234 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b139c303508f2bddb09faff251af45ec.doc 12bd8ce46eee0465a765a7d8792c7e30 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fea18bcd2aefd3b8f4dbe3236aeb1e5a.pdf f5019c48b4b87e8d0554ff931df9bfe0 PDF Text Text BOOK OF ABSTRACTS SARAYBOSNA'DA BEKTAŞİ TARİKATININ ÖNCESİ-SONRASI Fatma Sevde DOĞAN International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ÖZET Balkanlar baslangıçta Bizans ile Roma, ardından Türk-islâm dünyâsı ile Batı arasında köprü vazîfesini yapmış, târih boyunca birkaç kavmin ve kültürün doğudan batıya doğru göçüsüne sahne olmuştur. Bu sebeple farklı dönemlere âit değişik kavimleri, kültür ve medeniyetleri bir arada barındırma özelliğini de kazanmıştır. Osmanlıların Balkanlara yerleşmesinde tarîkat şeyhleri ve dervişler önemli görevler üstlenmişler ve Osmanlı fetihlerinin Balkanlardaki öncüleri ve ilk mîmarları olmuşlardır. Balkanlar Osmanlı ordusunun gelip askerle fethetmesinden çok daha önce tarîkat mensupları tarafından bir anlamda fethedilmiş, diğer bir deyişle Osmanlılar buraya gelmeden yerli halk psikolojik olarak bu fethe hâzır hâle getirilmiş ve Osmanlı orduları son derece elverişli bir ortamla karsılaşmıştır.Osmanlı’nın fethinden sonra da Balkanlara birçok tarikat ulaşmış,günümüzde de faaliyetlerini etkin bir şekilde devam ettirmektedirler. İnsanoğlu kendisinde zaman kavramı oluştuğundan bu yana sürekli “Benden önce ne vardı? Benden sonra ne olacak?” sorusunu yöneltmiş ve bu sorulara yanıt aramıştır. Bektaşîlik,insan-ı kamili bulma amacıyla girilen hakikate varma yoludur. Bektâşîlik, Horasan erenlerinden Türk olan Hacı Bektâş-î Veli (ö. 669/1270-71) tarafından kurulmustur. Bektaşiliğin kendine mahsus kuralları, gelenek içinde Erkânname ile günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Balkanlar’da Bektaşilik ise, XVIII. ve XIX. Yüzyıllları arası oldukça etkili olan tasavvuf akımlarından biridir.Bektaşilik tarikatı Balkanlar da birinci derecede önem taşımış ve taşımaktadır.Bektâşîliğin Balkanlara yerleşmesi ise iki yönden gerçekleşmiştir Bundan dolayı Balkanlarda yaşayan halkın mensup olduğu mevcut tarîkatların arasında Balkan sâkinlerinin kültürel, sosyal ve siyâsal | 45 �1st International Annual Student Symposium yaşantısında Bektâşîliğin özel bir konumu vardır. Özellikle Balkanlarda yaşayan müslümanlar arasında en çok nüfûsa sahip olan Arnavutlar üzerinde Bektâşîlerin te’sirleri çoktur ve başlı başına bir araştırma konusudur.Bu anlatılan süreçten sonra ise Bektaşilikte büyük bir düşüş gerçekleşir. .Büyük bir ilgiden sonraki süreçte Bektaşilik Tarikatı’nın günümüzde etkilerinin hemen hemen hiç görülmemesi araştırılmaktadır.Biz bu çalışmamızda Bosna’da Bektaşilik Tarikatının gerileme sebepleri,halkın gözünde Bektaşilik Tarikatının dünü-bugünü hakkındaki görüşlerini kayıt altında takdim edeceğiz.Bektaşilik Tarikatı’nın Bosna ayağını bilinmeyen yönleriyle ortaya koymaya çalışacağız.Bu bilgileri röportaj yöntemiyle pekiştirmeye çalışacağız. AYVAZ DEDE Nurşen Özkan International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Anahtar Kelime: Ayvaz Dede, Akhisar, Prusats, şenlik ÖZET Ayvaz Dede, Bosna-Hersek’te yaşamış en ünlü kişilerden biridir. Hakkında çok fazla bilgi bulunmamaktadır. 15. yüzyılda, Manisa-Akhisar’dan Bosna’nın Prusats bölgesine gelmiştir. Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in Bosna’yı fethi sırasında (1463), İslamiyeti yaymak için getirdiği 40 şeyhten biridir. Türkçe kaynaklara göre; 500 yıl önce Akhisar’dan gelmiş ve bugünde hala şenliklerle anılan Donyi Vakuf kentinin Prusats kasabasına gelmiştir. Halkın kıtlık çektiği bir dönemde kente su gelmesini önleyen dağın önünde 40 gün 40 gece ibadet edip Allah’a yalvarmıştır. İnanışa göre, 40. gece rüyasında iki koçun birbiriyle çarpıştığını gören Ayvaz Dede, uyandığında dağın yarıldığını ve oradan suyun aktığını görmüştür. Böylece, halk suya kavuşmuştur. Ayvaz Dede’nin doğum günü ve hayatı hakkında ortak bir fikir yoktur. Nereli olduğuna dair kesin olmamakla birlikte çok değişik rivayetler vardır. Bosna’nın kalbini kazanan değerli, saygı 46 | � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1437 Title A name given to the resource SARAYBOSNA'DA BEKTAŞİ TARİKATININ ÖNCESİ-SONRASI Author Author DOGAN, Fatma Sevde Abstract A summary of the resource. Balkanlar baslangıçta Bizans ile Roma, ardından Türk-islâm dünyâsı ile Batı arasında köprü vazîfesini yapmış, târih boyunca birkaç kavmin ve kültürün doğudan batıya doğru göçüsüne sahne olmuştur. Bu sebeple farklı dönemlere âit değişik kavimleri, kültür ve medeniyetleri bir arada barındırma özelliğini de kazanmıştır. Osmanlıların Balkanlara yerleşmesinde tarîkat şeyhleri ve dervişler önemli görevler üstlenmişler ve Osmanlı fetihlerinin Balkanlardaki öncüleri ve ilk mîmarları olmuşlardır. Balkanlar Osmanlı ordusunun gelip askerle fethetmesinden çok daha önce tarîkat mensupları tarafından bir anlamda fethedilmiş, diğer bir deyişle Osmanlılar buraya gelmeden yerli halk psikolojik olarak bu fethe hâzır hâle getirilmiş ve Osmanlı orduları son derece elverişli bir ortamla karsılaşmıştır.Osmanlı’nın fethinden sonra da Balkanlara birçok tarikat ulaşmış,günümüzde de faaliyetlerini etkin bir şekilde devam ettirmektedirler. İnsanoğlu kendisinde zaman kavramı oluştuğundan bu yana sürekli “Benden önce ne vardı? Benden sonra ne olacak?” sorusunu yöneltmiş ve bu sorulara yanıt aramıştır. Bektaşîlik,insan-ı kamili bulma amacıyla girilen hakikate varma yoludur. Bektâşîlik, Horasan erenlerinden Türk olan Hacı Bektâş-î Veli (ö. 669/1270-71) tarafından kurulmustur. Bektaşiliğin kendine mahsus kuralları, gelenek içinde Erkânname ile günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Balkanlar’da Bektaşilik ise, XVIII. ve XIX. Yüzyıllları arası oldukça etkili olan tasavvuf akımlarından biridir.Bektaşilik tarikatı Balkanlar da birinci derecede önem taşımış ve taşımaktadır.Bektâşîliğin Balkanlara yerleşmesi ise iki yönden gerçekleşmiştir Bundan dolayı Balkanlarda yaşayan halkın mensup olduğu mevcut tarîkatların arasında Balkan sâkinlerinin kültürel, sosyal ve siyâsal yaşantısında Bektâşîliğin özel bir konumu vardır. Özellikle Balkanlarda yaşayan müslümanlar arasında en çok nüfûsa sahip olan Arnavutlar üzerinde Bektâşîlerin te’sirleri çoktur ve başlı başına bir araştırma konusudur.Bu anlatılan süreçten sonra ise Bektaşilikte büyük bir düşüş gerçekleşir. .Büyük bir ilgiden sonraki süreçte Bektaşilik Tarikatı’nın günümüzde etkilerinin hemen hemen hiç görülmemesi araştırılmaktadır.Biz bu çalışmamızda Bosna’da Bektaşilik Tarikatının gerileme sebepleri,halkın gözünde Bektaşilik Tarikatının dünü-bugünü hakkındaki görüşlerini kayıt altında takdim edeceğiz.Bektaşilik Tarikatı’nın Bosna ayağını bilinmeyen yönleriyle ortaya koymaya çalışacağız.Bu bilgileri röportaj yöntemiyle pekiştirmeye çalışacağız. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d17061e8ad7067f27b2696d0a84fa7e6.doc de363b63a18eae720822dabf8dfbbb41 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/336f05fc30e0f6f0928ca89e17ceeb13.pdf c13b2d18744c20d15dec295bdfee4111 PDF Text Text 1st International Annual Student Symposium yazan şairler çıkmış ve bu şairler divan meydana getirmişlerdir. Bu dönemde metinler Türkçe aslından okunup anlaşıldığı için çeviri çalışmalarına pek fazla rastlanmaz. Ancak Osmanlı Devleti'nin bölgeden çekilmeye başladığı 19.yüzyıldan itibaren çeviri çalışmaları yapılmaya başlanmış ve bu çeviriler günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Tanzimat'tan itibaren başlayan bu çeviri çalışmalarını ilk olarak Çatica, Başagiça, Avde Karabegoviça gibi isimler Namık Kemal, Ziya Paşa,Tevfik Fikret, Muallim Naci gibi isimlerden çeviri yaparak başlatmışlardır. Bu tercüme çalışmalarının edebiyat edebiyat teorisi, edebi tenkit gibi açılardan Bosna edebiyatına katkıları olmuştur. Bu çalışmada Tanzimat'tan sonra Bosna'da yapılan edebi çeviriler tesbit edilip bu çevirilerin Bosna kültür ve edebiyatına katkıları incelenecektir. SARAYBOSNA’NIN BİLİNMEYEN YİTİĞİ Gülşah Doğan International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ÖZET Hacı Hafız Muliç Efendi, 1915 yılında Saraybosna’da ulema bir ailenin çocuğu olarak dünyaya gelir.2011 yılında ise vefat eder.Hayatını ilme ve talebe yetiştirmeye adamıştır.Hacı Hafız Efendi Bosna için çok büyük değer taşıyan bir evliyadır.Yaptığı bini aşkın hutbeleriyle Bosna’nın savaş döneminde ve daha sonraki sıkıntılı dönemlerinde dahi kararlı duruşundan,ideallerinden vazgeçmeyerek bu bölgenin manevi anlamda adeta yapı taşı olmuştur. Bütün evliyalar gibi Hacı Hafız Hazretleri de kerametlerini anlatmaktan çekinmiştir. Bu yüzden de Boşnak Edebiyatı Camiası ve Bosna Halkı tarafından pek tanınamamıştır.Hacı Muliç Efendi’nin Saraybosna’ya ilmi açıdan yaptığı en büyük yatırım Mevlana Hazretleri’nin Mesnevi’sini Farsça’dan-Boşnakça’ya çevirerek Mesnevi’yi Bosna’ya tanıtmıştır.Bizim bu çalışmadaki amacımız Hacı Muliç’in bilinmeyen batini-zahiri yönlerini ortaya koyarak Boşnak ve Türk kültürü arasında maddi-manevi değerler arası köprü 48 | �BOOK OF ABSTRACTS kurmak ve ortak bağlarımızı geliştirmektir. Çalışmamızın içeriği 1915-2011 yılları arasında yaşayan bu önemli zatın kerametlerini ve bilinmeyen kişiliğini ortaya çıkarmak şeklindedir.Yapılan alan çalışması Hafız Efendi’nin talabesi olan 5 kişi ile röportajlı görüşme, 2 kitap tercümesi ve 1 seminer katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir.Kaynak kişilerin görüşme esnasında bilgileri tutulmaktadır.Ayrıca görüşmelerin dışında Hacı Hafız Efendi’nin türbesi, onun adına yapılan cami ve Mujaga Vakfı gezilip bu yerlerden ortaya çıkan anlatılar ve görüntüler toplanmaktadır. SEZAİ KARAKOÇ’UN YAZ ŞİİRİNDE MİLLET ANLAYIŞI Ayşe DİNÇ & Mehmet Emin SAĞIR International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Anahtar Kelime: Sezai Karakoç, Nation, Ottoman Empire, summer, esurrection ÖZET Sezai Karakoç, has been one of the leading poets of the modern Turkish poetry since 1950. However, he is not only a poet with his intellectual identity but also the idea of resurrection has an important place in the history of the Turkish thought. Karakoç has an idea for every aspect of community life and he has developed the convention of civilization. Also he describes the nation as community of people with the same ideals. Every nation keeps its existence in a seasonal cycle, and sometimes lives in the winter and sometimes in the summer. According to him, the Turkish nation is a nation that has survived for a thousand year; Ottoman period refers to season of the summer of this nation. And if we take off the winter cover from nation, resurrection will take place and summer will come back again. Thus, In this study, Sezai Karakoç`s poem”summer” will be examined from the aspect of his nation understanding and symbolic language of poetry. | 49 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1436 Title A name given to the resource SARAYBOSNA’NIN BİLİNMEYEN YİTİĞİ Author Author DOGAN, Gulsah Abstract A summary of the resource. Hacı Hafız Muliç Efendi, 1915 yılında Saraybosna’da ulema bir ailenin çocuğu olarak dünyaya gelir.2011 yılında ise vefat eder.Hayatını ilme ve talebe yetiştirmeye adamıştır.Hacı Hafız Efendi Bosna için çok büyük değer taşıyan bir evliyadır.Yaptığı bini aşkın hutbeleriyle Bosna’nın savaş döneminde ve daha sonraki sıkıntılı dönemlerinde dahi kararlı duruşundan,ideallerinden vazgeçmeyerek bu bölgenin manevi anlamda adeta yapı taşı olmuştur. Bütün evliyalar gibi Hacı Hafız Hazretleri de kerametlerini anlatmaktan çekinmiştir. Bu yüzden de Boşnak Edebiyatı Camiası ve Bosna Halkı tarafından pek tanınamamıştır.Hacı Muliç Efendi’nin Saraybosna’ya ilmi açıdan yaptığı en büyük yatırım Mevlana Hazretleri’nin Mesnevi’sini Farsça’dan-Boşnakça’ya çevirerek Mesnevi’yi Bosna’ya tanıtmıştır.Bizim bu çalışmadaki amacımız Hacı Muliç’in bilinmeyen batini-zahiri yönlerini ortaya koyarak Boşnak ve Türk kültürü arasında maddi-manevi değerler arası köprü kurmak ve ortak bağlarımızı geliştirmektir. Çalışmamızın içeriği 1915-2011 yılları arasında yaşayan bu önemli zatın kerametlerini ve bilinmeyen kişiliğini ortaya çıkarmak şeklindedir.Yapılan alan çalışması Hafız Efendi’nin talabesi olan 5 kişi ile röportajlı görüşme, 2 kitap tercümesi ve 1 seminer katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir.Kaynak kişilerin görüşme esnasında bilgileri tutulmaktadır.Ayrıca görüşmelerin dışında Hacı Hafız Efendi’nin türbesi, onun adına yapılan cami ve Mujaga Vakfı gezilip bu yerlerden ortaya çıkan anlatılar ve görüntüler toplanmaktadır. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 932 Title A name given to the resource Scheduled Language Training Program in Relation to Learners’ English Mastery Author Author Muslih, Hambali Abstract A summary of the resource. Scheduled Language Training (SLT), a program of ESP based on Indonesian context, is a one-hundred hour English teaching program designed for nursing students planning to get Nursing Certificate. One of the requirements to be certified nurses is that they need to take English training program to improve their English mastery. Though the program largely focuses on English productive skill, speaking, the study of two language skills, listening and reading and one language aspect, structure is also included. This paper aims at describing the role of SLT in relation to improving the ability of nursing students to perform their productive skill of English language performance. The main objectives of the study are actually to find out to what extent SLT could improve their English language mastery based on the result of their written and oral tests, and to compare whether or not there is correlation between their scores of written test in the form of paper-based TOEFL and those of oral test (speaking). The data obtained from pretest and post test of speaking skill and paper-based TOEFL showed that there is a significant difference between the average score of both tests. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the results of both written and oral post tests. From the questionnaires given to the learners, there was positive comment in which they supported the program of SLT as it is beneficial to improve their English skills within a period of time. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/87ffa0ef519e99fd4e9a192c7f99049d.pdf e004b2879d32197fc102f04eb926ed38 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource SCHOOLBOOKS: A WEB PLATFORM FOR RESELLING EDUCATIONAL BOOKS Author Author Selma Salman Abstract A summary of the resource. The high cost of educational materials presents a significant financial burden for students and educators. This thesis presents SchoolBooks, a specialized Consumer-to-Consumer marketplace platform for buying and selling educational books across primary, secondary, and higher education levels. The platform was developed using React frontend with TypeScript, Laravel PHP backend with RESTful API, and PostgreSQL database. The system features a three-tier user system (Free, Premium, Premium+) balancing accessibility with sustainability. Key functionality includes advanced search and filtering by educational level, secure authentication, product management with image upload, shopping cart and wishlist features, order processing, and real-time notifications. Development followed test-driven principles using Playwright. SchoolBooks demonstrates the viability of specialized C2C marketplaces using modern web development practices. The modular architecture supports future enhancements including mobile applications and recommendation systems, contributing to educational technology through accessible resource sharing. Keywords Keywords. educational marketplace, C2C platform, React, Laravel, PostgreSQL, full-stack development, educational technology, book sharing, student resources, web application development educational marketplace sdp web application https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e83190c53ad6c929b89d2dc5b902b8d8.pdf ee5716abbeec762932edf38a3dc363cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource SCRAPPING AND ANALYZING NEWS ARTICLES TO IDENTIFY TRENDS Author Author Tarik Ćoralić Abstract A summary of the resource. This thesis presents the design and implementation of a comprehensive news analysis platform that delivers real-time insights into global news trends. The primary objective is to address the challenge of information overload by enabling users to efficiently track, analyze, and visualize news coverage from multiple reputable sources. The system is developed as a full-stack web application, comprising a FastAPI backend and a React-based frontend. The backend automates the collection of articles from major news outlets, followed by systematic text cleaning and natural language processing. Sentiment analysis is performed using both lightweight (TextBlob) and advanced (spaCy) NLP pipelines, while trending keywords are extracted to highlight emerging topics. Data is aggregated into daily, weekly, and monthly snapshots, with persistent storage managed via SQLite and SQLAlchemy to support efficient historical queries. The frontend features an interactive dashboard, allowing users to explore article counts, sentiment distributions, source breakdowns, and trending keywords through intuitive visualizations. Modern charting libraries ensure clarity and accessibility, while RESTful APIs facilitate seamless integration between frontend and backend. Results demonstrate the platform’s capability to deliver actionable insights, such as identifying shifts in sentiment, tracking the emergence of specific topics, and comparing coverage across sources. The modular architecture supports extensibility for additional sources or analytical methods. NLP sdp web application https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2b94ea91e963e9d6ea1760a004eadb31.pdf b40410093305f5a43615bffb2abeb729 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Screen Literature: gain or loss? Haya Shaukat Department of Social Sciences and Humanities FAST-NU, Pakistan hayashaukat@hotmail.com Abstract: With the advancement in science and technology everything has taken a different shape. Reading literature that was once considered to be a major source of entertainment and knowledge has now been transformed into screen literature by television, video games and movies. As a result of this critics have started debating the effectiveness of this shift. There are endless examples in this regard and many blockbusters are in fact based on some written books. Not only classics but also contemporary literature is now a part of the new genre called screen literature. Although it cannot be denied that these great stories and characters will live forever not only on paper but also on screen forever. Yet screen literature is not without its disadvantages. The aim of this study which is qualitative in nature is to assess the extent to which the literariness of the original text is affected with particular reference to the novel – Gone with the Wind by Margret Mitchell which was turned into movie in 1939 and appreciated as a blockbuster becoming a legendary classic of the American cinema. It was not only the first movie to bag ten Oscars for the very first time but maintained that record until Ben-Hur (1959). Key Words: Screen Literature, genre, novel, movie, theatrical translation, transformation Introduction For centuries literature remained the most popular form of entertainment encompassing poetry, drama and novel. Reciting poetry in royal courts and in groups etc. was a norm and performance of plays in public goes more than two thousand years back but with the passage of time a major shift came in. Poetry from the long epics and romances turned into sonnets and short poems and even though once it was the most famous genre, it started losing its popularity. It we look at the time line it can be seen that the long verse started getting replaced by the short one around the same as science made progress. Of course literature did not die altogether but a trend that started with the advent of cinema was that of movies based on pieces of literature. ‗Although adaptation has been practiced since the days of silent movies, its pervasiveness does not mean that it has been universally accepted. Some theorists have even rejected the strategy per se. numerous commentaries have given absolute preference to fiction over film or to film over drama‘ (Zatlin, 2005: 150). Certainly this phenomenon is by no means new but the trend is growing. Referring from a 1998 article that was published in Variety, Naremore pointed toward the fact that 20% of movies made the previous year, and this is only in America, were adapted from books whereas another 20% ‗were derived from plays, sequels, remakes, television shows, and magazine or newspaper articles. This means that only about half of the pictures seen by the public that year originated from scripts‘ (Naremore, 2000, 10). Performance of plays continued and theatre thrived in spite of growing popularity of the cinema. Today Broadway is still very popular even though most of the plays are easily available on DVD in the form of movies. Many movie adaptations of Shakespeare‘s plays are available including the famous ‗The Taming of the Shrew‘ and ‗A Midsummer Night‘s Dream‘. Transformations of Shakespeare‘s works have been given more attention as compared to all other aspects of film adaptation. According to Russell Jackson one of the reasons is probably that the Elizabethan text provides with more room for maneuver. The text can be cut to fit the ideal time of a movie that is under two hours, hence, using only 25-30% of the source text. This practice of condensing is accomplished by ‗cutting within speeches and scenes, making the dialogue leaner but (mostly) preserving the scene‘s original shape‘ (Jackson, 2000: 17). This phenomenon can be observed in Michael Hoffman‘s 1999 film adaptation of Shakespeare‘s A Midsummer Night‘s Dream. ‗Hoffman retains Shakespeare‘s language, albeit with cuts, but he moves and modernizes the setting. Although Hoffman‘s movie shifts the fiction forward, because it does not depart from the original story, it does not classify as an analogy in Wagner‘s terms‘ (Zatlin, 2005: 180). The reason for cutting these plays short has been best stated by British playwright Alan Bennett, ‗Film is drama at its most impatient‘ (quoted in Erskine & Welsh, 2000: xvi). 596 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Tennessee Williams‘ plays have also been transformed into movies that bear little resemblance to the theatrical version. Another great playwright Arthur Miller‘s plays have been turned into movies. Famous plays of Harold Pinter and Eugene O'Neill have been transformed into movies and no one can forget George Cukor‘s famous musical ‗My Fair Lady‘ sometimes referred to as an improved version of Bernard Shaw‘s ‗Pygmalion‘. Although a lot of criticism has been seen as far as screen literature is concerned there are those who have tried to justify and defend the practice. ‗The servitude of fidelity is undesirable for all concerned: even if it were possible, it would yield unstageworthy results. Collaboration with living authors is not always easy: the give and take of any interpersonal relationship may be complicated by an author‘s unwillingness to accept modification to a beloved text. But if the author respects the translator‘s judgment and open dialogue is possible, collaboration is ideal‘ (Zatlin, 2005: 5-6). Since theatre is essentially commercial it always aims ‗to connect with the sensibilities of today‘s spectator‘ (Cuadernos de Teatro Clasico 16, 2002:21). However, drama is not the only genre that has fallen victim to this practice. Novel has probably suffered more because novels are written for leisurely reading not performance. In his introduction to Film Adaptation (2000), James Naremore has cited a ‗cartoon that Alfred Hitchcock once described to Francois Truffaut: two goats are eating a pile of film cans, and one goat says to the other, ―Personally, I liked the book better.‖ ‘ (Naremore, 2000: 2). Although the trend of transforming novels into movies started quite early it kept growing with the passage of time and now it seems as if the trend is that as soon as a book is published and gains a certain level of fame and recognition, copyrights are bought and book is turned into a movie. Human beings are born with the gift of imagination and while reading we tend to create mental pictures and have a desire to see them in a vivid visual form. ‗We read a novel through our introjected desires, hopes, and utopias, and as we read we fashion our own imaginary mise-en-scene of the novel on the private stages of our minds‘ (Stam, 2000: 54). This imaginary mise-en-scene is inevitable but transforming a written text into a movie is not without its disadvantages and some of the problems faced are very similar to those faced in translation. ‗In 1992, when I first taught a graduate seminar, ―Literature into Film‖, I was struck by the similarities between translation and adaptation/transformation theory. The strategies and conventions of film are often described as a language. At the fidelity end of the scale, the goal in translating a play to a second natural language or transforming it for the screen is to carry the source text over into that other language with dynamic equivalence‘ (Zatlin, 2005: x). But how can these problems be overcome? In defining the relationship between film adaption and source text Dudley Andrew gave three modes that are now considered classic definitions: ‗borrowing, intersection, and fidelity of transformation‘ (Andrew, 1984: 98). Geoffrey Wagner has suggested using the original dialogue in the new genre exactly as it was in the source text. ‗Transposition‘, is the term used by Wagner and it involves ‗the minimum of apparent interference‘ (Wagner, 1975: 222). The trouble with this approach is, ‗How can one simultaneously be true to the author and yet reach the target audience?‘ (Zatlin, 2005: 5). Zatlin goes on to say, ‗Making a movie of a ―sacred text‖ can be risky‘ (Zatlin, 2005: 173). He admits, ‗In theatrical translation, however, some betrayal is a necessity‘ (Zatlin, 2005: 1). But at the same time he argues, ‗Fidelity is in the eyes of the beholder‘ (Zatlin, 2005: 171). Zatlin is one of the proponents of this practice. ‗Theatrical translators and authors of film adaptations should be aware that once a text is removed in time or space from its original context, it has the potential for transmitting new meanings, intentional or not, to some if not all spectators‘ (Zatlin, 2005: 188). Zatlin is not the only proponent in this regard. There are others who have favoured and defended the practice. ‗Much of the discussion of film adaptation quietly reinscribes the axiomatic superiority of literary art to film, an assumption derived from a number of superimposed prejudices‘ (Stam, 2000:58). ‗The language of criticism dealing with the film adaptation of novels has often been profoundly moralistic, awash in terms such as infidelity, betrayal, deformation, violation, vulgarization, and desecration, each carrying its specific charge of outraged negativity‘ (Stam, 2000: 54). And according to Robert B. Ray it would be more productive to analyze ‗how stories travel from medium to medium‘ (Ray, 2000: 41). Jane Austen, Emily Bronte, Charlotte Bronte, Victor Hugo, Louisa May Alcott, Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Alexandre Dumas, Leo Tolstoy, Bram Stoker, Mary Shelley, James M. Barrie, Gabriel Garcìa Márquez, Harper Lee, Truman Capote, H.G. Wells, Thomas Hardy, J. R. R. Tolkein, James Fenimore Cooper, William Wharton, Mario Puzo, John Steinbeck, Lew Wallace, Stephen King, Winston Groom, Hanif Kureishi, Bapsi Sidhwa, Ken Kesey, Thomas Harris, J. K. Rowling, Erich Segal, Stephenie Meyer, and Margaret Mitchell are among the few in the endlessly exhausting list of writers whose works have been transformed into movies. Aim of Study Greatest actors of all times have performed in these movies yet screen literature is not without its problems. The problems faced in film adaptation of drama are not as complicated and complex as when novels 597 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo are transformed into movies. Drama relies on dialogue whereas novel essentially relies on narrative and that is where the real problem comes in. The aim of the study is to ascertain as to what extent the essence of the original text is lost when it is transformed into a movie comprising of few hours with reference to Gone with the Wind. Method of the Study The study is purely qualitative in nature. The researcher herself is the subject and opinions have been given in the light of experiences both as a teacher as well as a student. An in depth analysis of the novel Gone with the Wind as well as the movie is there considering the differences between the two, using comparison and contrast to see how affected the novel appears to be when the novel and the movie are placed side by side. Findings and Discussion One of the major problems faced while transforming a movie into novel is that novel as a genre is essentially dependent on narrative and once words are not written and nothing is explained but only visual aspect can be used along with dialogue too many details are left out, leaving the story rather incomplete. Time is a major constraint in screen literature. Movie, as a genre, is essentially commercial. Since so much money is at stake it has to target the widest range of audience possible. The running time of the movie Gone with the Wind is 3:42 (excluding intermission), which according to the standards of an English movie is rather long. Although a classic and a great hit most of the young generation today finds it too lengthy to be tolerable and skips parts of it. Yet for a person who has read the novel with complete devotion the movie does not do justice to the novel. Transforming novels that belong to a different era can be extremely troublesome. Even language becomes a problem. However, that is not the case here because the movie was made not long after Mitchell wrote the novel. It was Mitchell who was criticized for the use of racist language when all she did was capture past in all its entirety. So basically the movie had to recapture what the author had already done. There are some errors pointed out in the movie which are more of bloopers. ―Factual error: Scarlett is seen walking on the main street on the way to the hospital. You can clearly see a light bulb in one of the street lights.‖ A critical aspect that cannot be neglected in the success of this novel as well as the movie is that one of the major themes is war. The novel was published in 1936 whereas the movie was released in 1939. World War I was not a distant memory and 1939 was the year when World War II started. The whole idea and experience of the war was very close to the sensibilities of the readers of the novel and the viewers of the movie. It would not be wrong to state that timing did contribute to the success of both the novel and the movie. This is not to demean the grandeur of either or suggest they would be not quite as amazing but movie being a highly commercial form of art is essentially dependent on these external factors for success. This novel is described as, ―Romance novel; historical fiction; bildungsroman (novel that charts the maturation of the main character)‖. Once we place the word bildungsroman in the description of the genre things become even more complicated. When the novel begins Scarlett O‘Hara is only a 16 year old country belle but by the end of the novel she is about 28. Same is the case in the movie. The problem arises that the movie only shows major events that seem to be transforming Scarlett as a person rather too suddenly, the most significant being her coming back home where one of the most dramatic scenes in the movie occurs and she vows she will never be hungry again. That seems to be the moment spanning over a few seconds in the movie that brings about a sudden change and based on that vow her future actions are determined. That is not the case in the novel. These dramatized dialogues, in contrast, appear to have been mentioned as if only in passing especially to someone who would have watched the movie first and read the novel later. It doesn‘t mean that the impact of these lines is not strong in the novel but they are by no means dramatized the way they are in the movie. It is not that the protagonist comes back to Tara and the changed circumstances bring about a sudden revolution. Whatever happens everyday, every night, every second, brings about evolution and a permanent fear of hunger. ―The narrator follows Scarlett almost exclusively, occasionally pulling back to give broad historical descriptions and analysis‖. Movies and even many novels tend to dramatize a few significant events and based on them characters go through major transformations. This is not how things work in real life. No doubt we are the sum of our experiences but to make things clear we can take life as a rock and events as water. One sudden gush might throw the rock from one place to another but it is never enough to break it. Those little drops of water constantly falling on the rock over a long period of time are the ones that finally crack it open. Same is the case with human beings. Major events might shake us but it is the continuity of certain circumstances and conditions that shape us. Simply put we can say the difference is whereas the movie is shaking Scarlett, the novel is shaping her. Mitchell has presented the picture of the Old South as a whole depicting it not only through narration of events but the society as a whole can only be shown through the interaction of different characters. This aspect is missing in the movie and what South once was and what it becomes is impossible to depict in the movie because 598 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo as mentioned earlier along with the loss of narrative quality time constraint is a major hindrance in making a movie. Each and every character in the novel has its own place and not a single character is out of place or brought in as a filler. Their place in the society as well as relationship with other characters is of vital importance. Some of the most important characters in the novel are not even mentioned in the movie. It is as if they never even existed. The character of Will Benteen, ―A one-legged Confederate soldier who becomes a fixture at Tara after the war despite his lack of family or wealth. Will makes Tara a marginally profitable farm. His competence allows Scarlett to move to Atlanta and leave him in charge‖. It is with Will that Scarlett shares most of her feelings and that brings out the softer and vulnerable side of Scarlett which is never to be seen in the movie where she is a woman with the will of iron doing everything all by herself without anyone‘s help or support. Whereas in the novel Will serves as a friend and confidant with the help and support of whom Scarlett makes it through the toughest of times. Another character that is missing is that of Archie. Archie is significant because it is not simply the incident of Scarlett being attacked in the Shantytown after Archie refuses to work for her since she has hired prison convicts to work in the mill. This is the event that leads to the involvement of men with the Klu Klux Klan and death of Frank Kennedy. Archie‘s refusal to work for her is not just about the cause and effect relationship but the rules and principles these people stood by even in the state of poverty. Refusing to give up what they believed to be true even after the apparent victory of the North is by all means something that becomes a major reason for conflict between Scarlett and the rest of the characters thus making her a rebel that stands out. Scarlett has two children from her marriages before getting married to Rhett Butler and those children are never mentioned either. Going through a terrible time in Tara when she meets Grandma Fontaine and has a conversation with her, the significant part of the conversation is where fear being pivotal to a woman is mentioned. ―Ah, well, that‘s been fifty years ago, as I said, and since that time I‘ve never been afraid of anything or anybody because I‘d known the worst that could happen to me. And that lack of fear has gotten me into a lot of trouble and cost me a lot of happiness. God intended women to be timid frightened creatures and there‘s something unnatural about a woman who isn‘t afraid…Scarlett, always save something to fear-even as you save something to love…‖ Although Scarlett is obviously ruthless yet it seems it is the fear of hunger driving her when in fact at the same time there is a strong element of lack of fear about her personality that leads her to be as ruthless as she is. This conflict leads to irony and lends amazing complexity to her character that cannot be explained or put into words. Mitchell has given a complete picture of the Old South falling apart and when so many characters go missing the picture of the society as whole is lost. Of course due to time limitation dialogues and thought process of the characters in the novel cannot be covered. With these aspects missing not only the complexity of characters but relationships is also lost. Ashley Wilkes and Rhett Butler are not the over simplified, obvious on the outside kind of characters as they appear to be in the movie. Watching the movie one gets an impression that Ashley Wilkes is a perfect Southern gentleman and Scarlett is blind to all his flaws. On several occasions in the novel Scarlett does see the obvious flaws in Ashley‘s personality but turns a blind eye to them. The sensitive side of Rhett‘s character never comes out in the movie except for toward the end and there too we get a glimpse of it for Melanie alone. His love for Scarlett beyond physical attraction is nowhere to be seen. The intimate moments full of love and care are missing. Scarlett‘s long thought process toward the end of the novel, the day Melanie dies serves as an overall commentary and in depth analysis of her relationship with Melanie, Ashley and Rhett. Looking back, even for the reader, this is the time to ponder and realize that Melanie all along has been stronger than the reader thought her to be. This is one of the amazing qualities of the novel that the reader and the protagonist recall many events that took place and understand them at length together. Melanie‘s death for Scarlett is like losing her mother all over again. That she was the strongest person who stood by Scarlett‘s side quietly through the years even though her strength is taken for granted not only by Scarlett but often underestimated by the reader as well. The fact that even though Scarlett was married to Frank Kennedy at the time, Rhett often accompanied her on her way to the mill whenever he was in town was not just for the sake of her company but to protect her as she passed through the dangerous Shantytown where an unfortunate incident does take place eventually when she is alone. Although many everyday events are left out altogether when it comes to the movie, however, certain events have been modified to fit the movie as they were too important to be left out altogether such as Gerald O‘Hara‘s death. In the novel Scarlett returns to Tara to attend his father‘s funeral and Will tells her that since men who swore loyalty to the Union will receive compensation for any property lost during the war, Suellen tries to make him sign papers and riding away in rage, trying to jump a fence he falls off and dies. It is after his death that the relationship between Mr. and Mrs. O‘Hara is analyzed at length. 599 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo It is not just the complexity of relationships that is lost when these incidents are left out and occasionally a modified version is presented in the movie but the characters lose the layers of complex human nature that Mitchell placed originally. Conclusion Gone with the Wind is only one novel among many that have been transformed into movies. Transforming a novel into a movie is not altogether evil in itself and perhaps in this time and age is inevitable but there is more to be lost than gained when this transformation takes place. In today‘s fast paced world a growing trend of replacing the original text with the movie among students as well as general readers is to be seen. Problem arises when one tries to substitute movie for a novel. Students giving book presentations have often been observed to base their analysis on the movie and are unable to comprehend details present in the book since they think the basic summary is all that is required to analyze a book. This without a doubt also comes from the weak education system of Pakistan where English courses are studied on the basis of summaries given in helping material. Students take the story of a novel as a whole instead of realizing that each and every line present in the book is significant in analyzing and understanding the text in all its complexity. Movie and novel are poles apart and thinking one can analyze a novel after watching a movie is a gross mistake. Movies are a mere adaptation of the novel not a replacement. Of course literature is no longer the sole major source of entertainment available but in these adaptations more is lost than thought to have been preserved. References (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2011, from http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/gonewith/facts.html (n.d.). Retrieved February 20, 2011, from http://www.moviemistakes.com/film553 Andrew, D. Concepts in Film Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. Cuadernos de Teatro Clasico 16. La Compania Nacional de Teatro Clasico 1986-2002. Madrid: Compania de Teatro Clasico, 2002. Erskine, T. L. and Welsh, J. M. Video Versions. Film Adaptations of Plays on Video. With John C. Tibbettes and Tony Williams. Westport, C and London: Greenwood Press, 2000. Jackson, R., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000. Naremore, J., ed. Film Adaptation. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutger University Press, 2000. Ray, R. B. The field of ‗literature and film.‘ In J. Naremore, ed., Film Adaptation, 2000, 38-53. Stam, R. Beyond fidelity: The dialogics of adaptation. In J. Naremore, ed., Film Adaptation, 2000, 54-76. Wagner, G. The Novel and the Cinema. Cranford, NJ: Associated University Presses, Inc; London: The Tantivy Press, 1975. Zatlin, P. Theatrical Translation and Film adaptation. A Practitioner‘s View. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2005. 600 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 88 Title A name given to the resource Screen Literature: gain or loss? Author Author Shaukat, Haya Abstract A summary of the resource. With the advancement in science and technology everything has taken a different shape. Reading literature that was once considered to be a major source of entertainment and knowledge has now been transformed into screen literature by television, video games and movies. As a result of this critics have started debating the effectiveness of this shift. There are endless examples in this regard and many blockbusters are in fact based on some written books. Not only classics but also contemporary literature is now a part of the new genre called screen literature. Although it cannot be denied that these great stories and characters will live forever not only on paper but also on screen forever. Yet screen literature is not without its disadvantages. The aim of this study which is qualitative in nature is to assess the extent to which the literariness of the original text is affected with particular reference to the novel – Gone with the Wind by Margret Mitchell which was turned into movie in 1939 and appreciated as a blockbuster becoming a legendary classic of the American cinema. It was not only the first movie to bag ten Oscars for the very first time but maintained that record until Ben-Hur (1959). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bee2a52e03e58b8438fc386d0cb3c7b6.pdf 40cacc10a6261e6fd59c9ef24f46db6a PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Seasonality of Turkish Arrivals to Municipality Licensed Thermal Hotels: A Case of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey Hasan Hüseyin SOYBALI Afyon Kocatepe University School of Tourism and Hotel Management, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey hsoybali@aku.edu.tr Ahmet BAYTOK Afyon Kocatepe University School of Tourism and Hotel Management, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey ahmetbaytok@aku.edu.tr Veysel AĞCA Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey agca@aku.edu.tr Abstract: Seasonality is a common problem and affects all stakeholders of in tourism industry. As a promising tourism type with its great potential, despite common beliefs, thermal tourism demand also indicates seasonal trend with peaks in high seasons and troughs in low seasons. This study identifies seasonal patterns of domestic guest arrivals to and nights spent in Municipality registered thermal hotels in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey between 2000 and 2008 by using ARIMA method. Findings indicate that there is a strong seasonality in Turkish guest arrivals to Municipality licensed thermal hotels which is closely related with official holiday calendar and school holidays in Turkey. These thermal hotels should realise the effects seasonality and take immediate action to improve seasonal patterns for more evenly distributed seasonal domestic tourism demand and better future for all. Keywords: Seasonality, Thermal Tourism, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey Introduction Many industries have faced seasonality problem throughout the world. Tourism industry, in particular, is badly affected by seasonal tourism supply and demand and as Butler, 2001, states it is one of the main defining characteristics of global tourism. As Baum and Lundtorp, 2001, emphasize seasonality impacts on all aspects of supply-side behaviour in tourism, including marketing, the labour market, business finance, stakeholder management and all aspects of operations. While seasonality leaves many resources unutilized and employees unemployed during the low season, heavy demand during the peak season, on the other hand, also cause some serious problems such as crowdedness, congestion, poor air quality, lower service quality. Therefore, it is a serious problem to tackle and a well documented subject in tourism literature. BarOn, 1975, Sutcliffe and Sinclair, 1980, Yacoumis, 1980, Wanhill, 1980, ETAG, 1984, O‘Driscoll, 1985, Hartmann, 1986, Soesilo & Mings, 1987, Allcock, 1989, Ball, 1988, Snepenger & Houser, 1990, Furr et. al., 1992, Butler, 1994, Baum & Hagen, 1999, Baum & Lundtorp, 2001, Koc & Altinay, 2007, Palang et. al., 2007 and many other authors evaluated the seasonality and related issues from different perspectives through the years. BarOn (1975) whose study has been a starting point for many other studies on seasonality stated that there are two types of seasonality; ―natural seasonality‖ and ―institutionalised seasonality‖. While he accepted climate and weather conditions as primary causes of natural seasonality, he stressed that, holidays and other events at specific times of each year like religious vacations, school vacations and festivals are also to be blamed for institutionalised seasonal fluctuations in supply and demand levels. One of the oldest ways to benefit from geothermal resources is using them in spas (jeotermaldernegi.org.tr, 2010) for bathing and treatment purposes. The use of geothermal waters for tourism purposes is expressed as thermal tourism in today‘s world. Thermal tourism can be defined as using mineralized thermal waters for health, recreation and relaxation aims and it displays different characteristics from other types of tourism. Thermal tourism provides an 548 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo opportunity to serve continuously 12-month a year. Occupancy rates are generally high in thermal enterprises. It can easily be integrated with other types of tourism such as cultural and convention tourism. Health is the main purpose of existence of Thermal tourism. Thermal tourism is thought to be less seasonal than other types of tourism because it usually does not depend on weather conditions and climate. However, the demand for thermal tourism is affected by the same factors which affect the demand for other tourism types and this causes fluctuations and creates high and low seasons. Turkish tourism has developed greatly since early 1980s. 27.3 million foreign visitors and 4.6 million Turkish expatriates visited Turkey in 2009 and spent around 21.2 billion US Dollar (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2010a). As a strategy, Turkey is trying to diversify its product range, attract more visitors to all regions of Turkey and earn more foreign currency. In this respect, thermal tourism is one of the encouraged tourism types in Turkey as it has great thermal water potential and there is an increasing demand potential from aging European countries. However, thermal facilities in Turkey have still been utilized largely by Turkish citizens and thermal tourism plays an important role in Turkish domestic tourism. This is supported by Ministry of Culture and Tourism‘s statistics. While only 5% of the number of nights spent by foreign visitors in municipality licensed thermal hotels in 2008, Turkish citizens overwhelmingly spent 95% of 703486 nights in these facilities (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2009). Afyonkarahisar is a province of Turkey located in the West part of Anatolia on the conjunction of IstanbulAntalya, Ankara-Izmir Highways and connects Eastern and Northern provinces to Western and Southern provinces. Afyonkarahisar is one of the richest provinces of Turkey in terms of natural hot springs and quality thermal accommodation facilities. It is in one the thermal tourism regions, declared by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, ―Phrygian Culture and Thermal Tourism Development Region‖ (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2006). There are four distinct thermal tourism centres within Afyonkarahisar; Omer-Gecek in the city centre, Ihsaniye Gazligol, Sandikli Hudai and Bolvadin Heybeli (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2006). While Ministry of Culture and Tourism licensed thermal hotels prefer Omer-Gecek mainly because of its closeness to the city centre and Sandikli Hudai partly, many municipality licensed thermal hotels and thermal timeshare facilities are located in Ihsaniye Gazligol and Bolvadin Heybeli thermal regions. Afyonkarahisar currently has four Ministry of Tourism registered 5-Star thermal hotels in city centre and 8 Municipality Licensed thermal hotels scattered throughout the province. In 2008, all hotels in Afyonkarahisar entertained around 303,000 guests who spent 778,000 nights of which nearly 99% belong to Turkish Citizens. From this point of view, it should be stressed that 96.5% of nights spent in Afyonkarahisar realized in Ministry and Municipality registered thermal hotels. While 53% of the nights spent in thermal hotels was recorded in Municipality licensed thermal hotels (397731), the remaining 47% was recorded in Ministry registered thermal hotels (353598). In other words, the main market for the Afyonkarahisar hotels is domestic market and despite rapidly increasing number of Ministry of Culture and Tourism registered thermal hotels and bed capacity, Municipality registered hotels still play an important role in accommodating thermal tourism guests. The Study Hotels and similar accommodation facilities are licensed either by Ministry of Culture and Tourism or local Municipalities according to their conformity to set standards. This study investigates the seasonal patterns of domestic guest arrivals to Municipality registered thermal hotels in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey between 2000 and 2008 to help these hotels to see the overall seasonality of guest arrivals and take action to improve seasonality in guest arrivals. In this respect, it focuses on the monthly Turkish guest arrivals and time-series analysis by employing ARIMA (Autoregressive integrated Moving Average) method. This method defines a univariate time series as a function of its past values and other significant independent variables and has been used in many analogous studies to test for seasonality and environmental effects (Lin & Xiraxagar, 2006:797). Through the study, seasonal indices for monthly guest arrivals are computed by using SPSS statistics package software. Findings Although guest arrivals to Municipality licensed Thermal hotels in Afyonkarahisar Omer-Gecek thermal tourism region between 2000 and 2008 indicate an increasing trend through the years (88677 and 122747 respectively), number of nights spent showed a dramatic decrease between 2000 and 2002 from 470257 to 269796 because of the financial crises in Turkey. Despite the increase in number of nights spent since then, it still well behind the 2000 figures. The reason for this decrease may be the opening of new qualified 4 and five star hotels in this period of time. 549 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The computed monthly indices indicate the degree of seasonal fluctuations and 100 represents the point where there is no seasonal fluctuation. If the indices exceed 100, it represents the existence of concentration. In this respect, seasonal indices of arrival statistics to Municipality licensed thermal hotels indicate that the high season is between May and September and between September and April is the low season for these hotels (Table 1, Figure 1). Turkish Arrivals Turkish Nights Spent Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 61,1 52,2 59,2 79,8 114,0 140,3 168,9 170,1 134,7 89,6 64,9 65,3 67,6 64,5 55,9 78,2 99,7 142,1 165,1 172,2 131,8 94,4 65,0 63,9 2009 Arrivals Forecast 2009 Nights Forecast 63,2 53,3 65,2 87,9 114,4 133,9 174,4 176,2 117,4 74,8 68,4 70,0 67,9 70,2 58,4 81,5 105,0 129,7 161,6 175,9 120,7 84,2 74,5 69,9 Table 1: Seasonal Indices for Turkish Arrivals to and Nights Spent in Municipality Licensed Thermal Hotels Figure 1: Seasonal Indices for Turkish Arrivals to and Nights Spent in Municipality Licensed Thermal Hotels Figure 2. Forecasted Seasonal Indices for Turkish Arrivals to and Nights Spent in Municipality Licensed Thermal Hotels While arrivals reach its peak point in August, it bottoms out in February. Although the peak month is also August for the number of nights spent by Turkish guests, March has the lowest season indices for it. In other words, although arrivals reach its lowest level in March, because of the mid-term school holidays, which usually take place at the beginning of February, people stay longer in these thermal hotels and after schools open again the number of nights spent falls dramatically to its lowest level, more guests arrive but stay shorter. This means that thermal hotels 550 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo in Afyonkarahisar are highly vulnerable as to a large extent it is dependent on largely institutionalised seasonality factors mentioned by BarOn (1975). In addition fasting month of Ramadan has a decreasing effect in demand for thermal hotels. For example, although the August is the peak month for these hotels, because Ramadan of which its timing changes every year coincides with the peak month, August, it is expected that thermal hotels will experience decreases in their demand. However, thermal hotels usually experience greater demand in feasts after Ramadan and during the feast of sacrifice and reach 100% occupancy rates. All these institutionalised and partly natural factors shape the seasonal trends of these thermal hotels. Conclusions This study has analysed seasonal fluctuations in monthly Turkish arrivals to and nights spent in Municipality licensed thermal hotels in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey by employing ARIMA (Autoregressive integrated Moving Average) method. The study indicates that unlike the common beliefs and despite it is not climate and weather dependent, thermal tourism has also a strong seasonal pattern as other types of tourism. According the results of the study, the demand for thermal hotels concentrates between May and September which is defined as high season and the period between October and April when there is less demand, except for religious feasts and school holidays, represents the low season. When BarOn‘s classification is taken into account, institutional factors cause this seasonality. However, strong seasonal patterns of guest arrivals affect thermal hotels in a negative way and push some of them to close down in low season months which cause several chain problems such as unutilized capacity and resources and unemployment. Therefore, as well as checking the overall provincial seasonality patterns closely, they should also know their own seasonal patterns so that they can take effective actions to improve seasonal patterns. In contrast to seaside resort hotels, thermal hotels and thermal resources can be utilized twelve-month whatever the weather conditions and this requires serious marketing and management strategies and plans. To overcome this problem, Municipality licensed thermal hotels should integrate their products with other types of tourism such as cultural, convention and third-age tourism to be able increase demand in low season months. This study has some limitations. It comprises only Afyonkarahisar, Omer-Gecek thermal tourism region. The other limitation is that the study was conducted only in Municipality licensed thermal hotels. The seasonality of thermal hotels in different regions and countries can be computed and compared with each other. Seasonality in Ministry of Culture and Tourism licensed thermal hotels should also be computed. After all, generalization can be made that thermal hotels have seasonal characteristics. References Allcock, J. B. (1989) Seasonality, In: Witt, S. F. and Mountinho, L. (eds) Tourism Management Handbook, UK., Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd., pp 387-392. Ball, R. M. (1988) Seasonality: A problem for workers in the labour market?, The Service Industries Journal, 8(4), pp 501-513. BarOn R. R. V. (1975) Seasonality in tourism; a guide to the analysis of seasonality and trends for policy making, London, UK., Economic Intelligence Unit Ltd. Baum, T. & Lundtorp, S. (2001), Introduction, In: Baum T. and Lundtorp, S. (eds), Seasonality in Tourism, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 1-4. Butler, R. W. (2001.) Seasonality in Tourism: Issues and Implications, In: Baum T. and Lundtorp, S. (eds), Seasonality in Tourism, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 5-20. ETAG (1984), Action to combat the effects of seasonality in Europe, Appendix 5, In: Changing face of European Tourism, the proceedings of the third European Tourism Conference, 28 February, Zurich, pp 23-24. Hartmann, R. (1986). Tourism, seasonality and social change, Leisure Studies, 5 (1), 25-33. http://www.jeotermaldernegi.org.tr/ (01.04.2010) Koc, E. and Altinay, G. (2007) An analysis of seasonality in monthly per person tourist spending in Turkish inbound tourism from a market segmentation perspective, Tourism Management, 28, 227–237 551 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Lin, H.C. & Xiraxagar, S. (2006). Seasonality of hip fractures and estimates of season-attributable effects: a multivariate ARIMA analysis of population-based data, Osteoporos Int. 17 (6), 795-806. O'Driscoll, T. J. (1984). Seasonality: The case for co-operation, In: the Changing face of European Tourism, the proceedings of the third European Tourism Conference, 28 February, Zurich, pp. 13 Palang, H., Printsmann, A. Soovali H. (2007). Seasonality and Landscapes, In Palang, H., Soovali H. Printsmann, A. (eds), Seasonal Landscapes, Springer Netherlands, 1-16 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, (2010a). GiriĢ - ÇıkıĢ Yapan Yabancı ve VatandaĢlar Mart 2010, Sayı:03, 26.04.2010, Yatırım ve ĠĢletmeler Genel Müdürlüğü AraĢtırma ve Değerlendirme Daire BaĢkanlığı, Ankara, Turkey Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism , (2009). Accommodation Statistics (Municipality Licensed, November, Yatırım ve ĠĢletmeler Genel Müdürlüğü AraĢtırma ve Değerlendirme Daire BaĢkanlığı, Ankara, Turkey Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism , (2006). Turizm GeliĢimi Eylem Planı, Turkiye Turizm Stratejisi, 8. Bölüm, pp. 180-262. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, (2009). Accommodation Statistics (Licensed by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism) 2008, November, General Directorate of Investment and Enterprises Department of Research and Evaluation, Ankara, Turkey. Soesilo, J., and Mings, R.C. (1987) Assessing the seasonality of tourism, Visions in Leisure and Business, 6 (2), 25-38. Snepenger, D., Houser,B. (1990) Seasonality of demand, Annals of Tourism Research, 17, 628-630 Sutcliffe, C.M.S., Sinclair, M.T. (1978). Seasonality in Spanish tourism, Studies in economics, No: 29, University of Kent at Canterbury. Wanhill, S. R. C. (1980). Tackling seasonality: a technical note, International Journal of Tourism Management, 1 (4). 243-245. Yacoumis, J. (1980) Tackling seasonality; The case of Sri Lanka, International Journal of Tourism Management, June, 84-98. 552 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 273 Title A name given to the resource Seasonality of Turkish Arrivals to Municipality Licensed Thermal Hotels: A Case of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey Author Author SOYBALI, Hasan Hüseyin BAYTOK, Ahmet AĞCA, Veysel Abstract A summary of the resource. Seasonality is a common problem and affects all stakeholders of in tourism industry. As a promising tourism type with its great potential, despite common beliefs, thermal tourism demand also indicates seasonal trend with peaks in high seasons and troughs in low seasons. This study identifies seasonal patterns of domestic guest arrivals to and nights spent in Municipality registered thermal hotels in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey between 2000 and 2008 by using ARIMA method. Findings indicate that there is a strong seasonality in Turkish guest arrivals to Municipality licensed thermal hotels which is closely related with official holiday calendar and school holidays in Turkey. These thermal hotels should realise the effects seasonality and take immediate action to improve seasonal patterns for more evenly distributed seasonal domestic tourism demand and better future for all. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 820 Title A name given to the resource Second Language Learning and Cultural Alienation: The Usage of the Media Author Author Yaman , Adnan Karakuzu, Melih Abstract A summary of the resource. Today the Media is almost inseparable from our daily lives. For the new generations what is seen on the screen is more relevant than what is seen outside. The Media has also become one of the main components in second language acquisition (SLA) and specifically English learning. Thanks to technology children are exposed to English via internet, TV, and radio. In this way children easily make connection with the target language as well as finding motivation and immersion to it. However no language comes by itself. It also brings its culture. In this way our children not only are exposed to English, but also to American and British way of living. Such exposure may enhance intercultural understanding and dialogue on one hand, but may also affect the cognitive development of children in negative ways on the other. Being exposed to other cultures without control also carries the seeds of alienation from one’s own roots and loss of self-identity. How can parents control this process? Are children mature enough to make their own choices regarding ways of living? To what extend do we want our child to be exposed to other cultures to implement intercultural dialogue, tolerance, and harmony? Where is the line between loss of self-identity and appreciation of multiculturalism? Is it possible for parents to raise a healthy awareness towards the Media`s influences? To what extent can parents teach their children critical viewing of the Media? This paper focuses on second language acquisition via usage of the Media from an intercultural perspective and elucidates the extent and practicability of equipping children intellectually against the underlying ideologies with which the materials are produced on the Media. It critically analyzes the usage of the Media in second language acquisition and its negative effects on cognitive development of the children. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fab097c6d36a2057e35a6b0f5067c064.pdf ea88a7de3e2cd244c4c84dfb5bfc5aaa PDF Text Text SECURITY IN EUROPEAN TOURISM WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA Romina Alkier Department of Tourism University of Rijeka , Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management Opatija, Croatia rominaa@fthm.hr Korana Radović Nimac Department of Quality and Controlling University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management Opatija, Croatia koranarn@fthm.hr Sanja Lipovac University or Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management Abstract: Security and the sense of being secure represent an important component in choosing a tourist destination, but also the quality of life of domestic population and stay of tourists in a tourist destination. Therefore, in cooperation with participants in tourism, destinations must enable safe and adequate surrounding for its visitors, and encourage the coexistence with the domestic population. Protection and security in tourism are becoming complex multidimensional terms which cover a great number of components among which are political security, public security, health and sanitation security, protection of personal data, legal protection of tourists, protection of consumers, security in communication, getting authentic data, ensuring the quality of services, etc. Croatia is a member of the European Union, and it monitors trends in the development of tourism on the European Union level and Europe in whole. Personal safety is an important component of choosing Croatia as a destination, and is one of the advantages of Croatia in relation to the competitive countries. Within the research conducted in the paper the focus is on the analysis of safety in tourism of Europe and the Republic of Croatia. The goal is understanding the significance which “sense of safety” has on the choice of European destinations and the necessity of establishment of security measures and the protection of tourists during tourist travel on all levels. Based on the conducted analysis, measures of improvement of security and protection of tourists in European and Croatian tourist destinations will be suggested. Keywords: Security, tourism, tourist protection, Republic of Croatia, Europe JEL Classification: L83 Introduction European Union, as an economic community of twenty-eight states, is the biggest tourist destination in the world. Tourism as a phenomenon which stimulates the development of various economic activities directly and/or indirectly connected with providing services in tourism, and the image of cities, can produce various forms of crimes. Destinations must, in cooperation with stakeholders in tourism, enable safe and appropriate surroundings for its visitors, and encourage coexistence with the ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 353 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) domestic population. As important factors in choosing a destination, safety and sense of security are crucial for the quality of life in tourist destinations. This was particularly visible after 11th of September in 2001 when there was a decrease of international tourist travels due to the terrorist attacks in the United States of America, and European tourists avoided distant destinations, respectively, travelling by plane. Besides that, the quality of life was disturbed in cities exposed to the terrorist attacks (New York, London, Madrid, etc.). Croatian tourism also registered a decrease, and the drastic fall in tourist movements due to the warfare on the area of the Republic of Croatia, as well as the neighboring countries. But, apart from these extreme security problems which had negative consequences on tourism, there are various security problems in tourism such as various threats for life and health of tourists, threats conditioned by thefts, criminal acts, violence on cultural monuments in the tourist destination, threats due to the vessels, and some activities on sea and mainland, etc. The subject of research of this paper is security in tourism of the European Union and the Republic of Croatia. The purpose and the goal of the paper are following: to present theoretical characteristics of tourists and security measures, to analyze security in tourism of the European Union with reference on the Republic of Croatia, and the effects which insecurity and sense of insecurity have on international tourist movements. Safety and tourism development on the European Union level Tourist policy of the European Union has a goal to maintain the position of the European Union as one of the leading world destinations and maximizing the industry contributes to the growth, employment and promotion of cooperation among European Union countries, particularly through exchange of good practice. The main challenges in tourism of the European Union have been identified among which security and protection have a special place. The challenges are following (Overview of EU Tourism Policy, European Commission): 1. 2. 3. 4. Security and protection – environment, politics and social security, food and accommodation safety, and socio-cultural threats to sustainability; Economic competitiveness – seasonality, regulatory and administrative obstacles, relation of tax system and tourism, difficulties in finding and keeping professional personnel; Technological – keeping up with the information–technological development caused by globalization of information and progress of technology (IT tool for holiday reservation, provision of information through social networks about tourist services, etc.). Market and competition – growing demand for individual experiences, new products, growing competition from other EU destinations. In June 2010 the European Commission has launched an initiative for adoption of a new joint tourist policy in Europe under the name “Europe world tourist destination No.1”. That initiative launched a new strategy and action plan of European Union tourism. Four priorities of actions have been identified (Overview of EU Tourism Policy, European Commission): • • encouraging competitiveness of European tourism, promotion of development of sustainable, responsible and quality tourism; 354 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation • consolidation of image of Europe as a collection of sustainable, high-quality destinations, maximizing potential of financial policy of the European Union for tourism development. Safety of tourists is included in development of European brand “Quality tourism” in which increasing security of tourists and trust in a tourist product is pointed out as a value of brand. Necessity of further cooperation of the European Commission with state members, tourism industry and other stakeholders is especially pointed out in order to improve security in accommodation facilities, especially considering the fire risks (Overview of EU Tourism Policy, European Commission). Previously mentioned indicates that the European Commission pays great attention to safety and protection in tourism, in order to improve quality of tourism on the European Union level. Safety as a motive of arrival in the European Union Motive is defined as a stimulation of a person on a certain activity due to the satisfaction of a created need (Pirjavec, 1998). From the stated definition it can be concluded that tourist motives are an internal stimulation to a person to include in tourist flows, so tourist motivation as well is an internal impulse for inclusion in tourist flows. One of the most numerous reasons for inclusion of a person in tourist flows is certainly a vacation. It is the most frequent motive. Besides this motive, motives that encourage people on temporary leave and stay outside domicile place are, i.e., hunting, navigation, sports show, visit to a sanctuary, congress, music events, exhibitions, gastronomy, entertainment, relaxing, etc. Motives for travel have changed its character throughout the history. However, security also has a greater significance as an element of tourist offer in motivation of tourist arrivals to a destination. “Personal safety” and “sense of safety in a country” are not motives which trigger tourists on tourist travel, but can be sorted in key factors which influence tourist´s decision about the choice of a tourist destination (Mansfeld and Pizam, 2006). Research conducted by the European Commission in 2005 has shown a decrease of crime, such as auto theft, burglary, robbery, sexual and other assaults in the period from 1995 until 2004 in the majority of the European Union member states, except Belgium, where the research registered growth of number of robberies and thefts (European citizens and the feeling of insecurity, 2006). Out of 15 “old” member countries, and Estonia, Poland and Hungary which were included in the research, 15% of the respondents claimed they were victims of a crime in 2004, which is a reduction in relation to 1995 for 21%. Furthermore, research has shown that the citizens of Great Britain, Estonia, Netherlands and Denmark have identified their countries as countries with higher crime rate for 30% than the European Union average. In the frame of countries of Eastern and Middle Europe, the report has shown high crime rate and bad opinion about the police and Estonia; three countries, Estonia, Hungary and Poland reported about a high number of pickpockets, robberies and auto thefts. Road safety is one of the causes for concern for about 30% of interviewed Europeans (European citizens and the feeling of insecurity, 2006). In 2015, Eurobarometer research has pointed out on safety challenges which the European Union is facing. Approximately half of the respondents (49%) identified terrorism as one of the most important security challenges. This is a substantial increase from 33% of respondents who mentioned terrorism in 2011 (Internal Security, 2011). Among the most significant security challenges the citizens of EU also pointed out economic and financial crisis (27%), organized crime (23%), ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 355 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) poverty (23%), corruption (23%) religious extremism (20%) and irregular immigration (19%) (European Commission, Europeans’ Attitudes towards Security, 2015). Bearing in mind that in some European Union countries domestic tourists make over 90% of total tourist turnover, it can be concluded that is also the perception of tourists on the tourist travel within the European Union. Terrorism as a security problem of tourists in the European Union In the recent years terrorism has been profiled as one of the most difficult security problems in the European Union, but also around the world (Bilandžić, 2011). However, it is necessary to point out that this is not a new phenomenon in Europe. In the period from 2009 until 2013 in the European Union member states there was 1.010 of unsuccessful, disabled or conducted attacks in which thirty-eight people were killed (EU fighting against terrorism, 2014). Considering the threats which in terms of terrorism are present in the European Union, terrorism needs to be combated on the national and international level. In 2005 the European Council has adopted strategy for fighting of European Union against terrorism. It is focused in 4 main directions of action: prevention, protection, prosecution and response. Prevention determines and solves factors which contribute to the radicalism and processes in which individuals are recruited with a goal of conducting terrorist actions. Protection of citizens and infrastructure is the second pillar in fighting against terrorism. It includes protection of external borders of the European Union, improvement of security in traffic, protection of goals of strategic importance and reduction of exposure of critical infrastructure. Third pillar on which fighting against terrorism in the European Union is based is prosecution. In order to reduce capability of terrorists in planning and organizing terrorist activities, European Union is working on bringing them to justice. In realization of these goals it is focused on strengthening capabilities of national institutions, improving cooperation among countries and information exchange between judicial authorities and the police, through Eurojust and Europol, fighting against financing terrorism and deprivation of terrorists of their financial funds for organization and conducting attacks and intercommunication. In 2014 Council and the Parliament of the European Union brought a set of rules about prevention of money laundry and financing terrorism. The fourth pillar of fighting against terrorism is preparation for managing and reducing consequences of terrorist attacks. It is operated in this direction by strengthening the capability to respond on consequences, by coordinating and satisfying the victim´s needs. Priorities in this direction are developing an arrangement of the European Union for coordination of the response on crisis, audit of the mechanism for civil protection, development of risk assessment or exchange of the best practice in providing help for the victims of terrorism. Particular significance is given to the cooperation with the third countries, i.e. USA, and other international and regional organizations which act in fighting against terrorism. Security and health of passengers in the European Union UNWTO expressed its attitude about the safety of health of passengers in the manual “Tourist protection and safety, Practical measures for the destination” wherein the following is: “Health risks connected with travels are a problem of divided responsibility of all participants in tourism (health care, tourism industry and passengers)…” Key factors of health risks on a journey are: destination, duration of a visit, purpose of travel, traveler’s behavior and reliability/local/health care and standards of accommodation, food and water quality, as well as sanitation and hygiene of the 356 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation destination´s environment (Gotovac, 2007). In order to reduce health risks of tourists in the European Union, information is placed on national webpages of health institutions about possible health risks in the countries visited. For example, Croatian Institute for Public Health reported about risks of a disease of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria, and localized transmission of Ebola on the area of the European Union, in Spain and Great Britain. European Union citizens and citizens of third world countries (if they have a right on health protection in the European Union countries) which travel to the European Union countries with the necessary certificate (European health insurance card and temporary substitute of a receipt) can get the necessary services directly without the compensation, except paying the administrative costs for public hospital protection in a private arrangement with national health services. Citizens which come from countries that are not included in the agreement about health protection must pay for health services in the European Union member countries according to the price list of health services. Safety problems and security measures in the accommodation facilities European Commission is trying to minimize security problems in the accommodation facilities with various measures. These measures include recommendation of the Council 86/666/EEZ about the safety of the existing hotels in terms of fire risks, Directive 90/314/EEZ about package travels, package holidays and package tours (in the process of the audit) and Directive 2008/122/EZ about using real estates for temporary lease (European Parlament, Sektorske politike - turizam). Security measures in accommodation facilities also relate on the application of hotel standards during building the hotel facility, as well as standards related with accommodation services in a hotel, food services in a hotel, etc. In order to guest´s health in a hotel facility, HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) is used, which implies the analysis of dangers and critical control points. It is a preventive and systematic system for ensuring food safety, based on the application of correct technological processes and their control and supervision of the whole system (Mogorović, 2005). It is about the system which enables managing food safety, and is based on control of the production process in order to reduce occurrence of risks to the lowest possible level, from which arises the purpose of this system. Besides threats of guests safety which arise from the construction itself, equipment and providing food and beverage services in the accommodation facility, threats occur as criminal actions as well, such as thefts in accommodation facilities, assaults, etc. For this purpose security measures are undertaken, which are related with legislation and institutions in charge of safety in certain countries. In 2014, the European Commission conducted a research about the safety of tourists in the accommodation facilities in the European Union (Green paper Safety of Tourism Accommodation Services, 2014). In the context of the existing instruments and implementation on the national level, when it comes to accommodation services in tourism in a wider sense, politics of certain countries significantly varies in terms of security. From twenty-four member states which delivered the data to the European Commission in 2014, twenty-one reported about the existence of the general law which covers services such as categorization of accommodation facilities (or general regulations about safety of services, or safety of products, or protection of consumers, or safety at work), and seventeen member states gave a thorough report about ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 357 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) sector regulations which refer to the accommodation services, supplemented with self-regulation in six cases (Green paper - Safety of Tourism Accommodation Services, 2014). The obligation of the Member States is to provide information about the risks which are threatening health and safety (article 29.3). Considering the safety of tourist services, there is no comprehensive legislation on the European Union level. The only instrument related to safety in the accommodation facility is the recommendation of the Council of Europe 86/666 about the fire safety in the existing hotels which defines minimum security standards for all the hotels in the European Union (capacity of at least 20 rooms), and it is recommended that all member states undertake all the necessary measures of insurance and application of safety standards when the existing laws are not sufficient. Besides that, numerous instruments of the European Union and initiatives in the area of various politics (i.e. building products, safety on work place, professional qualification, environment and travel) can contribute directly or indirectly to the safety of services in the accommodation facilities. In the context of monitoring and implementation, the unique existing European instrument which regulates fire protection in the tourist accommodation is not obligatory, so it is without the mandatory implementation. In the mid-year of 2011, the European Commission presented the report about the application of recommendations in the member countries. In the report it was concluded that, even though recommendations contribute to the increasing of the level of safety in hotels throughout the European Union, minimum security standards prescribed in the recommendation were not totally achieved. Safety in tourism of the Republic of Croatia As already pointed out in the paper, the element of safety is one of the most significant elements of the tourist offer which influences on the decision of tourists when choosing a tourist destination. The basic preconditions of appearance of tourist travels are undoubtedly a certain level of everyday settlement of basic physiological needs, and adequate level of safety. It is understandable by itself that the same level of settlement of these two basic needs in the place of temporary tourist stay must not be brought to question in any way, because that in the same extent reduces “space” for achieving all those needs whose satisfaction is the basic motive of a tourist travel. In order to highlight the perception of tourists on safety as an element of tourist offer in a destination, in this part of the paper the authors will research the satisfaction of tourists with safety in the Republic of Croatia, and provide a comparative review with the competitive countries. Satisfaction of tourists with the safety in the Republic of Croatia With comparative advantages of the Republic of Croatia, such as: natural beauties of the Adriatic Coast, islands and tourist potential of a Continental part (thermal springs, castles, protected area, etc.), ecologically clean natural surroundings, geographical position, rich cultural-historical heritage, etc., personal safety also finds its place, as in accommodation facilities and in destinations (Strategy of Development of Tourism of the Republic of Croatia until 2020, 2013). Results of the research Tomas indicate that in the period from 2004 until 2010 the level of satisfaction of guests with the element of personal safety was increased in coastal 358 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation destinations of the Republic of Croatia (seven coastal counties). In 2004 the element “personal safety” was in sixth place, while in 2010 it took fourth place (Tomas - Attitudes and Consumption of Tourists in Croatia, 2004, 2007, 2010). It is also necessary to point out that in 1987 and 1989 this element of tourist offer of Croatia was in third place, while in 1994 it took sixth place (Tomas trends – Attitudes and Consumption of Tourists in Croatia 1987-2008, 2009). In 1994 “personal safety” was graded with a low level of satisfaction in the Republic of Croatia, which is understandable considering that war operations still lasted in its area. Improving the level of satisfaction of tourists with “personal safety” is an indicator that Croatia is working intensively on creating an image of a safe destination; it takes care about the safety of its visitors. The majority of guests in the Republic of Croatia separates the sense of safety as an element with high or very high influence when choosing a destination for spending a summer vacation (57,6% in the year 2010). Thereby the influence of this element on the majority of tourists was higher than the average. It has the highest impact on the guests from Poland (67,2%), followed by guests from Netherlands (64,6%), and the domestic guests (62,7%). Tourists from Serbia (41,7%) were the least influenced by the “sense of security” when choosing a destination. By analyzing the trends in the period from 2004 until 2010 it has been noticed that the “sense of security” became more important for almost all of the guests. In 2004 the “sense of safety” as an element of tourist offer has influenced the most on the choice of tourists who visited the Dalmatian counties: Zadar, SplitDalmatia, Šibenik-Knin and Dubrovnik-Neretva. County of Dubrovnik-Neretva still has a high influence of “sense of safety” (63% in the year 2010). Research of Institute for tourism Tomas Summer Attitutes and Consumption of Tourists 2014 has shown that in the Adriatic coastal destinations tourists’ grade “personal safety” with a high grade. As an element of offer of a tourist destination, it is placed on the fourth place behind “beauty of nature and landscape”, “kindness of personnel in the accommodation facilities” and “suitability for spending a family vacation”. In relation to the researches which were conducted in years 2004, 2007 and 2010, satisfaction of tourists with this element of tourist offer hasn´t changed. “Sense of safety” as an element of tourist offer of coastal destinations still has a high level of guest´s satisfaction, and in 2014 it was placed on the very top of the elements of tourist offer that tourists were most satisfied with. 80,7% of tourists who stayed in Croatia in summer 2014 were satisfied with “personal safety” as an element of tourist offer. The most of them were satisfied in the County of Dubrovnik-Neretva (86,7%) and the least in the County of Šibenik-Knin (72,9%) (Tmas - Summer Attitudes and Consumption of Tourists, 2014). Comparative review with the competitive countries Safety in a country is one of the competitive advantages of Croatia, along with the beauty of landscape and cleanliness of place. By comparing tourist´s grades of elements of tourist offer in Croatia with the competitive countries (picture 1) it has been registered that the sense of safety in the country was graded significantly better in 2010. For 31,2% of tourists this element is better in Croatia than in France, and for 53,4% of them it is better than in Turkey. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 359 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Picture 1: Grade of the element “sense of safety in a country” in relation to the competitive countries in year 2010 Source: Tomas Summer-Attitudes and consumption of tourists in Croatia, Institute for Tourism, Zagreb, 2010. According to the results of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (Strategy of Development of Tourism of the Republic of Croatia until 2020, 2013), in 2011 Croatian tourism took 34th place according to its international competitiveness in the world, wherein it significantly lags behind other developed tourist countries of the Mediterranean (France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Malta). Among other elements, Croatia also achieved average competitiveness in the quality of personal safety (range 33) (Strategy of Development of Tourism of the Republic of Croatia until 2020, 2013). This is also contributed by the measures undertaken by all the stakeholders in the tourist destination, and it relates on increasing the safety in the destination, from tourists themselves, hotel facilities, local government and state measures. Security problems in Croatian tourism Various security problems are present in Croatian tourism, which can be comprehensively divided on threats conditioned by thefts, felonies, and violence on cultural monuments. One of the negative phenomena in tourism is crime. Very often, tourists are victims of criminal acts conducted because of greed. I.e., in parallel with the growth of tourist turnover in coastal destinations of the Republic of Croatia also grew the problem of so called tourist crime, respectively, criminal acts in which the victims are mostly tourists. Tourists and their asset and destination in which they are spending their holiday become the place where forms of thefts connected to the tourist season manifest (Matika and Gugić, 2007) . It is important to point out that some forms of criminal acts, which are present during the whole year on a certain area, more frequently appear during the tourist season, so the growth of such criminal acts conditioned by the tourist season is called Seasonal crime (Matika and Gugić, 2007). During the tourist season an increase of the number of criminal acts was registered against the assets, security in road traffic, in the area of the economic crime, against life and body, dignity of a person and moral, for example, indecent acts, rape, pedophilia, etc. Tourism creates a large number of opportunities for conducting criminal acts, but also in a large number of cases tourists themselves create “opportunities” of conducting such offenses, and the perpetrator in such case doesn´t choose the way 360 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation how to commit the offense, but the way of committing is conditioned by the caught situation, or the situation is the consequence of the specific conditions brought by tourism. There are no special statistics about tourist crime, so it is difficult to determine whether criminal acts committed during the summer were only on tourists. The data is sporadic and presented only in order to point out the problem of crime during the summer stimulated by the influx of a large number of tourists, but also the reduction of tourist´s caution during the vacation. So in the County of Primorje-Gorski kotar during June and July in 2013 there was a significant growth of criminal acts of burglaries and thefts. Seventy-three thefts and burglaries were reported in residential buildings, which in comparison to the same period in 2012 is an increase of 64%. Burglaries occur mostly during the day, when there is no one in the residential building, and the object of thefts is mostly gold and jewelry (The Voice of Istria, 2013). Car burglaries were also increasing; twenty-six in relation to sixteen in June and July in 2012, which is a growth of 62,5%. The objects of car burglaries are handbags, cell phones and portable computers which the owners usually leave in a visible place. The burglar´s targets are most frequently cars parked along the beach and public places. On the beaches in the County of Primorje-Gorski kotar in June and July in 2013 forty - one reported theft have occurred and in relation to the same period in 2012, that is an increase of 10% (The Voice of Istria, 2013). Based on the stated it is visible that during the tourist season in Croatian coastal destinations there is an increase of criminal acts, so it is necessary to increase security measures in that part of the year, especially in the context of creating an image of Croatia as a safe tourist destination. Threats conditioned by violence of cultural monuments As an example of tourist crime in Croatia criminal acts could be stated in which the victim is not a tourist, but in which artistic and cultural values are being attacked. Croatia is rich in monumental and cultural heritage, especially in its coastal area. This area registers a large number of immovable and movable cultural heritage, nonmaterial cultural heritage, and archeological cultural heritage. The excavations of contractors in historical destinations are very frequently accompanied by the findings of old graves, the remains of stone walls, processed stone blocks or objects made of ceramic, copper and other materials, or materials which have a monumental value (Matika and Gugić, 2007). Numerous sites which are situated in the coastal area of the Republic of Croatia are partially explored, and they possess archeological and artistic value which is under the protection of the state, regulated by the law about protection of cultural monuments. In towns and settlements there are numerous cultural monuments of high value: sacral objects, fortresses, summer houses, palaces, village houses and objects of everyday use, which provide tourists the local atmosphere, enable acquisition of historical findings about the destination they are visiting, and offer responses on numerous questions regarding the destination´s history. The desire of tourists for owning a little part of that history is completely understandable, the objects such as stone, ceramics, and similar archeological findings. Usually, the archeologists leave for the visitors something they can bring to their homes, which won´t call in question the research or reduce archeological and artistic value of a particular archeological locality. However, usually it doesn´t end with that, so small petty thefts turn into devastation, violence and crime. So, protection of monumental culture is a big problem. In favor of that, a fact can be stated that all objects of monumental ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 361 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) value are not registered in the registers, partially due to the number, and partially due to the negligence and disorganization (Matika and Gugić, 2007). Considering that monumental culture provides Croatia special value, it is an important component of its tourist development, attractiveness with individual tourists and positioning on the tourist market. Characteristic forms of endangerment of cultural monuments are manifested in the following activities (Matika and Gugić, 2007): 1. Underwater activities on forbidden places where ship wrecks are situated, with the cargo from which various objects are extracted and illegally carried out of the country. These activities are usually lead by domestic people who know underwater and present themselves as guides or scuba-diving instructors; 2. Breaking into objects, of which the most endangered are churches, convents, chapels and similar objects, and the objects of theft are artistic pieces, paintings, sculptures, chalices, candlesticks, and similar. The perpetrators of criminal offenses over cultural monuments are usually organized groups of foreign tourists who arrive to Croatia, with all the necessary equipment (i.e. for scuba-diving in great depths), then they associate with good connoisseurs of underwater archeological localities or art in churches and galleries, and jointly approach to their robbery. Even though the number of such criminal acts is not high, it causes priceless and irreparable damage to the Croatian cultural-historical treasure, especially since the experience shows that numerous desolations of underwater treasure (stealing of amphora, antique dishes etc. from underwater findings) were never revealed or the true extent of illicit activities is never determined. Even if the felony is discovered, its perpetrator usually stays unknown, and stolen art usually irretrievably end up in antique shops or private galleries abroad. Statistical data point out on significantly smaller state than the real one. Namely, reviews of the collections are irregular, incomplete and imprecise. Detected thefts are often in a large time gap from their commission. A great number of accidently discovered thefts show that there is a significantly larger number of those that are never discovered, and very often are not reported so unconcern of those who take care of the art would not be discovered. These cases are most frequent in the archives, galleries, holdings and other institutions. Lack or evasion is very often discovered after the implementation of the inventory which is, as it is already pointed out, irregular. Besides in the tourist season, more frequent are attacks on naval localities of sunken ships outside the tourist season, as well as stealing amphora and other objects from the Adriatic Sea (Matika and Gugić, 2007). Based on the mentioned, it can be concluded that stealing of cultural asset is a frequent problem in the Republic of Croatia, and must be given an undivided attention. Security measures in Croatian Tourism Tourism crime present in Croatia effects negatively on the image of a tourist destination and has a negative promotion. So, various measures are undertaken in order to reduce it to the minimum, with a goal of protecting personality and tourist´s asset. Preventive activities of the police, but also the local community and the tourists themselves have a special meaning. 362 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Measures which the Republic of Croatia is conducting with a purpose of increasing safety of tourists consist of three elements: preventive security measures, providing help to the tourists and international cooperation in tourism. Within the frame of preventive security measures of Croatia, and according to the instructions of the World Tourism Organization, a whole set of projects was designed, which influenced on increasing the level of security during the tourist season (brochures about self-protective behavior for tourists, bicycle patrols, police water scooters, etc.). Units of traffic youth, contact police officers and complete police operating system in the field are trying to preserve a favorable state security within their regular tasks. Since 1994, an action Tours is continuously conducted in Croatia due to the raising of security during the tourist season, through prevention of crime and offenses, and increased security measures in traffic and on border crossings, in order to enable for tourists a safe arrival and stay in Croatia (Ministry of the Internal Affairs of the Republic of Croatia). In 2006 this action was expanded by adding new contents, modeled by long-standing practice in the European Union countries, and a pilot project was started – International police cooperation “Police in uniform” which was during the time renamed into “Safe tourist season”. During June in 2006 the Ministry of the Internal Affairs was the host of the meeting of principles of 12 European countries whose citizens are the most frequent and the most numerous tourists in the Croatian Adriatic. During that period of time, a Plan of measures and activities within the action Tours was presented, experiences were exchanged, police cooperation was concretized in order to enable top quality stay for tourists from the European countries, a Memo about understanding and cooperation was signed, and the right of pre-emption with the Croatia was shared by the Hungarian police. Considering the data which showed that the majority of Hungarian guests stayed in Zadar area, and based on the memo about the understanding between Hungarian and Croatian police, it was decided that during the summer season four Hungarian police-officers will stay in the area of police department of Zadar. Their role was to establish the highest quality communication with the Hungarian tourists. In 2007 an interest was shown by the Austrian, Italian, Czech and German police, so a memo about cooperation was signed with the police of these countries for that year. From year 2009 Ministry of Tourism was also included, and in 2012 it co-financed a project with 200.000 Croatian Kuna (Ministry of the Internal Affairs of the Republic of Croatia). The fact is, however, that security in tourism is not achieved only through activities of police officers, but it must also comprehend all participants in tourism, and especially tourist employees. Conclusion Independently whether it is about safety of tourists or service providers, safety in tourism is the basic need and assumption of an effective tourist activity. Even though it is not the primary, but the secondary motive of tourist arrivals in a certain tourist destination, it is one of the important elements of tourist offer, by which an image of a tourist destination is created, and competitiveness on the tourist market is achieved. So, tourist destinations are trying to ensure stay of tourists with a high level of security and create an image of a safe tourist destination. State takes over the obligation to protect the public good, to create general level of safety of population and tourists, and regulation of relations and conditions in the area of private protection. Responsibility for safety, however, is distributed on an individual, organizers and tourist employees, tourist communities, local and regional community. Only through systematic actions it is possible to act preventively and increase safety in the destination. Safety is an important factor of tourist development in the European Union. Special significance has been given to it in the proposition of the Strategy of development of the European ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 363 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Union. European Union doesn´t have a joint policy of security and protection of tourists in its area, it is mostly left to the individual states within their national legislation. The fact is, however that the European Union meets with numerous security problems, so various measures are undertaken in order to reduce these security problems to a minimum. This is particularly related to the problem connected with terrorism, on which area there is a joint policy of member countries in fighting against terrorism. In the area of Croatia significant measures are undertaken with a goal of tourist´s safety, such as increased police patrols, participation of foreign tourists during the tourist season, printing flyers with warning, greater ensuring of forest protection, greater safety on the roads, etc. By increasing the level of safety, an image of a safe tourist destination, gladly visited by the tourists, will be formed. References • Bilandžić, M. (2011). Terorizam u teorijama i teorijskim perspektivama. Društvena istraživanja. 20, 3, 837-859, DOI: 10.5559/di.20.3.12 • Dobranović, Ž. (2003). Opći pristup sigurnosti u turizmu, Defimi, Zagreb. • Efus. European citizens and the feeling of insecurity, Retrieved 15 December 2015 from http://efus.eu/en/topics/risks-forms-of-crime/fear-of-crime/partners/629/ • European Commission. Green paper Safety of Tourism Accommodation Services, Retrieved 13 September 2015 from http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_foodsafety/dgs_consultations/ ca/docs/cons_ 2014 1130_tourism_gp_en.pdf • European Commission. Internal Security, Retrieved 13 September 2015 from http://ec.europa.eu/ public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_371_en.pdf • European Commission. Overview of EU Tourism Policy, Retrieved 16 March 2015 from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/tourism/policy-overview_en • European Commission. Special Eurobarometer 432. Europeans’ Attitudes Towards Security. Report, European Union, 2015, Retrieved 5 January 2016 from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/ archives/ ebs/ebs_432_en.pdf • Glas Istre Rijeka. (2013.) Porast krađa i provala tijekom sezone, Retrieved 17 February 2015 from http://www.glasistre.hr/vijesti/specijalna/rijeka-porastkradja-i-provala-tijekom -sezone-419964 • Gotovac, P. (2007). Turizam i zdravlje: Što uspješan menadžment lokalne destinacije treba znati o sigurnosti zdravlja kao elementu pouzdanosti turizma?, Acta Turistica Nova. 1, 1, 61-85. • European Parlament. Sektorske politike – turizam, Retrieved 27 March 2015 form http://www. europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/hr/displayFtu. html?ftuId=FTU_5.6.13.html. • Mansfeld, Y. & Pizam, A. (2006). Tourism Security & Safety:From Theory to Practice, Elsevier. Oxford. • Matika, D. & Gugić, A. (2007). Turizam i sigurnost, Adriatica.net, Zagreb. • Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske. Sigurna turistička sezona, Retrieved 7 May 2015 from http://www.policija.hr/96913.aspx • Mogorović, M. (2005). Implementacija sustava sigurnosti namirnica na primjeru opatijskih hotela, Zbornik radova 6. Hrvatske konferencije o kvaliteti, 18 – 20 May, Opatija. • Pirjevec, B. (1998). Ekonomska obilježja turizma, Golden marketing, Zagreb. • Strategy of Development of Tourism of the Republic of Croatia until 2020, Retrieved 28 March 2015 from http://www.mint.hr/UserDocsImages/Strategijaturizam-2020-editfinal.pdf • Tatalović, S. & Bilandžić, M. (2005). Osnove nacionalne sigurnosti, Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb. 364 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation • Tatalović, S. (2006). Nacionalna i međunarodna sigurnost, Politička kultura, Zagreb. • Tomas (2004). Stavovi i potrošnja turista u Hrvatskoj, Institut za turizam, Zagreb. • Tomas (2007). Stavovi i potrošnja turista u Hrvatskoj, Institut za turizam, Zagreb. • Tomas (2010). Stavovi i potrošnja turista u Hrvatskoj, Institut za turizam, Zagreb. • Tomas (2014). Stavovi i potrošnja turista u Hrvatskoj, Institut za turizam, Zagreb. • Vijeće Europske unije. Borba EU-a protiv terorizma, Retrieved 17 March 2015 from http://www.consilium.europa.eu/hr/policies/fight-against-terrorism/ ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 365 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3333 Title A name given to the resource SECURITY IN EUROPEAN TOURISM WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION PAID TO THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA Author Author Alkier, Romina Radovic Nimac, Korana Lipovac, Sanja Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Security and the sense of being secure represent an important component in choosing a tourist destination, but also the quality of life of domestic population and stay of tourists in a tourist destination. Therefore, in cooperation with participants in tourism, destinations must enable safe and adequate surrounding for its visitors, and encourage the coexistence with the domestic population. Protection and security in tourism are becoming complex multidimensional terms which cover a great number of components among which are political security, public security, health and sanitation security, protection of personal data, legal protection of tourists, protection of consumers, security in communication, getting authentic data, ensuring the quality of services, etc. Croatia is a member of the European Union, and it monitors trends in the development of tourism on the European Union level and Europe in whole. Personal safety is an important component of choosing Croatia as a destination, and is one of the advantages of Croatia in relation to the competitive countries. Within the research conducted in the paper the focus is on the analysis of safety in tourism of Europe and the Republic of Croatia. The goal is understanding the significance which “sense of safety” has on the choice of European destinations and the necessity of establishment of security measures and the protection of tourists during tourist travel on all levels. Based on the conducted analysis, measures of improvement of security and protection of tourists in European and Croatian tourist destinations will be suggested. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2756 Title A name given to the resource Security Of Wi-Fi Networks Author Author ALI AVCI, Durmus HAJDAREVIC, Kemal Abstract A summary of the resource. With the rapid increase in use of WLAN technology it is important to provide a secure communication over wireless network. This paper focuses on current security issues in Wi-Fi networks, and gives overview of already available set of security controls which can help organizations to secure their wireless LANs. The goal of this paper is to summarize existing means of securing Wi-Fi networks and to analyze the possible solutions for the Wi- Fi networks. Furthermore, the paper explains how the security mechanisms work and provide security in order to have best communication. Keywords: wlan, wi-fi, wireless, security, network, wi-fi security, wps Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233 - 0054 T Technology (General)