable development seeks to protect, develop and balance social, economic and environmental goals and resources in order to secure comfort and welfare of present and future generations. The significance level of these related goals and sources is very high. Threats and hazards such as limited resources around the globe, overly population increase, global warming, damaging of ozone layer, decreasing of live species and environmental pollution dramatically reveal the importance of sustainable development. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol which was signed in 1997 came into force in 2005. In this context, aviation industry is a good sample for sustainability. Fuels used in consist of non-renewable resources so contribute to climate change negatively. But, at the same time, that industry makes very valuable and unique contributions to the sustainable development aimed by global society. These contributions are realized social, economical and environmental dimensions. Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient type in public transportation. Over long distances and beyond geographical barriers, no alternative one exist so. It offers affordable transportation services to the nations, regions and individuals with wide transportation network. Furthermore, by promoting cultural and social ties, it facilitates exchange of educational experiences. Economically, aviation industry encourages economic development by facilitating access of regional and global markets, involving with these markets and increasing market share. At the same time, aviation industry leading to the development of trade, travel and tourism sector provides improving of income distribution by creating employment around the globe. This industry pioneers to the electronic transportation. Highly savings got at ticketing and other documentation transactions by adopting to the electronic system. Decrease in the level of aircraft noise-footprint at a 20 db in recent years, an increase in fuel efficiency of 70 percent in last 40 years – today’s newest aircraft technology often matchs the energy consumption of modern cars and in some cases (depending on speed and distance)-, coming down Carbon emission ratios dramatically, alternative fuel systems as biofuels and less service required space area compared to other transportation types can be taken as outstanding environmental effects of this industry. Turkish Airlines (THY) showed an outstanding performance both economically and socially for the last years. Now, being a member of Star Alliance Group, it has a wide flight network around the globe with generated fleet. Furthermore, the company works to make contributions to the sustainable future. Keywords: Sustainable Development in Aviation İndustry; Sustainable Aviation; Carbon Emission; Turkish Airlines Case; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/566242db3d2b1a7ebf34e1abc4bf63a4.pdf b720b5256936eb9eb33b782793ff579b PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Sustainable Development of Aquaculture in Turkey and Its Constraints Meh met Ali Canyurt m.ali.canyurt@ege.edu.tr Yusuf Guner Erol Toksen Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Izmir, Turkey Abstract: Aquaculture means the farming of aquatic animals and plants. Turkey has rich inland water sources, about 200 natural lakes, about 750 artificial lakes or ponds, about 193 reservoirs, 33 rivers and streams of 177.714 km length and 8.333 km of coastal strips Aquaculture sector in Turkey is new when compared with European countries. The first fish farm was established as a rainbow trout farm in 1970s. The following years, new fish farms have been established year by year. The main fish species cultured in Turkey are Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), Black sea turbot (Psetta maxima), Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Shrimp (Penaeidae spp). Aquaculture production of Turkey has grown steadily over the years from 5782 tonnes in 1990 to 63 000 tonnes in 1999 and to 136 000 tonnes in 2007. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Aquaculture, Fish Farming, Turkey Introduction The historic of aquaculture is very old. The first records of aquaculture activities in 2500 BC can be found inthetomb of Aktihep during the ancient Egyptian civilisation.Inthe Etruscan Culturein Italythe earliest marine farms date back to 6th century BC. The China is the first country in Asia where aquaculture has been started during the dynasty of W hen Fang (1135-1122 BC). Fan Li wrote Classic of Fish Farming atthe years of 460 BC in China (Canyurt 2005). Marine and inland waterresources provide an important source of protein for human nutrition. Because ofthisreason fish farming inthe worldis a growing industry in recent years. According to the FAO statisticsthe world aquaculture production by inland and marine waters grows from 24.456.561 tonnes in 1993 to 51.385.912 tonnesin 2002. The total world fisheries production (capture and aquaculture)is 143.647.650 tonnes and aquatic plant production is 15.075.612.tonnes in 2006. The aquaculture sector in Turkey is facing some constraints, such as: the complexity of licensing procedures, site selection problems,the complexity of project preparation and application, problems with some other sectors,like tourism, protected areas and navigations, high prices of inputs and difficulties in supplying, disease risk with imported eggs and fry, marketing and quality control problems, organization and governance (Canyurt at al. 2003; Canyurt2005). Development of Aquaculture in Turkey Numerous rivers drain Turkey’s plateaus and mountains. The rivers are usually swift flowing and relatively short. A number of rivers do not flow during the dry summer. Some rivers are, however, important 45 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo sources of hydroelectric power and water forirrigation. The Kızılırmak (1,150 km/715 mi long), is the longest river flowing entirely within Turkey. The Sakarya River and the Kızılırmak flow into the Black Sea. Gediz and Büyükmenderes (ancient Meanderes) in Aegean rigion, the Ceyhan and Seyhan rivers in south flow from the Taurus Mountains to the Mediterranean. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which flow southeastthrough Syria and Iraq to the Persian Gulf are important riversin Turkey. Production fields Number Surface Area (Ha) Length (Km) Natural Lakes 200 906.118 - Dam Lakes 193 342.377 - Ponds (Artificial Lakes) 750 15.500 - Rivers and streams 33 - 177.714 Seas (Coastal Strips) - 24.607.200 8.333 TOTAL 25.871.195 Table 1: Water Capacity of Turkey for Aquaculture (TUIK 2007) Years Product. (Ton) Export (Tons) Đmport (Tons) Domestic consump. (Tons) Processed (fish meal and oil factories) (Tons) Not processed or consumed (Tons) Consump. per capita (kg/year) 1997 500 260 18 402 39 829 490 339 21 000 10 348 7.663 1998 513 900 11 558 31 417 528 935 30 000 4.824 8.119 1999 636 824 15 955 39 552 503 249 150 000 7.172 7.590 2000 582 376 14 533 44 230 538 764 71 000 2.309 7.985 2001 594 977 18 978 12 971 517 832 62 755 8.383 7.547 2002 627 847 26 860 22 532 466 289 156 000 1.230 6.697 2003 587 715 29 937 45 606 470 131 120 000 13.253 6.649 2004 644 492 32 804 57 694 555 859 105 000 8.523 7.812 2005 544 773 37 655 47 676 520 985 30 000 3.809 7.229 2006 661 991 41 973 53 563 597 738 60 000 15.843 8.191 2007 772 323 47 214 58 022 604 695 170 000 8.436 8.567 Table 2: Production, export,import and consumption of fishery products (TUIK 2007) 46 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The largestlake in Turkey isVan Gölü (Lake Van),located in eastern Anatolia. The water of Van Gölü is saline and contains soda. A member of the Cyprinidae family,the Chalcalburnus tarichiis a fish species that only inhabitsthe Lake Van Basin. The Lake Van isthe biggest soda lake in the world, Lake Tuz islocated near the center of the Anatolian Plateau. Freshwater lakes include Beyşehir, Eğridir and Burdur in the southwest (Arabacı &Sarı 2004). Turkey has rich inland water sources, about 200 naturallakes, about 750 artificiallakes or ponds, about 193 reservoirs, 33 rivers and streams of 177.714 km length and 8.333 km of coastal strips (Tab. 1). Some lagoons covering of 70.000 hectaresin Aegean and Mediterranean coastalstrips are very suitable for aquaculture Another aquaculture potential will be obtained with the South East Anatolia Project (GAP) in the lower Euphrates River and Tigris River basins. This projectisthe largestregional development projectin Turkey, and one of the largest in the world, integrating development of irrigated agriculture and agro-industry, supporting services,including communications, health and education (Canyurt 2006). The project area covers 74.000 km2 that correspond to 9.2 % of the total surface area of Turkey. About 224.000 ha of water surface will be obtained atthe end of this project;this will be a big aquaculture production potentialforthe country. Situation of Aquaculture in Turkey Aquaculture production, exportation,importation and consumption: According to TUIK data (2007), Turkey produces 772.323 tonnes, exports 47.214 tonnes and imports 58.022 tonnes of fish and fisheries products. The amount of non-food usage is 170.000 tonnes that is used for feed and oil industry. The population of the country is 68.279.000 tonnes and consumption per capita is 8.6 kg/year (TUIK 2007). All activities in fisheries and aquaculture in Turkey are based on the Water Products Law No. 1380, enacted in 1971 (Canyurt 1996, Canyurt and Gökoğlu 1997). The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is responsible for all kind of aquaculture activities and fisheries in the country (Deniz 2007). The Ministry undertakes its duties in aquaculture and fisheries management through four General Directorates and as well as 81 Provincial Directorates. During 1980’s significant effort was devoted to preparing laws which are related to the management of coastal and inland water sources. Aquaculture has been included in the encouragement decree published by governments and the Agriculture Bank of Turkey applied interest rates to support and to encourage investments in aquaculture. In addition to encouragement measures and financial support of the Governments, the Universities attach great importance to the research activities and education of engineers and technicians in 17 Faculties of Fish Products and 6 Professional Colleges and Fisheries Department expanded all ofthe country.. The main fish species cultured in Turkey are Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), Black sea turbot (Psetta maxima), Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Shrimp (Penaeidae spp) (Tab. 3) (Canyurt, 2005). Aquaculture production of Turkey has grown steadily overthe years from 5.782 tonnesin 1990 to 63.000 tonnesin 1999 and to 139.873 tonnes in 2007 (Tab. 3). The aquaculture production in inland water is 59 033 tonnes, but it reaches 80 840 tonnes in marine watersin 2007. Aquaculture production (Tons) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 39 674 543 43 432 683 48 033 571 56 026 668 58 433 600 Inland water Trout Carp Marine water 47 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Trout Sea bream Sea bass Mussel Other 1 194 1 650 1 249 1 633 16 735 20 435 27 634 28 463 20 982 26 297 37 290 38 408 815 1 513 1 500 1 545 2 000 2 200 Table 3: Aquaculture Production in Turkey (2003-2007),(TUIK 2 740 33 500 41 900 1 100 1 600 2007) The numbers of aquatic farms are shown in Table 4. There are 1.261 farms in inland water producing approximately 55 425 tonnes of fresh water fish species and 120 farms producing 160 000 000 fish eggs, 324 farms at sea producing 91.815 tonnes of sea fish species, mainly Gilthead sea bream and European sea bass and 348 000 000 fish eggs (Deniz 2007). Fish Species Trout Com mon carp Trout Hatchery Sea bass and Sea bream Troutin sea cages Trout and sea bass BluefinTuna Sea bass,sea bream and other species hatchery Mediterranean mussel Number of Farms 1 112 29 120 286 6 6 6 17 Capacity (t/year) 53 020 2 405 160 000 000 egs 80 509 2 250 1 160 6 300 348 000 000 3 1 596 TOTAL Table 4: Number of Licensed Aquaculture Farms and Capacities (Deniz 2007) Constraints of Sustainable Aquaculture in Turkey The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) is the main organization responsible for fisheries including aquaculture administration, regulation, protection, promotion and technical assistance. The Directorate General for Agriculture Production and Development of MARA is the responsable authority for development and management of aquaculture Deniz 2007). There are also a number of other ministries and institutions with a role in fisheries and aquaculture development in Turkey. The Undersecretariat of Treasure and Foreign Trade of the Prime Ministry, which regulates fish import and export, State Planning Organization which formulate policy and determines the development targets for the fisheries and aquaculture sector, and the Agriculture Bank through which fisheries and aquaculture credits are channelled (Canyurt & Gökoğlu 1997 and FAO 2008). According to Fisheries Law numbered 1380 the procedures and principles related to aquaculture are determined by the Aquaculture Regulation. This regulation sets out the methods for site selection for farms, application of the projects, giving technical supports and surveying environmentalimpacts (Deniz2007). Especially marine aquaculture systems are criticised for their environmental and ecological impacts. The extensive and semi intensive farming methods have less environmental impacts than intensive aquaculture (Basurco & Lovatelli2004; Canyurt 1996).Itis necessaryto supportthe development of sustainable aquaculture. For this purpose European Com mission (2002)designed a strategy document forthe sustainable development of aquaculture in Europe. As a candidate country to the European Com munity, Turkey takes all the measures to respect and to adopt the rules designed by the European Com mission. Fisheries and Aquaculture file is one of the 31 files have been discussed with Com mission in 2005. The importance of aquaculture has been recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and by the private sectorin collaboration with the Universities. The development of aquacultureis very importantin Turkey because it provides jobs. The aquaculture sectorin Turkey isfacing some constraints,such as: -The complexity oflicensing procedures, 48 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo -Site selection problems, -The complexity of project preparation and application, -Problems with some other sectors,like tourism, protected areas and navigations, -High prices ofinputs and difficultiesin supplying, -Disease risk with imported eggs and fry, -Marketing and quality control problems, -Lack of organization ofthe sector can be cited as major constraints of aquaculture in Turkey to be solved. For this purpose a research project has been conducted by M A R A and TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) to evaluate the impacts of fish farms on the aquatic environment, This research program has been leaded in Izmir, Mugla, Aydın and Ordu. In conclusion of this study we can say that the sustainable development of aquaculture is very important economically and environmentally. We can consider that the impact of fish farms depends on the biological activities ofthe species produced and managementtechniques used. The oxygen consumption,the metabolism of nitrogen and phosphorous and chemicals used for different deseases are some factors determining thisimpact on the environment. The constraints faced in sustainable aquaculture in Turkey have to be examined and discussed. References Arabaci M, & Sari M (2004). Induction of ovulation in endemic pearl mullet (Chalcalburnus tarichi), living in the highly alkaline Lake Van, using GnRHa([D-Ser(tBu)6, Pro9-Net]-GnRH) combined with haloperidol. Aquaculture 238:529–535. Basurco, B.,& Lovatellı, A., (2004). The Aquaculture Situation in the Mediterranean Sea. Prediction for The Future. The International Conference on the Sustainable Development of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Environment. Available at: http://www.iasonnet.gr, Canyurt, M.A., (1996). Interaction Between Aquaculture and Environment. Symposium on Agriculture and Environment Interactions, Sustainable Use of Natural Resources, 13-15 May 1996, Mersin. (in tr) Canyurt, M.A.,& Gökoğlu, M., (1997). Aquaculture in Turkey. International Workshop in Intensive Aquaculture Farming. March-1997, Cinadco, Shefayim, Israel. Canyurt, M. A., Akhan, S., Takma, Ç.,( 2003). A Study on Short Term Storage of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum,1792) Milt. E.U. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 20 (3-4):537-542 ( in tr). Canyurt M.A., (2005). The Development of Aquaculture in Turkey. Research for Rural Development 2005. 11 International Scientific Conference Proceedings, Latvia University of Agriculture, 260p: 19-22., Jelgava, Latvia Canyurt, M. A., 2006. The Importance of Aquaculture in The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) in Turkey. 12. International Scientific Conference- Research For Rural Development 2006. Latvia University of Agriculture, 324p: 12-16, Jelgava, Latvia. Commission of the European Communities, (2002). Communication from the Commission to the Council and European Parliament. A Strategy for the Sustainable Development of European Aquaculture. COM-2002-511, Bruxelles. Deniz, H. (2007) Aquaculture development in Turkey, Aquaculture and Fisheries Infoday and Networking Event, 14-15 November 2007, Brussels. Available at: http://www.fp7.org.tr/tubitak_content_files/268/r_d_news/Profiles_Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Hayri_Deni z.pdf. 12.03.2009. FAO, (2008). Profile de la Peche. Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture. The Republic of Turkey. FID/CP/TUR. Available at www.fao.org (12.05.2009). Ministry of Agriculture, Country Note on National Fisheries Management Systems–Turkey. Available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/9/29/34431494.pdf. TUIK (2007). Fisheries statistics 2007, Aquaculture production. Turkish Statistics Instuition: Available at http://www.tuik.gov.tr/balikcilikdagitimapp/balikcilik.zul, 26.02.2009. 49 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 469 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Development of Aquaculture in Turkey and Its Constraints Author Author Canyurt, Mehmet Ali Guner, Yusuf Toksen, Erol Abstract A summary of the resource. Aquaculture means the farming of aquatic animals and plants. Turkey has rich inland water sources, about 200 natural lakes, about 750 artificial lakes or ponds, about 193 reservoirs, 33 rivers and streams of 177.714 km length and 8.333 km of coastal strips Aquaculture sector in Turkey is new when compared with European countries. The first fish farm was established as a rainbow trout farm in 1970s. The following years, new fish farms have been established year by year. The main fish species cultured in Turkey are Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), Black sea turbot (Psetta maxima), Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Shrimp (Penaeidae spp). Aquaculture production of Turkey has grown steadily over the years from 5782 tonnes in 1990 to 63 000 tonnes in 1999 and to 136 000 tonnes in 2007. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General)