232 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ad400da70d930b2b8a602336577cdee0.pdf 398a0323373cb4ff892aad57edd59d5f PDF Text Text Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Running Rabbits and Shoulder Markings: Metaphorical Terms in Aviation English Ana Ostroški Anić Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics, Croatia Submitted: 15.04.2014. Accepted: 14.11.2014. Abstract The role of metaphor as a basic cognitive mechanism in the construction and retrieval of specialized knowledge has been well studied within cognitive terminological theories (Faber, 2012; Tercedor Sánchez et al, 2012; Temmerman, 2000). However, the results of these analyses have mainly been applied in designing or improving terminological resources, leaving somewhat aside the impact metaphor has on bridging general and specialized knowledge, especially in the acquisition of new knowledge. This paper discusses the role of metaphor as a cognitive process in the conceptualization of certain key concepts in the domain of aviation. A number of terms and their collocations that reflect metaphorical mappings from the source domains the HUMAN BODY and ANIMALS have been extracted out of a corpus of English aviation textbooks and manuals related to the field of air traffic management. Instances of metaphorical conceptual mapping are identified and analyzed both at the conceptual and terminological level. Ana Ostroški Anić is a research assistant at the Department of General Linguistics of the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics in Zagreb, Croatia. Her research interests lie in the areas of terminology, specialized translation, LSP, phraseology, and cognitive semantics. She has been working on several terminological projects within the Croatian Special Field Terminology (Struna) program. Keywords: ESP, LSP, terminology, Aviation English Introduction1 1 This research has been done within the project Terminology and specialized translation in the service of cross-cultural dialogue and specialized communication within the Croatian-French program COGITO. 17 �Running Rabbits and Shoulder Markings: Metaphorical Terms in Aviation English The theory of conceptual metaphor has been widely researched in various fields of linguistics over the past thirty years because its apparent simplicity allows for an explanation of fundamental human cognitive processes such as categorization and conceptualization. Metaphor provides insight into how we conceptualize one mental domain in terms of another, thus transferring experience and knowledge previously acquired and organized into another domain of human activity. A conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual domains, usually an abstract and a concrete one, while the metaphorical linguistic expressions that reflect the conceptual metaphor in language belong to the language or terminology of the more concrete domain (Kövecses, 2010, p. 4). The role of metaphor as one of the basic cognitive mechanisms in the construction and retrieval of specialized knowledge has also been extensively studied within cognitive terminological theories (Tercedor Sánchez et al, 2012; Ureña & Faber, 2010; Temmerman, 2000). The insights on metaphoric and metonymic dimensions of specialized knowledge concepts serve as proof that specialized knowledge domains are conceptualized in a manner similar to the cognitive structuring of our everyday knowledge. However, the role of metaphorical conceptual mapping on bridging general and specialized knowledge, especially in the acquisition of specialized knowledge, has been left somewhat aside. Aviation English is one of the varieties of Languages for Special Purposes that requires its users to be fluent in the phraseology and terminology of the domain, but at the same time to reach a high level of knowledge of general English. An attempt of defining aviation lexical domains was made in the Manual on the Implementation of ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements (International Civil Aviation Organization, 2004), intended as a guidance material in developing an appropriate English language training curriculum for pilots and air traffic controllers. The somewhat random list of work related and priority lexical domains included in the Manual presents domains such as animals and birds, causes and conditions, geography, topographical features, nationalities or perception, senses, numbers, etc. (ICAO, 2004, p. 3-7).2 Although not explicitly included in the Manual’s list, the human body has served as a fruitful source domain for metaphorical mapping and the creation of lexicalizations in various specialized domains, aviation being no exception. Some of the “work related topics” that the Manual does list, e.g. behavior and activities, perception and senses or causes and conditions are nevertheless closely related to the human body and the way it shapes embodied cognition (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999). This paper analyzes metaphorical expressions that are the 2 A more detailed inventory of domains characterizing the day-to-day communication of pilots and air traffic controllers is provided in Appendix B, Part II. 18 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics realizations of conceptual mapping from the source domains of the human body and animals as two of the most common source domains in the creation of conceptual metaphor (Kövecses, 2010, pp. 1819). Objective The aim of the paper is to analyze metaphorical terms that exploit general language lexical units to designate certain key aviation concepts that are perceived according to their resemblance to either human body parts or various animals. The analyzed terms include single word metaphorical terms named after a general language lexical unit (wing, tail, arm, rabbit), and multiword terms in which general language lexical unit makes one element of the term or collocation (butterfly tail, negative arm, downwind leg, heading bug). Lexical units taken over from general language to designate concepts of a specialized domain are more likely to trigger the occurrence of metaphorical expressions in texts because they are usually polysemous words in general language, and their diversity in meaning is already the result of metaphorical extensions of some sort. Metaphorical motivation of many terms can be found in general or everyday concepts because experts establish an analogy between a specialized concept that needs to be designated, and an already familiar concept in our environment (Ureña, 2011, p. 71). Methodology Since aviation is a very interdisciplinary field, this analysis takes air traffic management as the most representative part of aviation, with several of its domains (e.g. airspace, air traffic, flight) organized around concepts that are prototypical for the whole field. Corpus-based methods of extracting relevant metaphorical information have been applied, focusing on the application of a target domain oriented metaphor extraction using key terms and collocations. A number of terms containing general language lexical units for body parts and certain animals are extracted out of a corpus of English aviation textbooks and manuals on the field of air traffic management, intended for training students or novice pilots. The list of extracted terms is complemented with manually selected terms from the Aviation English Terms and Collocations (Bratanić, Ostroški Anić & Radišić, 2010). Sketch Engine tools are used both for corpus compilation and for the analysis of the extracted data. After the term identification, concordances of these terms are then extracted, and identified as either literal or metaphorical lexicalizations. The human body and animals as source domains 19 �Running Rabbits and Shoulder Markings: Metaphorical Terms in Aviation English If we understand metaphor as a cognitive mechanism that helps to structure human conceptual systems, one of its functions is to connect the cognitive structures of our general or everyday knowledge to conceptual structures of particular specialized knowledge domains. Metaphorical transfer between the source and target domains is constrained by our central knowledge of the source domain, and by the invariance principle (Lakoff, 1993; Ruiz de Mendoza, 1998). The metaphor MACHINES ARE HUMAN BEINGS3 thus shows that the conceptual mapping from the domain of the human body to the target domain of the aircraft systems preserves the topology of the source domain (cylinder neck, hand pump, stressed skin, head of pressure, rotor head, venturi throat). The relationship between the two domains can be either of correlation or resemblance, which has an effect on the ontology of metaphors or the type of concepts connected as well as on the directionality, conventionality and grounding of conceptual metaphors (Stanojević, 2009). Grady (1999) distinguishes between two classes of metaphor: the resemblance class, and the correlation-based metaphors that include primary metaphors. Unidirectionality in the case of correlation metaphors means that the source domain is always a concrete one, while the target domain is abstract. It appears that most metaphors in the domain of air traffic management can be categorized as resemblance metaphors because both domains are concrete (e.g. MACHINES ARE HUMAN BEINGS, AIRCRAFT IS A BIRD). As opposed to correlation metaphors, resemblance metaphors allow for bidirectionality, meaning that the features of both domains can be projected in either direction (Grady, 1999, p. 96), i.e. they can be equally abstract or concrete (Stanojević, 2009, p. 348). Ureña and Faber (2010) found that Grady’s distinction between correlation and resemblance metaphors, as well as Lakoff’s (1993) between conceptualstructural/conventional and image metaphors is lacking when it comes to the description of metaphors the basis of which is mental imagery. They propose a classification into resemblance and non-resemblance metaphors, with resemblance metaphors further divided into static and dynamic. They conclude that instead of being classified as belonging to two different categories of image metaphors and behavior-based metaphors, resemblance metaphors should be considered as a graded category the members of which differ according to the dynamicity of their images (Ureña & Faber, 2010, p. 124). 3 According to standard practice, the names of all metaphors are written in capital letters. 20 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Inanimate objects are human beings The human body is without doubt a source domain that initiates conceptual mapping to various target domains, general and specialized knowledge alike. In the domain of air traffic management, several conceptual metaphors related to the human body can be observed, all of them belonging to a more general metaphor INANIMATE OBJECTS ARE HUMAN BEINGS. Thus we find linguistic realizations of the resemblance metaphor MACHINES ARE HUMAN BEINGS in which the parts of the human body – both external and internal – are mapped onto the structure of machines: body of an airplane, body station, nose of the aircraft, venturi throat, hand controls, aircraft skin, stressed skin, cylinder head, pitot head, rotor head, cylinder neck, etc. Machines and automatic systems are often attributed features and qualifications of a living being, as in the following examples of metaphorical constructions that show how the function of a body organ is mapped onto the function of a machine, and how activities typical of humans are mapped onto the machine’s activity or behavior: (1) TCAS is designed to provide a set of electronic eyes (...) (2) (...) ATC will keep an electronic eye on them (…) (3) The heart of the airspeed indicator is a diaphragm that is sensitive to pressure changes. (4) Movement of the aneroid element is transmitted through gears to the three hands that indicate altitude. Terms designating certain aerodrome surfaces (runway shoulders, taxiway shoulders, shoulder markings, apron) or aerodrome facilities (pier finger terminal) can be said to be metaphorical expressions for the metaphor AERODROME IS A HUMAN BEING. A pier finger terminal is a type of the terminal configuration that resembles the position of fingers on the hand, so there is a static image evoked by this metaphorical term. Runway shoulders and taxiway shoulders can also be considered instances of an image metaphor because they are based on resemblance in shape. Shoulders are paved parts of runways and taxiways that provide additional area in case the aircraft veers off the runway, but are also used for the passage of maintenance and emergency vehicles. Their primary function is, however, to prevent blast and water erosion of the central area of runways and taxiways. Just as shoulders on the body act as joints of arms and the upper part of the human body, runway shoulders connect the runway to the rest of the movement area and provide additional support to the main part or the body of the runway. Therefore the resemblance to the shoulders on the body is not on shape only, but in the function as well, which makes this image metaphor not prototypical. 21 �Running Rabbits and Shoulder Markings: Metaphorical Terms in Aviation English Parts of the air traffic pattern (departure leg, base leg, upwind leg, downwind leg, crosswind leg, final leg) and holding pattern (inbound leg, outbound leg) are all designated by terms containing a polysemous general language lexical unit leg. In specialized communication metaphor and metonymy also serve as crucial mechanisms that lead to the creation of meaning specializations of a certain word, as can be seen in other collocations with leg: overwater leg, navigation leg, landing gear leg, RNAV leg, or straight leg. While the first group of terms refers to leg in the meaning of a part of the traffic pattern and holding pattern (i.e. segments of air traffic), overwater leg, navigation leg and RNAV leg use the term leg in the meaning of a segment of flight. General language units that are used as terms or parts of terms in a terminology of a certain specialized domain carry the polysemous meaning over from the general language. Animals in aviation The lexical domain of animals has a particular role in the conceptualization of certain concepts in aviation, especially in the designation of parts of machines and technical concepts in general. Animals are an important part of the natural environment in which airports and their infrastructure is usually located, and as such they create a basis for the metaphorical description of many concrete concepts in the field of aviation. Metaphors involving mappings from the domain of animals are clearly all resemblance metaphors, but some of them are more image, and others more behavior-based metaphors. The terms airspeed bug, heading bug, bear paws, butterfly valve or butterfly tail evoke mental images of a bug or a butterfly because they resemble them in shape. The terms wing and the tail of the aircraft evoke more dynamic images, and the resemblance with a bird is not merely based on shape, but also on behavior and function. The metaphor AIRCRAFT IS A BIRD is thus a dynamic resemblance metaphor according to the classification by Ureña and Faber (2010), both a behavior-based and function-based metaphor. The aircraft acts as a bird because it can fly, and the aircraft’s wings and the tail have the function of generating lift and keeping the aircraft aloft in the same way they serve birds in flight. Other examples of expressions based on image metaphors are the terms squirrel cage rotor and dog-tooth clutch. A dog-tooth clutch is a type of a dog clutch that “provides non-slip coupling of two rotating members” (Manual transmission, n.d.), the teeth of which resemble dog teeth. The squirrel cage rotor is a rotor of an AC induction motor, and it is a term widely used in engineering. All constructions with a 22 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics squirrel cage have a cylinder mounted on a shaft, resembling a cage for catching squirrels or other small animals. The term running rabbit or simply the rabbit is a colloquial term referring to bluishwhite sequenced flashing lights installed along the approach lights on the runways of many large airports. The term was derived because of the lights’ rapid flashing that gives an effect of a white ball of light travelling towards the runway threshold about once per second. The mental image of a rabbit is evoked because of the color of the lights, but also because of their movement speed. This resemblance metaphor cannot therefore be classified as either image or behavior-based metaphor, and should be best described as a dynamic resemblance metaphor. Conclusion Based on the examples of metaphorical linguistic expressions extracted for this analysis, metaphors involving terminological realizations referring to the lexical domains of the human body and animals mostly belong to the resemblance class of metaphors. Although not of the same relevance, both the motivation for correlation and resemblance metaphors can be regarded as experiential motivation. Without being able to rely on our experience, we could not have been able to recognize and establish resemblance in form, color or function between source and target domain elements. When specialized communication is analyzed, the interlinguistic and interdomain variation of metaphors and metaphorical motivation is less due to cultural differences, but rather more to differences in the conceptual systems of domains in question. Aviation is more a multicultural professional community with prescribed set of rules and customs applying to all of its members than it is a community of different multicultural practices based on individual languages and cultures. What makes the mappings from the domain of the human body applicable to all specialized domains is the universal experiential motivation that relates our body to the environment. Although animals create rather a homogenous lexical domain, the members of the domain are, however, very dependent on the culture a lexical domain is set in, and on a particular environment surrounding the professional community using this specialized language. In that sense it is a domain more restricted by our cultural experience as well as by our physical environment. 23 �Running Rabbits and Shoulder Markings: Metaphorical Terms in Aviation English References Bratanić, M., Ostroški Anić, A., & Radišić, T. (Eds.) (2010). Aviation English terms and collocations. (An alphabetical checklist). Zagreb: Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Fakultet prometnih znanosti. Grady, J. (1999). A typology of motivation for conceptual metaphor: Correlation vs. resemblance. In R. W. Gibbs, & G. J. Steen (Eds.), Metaphor in cognitive linguistics (pp. 79100). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. International Civil Aviation Organization (2010). Manual on the Implementation of ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements (2nd ed.). Montréal, Quebec, Canada. Retrieved from http://www.zhaw.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/zhaw/centre_for_aviation_langu age/ICAO_9835.pdf. Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor – A practical introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought. New York: Basic Books. Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (pp. 202–251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Manual transmission. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 9, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, F. J. (2003). The role of mappings and domains in understanding metonymy. In A. Barcelona (Ed.), Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads (2nd ed.) (pp. 109–132). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Stanojević, M. (2009). Konceptualna metafora u kognitivnoj lingvistici: pregled pojmova. Suvremena lingvistika 68, 339–369. Temmerman, R. (2000). Towards new ways of terminology description: The sociocognitive approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Tercedor, M., López Rodríguez, C. I., Márquez Linares, C., & Faber, P. (2012). Metaphor and metonymy in specialized language. In P. Faber (Ed.), A 24 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics cognitive linguistics view of terminology and specialized language (pp. 33– 72). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. Ureña Gómez-Moreno, J. M. (2011). Metaphor in specialised language: an English Spanish comparative study in marine biology (Doctoral dissertation). Available from http://hera.ugr.es/tesisugr/19655095.pdf. Ureña, J. M., & Faber, P. (2010). Reviewing imagery in resemblance and non resemblance metaphors. Cognitive Linguistics 21(1), 123–149. doi:10.1515/COGL.2010.004. 25 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2803 Title A name given to the resource Running Rabbits and Shoulder Markings: Metaphorical Terms in Aviation English Author Author Ostroški Anić, Ana Abstract A summary of the resource. The role of metaphor as a basic cognitive mechanism in the construction and retrieval of specialized knowledge has been well studied within cognitive terminological theories (Faber, 2012; Tercedor Sánchez et al, 2012; Temmerman, 2000). However, the results of these analyses have mainly been applied in designing or improving terminological resources, leaving somewhat aside the impact metaphor has on bridging general and specialized knowledge, especially in the acquisition of new knowledge. This paper discusses the role of metaphor as a cognitive process in the conceptualization of certain key concepts in the domain of aviation. A number of terms and their collocations that reflect metaphorical mappings from the source domains the HUMAN BODY and ANIMALS have been extracted out of a corpus of English aviation textbooks and manuals related to the field of air traffic management. Instances of metaphorical conceptual mapping are identified and analyzed both at the conceptual and terminological level. Ana Ostroški Anić is a research assistant at the Department of General Linguistics of the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics in Zagreb, Croatia. Her research interests lie in the areas of terminology, specialized translation, LSP, phraseology, and cognitive semantics. She has been working on several terminological projects within the Croatian Special Field Terminology (Struna) program. Keywords: ESP, LSP, terminology, Aviation English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-04-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics,PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3362 Title A name given to the resource RUNNING RABBITS AND SHOULDER MARKINGS: METAPHORICAL TERMS IN SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE Author Author Ostroški Anić, Ana Abstract A summary of the resource. The role of metaphor as a basic cognitive mechanism in the construction and retrieval of specialized knowledge has been well studied within cognitive terminological theories (Faber, 2012; Tercedor Sánchez et al, 2012; Temmerman, 2000). However, the results of these analyses have mainly been applied in designing or improving terminological resources, leaving somewhat aside the impact metaphor has on bridging general and specialized knowledge, especially in the acquisition of new knowledge. This paper discusses the role of metaphor as a cognitive process in the conceptualization of certain key concepts in the domain of aviation. A number of terms and their collocations that reflect metaphorical mappings from the source domains the HUMAN BODY and ANIMALS have been extracted out of a corpus of English aviation textbooks and manuals related to the field of air traffic management. Instances of metaphorical conceptual mapping are identified and analyzed both at the conceptual and terminological level. Ana Ostroški Anić is a research assistant at the Department of General Linguistics of the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics in Zagreb, Croatia. Her research interests lie in the areas of terminology, specialized translation, LSP, phraseology, and cognitive semantics. She has been working on several terminological projects within the Croatian Special Field Terminology program (Struna). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/37dc12d27d26e7293a9ab3f82ed04619.pdf 930592708d4ef3e7a8791e24f580c900 PDF Text Text Rural Business Development in the Balkan Region: Hospitality and Tourism Management Gejsi Bendo Epoka University – Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Banking and Finance Albania gejsibendo98@gmail.com Abstract: Balkan is part of Europe, but in the past years it has not been known like that and negative effect of it continue also now days with not being part of European Union and not having profit from that. Balkan states have been under stratocracy and this has caused to them to not have the knowledge about management and last methods how to make profit from rural regions and from this we have the effect of immigration. The economy of Balkan has been underestimated from the other parts. Balkan region, especially rural areas do not have the infrastructure to make them frequented from the tourists. Infrastructure is one of the main problems which is related with the electricity, 24h water, Wi-Fi areas etc and this causes problems to the natives, services and goods that they offer and with the domestic production. Tourism should give one of the main revenues in the economies of these states like Albania, European part of Turkey, Serbia, Macedonia etc, together with the agriculture too. Population of the Balkan is known for its hospitality and people speak different languages like English, Italian, Spanish and now days they can speak Turkish too. This characteristic give to them an opportunity that other problems of technology and infrastructure cause to them disadvantages and from this the tourism is not developed as much as it had to be. There are a lot of places which are virgin and not explored from foreigners (for example in Albania or Kosovo and Macedonia too, as well as in other countries which are part of Balkan). The governments of these countries and their policies do not offer opportunities enough to be promoted. Since they have been isolated from other parts of the World, most of the people do not know how to manage with the three levels of the managing (in rural areas) and the only type that exists is just the sole-managing. There are not enough advertisements or not good marketing in the Balkan region to make them known. Still there are countries which do not know where the Balkan is. In continue of this research will be attached what can governments do to solve this problem and how this problem can be solved about the rural areas which are more than underestimated even if they keep precious values. Keywords: underestimated, values, profit, infrastructure, three-level management, domestic production. Intorduction Balkan is located in the southeastern of Europe and it is made up from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Albania, Europe part of Turkey, Kosovo,Greece, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania and Macedonia. All of the 11 countries are in developing stage so their economy is based mostly in the agriculture rather than in services. 70 �The problem of these countries is that their capital cities are the most visited ones, while the rural zones are completely on backstage. This problem is not part of the countries like Switzerland, which has a lot of touristic places to be visited for or Germany or other countries which are developed. There are different factors why this part of Europe is in developing stage starting from history which is related with political factors and wars and so on. All of these factors has brought these problems to the Balkan, which still is in that position taking loans from BE and here is the example of Greece which every year takes loans from BE. There are different types of tourism and here we can include: Culinary tourism, sport tourism, educational tourism, history tourism, and nature tourism, discover tourism. All of these types have their differences and each of these is part of every country. Balkan countries especially rural zones of Balkan do not have developed any of these types, because they are not still discovered from the tourists who visit Balkan. Last 5 years the North part of Albania is being heard from Albanians and i take Theth or Valbona as an example. Except the types of tourism which are listed before we have two other definitions which are: Rural tourism and Tourism Management. Rural tourism It focuses on actively participating in a rural lifestyle. It can be a variant of ecotourism. Many rural villages can facilitate tourism because many villagers are hospitable and eager to welcome (and sometime even host) visitors. Agriculture is becoming highly mechanized and therefore, requires less manual labor. Tourism Management It is the leading international journal for all those concerned with the planning and management of travel and tourism. As it is said up to the definition of the rural tourism, Balkans are known for their hospitality. Hospitality is one characteristic of Balkan that everyone appreciates for. It is main characteristic that tourist are attracted for, despite the nature. Balkans are polyglots so they are able to speak different languages like English, Italian, Turkish, some Spanish and German and this is an advantage for the natives who offer different services for example in restaurants, hotels, hostels and so on. According to the World Economic Forum, The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017, Balkan countries had an average of 3.8/7 (without Kosovo which do not have any statistic in the WEF)1. Countries are ranked according to the Business Environment: Safety and Security, Health and Hygiene, Human Resources and Labor Market, Prioritization of Travel & Tourism, Ground and Port Infrastructure, Price Competitiveness, Tourist Service 71 �Infrastructure, Air Transport Infrastructure, Natural Resources ,Cultural Resources and Business Travel. The disadvantages of rural zones are: Infrastructure: Rural zones of Balkan have a lot of problems related with infrastructure. Roads have a bad quality and can not be safe to drive through, there is a missing of electricity most of the time and water too. Another problem related with the infrastructure is Wifi zones or at least to have some internet or just to be able to call or text. Government’s policy and expenditures: Government’s policy and expenditures are related with what governments are doing to rise up profits from the tourism. This is not related just with increasing taxation, but with what they offer to the natives for the development of the tourism in these zones. Investments: Since there is no government’s policy or expenditure, foreign investors or even natives one are going away from these rural zones. Even if last years it has changed still investments are not in that level where they had to be. In these rural zones for example in Albania there exist just few guest houses which offer the role of the hotels. Management: In rural zones the only type of management is the sole management because each of them wants to be independent from the others, even if they offer same service and no one of them changes something to be different and attract more. They think just to increase their incomes and not to work together to do something different. Advertisement: Advertisements are related with management, since each of them is in a sole managing, so the advertisements which are one of the main keys to the business are not well developed. Economy of Balkan still is in developing phase and it needs time to become in the same level as the other countries. But tourism is one part to be more developed in Balkan zones, but not just main/capital cities, but also rural zones which can increase profits and GDP more than the other parts which now have been visited from the tourists and natives too. According to some researches that what can be done which do not have too much cost for the rural zones are listed above: • Improve AIRLINE /RAILWAY /HIGHWAY- which are main factors of these zones to be more developed. • Water and electricity 24h- related with the infrastructure. 72 �• Different courses for managing, since the only way is the sole proprietorship and this means sole managing. • Employee managers to each of the hotels or restaurants paid from government to help increasing management knowledge. • Courses for learning English or other languages in rural zones. • • Credits without interest % to help them improve their managing and services Gather them together to share ideas and take decisions and plan which are their strategic points and what can they offer so they can be unique on their type • Free advertising- • Advertising is needed to make them known; these places should be in Google Map and applications like this so everyone can be able to check them out. A 12 month touring for each: Different cities or countries have different seasons which have more tourists, but this should be changed from the governments are natives. Each city should be visited not only in summer because of the nature, but also in winter because of the culinary tourism etc. • Help to innovate their houses from investors: • Policies from governments should attract the investors in these zones, but also from advertisements they should be affected. Building and biding trust with them (B&B) As the Bed and Breakfast webpage to book a room or a bed in a place to stay, where bed and breakfast are related so strong together with each other, we should build and bind trust with each other and we should believe that Rural zones of Balkan will be developed. Balkan doesn’t mean to come and visit once, it means to come and visit and explore in every detail. Capital cities are not the treasure; rural zones are the real treasure which keeps high values from cultural, historical etc. Let’s make the Balkan Rural Zones be the most frequented and complete their needs, so GDP will increase and countries will pass in another stage, the stage of developed countries! References: http://reports.weforum.org/travel-and-tourism-competitiveness-report-2017/ 73 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3648 Title A name given to the resource Rural Business Development in the Balkan Region: Hospitality and Tourism Management (doi: 10.14706/icesos1711) Author Author Bendo, Gejsi Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Balkan is part of Europe, but in the past years it has not been known like that and negative effect of it continue also now days with not being part of European Union and not having profit from that. Balkan states have been under stratocracy and this has caused to them to not have the knowledge about management and last methods how to make profit from rural regions and from this we have the effect of immigration. The economy of Balkan has been underestimated from the other parts. Balkan region, especially rural areas do not have the infrastructure to make them frequented from the tourists. Infrastructure is one of the main problems which is related with the electricity, 24h water, Wi-Fi areas etc and this causes problems to the natives, services and goods that they offer and with the domestic production. Tourism should give one of the main revenues in the economies of these states like Albania, European part of Turkey, Serbia, Macedonia etc, together with the agriculture too. Population of the Balkan is known for its hospitality and people speak different languages like English, Italian, Spanish and now days they can speak Turkish too. This characteristic give to them an opportunity that other problems of technology and infrastructure cause to them disadvantages and from this the tourism is not developed as much as it had to be. There are a lot of places which are virgin and not explored from foreigners (for example in Albania or Kosovo and Macedonia too, as well as in other countries which are part of Balkan). The governments of these countries and their policies do not offer opportunities enough to be promoted. Since they have been isolated from other parts of the World, most of the people do not know how to manage with the three levels of the managing (in rural areas) and the only type that exists is just the sole-managing. There are not enough advertisements or not good marketing in the Balkan region to make them known. Still there are countries which do not know where the Balkan is. In continue of this research will be attached what can governments do to solve this problem and how this problem can be solved about the rural areas which are more than underestimated even if they keep precious values. Keywords: underestimated, values, profit, infrastructure, three-level management, domestic production. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/90fb61244412052dd2bbcd1ab32d40f0.pdf 30abff2875471f4c9019109f19850de2 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Rural Entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Challenges and Opportunities Selma Delalic Centre for Economic Development and Research, Sarajevo, BosniaHerzegovina delalic@cedar.ba Nermin Oruc Centre for Economic Development and Research &, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina oruc@cedar.ba Rural development has been identified by many actors dealing with economic development of Bosnia-Herzegovina (B&H), both local and international, as one of the key areas of intervention. The main drivers of rural development should be small sized companies run by rural entrepreneurs. In order to design effective policies that would boost entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, the obstacles and drivers of their businesses should be understood properly. This paper presents analysis of the factors determining success of rural entrepreneurship in B&H. The paper combines results from quantitative and qualitative data, collected originally as part of the research for this paper, in order to provide evidence of the main factors affecting success of rural businesses. The data for the quantitative analysis were collected through a field survey of 300 interviewees, who are owners of micro of small sized rural business (1-49 employees). The questions from the survey covered demographic characteristics of the owners, characteristics of their business, obstacles they are facing in running a business and factors that have positive influence on their business performance. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis and regression analysis. Average annual growth in employees, as a measure of success of the business, was used as a dependent variable. Determinants of success of a business entered the regression model as five broader factors produced by factor analysis process, described as institutional factors, skills, access to market, access to finance and infrastructure. The estimated model reveals the direction and magnitude of different factors of small business success in rural areas. 251 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Results from the quantitative analysis were combined with the results of quantitative analysis of data collected through 30 semi-structured interviews with owners of small rural businesses. The interviews were used to gain deeper insight into the characteristics of factors affecting their success. The data collected through interviews were analyzed using contents analysis. Finding from the research, combining both results of qualitative and results of quantitative research have identified and described the key factors affecting rural business. These findings were used to develop a list of concrete policy recommendations that should aim at reducing barriers and improving factors that have positive influence on rural businesses, in order to increase entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, which should have positive influence on economic development of these areas and entire country. Keywords: Rural Entrepreneurship, Business Success, Semi-Structured Interviews, Factor Analysis, Probity Model, Bosnia-Herzegovina. 252 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1634 Title A name given to the resource Rural Entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Challenges and Opportunities Author Author DELALIĆ, Selma ORUČ, Nermin Abstract A summary of the resource. Rural development has been identified by many actors dealing with economic development of Bosnia-Herzegovina (B&H), both local and international, as one of the key areas of intervention. The main drivers of rural development should be small sized companies run by rural entrepreneurs. In order to design effective policies that would boost entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, the obstacles and drivers of their businesses should be understood properly. This paper presents analysis of the factors determining success of rural entrepreneurship in B&H. The paper combines results from quantitative and qualitative data, collected originally as part of the research for this paper, in order to provide evidence of the main factors affecting success of rural businesses. The data for the quantitative analysis were collected through a field survey of 300 interviewees, who are owners of micro of small sized rural business (1-49 employees). The questions from the survey covered demographic characteristics of the owners, characteristics of their business, obstacles they are facing in running a business and factors that have positive influence on their business performance. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis and regression analysis. Average annual growth in employees, as a measure of success of the business, was used as a dependent variable. Determinants of success of a business entered the regression model as five broader factors produced by factor analysis process, described as institutional factors, skills, access to market, access to finance and infrastructure. The estimated model reveals the direction and magnitude of different factors of small business success in rural areas. Results from the quantitative analysis were combined with the results of quantitative analysis of data collected through 30 semi-structured interviews with owners of small rural businesses. The interviews were used to gain deeper insight into the characteristics of factors affecting their success. The data collected through interviews were analyzed using contents analysis. Finding from the research, combining both results of qualitative and results of quantitative research have identified and described the key factors affecting rural business. These findings were used to develop a list of concrete policy recommendations that should aim at reducing barriers and improving factors that have positive influence on rural businesses, in order to increase entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, which should have positive influence on economic development of these areas and entire country. Keywords: Rural Entrepreneurship, Business Success, Semi-Structured Interviews, Factor Analysis, Probity Model, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7e6ca61cfdd2318d60a98dc3112f7829.pdf f93c581016cf2522c74bb75f8f360c17 PDF Text Text Rural women in terms of education, sustainable development and agricultural Extension in Konya, Turkey Cennet Oğuz University of Selcuk Faculty of Agriculture 42031 Konya,Turkey coguz@selcuk.edu.tr Orhan Ermetin Turkish Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of Konya Province, Konya, Turkey orhanermetin@hotmail.com Ülkü Ermetin Turkish Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of Konya Province, Konya, Turkey Ulkuermetin1@hotmail.com Abstract: The overall purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing accessibility of women to agricultural Extension services in Konya. The second purpose of the study was to investigate specific needs and interests of women. In basis of the rural development, between the city and countryside, socio-cultural and reaching optimum level of economic differences, rural population to improve themselves in their rural area, in addition to that, the real women’s effect on manufacturing and the improvement in social status has not been performed yet. Because, in Turkey, rural development practices are mostly done to improve the basis facilities, canalizing the new technologies to agriculture, modernizing the agriculture to take form to shape the improve the life standard. However, we can also see women in every part of agricultural production. When the criteria of education is taken care that bearer ring the importance of women’s status, especially, there exist importance for education services that must be taken to women who live in the rural areas. Increasing in the women’s education level, also increase in the participation level of the labor force. This research used multi-method research approach that combined interviews by the questionnaire, participant observation, focus group interviews, document evaluation. Also, while 11.78% of farms are not in question, now they enforce as producer activities under cover. Rural women need to be informed as education, research, health, family planning, spread for the further generations, to provide them enough income and food secure. Keywords: rural women, Turkey, Education, Agricultural Extension Introduction It examines the specific activities in which women participate, and investigates the way that this participation varies based on factors such as age, marital status, location and household structure. The research finds that women provide an important, and often underestimated, source of human capital for household livelihood strategies. In spite of women participate in household livelihoods in reality; the research illustrates the limited control and decision-making power that women have in agricultural pursuits. Widows enjoy the greatest autonomy; however they are most vulnerable due to inadequate Access to resources and human capital. Agriculture is the very backbone of the central government’s plan to foster reconstruction and revitalization of the Turkish economy. While rural women’s contribution to agricultural and livestock production is well-documented, they have little or no access to productive inputs to enhance their economic participation in these sectors. Evidence based on national level data indicates that women’s participation in agricultural activities is constrained by the lack of land and other assets [Sathar and Desai (1994)]. Contrary to the general view, women belonging to households that own land or other assets have a higher labor force participation rate than landless women. While landless women are more likely to work as agricultural laborers, however, the demand for wage employment is seasonal; limited to a few activities and certain regions, and their lack of assets to work with excludes any possibility of selfemployment. Findings of village level research indicate a wide gap between the technology used by rural women 539 �and the more efficient practices in livestock production, which is attributed to their lack of contact with extension services and to their lack of resources to adopt more efficient methods of livestock care [Haque (1986)]. In agricultural communities the development of viable solutions for dealing with economic, social and environmental problems is placed in jeopardy through numerical shrinkage of this section of the population. Agriculture is still an important activity in country areas, even in the most developed countries. In the southern regions of Europe such as Greece where the economy is distinctly agricultural in character, farming is the most important employment sector in the countryside. The devaluation of farming as a profession and the generally negative stance of young people, particularly young women, towards the prospect of farm employment or integration through marriage into a farming household is already well-documented (Gasson and Errington, 1993; Fonte et al., 1994; Dahlstrom, 1996; Gidarakou, 1999). There is clearly a strong need to raise women’s knowledge of efficient management practices and to facilitate their access to necessary resources. These interventions are essential not only because of their likely beneficial effect on women’s economic autonomy, but also to meet the sector’s objective of raising farm and livestock production. In agriculture sector, women have been striving the agricultural activities and besides their houseworks. Women are drawers in agricultural development for Turkey. If the women who get good education, could be affect her husband and children, she can also be very sensitive about their agricultural environment (Oguz, 2009) This study also described the characteristics of women’s farming and conservation groups, their tasks, objectives problems, and proposed solutions, and the content and implementation of Extension programs that promote increased food production and conservation at the local level. Material and method The main material that is used in this research is obtained from the questionnaire that is applied to the via inquiry from 50 volunteer women who are in the extent of leader farmer project in 12 village in Konya. Also some secondary data such as reports and statistics were used to facilitate and to support the research. This research is the secondary part of our previous study called as “The Role and the Importance of Women in Agricultural Production in Rural Area of Konya” in 1997 and the inquiry applications were realized in AugustSeptember months of 2009. The “judgement sampling” method was used in selecting the villages. Agricultural production techniques, economic structure and distribution of farms were taken into consideration as criteria in representing the village. The women’s were selected randomly and those who are willingly and voluntarily cooperate with the researches were interviewed. Farms samples were investigated in 3 separated groups; there were 17 enterprises in 1-50 decare enterprise group, 15 enterprises in 50-100 decare enterprise group and 10 enterprises in 101-+ decare enterprise group. Appropriate computer programs will be used in the analysis of the data. Their levels of satisfaction, relevancy, quantity or quality using a four or five point scale;1=Very Low, 2=Low, 3= Medium, 4= High, and 5= Very High. Additionally, the respondents were asked questions related to their demographic characteristics. These items incorporated b both open-ended and closed type of questions. Rural women in sustainable Agriculture Rural and farm women are generally among the most disadvantaged groups of a population, yet they play a key role in agriculture and rural development. The farms of Turkey have obtained a family business and small scale. Day to day, youths are not interesting in agriculture in the developing countries like Turkey. Almost 8 millions employee work in agriculture and about 60% of them are female in Turkey. In agriculture sector, women have been striving the agricultural activities and besides their house-works. Women are drawers in agricultural development for Turkey. There is widespread agreement that rural women in World play an important role in agriculture (figure 1). From 1950 to 2010 agricultural population are rising in the world and also, share of agricultural population are rising of developing countries. 540 �3.000.000 % 97,12 2.500.000 2.000.000 95 % 96,09 % 94,50 100 90 % 90,28 1.500.000 85 % 81,39 1.000.000 80 500.000 75 0 70 1950 1970 1990 2000 2010 Agricultural Population in The World (1000) Share of Agricultural Population of Developing Countries in The World (% ) Figure.1 Agricultural Population in the World 100 50 90 49 80 48 70 60 47 50 46 40 45 30 44 20 10 43 0 42 1950 1970 1990 2000 2010 Share of Agriculture Labour Force in Total Labour Force in the world (%) Share of Female Labour Force in Total Agriculture Labour Force in the world (%) Figure 2. Share of female Labor Force and Agriculture Labor Force in Total Labor Force in the world (%) We see that the share of agricultural labor force in total labor force in the world. Agricultural labor is decreasing on the 2010 years. But the shares of female labour force are rising in total agriculture labor force in 2010. So far the focus of the Division's programme has been on the data derived from agricultural censuses and 541 �surveys. While these provide an overview of the structure of gender involvement in the agricultural activity, they do not suffice for providing guidance to policy makers to draft programs for agricultural and rural development. Therefore, in the new approach, it is planned to compile data from all sources (agricultural censuses and surveys as well as household income/expenditure surveys) to understand the role of women in the social, cultural and economic development and their impact on income, consumption, nutritional status etc. Thus, in addition to the traditional focus on the collection and compilation of data on status of holder, employment and population dependent on agriculture by gender, the new approach would attempt cross classifications of the attributes by size of holding, income classes etc. as well as establish linkages with income and consumption levels (Oguz, 2009). The Republic of Turkey occupies a unique geographical and cultural position at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Turkey has a total land area of 78 million hectares and a population of more than 70 million. About one third of the land is arable, and 26 percent of the population lives in rural areas. The active population, work in the rural area of Turkey, is 14 767 000 and women have 61.26% of this population. The population of women work active in the agricultural activities shows an increase from year to year. From the point of this view, the place and importance of the women population in agricultural activities and rural development is understood. In agricultural enterprises in Turkey, the individuals are comprised from 54% men and 46% women whose main work is agricultural activities. Nevertheless the number of unpaid family worker is 5 265 431 and it is conspicuous that 66% of this is formed by women. While the major portions of the workers, who work for ownself, are employer and are paid, is creating by men, the altitude in the number of women as unpaid family worker shows the low degree of importance of women in the rural area. 49% of the workers in Konya whose main work is agricultural activities are women and the ratio of the unpaid family worker is about 59%. On the side of this, 2% of employers and 9% of who works for ownself are formed by women (Oguz, 2008) In the research area, Konya, the study estimated 52 % of women labor in agriculture (Oguz et al., 1998). Even women has been taking big percentage of farm labor, they are not benefiting from rural development aids, so they are the most effectible gender in poverty. For civilization rural development aids must be reached to the women in rural area and women respect must be increased in developing countries. The women works in agriculture commonly are unpaid workers in Turkey since farm owners are men. In this case, rural development aid must be offered to women in order to establish their own business. The business sustainability is depending on the knowledge on the women in rural social and economical situation. For the woman who is in the rural area of Turkey, being made of manufacture and home works together, lowness of education level and social status, not being provided organization, not having possibilities for working as paid and the presence of legal regulations deficiencies about working as social security are seen as important problems (Yildirak et al., 2003). Rural women in terms of education In basis of the rural development, between the city and countryside, sociocultural and reaching optimum level of economic differences, rural population to improve themselves in their rural area, in addition to that, the real women’s effect on manufacturing and the improvement in social status has not been performed yet. Because, in Turkey, rural development practices are mostly done to improve the basis facilities, canalizing the new technologies to agriculture, modernizing the agriculture to take form to shape the improve the life standard. However, we can also see women in every part of agricultural production. When the criteria of education is taken care that bearerring the importance of women’s status, especially, there exist importance for education services that must be taken to women who live in the rural areas. Increasing in the women’s education level, also increase in the participation level of the labor force. In research area, 60.45% of women are literate or graduated from primary school, 34.76% graduated from secondary school or high school, 4.79% are graduated from academy (Table 1). Farm Size Group(da) 1-50 51-100 101-+ Literate or primary school 3.57 4.00 5.60 Secondary school 1.56 2.40 2.00 Enterprise average 3.53 Ratio (%) 60.45 High school University Total 0.36 0.50 0.55 0.20 0.50 0.30 5.69 7.40 8.15 1.65 0.38 0.28 5.84 28.25 6.51 4.79 100.00 Table 1. The education position (person) and ratio (%) of the population that are more than 6 years old due to the enterprises groups 542 �In research area, 26.18% of women take decisions which are about house work and children, 9.44% of women have an active role in provision of input, 40.40% of women attend in animal husbandry and 23.80 % of women participate the all decisions in the family (Table 2). Farm Size Group(da) Decisions only about house works House works + assurance of input House works+ purchase of animal Agree with all decisions 1-50 27.00 16.00 50.00 20.00 51-100 30.00 - 56.00 30.00 101-+ 40.00 20.00 33.00 40.00 Farms average 26.18 9.44 40.40 23.80 Table 2. The ratio of attendance of women to the decisions (%) Women’s education is important for not only for her status but also for rural development and sustainability. Because, women who get good education, affect her husband and her children and she can also be very sensitive about the environment. Starting with the air, water and soil pollution, environmental problems that reach the vegetation and vanished of the animals and death of humans, society who faced with such these problems, concern about their future (Işikli et al., 1998). Especially, field of agriculture and animal being must be increased to provide the requirements and agricultural enterprises sustainable in economic way. In addition, women who generate potential force must be educated and made conscious of environmental issues. Because, women take place in production process also take place in consumption process. If agricultural innovations are narrated to the rural area and technical knowledge of technology usage is given to women, most of the environmental pollution will be solved. Because, if knowledge is given to men, it is only informed the men but not to make men conscious of knowledge. However, giving education to the women is helpful to educate the children and partner. But there was no information available on whether or how extension policies and project acknowledged or responded to women’s agricultural and conservation groups in research area. Especially, undeveloped and highland areas where poverty level women live and they protect the land to get maximal efficiency, they give importance to variability of vegetable and animal product and they diligently claim these products. Between 2006-2009, intended for the women, within the agricultural spread practices, organic goods such as strawberry, tomato, broccoli production is internalized and working is continued. Also, while 11.78 % of farms are not in question, now they enforce as producer activities under sub-project(Table 3). Farm Size Group(da) 1-50 51-100 101-+ Enterprise average. Greenhouse Milk dairying Ewes Fruit growing Family grocery 17.00 20.00 - 37.00 33.00 28.00 17.00 15.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 56.00 27.00 38.00 53.00 11.78 28.08 14.28 42.80 31.18 Table 3. The activity areas of women enforced in the project extent (%) Needs of the Rural Women Women need to be informed as education, research, health, family planning, spread for the further generations, to provide them enough income and food secure. Women’s had important needs which could be easily addressed if these needs were clearly understood by the Extension administrators. The most important needs were related to farm-tools, especially those used for soil conservation. Their need farm input such as fertilizers, certified seeds, pesticides, and planting materials. Other needs included farming inputs, assistance in acquiring agricultural loans, and regular Extension training. Especially, the Ministry of Agriculture had given-up on them, and women’s were treated as if they were beyond help. If women’s economic, social and environmental 543 �conditions were be improved, extension administrators and implementers need to understand women’s needs, their work strategies, and the best way to reach them. In addition, there has been no research done on the needs or functioning of women’s autonomous farming and conservation groups in Konya. Rural Women Participation in Extension Activities Historically, women in Konya have been pivotal in agricultural production and have contributed immensely, individually or collectively, to environmental conservation work. Increased emphasis on cash cropping and male migration out of the rural areas has further accentuated the centrality of women in food production for local consumption. Gaps between extension services and women producers have also been found to exist in village. Increasingly, women have come to rely on self-help groups to meet their needs. Most mountain village women have had only limited access to services and resources provided by the local state services. Poor roads and farm credit is a major problem. Farmers were transporting their produce to the nearest market. These problems were supported by the state service. Farm input (strawberry seedling), packet, selling, loans, tools and cash problem were conducted in the project research area during 2006-2009. Female farmers participation in field-days and farm demonstrations was reported to be high compared to other activities. Extension service reported medium participation in village meeting, seminars and show attendance. Activities 1 2 Field days 0 5 Farm demonstration 0 0 Seminar 0 5 Shows 0 2 Note: 1: very low, 2: Low, 3: Medium, 4: High, 5: Very High Degree of Participation 3 4 5 Total 10 20 15 50 15 15 10 40 10 15 20 50 10 15 15 40 The majority of women have had agricultural based functions related to natural resources as a means of sustainability. This research area had drip irrigation system and marginal soils making it difficult for farmers to farm productively without effective Extension services. On the other hand women involvement in environmental conservation also did not receive meaningful support from extension. A extension programme aimed at raising production through delivery of extension services and credit cannot be effective if it fails to provide the inputs to active participants in the sectors. If women’s economic, social and environmental conditions were be improved, Extension administrators and implementers need to understand women’s needs, their work, strategies, and the best way to reach them. References Anonymous, 2007. www.fao.org;. Anonymous, 2007. www.tuik.gov.tr;. Brundtland G.H.,1987. Our Common Future World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Bock, B., 1994. Female farming in Ubrian agriculture. In: van der Plas, L., Fonte, M. (Eds.), Rural Gender Studies in Europe. Van Gorcum, The Netherlands, pp. 91–107. Dahlstrom, M., 1996. Young women in a male periphery-experiences from the scandiavian north. Journal of Rural Studies 12 (3), 259–271. Erkuş A., Bülbül M., Kıral T., Açıl F., Demirci R., 1995. Agricultural Economics Lecture Notes , Ankara . FAO, 1996-2001. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Plan of Action for Women in Development, FAO, Rome. FAO, 2000 ‘The State of Rural Women To the Year 2001’ Roma, Italy. 544 �Fonte, M., Minderhood-Jones, M., van der Plas, L., van der Ploeg, L., 1994. The menial and the sublime. In: van der Plas, L., Fonte, M.(Eds.), Rural Gender Studies in Europe. Van Gorcum, The Netherlands, pp. 1–13. Gidarakou, I., 1999. Young women attitudes towards agriculture and women’s new roles in the Greekcountrysid e: a first approach. Journal of Rural Studies 15 (2), 147–158. Gasson, R., Errington, A., 1993. The Farm Family Business. CAB International, UK, pp. 145–182. Güneş T., Arıkan R., 1985. Agricultural Istatistics, A. U. Publish: 924. Ankara. Hablemitoğlu Ş.,1998. The Problem of Women in Rural Areas. MPM, The key of development, Number 112, Pg.21, Ankara. Haleh A., 1991. Women Development and Survival in Third World Leogmen, London. Işıklı E., Atış E., Tanrıvermiş H., 1998. Sustainable Development and The Duties Of Agricultural Economists, Türkiye 3. Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi 7-9 September, Publish no: 35 Ankara. Jahan N.,Alauddin M.,1996. Have Women Lost Out in the Development Process? Some Evidence from Rural Bangladesh. International Journal of Social Economics 23, 41-16. 370-390. Karacan A., 1991. Agricultural Finance and Credit, Ege Universitesi Ziraat Fakültesi published, No:498, Izmir. Keskin G., 2004. The Importance of Women in Agriculture, TEAE, Agricultural Economics Economics of Research Institute, Ankara. Işıklı E., Atış E., Tanrıvermiş H., 1998. Sustainable Development and The Duties Of Agricultural Economists, Türkiye 3. Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi 7-9 September, Publish no: 35 Ankara. Kıral T., 1997. The Supply of Agricultural Labour, Tarımda Istihdam Seminerleri Program Bildiri Özetleri, 7-8 September, Turkish Statistic Office, Ankara. Kulandıswamy V. 1987. Women’s Participation in Development: The Case of Indian dairy Cooperatives, Review of International Cooperation, 80:2, 36-39. Miele, M., 1994. The quality of work and the quality of food. In: van der Plas, L., Fonte, M. (Eds.), Rural Gender Studies in Europe. Van Gorcum, The Netherlands, pp. 136–146. Oguz C., 1992. Women Labour Use in Livestock Enterprises, S.U.Ziraat Fakültesi, Volum 4, p.26, Konya. Oguz C., Mulayim U., Kantar M.,1998. The Value and Role of Women in Agricultural Production and Women Development, Türkey The Congress of Agricultural Economics III. Pg.217, Publish no:35, Ankara. Oğuz, C., Peker, k., karakayacı, Z., 2007, ‘The Role of Women for Sustainable Agriculture in Turkey Bulletin, Volume 64 (1-2) , Prınt ISSN 1843-5254 Cluj-Napoca, Romanya Oğuz, C., Karakayacı, Z., Ermetin, Ü., 2008’ The role of Some Soci-Economic Aspect of Turkish Women for sustainable agriculture; a Case Study in Konya, s. 149, AgroEnviron2008 april 28th-May1st , Antalya-TURKEY Oğuz, C.,2008 ‘The Role of Women in Horticulture; The Case Study of Yaylacık Village in Konya Turkey Bulletin 2008 65(1), prınt ISSN 1843-5254; EISSN 1843-5394, Cluj-Napoca, Romanya Ozbey F.R., 2004. Women Right and Its Value Added in Economics , Canakkale 18 Mart Universitesi Biga IIBF I. Ulusal Sivil Toplum Kurulusları Kongresi June 4-6,Canakkale. Petrin, T., 1997. Entrepreneurship as an economic force in rural development. In: FAO Regional Office for Europe (Ed.), Rural Development through Entrepreneurship, FAO, Rome, pp. 7–19. Saltık A., ve Gülçubuk B.,1998. The Dinamic of Rural Development in the World, NGO, Turkiye 3. Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi, S.205,Publish no:35 Ankara. Ventura, F., 1994. Women in Italian agriculture. In: van der Plas, L., Fonte, M. (Eds.), Rural Gender Studies in Europe. Van Gorcum, The Netherlands, pp. 80–90. Yıldırak N., Gülçubuk B., Gün S., Olhan E., Kılıç M., 2003. The Problem of Temporary Women Worker as Work and Social Life, Tarım-Is Publish, Ankara. 545 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 598 Title A name given to the resource Rural women in terms of education, sustainable development and agricultural Extension in Konya, Turkey Author Author Oğuz, Cennet Ermetin, Orhan Ermetin, Ülkü Abstract A summary of the resource. The overall purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing accessibility of women to agricultural Extension services in Konya. The second purpose of the study was to investigate specific needs and interests of women. In basis of the rural development, between the city and countryside, socio-cultural and reaching optimum level of economic differences, rural population to improve themselves in their rural area, in addition to that, the real women’s effect on manufacturing and the improvement in social status has not been performed yet. Because, in Turkey, rural development practices are mostly done to improve the basis facilities, canalizing the new technologies to agriculture, modernizing the agriculture to take form to shape the improve the life standard. However, we can also see women in every part of agricultural production. When the criteria of education is taken care that bearer ring the importance of women’s status, especially, there exist importance for education services that must be taken to women who live in the rural areas. Increasing in the women’s education level, also increase in the participation level of the labor force. This research used multi-method research approach that combined interviews by the questionnaire, participant observation, focus group interviews, document evaluation. Also, while 11.78% of farms are not in question, now they enforce as producer activities under cover. Rural women need to be informed as education, research, health, family planning, spread for the further generations, to provide them enough income and food secure. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/36c42b1863f7e1c05222440c1bbd6cb7.pdf 6f0da5a45528607642d387e555b8cd3a PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Russian Emigration on The Balkans: The ―Limnos Episode‖ (On Memoirs and Verses of Representatives of White Army) Natalya Lapaeva Perm State Pedagogical University Perm, Russia natalya_lapaeva@mail.ru Abstract: The article traces the role island Limnos (Greece) in the fates of representatives of ―white movement‖ which has arisen after revolution in Russia in 1917 and during civil war. Parts of Russian Army were on Limnos since February 1920 till November 1921. It represents the results of analysis of memoirs and verses by some representatives of Russian Army, among which Ivan Kalinin, Erast Giatzintov, Ivan Sagatsky, Nikolay Turoverov. The author of the paper revealed features of the description of landscapes of Limnos in memoirs and verses those who passed through Limnos. It is shown what difficulties were endured by Russian Army on Limnos (cold, hunger, isolation from the world). It is proved that the Russian Army under the direction of Wrangel has shown moral courage, unity, patriotism. Authors of memoirs and verses concern problems of mutual relations of Russians and Greeks, the inhabitants of Limnos, what has found reflection in various forms of spiritual and cultural dialogue. Key words: Russia – Greece, Russian emigration of the first wave, memoirs, poetry, features of a landscape, the image of difficulties and courage, spiritual and cultural dialogue Introduction It is commonly known that Limnos (Λήμνος) is an island in the Aegean Sea, belonging to Greece. Why in this case can that far away Greek island be called «Russian»? Why today for the Russian mind is Limnos a short, but exciting, special chapter in the history of the civil war in Russia, that had began after the year 1917? The answers to this question can be found in the present article. Well, as early as in the beginning of 1920 during the battles with Red Army the armed forces of the South Russia under the command of Anton Denikin suffered a defeat after defeat. General Denikin took a decision to transfer abroad the injured and ill military men, as well as members of their families and of those who kept fighting. The first ships with the ill and injured, including to Limnos, left Novorossiisk in the middle of January, 1920. Later, since November 1920 till October 1921 on Limnos so-called «Limnos sitting» of Cossack army of General Petr Wrangel was taking place: more than 24 thousands of Kuban, Don, Terek, Astrakhan Cossacks found themselves there after Crimean evacuation. Thus, Limnos became the focus of the tragedy of civil war and at the same time – the symbol of courage, stout-heartedness, patriotism. We would try to prove this, basing on the memoirs and verses by the representatives of Russian army (White Army), passed through Limnos – Ivan Kalinin, Ivan Sagatsky, Erast Giazintov, Nikolay Turoverov. Besides, we would refer to the content of the book of command staff of Don‘s Corps «Cossacks in Chataldge and Limnos in 1920-1921». Limnos in the ancient Greek mythology and in the history of Christianity. Ivan Kalinin about Hephaestus and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Limnos was known as an island of Hephaestus, a god of Fire. According to legend, Hephaestus was born ugly and lame, and the baby was thrown by his mother Hera from the Olympus to the Earth on the Limnos island. Limnos people saved Hephaestus, and to express his gratitude he taught them the basic metallurgy and blacksmith's work. Limnos was also visited by Odysseus. When Argonauts headed by Jason during their quest for the Golden Fleece, arrived to the island, it was ruled by women. Ipsipila, the head of Limnos Amazons, wanted to make armed attack on them, but was persuaded to admit them in peace. In honour of arrival of the heroes Ipsipila established competition on Quinquertium – pentathlon. The island Limnos appeared to be connected also with the history of Christianity, namely – with the destiny of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. There is a legend, that during the First Ecumenical Council in Nicea in 325, when Arius‘s heretical teachings were criticized, saint bishop Nicholas, 980 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo willing to protect the purity of Orthodoxy, hit Arius on his cheek. Council‘s Fathers considered this conduct redundant, withdrew advantages of his pontifical rank – omophorion – and locked him up in the prison tower on Limnos. However, soon they were convinced in rightness of saint bishop Nicholas and freed him. It is interesting that those facts became the object of portrayal and renderings of one of the «Limnos sitting»‘s participants Ivan Kalinin. In his most exciting memoirs he wrote about the island in the context of the history of culture and Christianity the following: «the Limnos island extruded from the abyss of the Aegean Sea not far from the Dardanelles estuary. <…> Greece mythology had given this clot of lava to the possession of Hephaestus, the god of blacksmith's work. If we believe to Gomer and Hesiod, permanent local winds create here giant bellows, which are blown on the highest mountain of the island, Thermos, by а lame god-blacksmith. There had also been preserved the godly legends from the very early times of Christianity. There had been suffering Nicholas the Wonderworker, ―rule of faith and an example of meekness‖, who had been sent here in exile in 325 for scandal behavior and scuffle with a heretic Arius during the Council in Nicea» (Kalinin 2003: 335). Limnos «pages» in Russian and world history Limnos with some lines of its history is connected with the history of Russia. In 1770 the Russian fleet of the First Archipelago Expedition under the guidance of count Alexey Orlov, what had got a victory in the Battle of Cesme earlier at the same year, laid siege and took the Castro castle (Myrina) and had been using Myrina a for some time as resting base. On the 19th of June (the 1st of July) in 1807 between the coasts of Limnos and the peninsula Aion-Oros (Athos) the battle of Russian and Turkey fleets took place, which went down in history as the Athos battle. The Russian fleet was commanded by Vice-admiral Dmitry Seniavin. Nowadays in Myrina, the capital of Limnos, on one of the embankments there situated a monument to the Russian naval mariners, who liberated Limnos from the Turks – it is a monument to count Orlov and vice-admiral Seniavin. During the First World War on the island the garrison of Atlanta forces was situated. The garrison disposition on the island in 1915 was supervised by Winston Churchill. Limnos is sadly connected with Dardanelles Campaign, or Gallipoli battle, which had begun in the morning of the 19th of February in 1915. The allied forces suffered a defeat, the Turks got a victory. Dozens of thousands of the British, the Scotch, the Australian, the New Zealanders, the Sikhs, the French, the Arabs were lost during the fight in the Gallipoli peninsula. Nowadays on entering the Moudros town there situated a military cemetery, where the participants of that battle were buried. After the First World War on Limnos the English and French armies stayed to control the island. In 1920 Ivan Kalinin wrote about the international state of the island, that it was «most absurd. It constituted a part of the possessions of Hellene‘s state and at the same time was rented by the Englishmen. However the French, again appeared on the island due to our presence, found themselves the owners» (1; 337). Precisely this was the situation on Limnos when in winter, and later in autumn of 1920 refugees from Russia and the Cossack troops of Wrangel‘s Army starting arriving there. The year of 1920: arriving of the Russians to Limnos Thus, the first ships with the injured and the ill started leaving for Limnos from Novorossiysk as early as from the middle of January 1920. After that the ships from Odessa and Sevastopol joined them. During the First World War on the island appeared mostly the injured, the ill, the cripples, women, children and the civilian. The second wave of emigration to Limnos was formed in November 1920, when the units of Wrangel‘s Army left the Crimea. The decision was taken to send to Limnos first the Kuban Cossack corps, and later – the Don Cossack corps, that was previously located in Turkey, in Chataldge. Precisely at that time the island was destined to become «asylum» for a part of the Russian army. The approaching to the island is shown in the memoirs of the military people in the following way: according to the description of Ivan Kalinin, the ships were coming to «a spider-like island, not more then 25 versts long» [about 25 km] (Kalinin 2003: 336.); Ivan Sagatsky‗s imagination gave birth to other associations, and he assured that «its outlines looked like a irregular shaped human heart» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 402). Thus, the Russians found themselves on Limnos. Hardly could a great many of the Cossacks know about the existence of the Limnos island on the earth, and surely nobody had ever supposed that on the island he would happen to suffer sorrowful fate of exile. An unknown poet-emigrant, whose lines Leonid Reshetnikov quotes in his book «Russian Limnos» (Reshetnikov 2009: 12), wrote afterwards: 981 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo On those islands we began our roams, As if by distant voice we were called, And there happened parting with Russia … The Russian had to settle in tent camps, that they had to pitch themselves under severe wind. The Kuban Cossacks pitched tent camp in a desolate and waterless district Kaloeraki. Erast Giazintov remembered: «We were disembarked in the evening, given folded tents, and we hurryingly set them up on stoned and spent a first night» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 412). The whole territory, taken by the Cossacks, was surrounded by French army, mostly by the Senegalese and the Moroccans. The Don Cossacks Corp, arrived in December 1920, located in another camp – along the hill-sides at Mudros, on the other from Kaloeraki side of Big gulf of Mudros. There they also strengthened their tents. «It was hard work; <…> the camp was situated along the mountain slope, and we had to level the ground and ditch in rocky soil …» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 299), – this is the way to describe the situation by people on Limnos at that time. Limnos as «Death island» The Greek island Limnos, known in mythology as Hephaestus‘s island, and certainly beautiful and picturesque in ones own way, among the Russian emigration was called differently – the Death island. For many Russian refugees and 24 thousands of Kuban, Don, Terek, Astrakhan Cossacks that picturesque corner of the would became a real hell. The island greeted the Russians inhospitably. They saw it rocky, unoccupied and blown with the winds. The book of command staff of Don‘s Corps «Cossacks in Chataldge and Limnos in 19201921» reads: «The look of island was uncheerful. Small mountains, scarcely having any vegetation, of indefinite, isabelline colour, boarded a huge bay, absurdly hulked up one on another and in the distance died away with sea-fog. That is all. No forest, no high or projecting mountain, nothing to catch an eye» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 320). Memoirists note that most torturous were days when severe wind were blowing. According to Ivan Kalinin‘s statement, «the main enemies of refugees were winds …» (Kalinin 2003; 339). Erast Giazintov noted: «Terriable wind on the rocky Limnos‘s coasts was the bane of our life» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 412). The winter was especially difficult. In common memoirs of the Don Corps we found the following lines: «… Limnos winter was approaching. It rained more frequently, sometimes was snowing, and northeast wind became stronger and more fretful, severer. Sometimes it gained such strength that tore off tents and pulled apart old half-rotted clothes» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 301). «Terriable wind on the rocky Limnos‘s coasts was the bane of our life», – echoes Erast Giazintov (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 412). Against the background of difficult climate conditions the Cossacks lodging looked pitiable. Tents, «Limnos houses», are a special theme in the memoirs of military men. The description of the tents in which the refugees were to lodge gives us the opportunity to fell the tragedy of the situation: «The incomers were partially lodged in tents, that were given by the French in limited quantity, <…>, besides, many tents were ragged, halve-rotted, providing no protection from wind or rain <…>. Due to the absence of construction materials and glasses, those bunk houses were dark, cold in winter, in summer <…> – stuffy because of heating of metal parts» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 299). The memoirists noted that in winter «due to continuous rains the underground waters close to the surface splayed out, the moisture in tents gradually turns into permanent mud. <…> In heavy rains large steams of water, coming from mountains, overwhelmed the camp, despite the numerous ditches» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 301-302). In autumn, in winter and early in spring the Russians emigrants were tortured with cold. They had to take care of getting the firing. «The situation with firing was bad. On the island there were no forests. Both aboriginals and new-comers went to the mountains for «koluka» – scrubby thorny shrub. The Greeks loaded their donkeys with those unpleasant burdens, the Russian – their backs», – Ivan Kalinin wrote (Kalinin 2003: 340). On Limnos the Russian were dreadfully starving. It was more torturous against unsettled living and hard climate. Erast Giazintov remembered «extremely short rations», distributed by the French: «For a tent (eight officers or soldiers) we were given one can of sweetened condensed milk (so that one person got about one spoon), extremely insignificant quantity of tinned meat, kidney beans, lens or something like this and little bread » (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 412). Ivan 982 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Sagatsky wrote in his dairy: «People wasted away and weakened from bad food» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 405).. Let us note that the Russian on Limnos faced not only material difficulties, but also with nonmaterial ordeals: informational «blockade», ideological «attacks» from the allies‘ side. We refer to the lines from the book of command staff of Don‘s Corps «Cossacks in Chataldge and Limnos in 19201921»: «The life was difficult, but the complete detachment from the world seemed more painful; there came no news from outside, not a single Russian newspaper was delivered to Limnos at that time. On a wild island, with desert rocky mountains, from all sides surrounded by water, the Cossacks felt like in prison» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 293). Allies‘ active campaign on deconcentration of Russian army, but actually on its demolition contributed to the depressive mood of the army. The French, not willing to support Russian Army any more, tried to demoralize it and «disperse». According to Ivan Sagatsky‘s words, «there was posted an order by General Brousseau, the French governor of the island, that stated that France did not recognized the Russian Wrangel‘s Army and on that reason the French command took a decision to feed the Russians only till the 1st of April, because it was not able to support such a large army. The French government stops giving credits and assistance to General Wrangel in his actions against the Soviet system. The Russian officers were offered either 1) to return to the Soviet Russia, or 2) go at work to Brazil, or 3) provide for their living by themselves» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 395). The general mood of the Russians on Limnos was certainly depressed and gloomy. «Everyone was hungry, bitter and uncommunicative», – states Ivan Sagatsky (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 401). Spiritual opposition of the Russian on Limnos Nevertheless, despite all the impossible difficulties that the Russian faced on Limnos, they kept resisting to the circumstances. The island turned out to be hell where their resistance to it was effected. «Limnos sitting», which is better to call «Limnos standing», is an example of strength of mind, courage, will. And – an attempt to save its identity. Leonid Reshetnikov wrote: «Huge tent camps were living – they prayed, worked, studied» (Reshetnikov 2009: 32). The Russian‘s faith played a great part in their opposition to the circumstances on Limnos. It spiritually guided the refugees‘ will. Every day was opened and finished with the regiment prayer: «…―uprisal‖ was sounded <…> units lined up at color line. The camp stood still. Communal prayer was singing», «At eight o‘clock <…> regiments lined up for inspection <…>. ―Daybreak‖ was clearly beated throughout the calmed down camps and further on, over the mountains and the bay, the prayer out of thousands of bosoms was running harmoniously and nobly» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 337-338, 339). Church was of great importance in the life of Limnos. In every regiment the churches were organized by Cossacks‘ and officers‘ initiative. Those were tent and bunk house churches. Out of incidental materials they built altars, for icon-stand private and family icons were given. This is the way one of Limnos tent churches looked like: «In a large tent a church was created. The icon-stand, lampads and all the churchware were made of incidental materials, out of sheets, blankets, can boxes» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 295). The Russians also visited Greek orthodox churches in Mudros town, namely, – the Cathedral of the Annunciation and the Church of Holy Archangels. The Russians were glad to hear prayers in Old Church Slavonic during the service in the Cathedral of the Annunciation. The old church of the Holy Archangels in fact was presented to the Russains by the Greeks. According to the remembrances of the ―Russian Limnosers‖, «the Greeks gave an old church in Mudros town at the disposal of Russian clergy, where the service was hold according to Russian tradition, by Russian clergy and with Russian chorus. <…> The abandoned church was put in order, washed, cleaned from longstanding dust; the ancient, magnificent carving icon-stand was renewed, icons were placed in dehiscent hollows, thanks to this the church looked cosy» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 336). Religious holidays, celebrated by the Russians on Limnos, were times when their patriot feelings dawned in especially acute way, the belonging to Russia felt more deeply. The holidays gave spiritual impulses, that saved from despair and melancholy. The memoirs of the Russian army representatives witness that Easter became the holiday celebrated on Limnos with special warmth. The description of Easter is filled with flickering feelings: «Easter was celebrated nicely. Morning Easter prayer went on the ascent, lightly and joyfully. For the first day after a fast lots of Easter cakes and 983 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo coloured eggs were ready» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 336-337). Ivan Sagatsky pathetically remembered: «On Easter Imperial Cossacks had morning prayer in their camp church. Everyone was in exhilaration. After that there were kisses of peace» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 397-398). Striving for creative work and education What else supported the spirit of the people in exile? It turned to be creative work and striving for education. One of the forms of collective creation became singing songs in chorus. Singing was favourite occupation both of young and old Cossacks. Often they were singing Russian folk songs. In spring and in summer, when evening came, they began their favourite Cossack songs together. Those songs were «either quick and joyful <…>, or lingering, sad and dreary, like life on Limnos life». What did the Cossacks sing about? As eyewitnesses remembered, Cossacks were singing «… about Cossack glory, feats of arms, <…>, about the dear Don <…>. The Cossacks sang about everything. And about Bolsheviks, who expelled them from their native land, and about killed and tortured by them friends. Songs conveyed either a complaint of bitter fate, or gloomy menace to a fare away hateful enemy, and the whole Cossack soul, perturbate and pressed, but not destroyed, flowed out in those songs» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 339). It is amazing that in such incredibly difficult conditions on Limnos Russian refugees realized their creative potential and satisfied esthetic needs with the help of …. theatre. On Limnos two (!) extemporary theatre emerged – drama theatre and cabaret theatre. It is written about the former: «The stage was created in one of the bunk houses alongside the quay, the curtains were made of blankets <…>. The repertory was selected extremely thoroughly, with great scrupulousness. Chekov‘s things, even Ostrovsky and drama extracts from Pushkin (―The Coventous Knight‖ and others) and other classical plays were staged » (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 343). There exists the following evidence about cabaret-theatre: «Among Don people there appeared to be lots of perfect singers and story-tellers, dancers, there were even consummate musicians. <…>. The main part in the concert program took choral singing.<…> In cabaret tricks and novelties from the capital stages were shown» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 343-344). The theatre was rather popular both among the Cossacks and the Greeks, as well as among the island principals, the English and the French. On Limnos there were even «universities». Many who found themselves on Limnos had serious gaps in education. It is typically that since the first days after the arrival of the staff of Don‘s Corps on Limnos the enormous culture awareness education had begun in the units. The book «Cossacks in Chataldge and Limnos in 1920-1921» reads: «Meeting the Cossacks‘ needs<…>, the command, represented by informational department, organized a set of periodical lectures of sporadic character and on different areas of knowledge and science. <…> The readers were found among the friends. In army units there were many persons with higher education, who shared their knowledge with others in a clear and understandable manner. There were also lectures on political topics. <…> Generally speaking, all the lectures, even on astronomy and cosmography (they also happened to be) were willingly visited by the Cossacks. <…> On those courses, apart from special military subjects, such disciplines of general education, such as the history of Russia and Don, Russian literature, economic geography, jurisprudence and others were also taught» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 342-343). Pleasures of Limnos life Severe staying on Limnos was prettified with little joys, which certainly were parts of Russian outcasts‘ everyday life. The Cossacks «revived» in spring and summer. Tired of winter cold, winds and hunger, they cheered about the sun, light, warm sea. Ivan Kalinin remembered: «With the beginning of spring on Limnos the Cossacks got warm and washed themselves at last» (Kalinin 2003: 340). The authors of the book «Cossacks in Chataldge and Limnos in 1920-1921» added to that: «In the beginning of warm season the swimming in the sea brought much liveliness in monotonous camp life. As early as in the middle of April the water in the Aegean Sea became so warm, that some most challenging Cossacks started to swim. <…> It was becoming hotter and hotter. The south sun was burning mercilessly, the stones heated up <…> All the territories which provided swimming facilities 984 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo were spangled with bathing and lying on sand Cossacks… » (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 340-341). From time to time the promenades around the island were organized. The Cossacks went to adjacent villages and to the island north-west top end, to the place where at one time a town of Hephaestiada was situated. The Cossacks were interested in the relics of the ancient civilization. They were interested to see «the wreckages of columns, bas-relieves, pottery fragments and statuettes» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 342). Sometimes, when the French gave out passes, the outings to villages were possible. The Cossacks liked those outings, for – as memoirists stated – «the Greeks-inhabitants <…> met the Cossacks hospitably, treated them, in village taverns it was possible to get cheep local wine» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 342). Of course, the Russians also managed to notice the beauty of the island. The meeting with it gave pleasure to one‘s soul. The peculiar charm of Limnos found its reflection in Nikolay Turoverov‘s poetry. In lyrical opus «Archipelago» (Turoverov 1999: 37-38) the poet imprinted winter Limnos expressively «in lines and colours»: A February day, both still and pearly Whity in water surface was reflected. … shortly went a last sunray through the clouds. The sea gave watery salty breathe, And colours flowered suddenly and richly Aslope the tawny steeps. Russian cemeteries on Limnos: the signs of Civil war tragedy Still Limnos was not a ―resourt place‖ for those who turned to be there in 1920-1921. Deprivations, sufferings and often death as its natural final became just about everyday occurrence in Russian outcasts‘ lives. Refugee and Cossacks died. On Limnos Russian cemeteries appeared, that are one of the first in the history of Russian first wave emigration. There exists two Russian cemeteries on Limnos: one of them is situated near the town of Mudros, another – on Kaloeraki cape. The Don‘s Cossack regiment was located near the town of Mudros. Close to it allies‘ Military cemetery was situated. Thankfully the Russian graves were also reconstructed on Military cemetery. In general on Military cemetery 29 Russians were buried (28 officers and a colonel‘s wife Maria Karyakina, the mother of six). The Kuban Cossack regiment was situated not far from Pynda cape. There a large Russian cemetery appeared – «Rusiko necrotophiio». The road to it is rocky and bumpy. But at present there are signposts both in Russian and Greek, which gives the direction and let us find ourselves. Before 2004 there was practically nothing, except for several gravestones on the grass. The works on cemetery reconstruction have begun, and at present the names of all people buried there are restored and some of the graves are specified. The feelings that one has on the cemetery are special. They are born out of reading the namelist of those who rest on this mournful burying place, (more than 300 people), out of contemplation of gravestones, under which Russian people lie, out of thought about their bitter fate. One stand near children‘s grave for long. There are 82(!) of them on the cemetery. Tanya Muhortova was three, Lisa Shirinkina was hardly one. The Russian and the Greeks on Limnos: from the 1920th to the present day The Russian-Greek relationships have their own history. Having arrived to Limnos in far away 1920, the Russians found themselves in a country, culturally and religiously related to them. The Greeks treated the Russians humanly, with understanding. One of the special cords connecting the two peoples was Orthodoxy. The Greeks showed much interest in church services held by the Russians on Limnos. The memoirists recollects the Greeks‘ reaction on church services held by the Russians and their celebration oа religious holidays: «… the Greeks in numbers attended the Russian <…> church, admiring the new for them, never heard tone of Russian service, order and discipline, and harmonious singing of the Russian chorus» (The Russian Army in a strange land 2003: 336). 985 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo We consider extremely remarkable the fact that in Mudros Church of Holy Archangels the service is still – at present (!) – held before the icons that were presented to the church by the Cossacks in 1920 and left there after their departure from Limnos. On great feast days those icons are transferred to the town‘s cathedral of the Annunciation. Nowadays the memory of «Limnos standing» of the Russian on the island in 1920-21 still lingers. The author of these lines happened to meet those Greeks on Limnos, whose parents witnessed the staying of Russian Army. Those unforgettable meetings took place in May, 2010. Fotis Karamalis (born 1921), Evagelos Ahillyas (born 1918), Ioannis Patinorakis (born 1925) admitted that they remembered how their parents had told them about the Russians, appeared on the island in 1920, with obvious sympathy to them. The main features of the Russian‘s characteristics, given by the present day Greeks are respect to them and sympathy to their difficulties. Thus, below you can find some of the characteristics, which give us an opportunity to imagine a «collective portrait» of «Russia Limnosers» on the background of historical time: «They were expelled from Russia». «All the Russians were educated, cultivated people, of high ranks». «The Russians were starving; they worked in field for a piece of bread. The Greeks sympathized with them and gave work». «The Greeks treated the Russian well – as people who were thrown here by Destiny». «The Russian, appeared on the island, were decent and intelligent». «The Russian prayed, they sang beautifully». «The Russian and the Greeks were connected with Orthodoxy». Conclusions Surely there is a great distance between Russia and Limnos. However, today this distance cannot prevent us from thinking about the fates of the Russian, who stayed on the island in 1920-1921 and became involuntary Civil war victims. We necessarily should peer into those past days and try to understand the reasons why the Russian – being in exile and overcoming difficulties and unbearable tortures, suffering deeply – still kept on loving Russia and feel deep and close spiritual liaison with it. References Kalinin, I. M. (2003). Under Wrangel‗s banner. Moscow: Russian State University for the Humanities. Reshetnikov, L. P. (2009). Russian Limnos: historical essay. Moscow: Novospassky monastery. Russian Army in a strange land. Gallipoli epic (2003). Moscow: Centrpoligraph. Turoverov, N. (1999). The twentieth year – farewell to Russia! Moscow: Children‘s planet. 986 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 564 Title A name given to the resource Russian Emigration on The Balkans: The ―Limnos Episode‖ (On Memoirs and Verses of Representatives of White Army) Author Author Lapaeva, Natalya Abstract A summary of the resource. The article traces the role island Limnos (Greece) in the fates of representatives of ―white movement‖ which has arisen after revolution in Russia in 1917 and during civil war. Parts of Russian Army were on Limnos since February 1920 till November 1921. It represents the results of analysis of memoirs and verses by some representatives of Russian Army, among which Ivan Kalinin, Erast Giatzintov, Ivan Sagatsky, Nikolay Turoverov. The author of the paper revealed features of the description of landscapes of Limnos in memoirs and verses those who passed through Limnos. It is shown what difficulties were endured by Russian Army on Limnos (cold, hunger, isolation from the world). It is proved that the Russian Army under the direction of Wrangel has shown moral courage, unity, patriotism. Authors of memoirs and verses concern problems of mutual relations of Russians and Greeks, the inhabitants of Limnos, what has found reflection in various forms of spiritual and cultural dialogue. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/91211652f363a0fd94660914435b66e9.pdf 5e92c4885f0ddceee24da9c051e7ce97 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo RUTHENIAN-SERBIAN DICTIONARY Mihajlo Fejsa Faculty of Philosopy, Department of Ruthenian University of Novi Sad, Serbia / Vojvodina feysam@eunet.rs Abstract: After publishing the biligual Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary (Српско-русински речник / Сербско-руски словнїк), in two volumes (Department of the Ruthenian Studies, 1995; Institute for Textbooks, Department of the Ruthenian Studies, 1997), the Julijan RamaĦ`s team started a new project – Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary (Русинскo-српски речник / Руско-сербски словнїк). In about ten years the team that consisted of four members succeeded in accomplishing the project sponsored by the Ministry of Science. The result is a voluminous bilingual dictionary published under the same title by the Institute for Culture of the Vojvodinian Ruthenians and the Department of the Ruthenian Studies in 2010. The characteristics of the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary are: 1. stating the precise meaning of Ruthenian words followed by explicite explanations in Serbian; 2. grammatical remarks, including a detailed elaboration of undeclined words; 3. the presence of abbreviations pointing to stylistic use, the use for special purposes, and the frequency of Ruthenian words; 4. tolerance in using synonyms or variants (especially those from Kucura); 5. the presence of rich Ruthenian phraseology, unregistered so far; 6. the endevour to present as many Serbian equivalents as possible. The Ruthenian philology has by all means been placed on a higher level among Slavic philologies. KEY WORDS: Bilingual dictionary, Ruthenian lexicography, Serbian lexicography, Vojvodina`s Ruthenians Introduction The Year 2010 was a historic year for the Ruthenian national community in Vojvodina / Serbia. This was the year when the long-awaited Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary (Руско-сербски словнїк / Русинско-српски речник), the first one of its kind, came into being. Editor-in-chief, Prof. Dr. Julijan RamaĦ, and the authors, besides Prof. RamaĦ (prepared the letters from A to Є), and the Prof. Dr. Mihajlo Fejsa (prepared the letters from Ж to Н), M.A. Helena Meħeńi (prepared the letters from O to Р) and Prof. Dr. Oksana Timko-Đitko (prepared the letters from С to Я). The reviewers were Prof. Dr. Aleksander D. DuliĦenko from Tartu (Estonia) and Prof. Dr. Bogoljub StankoviĤ from Belgrade. Publishers were the Faculty of Philosophy - the Department of Ruthenian Studies and the Institute for Culture of the Vojvodinian Ruthenians. It is an undisputed fact that the Dictionary is a capital work of Ruthenian and Serbian lexicographies. As a matter of fact a three decades long project was completed by publishing the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary. Forty people were included in composing the first and so far the only lexicographic card file of the Ruthenian language, ten people processed the cards and four linguists finalized this great lexicographical project by preparing the manuscript. The importance of the project is even greater if we bear in mind that the Vojvodinian Ruthenians present the smallest national minority, whose language is the official language of tthe Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. According to the last 2002 census there are 15,626 members of the Ruthenian national minority in Vojvodina, representing 0.77 % of the population of Vojvodina and 15,905 members in the Republic of Serbia, representing 0.2 % of the population of Serbia (Фејса, 2010: 190). Many more numerous peoples do not have such a dictionary. Before presenting the Ruthenian-Serbian dictionary, published in one volume, we need to remind that, chronologically, the publication of another capital lexicographical work, the Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary (Српскорусински речник / Сербско-руски словнїк) in two volumes, preceded. The work on the Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary lasted two decades. In the mid seventies of the 20th century the Society for the Ruthenian Language and Literature began systematic work on a project that was expected to result in the Serbian-Ruthenian and RuthenianSerbian dictionaries. The most prominent Serbian lexicographer, academician Mitar Peńikan, was consulted in the initial phase. The project was transfered to the newly established Department for the Ruthenian Language and Literature at the University of Novi Sad in 1981. Professors Julian RamaĦ and Mihajlo Fejsa included the first generations of students of the study group in forming the lexicographic card file of the Ruthenian language. Since the lexicographic research presented a priority of all priorities, grammar and sintactic research was in a way neglected. We can say that the students of the first generations of the Department of Ruthenian studies were in a way victims of the project. The two professors of the Department who simply could not do all the work alone consciously directed them to 930 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo language investigations, namely to cultural-linguistic ones. Even the topics of the first diploma works were in connection with the main goals of the lexicographic project, for example: Ruthenian clothes, house, customs, food, religion, proverbs, making of wagons etc. Well-organized and coordinated work between students and professors brought the Ruthenian national minority in Serbia / Vojvodina the first and only lexicographic catalogue of lexemes of the Ruthenian language. The Ruthenians living in the Carpathian area - in Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Hungary, Rumania - Croatia and other countries do not have a similar. Leader of the project, Professor RamaĦ, said several times that a two-way dictionary should have been made at the beginning of the 20th century, in the times of national awakening, when the first cultural organization of the Vojvodinian Ruthenians, the Ruthenian Popular Educational Society (1919), was founded and when Dr. Havrijil Kosteljnik published the first grammar of the Ruthenian language (Граматика бачваньско-рускей бешеди, 1923; see Костельник, 1975), but at those times ―20,000 Ruthenians did not have intellectual strength the other European peoples had, and our dictionaries had to be late‖ (Хома-Цветкович, 2010: 47-48). The team consisted of Professor RamaĦ, Professor Fejsa and MA Meħeńi Helena, from the Translation Service of Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, prepared the manuscript for the 250th anniversary of the Ruthenian settlement in BaĦka. The first volume of the Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary (Сербско-руски словнїк) was printed in 1995, and, in a few years, the second volume - in 1997. The Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary is the basis of the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary (2010). At the end of 90s of the 20th century, immediately after the release of the second volume of the Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary, the Department for the Ruthenian Language and Literature at the Faculty of Philosophy initiated activities for compilation of the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary, which was from the very beginning conceived as the second phase of the overall project. The Lexicographic card file made for Serbian entries in the Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary was now given to new generations of students of the Department to make another catalogue but this time with Ruthenian entries in the first place. At the same time, Professor RamaĦ`s team (extended to Dr. Oksana Timko-Đitko from Zagreb) supplemented the card file with vernacular vocabulary and vocabulary extracted from the works of famous Ruthenian writers. Words from the literary works and magazines, which were published in the meantime, were also included in the card file. Compared with the previous two-volume dictionary, the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary is one volume shorter. Partly because the authors feared that a two-volume dictionary, expanded with new entries, would be even more voluminous, and in global and domestic economic crisis it would be difficult to publish such a dictionary, and partly because of the prevailing opinion that it was necessary to include specific Ruthenian words in the RuthenianSerbian Dictionary. It was considered that professional terms from various fields, which are basically internationalisms, were not particularly important in this case. Hence, technical, botanical and other terms were not included in the manuscript; the authors paid more attention to the words from the vernacular. It was imperative not to lose those words that are specific for the Ruthenian language. Whole attention was given to the words related to the life of Ruthenians in the past, although some of them are slowly being forgotten and replaced spontaneously with the nearest equivalent from the Serbian language. For example: бабрачка (Serb. пипав посао, Engl. tedious job), байлаґовац (Serb. бактати се, Engl. work on with difficulty), висобачиц (Serb. изгрдити, испсовати; Engl. scold, repremand), кухтариц (Serb. претурати, претраживати; Engl. rummage through, search through), опаскудзиц (Serb. оскврнавити, покварити; Engl. spoil, dishonour), стирмиц (Serb. дреждати; Engl. wait for a long time), чаварґовац (Serb. препродавати, шпекулисати; Engl. resell, speculate on the stock market) (ХомаЦветкович, 2010: 49). The Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary is descriptive, bilingual, and translative. The authors devoted a lot of time to define semantic structure of polysemous words. Words with multiple meanings have several Serbian equivalents and each of the meanings is regularly illustrated with a few examples. The noun хижа, which has equivalents кућа and соба in the Serbian language (respectively house and room in English language), is illustrated with twelve examples (for example ~ до хладку, Serb. кућа у хладу, Engl. house in the shade; предня ~, Serb. предња соба, Engl. front room). The noun спреводзка also has two equivalents in the Serbian language – превара and лаж (Engl. fraud, deceit and lie, falsehood). Because of the numerous illustrations of polysemous lexemes the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary is suitable not only for comparative and contrastive linguistic research but also for broader investigations pertaining to Ruthenian culture. It is interesting, for example, to notice that there is a developed semantic field of hygiene, and a few verbs that convey different actions in relation to washing exist in the Ruthenian language. Thus, пере ce и коса, и зуби, и одело, и суёе ... in the Serbian language, or, in other words, the verb прати is almost exclusive for the use in these situations in Serbian, whereas there are several verbs to convey the same hygienic actions in Ruthenian: умивац руки и твар, змивац власи, чухац зуби, райбац шмати, орайбовац дакого (као старатељ), помивац судзину, вимивац / виплоковац (Serb. испирањем чистити од примеса, испирати). We observe a number of verbs in English too; the verb wash (hands, face, hair, laundry) prevails, but there are verbs rinse (dishes, wash), brush (teeth), gargle (one`s throat), pan (gold) as well. On the other hand, there are not enough Ruthenian adjectives to convey all the nuances that are expressed by Serbian adjectives. This is particularly noticeable in the adjectives that create semantic fields of beautiful and terrible. For a woman who is лепa / згоднa / љупкa / дивна ... и прелепа, 931 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo предивна (beautiful / pretty / lovely / wonderful ... and most beautiful, most wonderful) there exist only adjectives красна / шумна ... и прекрасна in Ruthenian; in order to fill the gaps in the semantic fields Ruthenian speakers simply borrow the Serbian equivalents and because of that, nowadays, even writers and proofreaders are in a dilemma whether to treat the adjectives зґодна and любка as a part of standardized lexicon, or as a part of colloquial lexicon. The Ruthenian adverb страшнє (in its variants страшно, страхотно) has three equivalents in Serbian страшно, грозно and жестоко (horribly, terribly, awfully and severely), and the gaps are filled by borrowing from Serbian - ужасно, or, in teenage speech, горор, which is not noted in the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary since it is a recent borrowing from Serbian (based on English model). The authors paid special attention to interlingual homonymy, that is to identification of so-called ―false friends‖ - the words that are in the Ruthenian and Serbian languages equal or nearly equal in shape, by sound, but different in meaning. The goal was to eliminate false associations that arise when translating certain lexemes from one language to another. Let us give a few examples of ―false friends‖ for this occasion. The Ruthenian noun рок has three equivalents in Serbian: година (Engl. year), годиште (Engl. age group, generation) and год (Engl. ring on a tree); according to interlingual homonymy (or ―false friendship‖) the Serbian noun година (Engl. year) equals the Ruthenian noun годзина, but its meaning is different - час, сат (Engl. hour, clock); the noun рок enters the spoken (colloquial, non-standard) language, but the Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary does not accept it in the written (literary, standard) language, as opposed to the Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary, which recognized the noun рок in military (meaning deadline) and dance (< rock and roll) terminologies (as replacements for the noun, the nouns час and термин are recommended, meaning period of time, fixed or limited period of time, term). The Ruthenian verb топиц does not equal the Serbian verb топити, but the Serbian verb ложити (Engl. start a fire, heat); the synonym for топити in Serbian is отапати, аnd its Ruthenian equivalent is пущац (Engl. melt, dissolve). The Ruthenian noun облак (window) does not correspond to the Serbian noun облак (cloud), but to the Serbian noun прозор (window). The Ruthenian noun образ (icon) does not correspond to the Serbian noun образ (cheek) since it is its ―false friend‖, and its ―true fiend‖ is икона; the Ruthenian noun лїцо (cheek) also has а ―false friend‖, since its translation equivalent in Serbian is not лице (Ruthen. твар, Engl. face) but the mentioned noun образ (cheek). The Ruthenian adverb просто has four Serbian equivalents, of which two are ―false friends‖ and two are ―true friends‖: право (straight, directly), усправно (vertically, uprightly), просто, грубо (rudely, cruelly) and просто, једноставно (simply). Нєдзеля is only недеља as one of the days of the week (Saturday), and тидзень is недеља as seven days from Saturday midnight to Sunday midnight (week). The Ruthenian noun пара has the followiing equivalents: (1) Serb. пар (Engl. pair), Serb. супружник, партнер (Engl. spouse, partner), Serb. пар (Engl. match), (2) Serb. пара (Engl. steam, vapour) and (3) Serb. пара (Engl. para, one hundredth оf a dinar). There are several more characteristics of the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary, which undoubtedly represent a significant contribution to the Ruthenian lexicology: 1. First and exceptionally important is the presence of rich phraseology. Editor in chief of the RuthenianSerbian Dictionary, prof. Dr. Julian RamaĦ, is also the author of the first phraseological dictionary of the Ruthenian language (see Рамач, 1987). The Ruthenian phrases from the phraseological dictionary were incorporated in both the Serbian-Ruthenian dictionary and the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary, and a lot of new ones were added. Hundreds of expressions and idioms are preserved for future generations in this way. Many of them are not frequent even today. Let us have a look at the entry dedicated to the noun Бог (Serb. Бог, Engl. God). If the authors have not provided about 50 phrases, the entry would have been like this: Бог/бог х. бог. Both Serbian and Ruthenian use the Cyrillic script and it looks as if the two nouns were the same but they are only written in the same way; there is a significant difference between the pronunciation of the consonant г in the two languages since it is velar in Serbian and glottal in Ruthenian (Serb. /bog/, Ruthen./boh/). For example: Кому ~ тому и шицки святи (Serb. Коме Бог томе и сви свети, Engl. If God helps you all the saints will help you too), Най ше ~ о нїм стара (Serb. Шта му Бог да, Engl. May God help him), Не суди боже престац (Serb. Ни конца ни краја чему, Engl. That goes on endlessly), Я о боже ти о коже (Serb. Ја у клин ти у плочу, Engl. We cannot understand each other), Дай Боже (Serb. Из твојих уста у божије уши, Engl. May God grant it), Нє дай Боже (Serb. Не дај Боже / Далеко било, Engl. God forbid) ... 2. About 38,000 entries are arranged in alphabetical order, according to the order of Ruthenian alphabet letters, and translation equivalents of the Serbian language were regularly given. On the basis of extensive lexicographic card file of the Ruthenian language the authors isolated the relevant meanings and provided explicit interpretations in parentheses. The isolated meanings are illustrated with clear and unambiguous examples. As far as examples are concerned we may say that the authors did their best to reflect the spirit of Ruthenian. 3. The authors provided valuable grammar information, which is necessary for a standard dictionary, as well. Verbal government (for example опитац ше дакому, буц одушевени з даким або з дачим, нє вериц ше наслухац дакого або дацо), aspect (зак., нєзак.), changes at the end of stems of nouns and verbs before inflectional endings (for ex. желєнїц, -нєє), and irregular comparison (for ex. positive добри, comparative лєпши) are assigned regularly. Thanks to the description of grammatical characteristics of Ruthenian words the whole language is offered to philologists-linguists worldwide to carry out researches of various kinds. 932 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 4. In connection with the previous we need to point out that whereas the inflected words (declinable and conjugated words: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, numbers and verbs) were sufficiently dealt with by the rysinists, the uninflected words (adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, exclamations and particles) were somehow forgotten and kept aside. In this dictionary, they were also examined in details. 5. The presence of acronyms says a lot about the stylistic use (беш., експр., франт., пей., ауґм., дем.), about the frequency of Ruthenian words (рид., заст., коц.), about the use in different professions (церкв., кул., анат., зоол., ист.) etc. 6. In comparison with the two-volume Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary a significant step towards modernization of the Ruthenian orthography rules was made. Prof. Dr. Mihajlo Fejsa who prepares the Orthographical Dictonary of the Ruthenian Language made certain corrections in the manuscript of the RuthenianSerbian Dictionary in the proofreading stage. Modernization of the Ruthenian orthography is particularly noticeable in loanwords that caused uncertainties of writing for years. For example, анґлийски/английски, ґранит/гранїт, мозаик/мозаїк, космонаут/космонавт, шпиюн/шпион, анеґдота/анекдота, ґрам/грам, гулиґан/хулиґан, каузални/кавзални, наивни/наївни, пиджама/пижама, Русия/Росия and many others. Since doublets generally do not express any differences in meaning they were considered redundant. However, different languages have exerted influence on Ruthenian, such as Hungarian, German, Church Slavonic, Serbian, and, in modern times, English. All of them have left traces. Influence of intermediary languages is perceived too. There are many cases when two languages have left variants and because of that unification of affixes is almost impossible. That is the reason why the authors did not unify all variants in the Ruthenian-Serbian dictionary and they left - алуминий and алуминиюм, алпинист and алпиниста, критицизм and критицизем etc. This applies to the following verbs as well: верзирац and верзировац, третовац and третировац etc. 7. Some lexical differences were brought to BaĦka 260 years ago. The Vojvodinian Ruthenians did not come from one place in the Carpathian area. They mostly came from those Austro-Hungarian counties which are today in eastern Slovakia (Ńariń and Zemplin). As a result, there are variants or synonyms in Ruthenian (see Фейса, 1996, 1997). The authors of the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary showed tolerance to them and treated them as a part of the standardized language whereas Nikola N. KoĦiń so called kucurisms (variants from the village of Kucura) marked with asterisk, treating them as if they were irregular. The authors accepted both existing variants: бетелїнa and требиконїнa (Serb. детелина; Engl. clover), кичкиричu and гвиздочки (Serb. зеленкаде; Engl. daffodils), and бухти и пампушки (Serb. мекике, крофне; Engl. doughnuts). If we recall that the second volume of the Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary was published only 12 years before the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary (in 1998) and that the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary was prepared by only 4 lexicographers (Prof. Dr. Julijan RamaĦ, Prof. Dr. Mihajlo Fejsa, Prof. Dr. Oksana-Đitko Timko and M. A. Helena Meħeńi) it can be said that the linguists of professor RamaĦ`s team were diligent and efficient. In addition to this it is important to emphasize that this publication also represents a tangible proof that the state institutions take into account the rights of national minorities and apply the principle of positive discrimination. Although the authors were afraid that it would be almost impossible to publish the dictionary, especially in the conditions of domestic and world financial crisis, after the preparation of the manuscript it proved not to a problem. The necessary funds were provided by the Executive Council of Autonomous Province Vojvodina, Provincial Secretariat for Culture and the Provincial Secretariat for Administration, Regulations and National Minorities. The Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary was printed in the printing shop of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Special thanks are to be expressed to Janos Oros, the chief of the Interpreter Services of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary is by all means a highly significant and useful product of the project that lasted three decades. It is useful for translators, journalists, teachers, and Slavists. It will certainly help all those who want to improve their Ruthenian.The capital bilingual lexicographic work places Ruthenian in a higher place in the Slavic and world philology. The Dictionary is a kind of mine for comparative lexicological researches. Apart from this the Dictionary is of particular importance for the preservation of the Ruthenian national identity in Vojvodina. Summary The paper presents the description of the conditions in which the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary was being produced and offers explanations why this work lasted so long. The Ruthenian Society for Language and Literature started the work systematically, following the propositions given by Dr. Mitar Peńikan from the Institute of the Serbian Language at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Art. In 1981 the project was taken over by the Chair of the Ruthenian Language and Literature at the Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad. As a matter of fact the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary (2010) represents the second phase of three decades long lexicographic work. Efforts have been made to include the complete vocabulary of the Ruthenian vernacular 933 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo and literary language into the Dictionary. The authors are Prof. Dr. Julijan RamaĦ, Prof. Dr. Mihajlo Fejsa, Dr. Oksana Timko-Đitko and M.A. Helena Meħeńi. Some of the characteristics of the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary are: precise stating the meaning of Ruthenian words followed by explicite explanations in Serbian; grammatical remarks, including a detailed elaboration of undeclined words; the presence of abbreviations pointing to stylistic use, the use for special purposes, and the frequency of Ruthenian words; tolerance in using synonyms or variants (especially those from Kucura); the presence of rich Ruthenian phraseology, unregistered so far; the endevour to present as many Serbian equivalents as possible. The Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary has multiple significance: the team of Ruthenian linguists have learned the lexicographic trade; a systematic description of the vocabulary of the Ruthenian language has been carried out by means of Serbian vocabulary; the Dictionary opens the way for understanding the accomplishments of the Ruthenian literature and for studying Ruthenian cultural and national heritage. Generally speaking, the Dictionary has scientific, pedagogical, cultural, international significance for the Ruthenian national community, and it represents an important moment in the cultural life in Vojvodina from the viewpoint of the Serbian-Ruthenian / RuthenianSerbian cultural relations and cooperation. Its printing has financially been supported by AP Vojvodina authorities. References желєзо с. 1. гвожёе, железо; ляте ~ ливено гвожёе; сирове ~ метал. сирово гвожёе; кляпчисте ~ буд. пљошто гвожёе; бетонске ~ буд. бетонско гвожёе; 2. оп. желєзко (2); 3. (метална часц ступки) тучак; 4. желєза мн. окови, вериге; положиц дакому желєза бацити кога у окове; # ~ ше кує док є горуце гвожёе се кује док је вруће; тварди як ~ тврд као гвожёе желєзов(и) -а -о/-е гвожёевит; ~ вода гвожёевита вода желєни -а -е 1. зелен; ~ трава зелена трава; ~ очи зелене очи; ~ овоц зелено воће; ~ од єду (гнїву) зелен од једа (љутине, беса); офарбиц на желєно обојити зелено; 2. прен. зелен, жутокљун; ещи є ~ још је зелен; 3. зеленишни; ~ гной польопр. зеленишно ёубриво; # Желєни штварток церкв. Велики четвртак; ~ пасуля 934 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo боранија, махуна; ~ шено младокосно сено; желєни алѡи бот. зелене алге (Chlorophita); ~ батощкар бот. зелени бичар (Euglena viridis); ~ ящурка зоол. зелембаћ (Lacerta viridis); ~ лиска зоол. журка (Gallinula chloropus); ~ зеба (зебочка) зоол. зелентарка (Carduelis chloris) желєнїдло с. зеленило, зелен желєнїц1 -їм (фарбиц на желєно) нєзак. зеленити желєнїц2 -нєєм и -їм (поставац желєни) нєзак. зеленети; желєнєє од зависци зелени од зависти желєнїц ше -нєєм ше и -їм ше нєзак. зеленети се; желєнєю ше винїци зелене се виногради желєнкасти -а -е зеленкаст; ~ конь зеленкаст (зелени) коњ, зеленко; ~ крава зеленкаста крава, зекуља желєнкастошиви -а -е зеленкастосив желєнокадераш х. ист. зеленокадераш, зеленаш желєнооки -а -е зеленоок желєнява ж. зелен, зелениш, поврће желєнь ж. 1. рид. (желєнїдло) зелениш; 2. карт. карта са зеленим листом (у тзв. маёарским картама) жем х. 1. земља, земљиште, тле, тло; обрабяц ~ обраёивати земљу; писковита ~ песковита земља; каменїста ~ каменита земља; здрава ~ здрава земља, здравица; трешенє жеми земљотрес; 2. (держава) земља; странска ~ страна земља; 3. правн. земљиште; будовательна ~ граёевинско земљиште; 4. (глїна) глина, земља; # препаднєм до жеми земљо, отвори се (зини, пропадни, прогутај); як кед би до жеми препаднул (скапал) као да га је земља прогутала, као да је у земљу пропао; як спод жеми (зявели ше и под.) као из земље (појавише се и сл.); як нєбо и ~, як нєбо од жеми као небо и земља; нај му будзе лєгка чарна ~ лака му црна земља; анї на нєбе анї на жеми ни на небу ни на земљи, измеёу неба и земље; обецана ~ обећана земља; препаднуц до жеми од ганьби пропасти у земљу од стида (срама); Свята ~ рлґ. Света земља; зровнац зоз жему сравнити са земљом; спущиц на ~ прен. спустити на земљу; чарна ~ прен. црна земља жемасти -а -е земљаст жемиска ж. ауґм. и пейор. земљетина жемичка ж. дем. и гипок. земљица жемлїк х. земичка жемлїчок х. дем. од жемлїк жемни -а -е 1. (хтори дава жем) земни; ~ плод земни плод; ~ ѡаз земни гас; 2. оп. жемов(и) (1); # ~ ягода бот. јагода (Fragaria vulgaris); мамица (Fragaria vesca) жемов(и) -а -о/-е 1. (хтори ше одноши на роботу зоз жему) земљан; жемово роботи земљани радови; 2. земљишни; ~ рента земљишна рента; ~ (ѡрунтовна) кнїжка земљишна књига; 3. (хтори припада жеми або ше одноши на жем ) земљин; земаљски; жемова скора земљина кора; ~ куля земаљска кугла жемовласнїк и жемомаєтнїк х. земљовласник, земљопоседник жемовласнїцки и жемомаєтнїцки -а -е земљовласнички, земљопоседнички жемовяза ж. ел. земљоспој жемоуз х. ґеоґр. земљоуз, превлака жемочка ж. оп. жемичка жемски -а -е оп. жемов(и) (3) жемунїца и жемянка ж. земуница жена ж. 1. з розл. знач. жена; вжац за жену (оженїц ше) узети за жену; ти права ~ прен. ти си права жена; мужового брата ~ деверка; ~ оцового брата стрина; 2. женско; 3. чељаде; # явна ~ јавна жена; лєгка ~ лака жена; хлоп ~ човек жена, женски Петко; привесц ище єдну ~, оженїц ше на жену оженити се на жену; бегац за женми трчати за женама, женскарити женантни -а -е женантни, снебивајући женєти -а -е оп. оженєти жениска ж. женетина, жентурина, жентура(ча) женирац (ше) -ам (ше) и женировац (ше) -руєм (ше) зак. и нєзак. женирати се женїдба ж. женидба женїдбов(и) -а -о/-е женидбени женїн -а -о 1. женин; 2. женїно мн. женин род, тазбина женїска ж. оп. жениска женїц -їм нєзак. женити; ~ сина женити сина; # ~ дакого з метлу женити кога прутом (каишем и сл.) женїц ше -їм ше нєзак. 1. женити се; 2. (з даким) женити се (с киме), женити (кога); сце ше з ню женїц хоће да је жени женка ж. беш. зоол. (самица) женка женов -а -о женин; ~ род, ~ родзина оп. женїн (2) женово мн. оп. женїн (2) женозабойнїк х. женоубица женолюбец -бца х. женољубац женонєнависнїк х. женомрзац, мрзижена 935 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo женочка ж. дем. и гипок. женица, женчица, женче женскарош х. беш. женскар(ош), женар женски -а -е женски; # ~ глава (жена) женска глава; ~ род ґрам. женски род; ~ рима лит. женска рима; ~ дзецко женско дете; ~ лоза женска лоза; ~ часи менструација женскосц ж. оп. женственосц женствени -а -е женствен женственосц ж. женственост жентица ж. ист. жентица (напитак од овчијег млека) женяч х. (млоди) женик, жењеник женячка ж. рид. оп. женїдба жерсей х. жерсеј жертва ж. жертва; # принєсц жертву принети жертву жертвени -а -е жртвени жертвенїк х. жртвеник жертвованє с. жртвовање жертвовац -твуєм зак. и нєзак. жртвовати жертвовац ше -твуєм ше зак. и нєзак. жртвовати се жесц жем зак. (шицко поєсц) појести жетон х. жетон жец х. зет жецов -а -о 1. зетов, зетовљев; ~ фамелия зетова породица, зетовина; 2. оп. жецовски жецовски -а -е зетовски жецовство ж. зетство живец -вца х. живац; # страциц живци изгубити живце живи -а -е з розл. знач.жив; ище є ~ још је жив; вон барз ~ дзецко он је јако живо дете; ~ розгварка жив разговор; # ~ вага жива вага; ~ огень жива ватра (огањ); ~ вода празн. жива вода; ~ ограда (плот) жива ограда, живица; ~ рана жива рана; ~ мур живи зид; ~ существо (єство) живо биће; ~ стрибло хем. живо сребро, жива; слуп живого стрибла хем. живин стуб; масц зоз живого стрибла живина маст; ~ як живе стрибло (о нємирному дзецку) као жива; лєдво остац ~ изнети живу главу; анї ~ анї мертви ни жив ни мртав; нєт анї живей души ни живе душе нема живина ж. збир. живина живинар х. живинар живинарнїк х. живинарник живински -а -е живински живинарство с. живинарство живиц (ше) живим (ше) нєзак. заст. издржавати (се), хранити (се); # най це Бог живи нека те Бог поживи (чува) живканє с. зевање, зев живкац -ам нєзак. зевати; вон нєпреривно живка он стално зева живкац ше -ам ше нєзак. безос. зевати; живка ше ми од допитосци зевам од досаде живкнуц -нєм зак. зевнути живкнуц ше -нєм ше зак. безос. зевнути; живкло ше му зевнуо је живкнуце с. ґрам. зев, хијат живо присл. живо живодрани -а -е: цап (козак) ~ јарац живодерац живомученїк х. живомученик живооки -а -е живоок живопис х. живопис живописатель и живописец -сца х. живописац живописецки -а -е живописачки живописни -а -е живописан живописно присл. живописно живородни -а -е: ~ трава бот. жива трава (Erodium citutarium) живосц ж. живост; живахност живот х. 1. а) живот; вона ми шицко у живоце она ми је све у животу; 2. анат. утроба, изнутрица; # без живота без живота; борба на ~ и шмерц борба на живот и смрт; малженски ~ брачни живот; вични (загробни) ~ вечни (загробни) живот; врациц дакого до живота (вилїчиц) вратити некога у живот; голи ~ голи живот; давац знаки живота давати знаке живота; ~ му виши на цверенки живот му виси о концу (о нити); жертвовац свой ~ за дакого жртвовати свој живот за некога; загорчиц дакому ~ загорчати живот некоме; медзи животом и шмерцу измеёу живота и смрти; позбуц дакого живота лишити кога живота; нє ма вецей живота нема му 936 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo више живота; одняц себе ~ одузети себи живот; провадзиц ~ проводити живот; запровадзиц до живота (закон и под.) спровести у живот (закон и сл.); положиц ~ на коцку ставити живот на коцку; ступиц до живота (о закону и под.) ступити у живот; опасне за ~ опасно по живот; полни живота пун живота, животан; ; ~ на веру живот на веру REFERENCES BariĤ, E. (2007), Rusinski jezik u procijepu prošlosti i budućnosti, Zagreb: Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje. Ѡуставсон, С. (1983), ‖Руски язик у Югославиї – дияхрония и синхрония‖, Творчосц, 9, 20-30. Дуличенко, А. Д. (1973), ‖Г. Костельник и його `Граматика бачваньско-рускей бешеди`‖, Шветлосц, 67-76. Дуличенко, А. Д. (1981), „Русинский язык‖ у: Супрун, А. Е. и Калюта, А. М. (1981), Введение в славянскую филологию, Минск: Вышeйшая школа, 132-134. Дуличенко, А. Д. (2003-2004), Славянские литературные микроязыки I-II, Образцы текстов, Тарту: Издательство Тартуского университета. Костельник, Г. (1975), Проза, Нови Сад: Руске слово. Кочиш, М. М. (1971), Правопис руского язика, Нови Сад: Покраїнски завод за видаванє учебнїкох. Кочиш, М. М. (1972), Приручни терминолоґийни словнїк сербскогрватско-руско-українски, Нови Сад: Руске слово. Кочиш, М. М. (1977), Ґраматика руского язика: Фонетика – морфолоґия – лексика I, Нови Сад: Покраїнски завод за видаванє учебнїкох. Кочиш, М. М. (1978), Линґвистични роботи, Нови Сад: Руске слово. Маѡочи, П. Р. и Фейса, М. (1998), Бешедуйме по анґлийски и по руски / Let`s Speak English and Rusyn, Нови Сад: Руске слово. Magocsi, P. R. i Pop I. (2002), editors, Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture, Toronto - Buffalo - London: University of Toronto Press. Медєши, Г. (2008), Язик наш насущни, Нови Сад: Дружтво за руски язик, литературу и културу. Надь, Г. Г. (1983), Линґвистични статї и розправи, Нови Сад: Руске слово. Папуѡа, И., Рамач. Ю, Медєши, Г., Фейса, М. и др. (2006), ред., Словнїк медицинскей терминолоґиї сербсколатинско-руски, Нови Сад: Дружтво за руски язик, литературу и културу. Рамач, Ю. (1983), Руска лексика, Нови Сад: Универзитет у Новим Садзе, Филозофски факултет, Институт за педаѡоѡию, Катедра за руски язик и литературу. Рамач, Ю. (1987), Фразеолошки речник: српскохрватско-русински, Нови Сад: Филозофски факултет – Завод за издавање уџбеника. Рамач, Ю., Фейса, М. и Медєши, Г. (1995, 1997), Српско-русински речник / Сербско-руски словнїк, I-II, Беоѡрад – Нови Сад: Завод за учебнїки и наставни средства – Универзитет у Новом Садзе, Филозофски факултет, Катедра за руски язик и литературу – Дружтво за руски язик и литературу. 937 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Рамач, Ю. (2002), Ґраматика руского язика, Београд: Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства. Рамач, Ю., Тимко-Дїтко, О., Медєши, Г. и Фейса, М. (2010), Руско-сербски словнїк / Русинско-српски речник, Нови Сад: Универзитет у Новом Садзе, Филозофски факултет, Катедра за руски язик и литературу и Завод за културу войводянских Руснацох. Сеѡеди, К. (2007), ‖Русинисти-линѡвисти‖ у: Русини/Руснаци/Ruthenians (1745-2005) I, Нови Сад: Филозофски факултет - Одсек за русинистику, ИК Прометеј, КПД ДОК - Куцура, 248-252. Стоянац, Н., Пиянович, П. Тамаш, Ю. и Сабо, С (1996), ред., Руснаци / Русини 1745-1995, Нови Сад: Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства - Филозофски факултет, Катедра за русински језик и књижевност Фейса, М. (1992), ―Tри жридла проблемох у нормованю руского язика‖, Шветлосц, 2-6, 150-160. Фейса, М. (1993), ‖Руски - бешеда, диялект чи язик‖, Studia Ruthenica, 3, Дружтво за руски язик и литературу, 83-105. Фейса, М. (1996), ―Коцуризми и норма‖ у: Руснаци / Русини 1745-1995, Нови Сад: Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства, 95-115. Фейса, М. (1997), ―Карпатскосц коцуризмох‖ у: Зборнїк роботох зоз III конґреса Русинох/Руснацох/ Лемкох, Руски Керестур: Руска матка, 155-168. Фейса, М. (2000), ―Дїєслова на суфикс -ира и одредзованє видових одношеньох у руским язику‖, Studia Ruthenica, 7, Дружтво за руски язик и литературу, 20-24. Фейса, М. (2004), «Социолинѡвистични аспект руского язика: Войводинa» у: Русиньский язик, Opole: Uniwersytet Opolski, Instytut Filologii Polskiej, 373-383. Фейса, М. (2007), ―Основни характеристики руского язика у поровнаню зоз другима славянскима язиками‖ у: Славянские литературные микроязыки и языковые контакты, Тарту: Тартуский университет, Кафедра славянской филологии - Королевская шведская академия литературы, истории и древностей, 90-100. Фейса, М. (2007), «Руско-анѡлийска контрастивистика‖ у: Русини/Руснаци/ Ruthenians (1745-2005) I, Нови Сад: Филозофски факултет - Одсек за русинистику, ИК Прометеј, КПД ДОК - Куцура. Фейса, М. (2007), ―Линѡвистична творчосц Гавриїла Г. Надя‖, Годишњак Филозофског факултета у Новом Саду, књ. XXII, Филозофски факултет, 293-302. Фейса, М. (2007), ―Характеристики линѡвистичней творчосци Гавриїла Г. Надя‖, Studia Ruthenica, 12, Дружтво за руски язик, литературу и културу, 115-124. Фейса, М. и Медєши Г. (2007), ―Правописни проблеми руского язика у Войводини‖ у: Jazyková kultúra a jaziková norma v rusìnskom jazyku, Preńov: Preńovská univerzita v Preńove , Ústav regionálnih a národnostných ńtödiì. Фейса, М. (2008), ―Руски язик у урядовей сфери‖ у: Русиньскый язык меджі двома конґресами, Пряшів: Світовый конѡрес Русинів, Інштітут русиньского языка і културы Пряшівской універзіты в Пряшові, 92-95. Фейса, М. (2009), ―Найвисши ступень меншинского образованя» у: Карпатские русины в славянском мире, Москва - Братислава: Univerzita Komenskeho v Bratislave, Filozofická fakulta, Katedra vńeobecných dejìn, Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, Исторический факультет, Кафедра истории южных и западных славян, 257-269. Фейса, М. (2009), ―Tенденциї розвою нормованя руского язика войводянских Pуснацох» у: Труды и материалы, Москва: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, 177. Фейса, М. (2009), Функционованє конструкциї/форми Вø у преношеню часо-видових одношеньох у 938 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo приповедкох Гавриїла Костельника, Нови Сад: ИК Прометеј – Филозофски факултет, Оддзелєнє за русинистику. Фејса, М. (2010), Нова Србија и њена русинска мањина / Нова Сербия и єй руска меншина / The New Serbia and Its Ruthenian Minority, Нови Сад: ИК Прометеј, КПД ДОК. Хома-Цветкович, Блаженка (2010), ―Терашнїм и будуцим ѡенерациийом‖ у: Руски християнски календар, Нови Сад: Новинско-видавательна установа Руске слово, Християнски часопис Дзвони, 47-50. 939 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 558 Title A name given to the resource RUTHENIAN-SERBIAN DICTIONARY Author Author Fejsa, Mihajlo Abstract A summary of the resource. After publishing the biligual Serbian-Ruthenian Dictionary (Српско-русински речник / Сербско-руски словнїк), in two volumes (Department of the Ruthenian Studies, 1995; Institute for Textbooks, Department of the Ruthenian Studies, 1997), the Julijan RamaĦ`s team started a new project – Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary (Русинскo-српски речник / Руско-сербски словнїк). In about ten years the team that consisted of four members succeeded in accomplishing the project sponsored by the Ministry of Science. The result is a voluminous bilingual dictionary published under the same title by the Institute for Culture of the Vojvodinian Ruthenians and the Department of the Ruthenian Studies in 2010. The characteristics of the Ruthenian-Serbian Dictionary are: 1. stating the precise meaning of Ruthenian words followed by explicite explanations in Serbian; 2. grammatical remarks, including a detailed elaboration of undeclined words; 3. the presence of abbreviations pointing to stylistic use, the use for special purposes, and the frequency of Ruthenian words; 4. tolerance in using synonyms or variants (especially those from Kucura); 5. the presence of rich Ruthenian phraseology, unregistered so far; 6. the endevour to present as many Serbian equivalents as possible. The Ruthenian philology has by all means been placed on a higher level among Slavic philologies. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/535984f90377fe0e7b8d2175c3061fcd.pdf fb469ee4e5c9c48316ec7f85a479a8b5 PDF Text Text 7 UVODNA RIJEČ GLAVNOG UREDNIKA IZVORNI NAUČNI RADOVI 9 Efekti procesuiranja ratnih zločina pred domaćim sudovima na procese pomirenja u Bosni i Hercegovini Dževad Mahmutović, Vedad Gurda 31 Neriješena ustavna pitanja u svjetlu kontraverzi i neslaganja o državnom uređenju i fiskalnom sistemu Bosne i Hercegovine Kadrija Hodžić, Izudin Hasanović 57 Ustavni princip vladavine prava i pravo na privatno poduzetništvo Sedad Dedić, Šukrija Bakšićc 83 Liberalizam vs. multikulturalizam - uvid u temeljne pojmove i odnose Dželaludin Hodžić PREGLEDNI NAUČNI RADOVI 105 Od globalnih strukturalnih promjena ka novom konceptu suvereniteta Nedžad Bašić 143 Pranje novca i finansiranje terorističkih aktivnosti sa osvrtom na ulogu finansijsko-obavještajnog odjela Denis Pajić, Sunčica Vejzović STRUČNI ČLANCI 167 Francuska revolucija i Rusoizam – osvrt na uticaj učenja Žan Žak Rusoa na političko djelovanje francuskih revolucionara (1789-1795) Emina Huseinspahić 187 POZIV AUTORIMA Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu | Godina 1 | Broj 1 SADRŽAJ ISSN 2303-5706 DRUSTVENI Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu Centar za društvena istraživanja - International Burch University Godina 1 | Broj 1 April, 2014. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2371 Title A name given to the resource SADRŽAJ Author Author CENTAR ZA DRUŠTVENA ISTRAŽIVANJA, Društveni ogledi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Social Sciences Research Center of International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/abfd4a9294546c2ac43f2f3e93a77f34.pdf 26cc8d77ead9fda281aaf8699f9b28eb PDF Text Text �CONTENT 5 7 9 10 13 15 24 34 42 51 55 62 70 86 104 115 117 123 129 137 145 148 151 156 164 177 194 219 221 231 236 244 253 259 264 274 287 301 FOREWORD BY CHIEF EDITOR FOREWORD EDITOR OF SPECIAL ISSUE THE CONTRIBUTORS THE CONTRIBUTORS BY FIELD AND REGIONS REGIONAL AND EU CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS Regional Phase I – Detecting the Challenges / National Reports on Challenges Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Regional Phase II - Facing the Challenges / Summary of National Challenges in the Field of Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights Phase III and IV – Dealing with the Challenges and Eliminating the Challenges / Summary of Solutions for Challenges in the Field of Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights EU Challenges and Solutions in the field of Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights REGIONAL AND EU CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF PATENTS Regional Phase I – Detecting the Challenges / National Reports on Challenges Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Regional Phase II - Facing the Challenges / Summaries of National Challenges in the Field of Patents Phase III and IV – Dealing with the Challenges and Eliminating the Challenges / Summary of Solutions for Challenges in the Field of Patents EU Challenges and Solutions in the field of Patents / National Courts and the Boards of Appeal What’s in the Unitary Patent Package? REGIONAL AND EU CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF TRADEMARKS Regional Phase I – Detecting the Challenges / National Reports on Challenges Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Regional Phase II - Facing the Challenges / Summaries of National Challenges in the Field of Trademarks Phase III and IV – Dealing with the Challenges and Eliminating the Challenges / Summary of Solutions for Challenges in the Field of Trademarks EU Challenges and Solutions in the field of Trademarks / Overview of Challenges and Solutions in the Field of Trade Marks in the EU � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2421 Title A name given to the resource Sadržaj - Broj 2/2014 Author Author International, Burch University Abstract A summary of the resource. “Social Perspectives - Journal for Legal Theory and Practice“ is available in full text at the Central and Eastern European Online Library - CEEOL (www.ceeol.com) and on the web page www.ssrc.ibu.edu.ba Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Social Sciences Research Center of International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed DOI Digital object identifier DOI: 10.14706/DO14111 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/daff2487fcd1e01689ffc32aa313d5c2.pdf 26cc8d77ead9fda281aaf8699f9b28eb PDF Text Text �CONTENT 5 7 9 10 13 15 24 34 42 51 55 62 70 86 104 115 117 123 129 137 145 148 151 156 164 177 194 219 221 231 236 244 253 259 264 274 287 301 FOREWORD BY CHIEF EDITOR FOREWORD EDITOR OF SPECIAL ISSUE THE CONTRIBUTORS THE CONTRIBUTORS BY FIELD AND REGIONS REGIONAL AND EU CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF COLLECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS Regional Phase I – Detecting the Challenges / National Reports on Challenges Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Regional Phase II - Facing the Challenges / Summary of National Challenges in the Field of Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights Phase III and IV – Dealing with the Challenges and Eliminating the Challenges / Summary of Solutions for Challenges in the Field of Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights EU Challenges and Solutions in the field of Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights REGIONAL AND EU CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF PATENTS Regional Phase I – Detecting the Challenges / National Reports on Challenges Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Regional Phase II - Facing the Challenges / Summaries of National Challenges in the Field of Patents Phase III and IV – Dealing with the Challenges and Eliminating the Challenges / Summary of Solutions for Challenges in the Field of Patents EU Challenges and Solutions in the field of Patents / National Courts and the Boards of Appeal What’s in the Unitary Patent Package? REGIONAL AND EU CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF TRADEMARKS Regional Phase I – Detecting the Challenges / National Reports on Challenges Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Regional Phase II - Facing the Challenges / Summaries of National Challenges in the Field of Trademarks Phase III and IV – Dealing with the Challenges and Eliminating the Challenges / Summary of Solutions for Challenges in the Field of Trademarks EU Challenges and Solutions in the field of Trademarks / Overview of Challenges and Solutions in the Field of Trade Marks in the EU � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f6c05d6945a9391b025a0835ba6842ef.docx 58b9b187d64fa6646ea9142bd209fbf0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2980 Title A name given to the resource Sadržaj stranica Casopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu Author Author BIKIĆ, Abedin Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burc univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 H Social Sciences (General),K Law (General)