240 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c66e3115a738a313a4b2ece7c93d6af5.pdf a3a62afba0d0b17a66f5c59bd35d4e19 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Significance of Efficiency for Sustainable Development : A Practice of Data Envelopment Analysis on Textile Sector Ersan ÖZGÜR Assistant Prof. Dr.,Afyon Kocatepe University Sandıklı M.Y.O. ersanozgur@yahoo.com Abstract: Resources in the nature are limited and mankind has to use these resources economically or otherwise next generations might have difficulty in surviving. That is why today‘s decision makers has to be able to think and plan the futures resources for not to danger future‘s generations. In this perspective sustainable development policies can be considered as a solution for the next generation‘s wealth. Sustainable development policy requires a balance while consuming the natural resources. For sustainable development efficient uses of resources is essential. In this study we try to assess the efficiency of the Turkish textile sector companies, regarding to sustainable development. In this study Data Enveloping Analyses is practiced to the data gathered from Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) quoted textile companies. Results of the survey indicates that efficiency rates affected negatively from the Chinese factor, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and economic situation. Introduction Nowadays, industrialized countries have recognized that their economical growth has a limit. At this point they also recognized that even though there was an economic growth there are also limits for economic development. Developed countries, are taking procoutions against the risks in relation to sustainablility. However developing countries has not been recognized that the importance of the subject. On the other hand it can be assumed that there are limited activities in relation to the subject. Contries are trying to impliment new sustainable development strategies. This could be as a solution for to reach their targets. In this perspective Turkey as a developing country has to set up similar development strategies and plans. Sustainable development has a direct relationship with the development of reel sector. Textile sector is a high significant sector for Turkish economy. Turkish textile sector is dinamic and has a high potantial for the growth. Espacialy after 1980‘s with establishment of open economic policies exportation is increased and textile sector became the engine of the economy. Cotton production in Turkey has played a crucial role in the development of the economy. In consideration of globalization which increased the competition, assesment of effiency and effectiveness has became more important for the decision makers. Textile sector is contributing to the Turkish economy in terms of value add, employment and exportation. It is suggested that for sustainablity of textile sector performance measurement of efficiency and effectiveness of the sector has became more significant. Sustanable development, productivity and efficiency are related consepts. Productivity can be described as obtaining an output by using least input. Which means efficient uses of limited resouces. Performance can be considered as degree of success with in certain period of time. Managers can not /should not take desicions without having performance information. Hence it might be suggested that using performance measuring methods are significant for decision makers. One of the methods used for measuring performance is Data Enveloping Analyses. Sustainable Development The structures of imperial and colonial power which dominated the world in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries made little provision for economic and social advance in what we now call the developing world. Colonial regions functioned primarily to supply imperial powers with raw materials and cheap labor – including slave labor as late as the mid-nineteenth century (Harris, 2000). Industrialization is an important target for the countries, however, there are some problems they face in this process inevitably. Environmental problem is one of them. Although it has some negative effects on environment, industrialization may not be abandoned. But it is obvious that some necessary measures should be taken for a sustainable development.(Ekinci, 2007) 694 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Whilst earlier literature discussed a wide range of issues around the emerging concept of sustainable development, the following statement from the World Conservation Strategy (IUCN/WWF/UNEP, 1980) appears to be the first actual attempt to define sustainable development: "For development to be sustainable, it must take account of social and ecological factors, as well as economic ones; of the living and non-living resource base; and of the long-term as well as the short-term advantages and disadvantages of alternative action" The World Conservation Strategy was frequently criticised for being concerned mainly with ecological sustainability rather than sustainable development per se. The most universally quoted definition is that produced in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), otherwise known as the Brundtland Commission (after its Chairperson, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway): "Economic and social development that meets the needs of the current generation without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". (Dalal-Clayton, 2000) In the extensive discussion and use of the concept since then, there has generally been a recognition of three aspects of sustainable development:(Harris, 2000) - Economic: An economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government andexternal debt, and to avoid extreme sectoral imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production. - Environmental: An environmentally sustainable system must maintain a stable resource base, avoiding over-exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink functions, and depleting nonrenewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitutes. This includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed as economic resources. - Social: A socially sustainable system must achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation. With these aspects sustainable development has got some strategies. Sustainable development strategies can be summarized under 9 headings: (Özyol, 2007) - Environment: Nature has its own value. None of the creature should not abuse the nature for their own needs. - The Future: While satisfying our needs we should think and take care of next generations needs and we should not forget that we have to live a world where the next generations could be able to satisfy their own needs. - Living Standards: We should not forget that living standarts of the people is not rely on materialistic needs but also it relies on social, cultural, ethical and spiritual needs. - Justice: Prosperity, chances, rights and responsibilities should be divided in between the nations, different social groups in a fairway. The needs of the poor and discriminated people‘s needs has to be put in the consideration. Similar fair sharing should be made in between existing generation and future generation. - Cautions: If we are not sure about environmental results of our behaviors we should take precautions. Because the environmental problems are global the precautions has to be taken inconsideration of social responsibilities. - Holistic Thinking: Environmental problems includes unnumbered factors and while solving these problems all these factors and stake holders should be taken in to consideration. - Social Dimension: Educational activities should be informed about the sustainable development aspects to increase for their and next generation‘s living standards. - Economical Dimension: Every resources on earth is limited. That is why they should be used efficiently and in a way that does not destruct the nature. Fair distribution of the resources is also an other aspect should be taken in to consideration. - Environmental Dimension: Every natural resources, whether or not it is recyclable, should be used in a way that ensures the continuity of resources. Sustainable development is significant factor for economies. These strategies should considered in the economy. Textile sector has great place in the Turkish economy than we can give some information regarding textile sector in Turkey. Turkish Textile Sector Turkish textile and apparel industry is a very dynamic one, in fact it is the most dynamic industry in Turkey. Becouse of having the advantage of producing the raw materials required by the industry textiles and apparels are always going to be one of the most important industries for the Turkish economy (Akalın, 2001). As in many other 695 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo developing countries, the textile and clothing industries have played an important role in the process of industrialization of Turkey. Textile sectors are now the driving force in the Turkish export industry, and they have become one of the key players in the world over the years. (Çukul, 2008) We can evaluate Turkish economy in terms of GDP, employment and exports. The share of this sector in the country‘s GDP is more than 10 % , share in the total employment is around 10 %. There are about 40 thousand manufacturing companies and around 2 million employees in the sector. Turkish textile and clothing exports reached to US$ 20 billion in 2008. With this amount, it had a share of 22% in total exports of Turkey (ĠGĠAD, 2009) . Turkish textile industry uses modern technology. Existance of a well-developed textile finishing industry in Turkey makes also possible production and marketing of highly value added fashionable and quality production. The main items are knitted fabrics, cotton woven fabrics, woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarns, bed sheets and bagssacks for packaging. Main advanteges of Turkish textile industry in production and supply of raw materials: (ITKIP, 2010) - Reachness in basic raw materials, - Geographical proximity to main markets, especially European markets, - Short logistics period due to geographical proximity, - Qualified and well-educated labor force - Liberal trade policies - Well-developed textile finishing industry - Giving importance to quality, environment and human health, sensitivity on working conditions of workers - Customs Union agreement with the European Union and free trade agreements with many other countries Turkey as being one of the most prominent textile and clothing producers in the world, now, has the production capacity to meet almost all the raw material needs of clothing industry. Some part of cotton and artificial and synthetic fibers needed by the industry are met by means of importation. Turkey has also gained valuable experience in fabric design and it is started to present its special designs with fashion shows in prominent markets. Turkish textile industrialists most of whom has created their own trademark together with the patent rights, provide the most important foreign home textile and clothing companies with their fabric. (ITKIP, 2010) Turkey is currently the second larger exporter of textile to the European Union following China. It has the largest production capacity in the EU and the fourth largest in the world. Since the EU and U.S are major markets for Turkish textile and clothing products, it is necessary to explore the competitive position of Turkish products in these markets, and they have to be prepared to the attack of its competitor such as China, India and other Asian countries. There is no doubt that China will be the largest force in the global textile sector. According to a forecast by World Bank, China is likely to raise its current share of 20 % in the world textile market to 50 % in recent years. (Çukul, 2008) Many pattern design competitions that make important contributions to development of fabric design in Turkey are organized by different institutions leading to emergence of young designers and creation of product diversity. Turkey takes part in many famous international fairs in textile sector, international textile fairs were organized within Turkey and Turkey‘s potential is shown successfully all over the world. (ITKIP, 2010) Textile sector is significant for the Turkish economy. So doing a research for textile sector is necessary. We can evaluate the sector with performance, efficiency and effectiveness values. In this study it is practicing Data Envelopment Analyses (DEA) for finding efficiency rates. Data Envelopment Analysis DEA is an extension of Farrell's (1957) idea of linking the computation of technical efficiency with production frontiers. The first DEA model was developed by Charnes Cooper and Rhodes (1978) (CCR). The CCR model is a fractional programming model, which measures the relative technical efficiency of a firm by calculating the ratio of weighted sum of its outputs to the weighted sum of its inputs. The fractional program is run for each firm to determine the set of input-output weights, which maximizes the efficiency of that firm subject to the condition that no firm can have a relative efficiency score greater than unity for that set of weights. Thus, the DEA model calculates a unique set of factor weights for each firm. The set of weights has the following characteristics: (Kabnurkar, 2001) - It maximizes the efficiency of the firm for which it is calculated and - It is feasible for all firms. Since DEA does not incorporate price information in the efficiency measure, it is appropriate for not for profit organizations where price information is not available. These not for profit organizations are referred to as Decision-Making Units (DMUs) by Charnes Cooper and Rhodes (1978). Since the efficiency of each DMU is 696 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo calculated in relation to all other DMUs and using actual observed input-output values, the efficiency calculated in DEA is called relative efficiency. Charnes, Cooper and Seiford (1994) define DEA as "DEA produces a piecewise empirical extremal production surface which in economic terms represents the revealed best-practice production frontier – the maximum output empirically obtainable from any DMU in the observed population, given its level of inputs." In addition to calculating the efficiency scores, DEA also determines the level and amount of inefficiency for each of the inputs and outputs. The amount of inefficiency is determined by comparison with a convex combination of two or more DMUs, which lie on the efficient frontier, utilize the same level of inputs, and produce the same or higher level of outputs. The aim of DEA is to quantify the distance to the efficient frontier for every DMU. The measure of performance is expressed in the form of efficiency score. After the evaluation of the relative efficiency of the present set of units, the analysis shows how inputs and outputs have to be changed in order to maximize the efficiency of the target DMU. DEA suggest the bencmark for each inefficient DMU at the level of its individual mix of inputs and outputs (Mantri, 2008) DEA is a typical statistical approach and characterized as a central tendency approach. It evaluates producers relative to an average producer. In contrast DEA campares each producer with only the ―best‖ producers. A fundamental assumption behind this method is that if a given producer, A, is capable of producing Y(A) units of output with X(A) inputs, then other producers should also be able to do the same if they were to operate efficiently. Similarly, if producer B is capable of the same production schedule. Producers A, B, and others can then be combined to form a composite producer with composite inputs and composite outputs. Since this composite producer does not necessarily exist, it is typically called a virtual producer. The heart of the analysis lies in finding the ―best‖ virtual producer for each real producer. If the virtual producer is beter than the orginal producer by either making more output with the same input or making the same output with less input then the orginal producer is inefficient. The subtleties of DEA are introduced in the various ways that producers A and B can be scarld up or down and combined. (Cornuejols & Trick, 1998) In this study DEA practiced. Aims and methods of the research is as follows. Aims and Methods of Research In this study it is tried to be evaluated the textile sector firms financial efficiencies that are quoted to ISE. In the study DEA method is used. The aim of the study is to investigate financial efficiency and effectiveness of leading Turkish textile sector companies. Economical dimension of sustainable development includes fair distiribution of the resources, avoidance of unnecessary usage of resources and efficient usage of resources. Financial resources are also significant inputs of companies and they should be used efficiently. The steps while practicing DEA can be listed as follows; - Selection of decision making units, - Determination of inputs and output sets - Relative efficiency measurement by DEA o Availability and reliability of the data o Relative efficiency measurement o Efficiency degree-efficiency limits o Evaluation of the results In first step of the study decision making units are selected. For the study balance sheets and income statements that are belong to the firms gathered from the ISE. These data includes the time period in between 2004 and 2008. Decision making units which were the subject of the study is listed in Table 1. 697 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo BOSSA Bossa Ticaret ve Sanayi ĠĢletmeleri T.A.ġ. CEYLAN Ceylan Giyim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. LUKS Lüks Kadife Ticaret ve Sanayi A.ġ. OKAN Okan Tekstil Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. DERĠMOD SASA Derimod Konfeksiyon Ayakkabı Deri Sanayi ve Advansa Sasa Polyester Sanayi A.ġ. Ticaret A.ġ. EDĠP Edip Ġplik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. ESEM Esem Spor Giyim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. KARTEKS Karsu Tekstil Sanayii ve Ticaret A.ġ. VAKKO Vakko Tekstil ve Hazır Giyim Sanayi ĠĢletmeleri A.ġ. YATAS YataĢ Yatak ve Yorgan Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. YUNSA Yünsa Yünlü Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. Table 1: Decision Making Units That Were The Subject of the Study Second step of the study was the determination of input and output sets. These are used for measurement of financial efficiency of textile firms. Input and Output sets which were the subjects of the study is listed in Table 2. INPUT Short-Term Dept Long-Term Dept OUTPUT Sales Revenues Non-Operating Income Capital Stock Table 2: Input and Output Data Sets Used in Research These set of input and output units are used to determine the financial efficiency of the textile sector firms. For this study textile sector inputs were determined as: Short Term Debts, Long Term Debts and Capital Stock. Where as the outputs were: Sales Revenues and Non Operating Income. Analysing the Model In this study, it is perefered to used the data gathered from textile firms that are belong to ISE, because of the availability and reliability of data. For the analysis DEAP Version 2.1 is used for processing mathematical data. Inputs of the textile sector are considered as manageable data. So in the analysis input focused method is used. Lack of free market conditions prevented the firms to identify the financial problems that causes difficulties in reaching optimum levels. That is why variable income scaled efficiency model is used for solution. In this search 5 different solutions are generated by linear programming. There are three different factors are used to describe the efficiency levels; Constant Income Technical Efficiency, Variable Income Technical Efficiency and Scale Efficiency. Here technical efficiency could be described as every input‘s impact on output. Whereas scale efficiency describes the aggregate impact of all inputs to compound outputs. Scale Efficiency is measured with dividing Constant Income Technical Efficiency by Variable Income Technical Efficiency. After processing the data, DEA efficiency results, from the year 2004 and 2008, belong to the decision making units are determined and listed on the Table 3 as below. 698 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 0,966 0,682 0,79 1 1 CEYLAN 0,408 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 0,863 EDĠP 0,859 0,9 0,325 0,245 0,045 ESEM 1 1 0,147 0,068 0,087 KARTEKS 0,613 0,752 0,658 0,818 0,640 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,535 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,774 SASA 0,939 0,862 1 0,912 0,660 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 0,86 0,549 0,659 0,573 0,556 YUNSA 0,651 0,527 0,488 0,554 0,674 ORTALAMA 0,858 0,856 0,756 0,764 0,653 Table 3: Constant Income Technical Efficiency (2004-2008) There is a reduction in Constant Income Technical Efficiency in between 2004 and 2008. This reduction could be interpreted as Chinese factor in the international trade. Regarding to Turkish textile sector Variable Income Technical Efficiency values are as below. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 1 1 1 1 1 CEYLAN 0,435 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 1 EDĠP 0,902 1 0,560 0,246 0,047 ESEM 1 1 0,153 0,087 0,129 KARTEKS 0,671 1 1 0,863 0,676 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,553 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,780 SASA 1 1 1 1 1 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 1 1 1 1 0,791 YUNSA 1 1 1 1 1 ORTALAMA 0,917 1 0,893 0,850 0,748 Table 4: Variable Income Technical Efficiency (2004-2008) In terms of Variable Income Technical Efficiency there is a steady decrease in averages from 2006-2008. Large and famous firms like BOSSA, VAKKO, SASA, YÜNSA are still keeping their high stakes in the market. Regarding to Turkish textile sector Scale Efficiency values are as below. 699 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 0,966 0,682 0,79 1 1 CEYLAN 0,939 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 0,863 EDĠP 0,953 0,9 0,580 0,997 0,974 ESEM 1 1 0,960 0,778 0,675 KARTEKS 0,914 0,752 0,658 0,948 0,946 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,967 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,993 SASA 0,939 0,862 1 0,912 0,660 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 0,86 0,549 0,659 0,573 0,703 YUNSA 0,651 0,527 0,488 0,554 0,674 ORTALAMA 0,935 0,856 0,845 0,897 0,871 Table 5: Scale Efficiency (2004-2008) As you can see from the Table 5. there is a steady decrease in the values of scale efficiencies in between 2004 and 2008. Internal and external results are also indicates that leading Turkish textile companies efficiencies are decreased. In addition to Chinese factor in textile sector, structural deficiencies in the Turkish textile sector, deficiencies in branding, financial problems and deficiencies in marketing would be other reasons for the reduction. Conclusion Textile sector plays a crucial role in the Turkish economy. Sector seriously affected from the several threads: Chinese factor which criticly reduced the competitiveness of the Turkish textile sector, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and reductions in domestic cotton production because of the market forces. Deficiencies in investment climate lead the textile investers to invest more competitive countries in terms of wages, input costs ( like electricity etc.) gradual weaknesses of the textile sector in Turkey is a serious problem. Because textile sector can be considered as engine of the economy. It used to provide considerable amount of employment, export revenue, value add, tax revenue. Result of the study clearly indicates that Turkish textile companies can not efficiently uses the financial resources they have. Government interventions would be as suggestion for more efficient sector for instance tax reductions, direct and indirect financial supports, lower currency policy and improvements in investing climate. References Akalın, M. (2001). Insight into The Turkish Textile and Apparel Industry, Electronic Journal of Textile. Volume: 1, No: 1, 5-6. Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper, and E. Rhodes. (1978). Measuring the eficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operations Research: 429-444. Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper, A.Y. Lewin, and L.M. Seiford. (1994). Data Envelopment Analysis: Theory, Methodology, and Applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers., 221-222 Cornuejols G. & Trick M. (1998). Quantitative Methods for the Management Sciences, Graduate School of Industrial Administration Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA, 345-351 Çukul D. (2008). Competıtıve Aspects Of Turkısh And Chınese Textıle And Clothıng Industrıes, 8th Global Conference on Business & Economics, 1-9 700 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Dalal-Clayton B. (2000). What Is Sustaınable Development ?, Strategies for National Sustainable Development 1-2, www.nssd.net/otherdocuments/sustdev2.doc Ekinci M.B. (2007). SanayileĢme Stratejileri Çerçevesinde Çevre Boyutlu Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma AnlayıĢına ĠliĢkin Değerlendirmeler, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Kitap 50, 979-981 Farrell, M.J. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 254-290 Harris J.M. (2000). Basic Principles of Sustainable Development, Global Development And Envıronment Instıtute Workıng Paper 00-04, 1-6 ĠGĠAD (Ġktisadi Giriğim ve ĠĢ Ahlakı Derneği). (2009). Tekstil Sektörü Değerlendirme Raporu, 1-3 Kabnurkar A. (2001). Mathematıcal Modelıng For Data Envelopment Analysıs Wıth Fuzzy Restrıctıons On Weıghts, Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Industrial and Systems Engineering, 31-34 ITKIP Ġstanbul Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon Ġhracatçılar www.itkib.org.tr/english/about/sectors/textile/textile_info.pdf Birliği. (2010). Turkish Textile Industry,1-8 Mantri J.K. (2008). Research Methodology on Data Envelopment Analysis DEA, Universal Publisher, Boca Raton, Florida USA, 15-16 Özyol A. (2007). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Hydra Uluslar arası Proje DanıĢmanlık A.ġ. Yayını, 2-5 701 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 265 Title A name given to the resource Significance of Efficiency for Sustainable Development : A Practice of Data Envelopment Analysis on Textile Sector Author Author ÖZGÜR, Ersan Abstract A summary of the resource. Resources in the nature are limited and mankind has to use these resources economically or otherwise next generations might have difficulty in surviving. That is why today‘s decision makers has to be able to think and plan the futures resources for not to danger future‘s generations. In this perspective sustainable development policies can be considered as a solution for the next generation‘s wealth. Sustainable development policy requires a balance while consuming the natural resources. For sustainable development efficient uses of resources is essential. In this study we try to assess the efficiency of the Turkish textile sector companies, regarding to sustainable development. In this study Data Enveloping Analyses is practiced to the data gathered from Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) quoted textile companies. Results of the survey indicates that efficiency rates affected negatively from the Chinese factor, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and economic situation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e53c7223c9edde4a9c869f6f001212b5.pdf a3a62afba0d0b17a66f5c59bd35d4e19 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Significance of Efficiency for Sustainable Development : A Practice of Data Envelopment Analysis on Textile Sector Ersan ÖZGÜR Assistant Prof. Dr.,Afyon Kocatepe University Sandıklı M.Y.O. ersanozgur@yahoo.com Abstract: Resources in the nature are limited and mankind has to use these resources economically or otherwise next generations might have difficulty in surviving. That is why today‘s decision makers has to be able to think and plan the futures resources for not to danger future‘s generations. In this perspective sustainable development policies can be considered as a solution for the next generation‘s wealth. Sustainable development policy requires a balance while consuming the natural resources. For sustainable development efficient uses of resources is essential. In this study we try to assess the efficiency of the Turkish textile sector companies, regarding to sustainable development. In this study Data Enveloping Analyses is practiced to the data gathered from Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) quoted textile companies. Results of the survey indicates that efficiency rates affected negatively from the Chinese factor, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and economic situation. Introduction Nowadays, industrialized countries have recognized that their economical growth has a limit. At this point they also recognized that even though there was an economic growth there are also limits for economic development. Developed countries, are taking procoutions against the risks in relation to sustainablility. However developing countries has not been recognized that the importance of the subject. On the other hand it can be assumed that there are limited activities in relation to the subject. Contries are trying to impliment new sustainable development strategies. This could be as a solution for to reach their targets. In this perspective Turkey as a developing country has to set up similar development strategies and plans. Sustainable development has a direct relationship with the development of reel sector. Textile sector is a high significant sector for Turkish economy. Turkish textile sector is dinamic and has a high potantial for the growth. Espacialy after 1980‘s with establishment of open economic policies exportation is increased and textile sector became the engine of the economy. Cotton production in Turkey has played a crucial role in the development of the economy. In consideration of globalization which increased the competition, assesment of effiency and effectiveness has became more important for the decision makers. Textile sector is contributing to the Turkish economy in terms of value add, employment and exportation. It is suggested that for sustainablity of textile sector performance measurement of efficiency and effectiveness of the sector has became more significant. Sustanable development, productivity and efficiency are related consepts. Productivity can be described as obtaining an output by using least input. Which means efficient uses of limited resouces. Performance can be considered as degree of success with in certain period of time. Managers can not /should not take desicions without having performance information. Hence it might be suggested that using performance measuring methods are significant for decision makers. One of the methods used for measuring performance is Data Enveloping Analyses. Sustainable Development The structures of imperial and colonial power which dominated the world in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries made little provision for economic and social advance in what we now call the developing world. Colonial regions functioned primarily to supply imperial powers with raw materials and cheap labor – including slave labor as late as the mid-nineteenth century (Harris, 2000). Industrialization is an important target for the countries, however, there are some problems they face in this process inevitably. Environmental problem is one of them. Although it has some negative effects on environment, industrialization may not be abandoned. But it is obvious that some necessary measures should be taken for a sustainable development.(Ekinci, 2007) 694 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Whilst earlier literature discussed a wide range of issues around the emerging concept of sustainable development, the following statement from the World Conservation Strategy (IUCN/WWF/UNEP, 1980) appears to be the first actual attempt to define sustainable development: "For development to be sustainable, it must take account of social and ecological factors, as well as economic ones; of the living and non-living resource base; and of the long-term as well as the short-term advantages and disadvantages of alternative action" The World Conservation Strategy was frequently criticised for being concerned mainly with ecological sustainability rather than sustainable development per se. The most universally quoted definition is that produced in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), otherwise known as the Brundtland Commission (after its Chairperson, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway): "Economic and social development that meets the needs of the current generation without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". (Dalal-Clayton, 2000) In the extensive discussion and use of the concept since then, there has generally been a recognition of three aspects of sustainable development:(Harris, 2000) - Economic: An economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government andexternal debt, and to avoid extreme sectoral imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production. - Environmental: An environmentally sustainable system must maintain a stable resource base, avoiding over-exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink functions, and depleting nonrenewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitutes. This includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed as economic resources. - Social: A socially sustainable system must achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation. With these aspects sustainable development has got some strategies. Sustainable development strategies can be summarized under 9 headings: (Özyol, 2007) - Environment: Nature has its own value. None of the creature should not abuse the nature for their own needs. - The Future: While satisfying our needs we should think and take care of next generations needs and we should not forget that we have to live a world where the next generations could be able to satisfy their own needs. - Living Standards: We should not forget that living standarts of the people is not rely on materialistic needs but also it relies on social, cultural, ethical and spiritual needs. - Justice: Prosperity, chances, rights and responsibilities should be divided in between the nations, different social groups in a fairway. The needs of the poor and discriminated people‘s needs has to be put in the consideration. Similar fair sharing should be made in between existing generation and future generation. - Cautions: If we are not sure about environmental results of our behaviors we should take precautions. Because the environmental problems are global the precautions has to be taken inconsideration of social responsibilities. - Holistic Thinking: Environmental problems includes unnumbered factors and while solving these problems all these factors and stake holders should be taken in to consideration. - Social Dimension: Educational activities should be informed about the sustainable development aspects to increase for their and next generation‘s living standards. - Economical Dimension: Every resources on earth is limited. That is why they should be used efficiently and in a way that does not destruct the nature. Fair distribution of the resources is also an other aspect should be taken in to consideration. - Environmental Dimension: Every natural resources, whether or not it is recyclable, should be used in a way that ensures the continuity of resources. Sustainable development is significant factor for economies. These strategies should considered in the economy. Textile sector has great place in the Turkish economy than we can give some information regarding textile sector in Turkey. Turkish Textile Sector Turkish textile and apparel industry is a very dynamic one, in fact it is the most dynamic industry in Turkey. Becouse of having the advantage of producing the raw materials required by the industry textiles and apparels are always going to be one of the most important industries for the Turkish economy (Akalın, 2001). As in many other 695 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo developing countries, the textile and clothing industries have played an important role in the process of industrialization of Turkey. Textile sectors are now the driving force in the Turkish export industry, and they have become one of the key players in the world over the years. (Çukul, 2008) We can evaluate Turkish economy in terms of GDP, employment and exports. The share of this sector in the country‘s GDP is more than 10 % , share in the total employment is around 10 %. There are about 40 thousand manufacturing companies and around 2 million employees in the sector. Turkish textile and clothing exports reached to US$ 20 billion in 2008. With this amount, it had a share of 22% in total exports of Turkey (ĠGĠAD, 2009) . Turkish textile industry uses modern technology. Existance of a well-developed textile finishing industry in Turkey makes also possible production and marketing of highly value added fashionable and quality production. The main items are knitted fabrics, cotton woven fabrics, woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarns, bed sheets and bagssacks for packaging. Main advanteges of Turkish textile industry in production and supply of raw materials: (ITKIP, 2010) - Reachness in basic raw materials, - Geographical proximity to main markets, especially European markets, - Short logistics period due to geographical proximity, - Qualified and well-educated labor force - Liberal trade policies - Well-developed textile finishing industry - Giving importance to quality, environment and human health, sensitivity on working conditions of workers - Customs Union agreement with the European Union and free trade agreements with many other countries Turkey as being one of the most prominent textile and clothing producers in the world, now, has the production capacity to meet almost all the raw material needs of clothing industry. Some part of cotton and artificial and synthetic fibers needed by the industry are met by means of importation. Turkey has also gained valuable experience in fabric design and it is started to present its special designs with fashion shows in prominent markets. Turkish textile industrialists most of whom has created their own trademark together with the patent rights, provide the most important foreign home textile and clothing companies with their fabric. (ITKIP, 2010) Turkey is currently the second larger exporter of textile to the European Union following China. It has the largest production capacity in the EU and the fourth largest in the world. Since the EU and U.S are major markets for Turkish textile and clothing products, it is necessary to explore the competitive position of Turkish products in these markets, and they have to be prepared to the attack of its competitor such as China, India and other Asian countries. There is no doubt that China will be the largest force in the global textile sector. According to a forecast by World Bank, China is likely to raise its current share of 20 % in the world textile market to 50 % in recent years. (Çukul, 2008) Many pattern design competitions that make important contributions to development of fabric design in Turkey are organized by different institutions leading to emergence of young designers and creation of product diversity. Turkey takes part in many famous international fairs in textile sector, international textile fairs were organized within Turkey and Turkey‘s potential is shown successfully all over the world. (ITKIP, 2010) Textile sector is significant for the Turkish economy. So doing a research for textile sector is necessary. We can evaluate the sector with performance, efficiency and effectiveness values. In this study it is practicing Data Envelopment Analyses (DEA) for finding efficiency rates. Data Envelopment Analysis DEA is an extension of Farrell's (1957) idea of linking the computation of technical efficiency with production frontiers. The first DEA model was developed by Charnes Cooper and Rhodes (1978) (CCR). The CCR model is a fractional programming model, which measures the relative technical efficiency of a firm by calculating the ratio of weighted sum of its outputs to the weighted sum of its inputs. The fractional program is run for each firm to determine the set of input-output weights, which maximizes the efficiency of that firm subject to the condition that no firm can have a relative efficiency score greater than unity for that set of weights. Thus, the DEA model calculates a unique set of factor weights for each firm. The set of weights has the following characteristics: (Kabnurkar, 2001) - It maximizes the efficiency of the firm for which it is calculated and - It is feasible for all firms. Since DEA does not incorporate price information in the efficiency measure, it is appropriate for not for profit organizations where price information is not available. These not for profit organizations are referred to as Decision-Making Units (DMUs) by Charnes Cooper and Rhodes (1978). Since the efficiency of each DMU is 696 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo calculated in relation to all other DMUs and using actual observed input-output values, the efficiency calculated in DEA is called relative efficiency. Charnes, Cooper and Seiford (1994) define DEA as "DEA produces a piecewise empirical extremal production surface which in economic terms represents the revealed best-practice production frontier – the maximum output empirically obtainable from any DMU in the observed population, given its level of inputs." In addition to calculating the efficiency scores, DEA also determines the level and amount of inefficiency for each of the inputs and outputs. The amount of inefficiency is determined by comparison with a convex combination of two or more DMUs, which lie on the efficient frontier, utilize the same level of inputs, and produce the same or higher level of outputs. The aim of DEA is to quantify the distance to the efficient frontier for every DMU. The measure of performance is expressed in the form of efficiency score. After the evaluation of the relative efficiency of the present set of units, the analysis shows how inputs and outputs have to be changed in order to maximize the efficiency of the target DMU. DEA suggest the bencmark for each inefficient DMU at the level of its individual mix of inputs and outputs (Mantri, 2008) DEA is a typical statistical approach and characterized as a central tendency approach. It evaluates producers relative to an average producer. In contrast DEA campares each producer with only the ―best‖ producers. A fundamental assumption behind this method is that if a given producer, A, is capable of producing Y(A) units of output with X(A) inputs, then other producers should also be able to do the same if they were to operate efficiently. Similarly, if producer B is capable of the same production schedule. Producers A, B, and others can then be combined to form a composite producer with composite inputs and composite outputs. Since this composite producer does not necessarily exist, it is typically called a virtual producer. The heart of the analysis lies in finding the ―best‖ virtual producer for each real producer. If the virtual producer is beter than the orginal producer by either making more output with the same input or making the same output with less input then the orginal producer is inefficient. The subtleties of DEA are introduced in the various ways that producers A and B can be scarld up or down and combined. (Cornuejols & Trick, 1998) In this study DEA practiced. Aims and methods of the research is as follows. Aims and Methods of Research In this study it is tried to be evaluated the textile sector firms financial efficiencies that are quoted to ISE. In the study DEA method is used. The aim of the study is to investigate financial efficiency and effectiveness of leading Turkish textile sector companies. Economical dimension of sustainable development includes fair distiribution of the resources, avoidance of unnecessary usage of resources and efficient usage of resources. Financial resources are also significant inputs of companies and they should be used efficiently. The steps while practicing DEA can be listed as follows; - Selection of decision making units, - Determination of inputs and output sets - Relative efficiency measurement by DEA o Availability and reliability of the data o Relative efficiency measurement o Efficiency degree-efficiency limits o Evaluation of the results In first step of the study decision making units are selected. For the study balance sheets and income statements that are belong to the firms gathered from the ISE. These data includes the time period in between 2004 and 2008. Decision making units which were the subject of the study is listed in Table 1. 697 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo BOSSA Bossa Ticaret ve Sanayi ĠĢletmeleri T.A.ġ. CEYLAN Ceylan Giyim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. LUKS Lüks Kadife Ticaret ve Sanayi A.ġ. OKAN Okan Tekstil Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. DERĠMOD SASA Derimod Konfeksiyon Ayakkabı Deri Sanayi ve Advansa Sasa Polyester Sanayi A.ġ. Ticaret A.ġ. EDĠP Edip Ġplik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. ESEM Esem Spor Giyim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. KARTEKS Karsu Tekstil Sanayii ve Ticaret A.ġ. VAKKO Vakko Tekstil ve Hazır Giyim Sanayi ĠĢletmeleri A.ġ. YATAS YataĢ Yatak ve Yorgan Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. YUNSA Yünsa Yünlü Sanayi ve Ticaret A.ġ. Table 1: Decision Making Units That Were The Subject of the Study Second step of the study was the determination of input and output sets. These are used for measurement of financial efficiency of textile firms. Input and Output sets which were the subjects of the study is listed in Table 2. INPUT Short-Term Dept Long-Term Dept OUTPUT Sales Revenues Non-Operating Income Capital Stock Table 2: Input and Output Data Sets Used in Research These set of input and output units are used to determine the financial efficiency of the textile sector firms. For this study textile sector inputs were determined as: Short Term Debts, Long Term Debts and Capital Stock. Where as the outputs were: Sales Revenues and Non Operating Income. Analysing the Model In this study, it is perefered to used the data gathered from textile firms that are belong to ISE, because of the availability and reliability of data. For the analysis DEAP Version 2.1 is used for processing mathematical data. Inputs of the textile sector are considered as manageable data. So in the analysis input focused method is used. Lack of free market conditions prevented the firms to identify the financial problems that causes difficulties in reaching optimum levels. That is why variable income scaled efficiency model is used for solution. In this search 5 different solutions are generated by linear programming. There are three different factors are used to describe the efficiency levels; Constant Income Technical Efficiency, Variable Income Technical Efficiency and Scale Efficiency. Here technical efficiency could be described as every input‘s impact on output. Whereas scale efficiency describes the aggregate impact of all inputs to compound outputs. Scale Efficiency is measured with dividing Constant Income Technical Efficiency by Variable Income Technical Efficiency. After processing the data, DEA efficiency results, from the year 2004 and 2008, belong to the decision making units are determined and listed on the Table 3 as below. 698 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 0,966 0,682 0,79 1 1 CEYLAN 0,408 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 0,863 EDĠP 0,859 0,9 0,325 0,245 0,045 ESEM 1 1 0,147 0,068 0,087 KARTEKS 0,613 0,752 0,658 0,818 0,640 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,535 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,774 SASA 0,939 0,862 1 0,912 0,660 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 0,86 0,549 0,659 0,573 0,556 YUNSA 0,651 0,527 0,488 0,554 0,674 ORTALAMA 0,858 0,856 0,756 0,764 0,653 Table 3: Constant Income Technical Efficiency (2004-2008) There is a reduction in Constant Income Technical Efficiency in between 2004 and 2008. This reduction could be interpreted as Chinese factor in the international trade. Regarding to Turkish textile sector Variable Income Technical Efficiency values are as below. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 1 1 1 1 1 CEYLAN 0,435 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 1 EDĠP 0,902 1 0,560 0,246 0,047 ESEM 1 1 0,153 0,087 0,129 KARTEKS 0,671 1 1 0,863 0,676 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,553 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,780 SASA 1 1 1 1 1 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 1 1 1 1 0,791 YUNSA 1 1 1 1 1 ORTALAMA 0,917 1 0,893 0,850 0,748 Table 4: Variable Income Technical Efficiency (2004-2008) In terms of Variable Income Technical Efficiency there is a steady decrease in averages from 2006-2008. Large and famous firms like BOSSA, VAKKO, SASA, YÜNSA are still keeping their high stakes in the market. Regarding to Turkish textile sector Scale Efficiency values are as below. 699 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 0,966 0,682 0,79 1 1 CEYLAN 0,939 1 1 1 1 DERĠMOD 1 1 1 1 0,863 EDĠP 0,953 0,9 0,580 0,997 0,974 ESEM 1 1 0,960 0,778 0,675 KARTEKS 0,914 0,752 0,658 0,948 0,946 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,967 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,993 SASA 0,939 0,862 1 0,912 0,660 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 0,86 0,549 0,659 0,573 0,703 YUNSA 0,651 0,527 0,488 0,554 0,674 ORTALAMA 0,935 0,856 0,845 0,897 0,871 Table 5: Scale Efficiency (2004-2008) As you can see from the Table 5. there is a steady decrease in the values of scale efficiencies in between 2004 and 2008. Internal and external results are also indicates that leading Turkish textile companies efficiencies are decreased. In addition to Chinese factor in textile sector, structural deficiencies in the Turkish textile sector, deficiencies in branding, financial problems and deficiencies in marketing would be other reasons for the reduction. Conclusion Textile sector plays a crucial role in the Turkish economy. Sector seriously affected from the several threads: Chinese factor which criticly reduced the competitiveness of the Turkish textile sector, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and reductions in domestic cotton production because of the market forces. Deficiencies in investment climate lead the textile investers to invest more competitive countries in terms of wages, input costs ( like electricity etc.) gradual weaknesses of the textile sector in Turkey is a serious problem. Because textile sector can be considered as engine of the economy. It used to provide considerable amount of employment, export revenue, value add, tax revenue. Result of the study clearly indicates that Turkish textile companies can not efficiently uses the financial resources they have. Government interventions would be as suggestion for more efficient sector for instance tax reductions, direct and indirect financial supports, lower currency policy and improvements in investing climate. References Akalın, M. (2001). Insight into The Turkish Textile and Apparel Industry, Electronic Journal of Textile. Volume: 1, No: 1, 5-6. Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper, and E. Rhodes. (1978). Measuring the eficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operations Research: 429-444. Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper, A.Y. Lewin, and L.M. Seiford. (1994). Data Envelopment Analysis: Theory, Methodology, and Applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers., 221-222 Cornuejols G. & Trick M. (1998). Quantitative Methods for the Management Sciences, Graduate School of Industrial Administration Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA, 345-351 Çukul D. (2008). Competıtıve Aspects Of Turkısh And Chınese Textıle And Clothıng Industrıes, 8th Global Conference on Business & Economics, 1-9 700 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Dalal-Clayton B. (2000). What Is Sustaınable Development ?, Strategies for National Sustainable Development 1-2, www.nssd.net/otherdocuments/sustdev2.doc Ekinci M.B. (2007). SanayileĢme Stratejileri Çerçevesinde Çevre Boyutlu Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma AnlayıĢına ĠliĢkin Değerlendirmeler, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Kitap 50, 979-981 Farrell, M.J. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 254-290 Harris J.M. (2000). Basic Principles of Sustainable Development, Global Development And Envıronment Instıtute Workıng Paper 00-04, 1-6 ĠGĠAD (Ġktisadi Giriğim ve ĠĢ Ahlakı Derneği). (2009). Tekstil Sektörü Değerlendirme Raporu, 1-3 Kabnurkar A. (2001). Mathematıcal Modelıng For Data Envelopment Analysıs Wıth Fuzzy Restrıctıons On Weıghts, Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Industrial and Systems Engineering, 31-34 ITKIP Ġstanbul Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon Ġhracatçılar www.itkib.org.tr/english/about/sectors/textile/textile_info.pdf Birliği. (2010). Turkish Textile Industry,1-8 Mantri J.K. (2008). Research Methodology on Data Envelopment Analysis DEA, Universal Publisher, Boca Raton, Florida USA, 15-16 Özyol A. (2007). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Hydra Uluslar arası Proje DanıĢmanlık A.ġ. Yayını, 2-5 701 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 310 Title A name given to the resource Significance of Efficiency for Sustainable Development : A Practice of Data Envelopment Analysis on Textile Sector Author Author ÖZGÜR, Ersan Abstract A summary of the resource. Resources in the nature are limited and mankind has to use these resources economically or otherwise next generations might have difficulty in surviving. That is why today‘s decision makers has to be able to think and plan the futures resources for not to danger future‘s generations. In this perspective sustainable development policies can be considered as a solution for the next generation‘s wealth. Sustainable development policy requires a balance while consuming the natural resources. For sustainable development efficient uses of resources is essential. In this study we try to assess the efficiency of the Turkish textile sector companies, regarding to sustainable development. In this study Data Enveloping Analyses is practiced to the data gathered from Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) quoted textile companies. Results of the survey indicates that efficiency rates affected negatively from the Chinese factor, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and economic situation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e897ed456f552d90e262a857509e2e9c.pdf 2531466ac2a6efeb22ab3c747a3fc757 PDF Text Text Significance of Efficiency for Sustainable Development : A Practice of Data Envelopment Analysis on Textile Sector Assistant Prof. Dr. Ersan ÖZGÜR Afyon Kocatepe University Sandıklı M.Y.O. ersanozgur@yahoo.com Abstract: Resources in the nature are limited and mankind has to use these resources economically or otherwise next generations might have difficulty in surviving. That is why today’s decision makers has to be able to think and plan the futures resources for not to danger future’s generations. In this perspective sustainable development policies can be considered as a solution for the next generation’s wealth. Sustainable development policy requires a balance while consuming the natural resources. For sustainable development efficient uses of resources is essential. In this study we try to assess the efficiency of the Turkish textile sector companies, regarding to sustainable development. In this study Data Enveloping Analyses is practiced to the data gathered from Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) quoted textile companies. Results of the survey indicates that efficiency rates affected negatively from the Chinese factor, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and economic situation. Introduction Nowadays, industrialized countries have recognized that their economical growth has a limit. At this point they also recognized that even though there was an economic growth there are also limits for economic development. Developed countries, are taking procoutions against the risks in relation to sustainablility. However developing countries has not been recognized that the importance of the subject. On the other hand it can be assumed that there are limited activities in relation to the subject. Contries are trying to impliment new sustainable development strategies. This could be as a solution for to reach their targets. In this perspective Turkey as a developing country has to set up similar development strategies and plans. Sustainable development has a direct relationship with the development of reel sector. Textile sector is a high significant sector for Turkish economy. Turkish textile sector is dinamic and has a high potantial for the growth. Espacialy after 1980’s with establishment of open economic policies exportation is increased and textile sector became the engine of the economy. Cotton production in Turkey has played a crucial role in the development of the economy. In consideration of globalization which increased the competition, assesment of effiency and effectiveness has became more important for the decision makers. Textile sector is contributing to the Turkish economy in terms of value add, employment and exportation. It is suggested that for sustainablity of textile sector performance measurement of efficiency and effectiveness of the sector has became more significant. Sustanable development, productivity and efficiency are related consepts. Productivity can be described as obtaining an output by using least input. Which means efficient uses of limited resouces. Performance can be considered as degree of success with in certain period of time. Managers can not /should not take desicions without having performance information. Hence it might be suggested that using performance measuring methods are significant for decision makers. One of the methods used for measuring performance is Data Enveloping Analyses. Sustainable Development The structures of imperial and colonial power which dominated the world in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries made little provision for economic and social advance in what we now call the developing world. Colonial regions functioned primarily to supply imperial powers with raw materials and cheap labor – including slave labor as late as the mid-nineteenth century (Harris, 2000). Industrialization is an important target for the countries, however, there are some problems they face in this process inevitably. Environmental problem is one of them. Although it has some negative effects on environment, industrialization may not be abandoned. But it is obvious that some necessary measures should be taken for a sustainable development.(Ekinci, 2007) 761 �Whilst earlier literature discussed a wide range of issues around the emerging concept of sustainable development, the following statement from the World Conservation Strategy (IUCN/WWF/UNEP, 1980) appears to be the first actual attempt to define sustainable development: "For development to be sustainable, it must take account of social and ecological factors, as well as economic ones; of the living and non-living resource base; and of the long-term as well as the short-term advantages and disadvantages of alternative action" The World Conservation Strategy was frequently criticised for being concerned mainly with ecological sustainability rather than sustainable development per se. The most universally quoted definition is that produced in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), otherwise known as the Brundtland Commission (after its Chairperson, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway): "Economic and social development that meets the needs of the current generation without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". (Dalal-Clayton, 2000) In the extensive discussion and use of the concept since then, there has generally been a recognition of three aspects of sustainable development:(Harris, 2000) - Economic: An economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government andexternal debt, and to avoid extreme sectoral imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production. - Environmental: An environmentally sustainable system must maintain a stable resource base, avoiding over-exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink functions, and depleting nonrenewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitutes. This includes maintenance of biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed as economic resources. - Social: A socially sustainable system must achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation. With these aspects sustainable development has got some strategies. Sustainable development strategies can be summarized under 9 headings: (Özyol, 2007) - Environment: Nature has its own value. None of the creature should not abuse the nature for their own needs. - The Future: While satisfying our needs we should think and take care of next generations needs and we should not forget that we have to live a world where the next generations could be able to satisfy their own needs. - Living Standards: We should not forget that living standarts of the people is not rely on materialistic needs but also it relies on social, cultural, ethical and spiritual needs. - Justice: Prosperity, chances, rights and responsibilities should be divided in between the nations, different social groups in a fairway. The needs of the poor and discriminated people’s needs has to be put in the consideration. Similar fair sharing should be made in between existing generation and future generation. - Cautions: If we are not sure about environmental results of our behaviors we should take precautions. Because the environmental problems are global the precautions has to be taken inconsideration of social responsibilities. - Holistic Thinking: Environmental problems includes unnumbered factors and while solving these problems all these factors and stake holders should be taken in to consideration. - Social Dimension: Educational activities should be informed about the sustainable development aspects to increase for their and next generation’s living standards. - Economical Dimension: Every resources on earth is limited. That is why they should be used efficiently and in a way that does not destruct the nature. Fair distribution of the resources is also an other aspect should be taken in to consideration. - Environmental Dimension: Every natural resources, whether or not it is recyclable, should be used in a way that ensures the continuity of resources. Sustainable development is significant factor for economies. These strategies should considered in the economy. Textile sector has great place in the Turkish economy than we can give some information regarding textile sector in Turkey. Turkish Textile Sector Turkish textile and apparel industry is a very dynamic one, in fact it is the most dynamic industry in Turkey. Becouse of having the advantage of producing the raw materials required by the industry textiles and apparels are always going to be one of the most important industries for the Turkish economy (Akalın, 2001). As in many other developing countries, the textile and clothing industries have played an important role in the 762 �process of industrialization of Turkey. Textile sectors are now the driving force in the Turkish export industry, and they have become one of the key players in the world over the years. (Çukul, 2008) We can evaluate Turkish economy in terms of GDP, employment and exports. The share of this sector in the country’s GDP is more than 10 % , share in the total employment is around 10 %. There are about 40 thousand manufacturing companies and around 2 million employees in the sector. Turkish textile and clothing exports reached to US$ 20 billion in 2008. With this amount, it had a share of 22% in total exports of Turkey (ĐGĐAD, 2009) . Turkish textile industry uses modern technology. Existance of a well-developed textile finishing industry in Turkey makes also possible production and marketing of highly value added fashionable and quality production. The main items are knitted fabrics, cotton woven fabrics, woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarns, bed sheets and bags-sacks for packaging. Main advanteges of Turkish textile industry in production and supply of raw materials: (ITKIP, 2010) - Reachness in basic raw materials, - Geographical proximity to main markets, especially European markets, - Short logistics period due to geographical proximity, - Qualified and well-educated labor force - Liberal trade policies - Well-developed textile finishing industry - Giving importance to quality, environment and human health, sensitivity on working conditions of workers - Customs Union agreement with the European Union and free trade agreements with many other countries Turkey as being one of the most prominent textile and clothing producers in the world, now, has the production capacity to meet almost all the raw material needs of clothing industry. Some part of cotton and artificial and synthetic fibers needed by the industry are met by means of importation. Turkey has also gained valuable experience in fabric design and it is started to present its special designs with fashion shows in prominent markets. Turkish textile industrialists most of whom has created their own trademark together with the patent rights, provide the most important foreign home textile and clothing companies with their fabric. (ITKIP, 2010) Turkey is currently the second larger exporter of textile to the European Union following China. It has the largest production capacity in the EU and the fourth largest in the world. Since the EU and U.S are major markets for Turkish textile and clothing products, it is necessary to explore the competitive position of Turkish products in these markets, and they have to be prepared to the attack of its competitor such as China, India and other Asian countries. There is no doubt that China will be the largest force in the global textile sector. According to a forecast by World Bank, China is likely to raise its current share of 20 % in the world textile market to 50 % in recent years. (Çukul, 2008) Many pattern design competitions that make important contributions to development of fabric design in Turkey are organized by different institutions leading to emergence of young designers and creation of product diversity. Turkey takes part in many famous international fairs in textile sector, international textile fairs were organized within Turkey and Turkey’s potential is shown successfully all over the world. (ITKIP, 2010) Textile sector is significant for the Turkish economy. So doing a research for textile sector is necessary. We can evaluate the sector with performance, efficiency and effectiveness values. In this study it is practicing Data Envelopment Analyses (DEA) for finding efficiency rates. Data Envelopment Analysis DEA is an extension of Farrell's (1957) idea of linking the computation of technical efficiency with production frontiers. The first DEA model was developed by Charnes Cooper and Rhodes (1978) (CCR). The CCR model is a fractional programming model, which measures the relative technical efficiency of a firm by calculating the ratio of weighted sum of its outputs to the weighted sum of its inputs. The fractional program is run for each firm to determine the set of input-output weights, which maximizes the efficiency of that firm subject to the condition that no firm can have a relative efficiency score greater than unity for that set of weights. Thus, the DEA model calculates a unique set of factor weights for each firm. The set of weights has the following characteristics: (Kabnurkar, 2001) - It maximizes the efficiency of the firm for which it is calculated and - It is feasible for all firms. Since DEA does not incorporate price information in the efficiency measure, it is appropriate for not for profit organizations where price information is not available. These not for profit organizations are referred to as Decision-Making Units (DMUs) by Charnes Cooper and Rhodes (1978). Since the efficiency of each DMU is 763 �calculated in relation to all other DMUs and using actual observed input-output values, the efficiency calculated in DEA is called relative efficiency. Charnes, Cooper and Seiford (1994) define DEA as "DEA produces a piecewise empirical extremal production surface which in economic terms represents the revealed best-practice production frontier – the maximum output empirically obtainable from any DMU in the observed population, given its level of inputs." In addition to calculating the efficiency scores, DEA also determines the level and amount of inefficiency for each of the inputs and outputs. The amount of inefficiency is determined by comparison with a convex combination of two or more DMUs, which lie on the efficient frontier, utilize the same level of inputs, and produce the same or higher level of outputs. The aim of DEA is to quantify the distance to the efficient frontier for every DMU. The measure of performance is expressed in the form of efficiency score. After the evaluation of the relative efficiency of the present set of units, the analysis shows how inputs and outputs have to be changed in order to maximize the efficiency of the target DMU. DEA suggest the bencmark for each inefficient DMU at the level of its individual mix of inputs and outputs (Mantri, 2008) DEA is a typical statistical approach and characterized as a central tendency approach. It evaluates producers relative to an average producer. In contrast DEA campares each producer with only the “best” producers. A fundamental assumption behind this method is that if a given producer, A, is capable of producing Y(A) units of output with X(A) inputs, then other producers should also be able to do the same if they were to operate efficiently. Similarly, if producer B is capable of the same production schedule. Producers A, B, and others can then be combined to form a composite producer with composite inputs and composite outputs. Since this composite producer does not necessarily exist, it is typically called a virtual producer. The heart of the analysis lies in finding the “best” virtual producer for each real producer. If the virtual producer is beter than the orginal producer by either making more output with the same input or making the same output with less input then the orginal producer is inefficient. The subtleties of DEA are introduced in the various ways that producers A and B can be scarld up or down and combined. (Cornuejols & Trick, 1998) In this study DEA practiced. Aims and methods of the research is as follows. Aims and Methods of Research In this study it is tried to be evaluated the textile sector firms financial efficiencies that are quoted to ISE. In the study DEA method is used. The aim of the study is to investigate financial efficiency and effectiveness of leading Turkish textile sector companies. Economical dimension of sustainable development includes fair distiribution of the resources, avoidance of unnecessary usage of resources and efficient usage of resources. Financial resources are also significant inputs of companies and they should be used efficiently. The steps while practicing DEA can be listed as follows; - Selection of decision making units, - Determination of inputs and output sets - Relative efficiency measurement by DEA o Availability and reliability of the data o Relative efficiency measurement o Efficiency degree-efficiency limits o Evaluation of the results In first step of the study decision making units are selected. For the study balance sheets and income statements that are belong to the firms gathered from the ISE. These data includes the time period in between 2004 and 2008. Decision making units which were the subject of the study is listed in Table 1. BOSSA Bossa Ticaret ve Sanayi Đşletmeleri T.A.Ş. CEYLAN Ceylan Giyim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. DERĐMOD Derimod Konfeksiyon Ayakkabı Deri Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. EDĐP Edip Đplik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. ESEM Esem Spor Giyim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. KARTEKS Karsu Tekstil Sanayii ve Ticaret A.Ş. LUKS Lüks Kadife Ticaret ve Sanayi A.Ş. OKAN Okan Tekstil Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. SASA Advansa Sasa Polyester Sanayi A.Ş. VAKKO Vakko Tekstil ve Hazır Giyim Sanayi Đşletmeleri A.Ş. YATAS Yataş Yatak ve Yorgan Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. YUNSA Yünsa Yünlü Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. 764 �Table 1: Decision Making Units That Were The Subject of the Study Second step of the study was the determination of input and output sets. These are used for measurement of financial efficiency of textile firms. Input and Output sets which were the subjects of the study is listed in Table 2. INPUT Short-Term Dept Long-Term Dept OUTPUT Sales Revenues Non-Operating Income Capital Stock Table 2: Input and Output Data Sets Used in Research These set of input and output units are used to determine the financial efficiency of the textile sector firms. For this study textile sector inputs were determined as: Short Term Debts, Long Term Debts and Capital Stock. Where as the outputs were: Sales Revenues and Non Operating Income. Analysing the Model In this study, it is perefered to used the data gathered from textile firms that are belong to ISE, because of the availability and reliability of data. For the analysis DEAP Version 2.1 is used for processing mathematical data. Inputs of the textile sector are considered as manageable data. So in the analysis input focused method is used. Lack of free market conditions prevented the firms to identify the financial problems that causes difficulties in reaching optimum levels. That is why variable income scaled efficiency model is used for solution. In this search 5 different solutions are generated by linear programming. There are three different factors are used to describe the efficiency levels; Constant Income Technical Efficiency, Variable Income Technical Efficiency and Scale Efficiency. Here technical efficiency could be described as every input’s impact on output. Whereas scale efficiency describes the aggregate impact of all inputs to compound outputs. Scale Efficiency is measured with dividing Constant Income Technical Efficiency by Variable Income Technical Efficiency. After processing the data, DEA efficiency results, from the year 2004 and 2008, belong to the decision making units are determined and listed on the Table 3 as below. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 0,966 0,682 0,79 1 1 CEYLAN 0,408 1 1 1 1 DERĐMOD 1 1 1 1 0,863 EDĐP 0,859 0,9 0,325 0,245 0,045 ESEM 1 1 0,147 0,068 0,087 KARTEKS 0,613 0,752 0,658 0,818 0,640 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,535 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,774 SASA 0,939 0,862 1 0,912 0,660 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 0,86 0,549 0,659 0,573 0,556 YUNSA 0,651 0,527 0,488 0,554 0,674 ORTALAMA 0,858 0,856 0,756 0,764 0,653 Table 3: Constant Income Technical Efficiency (2004-2008) 765 �There is a reduction in Constant Income Technical Efficiency in between 2004 and 2008. This reduction could be interpreted as Chinese factor in the international trade. Regarding to Turkish textile sector Variable Income Technical Efficiency values are as below. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 1 1 1 1 1 CEYLAN 0,435 1 1 1 1 DERĐMOD 1 1 1 1 1 EDĐP 0,902 1 0,560 0,246 0,047 ESEM 1 1 0,153 0,087 0,129 KARTEKS 0,671 1 1 0,863 0,676 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,553 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,780 SASA 1 1 1 1 1 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 1 1 1 1 0,791 YUNSA 1 1 1 1 1 ORTALAMA 0,917 1 0,893 0,850 0,748 Table 4: Variable Income Technical Efficiency (2004-2008) In terms of Variable Income Technical Efficiency there is a steady decrease in averages from 20062008. Large and famous firms like BOSSA, VAKKO, SASA, YÜNSA are still keeping their high stakes in the market. Regarding to Turkish textile sector Scale Efficiency values are as below. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BOSSA 0,966 0,682 0,79 1 1 CEYLAN 0,939 1 1 1 1 DERĐMOD 1 1 1 1 0,863 EDĐP 0,953 0,9 0,580 0,997 0,974 ESEM 1 1 0,960 0,778 0,675 KARTEKS 0,914 0,752 0,658 0,948 0,946 LUKS 1 1 1 1 0,967 OKAN 1 1 1 1 0,993 SASA 0,939 0,862 1 0,912 0,660 VAKKO 1 1 1 1 1 YATAS 0,86 0,549 0,659 0,573 0,703 YUNSA 0,651 0,527 0,488 0,554 0,674 ORTALAMA 0,935 0,856 0,845 0,897 0,871 Table 5: Scale Efficiency (2004-2008) As you can see from the Table 5. there is a steady decrease in the values of scale efficiencies in between 2004 and 2008. Internal and external results are also indicates that leading Turkish textile companies efficiencies 766 �are decreased. In addition to Chinese factor in textile sector, structural deficiencies in the Turkish textile sector, deficiencies in branding, financial problems and deficiencies in marketing would be other reasons for the reduction. Conclusion Textile sector plays a crucial role in the Turkish economy. Sector seriously affected from the several threads: Chinese factor which criticly reduced the competitiveness of the Turkish textile sector, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and reductions in domestic cotton production because of the market forces. Deficiencies in investment climate lead the textile investers to invest more competitive countries in terms of wages, input costs ( like electricity etc.) gradual weaknesses of the textile sector in Turkey is a serious problem. Because textile sector can be considered as engine of the economy. It used to provide considerable amount of employment, export revenue, value add, tax revenue. Result of the study clearly indicates that Turkish textile companies can not efficiently uses the financial resources they have. Government interventions would be as suggestion for more efficient sector for instance tax reductions, direct and indirect financial supports, lower currency policy and improvements in investing climate. References Akalın, M. (2001). Insight into The Turkish Textile and Apparel Industry, Electronic Journal of Textile. Volume: 1, No: 1, 5-6. Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper, and E. Rhodes. (1978). Measuring the eficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operations Research: 429-444. Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper, A.Y. Lewin, and L.M. Seiford. (1994). Data Envelopment Analysis: Theory, Methodology, and Applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers., 221-222 Cornuejols G. & Trick M. (1998). Quantitative Methods for the Management Sciences, Graduate School of Industrial Administration Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA, 345-351 Çukul D. (2008). Competıtıve Aspects Of Turkısh And Chınese Textıle And Clothıng Industrıes, 8th Global Conference on Business & Economics, 1-9 Dalal-Clayton B. (2000). What Is Sustaınable Development ?, Strategies for National Sustainable Development 1-2, www.nssd.net/otherdocuments/sustdev2.doc Ekinci M.B. (2007). Sanayileşme Stratejileri Çerçevesinde Çevre Boyutlu Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Anlayışına Đlişkin Değerlendirmeler, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Kitap 50, 979-981 Farrell, M.J. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 254290 Harris J.M. (2000). Basic Principles of Sustainable Development, Global Development And Envıronment Instıtute Workıng Paper 00-04, 1-6 ĐGĐAD (Đktisadi Giriğim ve Đş Ahlakı Derneği). (2009). Tekstil Sektörü Değerlendirme Raporu, 1-3 Kabnurkar A. (2001). Mathematıcal Modelıng For Data Envelopment Analysıs Wıth Fuzzy Restrıctıons On Weıghts, Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Industrial and Systems Engineering, 3134 ITKIP Đstanbul Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon Đhracatçılar Birliği. (2010). Turkish Textile Industry,1-8 www.itkib.org.tr/english/about/sectors/textile/textile_info.pdf 767 �Mantri J.K. (2008). Research Methodology on Data Envelopment Analysis DEA, Universal Publisher, Boca Raton, Florida USA, 15-16 Özyol A. (2007). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Hydra Uluslar arası Proje Danışmanlık A.Ş. Yayını, 2-5 768 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 626 Title A name given to the resource Significance of Efficiency for Sustainable Development : A Practice of Data Envelopment Analysis on Textile Sector Author Author ÖZGÜR, Ersan Abstract A summary of the resource. Resources in the nature are limited and mankind has to use these resources economically or otherwise next generations might have difficulty in surviving. That is why today’s decision makers has to be able to think and plan the futures resources for not to danger future’s generations. In this perspective sustainable development policies can be considered as a solution for the next generation’s wealth. Sustainable development policy requires a balance while consuming the natural resources. For sustainable development efficient uses of resources is essential. In this study we try to assess the efficiency of the Turkish textile sector companies, regarding to sustainable development. In this study Data Enveloping Analyses is practiced to the data gathered from Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) quoted textile companies. Results of the survey indicates that efficiency rates affected negatively from the Chinese factor, domestic structural deficiencies in textile sector and economic situation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7c899d3213dee73f3d7a8016a86a8a87.pdf bd826210d6321854f2ad12e59eb5209c PDF Text Text Significance of Expatriates for the Competitiveness in the International Construction Market with an Example of Strabag Concern Fata Miljković Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina fata.miljkovic@gmail.com Abstract: In today's business environment, where global competition grows every day, being successful only in domestic market is no longer enough. Globalization allowed free flow of capital, goods, information, people, and set new demands for companies which want to succeed in international market. This refers not only to the way of how companies operate their business but also on how companies manage their human capital. With changes in the international markets and company’s human resources politics, expatriates become a key factor of competitive advantages in the international construction market. Key words: international human resource management, expatriation, motivation factor Introduction Globalization requires new measures for companies that want to succeed in the international market. These measures relate not only to the way businesses operate but also to the management of their human capital. Exactly as a result of changes in the management of international companies and their human potential, expatriates have emerged and become a key factor in the competition on the international scene (Juhl, 2009). The number of multinational companies and the number of people working in them grows worldwide. Multinational companies enable the acquisition of new knowledge and skills, especially cross-border. They play a very important role in transferring knowledge, opening up excellent opportunities both for the parent company and for the foreign affiliate (Dobrai, 2012). A changeable business environment has led organizational knowhow to be among the key factors of a sustainable competitive advantage. Today, the transfer of knowledge and skills within the company plays a key role in the long-term survival of the company, in other words it has strategic importance. Insufficient attention is paid on the motivators of employees to accept an international engagement and the awareness of the organization itself on the impact of these factors on the overall process of expatriation seems also insufficient. Through this research key factors that influence an individual's decision on acceptance of foreign engagement are identified and analyzed. 201 �Primary goal of this paper is to contribute the understanding of motivators for going on an international engagement and improve the process of expatriation at multinational companies. The research results can be useful feedback to of human resources managers in planning and implementing expatriation process. This paper examines the phenomenon of expatriation whose presence is increasing in companies operating in the international market. Construction companies train local employees through expatriates and achieve transfers knowledge throe Concern. However, insufficient attention is paid on the motivators of employees to accept an international engagement and the awareness of the organization itself on the impact of these factors on the overall process of expatriation seems also insufficient. This brings us to the purpose of this study carried out in the company Strabag Ltd. Sarajevo, a subsidiary of Strabag Concern. Through this research key factors that influence an individual's decision on acceptance of foreign engagement are identified and analyzed. Literature review Human resources include the competence and motivation of employees in order to fulfill their entrusted tasks (Rahimic, 2010). Because of the big changes in the business environment and the increasing globalization of the market, human resources have become the most important factor in the business, development and competitive advantages of the company. In the global competition, a person is strategically engaged as a resource and a key factor that affects the company's competitive advantage. In other words, knowledge and skills of employees represent the most important resource in an enterprise and seeks to ensure their long-term survival with these resources. Therefore, in the literature we can find many works dealing with human resources and their management by companies. The founder of management as a science discipline is Frederick W. Taylor, who first used the word management (Mintzberg, 2004). The most commonly cited definition of management is the definition of the American management theorist from the early 1930s Follet P.M., which defines management as "... the art of doing human affairs". Management is nothing but a job that requires the engagement of a certain, larger or smaller, number of people, regardless of the type and nature of the job. Today, business is exposed to the effects of different cultures, practices and styles of management in different countries, that is, internationalization has signified the process of expanding business to other countries. All of this can be seen as a consequence of globalization that has resulted in a large number of multinational companies spreading their power to almost all countries. These are growth-oriented companies that enter the markets of an increasing number of countries and become serious competitors. Investment decisions of these companies are made globally, by transferring capital and resources from one country to another, affecting 202 �employment of millions of people and the degree of economic activity in individual countries (Rakita, 2006). Information transfer and exchange of experiences among foreign affiliates results in cumulative knowledge that ensures a competitive advantage (Rahimic, 2012). As global competition grows, the importance of managing international operations of multinational companies has increased, and therefore the need to recognize competent foreign managers that can implement the strategy of a company in subsidiaries in other countries. Thus, the phenomenon of expatriates emerged as a result of the recognition that employees on foreign engagement can be an excellent mechanism for monitoring and evaluating activities and behaviors within the branch (Musasizi, 2008). It can also be said that this phenomenon is the result of globalization, the entry of companies into foreign markets, and the emergence of a large number of multinationals company. Expatriation is a term that refers to foreign business engagement at a certain time, and the process of expatriation is most simply defined as the process of international transfers of managers. Expatriates are generally defined as employees who temporarily leave the parent company to conduct business in a foreign subsidiary for a period of several years, with the intention of returning to the country of the parent company when the task is done (Lassere, 1997). This phenomenon of expatriation occurred as a result of the realization that employees at the foreign engagement can be an excellent mechanism for monitoring and evaluation activities and behaviors within the branch. Globalization is a consequence of the development of science, modern technology, market economy and democracy. It enabled the free movement of capital, goods, information and people through the world by elimination of borders. In a multinational company, we can identify two types of engagements: emitted from a parent company or from a third country to a branch - expatriate and emailed employees from a branch to a parent company - inpatriates (Harwey, 2000). Expatriates play an important role in disseminating the knowledge of the parent company to affiliates (Dobrai, 2012). Citizenship of employees is a major factor in determining "categories" of employees. In the international corporation models differ: - Citizens of the country of the branch - Nationals of the parent company - Third-country nationals (Morgan, 1986). 203 �Methodology The primary goal of the research is to contribute to the understanding of employees' motives for going to international engagement and to improve the process of expatriation by respecting them. In addition to the stated goal:  to highlight the importance of planning the process of expatriation for the survival of international companies;  point out the motivators that have proved to be the most important for existing and potential expatriates;  give HRM a better roadmap, how and in what way to plan the outbound process and what conditions to offer to employees selected for such an international task. Because of the complexity of the topic that was chosen, in this paper will be used more scientific and research methods to achieve objectivity, reliability, accuracy and thoroughness. The method that will be primarily used is the descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis has the following tasks: sorting and grouping of statistical data, displaying statistics and determine the basic indicators of statistical series. The results of the research will be done at the end of the work and will be presented in several ways, including: tabular, graphical and textual. Taking into account the subjects of the paper, in the research process it will be used different methods and techniques in order to meet the basic methodological requirements - objectivity, reliability, generality and systematic. This requires the application of basic analytical and synthetic methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, concretization and generalization. In the course of the research will be used method of cognitive processes while studying and consulting the latest scientific literature in the subject area. The paper used analytical (historical type of research and survey) and a descriptive type of research. The most important facts about expatriates and international management in multinational companies have been collected by the historical type of research. The survey, which is carried out within the company Strabag Ltd Sarajevo, where employees who were previously internationally engaged were interviewed, as well as those who do not have an international experience, confirmed the hypotheses. A descriptive type of research was used to define concepts and facts related to research issues. Hypothesis The main research hypothesis is: '' A better understanding of the factors that influence the decision to accept international involvement leads to improvement of the process of expatriation. '' Support hypotheses: 204 �H1: '' The employee will sooner accept foreign engagement if it leads to promotion. '‘ H2: '' The fee is a critical factor when considering a decision on acceptance the foreign involvement. '‘ H3: '' The family is the most common reason for rejection of foreign involvement. '‘ Research In the research part of the paper, Strabag Concern is presented, its organizational structure and the position of human resources in the Group. The company Strabag Ltd. Sarajevo which is part of the Group is presented as well. The results of the research carried out within the company Strabag Ltd Sarajevo, where interviewed employees who were previously internationally engaged, as well as those who do not have an international experience. Strabag is the central operating brand of Strabag SE and it operates in all areas of the construction industry. This Group is large and significant European construction company and it operates worldwide. As one of the leading providers of construction services in central and Eastern Europe, the Group employs more than 73,000 employees at more than 500 locations, and carries out operations worth almost € 13.6 billion. Entrepreneurial thought is oriented towards the needs of national and international markets. Strabag's business scope is as diverse as the demands it faces. The spectrum of activities extends from individual services and works by measure, from small businesses to spectacular large projects. High professional competence, knowledge and experience oriented to the future and excellent internal infrastructure enable Strabag to fulfill even the most demanding customer's wishes in a safe and economical way, in a short time and in a flexible way. Strabag's team concept offers companies a wide range of services based on different starting points and covers all relevant construction work - from design, through planning and implementation, to impeccable finished project. The turnover achieved by the Group in 2016 amounted to 13,491.03 Md. Euro. In the chart below we can see the turnover of the Group in the last 5 years: 205 �As part of the Group's profile, company Strabag Ltd Sarajevo is one of the numerous subsidiary companies in the Group. It currently has over 100 local employees and more than 20 expatriates. Out of that number, 38 are employees, as the Group calls them, while the rest are workers on construction positions. By the reputation of the company, the company is divided into directions, and each directorate is in charge of its leader. The division of officers is as follows: commercialists, technical functions and administrative functions such as accounting. Regarding the expatriate, the highest number of workers from Croatia, followed by Austria and Germany. Managers' functions are performed mainly by Austrian employees, while expatriates from Croatia are mainly operatives with significant experience for individual projects. Strabag started operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2006, having since only few employees developed into a strong competitor in the Bosnian construction sector. In the past few years, Strabag has been working on significant projects, and in 2017, a considerable amount of work is planned. Some of the projects that Strabag in Bosnia does are Corridor 5c Svilaj-Odžak, Hydro power plant Vranduk, residential building DVOR Luxury Apartments, residential building Sarajevo Garden, Hotel Residence Inn Sarajevo by Marriott and other smaller projects. Human Resources in the Group The construction is labor intensive industry and its business results depend mostly on the commitment of the people working in it. Therefore, the Group constantly works to encourage and optimize the professional and personal qualifications of its employees. Due to the lack of skilled workforce employees are a critical factor in Strabag. The Group responds to this issue with consistent strategic planning of the workforce and continuous training of its employees. In order to ensure professional handling when selecting a candidate, modern information technology, software and processes are used. Thus, the Group uses an international IT platform for the publication of vacancies. 206 �As a result of the typical winter break in construction, the STRABAG Group is subject to seasonal fluctuations in employee numbers. For this reason, the number of employees – as is usual in the industry – is only stated as an annual average. 71,839 employees (43,381 blue collar and 28,458 white-collar) worked for Strabag in 2016. The number of employees thus fell slightly by 2 %. Traditionally, the construction industry employs primarily men. Women are therefore underrepresented at all hierarchy levels. In 2016, the number of women as a percentage of employees within the entire group amounted to 14.9 % after 13.9 % the year before. Since Strabag is an international company, the employees of the Group are from 84 different countries, ie 84 different nationalities. As the Group employs people of different nationalities, it also employs people of different ages. As we can see on the chart, the concern employs people from 21 years of age to 60 years of age. There are fewer those with over 60 or fewer than 20 years of age. The explanation for this distribution can be reconsidered in the sector in which the Group operates. It is natural for workers at construction sites to be younger, but at the same time, managers with significant work experience are middle age. In the management, we can find employees in the 1920s and thirtieth years with rapid career advancement, but also employees in the fifties with enormous experience behind. 207 �Research carried out in the company Starbag Ltd. Sarajevo A survey that was conducted in Strabag Ltd aimed to identified and analyzed factors that influence the decision of an individual to accept foreign engagement and thus demonstrate their importance both to planning and to the success of the overall engagement. A survey conducted for this purpose at the company Strabag Ltd Sarajevo, more precisely in the accounting, civil engineering, construction, environmental, quality assurance and special projects sections, covers all employees with the position of with color employees of this company. Through e-mail, employees received a link that was enabled by an anonymous response to an online inquiry. During the research conducted in the period from 03.04.-24.04.2017. For years, employees have accepted the evaluation process positively. Of the 102 employees, 38 of them are employees, a sample of our research. 35 responded to the survey, and the criterion of at least 80% was met. Given the hypothesis of the work and the goal of the research, it is necessary to first analyze the data on employees such as: age, sex, level of education, years of work experience, marital status. Out of the total number of employed, 26 were male respondents (75%), and 9 of them female respondents (25%). 208 �Gender Female 25% Male 75% The number of respondents, nine of them (25%), is up to 30 years of age. The largest number of respondents is aged from 31 to 40, fourteen of them (38%) and 41 to 50 years old, eleven of them (33%). The smallest number, one of them (4%), is over 51 years of age. 4% 25% up to 30 years old 31 - 40 years old 33% 41 - 50 years old 38% over the 50 years old When it comes to education level, 31.25% of employees have secondary education, 15.62% are higher education, while more than half of them are employed, 17 are high (53.12%), they are highly qualified. There is no one among the employed officials without the school. 16 foreign respondents speak one foreign language, while 15 foreign speakers speak two foreign languages. Only one participant in this research speaks three or more foreign languages. 209 �master degree 6% Qualifications high school degree 31% college degree 63% The duration of the employment relationship in a company is classified into three categories for easier processing of data, so that the first category includes employees who are in the company for less than 2 years, ten of them (31.25%). The second category includes those employees who are in the company for more than two years and less than five years, 12 of them (37.5%). In the third category we can classify as many as 10 (31.25%) who have been employed for more than 5 years in Strabag. Out of the total number of respondents, five persons declared themselves as a manager, 10 as a commercial worker, 11 as a technical worker, while 6 persons belong to the accounting sector. A few important information from the first part of the survey: Only 18.75% of all respondents never cooperated with someone who had an outsourcing contract. While everyone else worked with one or more expatriates. Only 7 respondents had previously been engaged abroad, while the remainder of 78% had never had such an engagement. Of these 7, there's only one woman. Three respondents who had previously been engaged abroad have been employed by Strabag for more than 5 years, the other three are in the company employed between 2 and 5 years, and only one respondent has been employed for less than 2 years in this company. Most foreign engagements lasted from 1 to 2 years, while only one respondent was engaged for 3 to 5 years. The rate of unsuccessful foreign engagement of our respondents is 43%, and the reason for the 2/3 is family issues, while one respondent replied that he was temporarily back from engagement for security reasons (state uncertainty). The remaining 57% who had previously been on foreign engagement successfully completed the same, with all of them engaging not more than two years. Results Through this research, key factors that influence employees in deciding on the acceptance of international engagement have been identified and analyzed. Factors that are separated and which, to a large extent, in addition to their age and family status, affect the decision to accept 210 �engagement are the following: location of engagements, monetary compensation offered to potential expatriates, the possibility of improvement, as well as previous experience in foreign engagements. In conclusion, the results of this research should contribute to a better understanding of the motivation of employees for going to international engagement. In the first part of the survey, general data on respondents, such as age and sex, were collected. The next part of the study included claims that directly relate to the decision to accept / reject foreign engagement. For each of the questions, employees could give a response in the range [15]. Analyzing the results was particularly interesting were the answers to the question how the possibility of improvement influences the respondents' decision to accept foreign engagement, which is graphically depicted below: I would accept a foreign arrangement if it means improvement in the career 0% Disagree 12% 44% Neither agree nor disagree 44% Agree Strongly agree These results lead to the assumption that higher material benefits during the expiration time positively affect the will and motivation of the expatriate, what confirms the hypothesis 1. Also, from the above results we can conclude that the family is not only the most frequent reason for the refusal of international engagements but should also be taken as a very important factor for the success of the entire process of expatriation. It is assumed that employees, if they receive additional stimulus and bonuses for good performance of their tasks, better perform their tasks and more try to successfully complete the engagement. In accordance with the hypotheses and the purpose of this survey, the respondents wondered about the extent to which family status influenced their decision to accept or reject the offer for foreign engagement. For this purpose, the respondents were asked to declare whether they agree or disagree with the following statement: "If I refused the offered engagement, the reason would be the family." The results of the response are shown on the graph below: 211 �If I refused the offered engagement, the reason would be my family 0% 0% 12% Strongly disagree 44% Disagree 44% Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree This confirms hypothesis 3 that claims that the family is the most frequent reason for refusing foreign engagement. Also, from the above results we can conclude that the family is not only the most frequent reason for the refusal of international engagements but should also be taken as a very important factor for the success of the entire process of expatriation. As a key motivator, both the decision on accepting international engagement and the success of potential expatriates proved to be a monetary compensation. A very strong statement was given to the respondents: "When deciding on the acceptance of foreign engagement, the most important thing for me is financial compensation." What all the respondents agreed with us. Even 44% of them fully agree with what we can see on the graphics below: When deciding on the acceptance of foreign engagement, the most important thing for me is financial compensation 0% 0% Strongly disagree 12% 44% Disagree 44% Neither agree nor disagree Agree From the answer to this question, we conclude that in spite of the attractiveness and security of the site and the possibilities for promotion, the monetary compensation has the greatest influence on the decision to accept the engagement. Interestingly, neither the age nor the full structure had 212 �a significant impact on the results of the response to this claim. Of the 12% of those who only partially agree, three workers belong to the technical sector and have over 41 years, while one of them is a manager of the age of 31-40 years. These figures are probably the result of the ratio of those who have never been on an international task, 78% of them, with those who are. The assumption is that such employees were not faced with cultural shocks, separation from the family, repatriation problems and many other difficulties that the foreign engagement very often brings with them, and therefore see monetary compensation as the main driving force. However, those with an international experience see monetary compensation as a significant motivation factor in accepting engagement, and one of the respondents who were previously on a foreign mission fully agreed with this assertion. Interestingly, none of the respondents on the set of questions related to the influence of a financial nature factor on the decision to accept the engagement did not give a response that they have no influence on him. This is not at all surprising given the economic situation of the state in which Strabag Ltd operates, and where foreign respondents see foreign engagement as an opportunity for higher earnings and improvement of their financial situation. Furthermore, every employee sees foreign engagement as an opportunity for additional earnings, or additional financial gain, in addition to being able to progress and gain new experiences. Conclusion The purpose of this paper is to investigate some of the most important factors affecting employees' decision to accept foreign engagement and to point out the importance of these factors to the entire process of expatriation. The aim is to show how a better understanding of the factors that influence the decision to accept foreign engagement leads to an improvement in the process of expatriation. In short, the same expatriation plan cannot be applied to each employee, nor do equal employees have an equal impact on each employee. All this human resources management should be taken into consideration when planning the outcome, and ultimately it will receive a smaller number of prematurely discontinued engagements and a greater benefit from the expatriate upon return to the parent company. In order to prove claims from the work, research was carried out in the branch of a large international company - Strabag Ltd Sarajevo, daughter of Strabag SE. Strabag SE operates in all areas of the construction industry around the world. Today Strabag Ltd Sarajevo has more than 100 local employees and 20 expatriates. A representative sample was selected and a quantitative survey was conducted in the form of a survey. In summary, the results show support for the first hypothesis that an employee will soon accept foreign engagement if it leads to improvement, which gives us clear evidence that improvement, along with its potential benefits, is a major motivator when deciding to accept engagement. Investigating the impact of monetary compensation on respondents, it can be 213 �concluded that the amount of material income is a key factor affecting the readiness of candidates for international engagement. According to respondents, financial factors have been shown to be very important for the success of expatriate and its motivation during the engagement period. At the beginning of the work, it is stated that the family is the most frequent reason for refusing foreign engagement. From the results of this research we can conclude that the family is not only the most frequent reason for the refusal of international engagements but should also be taken as a very important factor for the success of the entire process of expatriation. The most important thing for employees was the monetary compensation offered to them, then the possibility of improvement in the work place. It is especially emphasize the influence of the family as a very important factor for the employees of our area. The results of the research carried out in this paper can be useful feedback to human resource managers in planning and implementing the process of expatriation and improvement of the same, and point out the motivation of employees who in most cases are neglected and put in another plan. References: Juhl, B., Fuglsig, S.C.S. (2009). A study on motivational factors influencing the expatriate through the expatriation cycle. Dobrai, K., Farkas, F., Karoliny, Z., Poór, J. (2012). Knowledge Transfer in Multinational Companies – Evidence from Hungary. University of Pécs, Faculty of Business and Economics Rahimić, Z. (2010). Human resource Management. Sarajevo: Faculty of Economy in Sarajevo Mintzberg, H. (2004). Managers not MBA's: A hard look at the soft practice of managing and management development. San Francisco: Berrett Kohler. Lassere, P. (1997). Global Strategic Management. Second edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p.338 Harwey, M. G., Novicevic, M. M. i Speier, C. (2000). Strategic Global Human Resource Management: The Role of Inpatriate Managers. Human Resource Management Review. 10 (2). pp.153-175 Morgan, P. V. (1986). International Human Resource Management: Fact or Fiction. Personnel Administrator. Dowling, P. J., Welch, D. E. i Schuler R. S. (1999). International Human Resource Management: Managing People in a Multinational Context. Cincinnati. OH: South-West. Goldsmith, M., Greenberg, C. L., Robertson, A. i Hu-Chan, M. (2003). Global Leadership-The Next Generation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Festing, M., Dowling, P. J., Weber, W. i Engle, A. D. (2011). Internationales Personalmanagement. Wiesbaden:Gabler Verlag Noe, R., Hollenbeck, R. J. i Wright, M. P. (2006). Menadžment ljudskih potencijala. Zagreb: Mate. 214 �Pollock, D. i Van Reken, R. E. (2009). Third Culture Kids: Growing Up Among Worlds. Boston/London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Gregersen, H., Morrison, A. J. i Black, J. S. (1998). Developing Leaders for the Global Frontier. Sloan Management Review Harvey, M. G., Novicevic, M. M. i Speier, C. (2000). Strategic Global Human Resource Management: The Role of Inpatriate Managers. Human Resource Management Review Raduan Che Rose et al. (2010). Expatriate Performance in International Assignments: The Role of Cultural Intelligence as Dynamic Intercultural Competency. International Journal of Business and Management Suutuari, V. (2003). Global managers: Career orientation, career tracks, life-style complications and career commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 215 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3647 Title A name given to the resource Significance of Expatriates for the Competitiveness in the International Construction Market with an Example of Strabag Concern (doi: 10.14706/icesos1710) Author Author Miljkovic, Fata Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: In today's business environment, where global competition grows every day, being successful only in domestic market is no longer enough. Globalization allowed free flow of capital, goods, information, people, and set new demands for companies which want to succeed in international market. This refers not only to the way of how companies operate their business but also on how companies manage their human capital. With changes in the international markets and company’s human resources politics, expatriates become a key factor of competitive advantages in the international construction market. Key words: international human resource management, expatriation, motivation factor Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d4fa5499d73948ebdcc6c749efd970b9.pdf 136d624246a8f7c18aa1d946e080ce45 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Significance Of Fairs For Marketing Activities Cengiz Funda, Gürkanlar, Esin Akdeniz University Alanya Faculty of Business E-mails: cengizfunda@akdeniz.edu.tr, esingurkanlar@akdeniz.edu.tr Subject: This study aims to set forth the significance of fairs in marketing activities through determining the relevant attitudes of participant companies. Abstract This study aims to set forth the significance of fairs in marketing activities through determining the relevant attitudes of participant companies. To this end, a questionnaire comprising of 22 questions was devised to collect data for the research. The questionnaire was used during the “2011 Antalya Anfaş Hotel Equipment” fair organized in “Antalya Expo Center”. The questionnaires were given to and filled in by the company staff working in the booths allocated to the participant companies. Among 150 questionnaires completed 116 were deemed eligible to be used in this research. Analysis made in the light of the data collected as a result of the research revealed that fairs have a significant role for the marketing activities of participant companies. It has been determined that fairs offer significant advantages to companies especially in the promotion of existing products and conducting of market analysis for the new products. Keywords: Fair, Marketing, Marketing Tool, Promotion Mix 1.INTRODUCTION Competition is increasing as a result of globalization and technological developments and consequently marketing activities have become more important than product quality and features, which in turn has increased the function of and the need for marketing. Therefore, the significance of fairs are increasing for marketing managers since such events can fully respond to the current needs, enable the use of many interpenetrating marketing instruments such as advertisements, promotion, public relations and direct marketing and ensure that a single message is delivered to the consumer. This research aims at dwelling upon the significance of fairs through determining the role they play for company marketing activities, and benefits they offer to the companies that use fairs as effective marketing instruments. 2.General Overview of the Term Fair The word fair is originally derived from the Latin word “fariae”, which means festival or fest (Koldaş 2006). In general terms fairs are publicity activities scheduled to take place regularly, usually at the same venue, where tradable goods or services, technological developments, information and innovation are promoted aiming at finding new markets and sales opportunities, 35 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo technical cooperation, establishment and development of potential commercial networks. Fairs are among the most significant marketing communication instruments through which companies offer their goods and services to visitors, and potential buyers and sellers meet and have individual contacts with each other (Okay 2000). Fair organization business is growing and expanding globally. Almost 9000 fairs are organized every year in around 120 countries (Sülün 2004). The largest and most modern fair venues are located in Europe. Germany is the leading country in Europe and in the world, where high-quality fair organizations take place. Almost 400450 fairs are organized every year in Germany. In this respect Germany is followed by France, Italy and the United Kingdom in Europe (Sülün 2004). 3.Link between Fairs and Marketing Diversified product and application options have extremely complicated the process of selection for the buyer, and have made it essential to have a single platform for comparing all options. In national and international competition close customer relations have become the most important instrument in success strategy (TOBB 2012). Fairs are the marketing instruments which appeal to five senses of the individual and provide unique features since they are three dimensional unlike other sales development activities. Furthermore, fairs are effective sales development instruments which allow all promotion activities to be collectively used at once such as individual sales activities actively used via individual contacts with customers, public relations activities actively used via news coverage in the press, advertisement activities actively used before, during and after the fair organization via advertisements about the fair (Koldaş 2006). Fairs serve for two main purposes; the first one is that fairs function as a marketing instruments for its participants. Participants in fairs introduce their products to the customers and try to conclude trade agreements. The second purpose of fairs is that they contribute to the development of professional networks and sales while keeping a pulse on commercial and organizational markets under the warm atmosphere created by the fair (Çakıcı 2004). Almost no marketing instrument but fairs have the capability of providing individual contact with the customer in addition to the introduction of the firm and its products (Göksel and Sohodol 2005). Studies conducted in this field reveal that customers which could not be reached by sales staff under normal circumstances can be easily reached by fairs, each visitor spends an average of 22 minutes in every booth, and 85% of them take their final decisions right there, and in terms of costs fairs are less expensive than individual sales visits (Philip, 1994). According to a research made on firms participating in fairs, the main reasons why participant firms (n:201) opt for fairs can be listed as follows: 89% sell products and 81% raise awareness on the product. The third reason is to have contacts with existing customers (52%). Other reasons might be listed as; fulfill the sales quota (37%), penetrate into the market (34%), change perceptions (27%) and staff training (9%), respectively (Çakıcı 2004). These data clearly underline that fairs are places where new networks can be built. According to a research made, commercial fairs are the second most effective instrument after individual sales, which has the strongest influence on decision making process of the industrial consumers. (Herbg et al. 1997). 36 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.The research This study aims to set forth the significance of fairs in marketing activities through determining the relevant attitudes of participant companies. By doing this, it is considered that the study will contribute to the literature and the companies. A field research was conducted in the “2011 Antalya Anfaş Hotel Equipment” fair organized in “Antalya Expo Center. The first limitation on the study is that it was conducted in an international fair organized only in the city of Antalya. Due to limitations of time and cost, research sampling had to be restricted. A survey was devised and used as an instrument of data collection. The survey consisted of two different questionnaires which involved closed ended questions. The first section of the questionnaire consisting of 18 statements which uses the interval scale (1-absolutely disagree…5-absolutely agree),aims at measuring the significance of fairs for marketing activities. To determine the reliability of this scale Cronbach Alpha coefficient was used. Reliability of the scale was calculated as α= …... The second section of the questionnaire aims at finding answers to how much budget participants allocate to fairs, how many times they participated in fairs and in fairs abroad, and general significance of fairs for the company and role of participants in the company. The research subject group consists of 156 companies participating in the fair. Among these 156 companies, 150 participated in the research. Surveys were administered by researchers on individuals in charge of companies’ fair booths and personal interviews were used as a supplementary instrument. Among 150 filled-in questionnaires 116 were deemed eligible to be used for the research, and the remaining 34 were excluded due to several reasons. Data collected through the survey were transferred to the SPSS 14.0 package software and statistical analyses were made. 4.1.Findings Findings obtained as a result of the research were classified under the following groups. Information concerning the research participants and companies Sectors that participated in the fair were mainly the food sector with 24,1%, textile sector with 22,4% and security sector with 19%. These sectors are followed by the electric-electronic with 13,8%, construction with 8,6%, chemical sector with 6%, press and media with 4,3% and furniture sector with 1,7%. As regards the positions held by participants who filled in the surveys, it has been observed that majority of the participants (50,9%) worked in the department of marketing and sales. Other positions included the following: general director with 16,4%, company owner with 13,8%, founder with 9% and other with 18,1%. It was found among the companies selected for the research that rate of participation in fairs abroad was rather low (14,7%), and majority of the companies (85,3%) did not participate in fairs abroad. As regards the company budget allocated for fairs, it has been collected that 71,6% of the companies allocated 1 to 20% of their budget to fair activities while 13,8% allocated “21 to 40%” of their budget, 11,2% allocated “41 to 60%”, 3,4% allocated “61 to 80%” of their budget to the fair activities. Annual rate of participation in fairs indicated that 77,6% of the companies participated in “1 to 2 fairs”, 12,1% participated in “3 to 4 fairs”, 6% participated in “5 to 6 fairs”, 1,7% participated in “7 to 8 fairs”, and 2,6% participated in “9 to 10 fairs”. Majority of the companies (75%) indicated that participation in fairs was significant for the company while 15% stated that it was highly significant. Among others only 1,7% stated that participation in fairs was insignificant, and 7,8% stated that it was “neither significant nor insignificant”. 37 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.2.Fair Perception Factor Analysis This phase of the research applies factor analysis to 18 statements concerning fair perception to determine the internal clustering of variables. As a result of the analysis KMO value has been found to be 0.792. If p value is (0.000), it is significant to conduct such an analysis. As a result of the factor analysis four aspects have been determined as customer interaction, product publicity, market analysis and information transfer, and total variance explanation of these four factors have been found to be 74,4%. Reliability tests have been applied to the data collected, and Cronbach Alfa value has been found as 0,835. Corelation, t-test and Anova tests have been used in the analysis. Table1. Analysis of Corelation among Variants Budget Share allocated to fairs 1 Amount of fairs participated per year Significance attributed to Fairs Budget Share allocated to fairs Amount of ,375(**) 1 fairs participated per year Significance ,318(**) ,287(**) 1 attributed to Fairs Interaction ,025 -,038 ,519(**) Publicity ,144 ,067 ,396(**) Analysis ,052 ,073 ,448(**) Info ,362(**) ,243(**) ,347(**) Exchange ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Interaction Publicity Analysis 1 ,595(**) ,576(**) ,305(**) 1 ,543(**) ,524(**) 1 ,297(**) Info Exchange 1 As a result of the correlation analysis among factor ratings, a positive relation has been observed among the budget share allocated to fairs, amount of fairs participated per year, significance attributed to fairs and the belief that information transfer takes place in fairs. 1 unit increase in the budget share allocated to fairs increases the amount of fairs participated per year by 37%, and 1 unit increase in significance attributed to fairs increases budget share allocated to fairs by 31% and the amount of fairs participated per year by 28%. 1 unit increase in the belief that information transfer takes place in fairs increases budget share allocated to fairs by 36% and the amount of fairs participated per year by 24%. There is a positive correlation among the significance attributed to the fairs and belief that fairs ensure interaction with customers (51%) and information transfer (34%) and belief that fairs provide opportunities for product publicity (39%) and market analysis (44%). There is also a positive correlation among the belief that fairs ensure interaction with customers and enable product publicity (59%), the belief that fairs provide opportunities for market analysis (57%) and information transfer (30%). 38 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo t-Test results of Factor Ratings concerning Participation in Fairs Abroad Results of the t-test administered to determine whether participation by companies in fairs abroad influence the factors significantly, indicate that according to 0,95 significance level, no significant difference exists between beliefs on “Customer Interaction”, “Product Publicity and Market Analysis”. However, there are significant differences concerning the belief that fairs ensure “Information Transfer”. Accordingly, those who participated in fairs abroad (14.6%) (A.O=3,70, S.S.= ,7806) considered fairs much more useful in terms of information transfer than those who did not participate in fairs abroad (85.4%) (A.O=3,30, S.S= ,7356). Anova Test results of Factor Ratings concerning Allocated Budget Share Results of Anova analysis administered to determine whether the annual budget share allocated for fairs influence the factors significantly, indicate that according to 0,95 significance level, no significant difference exists between beliefs on “Customer Interaction and Market Analysis”. However, there is a significant difference concerning beliefs regarding “Product Publicity and Information Transfer”. Accordingly, those who allocate 61 to 80 % of their budget annually (3,4%) (A.O=4,541, S.S= ,458) consider fairs much more useful in terms of product publicity than those who allocate 1 to 20% of their budget on an annual basis (71,5%) (A.O=4,072, S.S= ,278). Similarly, those who allocate 61 to 80 % of their budget (A.O=4,25, S.S= ,500) consider fairs much more useful in terms of information transfer than those who allocate 1 to 20% of their budget on an annual basis (A.O=3,1767, S.S= ,6774). 5.CONCLUSION Fairs are platforms where companies can implement the strongest marketing activities concerning their products and services. It is no doubt that establishment of new business networks, rapid feedback on products and services received through individual talks, strengthening of the institutional and visual image of companies contribute to increasing sustainable competitiveness of companies. To this end, the study aimed at determining the significance of fairs on marketing activities as well as discovering the participant companies’ attitudes towards the fairs. The study concluded that participants deem fair events significant and consider them as effective instruments for marketing activities. However, despite what has been stated above, the study also revealed that participation in fairs abroad and budget allocated to fairs need to be improved. Increasing both the quantity and the quality of relevant studies in this field is deemed necessary for underlining the significance of fair events in terms of marketing activities. Researchers of the study plan to expand the scope of this study in order to cover larger participant groups in several fairs in the future. REFERENCES Çakıcı A.C. (2004) Toplantı Yönetimi – Kongre, Konferans, Seminer ve Fuar Organizasyonu, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara. Göksel A. B. and Sohodol Ç. (2005) Stratejik Fuar Yönetimi, Mediacat, İstanbul. Herb P., O’haraf G. B., Palumba A. (1997) Difference Between Trade Show Exhibitors and Non-exhibitors, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 12(6), 368. 39 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1361 Title A name given to the resource Significance Of Fairs For Marketing Activities Author Author Cengiz, Funda Abstract A summary of the resource. This study aims to set forth the significance of fairs in marketing activities through determining the relevant attitudes of participant companies. To this end, a questionnaire comprising of 22 questions was devised to collect data for the research. The questionnaire was used during the “2011 Antalya Anfaş Hotel Equipment” fair organized in “Antalya Expo Center”. The questionnaires were given to and filled in by the company staff working in the booths allocated to the participant companies. Among 150 questionnaires completed 116 were deemed eligible to be used in this research. Analysis made in the light of the data collected as a result of the research revealed that fairs have a significant role for the marketing activities of participant companies. It has been determined that fairs offer significant advantages to companies especially in the promotion of existing products and conducting of market analysis for the new products. Keywords: Fair, Marketing, Marketing Tool, Promotion Mix Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/73349563813ae6f8f9a424df3efa4b2c.pdf 14248c40963bdb8332ca53ecff5eeed9 PDF Text Text Significance of Fırtına Stream Basin and Kaçkar Mountains National Park in Sustainable Tourism Mehmet ZAMAN Ataturk University Department of Geography, 25240 Erzurum / Turkey mzaman@atauni. edu.tr Abstract: Fırtına Basin and Kaçkar Mountains National Park are located in the Eastern Black Sea part of the Eastern Black Sea Region. Administratively, the whole Fırtına Basin, and a great part of Kaçkar Mountains National Park (83.7 %) area located within Çamlıhemşin, Rize, and the rest of the area (16.3 %) falls within the boundaries of Yusufeli, Artvin and İspir, Erzurum. Fırtına Basin and Kaçkar Mountains National Park, a large part of which is in the basin of the related valley, are one of the most important natural places of Turkey and are known at an international level owing to their wild life, vegetation richness and geomorphological formations they have. On account of these characteristics, the related area has been counted in 200 ecological areas that must be preserved by WWF (World Wild Fund For Nature). In addition, centuries - long high pasture activities in the area and archaeological works add historical and folkloric value to the basin. Therefore, they remain one of the important areas in Sustainable Tourism. They have a potential for such natural recreational activities as mountain tourism, high pasture tourism, thermal tourism, cultural tourism, botanical tourism, rafting, heliksi, camping, photography, mountain cycling, jeep safari, trekking, fishhook, paragliding and observation of birds and wild life. Utilization of the related area with respect to sustainable tourism potential will greatly contribute to the economic devolopment of the region. The reason is that sustainable tourism remains a kind of tourism which protects local, natural, cultural and structural sources, devolops life quality of the people around, provides a high – quality service for the tourists, increases environmental quality of sites and fosters economic devolopment. Key Words: Kaçkar Mountains National Park, Fırtına Basin, Sustainable Tourism Introduction In the context of prospective sustainability, sources continue to be utilized on the one hand while it becomes necessary to protect the same sources so that future generations may make use of them. The reason for this is that the process of technological and socio-economic developments and changes in our century will continue in the same way in the future. Therefore, it has been an obligation to follow a planned method while making natural and human sources available to use (Atabay, 1998:2). In addition, sustainability is a kind of behaviour that is constantly renewed. The objective of such behaviour is to protect the sources in terms of sustainability. This is significant not only with respect to economy but human life. Accordingly, sustainable tourism can be defined as an activity which adorns natural, cultural and social sources in the long run and protects them, and which supports economy moderately(Scharpf, 1998:18). Such terms as Responsible Tourism, Soft Tourism, Eco-Tourism and Alternative Tourism bear similar meanings with Sustainable Tourism. They are examined within in the scope of Sustainable Tourism. Geographical Characteristics of the Area Fırtına Stream Basin is made up of a land (2000-2200 m.) incised deeply with rivers and high mountainous fields where glaciations/ glaciations is effective. Among forms of glaciations are actual glacial, glacial lakes, glacial basins, moraine sets and synclinal folds (Erinç, 1949: 243-245; 1971: 258-260). A semioceanic and semi-continental climate is seen in this region. There exists a thick forest thanks to suitable precipitation and temperature. The forest is visible till 2200 metres and from that metre upward, there are subalpine and alpine meadows. The Kaçkar Mountains National Park (Figure 1) remains the fifth with respect to size among the 36 national parks in Turkey with its space of 5150 hectares. It was gained the status of tourism centre in 1991 and of national park in 1994 with its such characteristics as geological and geomorphological qualities, existence of traditional transhumance, richness of vegetation and wild life, and natural landscape. Located in the area, Ayder 28 �High Pasture is a place was announced to be the first touristic centre in the Eastern Black Sea Region in 1987 under name of ‘Rize-Çamlıhemşin-Ayder Thermal Spring Touristic Centre’. Figure 1. Location Map of Fırtına Stream and Kaçkar Mountains National Park. There are one town (Çamlıhemşin), 27 villages, 41 high-pastures and 18 hamlets in Fırtına Stream Basin. Facilities of Sustainable Tourism and Their Utilization Such recreational activities as high-pasture tourism, mountain tourism, thermal tourism, cultural tourism, rural tourism (agriculture and farm tourism), wild life and bird watching (ornito-tourism), hunting tourism, botanical tourism, river tourism (sportive hand line fishing, canoe and rafting), congress tourism, rafting, heliski, camping and caravan tourism, photography (photo safari), mountain cycling, paragliding, horse riding, film and documentary production, scientific research and training camps(Zaman, 2007, s. – 2008: s.). High pasture tourism is without doubt one of the mostly-demanded of those mentioned above and has been the most popular form of alternative tourism. The reason is that high pastures with their natural beauty, cold and clear waters, fresh air, ethnological, cultural and other attractive characteristics draw attention. The high pasture in the basin are suitable for such activities as stopover, rest, observation of nature and culture, trips, photography, observing and participating in traditional high pasture life, tasting local food, and taking place in cultural activities. With these characteristics, the related area offers sustainable tourism facilities and draws the attention of both local and foreign tourists (Photo 1). Among the important high pastures with transportation and accommodation facilities are Ayder, Yukarı Kavron, Elevit, Başyayla, Çiçekliyayla, Tirovit, Palovit, Amlakit, Apivanak, Pokut and Sal(Zaman, 2007: 200-2008:17-26). Photograph 1. Such Social and cultural activities as high pasture festivals and bullfights are organized in Fırtına Stream Basin and Kaçkar Mountains National Park. Another important kind of alternative tourism is mountain tourism on the mountains with high peaks located in the south part of the basin. There are such summits as that of Mount Kaçkar (3932 m.) and of Mount Verçenik. The touristic potential of the park in mountain tourism includes tracking and hiking, peak and glacial climbing, mountain skiing and alpinism (Photo 2-Somuncu, 1986:1 - 1988: 30-31). 29 �Photograph 2. The potential of the Kaçkar Mountains National Park in mountain tourism includes tracking and hiking, peak and glacial climbing and heliski. The mentioned area has rural tourism facilities with its rural life style, traditional village and high pasture life, scattered settlement, houses built in accordance with wooden civil architecture, customs and conventions, garden and agriculture activities, and animal husbandry. In addition, the fact that the thermal springs in Ayder High Pasture, which is the thermal tourism centre, have positive effects on the treatment of rheumatism, on skin, blood system, respiration, gynaecological system, neural system and muscles attract many tourists to the area. Fırtına Basin is also one of the most attractive places in terms of cultural tourism with its historical sites like Zilkale and Kale-ı Bala as well as stone bridges, its architecture, music, wearing style of people, food culture, rural residences, high pasture festivals, bullfights and life style (Photo 3). Photography 3. The castles on the basin (e.g. Zilkale), historical stone bridges, residences and local clothes are among the elements that contribute to the development of cultural tourism in the area. 30 �Hunting tourism and bird watching are also available in Fırtına Basin (Photo 4). In addition to diversity of wild life, the large number of bird kinds adds value to the area, which has been announced as one of the 100 significant bird areas of Turkey by The Society for the Protection of Nature and by Bird Life International. 57 of the bird kinds have been taken under protection in accordance with Bern III Contract. In addition, capercaillies in the area have given the area the status of being one of the 217 endemism areas (Kurdoğlu, 2002: 5/Bird Life,1995). Photography 4. In recent years, bird watching has been carried out in Fırtına Basin and Kaçkar Mountains National Park. Having a unique botanical diversity, the area holds a number of rare kinds with its 537 woody plants, Fırtına Basin remains one of the 122 significant plant fields(Yeğen,2007:101-103). All these demonstrate that the area has a significant potential for the devolopment of botanical tourism. Since 2003, heliski has been available in the National Park(Photo 5). Tourists, especially from Sweden, Switzerland, Norway and Finland, join heliski activities which are mostly held on Kaçkar Mountains and such valleys as Kavran, Ceymakcur and Avacur. Photograph 5. The tourists landed on the peaks of Kaçkar Mountains join heliksi. As for river tourism, the area offers such alternatives as canoe and rafting thanks to the length of the course, flow rate and valley slope(Photo 6). Photograph 6. Canoe and rafting are carried out in Fırtına Stream especially in the period of transition from spring to summer. 31 �In recent years, jeep safari and mountain cycling have become popular activities in Fırtına Basin. There are many routes for these activities. In addition, the area has often been preferred by the campers with its magnificent views and fresh, clean air. With its unique natural beauty, the basin provides heavenly facilities for photographers and photo safari. As for as their height, slope and wind are concerned, the peaks of Kaçkar Mountains are suitable for paragliding(Photo 7). Sal, Pokut and Hazindak high pasture are among the appropriate places for this activity. Photograph 7. Fırtına Basin and Kaçkar Mountains National Park have places suitable for camping and paragliding. Apart from these, local residences, thermal spring, accomodation sites and cultural structure of Ayder High Pasture can be arranged so as to host congresses to be held, which will add to sustainable tourism activities in the area. In addition, there are suitable places for horse riding, orienteering, view watching and picnic. Conclusion Fırtına Stream Basin and Kaçkar Mountains National Park offers various alternatives of sustainable tourism for tourists. It is obvious that present state of the National Park, which has a number of natural, social and cultural sources, can only be maintained by the protection and sound use of these sources. To do so; • • • • • • Economic, ecologicial and social aspects of sources should be assessed together for a sustainable development. Plans, projects and investments that may cause pollution and environmental damage should be avoided. Ecological capacity should be taken into account while development is supported. Natural, cultural and social diversity should be protected and supported. Tourists and local people should be informed about possible negative environmental effects. Sustainability of the above without doubt is closely connected with the continuity of the relationship between tourism, and natural and social environment in a sound and positive manner. References Atabay, S., (1998 ), 21. Yüzyılda Sürdürülebilir Turizm Politikaları. 1. Uluslar arası Turizm Sempozyumu (1617 Aralık 1998), Yıldız Teknik Üniv., İstanbul. Doğanay, H., (2001), Türkiye Turizm Coğrafyası (3. Baskı). Çizgi Kitabevi Yay. No:33, Üniversite Kitapları: 9, Çizgi Kitabevi, Konya Doğu, A.F., Somuncu, M., Çiçek, İ., Tunçel, H., Gürgen, G., (1993), Kaçkar Dağı’nda Buzul Şekilleri, Yaylalar ve Turizm. Ankara Üniv. Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Derg. 2, Ankara. Erdoğan, N., (2003), Çevre ve (Eko)turizm. Pozitif Matbaacılık, Ankara. Erinç, S., (1945), Doğu Karadeniz Dağları’nda Glasyal Morfoloji Araştırmaları. İstanbul Üniv. Edebiyat Fak. Yay. Coğrafya Enst. Doktora Tezleri Serisi, No: 1, İstanbul. Kurdoğlu, O., (2002), Fırtına Vadisi’nin Doğal Kaynak Yönetimi Açısından İncelenmesi. KTÜ Fen Bil. Enstitüsü (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Trabzon. Scharpf, H., (1998), Sürdürülebilirlilik Açısından Bölgesel ve Yerel Yönetimlerin Turizm Politikasındaki Görevleri. 1. Uluslar arası Turizm Sempozyumu (16-17 Aralık 1998), Yıldız Teknik Üniv., İstanbul. 32 �Yarar, M., Magnın, G., (1997), Türkiye’nin Önemli Kuş Alanları. Doğal Hayatı Koruma Derneği Yay., İstanbul. Zaman, M., (2007), Doğu Karadeniz Kıyı Dağları’nda Yaylalar ve Yaylacılık. Atatürk Üniv. Yay. No: 960, Fen Edebiyat Fak. Yay No: 105, Araştırma Serisi No: 75, Erzurum. Zaman, M., (2008), Fırtına Deresi Havzası ve Kaçkar Dağları Milli Parkı’nın Alternatif Turizm Açısından Önemi. Atatürk Üniv. Sosyal Bil. Enst. Derg.Cilt:12, Sayı:2 , Erzurum. 33 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 645 Title A name given to the resource Significance of Fırtına Stream Basin and Kaçkar Mountains National Park in Sustainable Tourism Author Author ZAMAN, Mehmet Abstract A summary of the resource. Fırtına Basin and Kaçkar Mountains National Park are located in the Eastern Black Sea part of the Eastern Black Sea Region. Administratively, the whole Fırtına Basin, and a great part of Kaçkar Mountains National Park (83.7 %) area located within Çamlıhemşin, Rize, and the rest of the area (16.3 %) falls within the boundaries of Yusufeli, Artvin and İspir, Erzurum. Fırtına Basin and Kaçkar Mountains National Park, a large part of which is in the basin of the related valley, are one of the most important natural places of Turkey and are known at an international level owing to their wild life, vegetation richness and geomorphological formations they have. On account of these characteristics, the related area has been counted in 200 ecological areas that must be preserved by WWF (World Wild Fund For Nature). In addition, centuries - long high pasture activities in the area and archaeological works add historical and folkloric value to the basin. Therefore, they remain one of the important areas in Sustainable Tourism. They have a potential for such natural recreational activities as mountain tourism, high pasture tourism, thermal tourism, cultural tourism, botanical tourism, rafting, heliksi, camping, photography, mountain cycling, jeep safari, trekking, fishhook, paragliding and observation of birds and wild life. Utilization of the related area with respect to sustainable tourism potential will greatly contribute to the economic devolopment of the region. The reason is that sustainable tourism remains a kind of tourism which protects local, natural, cultural and structural sources, devolops life quality of the people around, provides a high – quality service for the tourists, increases environmental quality of sites and fosters economic devolopment. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/db305982d8c2003a4d4b1067a4a72118.pdf 7ce7ba67dd8460483302f0c3638aefec PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Significance of Teaching Semiotic Pedagogy Aida Kasieva School of Translation and Interpretation Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Kyrgyz Republic aida_kasieva@yahoo.com Abstract: Charles Sanders Peirce, the father of American semiotics and pragmatism, insisted that educational institutions be places for learning and not merely instruction. If Peirce‘s argument is accepted, then it is necessary to redefine the role of teachers, students, and subject matters in relation to learning semiotics, with its cultural emphasis on codes, signs, and social interaction. Semiotics is especially appropriate for rethinking the learning and teaching progress. In particular, semiotics is a central part of the emerging global discipline which studies human communication as one of the Human Science disciplines using logic based research methods of semiotics and phenomenology to investigate social and cultural interactions. Thus, the present article is focused on the three areas of Semiotics as defined by Charles Morris when he participated in the Unified Science Project at the University of Chicago: 1. Semantics; 2. Syntax; 3. Pragmatics. In the same spirit, my article involves pedagogical activities for providing effective syllabus designs, teaching strategies, and classroom activities that show relevance for contemporary pedagogical studies in Communication and Cross-cultural studies. Pedagogy based on the semiotic work of Peirce, and exemplified by his definition of the university as a ―community of interpretation‖, forces a reconsideration of the roles which learners, teachers, and subject matter play within educational endeavors. This reconsideration may be called a ―semiotic pedagogy‖ of communication and culture. Key Words: semantics, pragmatics, syntax, symbol, icon, index, signifier, signified Introduction The study of semiotics is an interdisciplinary program encompassing such branches of science like Linguistics, Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology, Theory of Literature, Aesthetics, History, Communication and etc. It is the study of signs derived from the speculations on signification and language of the American pragmatist philosopher C.S. Peirce and the Swiss linguistic theorist Ferdinand de Sausurre. Also known as semiology, semiotics is concerned with the phenomena of signs in all their abundance and variety: letters, images, literary texts, acoustic signals, road signs, verbal signs, gestures, icons, symbols, allegories, corporate logos, indices, hieroglyphs, drawings, natural signs, celestial signs, musical notations, mathematical signs-in short, signifying objects and artifacts of virtually every size, shape, color, and substance. Semiotics includes the study of how meaning is constructed and understood. In a simplified meaning it can be interpreted how the word or any object can be accepted by a person, its effect on the reader, listener or foreigner. Moreover, Semiotics broadens the experience range of sign systems and sign relations, which will increase mutual understanding between students from different countries and cultures. As concisely summarized by I.A. Richards ―Communication takes place when one mind so acts upon its environment that another mind is influenced, and in that other mind an experience occurs which is like the experience in the first mind, and is caused in part by that experience.‖ Given this context, the present paper is devoted to actualizing study of semiotic theory and pedagogy of American semioticians, which is extremely important to the development of educational system at any its level. This can be achieved by means of enormous resources of semioticians that offer us a truly unique opportunity to expand students‘ cross-cultural knowledge. Charles Sanders Peirce, the father of American semiotics and pragmatism, insisted that educational institutions be places for learning and not merely instruction. If Peirce‘s argument is accepted, then it is necessary to redefine the role of teachers, students, and subject matters in relation to learning semiotics, with its cultural emphasis on codes, signs, and social interaction. Semiotics is especially appropriate for rethinking the learning and teaching progress in linguistics, translation theory, communication and media, etc. In particular, semiotics is a central part of the emerging global discipline which studies human communication as one of the Human Science disciplines using logic based research methods of semiotics and phenomenology to investigate social and cultural interactions. Thus, the present paper is focused on the three areas of Semiotics as defined by Charles Morris when he participated in the Unified Science Project at the University of Chicago: 1. Semantics; 2. Syntax; 3. Pragmatics. 51 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Starting from its origin as a science, semiotics has been one of the most hotly disputed issues due to its connection, application, and belonging to different other sciences. In the same spirit, the scope of the present paper mostly covers basic theoretical information, knowledge, concepts, pedagogical activities, teaching strategies, and classroom activities relevant for contemporary pedagogical studies in teaching Semiotics as well as theoretical sources of outstanding semioticians on how the subject is interpreted from the points of view of different scholars. The role of scholars, their contribution into the development of Semiotics along with other sciences is vital to our understanding of the world. In order to have a clear idea of semiotics, it is necessary to systematize all the known models of communication and create an effective syllabus that would enable the development of students‘ critical thinking abilities. The reason why this paper is established within the frameworks of linguistics is that semiotics generalizes the definition of a sign to encompass signs in any medium or sensory modality and thus broadens the range of sign systems and sign relations. In order to extend the definition of semiotics applicable to language in amounts to its widest analogical or metaphorical sense and closer to some of the humanities as well, it is necessary to conduct classes including most important and significant materials in semiotics such as the works of Charles W. Morris, Thomas Sebeok, Jurgen Ruesch, Chris Morris, Nim Chimpsky, Bob Hodge, Richard L.Lanigan, Umberto Eco and others. The study of semiotics through practical classes is of great value both for teachers and students as it offers number of advantages that would broaden students‘ thinking abilities from the point that the bases of semiotics are applicable not only in studying linguistics, literature and translatology, but every other respective science as well. Since signs exist everywhere and in every field regardless whether it concerns some definite science or everyday life, they should be revealed the proper way by means of applying semiotic analysis. By means of this very activity students acquire necessary skills to understand, decode the signs they face in their life, which is of a great importance for everyone. The process of analyzing should be reached by reviewing all three abovementioned stages: semantic analysis, syntactic analysis and pragmatic analysis. In order to realize the process of semiosis, first of all, it is necessary to overview general basic definitions that are frequently used in semiotics. Indeed, semiotics is a vast field, however in this paper we just try to give necessary information about the most frequently used concepts and terminology concerning semiotics. According to Pierce ―We make meanings through our creation and interpretation of 'signs', 'we think only in signs' (Peirce 1931-58, 2.302). Signs take the form of words, images, sounds, acts or objects, but such things have no meaning and become signs only when we accord them with meaning. 'Nothing is a sign unless it is interpreted as a sign', declares Peirce (Peirce 1931-58, 2.172). Anything can be a sign as long as someone interprets it as 'signifying' something - referring to or standing for something other than itself. We interpret things as signs largely unconsciously by relating them to familiar systems of conventions. It is this meaningful use of signs which is at the heart of the concerns of semiotics. There are two dominant models of what constitutes a sign that were suggested by the linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and the philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce: Saussure offered a two-part model of the sign. He defined a sign as being composed of: a 'signifier' (signifiant) - the form which the sign takes; and the 'signified' (signifiй) - the concept it represents. The sign is the whole that results from the association of the signifier with the signified (Saussure 1983, 67; Saussure 1974, 67). The relationship between the signifier and the signified is referred to as 'signification'. A sign must have both a signifier and a signified. You cannot have a totally meaningless signifier or a completely formless signified (Saussure 1983, 101; Saussure 1974, 102-103). A sign is a recognizable combination of a signifier with a particular signified. The same signifier could stand for a different signified and thus be a different sign. A linguistic sign is not a link between a thing and a name, but between a concept and a sound pattern. The sound pattern is not actually a sound; for a sound is something physical. A sound pattern is the hearer's psychological impression of a sound, as given to him by the evidence of his senses. This sound pattern may be called a 'material' element only in that it is the representation of our sensory impressions. The sound pattern may thus be distinguished from the other element associated with it in a linguistic sign. This other element is generally of a more abstract kind: the concept. (Saussure 1983, 66; Saussure 1974, 66) 52 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo As for the signified, most commentators who adopt Saussure's model still treat this as a mental construct, although they often note that it may nevertheless refer indirectly to things in the world. Saussure's signified is not to be identified directly with a referent but is a concept in the mind - not a thing but the notion of a thing. Some people may wonder why Saussure's model of the sign refers only to a concept and not to a thing. An observation from the philosopher Susanne Langer (who was not referring to Saussure's theories) may be useful here. Like most contemporary commentators, Langer uses the term 'symbol' to refer to the linguistic sign (a term which Saussure himself avoided): 'Symbols are not proxy for their objects but are vehicles for the conception of objects... In talking about things we have conceptions of them, not the things themselves; and it is the conceptions, not the things, that symbols directly mean. Behaviour towards conceptions is what words normally evoke; this is the typical process of thinking'. She adds that 'If I say "Napoleon", you do not bow to the conqueror of Europe as though I had introduced him, but merely think of him' (Langer 1951, 61). Louis Hjelmslev used the terms 'expression' and 'content' to refer to the signifier and signified respectively (Hjelmslev 1961, 47ff). The distinction between signifier and signified has sometimes been equated to the familiar dualism of 'form and content'. Within such a framework the signifier is seen as the form of the sign and the signified as the content. However, the metaphor of form as a 'container' is problematic, tending to support the equation of content with meaning, implying that meaning can be 'extracted' without an active process of interpretation and that form is not in itself meaningful (Chandler 1995 104-6). At around the same time as Saussure was formulating his model of the sign, of 'semiology' and of a structuralist methodology, across the Atlantic independent work was also in progress as the pragmatist philosopher and logician Charles Sanders Peirce formulated his own model of the sign, of 'semiotic' and of the taxonomies of signs. In contrast to Saussure's model of the sign in the form of a 'self-contained dyad', Peirce offered a triadic model: The Representamen: the form which the sign takes (not necessarily material); An Interpretant: not an interpreter but rather the sense made of the sign; An Object: to which the sign refers. 'A sign is something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity. It addresses somebody, that is, creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign. That sign which it creates I call the interpretant of the first sign. The sign stands for something, its object. It stands for that object, not in all respects, but in reference to a sort of idea, which I have sometimes called the ground of the representamen' (Peirce 1931-58, 2.228). The interaction between the representamen, the object and the interpretant is referred to by Peirce as 'semiosis' (ibid., 5.484). Within Peirce's model of the sign, the traffic light sign for 'stop' would consist of: a red light facing traffic at an intersection (the representamen); vehicles halting (the object) and the idea that a red light indicates that vehicles must stop (the interpretant). Variants of Peirce's triad are often presented as 'the semiotic triangle' (as if there were only one version). Here is a version which is quite often encountered and which changes only the unfamiliar Peircean terms (Nцth 1990, 89): Sign vehicle: the form of the sign; Sense: the sense made of the sign; Referent: what the sign 'stands for'. Daniel Chandler has continued to employ the Saussurean terms signifier and signified, even though Peirce referred to the relation between the 'sign' (sic) and the object, since the Peircean distinctions are most commonly employed within a broadly Saussurean framework. Such incorporation tends to emphasize the referential potential of the signified within the Saussurean model. Here then are the three modes together with some brief definitions and some illustrative examples: 53 �Symbol/symbolic: a mode in which the signifier does not resemble the signified but which is 1st International Conference on Foreign- Language Teaching must and Applied fundamentally arbitrary or purely conventional so that the relationship be learnt: Linguistics e.g. language in general (plus specific languages, alphabetical May 5-7letters, 2011punctuation Sarajevo marks, words, phrases and sentences), numbers, Morse code, traffic lights, national flags; Icon/iconic: a mode in which the signifier is perceived as resembling or imitating the signified (recognizably looking, sounding, feeling, tasting or smelling like it) - being similar in possessing some of its qualities: e.g. a portrait, a cartoon, a scale-model, onomatopoeia, metaphors, 'realistic' sounds in 'programme music', sound effects in radio drama, a dubbed film soundtrack, imitative gestures; Index/indexical: a mode in which the signifier is not arbitrary but is directly connected in some way (physically or causally) to the signified - this link can be observed or inferred: e.g. 'natural signs' (smoke, thunder, footprints, echoes, non-synthetic odours and flavours), medical symptoms (pain, a rash, pulserate), measuring instruments (weathercock, thermometer, clock, spirit-level), 'signals' (a knock on a door, a phone ringing), pointers (a pointing 'index' finger, a directional signpost), recordings (a photograph, a film, video or television shot, an audio-recorded voice), personal 'trademarks' (handwriting, catchphrase) and indexical words ('that', 'this', 'here', 'there'). Peirce and Saussure used the term 'symbol' differently from each other. Whilst nowadays most theorists would refer to language as a symbolic sign system, Saussure avoided referring to linguistic signs as 'symbols', since the ordinary everyday use of this term refers to examples such as a pair of scales (signifying justice), and he insisted that such signs are 'never wholly arbitrary. Turning to icons, Peirce declared that an iconic sign represents its object 'mainly by its similarity' (Peirce 1931-58, 2.276). A sign is an icon 'insofar as it is like that thing and used as a sign of it' (ibid., 2.247). Just because a signifier resembles that which it depicts does not necessarily make it purely iconic. The philosopher Susanne Langer argues that 'the picture is essentially a symbol, not a duplicate, of what it represents' (Langer 1951, 67). Pictures resemble what they represent only in some respects. What we tend to recognize in an image are analogous relations of parts to a whole (ibid., 67-70). Indexicality is perhaps the most unfamiliar concept. Peirce offers various criteria for what constitutes an index. An index 'indicates' something: for example, 'a sundial or clock indicates the time of day' (Peirce 1931-58, 2.285). He refers to a 'genuine relation' between the 'sign' and the object which does not depend purely on 'the interpreting mind' (ibid., 2.92, 298). The object is 'necessarily existent' (ibid., 2.310). The index is connected to its object 'as a matter of fact' (ibid., 4.447). There is 'a real connection' (ibid., 5.75). Film and television use all three forms: icon (sound and image), symbol (speech and writing), and index (as the effect of what is filmed); at first sight iconic signs seem the dominant form, but some filmic signs are fairly arbitrary, such as 'dissolves' which signify that a scene from someone's memory is to follow. Hawkes notes, following Jakobson, that the three modes 'co-exist in the form of a hierarchy in which one of them will inevitably have dominance over the other two', with dominance determined by context (Hawkes 1977, 129). Whether a sign is symbolic, iconic or indexical depends primarily on the way in which the sign is used, so textbook examples chosen to illustrate the various modes can be misleading. The same signifier may be used iconically in one context and symbolically in another: a photograph of a woman may stand for some broad category such as 'women' or may more specifically represent only the particular woman who is depicted. Signs cannot be classified in terms of the three modes without reference to the purposes of their users within particular contexts. A sign may consequently be treated as symbolic by one person, as iconic by another and as indexical by a third. As Kent Grayson puts it, 'When we speak of an icon, an index or a symbol, we are not referring to objective qualities of the sign itself, but to a viewer's experience of the sign' (Grayson 1998, 35). Signs may also shift in mode over time. As Jonathan Culler notes, 'In one sense a Rolls-Royce is an index of wealth in that one must be wealthy in order to purchase one, but it has been made a conventional sign of wealth by social usage' (Culler 1975, 17). From a semiotic point-of-view, such questions could only be answered by considering in each case whether the different forms signified something of any consequence to the relevant sign-users in the context of the specific signifying practice being studied. Thus, the discipline described is aimed at developing students‘ thinking abilities as semiotics is an interdisciplinary subject and is anticipated to provide developing interpretation skills of students, includes general concepts on semiotics. 54 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Thus, teaching semiotics would provide and acquaint students with general theoretical knowledge in semiotics along with its abovementioned three aspects (semantics, syntax and pragmatics), along with wide sources from different fields of science. As a new discipline in Kyrgyzstan, semiotics is now being included into the programs of just few universities in Bishkek whilst universities located in other regions of the Kyrgyz Republic still have no idea about Semiotics as a science. And even those ones that have this subject are mostly focused on just one of its branches called ―Semantics‖. 1. Despite the fact that Kyrgyz–Turkish Manas University is considered to be one of the youngest universities with its 15 years‘ existence, the administrators and faculty included the course in semiotics into its program. The urgency is caused with the fact that KTU ―Manas‖ is an international university with more than 20 nationalities, where students must aware of mastering semiotics not only to survive in a foreign country, but also be aware of the cultural aspects in order to communicate with each other and understand codes that are hidden in foreign words and study foreign languages, to conduct comparative analyses of different linguistic phenomena whether it is a word, a text, a picture, a symbol for further experiencing them. As a conclusion for the present paper, I would like to cite the words of one of American semioticians, Richard L. Lanigan, who in his book "On the Goals of Semiotics [Survey]", compiled by Thomas A. Sebeok, Semiotica, 61, nos. 3-4, p. 381, 1986 said: "Semiotics is rapidly becoming the lingua franca of the scholarly world. The primary goals of the semiotic discipline should be (1) to extend the current analysis and discussion of sign theory into new subject matters, especially in the human sciences, and (2) to continue educating our colleagues about semiotic research as the conjunction of animal, human, and machine realities. In every discipline, we need to acknowledge and illustrate the in situ discovery of sign production. This is not another facile call for more interdisciplinary work. Rather, it is a phenomenological challenge to the scholars of each discipline to reexamine their philosophical and theoretical grounding as communicated. It is a mutual demand: to the arts to be systemic as well as intuitive in presentation, and, to the sciences to be creative as well as empirical in abstraction… Semiotics as the human art and science of communicology can, and should, be a vigorous alternative to the conceptual comforts of traditional art and science. An achievable goal for semiotics is to effectively communicate what it describes, how it defines, and why it interprets." Reference 1. 1988. Richard L. Lanigan, Phenomenology of Communication: Merleau-Ponty‘s Thematics in Communicology and Semiology (Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press; ISBN: 0-8207-0199-8), 288 pp. Korean trans. DuWon Lee and Kee-soon Park, Seoul, Korea: Naman Publishing House, 1997; ISBN: 89-3003554-X. [First research report book in English to use the disciplinary designation Communicology.] 2006. Richard L. Lanigan, ―The Human Science of Communicology (Semiotic Phenomenology)‖ in Semiotics Beyond Limits (Proceedings of the 1st Romanian Association of Semiotic Studies), (Bacau, Romania: SlanicMoldova), pp. 779-783. 2008. Richard L. Lanigan, ―Communicology: Towards a New Science of Semiotic Phenomenology‖, Cultura: International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology [Rumania], vol. 8, pages 212-216, 218 2010. Richard L. Lanigan, "The Verbal and Nonverbal Codes of Communicology: The Foundation of Interpersonal Agency and Efficacy" in Communicology: The New Science of Embodied Discourse, ed. Deborah Eicher-Catt and Isaac E. Catt (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickson University Press), pp. 102-128. 2010. Richard L. Lanigan, "Slugging: The Nonce Sign in an Urban Communicology of Transportation" in Unfolding the Semiotic Web in Urban Discourse, ed. Diana Teters and Zdzisław Wąsik (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Internationalaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2010), pp. in press. 55 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 11 Title A name given to the resource Significance of Teaching Semiotic Pedagogy Author Author Kasieva, Aida Abstract A summary of the resource. Charles Sanders Peirce, the father of American semiotics and pragmatism, insisted that educational institutions be places for learning and not merely instruction. If Peirce‘s argument is accepted, then it is necessary to redefine the role of teachers, students, and subject matters in relation to learning semiotics, with its cultural emphasis on codes, signs, and social interaction. Semiotics is especially appropriate for rethinking the learning and teaching progress. In particular, semiotics is a central part of the emerging global discipline which studies human communication as one of the Human Science disciplines using logic based research methods of semiotics and phenomenology to investigate social and cultural interactions. Thus, the present article is focused on the three areas of Semiotics as defined by Charles Morris when he participated in the Unified Science Project at the University of Chicago: 1. Semantics; 2. Syntax; 3. Pragmatics. In the same spirit, my article involves pedagogical activities for providing effective syllabus designs, teaching strategies, and classroom activities that show relevance for contemporary pedagogical studies in Communication and Cross-cultural studies. Pedagogy based on the semiotic work of Peirce, and exemplified by his definition of the university as a ―community of interpretation‖, forces a reconsideration of the roles which learners, teachers, and subject matter play within educational endeavors. This reconsideration may be called a ―semiotic pedagogy‖ of communication and culture. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a32002b90db66c1468500fb55026ffa5.pdf 744ccfd260a914ced5f8edcd35072f33 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Significant Predictors of Employees’ Motivation and Employees’ Job Satisfaction Ljiljan Veselinovid School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ljiljan.veselinovic@efsa.unsa.ba Zijada Rahimid School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina zijada.rahimid@efsa.unsa.ba As Henry Ford noted in his autobiography “business *…+ is not a machine. It is a collection of people who are brought together to do work.” In existing literature it is evident that soft approach of human resources is predominant since researches are more focusing on workers’ satisfaction of the job and different aspects of job satisfactions in various businesses’ environment rather than treating workers the same way as other resources are treated (hard approach). However, job satisfaction is a multifaceted construct. The most conventional aspects of satisfaction are: satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, co-workers, supervision, and the work itself. Some researches examine model where passion and organizational commitment are important predictor of job satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to identify factor structures associated with Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) and Worker Motivation Questionnaire (WMQ) and to develop regression model that will be able to predict level of motivation (measured in hours) and workers satisfaction on the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina. An online questionnaire was distributed to individuals by e-mail (Google Survey Tool). A total of 63 surveys were obtained and analysed. Data screening, assumption testing and sampling adequacy was done according to Field (2005). All relevant tests (such as KMO) provide sufficient information to confirm that factor analysis is the appropriate technique for the sample. First regression model shows that passion affect motivation level (measured in hours) and it accounts for 47% in the variance of the hours 189 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo people are motivated. However, other two independent variables (extrinsic and intrinsic motivation instruments) do not improve significantly model. Another model emerged from the collected data. Organizational commitment (both continuance and affective) seems to be a good predictor of extrinsic satisfaction of the workers. Implication of this is: if managers want to improve workers’ satisfaction of the working environment, they should arouse workers emotions toward organization (affective commitment) and should increase costs of leaving the organization (continuance commitment). Further researches should be focused on discovering factors that could predict motivation level in Bosnian-Herzegovinian environment. As it is already confirmed (in the literature as well as by this research), salary is not an important predictor of worker motivation and satisfaction. While passion seems to be the most important predictor of motivation, it is questionable what facets of passion are and how to measure them properly. Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Organization Commitment, Employees’ Motivation, Regression Model, Bosnia And Herzegovina. 190 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ea5fa93cce16edbe7225b2a752004c01.docx f7c333d7d7d11b6446ba0471cb454062 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/24dd4c0055e58a3b46b9bfc3c3467ca2.pdf ae10051aa71d2093950ece498ba7dea9 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Significant Predictors of Employees’ Motivation and Employees’ Job Satisfaction Ljiljan Veselinovic School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ljiljan.veselinovic@efsa.unsa.ba Zijada Rahimic School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina zijada.rahimic@efsa.unsa.ba Abstract As Henry Ford noted in his autobiography “business […] is not a machine. It is a collection of people who are brought together to do work.” In existing literature it is evident that soft approach of human resources is predominant since researches are more focusing on workers’ satisfaction of the job and different aspects of job satisfactions in various businesses’ environment rather than treating workers the same way as other resources are treated (hard approach). However, job satisfaction is a multi-faceted construct. The most conventional aspects of satisfaction are: satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself. Some researches examine model where passion and organizational commitment are important predictor of job satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to identify factor structures associated with Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, Organizational Commitment Questionnaire and Worker Motivation Questionnaire and to develop regression model that will be able to predict level of motivation (measured in hours) and workers satisfaction on the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina. An online questionnaire was distributed to individuals by e-mail (Google Survey Tool). A total of 63 surveys were obtained and analyzed. Data screening, assumption testing and sampling adequacy was done according to Field (2005). All relevant tests (such as KMO) provide sufficient information to confirm that factor analysis is the appropriate technique for the sample. First regression model shows that passion affect motivation level (measured in hours) and it accounts for 47% in the variance of the hours people are motivated. However, other two independent variables (extrinsic and intrinsic motivation instruments) do not improve significantly model. Another model emerged from the collected data. Organizational commitment (both continuance and affective) seems to be a good predictor of extrinsic satisfaction of the workers. Implication of this is: if managers want to improve workers’ satisfaction of the working environment, they should arouse workers emotions toward organization (affective commitment) and should increase costs of leaving the organization (continuance commitment). Further researches should be focused on discovering factors that could predict motivation level in Bosnian-Herzegovinian environment. As it is already confirmed (in the literature as well as by this research), salary is not an important predictor of worker motivation and satisfaction. While passion seems to be the most important predictor of motivation, it is questionable what facets of passion are and how to measure them properly. Keywords: job satisfaction,organization commitment, employees’ motivation, regression model, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Introduction The purpose of this research is to identify factor structures associated with Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) and Worker Motivation Questionnaire (WMQ) and to develop regression model that will be able to predict level of motivation (measured in hours) and workers satisfaction on the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Literature review is provided in the first section and subsequently detail explanation of methodology, data structure and results. In the last section of this paper conclusion, limitations and further research suggestion are given. This paper aims to contribute to better understanding of different facets of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and worker motivation. This paper also examines relationship between these different constructs. From practical perspective, different organizational climate influences productivity, innovation and employee satisfaction (Rahimić, 2013). Therefore, studying previously mentioned constructs are even more required in order to define organizational guiding principles for local managers. Literature Review Henry Ford noted in his autobiography that “business […] is not a machine. It is a collection of people who are brought together to do work.” (Ford 2008, p.65). In Human Resource Management theory, there are two approaches to managing people (Rahimić 2010, p.20): (1) soft approach and (2) hard approach. Main difference between these two approaches is the way workers are treated, i.e. the same as other resources (hard approach) or workers are the most important part of the business (soft approach). However, it seems that soft approach is predominant in existing literature since researches are more focusing on workers’ satisfaction of the job and different aspects of job satisfactions in various businesses’ environment (Ali Shaikh, Buttho and Maitlo 2012; Westover 2012; Sharma and Bajpai 2011; Ferguson and Cheek 2011; Rogelberg, Allen, Shanock, Scott, Shufflerwang 2010; Wang, Tiksin, Chiang, Huang 2010). Job satisfaction is a multi-faceted construct (Rogelberg et al. 2010, p.150). The most conventional aspects of satisfaction are: satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself (Rogelberg et al. 2010, p.150). In the recent research by Amabile and Kramer (2010)progress was identified as the most important factors of the employees’ workdays, i.e. making headway in doing jobs was bringing significant satisfaction to the employees and motivates them to work even harder. According to this research collaboration, instrumental support, interpersonal support and having important work are other aspects of the workplace that motivates people to work harder and to feel satisfied. Job satisfaction is defined as “…the state in which employees feel the situation of pleasure from his or her job or it is the positive and emotional state of the employee as a result of the appraisal of his or her job and performance” (Ali Shaikh et al. 2012, p.322). Different concepts that are used in existing literature, such as workplace learning, organizational commitment, and workplace performance are related to the job satisfaction. Jang et al. (2010) discuss relationship between these constructs: workplace learning improves workers’ skills and abilities and this in turn enhances job satisfaction and job commitment; job satisfaction improves organizational commitment; while organizational commitment can improve workplace performances. All those constructs lead to higher workers’ 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo productivity. Research conducted by Malhotra et al (2004) indicates that organizational commitment and job satisfaction influence service quality of customer-contact employees in backing call centers. Job satisfaction is “… one of the most commonly researched topics across both management and psychological disciplines with several hundred refereed, published articles in the last decade alone.” (Ferguson and Cheek 2011, p.222). Job satisfaction as a concept could be ignored neither from theoretical perspective nor from practical. From theoretical perspective, there are many different facets of job satisfaction that should be analyzed, while from the practical perspective people spend more time at the workplace than at any other so understanding these facets will help manager in better managing people. Five job facets (satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself) usually “… account for a substantial amount of the variance in overall job satisfaction.” (Rogelberg et al. 2010, p.150). However, Westover et al. (2010) examine model where passion and organizational commitment are important predictor of job satisfaction. Many others models are developed to predict job satisfaction as well. However, specific working environments and different cultural values require testing these models in order to prove its general purpose. Research Design and Methods The purpose of this research is to identify factor structures associated with Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) and Worker Motivation Questionnaire (WMQ) and to develop regression model that will be able to predict level of motivation (measured in hours) and workers satisfaction on the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data was collected by questionnaire based on existing literature. Questionnaire is consisted of following five sections: (1) General information about respondents (age, education, gender, their general satisfaction level). (2) MSQ developed by Weis, England, Dawis and Lofquist (20 questions) (3) OCQ developed by Modwday, Porter and Steers (15 questions) (4) Worker motivation and satisfaction on one particular day. Respondent were asked to choose one particular day, to write what happened on that day, and then to estimate different aspects of job satisfaction and motivation instruments that occurred on that particular day. (5) Average salary (this was the last question showed at separate page with clear information that they are not oblige to answer it; however 43 respondents out of 63 answer to this question as well) MSQ was developed by Weiss, Daswis, England and Lofquist (Wang et al., 2010) and is based on five-point Likert scale. It comes in 100-item long form and a 20-item short form. In general, MSQ is covering almost 20 aspects of job satisfaction, such as “… activity, independence, variety, social status, supervision and moral values.” (Wang et al. 2010, pp.151). Organizational commitment questionnaire (OCQ) was used since it affects job satisfaction the most, according to researches of Westover et al. (2010). Again, five-point Likert scale was used. 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In order to predict job satisfaction and worker motivation, respondents were asked to think of one particular day. Although, this question was not indented to be used in data analysis it is important to collect other data: respondents would be focused on that particular day, and their answers would reflect their reality since they would be forced to think of that day. Respondents were asked to estimate their motivation level, passion level and tasks completed that particular day in percentage (from 0 to 100). Many other facets of workplace that affects job satisfaction and worker motivation were measured on five-point Likert scale. All statistical procedure will be done according to suggestion of Field (2005) and Hair et al. (2010). Variables that are collected from the questionnaire are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Variables defined in the questionnaire Variable AGE GENDER WORKING_HOURS_DAY WORKING_DAYS_PER_WEEK DO_YOU_LIKE_YOUR_WORK SATISFACTION_LEVEL Description and measure Number of years Male or female Working hours during the week Number of working days per week Yes or No General satisfaction level of current work (Ten-point Likert scale) RESOURCES_AVAILABLE Are all required resources available to you? (Tenpoint Likert scale) MSQ_Q1, MSQ_Q2, […], Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire [20 questions] MSQ_Q20 (Five-point Likert scale) OCQ_Q1, OCQ_Q2, […], Organizational Commitment Questionnaire [15 OCQ_Q15 questions] (Five-point Likert scale) TASK_DESCRIPTION Description of one particular day [text/ memo] RM_MOTIVATION_LEVEL Estimation of general motivation level at that particular day (in hours) PASSION How passionate they were in doing that job at that particular day (as percentage) TASK_COMPLETED How much of the work was done at that particular day? (as percentage) RM_Q1, RM_Q2, […], RM_Q8 Question regarding causes of worker motivation that occurred at that particular date [8 questions] (Fivepoint Liker scale) SALARY Their monthly income (average salary) *Note: Description of MSQ_Q1, MSQ_Q2, OCQ_Q1 etc. are provided in exploratory factor analysis’ section Basic descriptive statistics and correlation matrices were used to analyze data. Exploratory factor analyses were used to identify factor structure among question from MSQ, OCQ and WMQ. This method will be employed to find common factors from the three sections, so average scores of the factors will be used. In order to predict job satisfaction and worker motivation, multiple regressions will be used. Data Collection An online questionnaire was distributed to individuals by e-mail (Google Survey Tool). A total of 63 surveys were obtained and analyzed out of 312 that were distributed, which represents response rate of 20%. Female represents 57.1% of the sample, while male 42.9%. All respondents aged between 20 and 40 years. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Salary and text description of one particular day were not required to fill. However, total of 46 respondents provided information regarding their salaries, and almost everyone provided textual description of one particular day. Descriptive statistics regarding age, salary and average working hours are shown in table 2. Table 2: Descriptive statistics – age, salary and average working hours per day N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Age 63 20 40 28.56 4.450 Average salary (BAM) 46 200 4000 1397.55 773.325 Average working 63 5 18 8.74 1.962 hours per day Seventeen surveys had missing values in one variable (salary) since it was not obligate to answer. This lack of data certainly limits the results of regression analysis. However, it did not affect exploratory factor analysis for MSQ, OCQ and MWQ since all other questions were obligate to answer via web online survey. Data for salary that was collected does not predict motivation level and is accounted for 6.9% of the total variance in the motivation level (when salary is independent variable and motivation level is dependent variable), so it was not used. Variable RM_MOTIVATION_LEVEL had 4 missing values because question was misunderstood by respondents (instead of writing number of hours, respondents wrote day of the week). The problem also appeared in expressing the motivation level as percentage since some respondents use scale from 0 to 1, while other from 0 to 100 (although 0 to 100 was specified). All those issues were corrected. There were four outliers detected in the research (case number 8, 43, 56 and 61). Rules for elimination of case was based on standardized residual and if standardized residual is less than -2 or greater than 2 cases were eliminated (number of such outliers was at acceptable level and was less than 7%). Power of regression model is estimated to be 100% (R2 is 0.725; number of predictors 3; sample size 63 and probability level of 0.05). Data Analysis Before running exploratory factor analysis, data screening, assumption testing and sampling adequacy was checked. Preliminary analysis suggested by Field (2005) was followed. All 20 variables from MSQ correlate fairly well except variables MSQ_Q9 and MSQ_Q1. One-tailed significance of Pearson correlation coefficient between variable MSQ_Q5, MSQ_Q8, MSQ_Q18 and all other pairs of variable were not significant. Therefore, these five variables were excluded from the analysis. Variables OCQ_Q4, OCQ_7 and OCQ_13 in OCQ did not have one-tailed significance of Pearson correlation coefficient below 0.05, while variable OCQ_Q3 did not correlate to any other. All variables in MWQ correlate fairly well and one-tailed significance of Pearson correlation coefficient were below 0.05. After elimination of five variables from MSQ, the determinant was greater than the value of 0.0001, so multicollinearity is not a problem of these data anymore. The values of 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo determinants above 0.0001 have been calculated for MWQ as well as for the OCQ after reduction of variables. Other preliminary analysis includes KMO statistics, Bartlett’s test of sphericity and antiimage matrices analysis. KMO value for MSQ was 0.867, so exploratory factor analysis is appropriate technique for these data. All diagonal elements of anti-image matrices had KMO values greater than 0.5. Bartlett’s test is highly significant (p<0.001). KMO values for OCQ and MWQ were also higher than minimum required. Table 3 shows summaries of the KMO statistics and Bartlett’s test of sphericity for the MSQ, OCQ and MWQ data. Table 3: KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Bartlett's Approx. Chi-Square Test of Df Sphericity Sig. MSQ .867 OCQ .860 WMQ .752 531.952 105 .000 486.835 55 .000 355.747 28 .000 Most of the communalities exceed 0.7, while average communality for the MSQ is 0.66. Residuals are computed between observed and reproduced correlations. There are 53 (50.0%) nonredundant residuals with absolute values greater than 0.05. Since this value is not higher than 50%, so no grounds for concern. The number of extracted factors in MSQ was three (Table 4). Cronbach’s  for each subscale of MSQ is around acceptable level, which indicates good reliability. Those three factors accounted for 65.19% of explained variance. First factor is concerned with extrinsic satisfaction. Extrinsic satisfaction refers to the situations when employees consider only the conditions of work (coworkers, pay etc), ie. Satisfaction that comes from outside an individual (for example praise received for doing good job). Factors 2 and 3 are concerned with different aspects of intrinsic satisfaction which comes from inside an individual (employees consider the task that make up the job, job type etc.). Factor 2 is concerned with relationship between one particular employee and others, while factor 3 is more concerned with giving employee certain level of freedom. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 4: Rotated Component Matrix(a. Rotation converged in 6 iterations) for MSQ Extrinsic satisfactio n (1) [19. praise I get for doing a good job] [20. feeling of accomplishment I get from job] [12. the way company policies are put into practice] [13. my pay and the amount of work I do] [6. the competence of my supervisor in making decisions] [17. working conditions] [14. the chances for advancement on this job] [10. the chance to tell other people what to do] [8. my job provides for steady employment] [4. the chance to be somebody in community] [3. the chance to do different things from time to time] [11. do something that makes use of my abilities] [16. try my own methods of doing the job] [15. freedom to use my own judgment] [2. the chance to work alone] Share of variance explained (%) Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items No of Items Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Component Intrinsic satisfaction: relationship (2) Intrinsic satisfaction: level of freedom (3) .893 .827 .810 .716 .651 .646 .574 .763 .689 .660 .608 .600 28.329 .894 .894 7 .859 .833 .635 65.194 .846 .844 3 47.536 .818 .820 5 While in Taiwan and BH same, elements of factor 1 (extrinsic satisfaction) are the same and more important than factor 2 (intrinsic satisfaction). In the US sample, intrinsic satisfaction was more important than extrinsic satisfaction. Comparison between US, Taiwan and BH sample is shown in Table 5. Table 5: Comparison of factor structures of US, Taiwan and BH sample Sample BH Taiwan US Factor 1 19, 20, 12, 13, 6, 17, 14 12, 13, 6,17, 5, 20 1, 2,3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,15, 16,20 Factor 2 10,8,4, 3,11 2,11, 10, 1, 16, 15 5, 6,12, 13, 14,19 Factor 3 16, 15, 2 4, 3,14 17, 18 Factor 4 Factor 5 19, 18 7, 8, 9 Explanation: Factor 1 in BH sample is represented with red color, factor two with blue color and factor 3 with orange color.Variables identified in the Taiwan and US researched are showed in the second and third row, while colors of the factors from the BH sampled remained across the table. As it can be seen, most of the elements that belongs to factor 1 in BH sample, belongs to factor 1 in Taiwan sample, but to factor 2 in US sample. The numbers of extracted factors in OCQ questionnaire is two (Table 6). Wang et al. (2010) borrowed typology from Meyer and Allen (1997), so the same typology was used here. Therefore, factor 1 is concerned with continuance commitment (employees are aware of the costs associated with leaving the organization). Factor 2 explains affective 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo commitment (emotions and attitudes towards organization). Cronbach’s  for each subscale of OCQ is around acceptable level, which indicates good reliability. Table 6: Rotated Component Matrix(Rotation converged in 3 iterations) for OCQ [11.not much gained by sticking with this org (R)] [9.little change cause me to leave (R)] [15.mistake on my part working for this org (R)] [10.glad choosing this organization to work for.] [12.difficult to agree with the policies relating to employees (R)] [8.inspire the very best in me in way of job performance] [14.best of all possible org to work] [1.putting great deal of effort to help this organization] [2.great organization to work for] [6.proud to tell that I am part of this organization] [5.my and the organization’s values are similar] Share of variance explained (%) Cronbach's Alpha Component Continuance Affective commitment (1) commitment (2) .902 .884 .757 -.692 .641 -.603 .775 .769 36.675 .770 Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items .772 No of Items 6 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. .745 .745 .670 69.116 .741 .743 5 MWQ revealed two kinds of instruments that happened at one particular day workers selected (Table 7): intrinsic motivation instruments (factor 1) and extrinsic motivation instruments (factor 2). Cronbach’s  for each subscale of MWQ is around acceptable level, which indicates good reliability (see appendices) 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 7: Rotated Component Matrix (Rotation converged in 3 iterations) for MWQ Component Intrinsic Extrinsic motivation motivation instruments (1) instruments (2) .920 [3. The goals were clear and I know what I was supposed to do] [1. That particular day I had a feeling I was .865 making progress, ie. I was busy all day] [2. I was excited about work that day. I believed .835 I could finish the work that was required.] [4. Deadlines were clearly defined and I had .834 enough time to finish my work] [7. That day I made an excellent collaboration with our colleagues, who helped me (and often do) to overcome obstacles] [8. My colleagues were very accessible to, friendly and helpful] [5. I got recognition for my work doing that particular day] [6. I received a monetary incentives on that day] Share of variance explained (%) 39.129 Cronbach's Alpha .908 Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items .912 No of Items 4 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. .858 .815 .810 .725 74.114 .837 .843 4 Initial regression model (Figure 1) was that motivation level (measured in hours at one particular day) will depend on passion and many different instruments. WMQ factor analysis revealed that there are two groups of motivation instruments: intrinsic and extrinsic. So, following regression model was specified. Figure 1: Regression model 1 Independent variable 1 Passion (PASSION) Independent variable 2 Intrinsic motivation instruments (WMQ_FACTOR1) Dependent variable Motivation level (RM_MOTIVATION_LEVEL) Independent variable 3 Extrinsic motivation instruments (WMQ_FACTOR2) However, only passion is significant predictors of motivation level, as it was already suggested by Westover et al. (2010). Passion alone could explain 47% of the variance in the motivation level. Other two independent variables (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation instruments) do not improve model considerably (change of R2 is 0.01 and 0.02 when WMQ_FACTOR1 and WMQ_FACTOR2 are introduced, respectively). Assumption of independent errors is tenable (Durbin-Watson statistic is close to 2). Multicollinearity is no 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo problem, which can be seen from correlation matrix as well (no Pearson coefficient is above 0.9). However, assumption of homoscedasticity is not met. VIF statistics also shows that there is no multicollinearity, however tolerance statistics is below 0.1 which indicates a serious problem. Therefore, this model will not be analyzed further. Table 8: Model Summaryd Mo del 1 R .6 90 R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics R Square Change F Change df1 df 2 DurbinWatson Sig. F Change .477 .468 1.995 .477 51.940 1 57 .000 .480 .461 2.007 .003 .344 1 56 .560 .481 .452 2.024 .001 .073 1 55 .788 a 2 .6 93 b 3 .6 93 2.110 c a. Predictors: (Constant), PASSION; b. Predictors: (Constant), PASSION, RM_FACTOR1; c. Predictors: (Constant), PASSION, RM_FACTOR1, RM_FACTOR2; d. Dependent Variable: RM_MOTIVATION_LEVEL After collected data has been study in more details, following (new) model was established: Workers’ satisfaction of the working environment could be predicted if we increase intrinsic satisfaction, workers emotions toward organization (affective commitment) and costs of leaving the organization (continuance commitment). Figure 2: Regression model specifications Independent variable 1 Intrinsic satisfaction (MSQ_FACTOR 2) Independent variable 2 Affective commitment (OCQ_FACTOR 2) Dependent variable Extrinsic satisfaction (MSQ_FACTOR 1) Independent variable 3 Continuance commitment (OCQ_FACTOR 1) This model was specified in order to predict level of extrinsic satisfaction of the job (i.e. satisfaction when workers consider only the conditions of work). Extrinsic satisfaction is an average value of the variables that belongs to MSQ Factor 1 (19, 20, 12, 13, 6, 17 and 14). Independent variables are: intrinsic satisfaction, affective commitment and continuance commitment. Intrinsic satisfaction means that workers consider only the type of work they do or the tasks that make up the job (measured by average value of the variables that belongs to MCQ Factor 2 – variables 10, 8, 4, 3, 11). Affective commitment represents attitudes that employees show towards organization (measured by average value of the variables that belongs to OCQ Factor 2 – variables 14, 1, 2, 6, 5). Continuance commitment explains employees’ awareness of the costs associated with leaving the 10 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo organization (measured by average value of the variables that belongs to OCQ Factor 2 – variables 1, 9, 15, 10, 12, 8). All assumptions are met (variable types are quantitative; non-zero variance; no perfect multicollinearity; homoscedasticity; Durbin-Watson test of independent errors). Table 7: Model Summary Mo R del R Adjusted Std. Error Squa R Square of the R F df Estimate Square Chan 1 Change ge re Change Statistics Durbindf2 Sig. Watson F Cha nge 1 .59 8 2 .79 8 3 .357 .347 .73370 .357 a 1 61 .000 1 60 .000 1 59 .000 7 .637 .625 .55590 .280 b .85 33.88 46.26 0 .725 .712 .48752 .088 19.01 2.096 c 2 2 a. Predictors: (Constant), MSQ_FACTOR2; b. Predictors: (Constant), MSQ_FACTOR2, OCQ_FACTOR2; c. Predictors: (Constant), MSQ_FACTOR2, OCQ_FACTOR2, OCQ_FACTOR1; d. Dependent Variable: MSQ_FACTOR1 Intrinsic satisfaction accounts for 35.7% of the variance in extrinsic satisfaction. Affective commitment and intrinsic satisfaction account for 63.7% of the variance in extrinsic satisfaction. Finally, continuance commitment, affective commitment and intrinsic satisfaction account for 72.5% of the variance in extrinsic satisfaction. Adjuster R2 does not change radically so if the sample was derived from the population from which the sample was taken, independent variables would account for almost the same percentage of variance in extrinsic satisfaction. Conclusions, Limitations and Further Research Suggestion Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire analyses different aspects of the job satisfaction. However, two factors could be identified: intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction. Exploratory factor analysis conducted in the US and Taiwan has similar factor structure, but it seems that BH sample structure is more similar to Taiwan than US sample. Organization Commitment Questionnaire discovered two factors: continuance and affective commitment. Worker Motivation Questionnaire discovered two kinds of instruments to improve motivation during day: intrinsic and extrinsic. First regression model shows that passion affect motivation level (measured in hours) and it accounts for 47% in the variance of the hours people are motivated. However, other two independent variables (extrinsic and intrinsic motivation instruments) do not improve significantly model and the model does not meet multiple regression assumptions. Therefore, it was not analyzed. However, another model emerged from the collected data. Intrinsic satisfaction, and organizational commitment (both continuance and affective) seems to be a good predictor of extrinsic satisfaction. Managerial implication of this is: if managers want to improve workers’ satisfaction of the working environment, they should 11 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo increase intrinsic satisfaction, as well as workers emotions toward organization (affective commitment) and should increase costs of leaving the organization (continuance commitment). At shallow view at the data collected could derive conclusion that sample size could be limitation to this research. However, all relevant tests provide sufficient information to confirm that factor analysis is the appropriate technique. According to some researches (Field, 2005, p.640; Guagagnoli and Velicer, 1988) factor with four or more loadings greater than 0.6 is reliable which was the case in this research. Some argues that overall KMO greater than 0.7 is good enough to use exploratory factor analysis. While there is no doubt that data for factor analysis was collected properly (Likert scale), precision of data for regression data for the first model could be improved by conducting in-depth interviews. Further researches should be focused on discovering factors that could predict motivation level in Bosnian-Herzegovinian environment. 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An exploratory factor analysis of workplace learning, job satisfaction, and organization commitment in small to midsize enterprises in Taiwain. Human Resource Development International. Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2010, 147-163 Westover, J., Westover, A., Westover, L. (2010). Enhancing long-term worker productivity and performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Vol. 59, No. 4., pp.372-387 Westover, J. (2012). Comparative International Differences in Intrinsic and Extrinsic Job Quality Characteristics and Worker Satisfaction, 1989-2005. International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 3 No. 7; April 2012. 13 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1635 Title A name given to the resource Significant Predictors of Employees’ Motivation and Employees’ Job Satisfaction Author Author VESELINOVIĆ, Ljiljan RAHIMIĆ, Zijada Abstract A summary of the resource. As Henry Ford noted in his autobiography “business *…+ is not a machine. It is a collection of people who are brought together to do work.” In existing literature it is evident that soft approach of human resources is predominant since researches are more focusing on workers’ satisfaction of the job and different aspects of job satisfactions in various businesses’ environment rather than treating workers the same way as other resources are treated (hard approach). However, job satisfaction is a multifaceted construct. The most conventional aspects of satisfaction are: satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, co-workers, supervision, and the work itself. Some researches examine model where passion and organizational commitment are important predictor of job satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to identify factor structures associated with Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) and Worker Motivation Questionnaire (WMQ) and to develop regression model that will be able to predict level of motivation (measured in hours) and workers satisfaction on the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina. An online questionnaire was distributed to individuals by e-mail (Google Survey Tool). A total of 63 surveys were obtained and analysed. Data screening, assumption testing and sampling adequacy was done according to Field (2005). All relevant tests (such as KMO) provide sufficient information to confirm that factor analysis is the appropriate technique for the sample. First regression model shows that passion affect motivation level (measured in hours) and it accounts for 47% in the variance of the hours people are motivated. However, other two independent variables (extrinsic and intrinsic motivation instruments) do not improve significantly model. Another model emerged from the collected data. Organizational commitment (both continuance and affective) seems to be a good predictor of extrinsic satisfaction of the workers. Implication of this is: if managers want to improve workers’ satisfaction of the working environment, they should arouse workers emotions toward organization (affective commitment) and should increase costs of leaving the organization (continuance commitment). Further researches should be focused on discovering factors that could predict motivation level in Bosnian-Herzegovinian environment. As it is already confirmed (in the literature as well as by this research), salary is not an important predictor of worker motivation and satisfaction. While passion seems to be the most important predictor of motivation, it is questionable what facets of passion are and how to measure them properly. Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Organization Commitment, Employees’ Motivation, Regression Model, Bosnia And Herzegovina. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6ace859bb7e9da2ec09351d1412a2d93.docx 3652ddf2ee3cb8a01248343f2d64e167 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/116ebb82e25237956ad9ef73b9e3d75c.pdf e656cc058c55802d0c3c926c6a99e153 PDF Text Text ��� o o o o o o   o �o      o            ���    �        �    ��  �  o o o o o o o �    ��      �                   �                       �   �   �  o o �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3135 Title A name given to the resource Sigurnosni propisi i osiguranje transporta opasnih materija Author Author ISLAMOVIĆ, Fadil KOFRC, Hajro ŠAHINOVIĆ, Refik BAJRIĆ, Belma Abstract A summary of the resource. U ovom radu dat je prikaz međunarodne klasifikacije opasnih materija prema Evropskom sporazumu o međunarodnom cestovnom prijevozu opasnih materija – ADR, te su obrađeni osnovni vidovi transporta opasnih materija u svijetu sa posebnim osvrtom na Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Akcent je stavljen na sigurnosni aspekt transporta opasnih materija, posebno na transport zapaljivih tečnih materija iz klase 3. klasifikacije, iz razloga njihovog značajnijeg učešća u ukupnom transportu opasnih materija. Navedeni su međunarodni sigurnosni propisi iz oblasti transporta opasnih materija, ali je ukazano i na potrebu usvajanja nacionalnih sigurnosnih propisa. Cilj ovih propisa je da osiguraju siguran transport i da minimaliziraju rizik nesreća, koje su povezane sa narušavanjem zdravlja ljudi ili zagađenjem životne sredine. U kontekstu nastanka šteta nezaobilazno je pitanje osiguranja transporta opasnih materija, odnosno osiguranja od odgovornosti za štete učinjene trećim licima, koje je namijenjeno, prije svega, svim pravnim licima koja imaju zakonsku obavezu da pribave policu osiguranja odgovornosti za štete, koje mogu nastati u prijevozu opasnih materija. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b1014b382c51aca05aeccf6313b37148.docx 4585948c2c755ff0a48f24d54d201a2c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ff657345d14febebaeba79590a670cbe.pdf 20d5775593e7662f8f9fcb1d12622722 PDF Text Text IZVORNI NAUČNI RAD UDK 351.78(497.6) Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine Doc. dr. sc. Mirza Smajić Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta u Sarajevu Email: smajicm@fpn.unsa.ba Mr. sc. Sead Turčalo Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta u Sarajevu Email: turcalos@fpn.unsa.ba Sažetak: Stepen povjerenja u institucije sigurnosti direktno se veže i za stepen demokratske konsolidacije određenog društva, što u krajnjoj liniji određuje stanje demokratskih i sigurnosnih prilika u zemlji. Autori u tekstu testiraju određene hipoteze, koje se odnose na povjerenje građana u domaće i međunarodne institucije sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini i osjećaju sigurnosti građana, predstavljajući vlastite rezultate istraživanja. Istraživanje je provedeno na prostoru cijele Bosne i Hercegovine na uzorku od 730 ispitanika uvažavajući pri tome geografsku, administrativnu i etničku heterogenost Bosne i Hercegovine. Posebno želimo naglasiti specifičnost provedenog istraživanja, jer su ispitanike osim građana, činili policijski službenici i zastupnici u Parlamentarnoj skupštini BiH što dodatno predstavlja mogućnost realnog određivanja stepena povjerenja u institucije sigurnosti, kao i stepena konsolidacije demokratije u Bosni i Hercegovini. Ključne riječi: sigurnost, povjerenje, Bosna i Hercegovina, demokratija, institucija 705 �Mirza Smajić, Sead Turčalo UVOD Posmatrano iz perspektive politološke znanosti povjerenje predstavlja ključni faktor za uspostavljanje političke stabilnosti, sigurnosti i ekonomskog prosperiteta jedne države. S druge strane, sigurnost se ubraja u primarne ljudske potrebe 1, odnosno to je jedna od osnovnih životnih funkcija i konstantna djelatnost u svim vremenskim etapama razvoja čovječanstva. Nadalje, sigurnost treba posmatrati i kao barijeru između konstruktivnih i destruktivnih sila, budući da naspram sigurnosti stoje nesigurnost, ugrožavanje, prijetnje. U takvom stanju, čovjek ne može razvijati i obavljati svoje životne funkcije jer traži modul otpornosti i prevladavanja prema vrstama ugrožavanja, koje mogu biti prouzrokovane pojavama iz prirode ili interakcijom unutar jednog ili više društava. Iako je demokratija danas postala najprihvatljiviji oblik političkog uređenja, ipak složena etnička, vjerska i kulturna slika novonastalnih država postaje ključni izazov politici mira, stabilnosti i demokratije. Polazimo od pretpostavke da je povjerenje temeljni element političke kulture, odnosno da je glavni indikator kako bi se „kanalizirali sukobi i konflikti unutar političkog sistema“ (Baloban/Rimac, 1998: 664). Sociolozi Nikodem i Čupić smatraju da je stepen povjerenja, koji građani iskazuju u osnovne institucije i organizacije društva, ključni sociokulturni potencijal samog društva 2. Na osnovu sociološke literature i istraživačke prakse neophodno je naglasiti višedimenzionalnost pojma povjerenja, jer se vrlo često posmatra kao psihološka, etička ili čak racionalna kalkulacija. Pored toga, neki autori naglašavaju nužnost razlikovanja povjerenja u ljude i povjerenja u institucije 3. Pojedini autori, također naglašavaju da povjerenje u institucije predstavlja indikator ukupnog društvenog poredka, odnosno, efikasno funkcioniranje institucija doprinosi funkcioniranju čitavog društva i države. Upravo političke teorije naglašavaju da jaka efikasnost institucija „obezbeđuje sveukupno jačanje altruizma i solidarnosti u društvu, a ovo se dalje prenosi na interpersonalne odnose i u funkciji je legitimacije čitavog društva“. Kramer (1999) upravo ovakvu funkciju objašnjava na način da se društvo ustrojava kao „svojevrsna zajednica, garant osjećanja sigurnosti pojedinaca u vrijednosnom smislu“ (Bešić, 2011: 121-122). Prethodne konstatacije pokazuju stalnu nužnost ispitivanja stepena povjerenja u institucije, a sa ciljem jačanja efikasnosti institucija i izgradnje jednog funkcionalnog, U tom kontekstu, jedan od glavnih predstavnika psihoanalize Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) smatra da je čovjek biće „koje je pod snažnim utjecajem ili vlašću urođenih nagona i koje djeluje pod utjecajem konflikata u samom sebi i svojih nesvjesnih determinanti“ (Fulgosi, 1997:247). 2 Krunoslav Nikodem i Gordan Črpić: Izlaganje na Nacionalnom kongresu Hrvatskog sociološkog društva: „Sociologija i promjena – izazovi i budućnost“; Zagreb, 7-8. aprila, 2011.godine. 3 Osnovna razlika, prema Bešiću, povjerenja u institucije i ljude je u tome što su institucije bezlične. Nadalje, Gidens (1990) smatra da temelj na kome počiva povjerenje u institucije „zapravo je društvena konvencija, koja počiva na zakonima, pravilima i standardima, kao i etičkim kodovima koji obavezuju zapošljenje u tim institucijama na određena ponašanja.(..).U njima se insistira na značenju socijalnog poverenja za funkcionisanje institucija, posebno političkih institucija“ (Bešić, 2011: 121). 1 706 �Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine solidarnog i pravednijeg društva. Zbog toga, ovakva ili slična istraživanja povjerenja u institucije sistema se vrlo često provode u zemljama Europske unije kako bi se došlo do reprezentativnog i validnog rezultata povjerenja u nacionalne i nadnacionalne institucije. Za ovakvu vrstu istraživanjam, odnosno provedena istraživanja pokazuju da se najčešće testira teorija o socijalnom kapitalu, odnosno ispitivanje ključne hipoteze: „pretpostavka da će u svakoj od zemalja biti veći stepen povjerenja u institucije ukoliko je veći stepen socijalnog poverenja“ 4. Primarno naše istraživanje se odnosi na povjerenje u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, a kako bi generalno utvrdili: • • • • • opći stepen funkcioniranja, odnosno povjerenja u institucije, pa i društvu, efikasnost političkih elita, društvenu koheziju unutar bosanskohercegovačkog društva, stepen demokratske konsolidacije, stepen ili osjećaj sigurnosti pojedinca u društvu i sl. Posmatrano iz našeg ugla, Bosna i Hercegovina se još uvijek nalazi u procesu tranzicije i ona se po mnogim faktorima razlikuje od drugih država. Prije svega, Bosna i Hercegovina je postratno društvo koje je u dobroj mjeri partikularizirano i razbijeno po etničkim, vjerskim i socijalnim kategorijama, a što je zasigurno posljedica izražene etnopolitičke dimenzije. Posljedica takvog stanja dovela je do uspostavljanja novih standarda, pa čak i kontranormi (Abazović, 2008: 74). Posebno želimo naglasiti da ovakvo stanje karakterizira nizak nivo povjerenja, odnosno postoje ključni problemi, koji opterećuju međusobne odnose što sveukupno dovelo do slabljenja unutrašnjih faktora (civilnog društva) kao glavnih generatora da se postigne konsolidacija demokratije (Sarajlić-Maglić, 2008: 15). Općenito, nijedno društvo, bilo da je riječ o savremenom, bilo o tradicionalnom, nije imuno na određene krize i stanja. Taj stepen se određuje na osnovu razvoja određenih parametara i karakteristika društva, pa i države, kao što su, npr., razvoj ljudskih prava i sloboda, suveren građanin, stepen političkog pluralizma, odlučivanje većine i manjine, opći stepen demokratskog progresa… (Zgodić, 2002). Međutim, u društvima kakvo je i bosanskohercegovačko, preovladavaju kolektivni umjesto građansko-individualnih suvereniteta. U takvom ambijentu, u kojem preovladava problem sa identitetom i odnosom prema identitetima, nerazumijevanjem drugog i drugačijeg razvijaju se sigurnosni rizici koji mogu višeslojno, višeznačajno i višemjerno proizvoditi, održavati i nerijetko produbljivati stanje nesigurnosti građana, društvenih grupa, pa i društva u cjelini. Na tom fonu, identitet u Bosni i Hercegovini se posmatra singularno i po sistemu nametanja. Time se dolazi do depersonalizacije pojedinca od dijela političkih elita, dijela religijskih autoriteta višeg ili nižeg 4 Pored navedene hipoteze istraživanjem se želi propitati i još jedna ključna hipoteza, koja pretpostavlja da će povjerenje u institucije biti veće ukoliko su pojedinci dobrovoljno uključeni u volonterske organizacije (šire u Bešić, 2011: 122). 707 �Mirza Smajić, Sead Turčalo ranga koji doprinose dehumanizaciji politike vršeći ideološko i političko nasilje, kako nad „svojima“, tako i nad drugima (Abazović, 2010: 100). U nastavku rada ćemo prezentirati hipotetički okvir i rezultate istraživanja povjerenja u insitucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Hipotetički ovir i rezultati istraživanja U tekstu polazimo od hipoteze da društveno-političko stanje u Bosni i Hercegovini generiran nepovjerenje u institucije kao permanentne indikatore kriznog stanja koje ostvaruje povratni negativni efekat na situaciju unutar države. Anketni upitnik 5 imao je prvenstveno cilj da se propitaju mišljenja određenih kategorija građana, ali i stručne i političke javnosti o sigurnosnim prijetnjama demokratskoj konsolidaciji bosanskohercegovačkog društva. Na osnovu toga, konceptualizacija i izrada anketnog upitnika utjecali su na određivanje strukture, te reprezentativnosti uzorka ispitanika. U odabiru strukture uzorka, a na osnovu definiranih zadataka i cilja anketnog upitnika, izabrane su tri kategorije (vrste) ispitanika koje čine dio ukupne bosanskohercegovačke populacije: 1. građani, 2. policijski službenici ili „stručna javnost“, 3. politička javnost, odnosno zastupnici u Parlamentarnoj skupštini Bosne i Hercegovine. Cilj ovako složene strukture uzorka je bio prikupiti nove, cjelovite i izvorne podatke koji će pružiti mogućnost za veću verifikacijsku vrijednost, a time i širi uvid u stavove odabranog uzorka. Namjera je bila da se građani anketiraju slučajnim odabirom, kako bi se dobile individualne percepcije o sigurnosnim prijetnjama, stepenu povjerenja i demokratskim vrijednostima u Bosni i Hercegovini. Kada su u pitanju sigurnosne prijetnje, dobijeni podaci su omogućili realan uvid u temeljne stavove navedene populacije. To je pomoglo i u sagledavanju stanja sigurnosnih i demokratskih prilika u Bosni i Hercegovini, posebno ako se ima u vidu da se sa sigurnosnog stanovišta vrlo lako manipulira percepcijom sigurnosnih prijetnji građana, što se odražava na potencijalne efekte koji se mogu osjetiti kao ugrožavanje, strah, neizvjesnost, nepovjerenje i dr. (Lisica, 2011: 164). Određene kategorije stručne i političke javnosti anketirane 6 su zbog svoje pozicije i utjecaja u bosanskohercegovačkom Istraživanje je proverdeno za potrebe doktorske disertacije “Sigurnosne prijetnje demokratskoj konsolidaciji bosanskohercegovačkog društva“ odbranjene 08.februara 2013.godine na Fakultetu političkih nauka Univerziteta u Sarajevu. 6 Popunjavanje anketnog upitnika izvršeno je u periodu od 11. juna do 20. jula 2012. godine na prostoru cijele Bosne i Hercegovine, a prema unaprijed određenoj strukturi i reprezentativnom uzorku ispitanika. 5 708 �Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine društvu. Prema tome, „stručnu javnost“ činili su policijski službenici u oba bh. entiteta čija percepcija i iskustvo o sigurnosnim prilikama u društvu mogu poslužiti za oblikovanje preciznijeg profila povjerenja u institucije, te prijetnje i razvoja budućeg mehanizma za njihovo detektiranje i suzbijanje na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine. Treća kategorija ispitanika se odnosi na zastupnike u Parlamentarnoj skupštini Bosne i Hercegovine. Naime, oni svojim političkim djelovanjem mogu utjecati na oblikovanje sistema sigurnosti, mišljenje dominantnih društvenih grupa i pojedinaca i time razviti određeni sistem vrijednosti koji će unaprijediti sigurnosnu kulturu i doprinijeti sigurnijem ambijentu na putu demokratske konsolidacije bosanskohercegovačkog društva. Na osnovu prethodno utvrđenih instrumentarija za empirijsko istraživanje, pristupilo se odabiru reprezentativnog uzorka za Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Da bi dobijeni rezultati bili međusobno uporedivi, prilikom odabira uzorka vodilo se računa o tome da određene karakteristike ispitanika budu što više ujednačene (teritorijalna, spolna, etnička, obrazovna…). Nakon odabira cjelokupne strukture, demografska i socijalna reprezentativnost uzorka izvršena je prema shemi slučajnog uzorka, a na osnovu slojevitih izvora podataka. Primarna jedinica odabira slučajnog uzorka u strukturi „građana“, u pogledu općih podataka, definirana je pomoću procjena i metodologija entitetskih zavoda za statistiku: stanovništvo i teritorijalni ustroj 7 (N=395). Za određivanje reprezentativnog uzorka „stručne javnosti“ istraživanje je bilo ograničeno na policijske službenike u entitetskim, odnosno kantonalnim upravama policije i policiji Brčko Distrikta BiH 8 (N=310). Kao treća populacija u strukturi uzorka izabrani su zastupnici u Parlamentarnoj skupštini Bosne i Hercegovine (N=25). Na osnovu prezentiranih činjenica, ukupan uzorak za empirijsko istraživanje, koji je obrađen i na osnovu kojeg su rađene interpretacije iznosio je 730 ispitanika. Uzorak je bio slučajan i reprezentativan, odnosno terensko istraživanje je provedeno na teritoriji cijele Bosne i Hercegovine. Istraživanje je izvršeno u 68 lokalnih zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini (općine i gradovi), od toga je 47 lokalnih zajednica iz Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine, a 20 iz Republike Srpske i Brčko Distrikta BiH (tabela 1). Statistički godišnjak/ljetopis Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 2011. godina, i Statistički godišnjak Republike Srpske, Banja Luka, 2011. godina. 8 Na osnovu procjene EUPM misije u Bosni i Hercegovini, u 2010. godini ukupno je bilo 16.453 policijska službenika od čega 3.155 u policijskim agencijama na državnom nivou, 505 na federalnom nivou, odnosno 7.034 policijska službenika u kantonalnim ministarstvima unutrašnjih poslova, 5.184 u Republici Srpskoj i 238 policijska službenika u Brčko Distriktu Bosne i Hercegovine (Women in Police, EUPM, Sarajevo 2010:6). 7 709 �Mirza Smajić, Sead Turčalo Teritorijalna distribucija ispitanika Ukupan uzorak Građani Policijski službenici Zastupnici u PSBiH Općine Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine Republika Srpska Brčko Distrikt BiH Bosna i Hercegovina N % N % N % N % 469 248 201 64,2% 62,8% 64,8% 244 141 98 33,5% 35,7% 31,6% 17 6 11 2,3% 1,5% 3,5% 730 100,0 395 310 100,0 100,0 20 80% 5 20% --- --- 25 100,0 47 69,2% 20 29,4% 1 1,4% 68 100,0 Tabela 1: Teritorijalna distribucija ispitanika (entitet, općina) U nastavku će biti predstavljene i analizirane osnovne frekvencije kao i procenti odgovora cjelokupne strukture uzorka (N=730) na postavljena pitanja. Ovi podaci će omogućiti da se sagledaju mišljenja i stavovi o o povjerenju u organe i institucije BiH čiji je zadatak sigurnost ljudi, imovine i zemlje. Posebno treba naglasiti rezultate koji se odnose na lični osjećaj sigurnosti. Percepcija sigurnosti kod ispitanika U nastavku su prezentirani rezultati istraživanja kojima je od ispitanika traženo da odgovore na pitanje gdje se osjećaju sigurno u odnosu na područje u BiH. Ispitanici su se između pet ponuđenih mogućnosti mogli opredijeliti samo za jedan odgovor: (1) na cijeloj teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine; (2) samo na teritoriji Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine; (3) samo na teritoriji Republike Srpske; (4) samo na teritoriji Brčko Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine; (5) uopće se ne osjećam sigurno, bez obzira na područje u Bosni i Hercegovini (tabela 2). Frekvencija i procent odgovora lične percepcije sigurnosti Prema Vašem mišljenju, Tip upitnika gdje se osjećate sigurno? Građani Policija Zastupnici N 135 198 16 na cijeloj teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine % 34,2% 63.9% 64.0% samo na teritoriji Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine samo na teritoriji Republike Srpske samo na teritoriji Brčko Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine 710 Total 349 47,8% N % 40 10.1% 29 9.4% 2 8.0% 71 9,7% N % 61 15.4% 36 11.6% 3 12.0% 100 13.7% N % 2 0,5% 1 0,3% 0 0.0% 3 0,4% �Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine uopće se ne osjećam sigurno, bez obzira na područje u Bosni i Hercegovini Total N % 157 39,7% 46 14,8% 4 16.0% N 395 310 25 207 28,4 % 730 % 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0 Tabela 2: Frekvencija i procent odgovora lične percepcije sigurnosti Kao što se može vidjeti, najveći procent svih ispitanika (47,8%) osjeća se sigurno na cijeloj teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine, od čega 34,2% građana, 63,9% policijskih službenika i 64% uzorka zastupnika u PSBiH 9. Od ukupnog uzorka, 28,4% ispitanika se uopće ne osjeća sigurno, bez obzira na područje u Bosni i Hercegovini. Rezultati pokazuju da između ovih triju populacija postoji statistički značajna razlika a posebno je to vidljivo u odgovorima kod građana, gdje se najveći procent (39,7%) uopće ne osjeća sigurno, bez obzira na područje, dok se 10,1% građana osjeća sigurno samo na teritoriji FBiH, 15,4% na teritoriji RS i 0,5% samo na teritoriji BDBiH. Između ostalog, važno je naglasiti da se apsolutna većina svih ispitanika policijskih službenika (63,9%) i zastupnika (64,0%) osjeća sigurno na cijeloj teritoriji BiH. U odnosu na entitet, najveći procent građana (47,6%) iz FBiH se uopće ne osjeća sigurno, bez obzira na područje u BiH, a samo 15,7% se osjeća sigurno na teritoriji ovog entiteta, odnosno 35,5% građana iz FBiH se osjeća sigurno na cijeloj teritoriji BiH. Međutim, najveći procent ispitanika iz Republike Srpske (42,6%) osjeća se sigurno samo na teritoriji tog entiteta, odnosno 31,2% se osjeća sigurno na cijeloj teritoriji BiH, a niti jedan ispitanik iz ovog entiteta nije se opredijelio za FBiH i Brčko Distrikt BiH. Na kraju, može se konstatirati da se većina ispitanika osjeća sigurno, bez obzira na područje u Bosni i Hercegovini. Međutim, različiti rezultati unutar strukture građana, a prije svega u odnosu na nacionalnost i entitet, ne djeluju optimistično. Naime, još uvijek dominira nepovjerenje koje generira osjećaj nesigurnosti među nacionalnim grupama, ali i postojanje općeg nepovjerenja u institucije sigurnosti drugog entiteta. Objašnjenje prethodnog zaključka prvenstveno se odnosi na tzv. subjektivni osjećaj sigurnosti kod svih ispitanika, a što je možda 9 Bitno je naglasiti razliku između objektivne i subjektivne sigurnosti, odnosno osjećaja sigurnosti. Stepen objektivne sigurnosti predstavljaju statistički podaci, koji se odnosne na konkretno činjenično stanje koje je ustanovila policija. Naprimjer, u sarajevskom naselju „XY“ u 2011. godini prijavljeno je šest lica zbog fizičkog nasilja. Stepen subjektivne sigurnosti, odnosno osjećaj sigurnosti predstavlja lični osjećaj lica, koji je vezan za sigurnosnu situaciju u njegovom okruženju. Ključno pitanje se odnosi na percepciju straha kod lica, da li bi oni eventualno mogli postati žrtve nekog kriminalnog djela ili nasilja. Naprimjer, za utvrđivanje stepena ili osjećaja sigurnosti kod građana najčešće se koriste ankete, tako da je moguće dobiti podatke o tome da u određenom naselju u nekom gradu mnogi građani osjećaju strah u večernjim satima, iako zvanične statistike navode da se radi o natprosječno sigurnom okruženju (šire u Priručnik – Rad policije u zajednici u Bosni i Hercegovini, 2010:15). 711 �Mirza Smajić, Sead Turčalo i posljedica još uvijek prisutnih stereotipa i predrasuda u bosanskohercegovačkom društvu. Prema tome, istraživanje percepcije, stereotipa i imidža među građanima Bosne i Hercegovine, koje je provedeno u okviru studije „Što Hrvati, Bošnjaci i Srbi misle jedni o drugima, a što o Bosni i Hercegovini“ pokazalo je da se „relativno slabo poznaju i zanimaju jedni za druge, te kako je njihova međusobna percepcija još uvijek opterećena stereotipima iz prošlosti, te ratnim događanjima“ (Skoko, 2011:15). Uopćeno, studija je pokazala da postoje ključni problemi koji opterećuju međusobne odnose, a time i razvoj države Bosne i Hercegovine (2011:19-20): Nepostojanje zajedničkog cilja prema međusobnoj pomirbi i izgradnji zajedničke države, jer svaki narod kroz svoje nacionalno-partikularne ciljeve vidi budućnost; Nepostojanje niti približnog konsenzusa oko rata u Bosni i Hercegovini; Neriješena nacionalna pitanja koja se, prema autoru studije, svakodnevno pojavljuju u politici (izbor državnih službenika, zahtjev za medij na vlastitom jeziku…).Među ključnim problemima je nepostojanje povjerenja među narodima navodi se u studiji. Osim toga, visok procent homogenosti osjećaja sigurnosti kod policijskih službenika upućuje na zaključak, koji pokazuje visok stupanj povjerenja među ovim ispitanicima, ali i prema institucijama u kojima su zaposleni, bez obzira na područje u Bosni i Hercegovini. Na kraju, možemo rezimirati da općenito nijedno društvo, bilo da je riječ o savremenom, bilo o tradicionalnom, nije imuno na određene krize i stanja. Taj stupanj se određuje na osnovu razvoja određenih parametara i karakteristika društva, pa i države, kao što su, npr., razvoj ljudskih prava i sloboda, suveren građanin, stepen političkog pluralizma, odlučivanje većine i manjine, opći stepen demokratskog progresa… (Zgodić, 2002). Međutim, u društvima kakvo je i bosanskohercegovačko, preovladavaju kolektivni umjesto građansko-individualnih suvereniteta. U takvom ambijentu, u kojem preovladava problem sa identitetom i odnosom prema identitetima, nerazumijevanjem drugog i drugačijeg razvijaju se sigurnosni rizici koji mogu višeslojno, višeznačajno i višemjerno proizvoditi, održavati i nerijetko produbljivati stanje nesigurnosti građana, društvenih grupa, pa i društva u cjelini. Nadalje, političke elite svojom huškačkom retorikom i politikom nejedinstva perpetuiraju krize, što se u krajnjoj liniji odražava na percepciju sigurnosti. Na tom fonu, identitet u Bosni i Hercegovini se posmatra singularno i po sistemu nametanja. Time se dolazi do depersonalizacije pojedinca od dijela političkih elita, dijela religijskih autoriteta višeg ili nižeg ranga koji doprinose dehumanizaciji politike vršeći ideološko i političko nasilje, kako nad „svojima“, tako i nad drugima (Abazović, 2010:100). Nadalje, političke elite svojom huškačkom retorikom i politikom nejedinstva perpetuiraju krize, što se u krajnjoj liniji odražava na percepciju sigurnosti. Prisutne etnonacionalne paradigme i kvazidemokratski ambijent doprinose destabilizaciji demokratskih i sigurnosnih prilika u Bosni i Hercegovini. Najjednostavnije rečeno, takva retorika služi samo kao instrument jačanja političke moći, što se u konačnici može okarakterizirati kao sekuritizirajući potez, odnosno nepriznavanje realne opasnosti od 712 �Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine organiziranog kriminala za bosanskohercegovačko društvo. Zbog toga, očigledne posljedice za Bosnu i Hercegovinu su: • • • • • visok stepen korupcije; zastoj u političkim i ekonomskim reformama na putu u Evropsku uniju i NATO; nepostojanje funkcionalnih institucija države; nedostatak demokratskog ambijenta, uz istovremeno jačanje etnokratskog ambijenta; konstantno perpetuiranje krize kroz jačanje nacionalizma i etničke podjele. Povjerenje u domaće i međunarodne institucije sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini U okviru ove sekcije istraživanja izvršeno je ispitivanje povjerenja građana, policijskih službenika i zastupnika u Parlamentarnoj skupštini Bosne i Hercegovine u institucije sigurnosnog sistema Bosne i Hercegovine. Značaj ovog pitanja, odnosno odgovori anketiranih ispitanika predstavljat će realne pokazatelje povjerenja u sistem i institucije sigurnosti u državi, kao i to u kojoj mjeri Bosna i Hercegovina treba razvijati sigurnosnu politiku. Posebno treba naglasiti da stepen povjerenja u institucije sigurnosti odražava stav, u našem slučaju triju komponenti bosanskohercegovačkog društva, a na osnovu kojeg se trebaju razvijati budući sigurnosni i drugi odnosi između komponenti, kako pojedinačno, tako i u cjelini. Uz to, svakako se ističe da se stepen povjerenja u organe i institucije sigurnosti indirektno veže i za stepen demokratske konsolidacije određenog društva, što u krajnjoj liniji određuje stanje demokratskih i sigurnosnih prilika u zemlji. Ispitivanje povjerenja bosanskohercegovačkog društva u institucije sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini obuhvatilo je 12 odabranih institucija koje imaju značajnu ulogu u sigurnosnom sistemu Bosne i Hercegovine, a to su: 1. Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, 2. Granična policija Bosne i Hercegovine, 3. Direkcija za koordinaciju policijskih tijela Bosne i Hercegovine, 4. Državna agencija za istrage i zaštitu (SIPA), 5. Agencija za prevenciju i borbu protiv korupcije Bosne i Hercegovine, 6. Oružane snage Bosne i Hercegovine, 7. Obavještajno-sigurnosna agencija Bosne i Hercegovine (OSA), 8. Policija Republike Srpske, 9. Policija Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine (Federalna uprava policije), 10. Kantonalna policija u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine (Kantonalna uprava policije), 11. Policijska misija Evropske unije u Bosni i Hercegovini (EUPM) i 12. Međunarodne vojne snage u Bosni i Hercegovini (EUFOR i NATO). 713 �Mirza Smajić, Sead Turčalo U vezi s tim pitanje/teza u anketnom upitniku je glasilo/glasila: „Prema Vašem mišljenju, ocijenite povjerenje u organe i institucije sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini“, a povjerenje je prosuđivano na skali od pet stepeni (1) nikakvo, nemam povjerenje; (2) moje povjerenje je jako malo; (3) moje povjerenje je malo; (4) donekle imam povjerenje i (5) imam veliko povjerenje. U narednoj tabeli prezentirani su odgovori svih ispitanika o povjerenju u institucije sigurnosnog sistema u Bosni i Hercegovini, a koji su u korelaciji sa skalom u rasponu od „imam veliko povjerenje“ do „nikakvo, nemam povjerenje“. Ministarstv o sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovin e bro j % Granična policija Bosne i Hercegovin e bro j % Direkcija za koordinacij u policijskih tijela Bosne i Hercegovin e bro j % 714 ran g ran g ran g Područje nepovjerenja ispitanika Područje povjerenja ispitanika Broj ispitanika Rekapitulacija Nikakvo, nemam povjerenje Moje povjerenje je jako malo Moje povjerenje je malo Donekle imam povjerenje Odgovori Imam veliko povjerenje Prema Vašem mišljenju, ocijenite povjerenje u organe i institucije sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini. (frekvencija odgovora za sve ispitanike N=730) 90 287 195 85 73 730 377 353 12,3 % 3 39,3 % 1 26,7 % 2 11,6 % 4 10,0 % 5 100 % 51,6 % 48,4 % 113 344 171 71 31 730 457 273 15,5 % 3 47,1 % 1 23,4 % 2 9,7% 4,2% 100 % 62,6 % 37,4 % 4 5 84 259 224 94 69 730 343 387 11,5 % 4 35,5 % 1 30,7 % 2 12,9 % 3 9,5% 100 % 47,0 % 53,0 % 5 �Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine Državna agencija za istrage i zaštitu (SIPA) bro j % Agencija za prevenciju i borbu protiv korupcije Bosne i Hercegovin e bro j % ran g Oružane snage Bosne i Hercegovin e bro j % Obavještajn osigurnosna agencija Bosne i Hercegovin e bro j % Policija Republike Srpske bro j % ran g ran g ran g ran g Policija Federacije Bosne i Hercegovin e (Federalna uprava policije) bro j % ran g 168 266 148 64 84 730 434 296 23,0 % 2 36,4 % 1 20,3 % 3 8,8% 100 % 59,5 % 40,5 % 5 11,5 % 4 45 138 214 165 168 730 183 547 6,2% 29,3 % 1 22,6 % 3 23,0 % 2 100 % 25,1 % 74,9 % 5 18,9 % 4 117 282 160 78 93 730 399 331 16,0 % 3 38,6 % 1 21,9 % 2 10,7 % 5 12,7 % 4 100 % 54,7 % 45,3 % 77 241 186 107 119 730 318 412 10,5 % 5 33,0 % 1 25,5 % 2 14,7 % 4 16,3 % 3 100 % 43,6 % 56,4 % 202 215 157 75 81 730 417 313 27,7 % 2 29,5 % 1 21,5 % 3 10,3 % 5 11,1 % 4 100 % 57,1 % 42,9 % 167 328 143 41 51 730 495 235 22,9 % 2 44,9 % 1 19,6 % 3 5,6% 7,0% 100 % 67,8 % 32,2 % 5 4 715 �Mirza Smajić, Sead Turčalo Kantonalna policija u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovin e (Kantonaln a uprava policije) bro j % Policijska misija Evropske unije u Bosni i Hercegovin i (EUPM) bro j % Međunarod ne vojne snage u Bosni i Hercegovin i ( EUFOR i NATO) bro j % ran g ran g ran g 199 287 139 57 48 730 486 244 27,3 % 2 39,3 % 1 19,0 % 3 7,8% 6,6% 100 % 66,6 % 33,4 % 4 5 108 244 192 91 95 730 352 378 14,8 % 3 33,4 % 1 26,3 % 2 12,5 % 5 13,0 % 4 100 % 48,2 % 51,8 % 126 230 153 81 140 730 356 374 17,3 % 4 31,5 % 1 21,0 % 2 11,1 % 5 19,2 % 3 100 % 48,8 % 51,2 % Tabela 3: Povjerenje u institucije sigurnosnog sistema – frekvencije odgovora za sve ispitanike (N=730) Iako je tabela statistički složena, rekapitulacijom su se pokušale poredati statističke veličine koje pokazuju „područje povjerenja“, odnosno „područje nepovjerenja ispitanika“. Prema tome, svi ispitanici u uzorku imaju povjerenje u sljedeće institucije sigurnosnog sistema u Bosni i Hercegovini: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 716 Policija Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine – Federalna uprava policije (67,8%); Kantonalna policija u FBiH – Kantonalna uprava policije (66,6%); Granična policija Bosne i Hercegovine (62,6%); Državna agencija za istrage i zaštitu – SIPA (59,5%); Policija Republike Srpske (57,1%); Oružane snage Bosne i Hercegovine (54,7%); Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine (51,6%). �Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine Nasuprot područjima koja pokazuju „povjerenje“, svi ispitanici u uzorku su svoje nepovjerenje iskazali prema sljedećim institucijama: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Agencija za prevenciju i borbu protiv korupcije BiH (74,9%); Obavještajno-sigurnosna agencija BiH (56,4%); Direkcija za koordinaciju policijskih tijela BiH (53%); Policijska misija Evropske unije u BiH – EUPM (51,8%); Međunarodne vojne snage u BiH – EUFOR i NATO (51,2%). Može se konstatirati da svi ispitanici najviše povjerenja primarno imaju u policijske agencije na državnom, entitetskom i kantonalnom nivou, a zatim slijede Oružane snage Bosne i Hercegovine i Ministarstvo sigurnosti BiH. Ovi rezultati pokazuju afirmativan stav ispitanika prema domaćim institucija za provođenje zakona, jer policijske agencije imaju relativno pozitivan imidž u javnom i stručnom diskursu u borbi protiv organiziranog kriminala i korupcije, u stanju javnog reda i mira. Može se istaći i vrlo afirmativna i profesionalna uloga OSBiH u operacijama podrške miru. Ipak, iako su ispitanici u najvećem procentu iskazali stepen nepovjerenja prema najmlađoj instituciji, tj. Agenciji za prevenciju i koordinaciju borbe protiv korupcije BiH, to je vjerovatno posljedica koja proizlazi iz samog naziva agencije, odnosno društvo očekuje upravo najveće pomake u borbi protiv korupcije, što su i potvrdili u prethodnim pitanjima. Treba napomenuti da Agencija u okviru svoje nadležnosti nema tzv. represivne mehanizme 10, već kroz edukacije, unapređenje pravnog okvira i podsticanje civilnog društva eliminira pojavne oblike korupcije i sl. Bitno je istaći da u posljednje dvije godine Agencija nije imala punu budžetsku i materijalnu podršku bosanskohercegovačkih institucija, a što je vjerovatno utjecalo na rad i aktivnosti agencije. Također, nepovjerenje ispitanika iskazano je prema Obavještajno-sigurnosnoj agenciji BiH i Direkciji za koordinaciju policijskih tijela u BiH. Međutim, kada je riječ o Obavještajnosigurnosnoj agenciji BiH, ona svoj rad zasniva kroz obavještajne mehanizme koji uglavnom nisu javne prirode, što je vjerovatno utjecalo na „nepovjerenje“ ispitanika, a Direkcija za koordinaciju policijskih tijela BiH svoje poslove vrši van direktnog kontakta sa građanima. Najmanje povjerenja ispitanici imaju u EUPM i međunarodne vojne snage u Bosni i Hercegovini, ali bitno je istaći da je između ovih dviju „institucija“ najmanji razmak povjerenja i nepovjerenja u odnosu na sve ostale. Međutim, kada su u pitanju samo građani, pokazalo se da imaju vrlo nizak stepen stupanj povjerenja u institucije sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini. Međutim, dubljom i složenom analizom smo utvrditi da odgovori variraju i pokazuju različite vrijednosti, osobito kada je u pitanju povjerenje u institucije sigurnosti na državnom nivou. U suštini, većina građana sa teritorije FBiH podržava institucije u ovom entitetu i na državnom nivou, dok ispitanici sa teritorije RS nemaju veliko povjerenje u državne institucije, ali imaju u Policiju Republike Srpske. Također, u odnosu na nacionalnost primjetan je trend „nepovjerenja“ 10 Šire na http://www.apik.ba (10. mart 2014). 717 �Mirza Smajić, Sead Turčalo prema državnim i međunarodnim institucijama pretežno kod ispitanika srpske nacionalnosti, dok kod Bošnjaka, Hrvata i Ostalih postoji veći stupanj povjerenja u državne, ali ne i u međunarodne institucije sigurnosti. Općenito, može se zaključiti da u odgovorima građana dominiraju određena etnopolitička i etnoteritorijalna razmišljanja, što se u krajnjem odražava na cjelokupni sistem sigurnosti, odnosno njegovu partikularnost, pri čemu se vrlo teško dolazi do zajedničkog konsenzusa kada je u pitanju etatistička logika. Naravno da ovakvo stanje kod građana direktno proizlazi iz etnonacionalne paradigme i kvazidemokratskog ambijenta, koji prevladava u bosanskohercegovačkom javnom i političkom diskursu, odnosno konstantno perpetuiranje krize doprinosi defragmentizaciji sigurnosnog sistema Bosne i Hercegovine, čime slabi povjerenje ne samo u institucije već i u „druge“. Kada je riječ o „policijskim službenicima“ generalno imaju povjerenje u institucije sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini. Međutim, iako je empirijsko istraživanje obuhvatilo samo pripadnike entitetskih i kantonalnih policija, može se potvrditi da unutar ove grupe postoji određeni stepen kulture povjerenja, što je vjerovatno posljedica saradnje između policijskih agencija. Ipak, u odnosu na varijable „entitet“ i „nacionalnost“ postoje značajne razlike u povjerenju, osobito kada je u pitanju (ne)povjerenje prema agencijama na državnom nivou ispitanika iz Republike Srpske, kao i ispitanika srpske nacionalnosti. U tom kontekstu, nedovoljan je stepen koordinacije, ali i subordinacije između policijskih agencija u Bosni i Hercegovini, a što ima za posljedicu „dezintegriranu“ organizaciju policijskog sistema Bosne i Hercegovine. I konačno, posljednja komponenta u istraživanju (zastupnici u Parlamentarnoj skupštini BiH), a prema našoj rekapitulaciji odgovora na područje povjerenja, odnosno nepovjerenja, pokazalo se da imaju povjerenje u institucije sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini. Međutim, vrlo značajno je napomenuti da postoje statistični značajne razlike kada je u pitanju varijabla „nacionalnost“ i „entitet“. Tako naprimjer poslanici iz Republike Srpske imaju vrlo visoko povjerenje u policiju Republike Srpske, dok prema drugim insitucijama sigurnosti imaju malo ili nikakvo povjernje. Na kraju, kako bismo dali jednu cjelovitu komparativnu analizu povjerenja u institucije sigurnosnog sistema Bosne i Hercegovine za sve ispitanike u uzorku, ali i za pojedine grupe ispitanika (građani, policijski službenici i zastupnici u PSBiH), u Tabeli 4 izračunate su aritmetičke sredine (M) odgovora za sve ispitanike u uzorku na mjernoj skali od 1 do 5. 718 �Broj stupnjeva na mjernoj skali Std. Deviation (SD) Varijanca (V) Povjerenje u institucije sigurnosnog sistema srednje vrijednosti i varijacije za sve ispitanike (N=730) Mean (M) Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine Ministarstvo sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine 3.32 5 1.140 1.300 Granična policija Bosne i Hercegovine 3.60 5 1.000 1.001 Direkcija za koordinaciju policijskih tijela Bosne i Hercegovine Državna agencija za istrage i zaštitu (SIPA) 3.27 5 1.119 1.252 3.51 5 1.256 1.578 Agencija za prevenciju i koordinaciju borbe protiv korupcije BiH Oružane snage Bosne i Hercegovine 2.63 5 1.202 1.444 3.35 5 1.236 1.527 Obavještajno-sigurnosna agencija Bosne i Hercegovine (OSABiH) Policija Republike Srpske 3.07 5 1.244 1.548 3.52 5 1.295 1.676 Policija Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine (Federalna uprava policije) Kantonalna policija u FBiH (Kantonalna uprava policije) 3.71 5 1.094 1.196 3.73 5 1.138 1.295 Policijska misija Evropske unije u Bosni i Hercegovini 3.25 5 1.230 1.513 (EUPM) Međunarodne vojne snage u Bosni i Hercegovini (EUFOR 3.17 5 1.363 1.859 – NATO) Tabela 4. Povjerenje u institucije sigurnosnog sistema – srednje vrijednosti i varijacije za sve ispitanike (N=730) Na osnovu rezultata aritmetičke sredine (M) odgovora koji su prikazani u Grafikonu 1, na nivou kompletnog uzorka najviše povjerenje ispitanika je u Kantonalnu upravu policije (M=3.73), Federalnu upravu policije (M=3.71), Graničnu policiju Bosne i Hercegovine (M=3.60), Policiju Republike Srpske (M=3.52) i Državnu agenciju za istrage i zaštitu (M=3.51). Najniže povjerenje je u Obavještajno-sigurnosnu agenciju BiH (M=3.07) i Agenciju za prevenciju i koordinaciju borbe protiv korupcije BiH (M=2.63). 719 �Mirza Smajić, Sead Turčalo Grafikon 1: Povjerenje ispitanika u institucije sistema sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine - aritmetička sredina odgovora ispitanika Povjerenje ispitanika u institucije sigurnosnog sistema Aritmetička sredina odgovora ispitanika SKALA: 5= Imam veliko povjerenje 4= Donekle imam povjerenje 3= Moje povjerenje je malo 2= Moje povjerenje je jako malo građani (N=395) policijski službenici (N=310) poslanici u PS BIH (N=25) Svi ispitanici u uzorku (N=730) 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 MS BiH GP BiH Direk. SIPA APBK BiH OS BiH OSA BiH MUP RS F MUP K MUP EUPM EUFOR-NATO Bitno je reći da se rezultati po grupama ispitanika u znatnim vrijednostima razlikuju. Kod ispitanika iz uzorka građani najviše povjerenje je u Graničnu policiju Bosne i Hercegovine, Federalnu upravu policije, Kantonalnu upravu policije, Državnu agenciju za istrage i zaštitu i Oružane snage Bosne i Hercegovine, a najniže je povjerenje u Agenciju za prevenciju i koordinaciju borbe protiv korupcije BiH i Obavještajno-sigurnosnu agenciju BiH. Kod ispitanika iz uzorka policijski službenici najviše je povjerenje prema kantonalnim policijama, Federalnoj upravi policije, Policiji Republike Srpske, Državnoj agenciji za istrage i zaštitu i Direkciji za koordinaciju policijskih tijela BiH, a najniže povjerenje je prema Agenciji za prevenciju i koordinaciju borbe protiv korupcije BiH i Obavještajno-sigurnosnoj agenciji BiH. Posljednja grupa ispitanika u strukturi uzorka zastupnici u PSBiH najviše povjerenja ima u Oružane snage Bosne i Hercegovine, Međunarodne vojne snage u BiH (EUFOR – NATO), Graničnu policiju BiH, Direkciju za koordinaciju policijskih tijela BiH i entitetske policije, a najniže povjerenje prema Ministarstvu sigurnosti BiH i Agenciji za prevenciju i koordinaciju borbe protiv korupcije BiH. 720 �Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine Između ostalog, može se zaključiti da ispitanici iz FBiH imaju nešto veće povjerenje u institucije sigurnosti BiH u odnosu na ispitanike iz RS. Također, zaključak je da najveće povjerenje u institucije sigurnosnog sistema imaju ispitanici Bošnjaci, zatim Hrvati, pa ispitanici koji se izjašnjavaju kao Ostali, a najmanje povjerenja imaju ispitanici srpske nacionalnosti. Generalno, a posebno kod ispitanika iz uzorka građani, postoji vrlo sličan način rangiranja (ne)povjerenja u većinu institucija sigurnosnog sistema. Slično je i kod policijskih službenika koji imaju znatno veće povjerenje od građana, dok zastupnici u PSBiH imaju najveće povjerenje u institucije sigurnosti. Najveće razlike, u odnosu na varijable „entitet“ i „nacionalnost“, utvrđene su prema entitetskim i državnim institucijama sigurnosti: povjerenje svih ispitanika, ali i pojedinih grupa, značajnije se razlikuje prema Policiji Republike Srpske, odnosno Federalnoj upravi ili Kantonalnoj upravi policije, gdje su najviše ispitanici Srbi pokazali povjerenje u Policiju RS nego što su pokazali ispitanici Bošnjaci, Hrvati i Ostali. Ove razlike su izražene i u obrnutom redoslijedu. Na nivou institucija sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, također, postoje razlike, prvenstveno u odnosu na grupe ispitanika, gdje najmanje povjerenja imaju ispitanici građani, zatim policijski službenici a najviše povjerenja imaju zastupnici u PSBiH. Ipak, najveće razlike povjerenja kod sve tri grupe postoje u odnosu na varijablu „nacionalnost“, pri čemu su ispitanici Srbi iskazali znatno niže povjerenje prema državnim, ali i međunarodnim institucijama u Bosni i Hercegovini, u odnosu na Bošnjake, Hrvate i Ostale. Međutim, ako kompariramo ove rezultate sa rezultatima istraživanja koje je provedeno 2009. godine 11, a koje je obuhvatilo ukupno 3.327 ispitanika, vidljivo je da najveće povjerenje između ostalog ispitanici imaju prema Oružanim snagama Bosne i Hercegovine (M=3.57) i Državnoj agenciji za istrage i zaštitu (M=3.57), a najmanje povjerenja ispitanici su pokazali prema Vladi Federacije BiH (M=277) i Vladi Republike Srpske (M=2,69). Iako je ovo istraživanje u odnosu na uzorak i ponuđene institucije manjeg obima, generalno se može zaključiti da nije došlo do povećanja stupnja povjerenja u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, bez obzira na varijable „nacionalnost“ ili „entitet“ (Lisica, 2011:84-86). Nadalje, komparativni rezultati istraživanja povjerenja građana u institucije Republike Hrvatske i povjerenja u institucije EU u 2010 godini (grafikon 2) jasno pokazuju vrlo nizak stepen povjerenja građana Republike Hrvatske u odnosu na građane EU 12. Lisica Darvin (2011): Sigurnosni rizici i temeljne društvene vrijednosti u Bosni i Hercegovini, „Povjerenje u institucije sigurnosnog sustava u Bosni i Hercegovini“ str. 75-86. 12 uporedi sa Krunoslav Nikodem i Gordan Črpić: Izlaganje na Nacionalnom kongresu Hrvatskog sociološkog društva: „Sociologija i promjena – izazovi i budućnost“; Zagreb, 7-8. aprila, 2011. godine (str. 3). 11 721 �Mirza Smajić, Sead Turčalo Grafikon 2: Povjerenje u institucije u Hrvatskoj i EU (Trzun,2012:46) Iako je Republika Hrvatska danas punopravna članica EU i NATO-a, te većim dijelom završila proces demokratizacije, političke i ekonomske stabilnosti, ipak je zabrinjavajući nizak stepen povjerenja građana u institucije. Također, nizak nivo povjerenja građana u insitucije pokazuju i istraživanja provedena u Republici Srbiji, gdje građani najviše nepovjerenja imaju u političke stranke i njihove lidere, odnosno domaće i međunarodne institucije (šire Bešić,2011). Uzroke ili objašnjenja za ovakve pokazatelje je vrlo teško pronaći zbog hetergenosti društva i država. Međutim, kao jedan od temeljnih razloga nepovjerenja možemo pronaći u niskoj funkciji kulture povjerenja 13 građana u institucije. Na tom tragu, važnu ulogu ima i legitimnost demokratskog poretka u tranzicijskim društvima. Prema tome, a imajući u vidu karakteristike tranzicijskih društava na ovim prostorima, pojedini autori zaključuju da su ona „prožeta skepticizmom i nepovjerenjem..., uz dodatni otežavajući uvjet slabog interpersonalnog povjerenja“ (Trzun,2012:35). U prilog prethodnoj kontataciji idu i rezultati studije „Što Hrvati, Bošnjaci i Srbi misle jedni o drugima, a što o Bosni i Hercegovini“ koja je pokazala da se „relativno slabo poznaju i zanimaju jedni za druge, te kako je njihova međusobna percepcija još uvijek opterećena stereotipima iz prošlosti, te ratnim događanjima“ (Skoko, 2011:15). Uopćeno govoreći, studija je pokazala da postoje ključni problemi, koji opterećuju međusobne odnose, a time i razvoj države Bosne i Hercegovine (2011: 19-20): Nepostojanje zajedničkog cilja prema međusobnoj pomirbi i izgradnji zajedničke države, jer svaki narod kroz svoje nacionalno-partikularne ciljeve vidi budućnost; Nepostojanje niti približnog konsenzusa oko rata u Bosni i Hercegovini; Za izgradnju kulture povjerenja u društvu, sociolog Piotr Sztompka ističe više uvjeta: normativna sigurnost; transparentnost društvenih organizacija; stabilnost društvenog poretka; predvidljivost/proračunatost; primjena prava i obaveza; poricanje dužnosti i odgovornosti itd (prema Nikodem/Črpić, 2011: 6). 13 722 �Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine Neriješena nacionalna pitanja koja se, prema autoru studije, svakodnevno pojavljuju u politici (izbor državnih službenika, zahtjev za medij na vlastitom jeziku…). Među ključnim problemima je nepostojanje povjerenja među narodima, što pokazuje i percepcija međusobnih odnosa između naroda 14. Ovakvi pokazatelji nesumnjivo potvrđuju tezu da postojeća društvena klima u bosanskohercegovačkom društvu proizvodi sumnjičavost koja po Sztompki je karakteristična za „sindrom nepovjerenja i kulturu cinizma“ što paralizira društveno djelovanje, otežava funkcioniranje i razvoj društva i na kraju potiče „rutinizaciju, konformizam i pasivnost“ (Nikodem i Črpić, 2011, Trzun, 2012: 35). ZAKLJUČAK Izvršeno ispitivanje povjerenja građana, policijskih službenika i poslanika u Parlamentarnoj skupštini Bosne i Hercegovine u institucije sigurnosti predstavlja realan pokazatelj, odnosno i u kojoj mjeri Bosna i Hercegovina treba razvijati sigurnosnu politiku, pa i kulturu povjerenja. Treba istaći da stepen povjerenja u institucije sigurnosti odražava stav triju komponenti bosanskohercegovačkog društva, a na osnovu kojeg se trebaju razvijati budući sigurnosni i drugi odnosi između komponenti, kako pojedinačno, tako i u cjelini. Stepen povjerenja u organe i institucije sigurnosti indirektno se veže i za stepen demokratske konsolidacije određenog društva, što u krajnjoj liniji određuje stanje demokratskih i sigurnosnih prilika u zemlji. Na osnovu dobivenih rezultata istraživanja, možemo konstatovati da svi ispitanici najviše povjerenja primarno imaju u policijske agencije na državnom, entitetskom i kantonalnom nivou. Ovi rezultati pokazuju afirmativan stav ispitanika prema domaćim institucijama za provođenje zakona, jer policijske agencije imaju relativno pozitivan imidž u javnom i stručnom diskursu u borbi protiv organiziranog kriminala i korupcije, kao i stanju javnog reda i mira. Ovdje se može istaći vrlo afirmativna i profesionalna uloga OSBiH u operacijama podrške miru. Ipak, iako su ispitanici u najvećem procentu iskazali stupanj nepovjerenja prema najmlađoj instituciji, tj. Agenciji za prevenciju i koordinaciju borbe protiv korupcije BiH, takav stav je vjerovatno posljedica koja proizlazi iz samog naziva agencije, odnosno društvo očekuje najveće pomake u borbi protiv korupcije. Najmanje povjerenja ispitanici imaju u EUPM i međunarodne vojne snage u Bosni i Hercegovini, ali je između ovih dviju „institucija“ najmanji razmak povjerenja i nepovjerenja u odnosu na sve ostale. Ako se fokusiramo samo na građane jasno je vidljivo da imaju vrlo nizak stupanj povjerenja u institucije sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini. Međutim, detaljnijom analizom je utvrđeno da odgovori variraju i pokazuju različite vrijednosti, osobito kada je u pitanju Rezultati percepcije međusobnih odnosa u studiji su testirani na uzorku od 1000 ispitanika na skali od 1 do 5, gdje je najbolja prosječna ocjena između Hrvata i Bošnjaka (2,4), zatim Srba i Hrvata (2,2) a najniža prosječna ocjena (2,0) je između Bošnjaka i Srba (Skoko, 2011: 69). 14 723 �Mirza Smajić, Sead Turčalo povjerenje prema institucijama sigurnosti na državnom nivou. U suštini, većina građana sa teritorije FBiH podržava institucije u ovom entitetu i na državnom nivou, dok ispitanici sa teritorije RS nemaju veliko povjerenje u državne institucije, ali imaju u Policiju Republike Srpske. Također, u odnosu na nacionalnost, primjetan je trend „nepovjerenja“ prema državnim i međunarodnim institucijama pretežno kod ispitanika srpske nacionalnosti, dok kod Bošnjaka, Hrvata i građana koji se izjašnjavaju kao Ostali postoji veći stepen povjerenja u državne, ali ne i u međunarodne institucije sigurnosti. Općenito, može se zaključiti da u odgovorima građana dominiraju određena etnopolitička i etnoteritorijalna razmišljanja, što se u krajnjem odražava na cjelokupni sistem sigurnosti, odnosno njegovu partikularnost, pri čemu se vrlo teško dolazi do zajedničkog konsenzusa kada je u pitanju etatistička logika. Ipak, policijski službenici generalno imaju povjerenje u institucije sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini. Međutim, iako je empirijsko istraživanje obuhvatilo samo pripadnike entitetskih i kantonalnih policija, može se potvrditi da unutar ove grupe postoji određen stepenj kulture povjerenja, što je vjerovatno posljedica saradnje između policijskih agencija. U odnosu na varijable „entitet“ i „nacionalnost“, postoje značajne razlike u povjerenju, osobito kada je u pitanju (ne)povjerenje prema agencijama na državnom nivou ispitanika iz Republike Srpske, kao i ispitanika srpske nacionalnosti. U tom kontekstu, može se reći da je nedovoljan stepen koordinacije, ali i subordinacije između policijskih agencija u Bosni i Hercegovini, što ima za posljedicu „dezintegriranu“ organizaciju policijskog sistema Bosne i Hercegovine. Bosna i Hercegovina se još uvijek nije nastupila posljednja faza procesa demokratizacije, koja se primarno odnosi na stabiliziranje i institucionaliziranje demokratskih institucija, odnosno „internalizaciju demokratskih normi (…) elita i masa“ (Kubicek, 2002: 21). Bosna i Hercegovina se nalazi u procesu tranzicije i ona se po mnogim faktorima razlikuje od drugih država u okruženju. Prije svega, Bosna i Hercegovina je postratno društvo koje je u dobroj mjeri partikularizirano i razbijeno po etničkim, vjerskim i socijalnim kategorijama, a što je zasigurno posljedica izražene etnopolitičke dimenzije. Posljedica takvog stanja dovela je do uspostavljanja novih standarda, pa čak i kontranormi: internacionalizam je zamijenjen nacionalizmom; ateizam zamijenjen teizmom (agresivno ispoljavanim i javno folkloriranim); humanizam je zamijenjen nacionalnom homogenizacijom; antifašizam fašizmom…. (Abazović, 2008: 74). Moguće je konstatirati da politička volja i politička podrška, umjesto da su usmjeravani na proces demokratizacije, potrošeni su na podršku nacionalizmu i etničkim podjelama, što je u konačnici dovelo do slabljenja unutrašnjih faktora (civilnog društva) kao glavnih generatora da se postigne konsolidacija demokratije (Sarajlić-Maglić, 2008: 15). Iz svega navedenog jasno je vidljivo da u Bosni i Hercegovini nepostoji prihvatljiva funkcija kulture povjerenja, što zasigurno potiče netoleranciju, neprepoznavanje političkih, kulturnih i društvenih različitosti i generira opću nesolidarnost u društvu. Posljedice toga su prvenstveno slabljenje povjerenja među „građanima“, što se odražava i na povjerenje u državne institucije, a time dolazi i do slabog institucionalnog rješavanja budućih problema i generiranja novih problema. 724 �Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine LITERATURA 1. Abazović, D. Mirsad (2010) „Ogledi o sigurnosti, Sarajevo“, Fakultet za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije, Sarajevo. 2. Abazović, D. Mirsad (2008) Ogledi o bosanskohercegovačkoj zbilji, DES, Sarajevo. 3. Bešić, Miloš (2011) „Politički i situacioni prediktori poverenja u institucije“ FPN, Godišnjak br. 6, decembar 2011, Beograd. 4. Boloban, Stjepan i Ivan Rimac (1999) „Povjerenje u institucije u Hrvatskoj“, Bogoslovska smotra Vol. 68 No.4. 5. Fulgosi A.(1997), Psihologija ličnosti teorija i istraživanja, Školska knjiga, Zagreb. 6. Kubicek, Paul (2003) The European Union and Democratization, Routledge, LondonNew York. 7. Nikodem, Krunoslav i Gordan Črpić (2011) „Povjerenje u institucije u Hrvatskoj i Europi s posebnim naglaskom na EU“. Izlaganje za Nacionalni kongres Hrvatskog sociološkog društva „Sociologija i promjena- izazovi i budućnost“, Zagreb, 7.-8. Travnja 2011. 8. Lisica, Darvin, (2011) Sigurnosni rizici i temeljne društvene vrijednosti u Bosni i Hercegovini – Sigurnosni rizici, Knjiga 2, Fakultet političkih nauka, Sarajevo. 9. Skoko, Božo, (2011) Što Hrvati, Bošnjaci i Srbi misle jedni o drugima, a što o Bosni i Hercegovini?, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Sarajevo. 10. Smajić, Mirza (2013). „Sigurnosne prijetnje demokratskoj konsolidaciji bosanskohercegovačkog društva“, doktorska disertacija, Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 08.02.2013.godina. 11. Maglić-Sarajlić Denisa (2008): EU politika demokratizacije u BiH -Ispravni principi, pogrešne politike-, Program podrške istraživanjima u oblasti javnih politika 2007-2008, Fond otovreno društvo BiH, str.1-20. 12. Turčalo, Sead, (2009) Institucionaliziranje međunarodne zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini, magistarski rad, Fakultet političkih nauka, Sarajevo. 13. Trzun, Zvonko (2012) “Kriza povjerenja u institucije: istraživanje povjerenja u vojsku“, Časopis Polemos 15, br. 1, str.33-54., Zagreb. 14. Rad policije u zajednici u Bosni i Hercegovini (2010), Priručnik, Švicarski ured za saradnju u BiH – CPU Sarajevo, 2010.godina 15. Zgodić, Esad (2002) Ka kritici fundamentalizma, Editio Civitas, Sarajevo. 16. http://www.apik.ba (10. mart 2014) 725 �Mirza Smajić, Sead Turčalo 726 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3130 Title A name given to the resource Sigurnost i povjerenje građana u institucije sigurnosti Bosne i Hercegovine Author Author SMAJIĆ, Mirza TURČALO, Sead Abstract A summary of the resource. Stepen povjerenja u institucije sigurnosti direktno se veže i za stepen demokratske konsolidacije određenog društva, što u krajnjoj liniji određuje stanje demokratskih i sigurnosnih prilika u zemlji. Autori u tekstu testiraju određene hipoteze, koje se odnose na povjerenje građana u domaće i međunarodne institucije sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini i osjećaju sigurnosti građana, predstavljajući vlastite rezultate istraživanja. Istraživanje je provedeno na prostoru cijele Bosne i Hercegovine na uzorku od 730 ispitanika uvažavajući pri tome geografsku, administrativnu i etničku heterogenost Bosne i Hercegovine. Posebno želimo naglasiti specifičnost provedenog istraživanja, jer su ispitanike osim građana, činili policijski službenici i zastupnici u Parlamentarnoj skupštini BiH što dodatno predstavlja mogućnost realnog određivanja stepena povjerenja u institucije sigurnosti, kao i stepena konsolidacije demokratije u Bosni i Hercegovini. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General)