237 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bccd80fa498d156131e0adb3ba75c90f.pdf d657b356627bba519e8c11e21e879df3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sentiment Analysis of Youtube Comments and Comparison of Different Machine Learning Models Author Author Dario Petric Abstract A summary of the resource. Every day, a large number of media is shared on social media websites, as well as others sharing their opinions and sentiments on said posts. In this project, the main goal was to examine to what degree traditional machine learning algorithms can be used to classify and examine the sentiment of YouTube comments—are they positive, negative, or neutral? Because comments are generally brief, full of slang terms, emojis, and even misspellings on some occasions, this type of assignment can be difficult. To address this, a dataset of YouTube comments labeled for sentiment was acquired. The data was preprocessed by removing stopwords and punctuation, transforming the text into numbers using the TF-IDF method, and various models such as Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were trained. The performance of each model was compared, on metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Overall, the project helped demonstrate that with proper precautions in place, even some of the older machine learning algorithms can be effective at determining sentiment in random real-world text like YouTube comments. It also allowed for a better understanding of how important preprocessing really is when working with text data. Keywords Keywords. Sentiment analysis, YouTube comments, natural language processing, machine learning, logistic regression, support vector machine, random forest, SMOTE, BERT, deep learning, text classification, feature extraction, TF-IDF, data preprocessing, model comparison, class imbalance, evaluation metrics, confusion matrix Language A language of the resource English language https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6e51695a244d6e444275de0abb1daba0.pdf 047401ca20f00a9f8f24fea2eb6cc2e4 PDF Text Text Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 3, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020114 Sentiment Analysis on Twitter Data using Big Data Obada Almonajed, Samed Jukić 1 International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina almonajed.obada@ibu.edu.ba samed.jukic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract –With the increasing number of users and data on the Internet, especially social media sites, sentiment analysis topic became one of the important and essential fields for most. Collection of people's feelings and sentiment and classifying the data attracted most businesses and companies. Recently, twitter sentiment analysis has attracted much attention, because of Twitter's growth and popularity. The solution for handling enormous amounts of data from social media is a new term called Big data. Big data is not just for having a large amount of data, but also the importance of processing and the usage of the data. In this paper, we collect live data from Twitter using Apache Spark; and apply machine learning algorithms provided by Apache Spark machine learning library for classification of each Twitter message. Naive Bayes and Logistic Regression are used for testing the model. Naive Bayes algorithm gave better results, where it has an average accuracy around 75%, while the Logistic Regression algorithm was around 69%. Keywords–big data, sentiment analysis, twitter, apache spark, social media, machine learning. 1. Introduction Social media, one of the best things about it is in its name; social. It connects various people across the world by sharing information to them and receiving information from them. The main purpose of social media is to connect people and allow them to share thoughts and opinions. It allows also to read the news, watch videos, read stories, view and share photos. Social media is becoming an integral part of our lives. It is a way of connecting and building a relationship with others. It allows you to hear what people say and to respond. The most popular platforms are Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat. Since social media allows people to connect those days social media are very important for businesses. It takes advantage of social media to increase brand exposure and customer reach. Publishing to social media is very simple. For example, a company can create a page on Facebook, and post new products, sales announcements, market brands, and products as images or text or video. No matter the size of the business, it is important to recognize the value and trend for better understanding and utilizing the platform. People can talk about your business without your knowledge. So, as a company, it is important to know and monitor social media conversations about the brand. Based on reviews, the company can always adjust the present market situation and satisfy customers in a better way. In order to identify the text written by �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 3, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020114 your customers, a sentiment analysis tool is used. Sentiment analysis or opinion mining is used to determine the emotional tone of message or text. The main usage of this tool is to understand how people feel and think about something. The tool is very useful for companies and can affect decision making.Using machine learning, companies can analyze the content on social media to see the meaning behind the messages. An Enormous number of people across the world use social media. In order to gain such data, store, and process, we will use Big data. Big data is not only for storing a large amount of data but the ability to analyze. Big data allows us to get and analyze real-time data from social media. For this paper, one of the fastest big data platforms Apache Spark will be used. Compared with Hadoop, it can be faster up to one hundred times[1]. Apache Spark framework provides native bindings for Java, Python, Scala, Machine Learning, and support SQL. The purpose of the paper is to collect data from Twitter and determine and classify the feeling of the user into positive or negative using machine learning and Apache Spark. 2. Literature Review Pang et al. [2], in the paper, they came out that unigram is a better model over others. Regardless of whether there is no large difference between unigram precision and mix of unigrams and bigrams precision, where the precision using unigrams has 82.9% and precision using the mix of unigrams and biagrams is 82.7%; both predicted with SVM algorithm. However, Dave et al. [3] have inverse results, where bigrams gave preferable precision over unigrams utilizing SVM and Baseline algorithms. SVM brings about 87.2% precision for the first test and 85.8% precision for the second test for bigrams. Pak et al. [4] gathered around 300.000 various tweets for Twitter. The tweet can be classified into three classes, positive, negative, or neutral. They thought about that, the emoji in the message represents the actual sentiment of the text. Thus, if ':(' emoji is included in the message, regardless of what is the content: the message has negative sentiment. Likewise, if a tweet has ':)', the message is considered as negative sentiment. For learning algorithms, they utilized multinomial Naïve Bayes, SVM and Conditional random fields, yet Naïve Bayes indicated the best outcomes. To make the precision of the classifier better, they removed some n-grams, since it isn't showing any sentiment. Authors of the paper [5], have researched the usage of Apache Flume and Apache Hive which is built on top Hadoop for analyzing Twitter data. In the research[6], the authors wrote and discussed a recommendation system that provides a summary of users’ feedback, comments, and reviews about different subjects using the Hadoop framework. Similarly, the authors of the researches [7], built a recommendation system that recommends services. The researchers of the paper[8], build a Hadoop framework for determining and analyzing the customers’ feedback toward a product from social networks, that framework extracts and analyzes the feedback of social user relationship management. Go et al. [9] broke down Twitter suppositions utilizing various machine learning algorithms. The algorithms are Naïve Bayes, Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). They remembered �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 3, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020114 emojis for the training data and utilized two classes for tweets' classification, positive and negative classes. In the wake of training data, they infer that emojis have a negative effect on data while applying MaxEnt and SVM algorithms on the data, however don't influence Naive Bayes. What is specific in their study is that, they explore the usage of unigrams, bigrams, combination of unigram and bigram and parts of speech. They conclude with the result the mix of unigrams and bigrams beats every other model, and parts of speech tags were not valuable at all. 3. Methodology A. Sentiment analysis With the usage of sentimental analysis, it can be learned whether the customers are satisfied with some new service or not. Twitter is mainly used for firms to get customer feedback. Simple articles are being written to identify whether people like or dislike something new. Firms are using that information to make a decision so that they can make some service better and improve the firm’s sales. When sentiment analysis is applied on content, it means users are looking for the opinion in the text. Is the product review positive or negative? Are customers satisfied with the product or not? Are positive opinions greater than negative or not? All kinds of questions can be answered with Sentiment Analysis. By sentiment analysis, users can learn how customers' view the company's product or service. Shortly we can say sentiment analysis is being used for agree/disagree, like/dislike, for/against [10]. For example, the sentence ‘I recommend this product to everyone.’, the word ‘recommend’ indicates that the writer is happy, and the sentiment is positive. In this paper, positive and negative words will be collected and used to train the machine to be able to classify the messages. For getting, storing, and classifying such data users will use Big data tools. Big data is data that exceeds the processing capacity of conventional database systems [11]. Big data means that there is a large number of data to collect. If users want to always get data from social sites faster, they should use big data. As data is more and more increased, it is becoming harder to control them, so Big data is the solution. Hadoop for years was the leading open source framework for Big data; recently Apache Spark is the leading and most popular framework. Hadoop and Spark almost perform the same tasks, but Spark is more preferable, especially when it comes to speed; because the way it processes data is faster. B. Data and Findings For the work and experiment, we used one document. The document contains different examples of messages with their outputs (classes) either positive or negative. The document is used to train and test the system because this computer program is going to be supervised learning, which is learning from example. They are using the known dataset for the training system called Stanford Twitter Sentiment Corpus (STS) [12]. Each tweet in this dataset has the following data: ID of the user, timestamp of the tweet, the username �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 3, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020114 of the user who posted the tweet, and the tweet itself. Next to each tweet, there is a class, either positive or negative. The document contains about 1 million samples of positive and negative tweets. In the following Figure, we show example of the dataset: Figure 1. Samples of the Dataset C. Process First of all, we need to install Spark and include it in the Scala project. After that, we need to initialize a Spark Context, which is going to tell Spark how to access a cluster. The Spark Context takes a parameter, which is known as SparkConf or Spark Configuration. SparkConf allows the user to configure some common properties which will be passed to Spark Context, like application name, master URL. memory size, key value-pairs, and other properties. Figure 2. Configuration After configuration of the application, we started with the online collection of tweets. For online and realtime data, Spark streaming is required. Spark streaming receives live data from Twitter and divides them into batches, where the user can later apply actions and process the data. In the next figure, we show implementation of Spark Streaming. Figure 3. Spark Streaming User can get tweets from a specific secondary user, or all tweets that start with special word, or all tweets that contains special hashtag ’#’. In our system, we collect all tweets containing special hashtag, and include that hashtag into the arguments of the system. Now, after all configurations we are able to collect data from Twitter. and save them to a file. In our system, we are saving the data to the text file. In the next figures, we show how to fetch data and how to save data into text files. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 3, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020114 Figure 4. Fetching Tweets Figure 5. Save data in text format D. Spark Machine Learning Library The next and most important step is to classify each tweet to positive or negative class. Use Spark machine learning library, which contains different algorithms. Data, in order to be analyzed, it has to be converted to vectors. For that, use a well known and very useful tool called Hashing. Hashing is translating text data to numeric data. In Spark, most common and used hashing is HashingTF.it is important to say that, before analyzing the caught data from Twitter, it is a prerequisite to hash each data, as it is shown in the figure below. Figure 6. Hashing data We used two algorithms for comparing the better one, Naive Bayes and Logistic Regression. Logistic Regression is a binary classification, which means it can classify data into one of two groups. While Naive Bayes can be used for multiple groups.First, we have used a 10 cross-validation. Cross-validation is splitting a dataset into more than one pan. It is used to ensure that every data has been used for training and testing data. Training data is always larger in size than testing data. If a user has 1000 samples of data, the user can take 800 for training and 200 for testing. Since he has used 10 cross-validation, it means 9 folds for training and 1 fold for testing. Table 1. Cross validation example 1-fold Training �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 3, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020114 2-fold Training 3-fold Training 4-fold Training 5-fold Ttraining 6-fold Training 7-fold Training 8-fold Training 9-fold Training 10-fold Testing Next, just move the testing data to another place in dataset, and another place in the table, like in table 2 where testing data is now 1-fold and it is at the top and beginning of the dataset. As we can understand testing data has to be moved each fold cross validation to one place and each data will be in testing and training part. Table 2. Cross validation example 2 1-fold Testing 2-fold Training 3-fold Training 4-fold Training 5-fold Ttraining 6-fold Training 7-fold Training 8-fold Training 9-fold Training 10-fold Training For each fold, it is important to calculate the accuracy; so, at the end you will determine its performance and if the classifier and data are good or not.Cross-validation and the accuracy are very important, they indicate to how well the learner will be able to make right and correct prediction for new data. For algorithms of learning, we used two machine learning algorithms as we mentioned before, Naïve Bayes and Logistic Regression. Results showed that Naive Bayes is better at prediction of the text. More details about the results will be described in the next section. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 3, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020114 4. Results To train and test the system use Stanford Twitter Sentiment Corpus (STS) dataset which is available online. It contains more than one million samples. After the completion of testing on our data the results as well as accuracy of each k-fold is shown in the table below: Table 3. 10-fold cross validation k-fold Naive Bayes Logistic Regression 1-fold 77.3 68.8 2-fold 70.4 73.4 3-fold 75.7 74.3 4-fold 77.2 67.7 5-fold 76.4 64.6 6-fold 73.6 66.5 7-fold 69.8 75.3 8-fold 79.1 65.8 9-fold 77.3 67.2 10-fold 74.5 71.05 To calculate the accuracy of the classifier, true positive plus true negative over total number of testing data: Figure 7. Formula to Calculate the Accuracy Code regarding our program: Figure 8. Code to Calculate the Accuracy ‘predictionAndLabel’- this is displaying the actual prediction result and the prediction of the system. Real example from our system is shown in the following figure, where it is shown the prediction of the system and real prediction of the data. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 3, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020114 Figure 9. Prediction and Actual Example: One sentence: ‘Good project, I liked it.’, result of classification using Naïve Bayes algorithm was: 1.0 means positive. while the result of LogisticRegression algorithm was: 0.0 which means negative sentiment. Another example: ‘I love it :)’, prediction of Naïve Bayes is 1.0 and the Logistic Regression is also 1.0 which is positive and correct. The total accuracy of both algorithms, Naive Bayes and Logistic Regression, after cross-validation is shown in the following table. Table 4. Accuracy Average Accuracy Naive Bayes Logistic Regression 75.13% 69.465% From this table we can see that Naive Bayes average accuracy is somewhere around 75 percent. Logistic Regression accuracy is a bit lower than Naive Bayes and its accuracy is around 69 percent. There is some difference, not so big. That difference is around 6 percent. As a conclusion for those results we take the right to say that Naive Bayes algorithm provides great results. Logistic Regression with a this, bit lower percentage, can be considered as a great algorithm as well. After the users have finished the training of the system, use it for catching the data from Twitter and predict the data using both algorithms,Naïve Bayes or Logistic Regression. To get better results, we should use Naive Bayes rather than Logistic Regression. Finally, the best way is to save data in a text file, so the companies can easily keep track of the users' opinion about the company's products and about the company in general. 5. Discussion In our paper, as you could see, we proved how text classification can be done in a fast and easy way by using Spark. Use Spark as Big data and for applying machine learning algorithms. Use two well-known machine learning algorithms, Naive Bayes and Logistic Regression. Using these algorithms we achieved a very high model's accuracy by applying to data sets that contained different types of sentences and emoticons. Also, we have shown how emoticons can help in improving the model's accuracy, if used correctly. Using more data in training and testing sets in our cross-validation method, we would achieve better results. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 3, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020114 In this section of paper, an endeavor was made to compare the various methods and results of algorithms performance.Considering the research papers related to our research, which are already mentioned in Section 2, notice that in any case, the text should always be predicted using different methods and then decide which method is the best for achieving our goal. In the following table notice that, summarize different Supervised Machine Learning approaches for Twitter sentiment analysis. Table 5. Summary of previous work Paper Pak and Methods Supervised Algorithms Multinomial Datasets Tweets Results Multinomial Naive Bayes with Paroubek [4] Machine Naive collected using bigrams Learning Support Vector Twitter API superior Bayes, Machine (SVM), accomplished a performance contrasted with unigrams and and trigrams. Conditional Random Field (CRF) Go et al [9] Supervised Naive Machine Learning Bayes, Tweets The Maximum Entropy Maximum collected using (MaxEnt) with both unigrams Entropy Twitter API and bigrams accomplished a (MaxEnt), and precision of 83% contrasted Suppor Vector with the Naive Bayes with a Machine precision of 82.7%. (SVM) Pang et al [2] Supervised Support IMDb The Machine Vector unigrams Learning Machine accuracy utilizing the mix of (SVM), Naive unigrams and bigrams is 82.7% Bayes, and with Support Vector Machine MaxEnt (SVM). Support accuracy has They utilizing 82.9% proved Vector and that Machine (SVM) is superior to Naive Bayes and Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt), where the accuracy utilizing unigrams has 81.0% with Naive Bayes and 80.4% with Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt), and the accuracy utilizing both unigrams and bigrams has 80.6% with Naive �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 3, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020114 Bayes and 80.8% with Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). Some earlier research and studies utilized various groups of sentiment, similar to satisfaction, sadness, frustration, dread and shock. While, in our research, we classified the tweets into two groups, positive or negative, no third group. Most researches were about applying ML algorithms on tweets for sentiment analysis, without the use of Big data. While, we used Big data with the machine learning algorithms in our research. From Table 5., see that Go et al got better accuracy using Naive Bayes algorithms. They did an additional procedure, which we neglected, and that is related to emoticons, they deleted any tweet that contains both positive and negative emoticons. This may happen if a tweet contains two subjects. Although we don't know the accuracy of the model in the research of Pak and Paroubel, we can surely say that they did a good research, because they followed the steps necessary to determine if the text is positive or negative. The steps followed included the removal of any URLs and usernames (user-names follow the "@" symbol) and removal of any characters that repeat more than twice turning a phrase such as OOMMMGGG to OOMMGG, which is applied by a regular expression. 6. Conclusion In this paper it was shown how usage of Spark as Big data can help us classify text from tweets to positive and negative in a very simple yet very fast way.By using common algorithms Naïve Bayes and Logistic Regression we have achieved a very high by applying to large data sets that contained a various number of different emoticons and sentences. We determined that Naïve Bayes is much better than Logistic Regression by training and applying cross validation to our dataset, where its highest accuracy was around 79%. That is the most relevant result regarding the usage of Big Data. Also, in our paper we have demonstrated and shown how it is fast and easy to use and understand it, and how it is powerful with large data sets. For that reason, we can conclude that it is the best tool regarding Twitter sentiment analysis. But not only can sentimental analysis be used for Twitter, it can be used for any type of documentation or data. In the near future our plan is to have and use richer data sets for training, Spark Graphs for better data visualization and usage of real-time data rather than offline data. It can be achieved easy; just classification methods have to be applied and used right after getting each tweet from Twitter. We can see from the previous related works that are mentioned in the Chapter 2, sentiment analysis on Twitter data can be used in many different areas. From those papers, we can conclude that the main goal was to determine the products' quality, so we can say that the main goal is to make it easier for companies to check whether the item is good or not for the customers. Also, politicians and companies want to know what people write in real time about them, so they request monitoring tools to know the opinions, feelings and sentiments that their potential customers are publishing. This method can also be used in film production, since we can see that many Twitter users write their opinion about watched films, about the actors, and so on. �Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 3, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020114 REFERENCES [1] P. P. Chitturi, Apache Spark for Data Science Cookbook, Packt Publishing Ltd, 2016. [2] B. Pang, L. Lee i S. Vaithyanathan, »Thumbs up? Sentiment Classification using Machine Learning,« 2002. [Mrežno]. Available: https://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/llee/papers/sentiment.pdf. [3] D. Kushal, S. Lawrence i D. M. Pennock, »Mining the Peanut Gallery: Opinion Extraction and,« 2003. [Mrežno]. Available: https://www.kushaldave.com/p451-dave.pdf. [4] A. Pak i P. Paroubek, »Twitter as a Corpus for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining,« 2010. [Mrežno]. Available: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6b7f/c158541d5a7be2b2465f7d8a42afa97d7ae9.pdf?_ga=2.1218413 55.1543760336.1572899814-899645452.1571167125. [5] Sanggeta, »Twitter Data Analysis Using FLUME & HIVE on Hadoop,« February 2016. [Mrežno]. Available: http://www.irdindia.in/journal_ijraet/pdf/vol4_iss2/27.pdf. [6] J. P. Verma, B. Patel i A. Patel, »Big Data Analysis: Recommendation System with,« 2015. [Mrežno]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jaiprakash_Verma/publication/282686173_Big_Data_Analysis _Recommendation_System_with_Hadoop_Framework/links/57f4afb708ae280dd0b77681.pdf. [7] K. R. Shrote i A. V. Deorankar, »Review based service recommendation for big data,« February 2016. [Mrežno]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7538334. [8] F. Z. Ennaji, A. E. Fazziki, M. Sadgal i D. Benslimane, »Social intelligence framework: Extracting and analyzing opinions for social CRM,« November 2015. [Mrežno]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7507229. [9] A. Go, R. Bhayani i L. Huang, »Twitter Sentiment Classification using Distant Supervision,« 2009. [Mrežno]. Available: https://cs.stanford.edu/people/alecmgo/papers/TwitterDistantSupervision09.pdf. [10] l. Bing, Opinions, Sentiment, and Emotion in Text, Cambridge University Press, 2015. [11] E. Dumbil, Big Data Now, O'Reilly, 2012. [12] Kazanova, »Sentiment140 dataset with 1.6million twwets,« 2017. [Mrežno]. Available: https://www.kaggle.com/kazanova/sentiment140. [13] C. t. W. projects, »Twitter,« 2007. [Mrežno]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter. [14] A. Pak i P. Paroubek, »Twitter as a Corpus for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining,« 2010. [Mrežno]. Available: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6b7f/c158541d5a7be2b2465f7d8a42afa97d7ae9.pdf?_ga=2.1218413 55.1543760336.1572899814-899645452.1571167125. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sentiment Analysis on Twitter Data using Big Data Author Author Obada Almonajed, Samed Jukić Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract –With the increasing number of users and data on the Internet, especially social media sites, sentiment analysis topic became one of the important and essential fields for most. Collection of people's feelings and sentiment and classifying the data attracted most businesses and companies. Recently, twitter sentiment analysis has attracted much attention, because of Twitter's growth and popularity. The solution for handling enormous amounts of data from social media is a new term called Big data. Big data is not just for having a large amount of data, but also the importance of processing and the usage of the data. Keywords Keywords. Keywords–big data, sentiment analysis, twitter, apache spark, social media, machine learning Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706/JONSAE2021311 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, IBU https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b405bccb488e75bf8fb55f27f34023be.pdf a77087e12a6314709f1c2dad1d73a655 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Master's Theses Description An account of the resource IT Master's Thesis collection features master's theses authored by graduate students in the Department of Information Technology. Each thesis reflects a significant research effort, combining theoretical knowledge with practical application to address complex challenges in the IT domain. These works demonstrate students’ advanced understanding of information systems, software engineering, data science, cybersecurity, and emerging technologies. The theses serve as a testament to the students' capability to conduct independent research, propose innovative solutions, and contribute to the advancement of the IT field. Subject The topic of the resource IT Master's Thesis Language A language of the resource English Language Author Author IT Department Master’s Students Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sentiment Analysis Techniques and Applications in the News Articles Author Author Mirza Novalić Abstract A summary of the resource. Sentiment analysis is essential for understanding public opinion, especially in the context of news articles, where tone and sentiment can significantly impact and control readers' perception and understanding of the content. This study explores a variety of sentiment analysis techniques that are applied to a vast amount of articles gathered from “New York Times” in the past two decades. The research focuses on the performance of traditional machine learning models, deep learning models and hybrid approaches. The aim of the paper is to answer three key questions regarding which approach is the most suitable for this problem and how fine-tuning affects end results.<br /><br />To address these questions, throughout the research, traditional machine learning models including Naive Bayes, Linear Support Vector Classification (SVC) and Logistic Regression were implemented. Among these approaches, Linear SVC achieved the best scores across all evaluation metrics. In the deep learning category, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks were applied. This approach provided exceptional performance which was overall better than traditional models. RNNs scored similarly as Linear SVC, while outperforming other traditional algorithms. <br /><br />A hybrid approach including the BERT model was another method that was explored, which combined specific architecture with deep learning-based contextual understanding. The results demonstrated high classification results, which supports the hypothesis that hybrid models can increase performance of sentiment prediction. Furthermore, fine-tuning of different models improved their performance, which highlights the importance of optimizing pretrained models for specific types of analysis. <br /><br />Overall, the findings confirm that deep learning models usually outperform traditional variants of machine learning methods while hybrid models can offer additional potential and perspective for enhancing sentiment classification in news articles. The study provides deep and valuable insights into effectiveness of different sentiment analysis and natural language processing (NLP) techniques, while at the same time discussing new possibilities and improvements in the field. Keywords Keywords. Sentiment Analysis, Traditional Algorithms, Deep Learning, Fine-Tuning, Hybrid Approach deep learning fine-tuning hybrid approach sentiment analysis Traditional Algorithms https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8c66c18b9cdf58d1bd21d93fde3d7314.pdf 98e3d4b056c6503165965cf89825cd0a PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Servant Leadership as a New Leadership Concept In Organizations And Distinguishing Between Transformational and Servant Leadership Ceren GĠDERLER ATALAY Dumlupinar University, Department of Administration, Turkey giderler_ceren@hotmail.com Abtract: Servant leadership is an increasingly popular concept in the repertoire of leadership styles. The concepts of servant leadership appear to underlie most of current literature on leadership theory and management practice. When viewed in a historical and scientific context, servant leadership proves to be the viable and sustainable option for organizational longevity. Servant leadership has been described as ―a transformational approach to life and work‖ that takes ―the transformation wrought in its followers to a new height‖. The servant leader‘s first priority is to serve others including customers, employees and the community involving shared decision-making, a holistic attitude toward work and comminity building.The servant leader belives in awareness, empathy and integrity and is most likely to engage in responsible reflection. He/She has been referred an active, empowering process in which the leader enables the followers to do their work and take responsibility for self-management. The result is as a synergy of shared vision, trust and responsibility that engenders a flexible organization and a deeply satisfying work life.The aim of this study is to describe the servant leadership that is an increasingly popular concept for organizations. On the other hand, this study indicates that the functional attributes of servant leadership such as communication, credibility, competence, stewardship, visibility, influence, persuasion, listening, encourgement, teaching and delegation. In the other words this article examines transformational leadership and servant leadership to determine what similitaries and differences exist between the two leadership concepts. Key Words: Leadership, Servant Leadership, The Characteristics of Servant Leadership, Transformational Leadership. Introduction The topic of leadership in the wider organizational context has been attracting attention for some time; indeed, its history is almost as long as the history of management. The leadership domain has recently focused on the so-called "new leadership paradigm" such as transformational leadership and servant leadership. According to Greenleaf, the servant-leader first has the desire to serve others, and then learns to lead as a servant. Laub (1999) defined a servant leader as one who emphasizes the good of followers over the self-interest of the leader. Bass (1990) specified that transformational leadership; ―occours when leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employeess, when they generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the group, and when they stir their employees to look beyond their own self-interest for the good of the group‖. The aim of this study is to describe the servant leadership that is an increasingly popular concept for organizations. In the other words this article examines transformational leadership and servant leadership to determine what similitaries and differences exist between the two leadership concepts. Servant Leadership The paradoxical term, ―servant-leadership‖, which appears to touch an innate need in many of us, and which therefore harks back to the beginning of time, became popularized twenty-five years ago by Robert Greenleaf his books Servant Leadership (1977) and Teacher as Servant (1979). Greenleaf, who wished to stimulate thought and to develop a better, more caring society, compiled his observations on individuals in organisations who serve. According to Greenleaf, the servant-leader first has the desire to serve others, and then learns to lead as a servant. In Hamilton‘s (2008) view, however, Greenleaf never formally defined servantleadership; instead Greenleaf (1970) merely asked (Anderson, 2008, pp.4-5; Cunningham, 2004, p.2); 205 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo  Do those served grow as persons, do they, while being served, become healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, more likely themselves to become servants?  If one is a servant, one is always searching, listening, expecting that a better wheel for these times is in the making. In his view, servant-leadership ―begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then a conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead‖ (Anderson, 2008, pp.4-5). The notion of servant leadership has received growing attention and recognition in recent years. Various researchers have espoused servant leadership as a valid theory of organizational leadership with great promise for theoretical and practical development (Washington, Sutton, Feild, 2005, p.701). Laub (1999) defined a servant leader as one who emphasizes the good of followers over the self-interest of the leader. That is, according to Laub, servant leadership promotes development of people through (Washington, Sutton, Feild, 2005, pp.700-701);  the sharing of power;  community building;  the practice of authenticity in leadership; and  the provision of leadership for the good of followers, the total organization, and clients or customers of the organization. The Characteristics of Servant Leadership Spears (1995, 1998) listed, ten characteristics of a servant leader drawn from Greenleaf‘s writings, and Contee-Borders‘s (2003) case study confirmed these characteristics as being critical to servant leadership (Joseph, Winston, 2005, p.10; Speras, 2004, pp.2-3);  Listening: Servant leaders clarify the will of a group by listening receptively to what is being said,  Empathy: Servant leaders strive to understand and empathize with others,  Healing: Servant leaders have the potantial for healing self and others,  Awareness: Servant leadership is strengthened by general awareness and especially self-awareness,  Persuasion: Servant leaders rely upon persuasion, rather than positional authority, in making decisions within an organization,  Conceptualization: Servant leaders seek to nurture their abilities to deram great dreams,  Foresight: Servant leaders have the ability to foresee the likely outcome of a situation in the future,  Stewardship: Servant leaders‘ first and foremost cimmitment is to servet he needs of others,  Commitment to the growth of people: Servant leaders are deeply committed to the personal, professional and spiritual growth of each and every individual within the institution and  Building Community: Servant leaders seek to identify means of building community among those who work within a given institution. According to Gersh, characteristics of servant leadership are empathy, stewardship/trust, building community, empowerment of those served, servant as leader (Gersh, 2006, p.14). Whereas more emprical work is clearly needed to elucidate the model fully, leadership scholars do generally accept there are fundamental principles of servant leadership. Based on the reading of Greenleaf, Daft (1999) provided a summary of four underlying precepts associated with authentic servant leadership (Humphreys, 2005, pp.1414-1415);  Service before self: Consistent with the definition, servant leaders place serving others before their own self-interests. The desire to facilitate the needs of others takes precedent over the desire for a formal leadership position. The servant leader insists on doing what is good and right, even in the absence of actual or potantial gain in material possessions, status or prestige.  Listening as a means of affirmation: A second hallmark of servant leadership is listening first as a way of affirming others. Instead of providing answers, the servant leader asks questions of anyone having important knowledge or insight into a problem or oppurtunity. By promoting participative decision making, the leader enhances the confidence and self-efficacy of others as ―the primary mission of the servant leadership is to figure out the will of the group, to express that will, and then to further it…‖  Creating trust: Servant leaders create trust and inspire it in followers by demonstrating personal trustworthiness. They honestly share all information, positive and negative, to assure decisions will ultimately enhance the wellbeing of he group. Trust in the servant leader is augmented through freely trusting others and disseminating, not hoarding, power and incentives.  Nourishing followers to become whole: Servant leaders desire for others to develop their full potential and become servant leaders as well. ―Greenleaf believed the final goal of servanthood was to help others became servants themselves…‖. Through openness and personal discussion of their trials and tribulations 206 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo and those of others, they share their humanity with followers. Unafraid of showing vulnerability, they use frank and open disclosure as a way to awaken the human spirit of those around them. According the Patterson (2003), the servant leader leads and serves with (Dennis, Bocarnea, 2005, pp.602-604);  Agapao Love: The corner of the servant leadership/follower relationship that Patterson decsribes is agapao love. Winston (2002) states that agapao menas to love in a social or moral sense. According to Winston (2002), this love causes leaders to consider each person not simply as a means to an end but as a complete person: one with needs, wants, and desires. According to Winston, this love is alive and well today in organizations in which those who demonstrate it follow what Winston calls, not the Golden Rule, but the Platinum Rule (do unto others as they would want you to do unto them).  Humility: Humility, according to Sandage and Wiens (2001), is the ability to keep one‘s accomplishments and talents in perspective. This means practicing self-acceptance, but it further includes the practices of true humility, which means not being self-focused on others. Swindoll (1981) argues that the humility of the servant is not to be equated with poor self-esteem, but rather that humility is in line with a healthy ego. In other words, humility does not mean having a low view of one‘s self or one‘s self worth; rather, it means viewing oneself as no beter or worse than others do.  Alturism: Kaplan (2000) states that alturism is helping others selflessly just fort he sake of helping, which involves personal sacrifice, although there is no personal gain. Likewise, Einsenberg (1986), defines altruistic behavior as ―voluntary behavior that is intented to benefit another and is not motivated by the expectation of external reward‖.  Vision: Vision, according to Webster‘s Dictionary, is ―the act or power of imagination; mode of seeing or conceiving; or, unusual discernment or foresight‖. Blanchard (200) defines vision as ―a Picture of the future that produces passion‖. Vision is necessary to good leadership. Hauser and House (2000) posit that the ―development and communication of a vision is one explanation fort he success of charismatic/transformational leaders and their effect on the performance‖.  Trust: According to Hauser and House (200), trust is defines as ―confidence in or reliance on another team member‖ in terms of their morality (e.g.honesty) and competence. According to Story (2002), trust is an essential characteristic of the servant leader. Servant leaders model truth in the way they coach, empower and persuade. This trust exists as a basic element for true leadership.  Service: The act of serving includes a mission of responsibility yo others. Leaders understand that service is the center of servant leadership. Leaders model their service to others in their behavior, attitudes, and values. According to Block (1993), service is everything. People are accountable to those they serve whether customers or subordinates. Greenlaf (1996) posits that for leaders to be of service to others, they must have a sense of responsibility.  Empowerment: Empowerment is entrusting power to others, and for the servant leader it involves effective listening, making people feel significant, putting an empasis on teamwork, and valuing of love and equality. Covey (2002) believes that the leader serves as a role model for empowering others and for valuing their differences. Mcgee-Cooper and Trammell (2002) argue that understanding basic assumptions and background information on important issues empowers people to discover deeper meaning in their jobs and to participate more fully in effective decision making. Bass (1990), posits that empowerment is power sharing with followers in planning and decision making. Transformational and Servant Leadership Bass (1990) specified that transformational leadership; ―occours when leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employeess, when they generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the group, and when they stir their employees to look beyond their own self-interest for the good of the group‖ (Stone, Russell, Patterson, 2004, p.350). This section compares transformational and servant leadership theories. The facilitate this analysis, a matrix of leadership components was created. Transformational leadership is defined as having four conceptually distinct elements: charasmatic leadership/idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. Servant leadership has six distinct components: valving people, developing people, building community, displaying authenticity providing leadership, sharing leadership (Smith, Montagno, Kuzmenko, 2004, p.82). Smith et al. (2004) have proposed that transformational leadership would lead to an ―empowerment dynamic culture‖, whereas, servant leader behavior would create a more ―spiritual generative culture‖. Moreover, they suggest the context could determine which of these cultures, created by the leadership behaviors presented, might lead to greater organizational success. In other words, the context could determine the effectiveness of the leadership style offered (see Figure 1) (Smith, Montagno, Kuzmenko, 2004, p.86; Humphreys, 2005, p.1417). 207 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Parolini (2007) empirically investigated the assumptions in the literature about the distinctions between transformational and servant leaders including the moral, focus, motive and mission, development, and influence distinctions. Parolini found that transformational leaders were differentiated by their focus on the needs of the organization, inclination to lead first, allegiance toward the organization, and influence through conventional charismatic approaches as well as control. The study also identified servant leaders as differentiated by their focus on the needs of the individual, inclination to serve first, allegiance toward the individual, and influence through unconventional service as well as through offering freedom or autonomy. Through the data collection and analysis process, a high presence of transformational and servant leadership was found in organizational life (Parolini, Patterson, Winston, 2008, pp.288, 289). Figure 1: Transformational and Servant Leadership Conclusion The notion of servant leadership has received growing attention and recognition in recent years. Various researchers have espoused servant leadership as a valid theory of organizational leadership with great promise for theoretical and practical development. According to Laub, servant leadership promotes development of people through the sharing of power, community building, the practice of authenticity in leadership, and the provision of leadership for the good of followers, the total organization, and clients or customers of the organization. Spears (1995, 1998) listed, ten characteristics of a servant leader drawn from Greenleaf‘s writings, 208 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo and Contee-Borders‘s (2003) case study confirmed these characteristics as being critical to servant leadership; listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to the growth of people, building community. Finally, it have been compared that differences which exist between transformational and servant leadership in this study. Transformational leadership is defined as having four conceptually distinct elements; charasmatic leadership/idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration whereas servant leadership has six distinct components; valving people, developing people, building community, displaying authenticity providing leadership, sharing leadership. As a result, while transformational leadership has been well researched and has become popular in practice, servant leadership theory needs further support. Nonetheless, servant leadership offers great opportunities for leaders. References Anderson, J.A. (2008). When A Servant Leader Comes Knocking, Leader&Organization Development Journal, 30 (1), pp.415. Cunningham, R. (2004). Servant Leadership- An Introduction, Global Virtue Ethics Review, 5(3), pp.2-6. Dennis, R.S.&Bocarnea, M. (2005). Development Of The Servant Leadership Assessment Instrument, Leader&Organization Development Journal, 26 (7/8), pp.600-615. Gershi, M.R. (2006). Servant-Leadership: A Philosophical Foundation For Professionalism In Physical Therapy, Journal Of Physical Therapy Education, 20 (2), pp.12-16. Humphreys, J.H. (2005). Contextual Implications For Transformational And Servant Leadership: A Historical Inverstigation, Management Decisions, 43 (10), pp.1410-1431. Joseph, E.E.&Winston, B.E. (2005). A Correlation Of Servant Leadership, Leader Trust And Organizational Trust, Leader&Organization Development Journal, 26 (1/2), pp.6-22. Parolini, J.&Patterson, K.&Winston, B. (2009). Distinguishing Between Transformational And Servant Leadership, Leader&Organization Development Journal, 30 (3), pp.274-291. Smith, B.N.&Montagno, R.V.&Kuzmenko, T.N. (2004). Transformational And Servant Leadership: Content And Contextual Comparisons, Journal Of Leadership&Organizational Studies, 10 (4), pp.80-91. Spears, L.C. (2004). Practicing Servant Leadership, Leader To Leader, 34, pp.7-11. Stone, G.A.&Russell, R.F.&Patterson, K. (2004). Transformational Versus Servant Leadership: A Difference In Leader Focus, Leader&Organization Development Journal, 25 (3/4), pp.349-361. Washington, R.R.&Sutton, C.D.&Feild, H.S. (2006). Individual Differences In Servant Leadership: The Roles of Values And Personality, Leader&Organization Development Journal, 27 (8), pp.700-716. 209 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 156 Title A name given to the resource Servant Leadership as a New Leadership Concept In Organizations And Distinguishing Between Transformational and Servant Leadership Author Author GİDERLER ATALAY, Ceren Abstract A summary of the resource. Servant leadership is an increasingly popular concept in the repertoire of leadership styles. The concepts of servant leadership appear to underlie most of current literature on leadership theory and management practice. When viewed in a historical and scientific context, servant leadership proves to be the viable and sustainable option for organizational longevity. Servant leadership has been described as ―a transformational approach to life and work‖ that takes ―the transformation wrought in its followers to a new height‖. The servant leader‘s first priority is to serve others including customers, employees and the community involving shared decision-making, a holistic attitude toward work and comminity building.The servant leader belives in awareness, empathy and integrity and is most likely to engage in responsible reflection. He/She has been referred an active, empowering process in which the leader enables the followers to do their work and take responsibility for self-management. The result is as a synergy of shared vision, trust and responsibility that engenders a flexible organization and a deeply satisfying work life.The aim of this study is to describe the servant leadership that is an increasingly popular concept for organizations. On the other hand, this study indicates that the functional attributes of servant leadership such as communication, credibility, competence, stewardship, visibility, influence, persuasion, listening, encourgement, teaching and delegation. In the other words this article examines transformational leadership and servant leadership to determine what similitaries and differences exist between the two leadership concepts. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/746da89072bed707d6f01e4690e9ffe5.pdf 730e25696c6b6de8b9791dcdb2714db2 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Services for the People with Disabilities in e-Government Applications:The Case of e-Turkey Serhat Özgökçeler Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey serhat@uludag.edu.tr | sozgokceler@gmail.com Görkem Bahtiyar Department of Economics, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey gorkbaht@hotmail.com Abstract: In its simplest form, the concept of e-Government means the conduction of mutual duties and services between citizens and the state in an uninterrupted and safe manner. In this respect, e-Government enables the provision of public services to the citizens in an electronic/digital environment. This way, the e-Government perspective which tends to replace the bureaucratic and classical state, aims every institution and individual to reach the state via information technology-based systems. In social life, e-Government applications have a great importance in providing equal and indispensible conditions for sustainable development for everyone in the society. An efficient e-Government application necessitates development of services like e-health, e-inclusion and e-learning. In this context, eGovernment should be considered as a social inclusion process toward an “Information Society for Everyone” [ISE], especially concerning some groups which have the risk of exclusion. E-Government services, conducted for one of those important risk groups, “people with disabilities”, have an unquestionable place in the integration process of this group to social life. In this paper, we examine the extent of the Turkish e-Government services and in particular kinds of services offered to 8,5 million people with disabilities. In general, it is observed that services offered to people with disabilities are concentrated on health, education, employment, social rights-social services, care services and accessibility. Key Words: E-Government, e-Turkey, people with disabilities, social services, social policy I. E-Government Applications: Conceptual Framework With rapid development of computers and the Internet, the concept of e-Government continues to gain ground in both social life applications and academic literature. To analyze this phenomenon, the need of making a working definition of the term e-Government arises. Definition of e-Government An open and widely accepted definition of e-Government has yet to be made. Doubtlessly, the dynamic and instantly changing structure of the Internet and information Technologies is effective in this situation (Naralan, 2008, p.4). For example, according to Curtin et al. (2003, p.3) e-Government can be defined as using any kinds of information and communication Technologies (ICTs) to enhance information and service flow towards citizens, raise the level of interaction between the state and citizens, and improve government itself. According to Evans, e-Government is the communication between the state and citizens by means of information and communication technologies. Similar to Curtin et al. the United Nations Public Administration Network [UNPAN] defines e-Government as the use of Internet in order to provide public services and transmit information to the public (Evans & Yen, 2006, p.3). Many other definitions may be found in the literature about e-Government. But we can define it as a new understanding of government and administration which uses the digital realm and its means in addition to mostly physical, standard ways and means. Heading Towards e-Government and the Developmental Stages of e-Government It is possible to see the inclination towards e-Government as a societal preference. Both demands coming from the people and decisions of the Government is effective in the making of this societal preference. Major motives in the inclination towards e-Government can be classified as (Naralan, 2008, p.7): 1. Productivity in the provision and acquisition of services, 264 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 2. Gradually increasing democratic conscience, 3. The need and demand for transparency. Especially in connection with the first item the gain from decreasing transaction costs is also important. Considering that the Internet was originally a product of military purposed applications, it can be argued that the State uses the developments in ICTs mainly for its own purposes like military advantage, working more efficiently, reaching the information it needs easily and quickly, efficiency in tax collecting etc. But even though this is true, as a result of indispensible interaction between the State and people, citizens also benefit from State’s inclination towards e-Government. Those benefits can be saving from time and transaction costs, more participation in the administration process etc. For e-Government is directly connected with the developments in technology, its development also comes into life gradually. The developmental stages of e-Government can be written as (Basu, 2004, p.113): � Online Broadcasting Stage � Online Interaction Stage � Online Transaction Stage � Integration Stage Online broadcasting refers to a stage in which State is visible in the Internet environment. In the online interaction stage, communication between the State and citizens is only in the beginning. In online transaction stage, it is possible to make transactions via Internet without going to a public office. Finally in the integration stage, various transaction channels [namely websites] by which citizens and the State interact are gathered under one roof, one channel. Main mission of e-Government is to improve government and administration for everyone. In this respect, the term e-Government overlaps with “good government”. So the main mission is to improve the efficiency of government and expand the utility area for everyone. Considering the developmental stages of eGovernment, this mission is achieved its highest level in the integration stage and some kind of utility maximization is reached (Basu, 2004, p.109-114). And also, it is possible to derive some implications on this subject, especially about the role of technological progress, the development and future of e-Government. Of course, this maximizing equilibrium should be limited to the current level of technology. So it should be observed that when the technological level improves, transition to another stage in e-Government [a fifth stage] may be possible. In Graph.1, t2 refers to a higher technological level than t1. According to this, with the t1 technology, utility of the society is maximized at the fourth stage (integration). But when the t2 technology is acquired two effects will appear: First, previous utility levels provided by each stage of e-Government rises [as can be seen from the distance between the two curves]. Second, transition to a fifth stage in e-Government becomes possible and utility becomes maximized in the fifth stage. 265 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo E-Government: Opportunities and Risks As in every process of change, transition to e-Government brings along some risks in addition to the opportunities. If customer satisfaction approach is applied a rise in the individual welfare and a decline in individual costs are provided. “Centralization of decisions”, especially when it comes to economic decisions provides saving from budgetary expenses. Furthermore there is a link between e-Governmentization and the development of participator democracy. However, excessive inclusion of the State in private life using Internet and information Technologies come the risk of violation of individual privacy and censorship (Evans & Yen, 2006, p.212; Kircova, 2003, p.23). For example the tendency of decentralization in government and the centralization of decisions mentioned above seems to be in contradiction with each other. Censorship applications can be avoided through democratic channels. But violation of private information stands as a serious risk. II. E-Government /Digital Government Applications in Turkey It is possible to deal with the applications found within the context of e-Government in Turkey within two dimensions of centralized and local governments. The e-Government Applications Providing Service within Centralized Administration It is possible to consider the history of the researches in the fields of science and technology carried out throughout the Republican era. With this fact in mind, the desire of the public sector to make use of information technologies [IT], though not in terms of e-Government, go back to past times. The Population Registry Office that processes masses of information launched a project in 1970s in an attempt to transfer the transactions into the electronic media. The fact that in a time period in which the internet did not exist and the computers could only be had institutionally, it is very meaningful that such a project was considered. However, the project in question was not considered and initiated as an e-Government project; it was intended to be an automation aimed at storing and easily processing data masses. This project that could only be concluded in a long period of 30 years is known as MERNĐS (Centralized Population Management System). With this system that went on-line in 2003, the discourse of e-Government in Turkey also started. Thanks to the system in question, the institutions get people’s identifications confirmed and carry out transactions accordingly based on this information obtained from the system (Naralan, 2008, p.69). While the operations such as Say2000i [Web-Based Accountancy Automation System], VEDOP [Tax Offices Automation Project], GĐMOP [Custom Administration’s Modernization Project], UYAP [The Nation Judicial Network Project], The Ministry of External Affairs Project, Pol-Net [The Police Information Network Project], EVAS [Electrical Data Transfer System] directed by the central government were initially set up as only for provision of information, they eventually turned into introductory steps taken for e-Government with the intention of providing services. The project of Information Society Strategy was proposed for the agenda in 2006; some comprehensive changes were subsequently put forward till 2010 that had the strength of international competition aimed at sustaining information-based economical and social improvement and enhancing the social welfare. The EU dimension has become all the more important for Turkey in terms of the perspective of eGovernment applications. In this connection, Turkey, strictly bound up with its own efforts to become a full member of EU, has shown close interest in the efforts and projects of EU member states. Accordingly, the Prime Minister’s Office commenced the initiation of e-Turkey in 2001 within the framework of the action plan of eEurope+. In the following time period, Turkey became a party to e-Europe 2005 with the status of an observer together with Romania and Bulgaria (DPT, 2005). Various bodies were assembled in an attempt to conduct activities such as improving the surveys related to e-government and their inspection, and their duties and powers were also determined. The fact that the bodies recently set up and the projects prepared are coordinated by the State Planning Organization (SPO) and by the subsidiary departments has made it possible for the information policies to be administered and controlled by only one and the same point. BTYK [The Supreme Council for Science and Technology], Information and Economical Modernization Works, TUENA [The National Information Infrastructure], ETKK [Electronic Commerce Coordination Council], The Department of Information Society, The Turkish Information Council, The Communication Council’s Works of the 9th Transportation Council, E-Transformation Turkey, Vision 2023 Technology Projection Works and the e-Government Door are just some of the important councils and projects that have been proposed for the agenda regarding e-Government. 266 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The E-Government Applications Providing Service at Local Governmental Level Recently, IT and computers have increasingly been used as a tool to obtain service from regional and local governments and participate in administration (Musgrave, 2003, p.262). Yildiz (2002, p.236) emphasizes that the use of IT has the potential of constituting an “added value” fro the local governments in terms of its functions and operations in question. In addition, it is also stated that the use of these technologies in local governments have taken place both administratively and politically. It is also emphasized that while the administrative-based targets consist of preparing a web page, the political-based targets consist of performing better in terms of transparency, participation and accountability in addition to the use of technology (2002, p.239–241). Most of the local governments in Turkey make use of information technologies usually in terms of “providing information”. The Provisional Special Administrations, one of the local administrative units in our country, do not have their own official web sites; they only have a page on the local Governor’s web site that aims to provide basic information. Similarly, village legal entities that are also regarded as a local administrative unit do not have their own official web sites either (Parlak & Sobaci, 2010, p.227). In terms of the services and activities provided, municipalities make more efforts in terms of providing services over the internet in comparison to other local administrative units. At the same time, while it is easy to predict that the demands of the small residential areas with low population density and small town municipalities in terms of taking advantage of internet facilities are not the same as those more densely populated areas and bigger town, similarly, the variety of the service to be provided will not be the same either. It is stated that the municipalities with an official web sites in Turkey use their web sites like “brochure” like promotional platform where they promote the mayor and the political party of the mayor rather than intending it as a tool of interaction with the public or providing information and services about public amenities (Yildiz, 2002, p.243). In Bensghir’s studies, the official web sites of the grand municipalities of Ankara (2000a), Istanbul (2000b) and Bursa (2000c) were subjected to content analysis and similar results were obtained. The M(obile)-Government Applications Providing Services at Central and Local Governments Mobile-Government applications that are on the increase world-wide have application possibilities in different areas in Turkey. While some of those applications in question provide services at a national level, the others do at regional and local levels. The Traffic Data System Project that went into effect in 2003 and is the first ever M-Government application in Turkey, relies on the presentation of GPRS infrastructure of an national GSM operator, and provides constant communication between the traffic patrols on inspection duty on motorways and their head offices. One of the system applications that is designed for the vehicles of General Directorate of Security, uses the GPRS technology of a GSM operator as communication infrastructure and consists of software and mobile hardware units is MOBESE [Mobile Electronic System Integration]. This application makes it possible for the security forces to intervene in the incidences in the shortest time possible, provide the best services to the public paying extra attention to the individual rights and liberties, and establish the notion of society-supported police. One of the services provided in an attempt to offers uninterrupted services to the public is telephone-in municipal work which enables the public to inquire about property and environment taxes and pay them as well. In addition, in order to provide flow of in formation during a possible natural disaster, an early warning system-emergency response system is also established. Finally, municipalities are able to send off some local information as text messages to the mobile phone of the local public using the cell broadcasting of the GSM network in the local area. As Cook (2000, p.4) stated, e-Government applications recommend local governments “a new method” in terms of offering public services to the public and internal operations. Despite the fact that it does not seem easy to realize it, it offers great advantages to those that provide these services and benefit from them. The prominent advantages are summarized as in the following (2000, p.4–5): � � � � Increasing the effectiveness through making the administrative processes more productive; Improving the internal communicative networks of the local governments; Enabling the provision of more effective and productive services to the public; The local governments’ easily keeping up with the demands and expectations of the public through e-Government applications; 267 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo � E-Government advantages, especially the websites, are a tool of promotion and public relations of themselves and their activities for the local government units Given the e-Government applications in the local governments in Turkey, there seems to be some problems in terms of the access of the public to web sites of these units, setting up a centralized web site enabling coordination and flow of information and its sharing amongst the local governments, the coverage of the web sites and the confidentiality of personal information together with the security of that information (Yildiz, 2002, p. 244–248). E-Government in the World and in Turkey in Numbers According to the studies carried out by Taylor Nelson Sofres [TNS] in 2001 and 2002, Turkey was found to be far behind in terms of e-Government applications in comparison to other countries. According to TNS’s 2001 study, it was found that only 3% of the population in Turkey made use of the e-Government applications in the past year and Turkey was in the last place out of the total of 27 countries. This proportion rose to 13% in 2002 (TNS, 2002, p.18). In the 1st Interim Report of e-Turkey Initiation in 2002, it was found that the household who had internet access was 7%, the proportion of the regular internet users was 3%. The proportions in question in the EU countries were found respectively as 37% and 47% (Basbakanlik Genelgesi, 2002, p.109). West (2008) determined the e-Government order of the 198 countries for the years of 2007-2008. Based on this, while Turkey was in the 9th place in 2007 [43,5 % index], it dropped back to 61st place in 2008 [34,2% index]. South Korea retained its top position in the 1st place for those two years; for the year 2008, Taiwan was in the 2nd place, USA in the 3rd, Singapore in the 4th and Canada in the 5th. Moreover, Papua New Gina was in the 196th place, Mauritania in the 197th place and Tuvalu was in the last place. The World Internet Use and Population Statistics unit updated its data in 2009. Table 1. illustrates this in summary: World Regions Population ( 2009 Est.) Africa 991,002,342 Asia Internet Users Dec. 31, 2000 4,514,400 Internet Users Latest Data Penetration (% Population) Growth 20002009 Users % of Table 86,217,900 8.7 % 1,809.8 % 4.8 % 3,808,070,503 114,304,000 764,435,900 20.1 % 568.8 % 42.4 % Europe 803,850,858 105,096,093 425,773,571 53.0 % 305.1 % 23.6 % Middle East 202,687,005 3,284,800 58,309,546 28.8 % 1,675.1 % 3.2 % North America 340,831,831 108,096,800 259,561,000 76.2 % 140.1 % 14.4 % Latin America/Caribbean 586,662,468 18,068,919 186,922,050 31.9 % 934.5 % 10.4 % Oceania / Australia 34,700,201 7,620,480 21,110,490 60.8 % 177.0 % 1.2 % WORLD TOTAL 6,767,805,208 360,985,492 1,802,330,457 26.6 % 399.3 % 100.0 % Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (09.05.10). Table 1. World Internet Usage and Population Statistics Figure 1. illustrates the countries that have the highest number of Internet users out of 27 EU countries: 268 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Figure 1. European Union - Top 10 Internet Countries The total number of Internet users in Turkey where 76 million people live is 34,5% and this constitutes 6.2% of the total Internet users in the European Continent. Table 2. and Figure 2. illustrate this particular case: EUROPE Population ( 2009 Est. ) Internet Users, Latest Data % User Population Growth (Penetration) (2000-2009) % Users Europe TURKEY 76,805,524 26,500,000 34.5 % 1,225.0 % 6.2 % TOTAL Europe 803,850,858 425,773,571 53.0 % 305.1 % 100.0 % Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats4.htm#europe (09.05.10). Table 2. World Internet Usage and Population Statistics Figure 2. Internet Top 10 Countries in European According to the illustration above, Turkey is at the 7th place with its 26,6 million users out of the top ten Internet user countries in Europe. In order to make use of e-Government application in Turkey, each citizen should purchase a pin code just once for 1 Turkish lira. However, the pin number in question was purchased by only 246.638 citizens as of May, 2010; however, only 171 different transactions out of 22 public services with regards to e-Government were offered in an integrated manner (Zaman [newspaper], 04.05.2010). Given the planning that half of the population of Turkey will be using e-Government related transactions by the year 2013, it seems almost impossible for this prediction to come true. 269 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Disabled People-Oriented E-Government Applications in Turkey The disabled, who are faced with the increasing problem of exclusion with the developments in IT, are employed at low salary jobs or can not enter into the labor markets because of the reasons such as generally higher proportions of unemployment and being unable to equally benefit from education and other services. IT that trivializes the geographical borders and distances, and play an active role in the increase of flexible employment forms may also cause the new types of exclusions to appear in addition to offering some kind of new opportunities for the disabled (Canbey-Ozguler, 2006). In Turkey where the 12,29% of the country’s population, that is, 8 and half million people are disabled, or in other words, in Turkey where 36,3% of the disabled are illiterate and 68% of these do not have any their disability-oriented special arrangements in their residential areas (Zaman [newspaper], 08.05.2010), it will be possible to facilitate the integration of the disabled into the social life thanks to the use of IT. In this sense, it will be vital to take advantage of the experiences of the developed countries with regards to this matter. What E-Turkey has to Offer to the Disabled in Turkey There are many endeavors and projects developed by the centralized and local governments in Turkey aimed for the disabled citizens. Within the context of IT, the endeavors and projects related to computer and Internet use, on the other hand, are regarded as “adequate for development” areas together with those yet “at their infancy”. This area should also be considered in terms of the standards that these IT products such as Internet and telephone should have. For instance, it is vitally important to design web sites that visually impaired people can have access to and produce web sites designs supported with graphic, text and animations for hearing impaired people. In this context, we are faced with a requisite whereby the Internet sites open to whole public should have the qualities in question and produce designs in accordance with the WAI standards determined by W3C. In this sense, the results of the investigations carried out by the experts of the Court of Accounts located that the majority of the official web sites of public institutions did not have the standards mentioned above throughout the process of transition to e-Government (Sayistay, 2006, p.143–147 http://www.sayistay.gov.tr/rapor/rapor3.asp?id=64 [28.03.2009]). In the context of central government, the official web site of e-Turkey www.turkiye.gov.tr also known as the Entrance to e-Government Public Information Bank offers to the whole citizens 171 services with the cooperation of 22 public institutions. The services in question, in addition to its function of public information bank, have been provided to make these Internet services possible for the citizens to benefit from them from a single position and with confidentiality. The services of the institutions whose integration to the system has been completed are offered over the www.turkiye.gov.tr internet site, the citizens have access to their own personal data through logging into the system through their personal codes, e-signature or m-signature, and carry out their transactions with confidentiality. In addition to these, thanks to single-session system, citizens can surf the public Internet sites without renewed registration and make their payments from a single point through e-payment (https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/portal/dt?provider=HomePageContainer&channel=bilgilendirme&bilgilendirme.bilg iTipi=entegre, 09.05.2010). Thanks to the e-Turkey application that offer services and information to the citizens on many areas such as from birth to obligatory military service registration, from education to jobs and careers, from social security to travelling and tourism, from environmental issue to culture and art, it will be ensured that the public services will be delivered to the citizens in an easiest and most efficient way, in a quality, fast, uninterrupted and confidential manner. The concept of e-government replacing the bureaucratic and classical concept of a state aims to help every institution and citizen to reach to the state through the systems using information technologies. In this sense, e-Turkey that has established a separate category for the disabled exerts efforts to accomplish some breakthroughs to help them to better integrate into the social life. In the “Disabled Citizens” category in the concerned web sites, there is a special section where there are special services and information for the citizens with mental and physical disabilities. “Information” about such issues as healthcare, education, employment, social rights and services, nursing and care services, accessibility, institutions and agencies serving for the disabled are also available in this category. � Healthcare: Under this heading can be found information, regulations and articles on such areas as “Healthcare Services Before and After Birth”; “Efforts on Preventing Disability”; “Medical Rehabilitation”; “Determining and Measuring Disability”; “Special Education”; “Vocational Education” 270 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo (https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/portal/dt?channel=icerik&icerik.kat=Vatanda%C5%9F/%C3%96z%C3%BCrl%C3 %BC+Vatanda%C5%9Flar/Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k/Do%C4%9Fum+%C3%96ncesi+ve+Sonras%C4%B1+Sa% C4%9Fl%C4%B1k+Hizmetleri, 08.05.2010). � Education: Under this heading can be found books and articles on such areas as Bu başlık altında, “Special Education”; “Vocational Education”; “Educating Families with Disabled Members” (https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/portal/dt?channel=icerik&icerik.kat=Vatanda%C5%9F/%C3%96z%C3%BCrl%C3 %BC+Vatanda%C5%9Flar/E%C4%9Fitim/%C3%96z%C3%BCrl%C3%BC+Bireye+Sahip+Ailelerin+E%C4% 9Fitimi, 08.05.2010). � Employment: Under this heading can be found legal information and the services provided on such areas as “Vocational Rehabilitation”; “Vocational Courses”; “Exam for the Disabled”; “Job Placement” (https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/portal/dt?channel=icerik&icerik.kat=Vatanda%C5%9F/%C3%96z%C3%BCrl%C3 %BC+Vatanda%C5%9Flar/%C4%B0stihdam/%C4%B0%C5%9Fe+Yerle%C5%9Ftirme, 08.05.2010). � Social Rights and Services: Under this heading can be found detailed information on such areas as “Social Welfare Aid (Allowances for the Disabled and the Poor, and other allowances)”; “Rights for Early Retirement or Retirement Due to Disability”; “Tax Privileges and Concession” (https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/portal/dt?channel=icerik&icerik.kat=Vatanda%C5%9F/%C3%96z%C3%BCrl%C3 %BC+Vatanda%C5%9Flar/Sosyal+Haklar+ve+Hizmetler/Vergi+%C4%B0stisnalar%C4%B1+ve+%C4%B0ndi rimleri, 07.05.2010). � Nursing and Care Services: Contact Information on areas such as “Institutional Care”; “Care and Rehabilitation Centers” and “Nursing and Caring at Home Services” is available here. (https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/portal/dt?channel=icerik&icerik.kat=Vatanda%C5%9F/%C3%96z%C3%BCrl%C3 %BC+Vatanda%C5%9Flar/Bak%C4%B1m+Hizmetleri/Evde+Bak%C4%B1m, 07.05.2010). � Accessibility: There is authoritative and guiding information on such areas as “Accessing Information”; “Talking Library”; “Access to E-Book Services”; “Physical Arrangements” (https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/portal/dt?channel=icerik&icerik.kat=Vatanda%C5%9F/%C3%96z%C3%BCrl%C3 %BC+Vatanda%C5%9Flar/Ula%C5%9F%C4%B1labilirlik/Bilgiye+Eri%C5%9Fim, 08.05.2010). � Institutions And Agencies Serving For The Disabled: There is information such as the detailed contact addresses of the centers of “Private Institutions” and “Public Institutions” (https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/portal/dt?channel=icerik&icerik.kat=Vatanda%C5%9F/%C3%96z%C3%BCrl%C3 %BC+Vatanda%C5%9Flar/%C3%96z%C3%BCrl%C3%BC+Vatanda%C5%9Flara+Hizmet+Veren+Kurum+ve +Kurulu%C5%9Flar/Resmi+Kurumlar, 09.05.2010). As can clearly be seen above, as far as the services aimed for the disabled from the perspective of eTurkey are concerned, it is possible to say that what those areas of services in question have in common is that they are “informative” and “instructive”. Local/Private Application There also exist some platforms at the local level in Turkey which offer services to the disabled by using IT. Thanks to the Turkey’s first digital library set up within Technology Centre for the Visually Impaired of Bosporus University [GETEM], which is one of those platforms, approximately two thousand visually impaired people benefit from this library (http://www.engellilersitesi.com/haber/680-teknoloji-dijitalkutuphane-hizmeti.html, 02.09.2008). Besides, there are also some developments currently related to navigation systems for the visually impaired people. Thanks to this system, the visually impaired people, with the help of coordinated information received by a GPS receiver based on navigation system giving directions, will be able to reach their destination without any help. The Ministry of Transportation will soon go out to tender for this system (http://www.engellilersitesi.com/haber/5809-teknoloji-gorme-engelliler-icin-navigasyon.html, 19.04.2010). Results and Evaluation E-Government and e-Democracy that gives the priority to the participation of citizens, is based on the perception of democratic governance, aims to ensure participation through the efficient and rational use of IT, enhances transparency and productivity, improves the opportunities of the disadvantaged people in an integrated way from the grassroots to the upper limits and at an horizontal coordination by embracing them all and focuses on an approach in which a non-centralized and an sustainable social and economical development model is materialized in a democratic process, has become popular in Turkey too as it is the case all over the world. The support of the society for the development of e-Government in Turkey is vitally important. For this support in question to materialize, the digital divide should be minimized and the IT should be made accessible 271 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo for each and every citizen at every level. The belief of the public in e-Government applications are strongly decisive whether the e-Government applications will succeed or not. While such an application is to be demanded by the public, Turkey is not at such a position as yet. It is also important to mention the ensuing deficiencies found in the national information network and infrastructure. As of today, there have occurred some great discrepancies between the nations and regions with regards to the infrastructure in question. Since e-Government entails an integrated and categorical network construction, the opportunities of accessing the network should be revised and enhanced and the distribution, processing, collection, sharing and delivery of information over this network all over Turkey through the establishment of high capacity broadband technologies should be ensured. Besides, the fact that IT that the e-Government applications are based on, has high costs and that there occurs, therefore, some inequalities in the society in relation to benefiting from these services, the pricing of eservices and how the costs of e-Government applications will be met are just few of the potential areas of debate. While the efforts underway in Turkey are vitally important, it is also a commonly accepted reality that the efforts in question are not at a satisfactory level. IT and therefore e-Government-related applications and policies are too weak to aim at some real targets such as the employment of the women, improving the e-skills of the children and youngsters, for the old and the disabled to be able to fully benefit from the opportunities of information society, their employment, enabling their re-employment or helping them to set up their own businesses. This particular case is related not only to the creation of employment across the country, but also stems from the fact that applications such as micro financing, risk capital and similar applications are not strong enough. For the sake of popularizing the applications aimed for the whole population in general and for the disabled in specific all over Turkey and accomplishing them successfully, there is a need for an authoritative and insistent political will that aspires to this just like it is the case in all reforms. It is also necessary to break up the possible bureaucratic resistance that is likely to increase the timecost of materializing the e-Government applications. The applications in question should not only put forward as an informative behavior code for the citizens; besides, throughout the process of entering into the labor market and in similar fields of social policies, real and active services should be shared in the virtual environment. Finally, the insufficiencies of technical infrastructures related to IT that constitutes the fundamentals of e-Turkey should be resolved urgently. Such a chance/transformation of mentality and technological developments will enable the expected benefits and acquisitions for the e-Government applications in Turkey to be accomplished. References Basbakanlik Genelgesi. (2002). E-Turkiye. Ankara: Personel ve Prensipler Genel Mudurlugu Yayinları. Basu, S. (2004). E-Govenment and Developing Countries: An Overview. 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Ankara: Bilgi Toplumu Dairesi. 272 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Erdal, M. (2004). Elektronik Devlet: E-Turkiye ve Kurumsal Donusum. Đstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi. Evans, D. & Yen, D.C. (2006). E-Government: Evolving Relationship of Citizens and Government, Domestic and International Development. Government Information Quarterly, 23, pp. 207-235. Kircova, I. (2003). E-Devlet Uygulamalari ve Ekonomiye Etkileri. Istanbul: ĐTO Yayinlari, Yayin no: 2003-38. Musgrave, S. (2003). The Community Portal Challenge-Is There a Technology Barrier for Local Authorities? Telematics and Informatics, Vol. 21, pp.261-272. Naralan, A. (2008). E-Devlet ve Algilanisi Uzerine Bir Arastirma, Ankara: Imaj Kitabevi. Parlak, B. & Sobaci Z. (2010). Kuram ve Uygulamada Kamu Yonetimi: Ulusal ve Kuresel Perspektifler. Bursa: Alfa Aktuel Yayinlari. Taylor Nelson Sofres [TNS]. (2002). 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Sayistay. (2006). http://www.sayistay.gov.tr/rapor/rapor3.asp?id=64 [28.03.2009], p.143–147. Zaman Newspaper, www.zaman.com.tr. [04.05.2010]. 274 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 706 Title A name given to the resource Services for the People with Disabilities in e-Government Applications:The Case of e-Turkey Author Author Özgökçeler, Serhat Bahtiyar, Görkem Abstract A summary of the resource. In its simplest form, the concept of e-Government means the conduction of mutual duties and services between citizens and the state in an uninterrupted and safe manner. In this respect, e-Government enables the provision of public services to the citizens in an electronic/digital environment. This way, the e-Government perspective which tends to replace the bureaucratic and classical state, aims every institution and individual to reach the state via information technology-based systems. In social life, e-Government applications have a great importance in providing equal and indispensible conditions for sustainable development for everyone in the society. An efficient e-Government application necessitates development of services like e-health, e-inclusion and e-learning. In this context, e- Government should be considered as a social inclusion process toward an “Information Society for Everyone” [ISE], especially concerning some groups which have the risk of exclusion. E-Government services, conducted for one of those important risk groups, “people with disabilities”, have an unquestionable place in the integration process of this group to social life. In this paper, we examine the extent of the Turkish e-Government services and in particular kinds of services offered to 8,5 million people with disabilities. In general, it is observed that services offered to people with disabilities are concentrated on health, education, employment, social rights-social services, care services and accessibility. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2c026e7faf649362c1126004677705e0.pdf 90e102868f6ae992987649eb488a4fbd PDF Text Text ���     � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2417 Title A name given to the resource Šest godina od početka rada prvih notara u pravnom sistemu u savremenoj Bosni i Hercegovini Author Author MUTAPČIĆ, Đemaludin Abstract A summary of the resource. U povodu šestogodišnjice od početka rada prvih notara u savremenoj Bosni i Hercegovini, treba istaći da notarska služba nije potpuna novina na bosanskohercegovačkim prostorima, kao ni na teritoriji bivše SFRJ. Navršava se šest godina od početka rada prvih notara u savremenoj Bosni i Hercegovini. U savremenoj Bosni i Hercegovini prvi notari su počeli sa radom 04.05.2007. godine; u Makedoniji duže godina funkcionira notarijat, a u Hrvatskoj javno bilježništvo; dok su u Crnoj Gori počeli raditi prvi notari, a u Srbiji se uskoro očekuje rad prvih notara. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Social Sciences Research Center of International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7d3ad01191446745c1f9f8eb270feb38.docx 393c1d0765c943fc091ae20564a1d416 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/94a23f48306293e1cc6e38126536fe61.pdf 4926790c17a7e848bca226c2fc5e0a9c PDF Text Text SEVERAL FUNGAL DISEASES ON CULTURED FRESH WATER FISHES Erol Tokşen Ege University, Izmir, Turkey etoksen@hotmail.com Caner Şirin Ege University, Izmir, Turkey canersrn@hotmail.com Mehmet Arif Zoral Ege University, Izmir, Turkey mehmet.arif.zoral@gmail.com Keywords: Fungal fish diseases, Saprolegnia, Aphanomyces, Branchiomyces ABSTRACT In generally, fungal infections affect the external tissues and some of fungal infections that infect the internal organs of fish. Fungal infections usually on cultured fish associated with poor water quality and these infections can cause fish mortality. In this presentation includes the important fungal diseases in cultured fresh water fishes. Especially, certain investigations are given including fungal fish diseases and general characteristics, diagnosis, pathology, prevention and treatment of these diseases. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2151 Title A name given to the resource SEVERAL FUNGAL DISEASES ON CULTURED FRESH WATER FISHES Author Author TOKSEN, Erol SIRIN, Caner ZORAL, Mehmet Arif Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Fungal fish diseases, Saprolegnia, Aphanomyces, Branchiomyces ABSTRACT In generally, fungal infections affect the external tissues and some of fungal infections that infect the internal organs of fish. Fungal infections usually on cultured fish associated with poor water quality and these infections can cause fish mortality. In this presentation includes the important fungal diseases in cultured fresh water fishes. Especially, certain investigations are given including fungal fish diseases and general characteristics, diagnosis, pathology, prevention and treatment of these diseases. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2750 Title A name given to the resource Several Internal Myxozoan Parasites on Cultured Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax and Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurata in Mediterranean Region Author Author SIRIN, Caner TOKSEN, Erol Abstract A summary of the resource. Aquaculture production in the Mediterranean has been expanding rapidly over recent years. In the Mediterranean region, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) are the most important commercial cultured fish species. Increasing in aquaculture activities bring out the risk of emergence of parasitic diseases which responsible for economic losses. Infections of parasites belonging to phylum Myxozoa is generally seen as fish parasites. Myxosporean is an affective parasite group for marine and freshwater fish and causing important economic losses. In this presentation contains the important myxosporean parasites in culture of sea bass and sea bream. Especially, certain investigations are given including Myxosporean parasites observed on sea bass and sea bream, and their general characteristics of these parasites were given. Keywords: myxosporea, dicentrarchus labrax, sparus aurata, ceratomyxa spp, sphaerospora spp, myxidium spp Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233 - 0054 T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4ceead70d592a4c337fd6cfad39eb2d0.docx e5b52dc1babfd208afbcc6b151db552b https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/77b117e3129bc565ef77e199076a0ad5.pdf 350ef804e18b779f0a7b97a29311777e PDF Text Text SEVERAL INTERNAL MYXOZOAN PARASITES ON CULTURED SEA BASS, DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX AND GILTHEAD SEA BREAM, SPARUS AURATA IN MEDITERRANEAN REGION Caner Şirin Ege University, Izmir, Turkey caner.sirin@mail.ege.edu.tr Erol Tokşen Ege University, Izmir, Turkey caner.sirin@mail.ege.edu.tr Keywords:Myxosporea, Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus aurata, Ceratomyxa spp, Sphaerospora spp, Myxidium spp. ABSTRACT Aquaculture production in the Mediterranean has been expanding rapidly over recent years. In the Mediterranean region, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) are the most important commercial cultured fish species. Increasing in aquaculture activities bring out the risk of emergence of parasitic diseases which responsible for economic losses. Infections of parasites belonging to phylum Myxozoa is generally seen as fish parasites. Myxosporean is an affective parasite group for marine and freshwater fish and causing important economic losses. In this presentation contains the important myxosporean parasites in culture of sea bass and sea bream. Especially, certain investigations are given including Myxosporean parasites observed on sea bass and sea bream, and their general characteristics of these parasites were given. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2074 Title A name given to the resource SEVERAL INTERNAL MYXOZOAN PARASITES ON CULTURED SEA BASS, DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX AND GILTHEAD SEA BREAM, SPARUS AURATA IN MEDITERRANEAN REGION Author Author SIRIN, Caner TOKSEN, Erol Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords:Myxosporea, Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus aurata, Ceratomyxa spp, Sphaerospora spp, Myxidium spp. ABSTRACT Aquaculture production in the Mediterranean has been expanding rapidly over recent years. In the Mediterranean region, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) are the most important commercial cultured fish species. Increasing in aquaculture activities bring out the risk of emergence of parasitic diseases which responsible for economic losses. Infections of parasites belonging to phylum Myxozoa is generally seen as fish parasites. Myxosporean is an affective parasite group for marine and freshwater fish and causing important economic losses. In this presentation contains the important myxosporean parasites in culture of sea bass and sea bream. Especially, certain investigations are given including Myxosporean parasites observed on sea bass and sea bream, and their general characteristics of these parasites were given. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a0adbaadd53f17cdb70dd57f5c36cb3a.pdf 0b2fa4eb04123cedbfb636fe13d29c1e PDF Text Text BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 SEVİM BURAK VE MİNÖR EDEBİYAT Ömer DELİKGÖZ Fatih Üniversitesi, İstanbul / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Sevim Burak, Minör Edebiyat, Öteki. ÖZET Cumhuriyet ile inşa edilen Türkiye ulus devletinde özellikle farklı etnik ve dini kimliğe sahip olmak ve bu kimlikleri ifade edebilmek her zaman sorunlu olmuştur. Bu bildiride ele alacağımız Sevim Burak, Türk bir baba ile Yahudi bir annenin kızı olarak bu ülkede yaşamış, yazdıklarıyla döneminde ses getirmiş, bir o kadar da görmezden gelinmiş bir yazardır. Bu farklılığı nedeniyle onu, yazdıklarının yanında önemli kılan bir unsur da ‘’öteki olarak yazması’’dır. Şüphesiz onu öteki kılan sadece taşıdığı etnik unsurlar değildi, o aynı zamanda bir ‘’kadın yazar’’ olarak da edebiyat dünyasında tutunmaya çalışmış, yani bir anlamda ‘’çifte ötekilik’’ yaşamıştır. Bununla beraber annesinden gelen bu Yahudi kimliğini tam olarak ne kadar benimseyebildiğini bilemediğimiz Sevim Burak’ın, eserlerinde kurduğu kadın karakterleri yansıtma biçimi annesine duyduğu nefret veya tam tersi acıma olabilir miydi? İşte bu bildirinin amacı hikâye, roman, oyun metni gibi kurgu olan eserlerinin yanında mektuplar ve röportajlarını da ele alarak Sevim Burak’ın hayatını annesi ve anne-kız ilişkisi üzerinden okumak, eserlerinde annesi üzerinden kurguladığı hayatın kendi hayatındaki izlerine bakmak, bunları yaparken de bir öteki olarak majör dilin içinde kurduğu minör dile tanıklık edebilmektir. Key Word: Sevim Burak, Minor Literature, The Other and Minor Literature. ABSTRACT It has always been notably problematic to have a different ethnic and religious identity, and to be able to express it in the nation state of Turkey, which was built with Republic. Sevim Burak, whom we are going to analyze in this proceeding, is a writer who lived as the daughter of a Turkish father and a Jewish mother in this country, did good work in her time with her writings, but was ignored as well. Due to this difference of her, besides her writings, one factor that makes her remarkable is her “writing as the other”. Certainly what makes her “the other” was not only her ethnic features; she struggled to 46 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 survive in the literary world as a “female writer” at the same time, due to which she experienced “a double otherness”. In addition, it is not possible to know exactly whether Sevim Burak, who had a Jewish identity coming from her mother, was able to adopt this Jewish identity or to what extent, or was her reflecting the female characters in her literary works influenced by her hatred towards her mother or her pity for her? Briefly, the purpose of this proceeding is to read Sevim Burak’s biography with the help of her fictions such as her stories, novels, and plays as well as her letters and interviews, and her life and relationship with her mother, and to look at the traces of the lives that she constructed in her works keeping her mother in mind on her real life, and, while doing all these, to witness the minor language that she created in the major language as “the other”. GAZAVÂTNÂMELERDE DİL VE ÜSLUP Kürşat Şamil ŞAHIN Bartın Üniversitesi, Bartın / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Gazavâtnâme, dil, üslup. ÖZET Manzum, mensur veya karışık olarak yazılan ve düşmanla yapılan savaşları konu alan gazavâtnâmeler Türk edebiyatında XV. yüzyıldan sonra gittikçe artan bir gelişme göstermiştir. Osmanlı devletinin gerilemeye başlayıp akınların durmasıyla gazavâtnâmeler azalmış, gazâ geleneğinin ortadan kalkmasıyla da bu türün devamlılığı sona ermiştir. Ele alınan savaşlar zaferle veya yapılan bir sefer fetihle sonuçlanmışsa müellif çoğu zaman eserini zafernâme, fetihnâme diye isimlendirmiştir. Bir padişahı merkeze alarak onun gazâlarını ele alanlar ise padişahın adından mülhem eserlerine Selimnâme, Süleymannâme gibi isimler vermişlerdir. Genel görünüş itibariyle bu eserler padişahlardan birinin hayatını merkez alarak onun zamanındaki belli başlı olayları tasvir edenler, önemli kumandan ve devlet adamlarından birinin gazâlarını tasvir edenler ve sadece belli bir sefer ya da kalenin alınmasını tasvir edenler olmak üzere üç kısımda gruplandırılabilir. Genelde gazâyı gerçekleştiren şahıs ön plana çıkarılır ve olaylar bu şahıs etrafında gelişir. Bu 47 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2713 Title A name given to the resource SEVİM BURAK VE MİNÖR EDEBİYAT Author Author DELİKGÖZ, Ömer Abstract A summary of the resource. Cumhuriyet ile inşa edilen Türkiye ulus devletinde özellikle farklı etnik ve dini kimliğe sahip olmak ve bu kimlikleri ifade edebilmek her zaman sorunlu olmuştur. Bu bildiride ele alacağımız Sevim Burak, Türk bir baba ile Yahudi bir annenin kızı olarak bu ülkede yaşamış, yazdıklarıyla döneminde ses getirmiş, bir o kadar da görmezden gelinmiş bir yazardır. Bu farklılığı nedeniyle onu, yazdıklarının yanında önemli kılan bir unsur da ‘’öteki olarak yazması’’dır. Şüphesiz onu öteki kılan sadece taşıdığı etnik unsurlar değildi, o aynı zamanda bir ‘’kadın yazar’’ olarak da edebiyat dünyasında tutunmaya çalışmış, yani bir anlamda ‘’çifte ötekilik’’ yaşamıştır. Bununla beraber annesinden gelen bu Yahudi kimliğini tam olarak ne kadar benimseyebildiğini bilemediğimiz Sevim Burak’ın, eserlerinde kurduğu kadın karakterleri yansıtma biçimi annesine duyduğu nefret veya tam tersi acıma olabilir miydi? İşte bu bildirinin amacı hikâye, roman, oyun metni gibi kurgu olan eserlerinin yanında mektuplar ve röportajlarını da ele alarak Sevim Burak’ın hayatını annesi ve anne-kız ilişkisi üzerinden okumak, eserlerinde annesi üzerinden kurguladığı hayatın kendi hayatındaki izlerine bakmak, bunları yaparken de bir öteki olarak majör dilin içinde kurduğu minör dile tanıklık edebilmektir. Key Word: Sevim Burak, Minor Literature, The Other and Minor Literature. ABSTRACT It has always been notably problematic to have a different ethnic and religious identity, and to be able to express it in the nation state of Turkey, which was built with Republic. Sevim Burak, whom we are going to analyze in this proceeding, is a writer who lived as the daughter of a Turkish father and a Jewish mother in this country, did good work in her time with her writings, but was ignored as well. Due to this difference of her, besides her writings, one factor that makes her remarkable is her “writing as the other”. Certainly what makes her “the other” was not only her ethnic features; she struggled to survive in the literary world as a “female writer” at the same time, due to which she experienced “a double otherness”. In addition, it is not possible to know exactly whether Sevim Burak, who had a Jewish identity coming from her mother, was able to adopt this Jewish identity or to what extent, or was her reflecting the female characters in her literary works influenced by her hatred towards her mother or her pity for her? Briefly, the purpose of this proceeding is to read Sevim Burak’s biography with the help of her fictions such as her stories, novels, and plays as well as her letters and interviews, and her life and relationship with her mother, and to look at the traces of the lives that she constructed in her works keeping her mother in mind on her real life, and, while doing all these, to witness the minor language that she created in the major language as “the other”. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-23 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-582X P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General)