229 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5db2b35e0acf5a572566d74cb85a975c.pdf 356cf588575d8deb79b4bc7349b4a620 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 RETROTRANSPOSON BASED MARKERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.cvs.) TISSUE CULTURE Nermin Gozukirmizi Istanbul University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul/Turkey E-mail: nermin@istanbul.edu.tr Abstract Barley has economical value and it is an important model plant. Transposons cover more than 80% of barley genome. More than 40 retrotransposons were characterized in barley genome. This type of transposons replicate via RNA and move in the genome. As a result of these movements, mutations and genome enlargements are occurred. During the recent years, active transcripts and protein products of some retrotransposons have been determined. Somaclonal variations are spontaneously occurred variations in tissue culture conditions. These variations could be produced by genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms and result in problems in gen transfer applications. We investigated the retrotransposon movements in barley tissue culture and regenerated plantlets using inter retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP), inter primer binding side (iPBS) and analytical techniques (DNA and RNA levels) and determined the relationship between retrotransposon movements, changes in copy number and differention in culture conditions. For these purposes BARE1, NIKITA, BAGY2 and SUKKULA retrotransposons were analyzed. Our research results show that tissue culture conditions and time increase the transposon based variation and copy numbers of retrotransposons and thus, cause genome enlargements. This research will be contribute the understanding of basic mechanisms related to plant development and differentiation in cultured material and also restriction of variations in applications. Keywords: Barley, Tissue Culture, Retrotransposon markers, Somaclonal variation 1|Page �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) is an important cereal crop and is also an excellent model organism for biochemists, physiologists, geneticists and molecular biologists. In addition, barley provides a reference to the genomes of other Triticeae crops such as wheat, rye and some forage grasses. H. vulgare cvs. have been used as a model system for more than 40 years at the Istanbul University Molecular Biology and Genetics (former Biology) Department. The first studies on experimental mutagenesis were followed by tissue culture, gene transfers, DNA marker applications, DNA arrays finally epigenetic studies which, progressed further after the 1990 - 2005 when collaboration was established with the Plant Biotechnology group at the TUBITAK Research Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in Gebze, Kocaeli-Turkey (Gozukirmizi, 2003). Since 2011, we focused on the roles of retrotransposons on tissue culture grown barley material since transposons cover more than 80% of the barley genome. More than 40 retrotransposons were characterized in barley genome (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). These types of transposons replicate via RNA and move in the genome. As a result of these movements, mutations and genome enlargements occur. Recently, active transcripts and protein products of some retrotransposons were determined. They use an RNA intermediate mechanism for transposition. Because of their copy–paste transposition, they cause genome expansion (Shirasu, Schulman, Lahaye, & Schulze-Lefert, 2000; Vitte & Panaud, 2005; Grzebelus, 2006). Considering their transposition mechanism and structure, they are thought to resemble retroviruses (Kalendar, Tanskanen, Immonen, Nevo, & Schulman, 2000; Sabot & Schulman, 2006; Sabot et al., 2006). Their new copies can insert themselves into near or within genes in a head-to-head, tail-to-tail or head-to-tail orientation. Therefore, they can cause altered gene products, frame-shift mutations, reduction of transcription level or even silencing of genes (Fedoroff, 2000). Due to their dynamic feature, they are accepted as an important reason for genome evolution and speciation (Bento et al., 2008). Since retrotransposon insertions are irreversible, they are considered useful genetic elements in phylogenetic studies (Kumar, Gupta, Misra, Modi, & Pandey, 2009). Due to their variation capacity between species, retrotransposons are usually studied for detection of genetic relationships between varieties and related species (Waugh et al., 1997; Alavi-Kia, Mohammadi, Aharizad, & Moghaddam, 2008; Baumel, Ainouche, Kalendar, & Schulman, 2002; Saeidi, Rahiminejad, & Heslop-Harrison, 2008; Belyayev et al., 2010; Smykal et al., 2011;). Our group has mainly been working on BARE1 (Evrensel, Yilmaz, Temel, & Gozukirmizi, 2011), BAGY2 (Yilmaz, Marakli, & Gozukirmizi, 2014), NIKITA (Bayram, Yilmaz, Hamat-Mecbur, Kartal-Alacam, & Gozukirmizi, 2012) and SUKKULA (KartalAlacam, Yilmaz, Marakli, & Gozukirmizi, 2014, in press) retrotransposon insertion patterns in barley calli and regenerated shoots with retrotransposon-based marker techniques (IRAP and iPBS) to determine the effect of retrotransposon movements in somaclonal variations. This presentation outlines the results of retrotransposon research in barley tissue culture with the intention of contributing to barley-breeding programmes with recent biotechnological techniques. 2|Page �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Tissue Culture and Plantlet Regeneration Mature embryos were excised from seeds after surface sterilization as described previously. Basal salts of Murashige and Skoog (MS) (Murashige & Skoog, 1962) were supplemented with 3% (w/v) sucrose, 1ml of MS vitamin mixture and 0.9% agar supplemented with 4 mg/L dicamba with a pH of 5.7. All cultures were kept in a growth chamber with standard conditions [25± oC, 16/8-h day/night photoperiod with fluorescent lights at 7000 lux] and was maintained on the same medium for different period of time. After different cultivation times, each callus was cut into three pieces and each piece was numbered with the starting embryo’s number. One of the callus pieces was used for genomic DNA isolation, the second for shoot regeneration in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L zeatin, and the third was subcultured under the same callus culture conditions for aging. One of the pieces was used for shoot regeneration and the other for DNA isolation. At the end of the tissue culture, we obtained four experimental plant materials (calli with different aging times and their regenerated shoots) from one embryo; these were considered a single group. IRAP was performed with three different groups. Genomic DNA was isolated from those three groups and three control groups using Tri Reagent (Sigma T9424) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The control groups consisted of noncultured mature embryos. 2.2. IRAP IRAP was performed with forward and reverse primers designed for LTR sequences of BARE1 (Yilmaz & Gozukirmizi, 2013) and BAGY2 (Yilmaz et al., 2014) retrotransposon. Amplification was carried out in a 20 μL reaction volume containing 3.5 μL nuclease-free dH2O, 0.5 μL dNTP mixture (10 mM), 2 μL of each primer (10 nmol/μL), 2 μL template genomic DNA (10 ng/μL), and 10 μL 2× Sapphire enzyme mix. PCR conditions were an initial denaturation step at 94°C for 3 min; followed by 30 cycles at 94°C for 20 s, 52°C for 20 s, and 72°C for 2 min; and a final extension step at 72°C for 10 min. 2.3. Evaluation of PCR Products PCR products were loaded to 6% non-denature polyacrylamide gel (29:1 Acrylamide:Bis) and gel was run at 200 V for 4 h in 1X TBE buffer. A molecular weight marker (GeneRuler™ 1 kb DNA Ladder, SM0312, Fermentas) was also loaded to determine the size of amplicons. Gel was stained and photographed on a UV transilluminator. Well-resolved bands were scored with a binary value, (1) for presence and (0) for absence. The binary matrix (1/0) was used to calculate the similarity between embryo, 40 and 80 day-old calli. Jaccard’s similarity index was calculated using the formula: NAB / (NAB + NB + NA); where NAB is the number of bands shared by 2 samples, NA represents amplified fragments in sample A, and NB represents amplified fragments in sample B (Jaccard, 1908). 3|Page �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 3. Results and Discussion Our results showed that calli which have different culturing time can have different IRAP band patterns although they originated from the same embryo (Figure 1). Figure 1. IRAP profiles for BARE1. 1-3; mature embryo (control), 4-9; first group [4, 5, 6; calli originated from the same embryo (30, 60, 90 day-old respectively), and 7, 8, 9; regenerated shoot originated from these calli respectively)], 10-15; second group [10, 11, 12; calli originated from another embryo (30, 60, 90 day-old respectively), and 13, 14, 15; regenerated shoot originated from the second group’s calli)]. Arrows indicate the polymorphic bands (Yilmaz & Gozukirmizi, 2013). We also performed studies on NIKITA and SUKKULA retrotransposons on aging calli materials (Bayram et al., 2012; Kartal-Alacam et al., 2014). We were able to observe polymorphisms in cultured materials. Finally, we studied BAGY2 retrotransposon (Figure 2). We observed that BARE1 and BAGY2 are the most active retrotransposons (with polymorphism rates; up to 25% and 20% respectively) during callus culture (Evrensel et al., 2011, Yilmaz et al., 2014). We also observed NIKITA polymorphisms at different ages in old barley calli but the polymorphism rates were lower than BARE1 and BAGY2 (Bayram et al., 2012). Figure 2. IRAP profiles of calli and shoots for BAGY2. 1, non-cultured embryo; 2-13, tissue culture materials (2, 6, 10 45-days-old calli; 3, 7, 11 shoots regenerated from 45-days-old calli; 4, 8, 12 90-days-old calli; 5, 9, 13 shoots regenerated from 90-days-old calli) (Yilmaz et al., 2014). 4|Page �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 In addition to retrotransposon-based marker techniques, we also analyzed the copy number alterations of BAGY2 internal domains (GAG, PR, RT, RH, INT) by real-time PCR (qPCR). qPCR results proved that all internal domains have copy number variations between different aged calli (Yilmaz et al., 2014). These findings show that tissue culture conditions and culturing time cause insertional activation of some barley retrotransposons. These findings may prove that tissue culture conditions and duration of cultivation period do not cause the same effect on calli. This research will contribute to the understanding of scientific mechanisms related to plant development and differentiation and also restriction of variations in applications (Evrensel et al., 2011; Bayram et al., 2012; Yilmaz & Gozukirmizi, 2013; Yilmaz et al., 2014; Kartal-Alacam et al., 2014). Hirochika (1993) published one of the pioneer studies showing transposon activity changes in tobacco protoplast culture. Afterward many studies were published for tissue culture effect on transposon activations. Liu et al. (2004) demonstrated that Tos17 retrotransposon has been activated during rice tissue culture. Somaclonal variations were also studied at banana by IRAP technique (Muhammad & Othman 2005). Retrotransposon-derived polymorphisms were also reported at tissue culture of a wild barley species (Hordeum brevisubulatum) by various marker systems (Li et al., 2007). Campbell et al. (2011) also showed that BARE1 retrotransposon was activated in barley tissue culture. We need more detailed studies on transposons, and their effects on epigenetic and genetic mechanisms. Our data will be helpful for the understanding of their behavior during tissue culture. We briefly conclude that barley retrotransposons, both autonomous and nonautonomous, are very active during tissue culture procedure and we still do not have an opinion if these movements are randomly or partly directed according to the cultural development of the plants. 4. References Alavi-Kia, S. S., Mohammadi, S. A., Aharizad, S., & Moghaddam, M. (2008). Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in Crocus genus of Iran using inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 22, 795-800. Baumel, A., Ainouche, M., Kalendar, R., & Schulman, A.H. (2002). Retrotransposons and genomic stability in populations of the young allopolyploid species Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard (Poaceae). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19(8), 1218-1227. Bayram, E., Yilmaz, S., Hamat-Mecbur, H., Kartal-Alacam, G. & Gozukirmizi, N. (2012). Nikita retrotransposon movements in callus cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant Omics, 5, 211-215. Belyayev, A., Kalendar, R., Brodsky, L., Nevo, E., Schulman, A.H. & Raskina, O. (2010). Transposable elements in a marginal plant population: temporal fluctuations provide new insights into genome evolution of wild diploid wheat. Mobile DNA, 1, 1-16. Bento, M., Pereira, H. S., Rocheta, M., Gustafson, P., Viegas, W., & Silva, M. (2008). Polyploidization as a retraction force in plant genome evolution: Sequence rearrangements in Triticale. PLoS One, 3, 1-11. Campbell, B. C., LeMare, S., Piperidis, G., & Godwin, I. D. (2011). IRAP, a retrotransposon-based marker system for the detection of somaclonal variation in barley. Molecular Breeding, 27, 193-206. Evrensel, C., Yilmaz, S., Temel, A., & Gozukirmizi, N. (2011). Variations in BARE-1 insertion patterns in barley callus cultures. Genetics and Molecular Biology Research, 10, 980-987. 5|Page �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Fedoroff, N. (2000). Transposons and genome evolution in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(13), 7002-7007. Gozukirmizi, N. (2003). Pioneering biotechnological works on Hordeum vulgare L. cvs performed in collaboration with the Istanbul University Biology Department and the TUBITAK Research Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. Turkish Journal of Botany, 27, 243-248. Grzebelus, D. (2006). Transposon insertion polymorphism as a new source of molecular markers. Journal of Fruit Ornamental Plant Research, 14, 21-29. Hirochika, H. (1993). Activation of tobacco retrotransposons during tissue culture. The EMBO Journal, 12, 2521–2528. Jaccard, P. (1908). Nouvelles recherches sur la distribution florale. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 44, 223-270. Kalendar, R., Tanskanen, J., Immonen, S., Nevo, E., & Schulman, A.H. (2000). Genome evolution of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) by BARE-1 retrotransposon dynamics in response to sharp microclimatic divergence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 6603-6607. Kartal-Alacam, G., Yilmaz, S., Marakli, S., & Gozukirmizi, N. (2014). Sukkula retrotransposon insertion polymorphisms in barley. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, (in press). Kumar, P., Gupta, V.K., Misra, A.K., Modi, D.R., & Pandey, B.K. (2009). Potential of molecular markers in plant biotechnology. Plant Omics, 2, 141-162. Li, X., Yu, X., Wang, N., Feng, Q., Dong, Z., Liu, L., Shen, J., & Liu, B. (2007). Genetic and epigenetic instabilities induced by tissue culture in wild barley (Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 90, 153-168. Liu, Z. L., Han, F. P., Tan, M., Shan, X. H., Dong, Y. Z., Wang, X. Z., Fedak, G., Hao, S., & Liu, B. (2004). Activation of a rice endogenous retrotransposon Tos17 in tissue culture is accompanied by cytosine demethylation and causes heritable alteration in methylation pattern of flanking genomic regions. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 109, 200–209. Muhammad, A. J., & Othman, R. Y. (2005). Characterization of Fusarium wilt-resistant and Fusarium wiltsusceptible somaclones of banana cultivar rastali (Musa AAB) by random amplified polymorphic DNA and retrotransposon markers. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 23, 241-249. Murashige, T. & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 15, 473-497. Sabot, F., Kalendar, R., Jääskeläinen, M., Wei, C., Tanskanen, J. & Schulman A. H. (2006). Retrotransposons: metaparasites and agents of genome evolution. Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution, 52, 319-330. Sabot, F. & Schulman, A.H. (2006). Parasitism and the retrotransposon life cycle in plants: a hitchhiker's guide to the genome. Heredity, 97, 381-388. Saeidi, H., Rahiminejad, M. R., & Heslop-Harrison, J. S. (2008). Retroelement insertional polymorphisms, diversity and phylogeography within diploid, D-genome Aegilops tauschii (Triticeae, Poaceae) Sub-taxa in Iran. Annals of Botany, 101, 855-861. Shirasu, K., Schulman, A. H., Lahaye, T., & Schulze-Lefert, P. (2000). A contiguous 66-kb barley DNA sequence provides evidence for reversible genome expansion. Genome Research, 10, 908-915. Smykal, P., Bacova-Kerteszova, N., Kalendar, R., Corander, J., Schulman, A. H., & Pavelek, M. (2011). Genetic diversity of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) germplasm assessed by retrotransposonbased markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 122(7), 1385-1397. 6|Page �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Waugh, R., McLean, K., Flavell, A. J., Pearce, S. R., Kumar, A., Thomas, B. B., & Powell, W. (1997). Genetic distribution of Bare-1-like retrotransposable elements in the barley genome revealed by sequence-specific amplification polymorphisms (S-SAP). Molecular and General Genetics, 253(6), 687-694. Vitte, C., & Panaud, O. (2005). LTR retrotransposons and flowering plant genome size: emergence of the increase/decrease model. Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 110, 91-107. Yilmaz, S., & Gozukirmizi, N. (2013). Variation of retrotransposon movement in callus culture and regenerated shoots of barley. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 27, 4227-4230. Yilmaz, S., Marakli, S., & Gozukirmizi, N. (2014). BAGY2 retrotransposon analyses in barley calli cultures and regenerated plantlets. Biochemical Genetics,52, DOI 10.1007/s10528-014-9643-z. Prof.Dr. Nermin Gozukirmizi is a scientist from Istanbul University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Istanbul-Turkey. She took part for Establishment of Plant Biotechnology Research Unit at Marmara Research Centre, Research Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 1992-2006. She also had an active role for the establishment of Molecular Biology and Genetics Department at Istanbul University. Her areas of research include molecular biology, tissue culture and gene transfers, somatic variations, GMO and biotechnology. She is an author or co-author of numerous scientific papers and several boks. Her recent internationally published scientific papers are related to retrotransposons, gene transfers and salt tolerance. 7|Page � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2438 Title A name given to the resource RETROTRANSPOSON BASED MARKERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.cvs.) TISSUE CULTURE Author Author GOZUKIRMIZI, Nermin Abstract A summary of the resource. Barley has economical value and it is an important model plant. Transposons cover more than 80% of barley genome. More than 40 retrotransposons were characterized in barley genome. This type of transposons replicate via RNA and move in the genome. As a result of these movements, mutations and genome enlargements are occurred. During the recent years, active transcripts and protein products of some retrotransposons have been determined. Somaclonal variations are spontaneously occurred variations in tissue culture conditions. These variations could be produced by genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms and result in problems in gen transfer applications. We investigated the retrotransposon movements in barley tissue culture and regenerated plantlets using inter retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP), inter primer binding side (iPBS) and analytical techniques (DNA and RNA levels) and determined the relationship between retrotransposon movements, changes in copy number and differention in culture conditions. For these purposes BARE1, NIKITA, BAGY2 and SUKKULA retrotransposons were analyzed. Our research results show that tissue culture conditions and time increase the transposon based variation and copy numbers of retrotransposons and thus, cause genome enlargements. This research will be contribute the understanding of basic mechanisms related to plant development and differentiation in cultured material and also restriction of variations in applications. Keywords: Barley, Tissue Culture, Retrotransposon markers, Somaclonal variation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b3bf68748ca88229e06c2c375ec91c21.pdf 967ab1545653b8023cdf536c919a343a PDF Text Text Reuse of Waste Marble Dust in the Landfill Layer Ismail Zorluer Technical Educational Faculty, Construction Education, Geotechnical Branch Afyon Kocatepe University Afyonkarahisar, Turkey izorluer@aku.edu.tr Lemi Tufan Taspolat Vocational High School, Construction Department, Anadolu University Bilecik Bilecik, Turkey lltaspolat@anadolu.edu.tr Abstract: Waste materials are serious environmental problem because they have harmed to soil and ground water. Rapidly developing technology has increased production and consumption. The increasing of production and consumption results in the increase of amount of waste. In the developing countries, distinct rules of waste disposing are initiated to prevent the environment pollution. This case was positive effects on environment by means of recycling, regains to economy and reducing environmental pollutions. Recently, some waste materials were began to be used with clay in landfill layer design. Because the waste materials increases characteristic of clay liner such as impermeability, strength, heavy metal absorption, etc. In this study, waste marble dust was used as an additive material in landfill liner. Mixtures of kaolinite-bentonite were mixed with waste marble dust for design of landfill liner. This process was performed at marble dust ratio of 5%, 10% and 15%. Freezing-thawing tests were carried out in these mixtures. At the end of the tests, it was observed that waste marble dust increased strength of liner in conditions of freezing and thawing. Keywords: Waste marble dust, Environment, landfill liner, freezing-thawing 1. Introduction The waste materials are serious environmental problem. Rapidly growing cities with increasing population have formed this problem. Concentration of population in cities has increased consumption. The increasing of production and consumption results in the increase of amount of waste. In the developing countries, distinct rules of waste disposing are initiated to prevent the environment pollution. However, many technologies are developed for the recycling of wastes; many of them cannot be recycled by the economical and technological points of view. The collected wastes can be burned and/or composted by newly developed technologies; however, a final amount of trashes must be stored for the last removal procedure. In the landfill layers, usage of suitable materials and possibly waste mixture material are important to prevent from environmental conditions. By this way, the waste materials, such as fly ash, would be gained to economy. In recent times, waste marble dust was used as an additive material for soil stabilization. Okagbue and Onyeobi’s study (1999) showed that the geotechnical parameters of red tropical soils are improved substantially by the addition of marble dust, plasticity was reduced by 20 to 33% and strength and CBR increased by 30 to 46% and 27 to 55% respectively. Additionally, normal 28 day curing improved after 7 to 10 days of normal curing. The effect of waste marble dust on swelling potential of Na-bentonite and Meşelik clays was investigated by Zorluer (2003). Specimens were mixed with marble dust at different percentages of dry soil weight. Then, they were compacted at the standard compaction effort and swelling tests were carried out with odometer apparatus. The experimental results reveal that waste marble dust is effective for controlling of swelling potential and it can be used for this purpose. Also marble dust affect unconfined compression strength of clay soils according to study of Zorluer (2006). Clay soil had mixed marble dust at 3, 5, 8, 10 % percentages. Then mixtures had been compacted with standard proctor compaction energy. Specimens had been sampled from compacted soils for compression test. At the end of 28 days curing time, strength increased 20.1 by N/cm2 to 57.3 N/cm2. Hassini (1992) determined that impermeable layer cycles much at landfills. In doing so, he carried out an experiment of freezing-thawing to specify soil strength and its permeability. After 12 cycles, as suggested by Chamberlain (1981), he found that 10-15% grain loss does not have any impact on strength. 57 �This study examines the degree of deformation derived from seasonal temperature differences at impermeable layers with marble dust. For this reason, three mixture of soil to waste marble dust (the proportions were 5, 10, 15% dust to dry soil by weight) have been prepared. And freezing-thawing tests were carried out in these mixtures. 2. Materials 2.1 Na Bentonite Clay Bentonite is a colloidal aluminium hydro silicate. The volume of bentonite can rise 10 to 30 times by the addition of water. It has a swelling characteristic till 200ºC. This property loses completely over 600ºC. The bentonite clay used in this study is Na-Bentonite. It was supplied from the Karakaya Bentonite factory, Ankara Turkey. Some physicochemical and geotechnical parameters of Na Bentonite clay were shown in table 1, The results of chemical analysis determined by the X-Ray Flourans Elemental analysis are shown in table 2 (Koyuncu 1998). 2.2 Kaolinite Clay Kaolinite clay is a product of a type of rock which contains a great amount of feldspar. Kaolinite consists of silica and aluminium layers. The thickness of layers is 7.2 Å, the length of layers is between 1000 and 20000 Å and the specific surface area is (SSA) 15m2/g. The clay used in this study is obtained from the Bilecik district. The clay is produced by a three step procedure; first excavation from clay ores, then cleaning from fine sand by water washing and, finally crashing below 40 µm at the end of washing, groups of clay and shale are completely decomposed. The clay used consists of kaolinite mineral. Some physicochemical and geotechnical parameters of the kaolinite clay are shown in table 1, The results of chemical analysis determined by the X-Ray Flourans Elemental analysis are shown in table 2 (Koyuncu 1998). 2.3 Waste Marble Dust Marble dust is minimum sized marble waste. It occurs with sawing process of marble blocks and plates. This dust is carried by water to sedimentation pond. Sediment dust is removed from this pond to wasteland, but this condition have formed serious problem for environment. Because, waste marble dust is used in very little quantities even though it used in the very different industries such as construction, ceramics and cement industry, paint industry, agriculture and fertilizer industry, etc. Therefore, they have happened big mass in the waste areas (Zorluer 2003). Marble dust, used in this study, was obtained a marble processing factory in Afyonkarahisar-Turkey. Then, it is dried and sieved with #40 sieve. The marble dust grains are smaller than 300 micron. Some physicochemical and geotechnical parameters of waste marble dust are shown in table 1, The results of chemical analysis determined by the X-Ray Flourans Elemental Analysis are shown in the table 2 (Koyuncu 1998). GSGb UWc Grain Size Distribution (%) WCa (%) (g/cm3) Sand Silt clay Na-Bentonite 12.7 2.76 0.94 2 46 52 Kaolinite 0.1 2.64 0.59 11 26 63 Marble Dust 4.1 2.75 2.73 14 78 8 ( a ): Water Content, ( b ): Grain Specific gravity:, ( c ): Unit Weight. Additions Table 1 Some physicochemical and geotechnical properties of materials. Additions SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 Na-Bentonite 59.49 18.06 4.14 Kaolinite 51.52 32.00 1.75 Marble Dust 0.01 0.85 0.04 ( a ): Loss of Ignition. CaO 3.72 0.20 55.30 MgO 2.42 0.20 0.24 P2O3 0.11 ----- K2O 0.91 0.50 0.20 Na2O 2.50 0.09 0.03 SO3 0.10 ----- Mn2O3 LOIa 8.55 0.04 12.62 ----- 43.51 Table 2 Chemical compound of materials. 58 �3. Experimental Study The changes in the strength at material against seasonal impact are determined by using freezingthawing test. The deformation in the material as a result of this test is closely related to the amount of the water in it given that the nature and ratio of soil water changes to a grade extent when it freezes. When the water transform in to ice, its volume increases about 9% in accordance with the development of its hexagonal crystal texture (Penner & Ueda 1977). Test specimens were prepared by 90% kaolinite and 10% bentonite mixture by dry weight for use in the impermeable clay layer. This mixture was named as control specimen - 90K+10B. Then, the waste marble dust was added to the mixture at ratio of 5%, 10% and 15%. These ratios were obtained from other studies in the literature. Marble dust is abbreviated as a MD. Specimens were prepared with compaction in a standard proctor mold by using optimum water contents for every mixture. Freezing-thawing strength was determined according to “Methods for Freezing and Thawing Tests of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures” indicated in ASTM D560 (1985). In this experiment, samples are stored in a freezer at -20o C for 24 hours. Then, the same samples are stored at the room temperatures at 18o C for 24 hours. This process is called as one cycle. 12 cycles are carried out for the samples in this experiment after which the surfaces of the samples are brushed gently with wire brush to remove particles. Then, they are weighted to determine the percentage of the loss compared to their previous weight. The highest loss rate accepted in the literature is 15%. The surface crystallization and the sample deformation after the cycle are given in figure 1and figure 2 respectively. Fig. 1 Crystallization on surface after the freezing Fig. 2 Deformation after the cycles 4. Test results After freezing and thawing test consisting of totally 12 cycles, it was seen that grain loss has decreased with marble dust increase. It has decreased from 17.6% to 12.5% at the end of 12 cycles. It can be declared that this decreasing can make positive influence to the strength values of layers. The less the grain losses is, the higher the soil strength is. The findings show that the strength of the samples increases when the amount of the 59 �added marble dust increases. As it is seen in table 3, an additional 5% of marble dust is ineffective on freezingthawing. While an additional 15% marble dust results in 12,5% grain loss, an additional 10 % marble dust bring in 13,5 grain loss. Initial water Number of Grain loss contents (%) cycle (%) Control (90K10B) 25 12 17.6 90K10B +5% MD 25 12 18 90K10B +10% MD 25 12 13.5 90K10B +15% MD 25 12 12.5 Table 3 Freeze-Thaw experiment results of waste marble dust mixtures. Materials 5. Conclusions Grain Loss (%) Firstly, it is observed that the amount of grain loss in the samples with 10% and 15% of marble dust addition as a result of deformation in the freezing-thawing test are in compliance with the highest grain loss referred in the literature. Secondly, it is seen that on addition of 5 % of marble dust is ineffective since the results from this sample are close to those of the control sample. Thirdly, As it is seen in figure 3, the study shows that the lowest deformation occurs in the material with 15% of marble addition. 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Control 5% MD 10% MD 15% MD Additive Material Fig.3 Effect of waste marble dust on freezing-thawing In the light of the given findings, it can be argued that use of marble dust increases the strength of landfill liner. Trough its use in landfill liners, the recycling of marble dust will be possible. Consequently, this will not only to contribute to the protection of the environment but also to provide an economical additive material to landfill layer. References Okagbue C. O., Onyeobi T. U. S., (1999), Potential of marble dust to stabilise red tropical soils for road construction, Engineering Geology, V. 53, pp 371-380. Zorluer, I., (2003). Effect of waste marble dust to swelling potential of clay soils. XI. National Clay Symposium Proceedings. İzmir-Turkey, pp. 475-482. Zorluer, I., (2006). The Effect of waste marble dust on unconfined compression strength of clay soils. GAP V Engineering Congress Proceedings. Şanlıurfa-Turkey, pp. 1042-1046. Hassini, S., (1992). Some aspects of landfill desing environmental science and engineering, Environmental geotechnology, 137-143p Chamberlaın, E. J., (1981). Overconsolidation Effects of Ground Freezing, Engineering Geology, 18, 97-110. Koyuncu, H., (1998). Physicochemical, microstructure and geotechnical properties of petroleum boring wastes improved with stabilization/solidification method. PhD thesis, Osmangazi University. Penner, E. and Ueda, T., (1977). Proceedings, symposium on Frost Action in Soils, Universty of Lulea, Lulea, Sweden, I, 91-100. ASTM D560-96 (1985). Methods for Freezing and Thawing Tests of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. 60 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 650 Title A name given to the resource Reuse of Waste Marble Dust in the Landfill Layer Author Author ZORLUER, Ismail Taspolat, Lemi Tufan Abstract A summary of the resource. Waste materials are serious environmental problem because they have harmed to soil and ground water. Rapidly developing technology has increased production and consumption. The increasing of production and consumption results in the increase of amount of waste. In the developing countries, distinct rules of waste disposing are initiated to prevent the environment pollution. This case was positive effects on environment by means of recycling, regains to economy and reducing environmental pollutions. Recently, some waste materials were began to be used with clay in landfill layer design. Because the waste materials increases characteristic of clay liner such as impermeability, strength, heavy metal absorption, etc. In this study, waste marble dust was used as an additive material in landfill liner. Mixtures of kaolinite-bentonite were mixed with waste marble dust for design of landfill liner. This process was performed at marble dust ratio of 5%, 10% and 15%. Freezing-thawing tests were carried out in these mixtures. At the end of the tests, it was observed that waste marble dust increased strength of liner in conditions of freezing and thawing. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1048 Title A name given to the resource REVERSE INTERLANGUAGE TRANSFER OF L3 OVERT AND NULL SUBJECT PRONOUNS TO L2 ENGLISH Author Author Aysan, Zeynep Abstract A summary of the resource. The study’s unit of analysis is the native speakers of Turkish who has learnt English as a second language and either Italian or French as a third language. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible reverse transfer effects from the participants’ L3 Italian and L3 French to their L2 English in terms of their knowledge and use of null and overt subject pronouns. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-04 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3358 Title A name given to the resource REVIEW OF FOCUS ON FORM: PLANNED OR INCIDENTAL Author Author ASLAN, Alper Abstract A summary of the resource. Recent research in SLA has indicated that grammar teaching has an important role both in foreign and second language learning. However, it should be noted that this revival should not mean a return to traditional approach to grammar instruction which is focus on forms, but a new one, focus on form. The extent to which type of focus on form -incidental or planned- contributes more to L2 acquisition and learning is under debate. This study aims to examine both incidental and planned focus on form by reviewing six studies. This review study puts forth that both incidental and planned focused on form instruction may yield positive results in language learning process depending on some factors such as language focus, learner type, language learning expectation, task types, language skills. Keywords: Focus on form, planned focus on form, incidental focus on form Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ced592d00fbb324ea8ec5b8c3f4b59bf.doc 2fed9cf32cceb951fd4ffd11d4bc1b4e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Review of Traffic Data Analysis for Accident Management Author Author Samir Kurtanovic Nejdet Dogru Zerina Masetic Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract - In the past decade transportation systems have been augmented with information and communication technology to provide innovative services to the participants in the traffic. This synergy has resulted in safer and more optimized transportation network. In past few decades, newly developed systems in the area of transportation have been collectively called the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). ITS can be defined as a holistic, control and information and communication upgrade of the classical traffic and transportation system that achieves significantly improved performance, traffic flow, more efficient passenger and goods transport, improved traffic safety, comfort and passenger protection, and reduction of environmental pollution. The interest in ITS comes from problems caused by traffic jams, traffic accidents, environmental concerns, congestions, delays and the synergy of latest information technology for simulation, real-time control and communication networks. Traffic accident management is one of the main focus fields of ITS due to the severe consequence that the accidents have. This paper surveys the traffic accident relation studies in ITS. Keywords Keywords. Keywords: Intelligent Transportation System, Accident Detection, Traffic Data Analysis, Traffic Flow Modelling, Traffic Monitoring Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e8e4ead74872bd760aa26842311d02b4.pdf c1229ebd0e14e8c8d676753c4cf5f263 PDF Text Text ARMIN ŠABOTIĆ INTERNATIONAL BURCH UNIVERSITY FACULTY DEPARTMENT M.A. Thesis REVISION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE HS CABLE NET INFORMATION SYSTEM GRAD. PROJECT/Master’s THESIS by ARMIN ŠABOTIĆ Project Supervisor 2011 MELIHA HANDŽIĆ SARAJEVO May, 2011 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system REVISION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE HS CABLE NET INFORMATION SYSTEM ARMIN ŠABOTIĆ M.S./M.A., MBA, 2010/2011 Submitted to the Graduate Study Unit in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administraion, MBA INTERNATIONAL BURCH UNIVERSITY 2010/2011 INTERNATIONAL BURCH UNIVERSITY FACULTY 2 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT REVISION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE HS CABLE NET INFORMATION SYSTEM ARMIN ŠABOTIĆ APPROVED BY: Prof. MELIHA HANDŽIĆ _____________________ Prof. ALI GOKSU _____________________ APPROVAL DATE: 28.04.2011. 3 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system ABSTRACT Through the cable internet speed levels incerased and prices decreased which led to great user satisfaction, however, still there are certain issues needed to be revealed in order to achieve a greater level of service quality and also to meet the consumer needs. The purpose of this project is to evaluate problem-solving solutions for the information system of the HS cable internet. After a brief analysis of the cable internet history and IS structure the project focuses on lacks and problems detected during the analysis, implementing new software applications with the aim of detecting and preventing problems the HS cable internet deals with. Beside problem detection and prevention another task was to accelerate the problem-solving process by implementing another application, related to the problem detection software, which will print intervention prescriptions on site fulfilled by the workers in charge. Implementing these ideas will also lead to a better operator-user relationship, since problems will be detected, prevented and solved in a quicker time frame. TABLE OF CONTENT 4 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT PREFACE CURRENT INFORMATION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION PROBLEMS WITH THE CURRENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PROBLEM DETECTION THE ISSUING OF INTERVENTION ORDERS ISSUING OF AN ORDER BASED ON A PROBLEM REPORT ISSUING OF AN ORDER BASED ON THE APP. SEARCH RESULTS SIGNAL VALUES SIGNIFICANT FOR THE ANALYSIS DATABASE REVIEW THE PROCEDURE OF ISSUING THE INTERVENTION ORDERS APPLICATION IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS CONCLUSION REFERENCE LIST GLOSSARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system First of all I want to thank my parents and my professor, without their support and love this all wouldn’t be possible. My project work couldn’t be accomplished without the great help of prof. Meliha Handžić. Introduction to project 6 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system The cable internet was a revolution for enabeling users to access the internet. The previous technologies were far from user-friendly, offering low speed levels and high prices. As known in telecommunications cable Internet is a form of a broadband Internet access that uses the cable television infrastructure. Cable Internet is the bridge from the Internet provider to the subscriber. It is connected to the existing cable television network infrastructure but also many factors are important such as telephone networks, cable modems and providers. All these fact are crucial for providing the best service to consumers. [1] The HS cable television and internet exist since the year 2005. From the very beginning on great efforts were made to ensure a competitive position on the market. Also the gaining of pottencial users and their trust was a big issue since the cable internet technology still was unknown territory at that time. But that condition should not last for long. Soon people realized that through the cable internet speed levels incerased and prices decreased which led to great user satisfaction . Through years of hard work and improvement. the HS cable internet became one of the leading providers at the domestic market. Although it was a long and hard way to go, now a days the HS cable internet provides its services for more than 15.000 users. The key of success, as in any other business, was a well organized and accurate infrastructure. However, while revising the information system of the HS cable internet author realized that still there are certain issues and operator/user relationship problems needed to be revealed in order to achieve a greater level of service quality and also meet the consumer needs. Together with the technician team of the HS cable internet author tried to evaluate problem solving solutions by revising and improving the current information system. In order of being able to recognize the lacks and potential improvement strategies for the HS cable net, author naturally first had to get an insight to the current information system. The 7 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system technicians at the HS cable net help desk guided me through the entire infrastructure , explaining me the purpose, services and tasks of the same. Author summarized the basic information about the current information system, visualizing the whole matter with a scheme of the originally implemented system. After getting a clear overview of the main tasks, author was able to start with the problem recognition and the problem area detection. Further on the work deals with the segments in which problems were occurring, describing the nature of the detected problems. The gained information here enables us to evaluate problem detection criteria. Beside the criteria for problem detection it was also necessary to define the real parameters based on which values the problems will be detected. The next step is the order issuing in sense of taking action after the problem detection. At this stage we introduce our problem solving solution, the new software application, describing its nature and purpose. The last stage of the problem detection and prevention is the order issuing and printing part. In other words, in this phase orders are being issued and printed to be accomplished by technicians at the user addresses. All stages are visually supported by schemes and database screenshots, so the whole process could be understood more clearly. Current information system description ( before implementing the problem solving software application) 8 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system The information system of the HS cable internet was originally purposed for information revision in order to create a service payment bill based on a contract. The services mentioned include cable TV, internet services via the HS cable TV infrastructure (cable internet) and digital television. When talking about these issues it is important to consider the following tasks: - the registration of new users as well as the activation and de-activation of already existing users - the creation of analytic user cards for service payment tracking - the printing of bills - oversight over the consumer’s spending over a internet based access [2] Figure 1. Scheme of the originally implemented information system Problems with the old information system 9 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Although the present HS cable internet information system was based on a good concept, still it was not efficient enough to deal with the problems that occurred over the time. Problems occurred in the following segments: 1. The records for ordered interventions concerning: - Mistakes made while issuing the intervention orders:  Lacks in order records (insufficient information about users)  Delays with order issuing and interventions  The lost of orders caused by inobservance of technicians in charge -Lack of information for the statistical processing:  The missing of a database for storing the information about the intervention order issuing  Order searching by predetermined criteria (time frame, user address etc.) was not possible - Mistakes made during order returns  Mistakes concerning records about the user and technician in charge 2. Vague information about end user link statistics - The link statistics are conditioned by the signal quality - Lack of records about present link statistics - The need for preventive actions in order of improving service quality - Report creation and problem identification at the net location/segment All in all the problems with the current information systems reflected in a lack of segments for modem monitoring on the user side, in the hard realization of keeping statistic records about the number of accomplished interventions at a single user’s account and the number of overall interventions and issued orders. Another difficulty was the impossibility of taking preventive actions in sense of modem monitoring in real time, based on which, potential problems could be identified and solved without causing the user any trouble with it. 10 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Since the current information system did not have the necessary segments for the problem solving solution, improvement measures had to be evaluated. The main focus was on the problem prevention and detection segment and also on the ordered intervention records. The whole problem solving idea was first visually sketched: Figure 2. The problem-solving solution Problem detection Problems can be detected in two ways: 1.By a user reporting the problem 2.By an application for searching real parameters predetermined by a given criteria To understand this it is first necessary to define the real parameters based on which values the potential problem will be detected. The issuing of intervention orders 11 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system The procedure for issuing an intervention order is based on two principles: 1. Issuing of an order based on a problem report 2. Issuing of an order based on the application search results ( following a predetermined criteria) The issuing of an order based on a problem report Obviously this type of order issuing is based on user reports. The necessary information is gathered based on the user requests at the help desk. The issuing of an order based on the application search results With the increase of HS cable internet users, the previously mentioned way of order issuing becomes more and more insufficient for enabling a high quality service. The reasons are as following: 1. The technicians are spending too much time on single user problems since they are not informed in detail about its nature. 2. The quality of the done work is not measurable 3. Actions for problem prevention are hard to enable Because of these reasons it often came to great user dissatisfaction. Sometimes they had to wait up to 24h for problem/solving action. Since the number of users was growing rapidly from day to day, preventive actions had to be taken to keep a reasonable quality level of user satisfaction with the goal of keeping already existing users and also attracting potential users of the HS cable internet. This could be only done by improving the efficiency and speed of the technicians on site. The order issuing using the application is done by 4 steps: 12 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system 1. The application is gathering and storing the signal values both from the cable modems and also from the CMTS. 2. The database is being searched for modems which values are depart the regular ones. 3. The assignment of the problematic signal to the corresponding user. 4. Order printing including a detailed problem description and instructions for problem solving actions on court. Before describing the application nature lets first take a look at the stages a modem has to pass for registering on the net, so the end user could access the internet. At the figure 3 the single steps are shown. [3] Figure 3. Registration stages [8] The cable modem first has to be sinchronized to the downstream freaquency of the CMTS,after which the CMTS is sharing information to the cable modem hronologicaly, from the first to the last upstream until the modem sinchronizes to the one that is covering that area. At the next step the cable modem is sending a DHCP request which is being 13 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system delivered to the DHCP server. The server in return responds with an IP adress which will be used by the modem , and also with the IP adress of the TFTP server and the configuration file for the modem. After receiving the response of the DHCP server the cable modem is downloading the configuration file from the TFTP server.The last step is the verification,then the cable modem is ready for use. Database review Figure 4. Information about the user modem Like already mentioned the application is storing the values to the database, in this case a MySQL database is being used. The database is reloading every 12 hours with new information which automatically become available for browsing over the web interface. Figure 5.. Web interface for modem search 14 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system In the following example the option for showing all the modems that have the SNR value below 27dB is chosen, the result is shown at the picutre below: Figure 6. List of modems given by a predetermined criteria From the gathered results we can clearly see that all the modems that have their SNR value below 27dB have working problems. We can also evalute this from the number of lost RF connections with the CMTS,number of errors during package transfers ( both,debugged and those that could not have been debugged). 15 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system The information gathered from the cable modem need to be associated to the already existing billing application where the user information is stored. The association is being done through the cable modem MAC adress , which is automatically being stored at the billing application when the user registers [6]. Other information being also stored are shown below : Figure 7.User information How these information look like for some existing users is shown below : 16 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 8.Various user information The information important for us are the user name, adress and phone number. Additional to these information , the signal value is being enrolled at the order that the technician takes over. The tracking of the technician's work is enabled by using the application for the real time information download from the modem . The application is developed in the C++programing language, using SNMP ( Simpe Network Management Protocol ) for information gathering from a cable modem in a given interval, in our case - every second. This application enables us keeping record about our technicians work on site, having also a clear picture of the results of his work. The aim of this measure is that the signal correction is being made without the intervention of the user.In some cases the user doesn't even notice some interventions. 17 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 9 Real time modem monitoring [9] This way preventive actions are being taken even before it comes to the case that a signal problem occures which leads to modem work difficulties. The technician comes on site and takes the signal to an optimal level. That way great user satisfaction is achieved- the problem is prevented on time, there is no need for the user to call our help desk and to wait for actions to be taken 18 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 10 Improved search information system segment Using the database as an information source for keeping records about the cable modem condition, it is possible to have a clear vision about the activities needed to be processed in order of improving the system work. In figure 10 we can see the visualized relationship and principe of work of the information system segments so the work principle could be understood. [7] The procedure of issuing the intervention orders Beside the detection and prevention segment of the improved HS cable net information system, the order record application is also a very important part of the new management system. This application is first of all extremely user friendly thanks to a clear and simple structure. The picture below shows the opening part of the application. 19 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 11 Opening part of application First of all, the authorized person has to enter his/her username and password, in order of ensuring a reasonable security level. This level can be increased by importing more parameter requests like IP adress etc. The entry of a new intervention order requires a large set of information about the single user and the problem type ( example : adress,name and surname, phone number, problem description and other additional information that are relevant for the intervention on court. (picture 2). Also, it is important to specify the technician who obliges and issues the order. 20 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 12 The entry of new orders The figures 11 and 12 in detail show the order issuing procedure, listing all obliged orders and also user information. In practice it came out as very usefull having an insight to these information, especially in situations when interventions are not being fullfiled ( no matter what reason). In that case we can exactly see who and when issued/obliged the order and why it has not been accomplished. 21 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 13 Order printing The picture above shows the next step – the printing of issued orders. The day to day business procedure includes order issuing with the aim of enabling high quality sevice,on time, defined by the operator/user contract. Figure 14 Detailed list of entered intervention orders 22 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system After accomplishing the intervention on court, the orders previously issued to the technicians in charge, are being returned. Once again we can see the benefits of such an organization inside the information system management (figures 15 , 16 ). Figure 15 Procedure of order return The order return clearly shows the present status of the issued intervention also including the technician statements. This all leads to a clear definition of reposnsibilities, either single or work teams in charge. 23 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 16 Procedure of order return ( continued ) In case the intervention order status needs to be checked, this application enables searching tasks by various criteria (name and surname,adress etc.). The order status is checkable at any time from its issuing, showing all the changes and actions that have been made under some given circumstances ( figure 16 ). Since the order takeover and return dates are also evidented, this is also a criteria for measuring the efficiency of technicians on site. 24 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 16b Order search by a given criteria In case information editing is neccessary at an already defined order prescription, the procedure is easily implemented. First of all the editing candidates are selected . After that the technician in charge is selected, keeping records of the authorized person who is editing the order. This is very important for having an insight to the changes being made by the responsible technician, so every step is justified at the later revision. The goal of these measures is to eliminated every form of irresponsibility and indolence at work, so our operator/user relationship could remain on a high level of satifsaction. 25 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 17 Selecting the order we want to edit Figure 18 Procedure of editing the entered order / Technician change 26 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system This application also enables the creation and insight to statistic parameter reports based on the number of issued intervention orders. There are many possibilities for defining the type and purpose of the report, creating weekly report based orders, where one can clearly see the list of issued orders made in the last 7 days. Figure 19 Searching the orders of the last week Also you have the opportunity to create a report based on a monthly level 27 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 20 Search by months Another possible opportunity is to create an issued intervention order report based on the technicians in site,their number of orders and adresses taken or on the net segment for which the intervention is required . 28 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 21 Current records of issued order interventions The weekly report can also be considered as an insight to the technicians efficiency on site . This way we create a clear picture about the engagement of the technicians and about eventually lacks when talking about work responsabilities. 29 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 22 Order records of the last week The above mentioned report can also be created as a year report shown at the picture below: Figure 23 Report for a selected year [5] 30 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 24 Order records for a given year ( per months ) Finally, it is important to present an exact description of the above mentioned information system segment. The picture below shows the cleary defined relationships and principles of work picture. For a complete understanding of the matter you also need to involve the steps in application use which author defined above. 31 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Figure 25 Scheme of information system segments After entering the information for the order issuing via the application, we store all the mentioned information into our database, which represents the main part of the enire system. Any changes and actions made then will be recorded , updating the database every time. The report creation in any form, as well as the given searches and changes require the access to the database with the aim of accessability , editing and filtrating of entered information. Results of implementing the application 32 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system When talking about steps forward we made in sense of problem solving improvement and higher user satisfaction level, time has shown that the implementation of those new segments was a very good decision. From the statistics in figure 26 below we can see why : Figure 26 Order records indicated per months Figure 26 clearly shows that the number of issued order intervention is decreasing from month to month (except the period of April and May which is not relevant for our statistics because of bad wheatear circumstances ). For example in August a technician had 907 orders to accomplish, in September it was only 408. This is the most relevant indicator for the 33 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system decrease of problems by using this application. In other words, the less the number of intervention orders , the better the service quality ( since there are falling problem tendencies). Another important fact is that the number of calls at our help desk decreased from about 480 (every 2 minutes a user was calling to report a problem ) to about 120 during the work time ( 8 hours). We obviously see that the HS cable internet crew made a step forward when talking about problem solving measures, which resulted in great user approvals and positive reactions. Conclusion 34 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system The HS cable internet as one of the leading internet providers has a huge responsibility over its users. Therefore the HS technician team is working hard on meeting the user needs in every sense. Being aware of the fact that a high quality service is the only way to defend its leading position at the completion market, constant revisions and system make-over are a must in this business. Since the technologies are improving from day to day, the most important issue is to be up- to date with those changes and to recognize and take new opportunities of the technology universe. Although the originally implemented information system was based on a good work principle, it still could not avoid user dissatisfaction caused by various technical problems. The constantly growing number of HS cable net users was both the motivation for improving the information system and also an indicator for the growing problems caused by lacks in the infrastructure. After revising the information system, segments in which changes needed to be made were clearly defined. The implementation of a new problem detection and prevention software was the first step in ensuring an updated high quality service. Together with the order printing application this should become a powerful instrument for meeting user needs. User comments and also the empirical statistics showed that the HS cable internet surely made a huge step on its way of improvement in sense of operator / user relationship, organization and work discipline. This way a move from a reactive to a proactive way of troubleshooting was enabled. The final product of this is a satisfied user, which is off course the main concern. However, still there is a long way to go when talking about successful service providing. For the further work new goals have already been set. The future plans involve the acceleration of the problem detection and problem solving time frames by a constant implementing of new technologies. 35 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system The ideas for the necessary actions to be taken are evaluated through the day to day work experience. These days the idea of an alarm system for preventing and recognizing problems is being evaluated, so user dissatisfaction caused by connection problems, which is the most common problem, can be avoided. This measure should alarm in cases when the cable modem signal quality is not on an appropriate level. The realization of this planned innovation would involve a preventive problem detection that the alarm application would forward to the technicians in charge via mail, sending them a detailed report about the problem and its nature. The implementation of this application is planned as soon as possible, with high expectations set. All in all the HS cable internet is giving great effort to meet their goals in order of ensuring a high quality service level, satisfying current user needs and also attracting new users in sense of expanding their business at the competition market. 36 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system Reference list [1] Hranac, R., “More on CMTS SNR.” Communications Technology, Oct. 2003. [2] Interview with dipl.ing Sulejman Colo, IT manager,KaTv Hs, July,2009 [3] "More on Cable Modems Upstream Signal Levels." . http://www.cable360.net/ct/data/More-on-Cable-Modem-Upstream-SignalLevels_15089.html Available. [Accessed : June 19, 2009 ] [4] Downey, J. “Upstream FEC Errors and SNR as Ways to Ensure Data Quality and Throughput.” Cisco Systems (Document ID: 49780): www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk86/tk319/technologies_white_paper09186a0080231a71.html Available [Accessed : June 19 , 2009 ] [5] L. Storfer, ""Enhancing Cable Modem TCP Performance" ,Cable Broadband Communication group, Texas Instruments, July 2003 [6] "How Stuff Work." http://www.howstuffworks.com/cable-modem.htm/printable Available [Accessed : August 08, 2009] [7] Currivan, B., “Cable Modem Physical Layer Specification and Design.” In Cable Modems: Current Technologies and Applications, International Engineering Consortium, Chicago, 1999. [8] KaTv, "KaTv DataBase System." Available. [Accessed : August 27, 2009 ] 37 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system [9] KaTv, "Real Time Monitoring Application." Available. [Accessed : August 29, 2009 ] Glossary CMTS / cable modem termination system or CMTS is equipment typically found in a cable company's headed, or at cable company hub site, and is used to provide high speed data services, such as cable internet or Voice over IP, to cable subscribers. SNR / Signal-to-noise ratio is an electrical engineering measurement, also used in other fields (such as scientific measurement or biological cell signaling), defined as the ratio of a signal power to the noise power corrupting the signal. RF / A coaxial RF connector is an electrical connector designed to work at radio frequencies in the multi-megahertz range. RF connectors are typically used with coaxial cables and are designed to maintain the shielding that the coaxial design offers HFC network / Hybrid fiber-coaxial is a telecommunications industry term for a broadband network which combines optical fiber and coaxial cable. SNMP/ Simple Network Management Protocol is used in network management systems to monitor network-attached devices for conditions that warrant administrative attention PHP / Hypertext Preprocessor, is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development, to produce dynamic web pages. 38 �Revision and improvement of the HS cable net information system 39 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 744 Title A name given to the resource REVISION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE HS CABLE NET INFORMATION SYSTEM Author Author Sabotic, Armin Abstract A summary of the resource. Through the cable internet speed levels incerased and prices decreased which led to great user satisfaction, however, still there are certain issues needed to be revealed in order to achieve a greater level of service quality and also to meet the consumer needs. The purpose of this project is to evaluate problem-solving solutions for the information system of the HS cable internet. After a brief analysis of the cable internet history and IS structure the project focuses on lacks and problems detected during the analysis, implementing new software applications with the aim of detecting and preventing problems the HS cable internet deals with. Beside problem detection and prevention another task was to accelerate the problem-solving process by implementing another application, related to the problem detection software, which will print intervention prescriptions on site fulfilled by the workers in charge. Implementing these ideas will also lead to a better operator-user relationship, since problems will be detected, prevented and solved in a quicker time frame. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05-12 Keywords Keywords. Thesis NonPeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/06b0dcc4ca58f8821c49fa82adad8550.pdf 48a52b9fdaf8dd6790b59ba951389318 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Revision books in ESP: Myths and Reality Halina Wisniewska Kozminski University, Warsaw e-mail: halinannawu@gmail.com The term LSP is commonly used when referring to teaching and research of language in relation to the communicative needs of speakers of a second or foreign language used in a particular workplace, academic, or professional context thus LSP courses usually focus on the specific language needs of relatively homogeneous groups of learners. They may be addressed to students at, most often, tertiary level of education or to people who already completed formal education but need to use a foreign language to communicate in professional target situations. The starting point of every ESP course design is a detailed needs analysis which allows to define linguistic requirements of learners, competence gaps in relevant areas, set the required level of knowledge and specify the ways of achieving it. Therefore courses of languages for specific purposes may vary in the choice of language skills, functions and topics taught. The need for individualization of the teaching process requires also decisions regarding teaching materials to be used. McGrath (2002:4) notices that ‗ when experienced teachers teach using a course book that they know well, they will have a sense of what to use and what not to use, what to adapt and where to supplement‘. But how important for such decisions are the preferences of learners? The aim of the article is to present revision books - didactic material highly valued by learners but not so much by teachers - and to outline some of the reasons for this discrepancy. 1. Needs analysis in ESP There are various definitions of ESP in literature as the term covers various aspects of ELT and there is still some disagreement over the criteria for classification. Barnard and Zemach (2003:306) argue that ―English for Specific Purposes is an umbrella term that refers to teaching of English to students who are learning the language for a particular work or study-related reason and therefore attempts to position ESP on ‗by implication, superior position in EFL are groundless. According to them ― ESP is not an approach, a method or a technique (although simulation and role-play activities are often identified with business ESP courses). The only feature common to all types of ESP course is a selection of the content and teaching approach according to the perceived needs of the learner‖. Dudley-Evans and St John (1988:i), however, claim that the teaching of English for Specific Purposes has generally been regarded as a separate activity within ELT which the main concerns ―have always been, and remain, with needs analysis, text analysis, and preparing learners to communicate effectively in the tasks prescribed by their study or work situation‖. Every ESP course, aiming at satisfying learners‘ real-world professional demands as effectively as possible, must be based on specific situations which the learner will be involved in. The starting point of every ESP course design is a detailed needs analysis which allows to define competence gaps in relevant areas, set the required level of knowledge and specify the ways of achieving it. Therefore courses of languages for specific purposes may vary in the choice of language skills, functions and topics taught. As the dynamics of the labour market make it impossible to predict the future linguistic needs of the learner, a very important part of EFL methodology is developing learners‘ skill of self- directed learning. The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR, 2001:6) defines self-directed learning as a process including: • raising the learner‘s awareness of his or her present state of knowledge; • self-setting of feasible and worthwhile objectives; • selection of materials; • self-assessment. Self-directing learning is becoming more and more common among adult learners as it gives a lot of freedom in choosing the time of learning, learning style, strategies and materials. Yet, needs-oriented, learnercentred education requires a new approach to the problem of evaluation. It has become obvious that more autonomous learners should take responsibility for the final result of the learning process. To be able to do so they must have a possibility of unassisted self-evaluation of either their general language knowledge or particular language skills. Not all learners need formal assessment. 541 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Very often adult learners decide to either start learning a language or improve foreign language competence for a particular reason e.g. a new job opportunity, their own satisfaction. Not all of them attend language courses because they need an official proof of their language skills. They may just want to ensure that they are making progress and / or pursuing their language learning goals. They do not intend to enter for any more or less formal examination. In a traditional teacher-directed process it is the responsibility of the teacher to choose the most appropriate form of assessment. In self-directed learning the learner chooses what needs to be checked depending on the purpose of assessment. There may be a need to assess the progress made over a certain period of time or the present level of language fluency. CEFR (2001) distinguishes two types of assessment: • Achievement assessment - assessment of the achievement of specific objectives. It is oriented to the course – what has been taught. • Proficiency assessment - assessment of what someone can do / knows in relation to the application of the subject in the real world. Achievement assessment is usually used by teachers who need to get feedback on teaching while employers, educational administrators and adult learners are more interested in what the person can now do, therefore they find proficiency assessment as more useful. ― A proficiency test aims to measure how well the students will perform in their target language task and so fits within the ESP principles‖ (DudleyEvans and St John, 1998: 213). There are some readily available assessment tools though only very few are suitable for self-evaluation. Self-assessment in self-directed learning process requires tools designed in such a way that the learner can use them and review the achieved results himself/herself without help of e.g. a teacher. An option for self-directed learners is to use didactic materials suitable for language skills assessment which main goal is to facilitate ● revision and/or consolidation of learner‘s knowledge in a certain discipline or area; ● identification of gaps in learner‘s knowledge and filling them in; ● expansion of the learner‘s existing knowledge ● testing particular language knowledge or skills. 2. Revision books in ESP One of the main assumptions of English for Specific Purposes is that teaching materials should enable learners to acquire the variety of language and skills they will need in typical situations met in their professional life. There is specific vocabulary and language situations which are likely to appear in occupational contexts, therefore much greater emphasis must be put on developing lexical repertoire. Subject specialists need these lexical items that will enable them to communicate freely within the discipline represent. Checking this very specific vocabulary knowledge requires special tools. Unfortunately, readily available materials used for such a purpose are scarce. Most of commonly known and used vocabulary tests cover general language lexical items chosen on the basis of their position on frequency lists. They are not an effective tool for checking specific vocabulary needed by e.g. a stockbroker. Neither are ESP textbooks. The primary role of a textbook, designed mainly for teacher - directed learning, is to develop language competences. ESP textbooks do not provide enough opportunities to revise professional vocabulary or job related language skills learnt from other materials, at various stages of language education . New vocabulary is often introduced in clearly written explanatory texts or exercises in which key terms are bolded. Exercises and revision units cover only the lexical items that appear in the units. Checking knowledge gained at earlier stages requires a different tool. Additionally, some professionals need to have very clearly defined skills. Not always developing all language skills is necessary. ESP learners, particularly autonomous ones, should be given an opportunity not only to gain but also to evaluate the language knowledge according to their needs. Language revision books can be one of the instruments serving this purpose. According to Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1996) “to revise‖ means: 1. To look at again for the detection of errors; to re["e]xamine; to review; to look over with care for correction; as, to revise a writing; to revise a translation. 2. (Print.) To compare (a proof) with a previous proof of the same matter, and mark again such errors as have not been corrected in the type. 3. To review, alter, and amend; as, to revise statutes; to revise an agreement; to revise a dictionary. Drawing on this definition it can be said that a revision guide is a type of didactic material which, on the one hand, allows identification of gaps in learner‘s knowledge and, on the other hand, creates an opportunity for the learner to practise the possessed knowledge. Most such books concentrate on vocabulary, professional skills or grammar. Yet, the need for this type of material among learners does not raise enough interest among publishers, textbook writers and teachers. 542 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 3.Empirical research results In 2008 an empirical research was undertaken in order to describe the role of revision books in the didactic process of ESP. As didactic materials can be evaluated from both learner‘s and teacher‘s point of view the research was carried in two stages. The first stage was a questionnaire run among learners. A group of 150 respondents included undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students of business. They represented various levels of language fluency - from intermediate to advanced. The lowest level (B2) was predominant among undergraduates, advanced (C2) was mainly among postgraduate students. The purpose of such a composition of the group was to get as wide perspective on the issue as possible. The next stage was to get opinions from experienced ESP teachers. The answers varied in length and scope. Due to the length constraints of this article only the most relevant (for this paper) conclusions will be addressed. 3.1. Popularity of revision books among learners The results of the research show that revision books are popular among learners. As Fig. 1` shows almost ¾ of the respondents have used this type of material in language learning process. It is worth mentioning that difference between the scores of the three groups of respondents was statistically non-significant what may suggest that the popularity of revision books does not depend on the general language proficiency. Figure 1. Popularity of revision books When asked about usefulness of this type of learning material over 60% of those surveyed state that revision books are very useful. For 30% it is useful and only 1 respondent finds it not useful. Those who used this type of material used it for various reasons- from gaining new knowledge, consolidating the knowledge they possess or assessing their knowledge relating to a particular language skill. Figure 2. Reasons for using revision books 3.2. Popularity of revision books among teachers Revision books are designed primarily for learners who develop their language skills in form of selfstudy. However, some authors and publishers recommend them also for use in teacher-directed learning. In such cases revision books can be used for textbooks supplementation. To evaluate the popularity and usefulness of revision books as teaching material the second stage of research was carried among teachers. 75 experienced ESP teachers were selected to give their opinions on this type of didactic material. This stage of the research was carried by means of a personal interview. The respondents were asked two questions: - Do you think revision books are useful in ESP teaching? - Why yes?/no? 543 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo The answers given by the respondents can be divided into two groups: positive opinions and negative opinions. There was not even one respondent who would have any doubts about which answer to choose. This allows to draw a conclusion that teachers have a very clear opinion on the usefulness of this type of material. It was interesting to notice that more of them are sceptical about the potentials of revision books. Figure 3. Teachers‘ opinions on usefulness of revision books . The main arguments in support of the negative opinions are: • topics in revision guides are not correlated with topics in textbooks, • coursebook packages offer enough teaching material, • revision books offer exercises on too few levels of difficulty, • exercises in revision books are too mechanical, do not involve cognitive skills of learners, • revision books make the learning process very easy what demotivates learners. Figure 4. Teachers‘ arguments against On the other hand, teachers who use revision books notice that: • revision books help learners revise for exams, • revision books allow to consolidate the material taught ; as a result all students have the same material to learn, • revision books make teacher‘s work easier as they can be used as an additional source of exercises. 4. Conclusion Didactic materials should be evaluated for their potential to engage both the learners‘ and teacher‘s attention and effort (Rubdy, 2003:38). ‗By asking the students to assess their own learning, the teacher promotes autonomy by training them to become aware of their learning processes. This helps the students internalise the required criteria for acceptable performance both with regard to the curriculum and real life situations, and leads to a more realistic view of their actual skills‘. In fact, formal or traditional language testing is seldom used outside the educational bodies as the only tool to measure the level of particular skill or language competence. In case of revision books learners‘ and teachers‘ preferences regarding teaching/learning materials do not match. The analysis of the research results indicates that revision books are found as useful and effective in the process of learning but only by learners. Language teachers do not regard them as a valuable tool. 544 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Quantative and qualitative analysis of this type of didactic material (conducted in another empirical research on self-assessment tools) confirms some of the arguments given by teachers, mainly that the choice of topics is random or based on the author‘s intuition rather than learners‘ needs and that mechanical exercises are cognitively unchallenging for learners. If revision books are to be really valuable in language learning/teaching they must be designed with special attention paid to the content and structure. In some cases, however, the teachers‘ perceptions of the value of revision books represent more their preferred teaching style than reflect the potential value of this type of material. As Tomlinson (2003:18) notices ‗ language teachers tend to teach most successfully if they enjoy their role and if they can gain some enjoyment themselves from the materials they are using‘. The popularity of revision books among learners seems to be big enough to challenge another Tomlinson‘s reflections that ‗learning materials lose credibility for learners if they suspect that the teacher does not value them. References: Barnard, R., Zemach, D., 2003, Materials for Specific Purposes, [w:] Tomlinson, B., Developing Materials for Language Teaching, Continuum, New York. Block, D. 1991, Some thoughts on DIY materials design , ―ELT Journal‖ 45.3, s. 211-217. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR), 2001, ec.europa.eu/education/languages). Dudley-Evans T., St John M.,1998,Developments in English for Specific Purposes. A Multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. McGrath, I., 2002, Materials Evaluation and design for Language Teaching, Edinburgh University press, Edinburgh. Rubdy, R., 2003, Selection of materials, in B. Tomlinson (ed) Developing Materials for Language Teaching, Cromwell Press Trowbridge. Tomlinson, B., 2003, Developing Materials for Language Teaching, Continuum, New York. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1996, Random House. 545 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 82 Title A name given to the resource Revision books in ESP: Myths and Reality Author Author Wisniewska, Halina Abstract A summary of the resource. The term LSP is commonly used when referring to teaching and research of language in relation to the communicative needs of speakers of a second or foreign language used in a particular workplace, academic, or professional context thus LSP courses usually focus on the specific language needs of relatively homogeneous groups of learners. They may be addressed to students at, most often, tertiary level of education or to people who already completed formal education but need to use a foreign language to communicate in professional target situations. The starting point of every ESP course design is a detailed needs analysis which allows to define linguistic requirements of learners, competence gaps in relevant areas, set the required level of knowledge and specify the ways of achieving it. Therefore courses of languages for specific purposes may vary in the choice of language skills, functions and topics taught. The need for individualization of the teaching process requires also decisions regarding teaching materials to be used. McGrath (2002:4) notices that ‗ when experienced teachers teach using a course book that they know well, they will have a sense of what to use and what not to use, what to adapt and where to supplement‘. But how important for such decisions are the preferences of learners? The aim of the article is to present revision books - didactic material highly valued by learners but not so much by teachers - and to outline some of the reasons for this discrepancy. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c581935d1c13eaaefe397f2a9dc106e1.pdf e2f418a747b5f89461e6dbff978f5c52 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies RFID Technology in Business Systems and Supply Chain Management Mehmet Erkan YÜKSEL Istanbul University, Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey, eyuksel@istanbul.edu.tr Asım Sinan YÜKSEL Indiana University, School of Informatics and Computing, Bloomington, Indiana, USA asyuksel@umail.iu.edu ABSTRACT In today’s fast-changing competition environment, companies and organizations need to renew their services and products, and change and replace their business processes with new ones continuously to benefit more from time and resources. Therefore, data capturing, gathering and management technologies are always needed by companies and organizations to support their decision-making and plans, and develop their strategies. One of the technologies that could help companies to handle data is RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Many organizations are slow in warming up to the idea of using RFID to conduct more effective and efficient business processes, data mining applications, and cost savings. In this study, RFID technology and its system structure are proposed. The paper introduces a middleware for business models including RFID technology. Information about the advantages of RFID over today’s data gathering and Auto-ID (Automatic Identification) technologies is given. The impacts of RFID technology on business systems, especially supply chain management, are presented. Keywords: Radio Frequency Identification; Data Gathering; Item Tracking/monitoring; Process Management; Supply Chain Management Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 53 �Mehmet Erkan YÜKSEL & Asım Sinan YÜKSEL Introduction Technological innovations and their consequences are becoming indispensable parts of our daily lives. RFID, as one of these innovations, is a system that provides easy, secure and quick data entry, storage and transmission. It is used in many places such as shops, stores, hospitals, pharmaceuticals companies, logistic services etc. where real time data should be used (Brown, 2007, Miles et al., 2008). At its core, RFID is an enabling technology that has the potential to help retailers provide the right product at the right place at the right time, thus maximizing sales and profits. It builds a basis for coding, storage and transmission systems. It improves the data management capabilities and resolves the problems caused by lack of information. It provides contactless and wireless technology to identify objects that are uniquely manufactured, shipped and sold, such as container, pallet, case and item, thus it provides the building blocks for increased visibility throughout the supply chain. It is important in improving efficiency and visibility, cutting costs, delivering better asset utilization, producing higher quality goods, reducing shrinkage and counterfeiting, and increasing sales by reducing out-of-stocks (Angeles, 2005, Brazeal, 2009). It helps in gathering data and improves the security of information about the objects. RFID has vast applications as it is relevant to any organization engaged in the production, movement or sale of goods. This technology includes retailers, distributors, logistics service providers, manufacturers and their suppliers, hospitals, pharmaceuticals companies, and the entire supply chain applications. RFID is an emerging technology consisting of data gathering, distribution, and management systems that has the ability to identify or scan information with increased speed and accuracy (Ahson & Ilyas, 2008). Although implementing RFID technology is a complicated process, the right planning and development of an RFID strategy can offer important advantages to business systems for efficient and successful supply chain management. While RFID technology has received a fair amount of attention in media recently, many are still unfamiliar with RFID and the benefits it can offer. In the face of the need for clear, extensive information about RFID and its benefits, this paper presents the opportunities offered by the technology for any organization involved in the production, management, or sale of goods. RFID Systems and System Components RFID is a wireless automatic identification (Auto-ID) and data capturing technology that gives the opportunity to monitor objects by using a tag that carries information. In RFID systems, there are different software and hardware requirements for data gathering and management. One of the most important components of RFID systems is tag. A tag can be identified as a microchip that has an electronic circuit and antenna on it. For the purpose of tracking the movement of goods, tags can be placed anywhere, such as containers, pallets, materials handling equipment, cases or even on individual products. Tags can be classified as passive (no battery), active (with battery) or semi-passive according to their power supply (Khan et al., 2009, Klaus, 2010). While active tags use an energy source that is integrated to a tag physically, passive tags obtain this energy from the readers in the communication field. Today, semi-passive tags that have some properties of both active and passive 54 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �RFID Technology in Business Systems and Supply Chain Management tags can be also used. The other component of RFID is reader which connects the tags to external world. Although readers can be classified as portable and mobile (Klaus, 2010), all of them consist of same components. In every reader, there are some parts that read tags, gather data and handle communication. While the reader antenna receives/sends the radio waves, it builds the signal and decrypts the signal which is sent from tags. There are eight main components for building RFID systems in a supply chain management: 4. Controller 7. Software System (ERP/MRP) 2. Antenna 5. Interrogator 8. Communication Infrastructre 3. Reader 6. Sensors 9. Annuciators/Actuators 1. RFID Tag RFID Tag An RFID tag consists of a microchip where the information about the object is stored, an antenna connected to the chip, on-board electronics, and a protecting film layer that covers these components. It is used as an electronic data carrier, and different information can be written and read in its environment. The microchip in the RFID tag can store information from 64 bit to 8 MB (Klaus, 2010), which means that the tag can carry some important information such as shipping history, order number, customer information, company/staff information and serial number (Ahson & Ilyas, 2008). There are several kinds of tags in different forms and sizes. A common way of categorizing tags is by their power source. This is also one of the main determining factors for the cost and longevity of a tag. There are three types of RFID tags: passive, active, and semipassive. A passive tag does not contain a battery; it obtains all of its energy from the reader by using different transmission methods. It uses the signal received from the reader to power the IC, and changes the signal level to transmit information back to the reader. Passive tags are the most common ones in cost-sensitive applications because they have no battery, no transmitter, and they are also very cheap. An active tag is a full-featured radio device with its own transmitting capability independent of the reader (Shepard, 2005, Roberts, 2006). It uses an on-board battery to power on-board electronics, microprocessor, memory, and external sensors for communication. Tags that use battery power for some functions but still allow the reader to power communications have been termed “active” as well. They are not only capable of supplying power for themselves but also they are able to initiate communications with other tags of their own kind without the aid of a reader. These tags are called two-way tags, battery-assisted passive tags or semi-passive tags (Shepard, 2005, Xiao et al., 2007). They use a battery to power the on-board electronics and microchip, and the passiveness of semi-passive tags depends on required signal levels between the tag and the reader. Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 55 �Mehmet Erkan YÜKSEL & Asım Sinan YÜKSEL Table 5. Marketing Management Factor and its variables Although having an onboard battery makes RFID chips more expensive, semi-passive and active tags have several advantages over passive tags. In semi-passive systems, the reading range may be longer because the passive communications can use all of the power provided by the reader for data transmission rather than sharing some of the power with the chip. Active tags have an extremely long reading range and perform some functions in the absence of a reader (e.g., using battery power for environmental sensors). This capability can be very useful for tags to identify items such as perishable goods. These varieties of RFID tags can dynamically store data. Active RFID tags have large read/ write data storage, almost 128 kilobytes, and sophisticated data search/access capabilities. In a passive RFID, the data storage is less than 128 bytes with no search capabilities or data manipulation features (Klaus, 2010, Glover & Bhatt, 2006). RFID Reader An RFID reader is a specialized radio transmitter and receiver. It generates signals at the carrier frequency and modulates these carrier signals to convey information to the tags (Klaus, 2010). It must selectively receive and amplify responses from the tags, and convert the signal from the carrier frequency down to much lower frequencies. It is designed for fast and easy system integration without losing performance, functionality and security. Fig. 2 shows the components of an RFID reader. An RFID reader consists of a real time processor, operating system, virtual portable memory, and a transmitter/receiver unit in one small self-contained module that is easily installed in the ceiling or in any other convenient location. The reader is usually classified into two types (Klaus, 2010, Shepard, 2005). The portable reader is set to a definite place. It is the reader type that RF tags go through and by which they make communication. The mobile RFID reader includes a wireless interface, precisely Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1), ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) or Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b/g/n). This device uses 56 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �RFID Technology in Business Systems and Supply Chain Management short or long range radio links. Therefore, it can identify, read/write, remotely control and monitor RFID tags over wireless communication. It contains some software tools for communication with other mobile RFID readers, PDAs, laptops, etc. The mobile RFID reader facilitates the identification of the tags that are in dangerous fields where the reading process is difficult (Roberts, 2006, Xiao et al., 2007, Glover & Bhatt, 2006). Figure 2: The Components of a Reader RFID Controller An RFID controller is a machine such as computer, server, workstation etc. on which database or application softwares work. It also can be a network system which includes computers, servers and workstations connected to each other. The RFID Controller is the brain of an RFID system. It controls RFID middlewares, applications and database sytems (Brown, 2007, Shepard, 2005, Fosso Wamba et al., 2007). It is also used for connecting multi-queriers in a network and processing information centrally. The controller uses information that is collected by readers. It has some properties such as monitoring RFID sytem, rerouting data about items if necessary, remote controlling and managing devices, validating and authorizing identities, creating and managing accounts, stock analysis for products, coordination with ERP/MRP systems, informing suppliers when new product stock is required, etc. (Angeles, 2005, Brazeal, 2009, Glover & Bhatt, 2006). RFID Antenna It is the hardware that provides communication among readers and tags. In many situations, the use of an antenna is very important because tag reading ranges are very small. Although the antenna has a very simple structure according to its concept, it must receive the best signals in low power and adapt to special conditions. Antenna must be designed in different sizes, shapes and frequency intervals according to the properties and distances of the environment where the application will be implemented in (Klaus, 2010, Hossain & Karmakar, 2006). Antennas have two kinds of broadcasting: planarly or circularly. An antenna that broadcasts planarly Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 57 �Mehmet Erkan YÜKSEL & Asım Sinan YÜKSEL concentrates on a unique axial for maximum income in the longest reading distance. An antenna that broadcasts circularly distributes the UHF energy generated by the reader to a longer distance equally. Therefore, with circular diffusion, it is possible that the antenna reads all surrounding tags. An antenna can be designed as to several factors, such as the following: - Reading distance - Reader/controller - Particular product types - Antenna polarization - Known orientation - Environmental changes - Arbitrary orientation - Speed of the tagged objects - Specific operating conditions RFID Interrogator An RFID interrogator is essentially a small computer. It has three basic parts: an antenna, an RF electronic module that is responsible for reading RFID tags, and a microcontroller module that is responsible for communication with controllers or readers. The interrogator acts as a bridge between the tag and the controller (or reader). It has just a few critical functions (Brown, 2007, Angeles, 2005, Ahson & Ilyas, 2008):  Reading data contents of an RFID tag.  Writing data to the tag, if required.  Relaying data from/to the controller.  Powering the tag, if required (for passive systems).  Implementing anti-collision measures to ensure simultaneous RW communication with many tags.  Authenticating tags to prevent fraud or unauthorized access to the RFID system.  Data encryption to protect the integrity of RFID data. Operating Frequencies in RFID Systems Operating frequency is the electromagnetic frequency which the tag uses to communicate or obtain power. The electromagnetic spectrum in the range in which RFID typically operates is usually broken up into low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), ultra-high frequency (UHF), and microwave. Because of the fact that RFID systems broadcast electromagnetic waves, they are regulated as radio devices (Glover & Bhatt, 2006). 58 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �RFID Technology in Business Systems and Supply Chain Management Figure 3: Radio Frequency Spectrum Low Frequency (LF) Frequencies between 30 KHz and 300 KHz are considered as low. RFID systems commonly operate at the frequency range from 125 KHz to 134 KHz. LF RFID systems generally use passive tags, have low data-transfer rates from tag to reader, and are especially good if the operating environment contains metals, liquids, dirt, snow, or mud (a very important characteristic of LF systems). In LF RFID systems, active LF tags are also available from vendors (Lahiri, 2005). High Frequency (HF) High frequency RFID systems operate between 3 MHz and 30 MHz ranges. 13.56 MHz is the typical operating frequency used for HF RFID systems. A HF RFID system that uses passive tags, has a slow data-transfer rate from tag to reader, and offers fair performance in the presence of metals and liquids. The other frequency range is very high frequency (VHF) and lies between 30 and 300 MHz. Although there are applications for VHF systems such as FM radio/TV broadcasts, land mobile stations, marine and air traffic control communications, air navigation systems, etc., none of the current RFID systems operate in this range. Ultra High Frequency (UHF) UHF RFID systems operate between 300 MHz to 1 GHz ranges, and they can use both active and passive tags. These systems have fast data-transfer rates between tags and readers, but perform poorly in the presence of metals and liquids. Microwave Microwave RFID sytems that operate from 1 GHz upto 5.8 GHz. 2.4 GHz frequency are called Industry, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band and accepted worldwide (Lahiri, 2005). Microwave RFID systems can be used for active, semi-active and passive tags. They have the fastest data-transfer rates between tags and readers. Because of the fact that antenna length is inversely proportional to the frequency, the antenna of a passive tag operating in the microwave range has the smallest length Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 59 �Mehmet Erkan YÜKSEL & Asım Sinan YÜKSEL (which results in a small tag size because the tag microchip can also be made very small). RFID Applications RFID systems can be divided into two major groups, as mobile and immobile applications. Immobile RFID systems include RFID readers, antennas (usually 2 or 4 antennas for each reader), hosts, servers, middleware and external units such as light and sensors. These systems are also called RFID gates. In these systems, readers serve as gates, receive information from tagged objects and send these information to servers or controllers. Mobile systems use wireless communication to gather data and monitor objects. They are similar to fixed systems due to RFID system structure. They provide advantages such as data gathering and managing, reading/writing ranges and communication technologies. Reading/writing data from/to RFID tags is done by radio frequencies. Passive tags, which are widely used, are activated by the energy that is generated by RFID readers, and send their information to readers. RFID readers receive information and transfer this information to controllers, servers, database systems or RRP/ERP/MRP systems in supply chains. Fig. 4 shows an RFID system model in a supply chain management, and provides information about how RFID systems work. Figure 4: An RFID System Model 60 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �RFID Technology in Business Systems and Supply Chain Management RFID Data Model Used in a Supply Chain RFID data can be classified into two categories: the event data and the master data. The event data keeps real-time (or dynamic) information which is about RFID tagged objects such as containers, pallets, materials handling equipment, cases, automobiles, textiles, animals, and etc. The master data provides conditional information and verification about the event data. Fig. 5 shows an example of an RFID data model that contains 96 bit EPC code in a supply chain management, and provides information about how RFID data is structured. Figure 5: An RFID Data Model Event Data Event data is related to a definite time, and it provides the communication about RFID tagged objects during supply chain processes. It is created whenever some sort of transaction occurs. It is captured in distributed data repositories, and only the relevant event data has to be sent to the monitoring for further processing (Miles et al., 2008, Angeles, 2005, Brazeal, 2009). The processing and matching of automatically generated monitoring instructions with the event data gathered from distributed data repositories has to be performed by an appropriate event processing engine (Veronneau & Roy, 2009, Kwak et al., 2010). Event data creates information which is about investigating the existence of items somewhere at some time. It stores the identity, location and time information. Event data can be illustrated like this: “EPC X is observed at location L at 4:15 p.m. 28 June 2010”. Event data is currently used for tracking and tracing applications to monitor items associated with transportation processes and transported goods (Ferrer et al., 2010). The combination of new technologies provides the potential to use RFID based on event data for the automatic and near real time monitoring of processes in supply chain networks to detect anomalies according to specified objectives. By using RFID widely, applications may need more information and more sensor observations (Werner & Schill, 2009). Master Data Master data, also called reference data, describes an item and its general properties. It includes useful data about customers, products, employees, materials, suppliers, manufacturers etc. in a supply chain. It contains information such as source verification, product definition referenced by EPC (Electronic Product Code), manufacturer information, details about the object which event data is caught from, and storage information. It can define transactional processes and operations (Glover & Bhatt, 2006, Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 61 �Mehmet Erkan YÜKSEL & Asım Sinan YÜKSEL Kwak et al., 2010, Tajima, 2007). Master data is a key information for quality-assurance, persisting demands, business operations and data-mining applications. It provides processes for collecting, aggregating, consolidating, matching, and distributing such data throughout a company to ensure control and consistency in the ongoing maintenance and application of this information (Chuang & Shaw, 2005). Master data is used in data management systems to define characteristics of an item that are used within other data centric processes. It is stored in different data systems across a company, and it may or may not be referenced centrally. Therefore, the possibility exists for duplicate and/or inaccurate master data. Usually, master data can’t grow as fast as event data. Data Size The effect of RFID on data gathering and management systems in a supply chain is related to which data will be collected by using RFID, how often it will be collected, and what will be done with RFID data. Due to the necessity of RFID system and network infrastructure, RFID data volume can overload the storage fields and supply chain network. Therefore, data size can be changed as a function that is dependent on the number of processes executed by the RFID system. RFID Middleware for Business Operations and Supply Chain Models RFID middleware is a software that bridges RFID system and enterprise IT applications. It helps data gathering and management for any RFID deployment in a supply chain. It consists of a set of services that allow multiple processes running on one or more RFID system to interact. RFID middleware assists with the filtering, aggregation, and routing of RFID data. It has built-in business rules that monitor the data stream and direct data to appropriate enterprise systems. It is used to manage data flow between the RFID networks and the IT systems within an organization (Sarac et al., 2010, Chuang & Shaw, 2005, Asif & Mandviwalla, 2005). Fig. 6 shows a sofware architecture in a supply chain management. RFID middleware can be integrated to the ERP/MRP system of a company. This integration helps RFID services to write the correct data to the desired places in time. The integration provides varying degrees of management and monitoring capabilities, service-oriented architecture integration capabilities, and built-in adapters to various ERP packages (Glover & Bhatt, 2006). The company which hosts the RFID service provides this integration by working with its trading partners which use current systems (Saygin et al., 2007, Gaukler & Seifert, 2007). RFID middleware provides connectivity with RFID devices while encapsulating the applications from the device interface and interconnections. It lowers the volume of information that applications need to process by filtering and grouping raw RFID observations captured by readers and sensors. It provides an application-level interface for querying RFID observations and managing RFID devices such as readers, controllers, interrogators and servers (Chuang & Shaw, 2007, Chen et al. 2008). 62 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �RFID Technology in Business Systems and Supply Chain Management Figure 6: An RFID Software Architecture For A Business Model (Glover & Bhatt, 2006). RFID middleware has four main functions for data management in business applications: 1. Data Gathering: Middleware is responsible for the extraction, aggregation, smoothing, and filtering of data from multiple RFID readers throughout an RFID network. It serves as a buffer between the volumes of raw data that are collected by RFID readers and the relatively small amount of data that is required by enterprise IT systems in the decision-making process. Without this middleware buffer, enterprise IT systems could quickly become overwhelmed by the flow of data (Hunt et al., 2007). 2. Data Routing and Management: Middleware facilitates the integration of RFID networks with enterprise systems. It determines which data must go where. It does this by routing data to appropriate enterprise systems within an organization (Saygin, 2007). 3. Process Management: RFID middleware is an application of knowledge, skills, tools, techniques and systems to define, visualize, measure, control, report and improve supply chain processes with the goal of meeting customer requirements profitably. It is the ensemble Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 63 �Mehmet Erkan YÜKSEL & Asım Sinan YÜKSEL of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a business process (Gaukler & Seifert, 2007, Bagchi et al., 2007). Middleware can be used to trigger events based on business rules. For example, an order is created on a company’s website, and a pallet lies at a dock door in a distant warehouse as though waiting for its marching orders. The enterprise IT system that is responsible for initiating this shipment would pass the purchase order to the middleware system. Middleware locates the specific dock door where the pallet is stored, and writes the delivery information on the pallet’s tag. Other events and processes such as unauthorized shipment and unexpected inventory, low stock, and stock cut can be managed by middleware. 4. Device Management: Middleware must contain technologies, protocols and standards used to allow the remote management of RFID devices, and involve updates of firmwares or other middlewares over the air. For example, the employer or the end-user can use middleware via a web portal to update the firmware, install middleware applications and fix bugs, as wireless and contactless. Thus, large numbers of RFID devices can be managed with middleware, and the end-user is freed from the technical service requirement to refresh or update the RFID system. For supply chain management and business applications, RFID device management means better control, update, safety, and management as well as increased efficiency, decreased possibility for device downtime. Middleware is used to monitor and coordinate devices such as readers, hosts, controllers, servers. Large organizations might have hundreds or thousands of different types and brands of readers to spread across their networks. Networking and monitoring RFID sytem devices, and keeping track of these devices` health and status, would be a major job and most efficiently done at the middleware level. Remote management of an RFID network could also be made possible through middleware (Sarma, 2004, Prabakar et al., 2006, Minli et al. 2008). Discussion The main feature of RFID technology is its ability to identify, locate, track, and monitor objects without a clear line of sight between the tag and the reader. Addressing all of the functional capabilities of RFID systems ultimately defines the RFID applications to be developed in a variety of industry, commerce, and service where data need to be gathered. The effectiveness of an RFID application in addressing desired functionality depends on several important factors: • Contactless: An RFID tag can be read without any physical contact between the tag and the reader. • Writable data: The data of a read-write (RW) RFID tag can be rewritten several times. • Absence of line of sight: A line of sight is generally not required for an RFID reader to read a tag. • Variety of reading ranges: An RFID tag can have a reading range from as small as a few inches to as large as more than 100 feet. • Wide data-capacity range: A tag can store from a few bytes of data to virtually any amount of data. 64 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �RFID Technology in Business Systems and Supply Chain Management • Support for multiple tag readings: It is possible to use an RFID reader to automatically read several RFID tags in its reading zone within a short period of time. • Durable: RFID tags and readers can easily operate under difficult conditions. • Perform smart tasks: In addition to the tasks of carrying and transmitting of data, an RFID system can be designed to perform some other tasks (e.g., acculturation to environmental conditions, operating at high or low temperature and pressure). • Extreme reading accuracy: Thanks to extreme reading accuracy advantage, RFID is an accurate and secure technology for data gathering and management. The advantages listed above are generic for any type of RFID sytems. Some additional factors are needed to be considered for applications such as data gathering, item monitoring, automatic identification, and access control mechanisms. These may include privacy and security concerns, data mining, and the integration of the RFID with other technologies such as biometric systems, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and wireless communication technologies. In the near-feature, commercial applications of RFID technology in supply chain management will continue to develop and grow. Therefore, RFID industry must focus on applications that increase the volume of usage, lower the costs and develop effective business models. Companies gain competitive advantage over other companies by offering consumers greater values. These values can be provided by means of lower prices, investment or better services. New business strategies should be developed and new technologies should be adopted in order to compete with rival companies in industry. For the companies who will use RFID systems, a question arises: “Can RFID deliver a competitive advantage?” Firms who are the earlier adopters of RFID technology will gain a competitive advantage through business innovation and differentiation. Companies with supply chains have already begun to explore how to apply RFID technology with the goal of improving supply chain management and collaboration. Leader retailers around the world and national organizations have begun to suggest and insist that manufacturers and suppliers should attach RFID tags to products before shipment. A good example of a company who is an earlier adopter of RFID with the help of IBM is American Power Conversion. According to Rich Morrissey, APC’s director of eBusiness, APC has a better position with customers and RFID helped the company to achieve a competitive advantage through business innovation, differentiation and an established technological leadership position. In addition to these, the company protected its revenue streams, won customer loyalty, speeded up its decisionmaking and gained greater supply chain visibility. Another example is Wal-Mart, which is one of the largest American public organizations and runs a chain of large discount department stores and a chain of membership required warehouse stores. The company extended its existing edge and saw RFID as a way to reduce the cost of handling goods. Therefore, a firm who adopts the RFID technology saves billions of dollars and reduces the cost of its supply chain operations and can translate these savings into increased profit margins at the Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 65 �Mehmet Erkan YÜKSEL & Asım Sinan YÜKSEL point of sale. Additionally, a firm can also cut prices that helps to gain low-cost advantage against its competitors. During supply chain processes, several data such as “which products use which parts” or “who assembles the product in what time” can be stored in database management systems. Therefore, products in which related parts are used can be automatically determined and applied to necessary operations. RFID systems give an opportunity to create a database with data on customers’ needs. By the use of RFID, information in database systems is updated and correct information that is necessary for reporting and analysis is obtained on time. RFID has many potential activities such as billing and delivering products, physical stock and identity account tracking. Information/data is easily accessed and updated dynamically in real-time, stocks are tracked and controlled, and storehouse and selling control can be done. Products that are taken from stock or that have remained in stock can be monitored with their costs and efficient stock management can be done. By using RFID data (e.g, EPC), correct information is obtained from the production line and used in different stages of the supply chain without human intervention. The products are directed to a definite route automatically and defective products are also prevented in the production line. Some critical processes during business operations such as stock management, item tracking/monitoring, transportation, delivery, device management, and software update are planned automatically. In this way, lost time and manpower can be decreased. There are several advantages of RFID applications in supply chain management. RFID technology provides collaborative business commerce solutions, enables more efficient and effective buying, selling, and cash management. Companies can control costs, increase sales, minimize risks, and enhance cash flow by using RFID systems. As a result of the real time item monitoring, RFID provides effective logistic management, and effective purchase and supplier/procurement management. In addition to these, RFID applications decrease repeating jobs and faults caused by using automation instead of manpower, decrease manpower costs and prevent problems by obtaining detailed information. An RFID tag has a unique identification code and data is protected with cryptographic algorithms. Advanced encryption methods prevent unauthorized access to the information in the RFID chip. The tag can be locked and becomes unusable if necessary. The security of RFID improves the delivery and control of goods, decreases theft and faults, increases anti-forgery, eliminates wrong data entry and prevents complications between similar products or the products that have similar codes. In this way, RFID data processing accuracy and sensitivity enable the proper verification of object data (Ahson & Ilyas, 2008, Hunt et al., 2007). RFID data contains a unique code (e.g., EPC) that provides the unique identification of each item. RFID contributes to supply chains and business operations in different ways through its advanced unique identification and real-time communication properties. Through the unique code of each tag and the easiness of scanning, RFID improves the accuracy, the speed of processes, the traceability and the visibility of products throughout supply chains. It also reduces handling and distribution 66 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �RFID Technology in Business Systems and Supply Chain Management costs and increases sales by reducing stock-outs. RFID ameliorates the efficiency of current supply chains, but it also supports the reorganization of supply chains to drastically enhance their overall performances. RFID is also used to minimize human faults and increase process speed in a scope like selling, storing, production, etc. In RFID systems, processes are executed faster than manual systems because information is transferred with electronic methods. With the speed increasing in the data entrance, work efficiency also increases and employees are shifted to more suitable locations. Another advantage of using RFID, is its being economic. With correct data entrance and increased speed of data entrance, the number of employees is reduced, leading the system to become more economic. An RFID application reduces the stationer and stores costs by eliminating data entry forms. Because it is not necessary to use complicated equipment – stationer for RFID tag, data recording/storing process becomes simpler and has less cost than other automatic identification (autoid) technologies. RFID is more durable, and can be applied more simply than other autoid when the factors like damage, frazzling, being torn during its usage are taken into account. RFID includes some technological features such as security, identification and authorization for commercial applications. Due to identification and authorization functions, RFID increases visibility, and develops effectiveness of communication among objects by matching entities automatically. For instance, RFID identification and authorization features in medical applications enable the identification, positioning and tracing of patients and related medical equipment consistently at the right time. In this way, double-checking in medical treatment services, workload and resources in advanced processes are decreased. RFID, integrated into wireless network systems, brings mobility to any tagged object by increasing the capacity of data communication. In this way, efficient use and management of goods is improved. For instance, the use of RFID with wireless network system enables the enumeration of medical equipment in a hospital from a fixed location. This dramatically decreases the search time. Moreover, by the use of RFID tags for patients, medical equipment, and patient registers in a hospital, data about entities can be traced fast. RFID integration enhances tracing of goods use, and provides current and the best sourcing use by decreasing loss or misplacement of goods. In this way, it improves the efficiency of material inventory. Due to RFID and wireless sensor network environment built with EPC global, aims and limits about location, storage space and time can be changed; RFID enables services existing in innovative ways or new services to be created. Standardized RFID network software architecture, which uses RFID system to enable the constant, temporaneous, direct identification, positioning and tracing of objects such as pallet, container, goods, medicines, and patients is used to transform data collected by RFID into information. This information is processed as useful information that can be used with back-end system in a company’s decision-making period (Smith, 2005). For instance, through the effective use of RFID and EPCglobal network in medical institutions (especially data processes with Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 67 �Mehmet Erkan YÜKSEL & Asım Sinan YÜKSEL intensive workload such as search, data entry, comparison and verification), not only is medical error dramatically reduced, but treatment quality of the medical institution is also improved effectively, which enhances operational performance and capacity of hospital. Conclusion RFID is the general name of the systems that use radio waves in automatic object identification. It transmits the identification information of objects as a numerical serial number dynamically. These wireless systems give the opportunity to read without contact and being visibility. This property provides simplicity in difficult environments, as compared to conventional technologies such as barcode. Today, RFID technology with its different applications provides many advantages in the industry. Invention of new technologies decreases the operational costs of firms and companies and increases the efficiency and profitability. By using RFID technology, the changes in the working process can be analyzed and planned. The RFID system can set with the most suitable tag design and be started to be managed. Large scale applications with integrated databases such as inventory tracking, production band automation, stock management, staff and data tracking can be developed. RFID is a technology that is not limited to only product identification and tracking, but also it has large application fields for supply chain management and applications. It is very suitable for the companies and firms who need dynamic systems to control their entities, data and information regularly. The people who want to invest in RFID must investigate the RFID gains properly. It can be said that discovery duration about RFID is current, and to apply a system based RFID is both a science and an art. RFID improves the effectiveness of supply chain and provides the opportunity to collect various data about customer behaviours. It presents enterprise innovations that result in high performance on behalf of company value and applications that increase business operations. It has the structural features that activate business processes planning and management. Thanks to tracking of any object tagged with RFID and the intelligent management of data about the object, value-added operations of companies improve. RFID significantly alters companies’ capacity of obtaining real-time data about the locations and characteristics of tagged objects. When various processes related to business operations are used with RFID, companies can observe the location, history and changing situations of tagged objects more easily. When RFID is used with a company`s general communication infrastructure, it provides wide-ranging location and knowledge of goods to the company. RFID systems can be assessed both strategically and operationally. Strategical systems aim at integration of RFID technology and company processes, development of better business models by companies, customer satisfaction and development of new business opportunities. Besides, it leads an effective supply-chain system in order to coordinate companies’ members from overseas. Operational systems focus on effectiveness and flexibility in process redesign. RFID has an effective 68 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �RFID Technology in Business Systems and Supply Chain Management and competitive role in all stages of supply-chain management such as business value, organizational business strategies, cost, quality, service and speed, etc. Thanks to intelligent tracking of objects and automation of business processes, RFID decreases the costs of data collection, increases the effectiveness in business processes, and creates competitiveness among companies by interactive working with BPR, MRP, ERP, and SCM applications. Adoption of RFID by enterprises results in great changes for both business processes and company employees. RFID aims at activated restructuring studies, optimization of business processes, and providing effective business integration. In the near future, the adoption of sensor-based Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology will allow the creation of the real-time, sensor-connected manufacturing plant. By adding RFID tags to every product, tool, resource and item of materials handling equipment, manufacturers will be able to get better demand signals from customers and the market. References Brown, D. E., (2007). RFID Implementation, McGraw Hill Companies, NY, USA, ISBN: 978-007-226324-4. Miles, S. B., Sarma, S. E., and Williams, J. R., (2008). RFID Technology and Applications, Cambridge University Press, NY, USA, ISBN: 978-0-521-88093-0. Angeles, R., (2005). RFID Technologies: Supply-Chain Applications and Implementation Issues, Information Systems Management, Vol. 22, pp. 51-65. Brazeal, M., (2009). RFID: Improving the Customer Experience, Paramount Market Publishing, Inc., NY, USA, ISBN: 978-0-9801745-3-3. Ahson, S. A., & Ilyas, M., (2008). RFID Handbook, Applications, Technology, Security, and Privacy, CRC Press, FL, USA, ISBN: 978-1-4200-5499-6. Khan, M. A., Sharma M., and Prabhu R, B., (2009). A Survey of RFID Tags, International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 68-71. Klaus, F., (2010). RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identification and Near-Field Communication, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, UK, ISBN:978-0-470-69506-7. Shepard, S., (2005). RFID: Radio Frequency Identification, McGraw-Hill Companies, NY, USA, ISBN:0-07-144299-5. Roberts, C.M., (2006). Radio frequency identification (RFID), computers&security, Vol. 25, pp. 18–26. Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 69 �Mehmet Erkan YÜKSEL & Asım Sinan YÜKSEL Xiao, Y., Yu, S., Wu, K., Ni, Q., Janecek, C., and Nordstad, J., (2007), Radio frequency identification: technologies, applications, and research issues, Wireless Communications And Mobile Computing, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 457–472. Glover, B., & Bhatt, H., (2006). RFID Essentials, O’Reilly Publishing, Sebastopol, CA, USA, ISBN: 978-0-596-00944-1. Fosso Wamba, S., Lefebvre, L. A., and Lefebvre, E., (2007). Integrating RFID Technology and EPC Network into a B2B Retail Supply Chain: a Step toward Intelligent Business Processes. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 114-124. Hossain, S. S., & Karmakar, N., (2006). An Overview On RFID Frequency Regulations And Antennas, 4th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE), Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 424-427. Lahiri, S., (2005). RFID Sourcebook, Pearson Education, IBM Press, Indiana, USA, ISBN: 978-013-185137-5. Veronneau, S., & Roy, J., (2009). RFID benefits, costs, and possibilities: The economical analysis of RFID deployment in a cruise corporation global service supply chain, International Journal of Production Economics, Elseiver, Vol. 122, No. 2, pp. 692-702. Kwak, C., Cho, Y., Ko, J. M., and Kim, C. O., (2011). Adaptive Product Tracking in RFID-Enabled Large-Scale Supply Chain, Expert Systems with Applications, Elseiver, Vol. 38, No. 3. Ferrer, G., Dew, N., and Apte, U., (2010). When is RFID right for your service?, International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, Vol. 124, No. 2, pp. 414-425. Werner, K., & Schill, A., (2009), Automatic Monitoring of Logistics Processes Using Distributed RFID based Event Data, International Workshop on RFID Technology (IWRT), Milan, Italy, pp. 101-108. Tajima, M., (2007). Strategic value of RFID in supply chain management, Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Elseiver, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 261-273. Chuang, M.-L., & Shaw, W. H., (2005). How RFID Will Impact Supply Chain Networks, IEEE International Engineering Management Conference (IEMC 2005), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 231235. Sarac, A., Absi, N., and Dauzere-Peres, S., (2010). A literature review on the impact of RFID technologies on supply chain management, International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, Vol. 128, No. 1, pp. 77- 95. 70 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �RFID Technology in Business Systems and Supply Chain Management Asif, Z., & Mandviwalla, M., (2005). Integrating the supply chain with RFID: a technical and business analysis, Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Vol. 15, No. 24, pp. 393–427. Saygin, C., Sarangapani, J., and Grasman, S. E., (2007). A Systems Approach to Viable RFID Implementation in the Supply Chain, Trends in Supply Chain Design and Management Technologies and Methodologies, Springer series in advanced manufacturing, Part 1, pp. 3-27. Gaukler, G. M., & Seifert, R. W., (2007). Applications of RFID in Supply Chains, Trends in Supply Chain Design and Management Technologies and Methodologies, Springer series in advanced manufacturing, Part 1, pp. 29-48. Bagchi, U., Guiffrida, A., O’Neill, L., and Hayya, J., (2007). The Effect of RFID On Inventory Management and Control, Trends in Supply Chain Design and Management Technologies and Methodologies, Springer series in advanced manufacturing, Part 1, pp. 71-92. Chuang, M.-L., & Shaw, W. H., (2007). RFID: Integration Stages in Supply Chain Management, IEEE Engineering Management Review, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 80-87. Chen, N.-K., Chen, J.-L., Chang, T.-H., and Lu, H.-F., (2008). Reliable ALE middleware for RFID network applications, International Journal Of Network Management, John Wiley & Sons, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 203-216 Hunt, V. D., Puglia, A., and Puglia, M., (2007). RFID: A Guide to Radio Frequency Identification, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey, USA, ISBN: 978-0-470-10764-5. Saygin, C., (2007). Adaptive inventory management using RFID data. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Springer, Vol. 32, No. 9-10, pp. 1045-1051. Sarma, S., (2004). Integrating RFID, Queue, ACMDL, NY, USA, Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 50-57. Prabakar, V., Kumar, B.V., and Subrahmanya, S.V., (2006). Management of RFID-centric business networks using Web Services, Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications and International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services (AICT-ICIW’06), Guadeloupe, French Caribbean, pp. 133. Minli, W., Gang, W., and Dajun, H. (2008). Device Management in RFID Public Service Platform, 3rd International Conference on Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology, Busan, Korea, Vol. 01, pp. 1133-1136. Smith, A. D. (2005). Exploring Radio Frequency Identification Technology and Its Impact on Business Systems, Information Management & Computer Security, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 16-28. Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 71 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1058 Title A name given to the resource RFID Technology in Business Systems and Supply Chain Management Author Author YÜKSEL, Mehmet Erkan YÜKSEL, Asım Sinan Abstract A summary of the resource. In today’s fast-changing competition environment, companies and organizations need to renew their services and products, and change and replace their business processes with new ones continuously to benefit more from time and resources. Therefore, data capturing, gathering and management technologies are always needed by companies and organizations to support their decision-making and plans, and develop their strategies. One of the technologies that could help companies to handle data is RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Many organizations are slow in warming up to the idea of using RFID to conduct more effective and efficient business processes, data mining applications, and cost savings. In this study, RFID technology and its system structure are proposed. The paper introduces a middleware for business models including RFID technology. Information about the advantages of RFID over today’s data gathering and Auto-ID (Automatic Identification) technologies is given. The impacts of RFID technology on business systems, especially supply chain management, are presented. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-01 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1a94df71810f881db3d990bb9d69eca4.pdf 6eaec96fac4e643f62134e5693c9b95c PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Rhythm and Stress at Practice: Rhythmic Anomalies of Foreign Speakers of English : A Case Study of Mostaganem University Students Amel DERRAZ Department of English Studies Faculty of Letters and Arts, Mostaganem University (Algeria) Email : derraz.amel@gmail.com Englishmel2002@yahoo.fra Abstract: Today, more than ever, languages are becoming more and more an essential means for the human kind to get in touch with each other and/or to improve his professional situation. Indeed, learning has always been basic for the shaping of social life and so have foreign languages. Knowing a foreign language implies speaking and being understood by others who know that language. Learning a foreign language implies learning a foreign culture, a foreign way of thinking, a foreign grammatical structure, a foreign phonological system. However, knowing the phonological sound system of a language includes knowing more than the phonemic inventory of sounds, it includes knowing which sound start the word, end a word and the possible consonant clusters, the syllable structure, etc. Most foreign language learners of English aim at achieving a perfect native-like pronunciation as well as displaying a certain degree of fluency and naturalness as they speak English. The great majority of foreign learners centre their attention on the actualization of individual segments that is achieved by a tedious repetition of sounds/ phonemes of the target language in isolation or within simple words. However, a relative mastery of the English pronunciation lies in mastering what the American phoneticians call: supra-segmental features, and the British call: the prosodic features. As a way of illustrating, one can mention stress, intonation and rhythm. The latter is said to be of significant importance in the sense that it procures a native touch to the speech of a foreign learner of English. That was stressed by a number of phoneticians and specialists, as Peter Roach, who states clearly that « rhythm is not an optional extra; it is all part of the prosodic package of being native speaker in English ». Indeed, the ignorance or the neglect of such a prosodic feature which shows to be of a significant importance seems to be at the roots of the difficulties foreign learners face while speaking English. In this respect, two main questions are addressed in this paper. What are, then, the main problems learners of English face while learning and / or acquiring English rhythm (knowing and mastering English rhythm will be brought to the fore in this paper). Furthermore, in this paper, rhythmic structure of Arabic and English will be compared to try to explore the possibilities of finding the reasons lying beneath the mispronunciation or the mis-reproduction of English rhythm by Arabic speakers. Although Arabic and English rhythmic modes are said to be similar to each other, Arabic speakers of English tend to miss the amount of reduction in duration (of unstressed syllables) and thus seem somehow unable to master the English rhythm fully and achieve thus a native like pronunciation. Put differently, although English and Arabic are said to be stress- timed languages, the Arabic learners of English still have difficulties in reproducing correct English rhythm. It should be interesting to explore further the sources lying beneath that incompetency. Key Words: Arabic rhythm, English rhythm, stress-timed, stress 1405 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 1-Introduction: Foreign learners of English, almost all over the world, strive to sound like native speakers and display a certain degree of fluency and naturalness as they speak. Students and to a certain extent even teachers believe that this could be achieved through a tedious repetition of isolated elements known as phonemes and struggle to actualize them in a native-like manner ignoring, much to their dismay, that this would not be of a great help. Lacking important elements about what is known as the prosodic features may hinder the mastery of the pronunciation and a native touch dreamt of by almost all foreign students. Stress and rhythm are two important features that one should have knowledge of and/or at least be aware of when native fluency is sought. As put by Peter Roach in his lecture on rhythm and production, ―Rhythm is not an optional extra; it‘s all part of the prosodic package of being native speaker of English‖. Thus speaking a language requires not just knowing and mastering the phonemes of that language but also knowing the patterns of timing and accentuation typical to the flow of syllables in sentences, the ignorance and the neglect of which can be at the roots of much of the difficulties of foreign learners while speaking English, for instance. Linguists and phonologists have been and still are fascinated and interested by the speech and by that item that maintains regularity dubbed rhythm. The traditional descriptions of speech rhythm identified two types of rhythmic structures of languages: stress-timed languages (like: English, Arabic, Russian) and syllable-timed languages (like: French and Spanish) .See (Pike: 1945; Jones: 1948; Abercrombie: 1967). This distinction was based on impressionistic, auditory description. To those two categories was added another type, another rhythmic structure namely: mora-timed languages (e.g,. Japanese). The present study considers the problems students of the English department of Mostaganem University-Algeriaface with regard to the pronunciation of English and in reproducing the correct rhythm or at least approximating a native-like production of rhythm ensuring an isochronous occurrence of stressed units. Although, English and Arabic are said to cluster within the same classification as stress-timed languages, it would be interesting to see how come that the Algerian students who are native speakers of Arabic (a North African Arabic dialect (Algerian Arabic) classified as stress-timed just as English is) encounter problems in reproducing the correct rhythm? What are the reasons that may lie beneath this ―incompetency‖? What can be done to remedy for these anomalies? 2- The Notion of Rhythm and Rhythmic Structures of English and Arabic The term rhythm derives from the Greek word rhythmos meaning ―measured motion‖. In general rhythm refers to a regulated flow of movement which can be either aural or visual. It represents the principle of succession. Rhythm tends to manifest its presence in every matter relating to man, whether directly or indirectly from the regular beating of human heart, the breathing of a silent animal to the ticking of the clock. Rhythm is the underlying feature of all arts including music, poetry, or meter just as it is also exhibited in natural phenomena as : day and night, sleeping and waking, the seasonal changes, tides, etc. Not forgetting to mention speech. Speech rhythm has been described by linguists as a set of varying patterns related to periodicity and emphasis and which govern the phonation of syllables in an utterance. (See Patel: 2008).Rhythm thus represents an effect of isochronous recurrence of some speech units (stressed syllable or individual units). Allowing thus a well-known dichotomy of languages according to their rhythmic structure: stress-timed and syllable-timed to which was added another one dubbed mora-timed (a best example of mora- languages is Japanese) introduced by Han, 1968; Hoequist, 1983. A number of studies were carried out by many phoneticians to try to prove the distinction in the rhythmic structure of languages which was a distinction made on the basis of auditory impressions. Roach tried to study some languages acoustically known to belong to different rhythmic categories, starting from the results of Pike and Abercrombie. Roach failed to show measureable differences between theses languages. Later, a research study was conducted by Tajima, Port and Zaydaweh. The group has studied the rhythmic structure of Arabic, Japanese and English, using a technique known as speech cycling. What was interesting in their study, as far as this paper is concerned, is that part of study which is devoted to see to which extent two languages which belong to the same rhythmic category have the same rhythmic structure? The study was conducted upon Arabic subjects speaking a Middle East dialect ( Ammani-Jordanian accent). The results were compared to English and Japanese; I was interested in the study in the sense that I wanted to try that on my students who are native speakers of an Arabic dialect, more precisely, a North African dialect representing along with the Morocco Arabic the western pole of a continuum of the Arabic language. It would be interesting to see to which extent does that apply to the Arabic speakers of the North African dialect. What are the conclusions that one can draw? 3-Method To consider the questions addressed above, I conducted a case study on students (3rd students and Master students) of the department of English Studies of Mostaganem University. On the basis of my observations, readings, open-ended, structured interviews asking for the informants‘ opinions and 1406 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo questionnaires addressed to the students, a maximum of data was collected. Since the case study is an empirical investigation of a contemporary phenomenon within a real-life context, I relied heavily on my own observations (and that of my colleagues and even some of the students) of the students at practice. I recorded and videotaped the students in phonetics and phonological classes after being ensured that the students has already dealt with stress and rhythm, or at least are aware of such phenomena. I then tried to apply ―innocently‖ or ―naively‖ the speech cycling task: asking five students two males and three females to repeat short phrases; varying in each phrase the number of syllables but keeping the same rhythm unit. A metronome was used as a stimulus to incite the subjects to be highly rhythmical or at least to maintain rhythm while repeating the phrases. The subjects were given seven phrases to repeat in English and then in Algerian Arabic. All the subjects had a good mastery of English (including a good pronunciation) and were very fluent in French. The repetitions of the phrases were recorded, and then were played to native English native French speakers to listen to. 4- Results and discussion: In almost 57% of the cases the listeners succeeded to identify the Algerian accent (Algerian rhythm) reading Arabic phrases, especially by French listeners. Native speakers of English, and they were few, did manage to identify the speakers of English (subjects) as foreign speakers of English belonging to North African speakers but hesitated to decide whether they were Moroccans or Algerians. However, native speakers of English could identify some anomalies with regard to the correct production of rhythm in English (spoken by the subjects) as well as stress placement. Obviously, I noticed that in my students even among the most competent ones. This fact may be drawn to the influence of stress placement of Arabic on the North African Arabic speakers. Indeed stress placement in Arabic, as was mentioned by Hayes (1995), is purely a cognitive entity, as he puts it, which can be actualized or given various physical shapes. Kenneth de Jong and Adnan Bushra Zawaydeh has worked in their article entitled: ―Stress Duration and Intonation in Arabic word-level prosody‖ in which they beautifully show how stress placement shifts in the word depending on the dialect of Arabic spoken, sometimes on the penultimate syllable and sometimes on the antepenultimate syllable and that was particularly difficult to determine because it depends on the analytical theory which is used. But then, the dialect that was used in their study was that of Ammani-Jordanian Arabic. To which extent would that apply to Algerian students? On the basis of the observations made which were basically, impressionistic and auditory, the subjects (Algerian students in this case study tend to speak quickly and tend to reduce the long vowels which would result in the majority of time in complex syllable structures. A more accurate research work was conducted by Hamdi and Barkat in the university of Lyon 2. 5- Conclusion: As a way of concluding, one would say that this study was just an attempt to verify the degree of naturalness in the English language being a foreign language spoken by Algerian students in the department of English Studies of the university of Mostaganem. It must be underlined that the result obtained were highly impressionistic that is they were based on the auditory clues and impressions of non-native and native speakers of English on the production of English as a foreign language by non-natives and a way of thinking about some solutions to remedy for the incompetency that we encounter in our classes and why not hope that these issues will be dealt with and taken into consideration by other researchers with more technical backgrounds using more scientific methods to get to the core of the matter and hopefully draw generalizations to remedy for such problems. 1407 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 6- Refernces: Abercrombie, D. Elements of General Phonetics, Edinburgh University Press, 1967. Bolinger, D. (1965). Pitch Accent and Sentence Rhythm. In Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. ed. by I. Abe & T. Kanekiyo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press. 139-180. Cummins, F. and Port, R. F. (1998). Rhythmic Constraints on Stress timing in: English Journal of Phonetics 26, 145-171. De Jong, K. and Zawaydeh, B. A. (1999). Stress, Duration, and Intonation in Arabic Word-level Prosody. Journal of Phonetics, 27, 3-22. Han, M. (1962). The Feature of Duration of Japanese. (Study of Sounds) 10, 65-75. Hoequist, Jr. C. (1983). Syllable Duration in Stress, Syllable, and Mora-timed Languages. Phonetica, 40, 203-237. Pike, K., The Intonation of American English, 2nd Edition. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 1945. Roach, P., On the Distinction Between Stress-timed and Syllable-timed languages. In Linguistic Controversies, Crystal. Ed, London: Edward Arnold, pp.73-75. Roach, P., Rhythm and Production, http://www.youtube.com/watch v=xh-flp6ATI. 1408 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 695 Title A name given to the resource Rhythm and Stress at Practice: Rhythmic Anomalies of Foreign Speakers of English : A Case Study of Mostaganem University Students Author Author DERRAZ, Amel Abstract A summary of the resource. Today, more than ever, languages are becoming more and more an essential means for the human kind to get in touch with each other and/or to improve his professional situation. Indeed, learning has always been basic for the shaping of social life and so have foreign languages. Knowing a foreign language implies speaking and being understood by others who know that language. Learning a foreign language implies learning a foreign culture, a foreign way of thinking, a foreign grammatical structure, a foreign phonological system. However, knowing the phonological sound system of a language includes knowing more than the phonemic inventory of sounds, it includes knowing which sound start the word, end a word and the possible consonant clusters, the syllable structure, etc. Most foreign language learners of English aim at achieving a perfect native-like pronunciation as well as displaying a certain degree of fluency and naturalness as they speak English. The great majority of foreign learners centre their attention on the actualization of individual segments that is achieved by a tedious repetition of sounds/ phonemes of the target language in isolation or within simple words. However, a relative mastery of the English pronunciation lies in mastering what the American phoneticians call: supra-segmental features, and the British call: the prosodic features. As a way of illustrating, one can mention stress, intonation and rhythm. The latter is said to be of significant importance in the sense that it procures a native touch to the speech of a foreign learner of English. That was stressed by a number of phoneticians and specialists, as Peter Roach, who states clearly that « rhythm is not an optional extra; it is all part of the prosodic package of being native speaker in English ». Indeed, the ignorance or the neglect of such a prosodic feature which shows to be of a significant importance seems to be at the roots of the difficulties foreign learners face while speaking English. In this respect, two main questions are addressed in this paper. What are, then, the main problems learners of English face while learning and / or acquiring English rhythm (knowing and mastering English rhythm will be brought to the fore in this paper). Furthermore, in this paper, rhythmic structure of Arabic and English will be compared to try to explore the possibilities of finding the reasons lying beneath the mispronunciation or the mis-reproduction of English rhythm by Arabic speakers. Although Arabic and English rhythmic modes are said to be similar to each other, Arabic speakers of English tend to miss the amount of reduction in duration (of unstressed syllables) and thus seem somehow unable to master the English rhythm fully and achieve thus a native like pronunciation. Put differently, although English and Arabic are said to be stress- timed languages, the Arabic learners of English still have difficulties in reproducing correct English rhythm. It should be interesting to explore further the sources lying beneath that incompetency. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/65d9a2722ce3ad16c7f9e478d18ca8a9.pdf 63df4f2fd324ec0c378459946889cd5d PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Right to Information and Consultation of Employees: Evaluation of EU Directives in Turkey Ekrem ERDOĞAN PhD., Sakarya University, Labor economics and industrial relations department, Turkey eerdogan@sakarya.edu.tr Yasin Kerem GÜMÜġ PhD. Candidate, Sakarya University, Labor economics and industrial relations department, ykgumus@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: In Turkish, because of the definitive role of the state, attitude of employers and powerlessness of the working class, the employers do not effectively have a say. In the EU, the employees participate their workplaces in various methods as a part of European Social Model. However, in the reconstruction process in the EU, labour and its participation methods remained local in the European scale despite the globalisation of capital especially with the increase of activities and relationships of MNCs. At this point, to reduce the differences arising from national applications and the effects of the process of reconstruction, the Commission has created a number of directives in order to provide the right to information and consultation of employees. These directives became important also for Turkey as of membership negotiations. This article aims to examine the employee participation in Turkey and indicate the possible effects of EU information and consultation directives. Introduction Employees in Turkey are represented in their workplaces mostly by trade unions. Although there is no legal barrier, workplace participation methods are almost non-existing except for trade unions. Besides, unionisation density is reducing in Turkey and members of labour unions suffer several problems arising from implementation. In a general view, in Turkish Industrial Relations System, because of the definitive role of the state within the system, attitude of employers and powerlessness of the working class, the employers do not effectively have a say. When one looks at the European Union countries, although it is being said that the European Social Model has recently transformed within the framework of competitiveness in the global market, flexibility and adaptation to innovation, employees participate to the decisions which concern them in their workplaces with various methods as a part of this model. In the reconstruction process which appeared as a result of the European Union project, especially the activities and relationships of MNCs in the European scale facilitated the globalisation off the capital. On the other hand, employees of these businesses do not have difficulties in participating the decisions which concern them in the reconstruction process. In serious conditions such as replacement, closure, purchase, merger, etc. experienced in businesses in this reconstruction process, employees of businesses are affected by the decisions of head office which may be thousands of kilometres away from them. At this point, the European Commission has introduced a number of directives in order to provide the information and consultation rights of the employees in the European scale for the purpose of minimising the differences arising from national applications and decrease the effects of the reconstruction process. Taking into consideration the EU membership process, these directives will apparently have various effects on the current participation structure of Turkish Industrial Relations System. These directives should be evaluated in Turkey by taking into consideration the current structure. Employee Participation in General One of the most important subjects in the field of industrial relations is participation of employees and/or their representatives to decisions and the question of its scope, while the debates on what the best method of this could be are still ongoing (Hyman and Mason, 1995: 5). The term participation has survived throughout the years in various forms starting from the communities attempted by Owen (Owenite communities) who wanted to reorganise the society of 1800s on a 312 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo social basis until today. Most of the definitions of participation are ideological, and participation can shortly be defined as a process which allows employees to affect its working conditions and operations to some extent (Strauss, 2006: 779). Besides, below one can find the methods appearing concerning the participation of employees until today and the countries these emerged in. Type ( ı ) Self management of workers (2) Producer cooperatives Defined qualities Structural Features Implemented in socialist economies. Employees participate in the basic decision making structures, have wide range of rights, however do not own the property of the institution. There are representative organs in the management committees which include workers‘ councils and workers‘ assemblies. Based on the property ownership of workers. Most of the employees are property owners. Ownership is distributed widely. Employees participate in the business management, control and distribution of profit. It is as common decision making in business board of directors. Employees are represented in a certain ratio in single or double level boards of directors (audit and management). They have several rights such as veto. (3) Codetermination (4) Work Councils and Structures which may hold regular negotiations similar (meetings) with the management in matters which Institutions concern the business and represent the employees in various political economies. A-Local It is defined as the social dialogue structure based on the enterprise. The employees have the right to B-Regional European Work information and consultation when decisions which concern them are being taken. Councils It is seen is pluralist societies which accept the (5) Union Actions current clash of interests through unions. Unions, aSeparator which are the representation method of the worker through collective side is based on laws and volunteering on a certain bargaining basis. State socialism or corporatism. There is an b-Complementary environment in which state, employer and trade unions can determine several matters in cooperation. It is as the participation of employees to the (6) Workplace organisation of work in various political economies (autonomous work groups or work life quality participation programs). Effects of the workers are usually programs dependent on task-based programs. Countries (Key Examples) Algeria, Peru, Poland, Yugoslavia and several 3rd world and Eastern European societies (Yugoslavia) France, Italy, Spain, USA, Britain and most 3rd world countries (Mondragon, Basque region of Spain) Western Europe (Italy, Norway, Sweden, West Germany), Africa (Egypt) and South America (Argentina) (West Germany) Finland, Indonesia, the Netherlands, Spain Sri Lanka, West Germany, Zambia. (The Netherlands and West Germany) European Union, AEA Countries and other countries with a MNC active within the borders of EU. Australia, Canada, USA, Britain (USA, Britain) Russia, Eastern Europe Management techniques in first, second and third world countries Scandinavia, USA Table 1. Comparison of Basic Types of Industrial Democracy Source: edited from Poole, M. (2004): 156-157. As it can be seen from the table, the issue of employee participation is affected by various factors. These can mostly be defined as ideologies, or the parties which start the participation methods. Other than that, concerning participation methods, modern capitalism has created autonomous workgroups, profit sharing and co-partnership enterprises; liberal pluralist and social democrat thought has created collective bargaining, co-determination and work councils experiences; and democratic socialism has created the applications of self-management (Poole; 2004: 150). When the starting parties are taken into consideration, employee participation methods; employee attempts (for instance, employee (production unit) control on the production process), union attempts (negotiation and bargaining on employment terms and conditions), state attempts, and employer attempts arising from the workplace in order to increase the loyalty, effectiveness, productivity of employees can be mentioned (Poole et al., 2001: 492-493). 313 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Information and Consultation Methods of Employees in Europe Labour relations have a central role in the basis of European Social Model (ESM); because this field is a field which provides the balance of the model in general. In this area, on one hand economic growth and efficiency, on the other hand equality and security is balanced together (Koray, 2005: 129-130). Working class played an important role in the emerging of ESM and the labour relations play a central role in this social model. One of the basic pillars of ESM consists of employees and their participation in the workplace. Although the applications in Europe have an important place as a different model in terms of employee participation, it is not really possible to mention a single method of participation in Europe. This is because various systems emerged because of differences in the national applications, traditions and legal systems of the EU countries (Gülmez, 2008: 429). Trade unions as free and independent unions have been accepted in the EU in general. The traditional collective bargaining structure in Europe is a basic source for the employees to determine their wages policies and working conditions freely. This means that collective bargaining actors are very effective on the functioning of the labour market. Other than these, information and consultation methods in workplaces are officially established and strengthened with a legal framework in most of the European countries. This workplace representation can be organised by work councils and/or trade union representatives. Although workplace representation has too much diversity, it is a distinctive feature of today‘s EU industrial relations system. These systems of workplace representation have generally been developed in Western Europe after the World War II as a way of organisational and economic democracy. When the Central and Eastern European countries transitioned to modern market economy, they obtained these methods of participation. This trend caused this area of industrial relations to be more legally active in the EU (European Commission, 2006: 57). Recently, the issue of employee participation is perceived as an element of reconstruction of enterprises and providing required integration in this process in order to increase the competition, protect and increase the level of employment in Europe. The traditional model in Europe concerning employee participation used to be defined as employee representation in the business level (work councils or trade unions), triple structures, collective bargaining and strong trade unions. This traditional model which provided serious job security, generous welfare state conditions and relatively high wages was criticised on the grounds of causing instability, high level of unemployment and a decrease in competitiveness in the current economic and political period and caused discussions in questions such as how an increase in competitiveness, flexibility and efficiency be provided and how the current changes be adapted to. As a result of these discussions, it can be seen that a new European model which is based on increase in education, lifelong learning, job security, use of information technologies and the concept of flexibility; which is connected to worker ownership and profit sharing, indirect participation based on employer-employee confidence and partnership and empowering individual employees; and which includes direct participation (Gill and Krieger, 2000: 109-112). For the last 10 years, the basic issue in the political agenda of the EU is related to the regulation of labour market. In the process of cooperation on labour market policies, some concrete results have been achieved in matters such as part-time employment, employment periods, EWCs, sexual equality and work life environment. Social dialogue attempts performed in European level and resulted with several agreements between ETUC, CEEP and UNICE developed certain examples of cooperation among the labour market actors of Europe (Jensen, Madsen and Due, 1999: 118-119). As a result of this cooperation, the Council of Ministers agreed on some directives related to this matter. These directives are EWC Directive (94/45/EC), Information and Consultation Directive (2002/14/EC) and Directive supplementing the Statute for a European company (2001/86/EC) (Schwimbersky, 2005: 189). European Works Councils EWCs are structures which allow information and consultation of employees in businesses or groups of businesses in the community level. The importance of EWCs in terms of European industrial relations has increased since their emergence, as an institution representing the interests in the business level. EWCs indicate an acceptance that the need for ―Europeanization‖ introduced by European Single Market increased, beyond national information and consultation methods (Eurofound, 2010). Although all EWCs are established in a structure which does not have the role of negotiation and providing rights to information and consultation, they provide an institutional framework which may potentially support international bargaining. In relation to that, they have concluded framework conventions or more moderate joint texts. However, this condition was only effective when commercial decisions need to be taken (reconstruction and rationalisation) in the European level and when trade unions or works councils in different countries could strongly organise. In conclusion, Europeanization of industrial relations is seen as a part of the 314 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo process in which collective negotiations which are more appropriate for competitiveness and adaptability objectives of employers (Arrowsmith and Marginson, 2006: 255-263). The purpose of this Directive, as indicated in the official text, is to reinforce the rights of the employees who are employed in the undertakings active in the Community scale to information and consultation (2009/38/EC, art. 1-1). In line with this purpose, a European Works Council or another procedure which provides these rights should be implemented in undertakings or groups of undertakings active in the community level. Since it does not provide any participation other than information and consultation in terms of rights to participation, it has a limited participation structure. According to the purposes of this Directive, ―Community-scale undertaking‖ means any undertaking with at least 1000 employees within the Member States and at least 150 employees in each of at least two Member States. ―Group of undertakings‖ means a controlling undertaking and its controlled undertakings. ―Community-scale group of undertakings‖ means a group of undertakings with at least 1 000 employees within the Member States, at least two group undertakings in different Member States, and at least one group undertaking with at least 150 employees in one Member State and at least one other group undertaking with at least 150 employees in another Member State (Article 2/1-a,b,c). The European Works Council shall have the right to meet with the central management once a year, to be informed and consulted, on the basis of a report drawn up by the central management, on the progress of the business of the Community-scale undertaking or Community-scale group of undertakings and its prospects. (Subsidiary requirements art. 2). Other than these, the content of these meetings and information and consultation subjects will be related to the structures of community-scale undertakings and groups of undertakings, their economic and financial conditions, possible development and production conditions and wages. Information and consultation of EWC will especially be related to employment conditions and possible trends, investments and important changes concerning the undertaking, new work techniques or formation of production process, production transfer, closure of undertaking, institution or important parts thereof, mergers or downsizing conditions and collective redundancies. In this process, consultation will be conducted with a method in which personnel representatives can negotiate with the central management, have a right to answer and a negotiation environment in which they express their views is provided (Subsidiary requirements art. 1 (a)). Here, the basic principle is based on EWC informing the employees about developments on time and improve the dialogue and cooperation environment by introducing an alternative proposal by personnel representatives to the solution proposals recommended by the management (Hekimler, 2004: 324). Besides, other than the ordinary meetings in the subsidiary article 3, it is required in extraordinary conditions which affect the interests of the employees greatly such as collective redundancies and closure of undertakings or companies, change of location, etc. that the elected committee, or in the absence of such committee, EWC should be informed. Directive numbered 2009/38/EC which came into force with its publication on the Official Gazette in May 2009 combined the preceding directives and included EU-27 countries and countries within AEA. Member states are obliged to implement the required regulations in order to adapt to the provisions of this directive not later than June 5, 2011 (Article 16). Participation of Employees Employed in European Companies European Company, or with its Latin term, Societas Europaea, basically has the purpose that a company to be able to act in the union scale and to participate in the European industrial relations system with regard to the participation rights of the employees (Hekimler, 2006: 76). European legislator issued the regulation numbered 2157/2001 (O J, 2001a) and the directive numbered 2001/86/EC (O J, 2001b) in order to regulate this type of company. Here, while the regulation includes provisions required by the company law, Directive regulates the areas concerning the labour law. SE allows the companies active in more than one member states to be regarded as a single company under the union law and thus makes it possible for them to be subject to a single law within the EU and to be managed jointly. For the companies active in European Common Market, SE decreases administrative costs and a single legal framework adapted to the Common Market as a whole. This legislation gives the businesses the possibility to enlarge and reconstruct their international activities without costly and time consuming bureaucratic transactions in order to establish an inter-corporation network. This is a convenient step taken in order to encourage international activities of more companies and thus increase the competitiveness of Europe in accordance with the targets determined in Lisbon Conference (OUT-LAW, 2001). A European Company can be established in 4 ways (Europa, 2007);  Merger of two or more public companies which are active in at least two member states (two or more companies established and active subject to the legislation of more than two member states).  By establishing a holding by a public or private company active in at least two member states 315 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo  By establishing subsidiaries of companies active in at least two member states  By transformation of a public company with a subsidiary for at least two years in another member state. Participation rights of employees in SE are secured and regulated with the Directive numbered 2001/86/EC. The existing participation rights of employees were protected in the Directive and it was attempted to prevent the limitation of these rights. The principle of regulating the participation rights of employees here was attempted to be secured regardless of the size of the SE or the number of employees (Hekimler, 2006: 87). According to the paragraph h of article 2, ―involvement of employees‖ means any mechanism, including information, consultation and participation, through which employees' representatives may exercise an influence on decisions to be taken within the company. This article also defined the meaning of the rights of ―information and consultation‖, as well as ―participation‖. It was expressed that participation to a decision occurs in two ways. First, by directly electing or appointing some members of supervisory or advisory organs of the company; second, by recommending or opposing the appointment of some or all of the members of the company's supervisory or administrative organ (Article 2, paragraph k). Framework Directive 2002/14/EC on Informing and Consulting Employees The incident that Renault company applied redundancies without informing the employee representatives in Vilvoorde near Brussels on the second half of 1990s had an important role in accepting this Directive. Here the directive 2002/14/EC was introduced by the commission since 98/59/EC (O J, 1998) collective redundancies, 2001/23/EC (O J, 2001c) workplace transfer and previous 94/45/EC (O J, 1994) ve yeni 2009/38/EC (O J, 2009) European Works Councils Directives could not provide the adequate security concerning information and consultation of employees (Hekimler, 2006: 103-104; Gülmez, 2008: 460-461). This Directive establishes a general framework in order to reduce the deficiencies within the provisions in force in national or community levels and fill in the gaps for rights to information and consultation of employees in the European Community (Europa, 2008). The purpose of the directive is to establish a general framework determining the minimum requirements in order to contribute to the information and consultation rights of employees (art. 1/1). Two important principles are emphasised here. Firstly, practical regulations concerning information and consultation should be determined and implemented in order to provide their effectiveness in accordance with the industrial relations applications in member states and national legislation (art. 1/2). Secondly; worker and employer representatives should work in line with mutual rights and obligations and within the cooperation spirit, taking into consideration the interests of each undertaking or institution and employee in defining and implementing practical legislations concerning information and consultation (art. 1/2). In line with the preferences of member states, undertakings with at least 50 employees or establishments which employ at least 20 employees can be selected to implement the Directive (art. 3/1). Here, undertaking is used in order to define the workplaces with a separate legal personality which have an economic activity regardless of whether profit-seeking or not, public or private, and establishment is used to define workplaces which have a constant economic activity, defined as workplace nationally, do not have a legal personality and registered to only one employer (TĠSK, 2006; art. 2/a-b). Information should be provided to employee representatives with an appropriate time, content and method which makes it possible for them to make required preparations and adequate studies for consultation. Consultation is defined as the dialogue and exchange of ideas between employer and employee representatives (art. 2/f-g). Information and consultation consists of three areas concerning undertakings. These are (art. 4/2, a-b-c); information concerning the activities or economic conditions of the establishment or information concerning the current status and possible development of undertaking; information and consultation related to any measures to be taken in advance concerning the conditions, structure and possible development of employment in undertakings or establishments; information and consultation on possible decisions which may cause important changes in contractual relations and labour organisation within the scope of the Community provisions expressed in article 9(1). The Commission accepted the Directive on March 11, 2002 and required the member states to adapt it to their national legislations at the latest on March 23, 2005. Other than this, according to article 10, in case that there are not any legal, general and continuous information and consultation methods which regulate the representation of employees on the date that the Directive comes into force, the member states may limit the application area of the Directive as undertaking with 150 employees and establishment with 100 employees until March 23, 2007. In the continuance of this article, it was indicated that these undertakings can be limited within one year as undertakings with 100 employees and establishments with 50 employees (Art. 10). Although it was said that almost half of all undertakings and establishments in the European Union would provide right to information and consultation to their employees and thus ensure the development of employee participation and social dialogue within ―European industrial relations system‖ with complete implementation of the Directive (Hekimler, 2006: 113), European Trade Union Confederation has some criticism 316 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo arguing that quantitative thresholds are too high. Accordingly, the threshold of undertaking employing 50 employees correspond to only 3% of all undertakings in Europe (Gülmez, 2008: 475). This fact seriously narrows down the area of application. Employee Participation in Turkey and Evaluation of EU Directives in Turkey When one looks at Turkish Industrial Relations System, it can be seen that detailed and restrictive legal arrangements, attitude of employers towards employees and unionisation, scale of the illegal economy and big role of the state within the system (Yildirim and Calis, 2008) have a restrictive effect concerning the participation of employees. These conditions affected negatively on the creation of methods which allow the employees to participate in the work life. Labour Laws in Turkey clearly include only those who are employed in large scale undertakings. In the Labour Law numbered 4857, it is indicated that Labour Law provisions will not be valid in workplaces and undertakings which employ less than 50 workers and agriculture and forest works are performed (art. 4) and the condition that more than 30 workers should be employed for the job security to be implemented (art. 18) (Resmi Gazete, 2003). Taking into consideration that according to SSK statistics, 2.300.000 of 5 million insured employees are employed in work places which employ less than 30 employees (Simonetti et al., 2008:4), it can be found that almost half of even the legally employed insured workers are not covered by the Labour Law. Also, the subject of unionisation of employees in our country appears quite problematical. Taking into consideration that the problems continue using the union rights and calculating the unionisation ratios, it is claimed that the ratio of unionisation is between 10 and 15% (Çelik ve Lordoğlu, 2006: 28). Besides, it should be mentioned that number of workers according to the scale of work place within the scope of collective labour agreements is very little compared to the collective labour agreements agreed in the large scale enterprises (ÇSGB, 2008:32). Although freedom of trade union is secured by the constitution and related laws in Turkey, there are several limitations in implementation. One encounters legal article breaches in actual use of this right and trade unions have difficulties in registering new members (Simonetti et al., 2008:3). Social policy in Turkey was created under the control of the state and independent from social and class dynamics because of reasons such as late capitalism, late working class and late democratisation. Delay in industrialisation in our country also delayed the emergence of working class and prevented the formation of social policy with pressure coming from below (Çelik, 2008: 185-186). In addition to the constitution (1982 Constitution) which introduced restrictive regulations to trade unions and union activities, Law of Trade Unions and Laws of Collective Bargaining, Strike and Lockout which came into force in 1983 introduced administrative control and extreme limitations on trade unions and imposed judicial and bureaucratic limitations on collective bargaining and strike activities. These laws are still in force without substantial amendments and constitute the main legal framework of industrial relations system. Although officially freedom of organisation and the right to collective bargaining and strike was recognised in these laws, they impose many anti-unionist applications as proved by ILO investigations and later ICFTU reports. Because of structural reforms imposed by the World Bank and the IMF since 1980 and acceleration of privatisation caused illegal economy and subcontracting to develop. Today, approximately 50% of those who work in unqualified and low-wage positions constitute the insecure and informal labour market. All those developments limited the realm of industrial relations and affected negatively on the employees, their organised power and the actual wage levels. Also, today the state continues to play the dominant role in determining the basic characteristics of industrial relations in Turkey; because despite the recent attempts and privatisation, the public sector employs nearly 40% of all wage earners. On the other hand, the role played by the state as a large employer places it in the centre of industrial relations in Turkey. Legal framework created in detail allows the state to be effective on the structure of industrial relations. Starting from the first years of the Republic of Turkey until 1940s, it has been expressed that the state was dominant in the economic and political agenda with a single party ideology, a kind of corporatist ideology, almost all industrial institutions were established and managed by the state while worker organisations were not allowed (Yildirim and Calis, 2008: 214-216). Concerning the representation and participation of employees in Turkey, although various methods which provide participation in work place and undertaking level with trade unions, institution of collective bargaining, new management techniques, various industrial democracy methods, this structure is heavily provided by the union representation method. Turkish trade unionism has the structure which obtains its power from legal supports and limits itself with collective bargaining activities. Unionisation of public employees also faces several problems and limitations. Moreover, there is an employer unionism with a week representative power (Kutal, 2005: 17). The application of participation to management through collective agreements mostly occurs as participation of labour or union representatives through commissions or committees. Common worker councils which regulate the participation of workers to management in collective labour agreements are established in 317 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo very different subjects and names. These are respectively, discipline councils, councils for settlement of disputes, occupational health and security councils, examination commissions, special arbiter councils, damage assessment councils, leave committees, central councils, worker-management cooperation committees, application and supervision councils, employee-employer cooperation committee and workplace councils or committees (Dicle, 1980: 265- 269; Erdoğan, 2009: 143). Management participation applications through collective bargaining method aims to provide common solutions in matters such as production, working conditions, wage, redundancies and discipline in the workplace (GörmüĢ; 2003). Also, the basic purpose is to check whether the collective labour agreement agreed in the workplace is appropriately working, and if not, to provide solutions for these problems. The reason for the emergence of these councils which have tasks in various areas is the desire of trade unions to increase their effects on workplace management. Taking into consideration the activities they perform, these councils supervise the unilateral applications of the employer and increase democracy. If the employees are not represented adequately in these councils whose proper functioning is dependent on the power of the employee party and the trade union, the councils may transform into a formal tool (Aslan, 1998a: 161). Although in principle the institution ―worker‘s representation‖ does not exist in the labour law, ―union representation‖ institution exists according to the Law of Trade Unions numbered 2821. However, since in our country the scope of collective labour agreement is quite narrow and it is not possible to conclude collective labour agreements in the wider sense, the ―worker‘s representative‖ councils are applied in a very limited area [Law of Trade Unions Art. 35] (Kayhan, 2007: 68). Workers have been represented in the minimum wage commissions in the rate of 1/3 since the year 1921. In the Labour Law numbered 3008, ―arbitration‖ discipline councils and worker‘s representation are important for our topic (Dicle, 1980: 239-240). In the Labour Law dated 1936, a council of ―worker‘s representatives‖ was established. However, since the law was regulated narrowly in terms of scope, only certain workers were granted this right. The law of trade unions numbered 274 and law of collective agreement, strike and lockout numbered 275 accepted after the constitution of 1961 on 1963 ended this worker‘s representation application and introduced union representation application instead. Workplace trade union representation institution is still in force with the law numbered 2821 (Hekimler, 2006: 195). Other than these, in 1934, in a state enterprise, Türkiye ġeker Fabrikaları A.ġ., the participation of employees in Turkey to the management with the demand of the employer occurred through ―management committees‖ established in the undertaking level (Dicle, 1980: 239–240). The law numbered 23 dated 1960 allowed the participation of employees to the management through election of a worker‘s representative to the Board of Directors in government business enterprises. Later, instead of this law, the law numbered 440 which allowed the membership of a worker in the board of directors of ―those who employ widely in industrial, agricultural and transportation sectors‖ and the management committees of similar establishments came into force in 1964. In this law, it was stipulated that 1 worker‘s representative should be elected to the Board of Directors in government business enterprises in which more than 10.000 workers are employed (Çelikkol, 1974: 248-249). The law numbered 440 and the regulations issued for its application was applied in a very limited sense since the establishment size was defined very high and therefore the number of representatives was inadequate (Tokol, 2005: 92). The law numbered 440 was abolished with the laws numbered 2929 on 1983 and the introduced law did not include any provisions concerning the representation of workers in the board of directors; and also the bylaw dated 1984 and numbered 23 did not introduce any provisions when it abolished the law numbered 2929 (Ünsal, 2006: 95). Either in the workplace level or enterprise level, a participation right has never existed in our country except for some exceptional cases (Hekimler, 2006: 196). Between 1960 and 1980, trade unions such as Asis, Dev Sağlık-ĠĢ, Sosyal-ĠĢ, Yer altı Maden-ĠĢ, Türkiye Gıda-ĠĢ, Devrimci Metal –ĠĢ, Dev Maden-Sen, Tekges-ĠĢ, TĠS, Devrimci Toprak-ĠĢ, Maden-ĠĢ, Tek Eğitim Büro-ĠĢ had an experience with their regulations and activities which included workplace council, committee or assemblies were established. These structures were regarded as improving the intra-union democracy, rather than being an alternative to trade unions. Also, the workplace committees which remained silent after September 12 came into the agenda once again after the end of 1980s. Harb-ĠĢ Union which is a part of Türk-ĠĢ had the workplace committees application which consisted of 2 representatives in larger undertakings and 1 in smaller undertakings and gathering every month around 1986 (Aslan, 1998b: 158-159). Recently, at least partially, some worker‘s council applications can be encountered. Some trade unions began to establish relations with the EWCs of the workplaces they are organised in. Also, there are EWCs in some of the workplaces in which the larger unions are organised. However, in very few of these workplaces a representative, in the observer status from Turkey is sent to the EWC. In this matter, Hak-ĠĢ Confederation and Konya Metropolitan Municipality have taken an important step with the ―Konya Workplace Information and Consultation Councils Project‖. With the project, an original model was attempted to be established which will constitute the basis for the legal regulations that our country 318 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo will perform in the future concerning ―Workplace Information and Consultation Councils‖ and it has been put into practice in Konya Metropolitan Municipality as of September 20, 2007 (Hak-iĢ and KBB, 2007: 51-52). As it can be seen in the development plans, as the EU membership efforts gained speed since 1990s, regulations concerning the participation of employees began to exist wihin the matters of adaptation to EU directives and ILO norms. Especially the plans numbered 6, 7, 8 and 9 include commitments for these purpose (DPT, 1990, 1996, 2000, 2006). When the commission report concerning the worker participation in Turkish National Program was examined (DPT, 2007: 89-90); while partial conformity to the directives concerning the cooperation between the parties of work life and information and consultation methods in EU acquis was established (for instance, establishment of triple consultation council, abolition of some limitations before unionist organisation with the amendment on the Law of Public Employees‘ Unions numbered 4688), it is required that current information and consultation mechanisms should be strengthened, triple social dialogue in the national level as well as bilateral dialogue in the sectoral and business level should be developed, and EU directives such as ―EWCs‖, ―participation of employees of European companies‖, and ―information of employees of undertakings‖ should be conformed to. When the Labour Law numbered 4857 concerning the participation rights of the employees related to information and consultation is examined, articles which formally or indirectly regulate this structure can be observed. Along with some articles concerning information and consultation in the Labour Law, there are also council structure which provide worker participation. Articles 8, 13, 17, 22, 29, 38, 39, 52 and 77 of the Labour Law numbered 4857 are related to the information and representation of the employees (Resmi Gazete, 2003). In the Labour Law numbered 4857, although there are some articles concerning information and consultation, it is somewhat difficult to say that they conform with the content of information and consultation as provided in EWCs. Although there is a regulation concerning giving information to employers and providing participation of employees in matters such as collective redundancies, wage cut penalties, minimum wage, percentage method, occupational health and security and formation tripartite consultation council, what attracts attention is that this obligation is given for workplace union representative and related trade union while nonunion employees cannot benefit from these rights. Moreover, employees in Turkey are also represented in various social dialogue structures. Among these, Tripartite Consultation Council, Work Assembly, Economic and Social Council; Minimum Wage Determination Commission and YHK focusing on a certain part of work life can be mentioned. Besides, Social Security Institution and Labour Institution of Turkey which work on the general assembly and the management councils of the institutions concerning the work life and Occupational Training Council, Council for the Disabled, Consumers‘ Council and Tax Council which concern the work life indirectly can be mentioned (Koray and Çelik, 2007: 395-396). The most important thing to be said about these institutions are that the employees are represented through the representatives determined by the trade unions only organised in their workplaces and having the most members. Besides, all these councils cannot reflect the social dialogue completely. In the Minimum Wage Determination Commission which has an important place among the councils of tripartite structure, decisions are not taken unanimously, and the minimum wage is usually determined despite the dissenting opinion of the workers‘ confederation. A similar condition is also valid for the ESC which became legal in 2001. The dominant role of the government within the structure of the council whose purposes are to provide social consensus and cooperation in establishing economic and social policies, to create a continuous and permanent environment, to transfer the opinions to decision making organs creates problems. In member states of the European Union, it can be observed that such committees are formed with an understanding in which social groups are widely represented distant from government domination (ġahin, 2003: 68-69). Social parties find the role of the government in the social dialogue inadequate and inefficient, and demand from it to change its oppressive role to a more listening stance which does not act on its own. In the matter of developing a behaviour code to which all parties would agree by the government, it has been expressed that DĠSK and Türk-ĠĢ has demands as well as TĠSK (Valk and Süral, 2005: 50-51). However, lack of cooperation culture between the government and social parties prevents agreement and weakness of social parties also weakens their negotiation skills (Kayhan, 2007: 72). Since ESC is unsuccessful in providing an effective consultation between social partners in the national level, it has been criticised by the EU and it is argued that the government should decrease its number of representation. For these reasons, the government expressed that it intends to review the composition of ESC and especially its own dominant position in 2005. Although all social parties have responsibility in the success of social dialogue, the actual responsibility belongs to the government in this matter. If the government contributes in the serious functioning of ESC, it would have taken a big step towards the development of social dialogue (Yildirim and Calis, 2008: 225). The decision to start the negotiations with Turkey in the Brussels summit in December 17, 2004 is a new phase in the EU process and it will probably be shaped within this framework in the following 10 to 20 years. Also, the least interested among two constitutional amendments and seven harmonization packages within 319 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo the EU harmonization procedure of Turkey were social law and policies (Çelik, 2005: 23-25). Lack of interest on this field in which the most enthusiastic debates should have occurred show that the problems still wait for solutions. EU candidacy procedure of Turkey develops on one hand with developments required for integration and on the other hand the conflict of interest among the parties which want to be effective within this development. In this phase of development and progress, the conditions which the preservation of status quo prevents protection of rights cause pauses and deviations. In countries where bilateral and tripartite agreements are used as effective social dialogue tools in the national level, matters such as protection and development of competitive power of agreements, balanced economic growth, establishment of economic stability, development of employment and decrease of unemployment, active employment policies, tax and income policies, social security, training and occupational training, labour laws, discrimination, etc. are involved. From this point, the developments in Turkey are not institutionalised, therefore deficient and lacks actual results. Procedures such as ESC efforts, labour law and social security laws could only be formally existent and virtually ineffective under the domination of government policies or the stronger party (Çelebi, 2007). According to Dereli (2007), it is required that conformity to EU Directives which regulate the participation of employees in workplaces should be provided in the process of conformity with EU acquis. Removal of the provision which allowed election of workers‘ representatives in workplaces which did not have union representatives from the draft law 4857 created a gap in the legislation especially in terms of information and consultation related to collective redundancies, transfer of workplace, etc. In this matter, Turkey is required to make legislations in line with the directives which include information and consultation of at least the employees employed in the undertakings of national level or establishing workplace councils. Also, an intensive process is expected in the future period. In our country, the legislations to which could not be harmonized with the EU acquis and will be introduced with the following directives would introduce new and important concepts and institutions in the Turkish work life; — Directive 2009/38/EC on the establishment of a European Works Council for the purposes of informing and consulting employees, — Directive 2002/14 establishing a general framework for informing and consulting employees, — Directive 2001/86/EC for a European company with regard to the involvement of employees. Political conditions peculiar to Turkey and competitive power discourses of Turkey are two important obstacles before the EU harmonization process. Although first one is partially overcome, the other discourse is difficult to overcome and it is only possible by distancing from the paternalist and neo-liberal line (Çelik, 2005: 43-45). However, Turkey generally accepts the EU directives with tactics such as nonconformity, extending over a period of time or delaying – as in ILO norms. It also accepts the current applications either late, or with reservations or not implementing them in the national law; thus is criticised in international supervision. Also, required steps concerning political rights and freedoms in the EU process are not conformed to because of excuses such as they do not conform with the dynamics of Turkey and would weaken the structure of the country. It is observed that wider social groups in Turkey (employer-employee unions, academics, government and EU organs) have varying opinions in this matter (Çelik, 2005: 26-27). Conclusion The fact that the scope of Turkish Industrial Relations system is narrow, that it includes detailed legal provisions and dominant role of the state within the system caused negative consequences in terms of participation of employees. It was quite difficult for the employees in Turkey to have power or legislation to have a say in determining the economic and social policies because of reasons such as late capitalism, late working class and late democratisation. As a matter of fact, even today, employees have difficulties in using their universal rights. When one looks at the rights to participation in Turkey, the basic method of representation is trade union and collective bargaining structure either in the micro (undertaking) or macro (national) level. Those who are represented within this structure constitute only 10-15% of the wage earners. Workplace participation methods other than this are almost nonexistent. Taking into consideration the non-unions, those who are not included within the Labour Law and those who are not legally employed, a great majority of the employees in Turkey lack the right to representation and say. 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Extent The size or duration of the resource. 186 Title A name given to the resource Right to Information and Consultation of Employees: Evaluation of EU Directives in Turkey Author Author ERDOĞAN, Ekrem GÜMÜŞ, Yasin Kerem Abstract A summary of the resource. In Turkish, because of the definitive role of the state, attitude of employers and powerlessness of the working class, the employers do not effectively have a say. In the EU, the employees participate their workplaces in various methods as a part of European Social Model. However, in the reconstruction process in the EU, labour and its participation methods remained local in the European scale despite the globalisation of capital especially with the increase of activities and relationships of MNCs. At this point, to reduce the differences arising from national applications and the effects of the process of reconstruction, the Commission has created a number of directives in order to provide the right to information and consultation of employees. These directives became important also for Turkey as of membership negotiations. This article aims to examine the employee participation in Turkey and indicate the possible effects of EU information and consultation directives. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory