227 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/22f37bb3a98b936963f3c24968a45da6.pdf 44023d6783c4a031fc7d25551e9ac540 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Relationships between the Accountancy Students’ Future Occupational Choices and Their Attitudes towards Accountancy Profession ReĢat KARCIOĞLU Atatürk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey, rkarci@atauni.edu.tr Hakan YAZARKAN Atatürk University, Vocational College of Oltu, Oltu - Erzurum, Turkey, hyazarkan@atauni.edu.tr Fatih KARCIOĞLU Atatürk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey, fkarci@atauni.edu.tr M. Dursun KAYA Atatürk University, Vocational College of Erzurum, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey, dursuni@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: In recent years researches about accountancy which is one of the most important professions in the world and in our country asserts the negative attitudes of the students about carrying on the profession. The study which is about the causes of negative attitudes and occupational scope choices of the students of accountancy, examines the relationships between the occupational scope choices of the students and their attitudes towards accountancy profession. According to the results of the research, any relationships between the students‘ demographic characteristics and choices and attitudes towards the profession are encountered. However some relationships have been encountered between the occupational scope choices and attitudes towards accountancy profession. Sundry suggestions are put forward in accordance with the results of the research. Introduction In the competition conditions today; enterprises need some knowledge in order to be able to available in market and reach their aims. The way of reaching this knowledge is up to a good accounting system and having accounting staff with quality who will sustain this system. Accounting system with quality is also trained in vocational college of universities in our country. By law, profession members were handled in three groups such as Independent Accountant, Independent Accountant and Financial Consultant, Certified Financial Consultant. The fact that accounting training become global level; it all depends on accessing to the knowledge to the production, usable in the realization of the change, enabling taken risk, when deciding, having his decision, those who produce solve not problem, and growth of human force who their listening skills improve. In this connection, investigations were done in subjects of accounting program students‘ reasons of preferring this program, their point of view, their behaviors in working in this profession and ability of their education‘s vocations aims in addition (Özcan, Ünal & Helhel 2009). When we looked accounting education subject in actual mean, it was seen that people who want to enter accounting vocation should be equipped with essential knowledge not only for vocational knowledge but also 1 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo vocational skills, valves, ethical and technological improvements (Özbirecikli & Pastacıgil 2009). In a medium in which the need required for accounting persons who will provide the whole, true, impartial and quality knowledge about enterprise financial matters increase day by day, increasing of the knowledge of vocational college students is very important. In this context quality education, qualified accountant, quality accounting knowledge and effective administrative decision have come up with as the importance for a quality accounting education (DaĢtan 2009). Choose of career is an area which attracts especially academicians and professional and all of the societies attention because at being multi directed. Choose of carrier is not only earning money and provide his life standard but also may be a way of self expression of individual or a realization of himself and the method of acquiring of role. (Karcıoğlu 1994). Unit of professional quideship was created for this lost of theory was improved such as feature agent theory (Zaccaria 1969), psychoanalytic theory (Zaccarya 1969), requirement theory (Osipow 1968), theory of professional flourishing (Crites 1969, Ginzberg 1952), identity theory (Tiedaman & Ohara 1959), typology theory (Holland 1973), theories of decision which were improved by (Gellat 1962, Katz, 1966), conceit theory (Wylie 1979) developmental individuality signification theory (1982-1991) (Super et al. 1963). Carrier is the whole of the facilities based ob skill and knowledge acquired by a certain education and done in order to earn their life by individual. In other words, carrier is the way of development of himself and his skills and this way determines personality features, dreams, sight of the life and values of individual. Individuals direct lots of important life activity such as whether find a job or not in the future, whether be successful or not, whether like his carrier or not, person who he will get married, location where he live, education style his children (Karcıoğlu 2001). When importance of accountancy and occupation of accountancy takes note of according to economical and social life, this occupation can be preferred by the best as it can perform expected role itself and can continue. So most of expectation from occupation of professional and much serving to public profit and possible along with determination of factor which role to prefer occupation. Besides, when accountancy irregularity which occur in recent years bears in wind with public and economical effects, role of occupation and accountant much have drown and determination of factor which role to prefer occupation have become important (Durer et al. 2009). Choose of career is a marketing activity taken on the content of occupation and career marketing. In the preference of the profession such as a product or service, where is marketing strategies have been applied. Not only is choosing of career important, but also how mentioned profession will perform important. In this research it is aimed to determine the relationship between point of views of accounting students and their preference. In the application section of the research, the findings of the studies about students have taken the place. The Content of Research When we take on the choose of career as the behavior of consumer or student, all factors affecting purchasing behavior consumer-students will be effecting in the choosing of the career of the individual and on the preference of in what may the profession will be carried out. Some studies carried out in USA, UK and Canada, Australian and New Zealand show that accounting education come to be an area preferred less by students. On the other hand, after a lot of students receiving accounting educate had graduated, they tended not to sustain this profession. It is thought that mentioned negative behavior may originate from the problem of detection for suitable areas when individual determine their career. From this starting point, the relations between preferences of the area they wanted to sustain and their behaviors orienting to the profession have been investigated. It is aimed that recommendations should be offered, which will contribute to occupational satisfaction and effective sustains by orienting according to personal features of the students, thus the consultation units of the organizations which give accounting education. The study content on the research consisted of the students having accounting professional educates Atatürk University, Niğde University and Pamukkale University. Those who accept to participate in voluntarily survey study were included in the sample group; easy-sampling method was used. So, the results of the study are not generalized for other student and Turkey. Material and Methods In search sampling in easy method was used, the principle of voluntary was essential, total 400 surveys were sent to practice, from those, those that content and sample of search are suitable 372 piece are subjects to analysis. 2 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Before certain survey form is prepared, data collection isn‘t passed for search, it was interviewed with 10 students from Atatürk University Vocational College of Oltu Account Program and survey questions were prepared questions were asked in 5 likert scales (5 equals I agree conclusively, …, 1 equals I don‘t agree conclusively). And then prepared surveys were tried on 10 students who are different from the former group. In survey form parts that aren‘t understood and clear were put in order again and lost shape was given to form. In this search used in survey form was include two group questions. Questions of first group consist of buying behaviors and student/consumers demographic properties. Questions were taken part in to determine opinions of second group students for account occupation. Investigations were carried out to students face to face and the last week of March 2009 by lecturers and Atatürk University Vocational College of Oltu, Niğde University Vocational College and Pamukkale University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. The scripts were made analysis with the aid of SPSS statistic packet program. During the data analysis, frequency of the distribution, anova and correlation tests were used. The investigation carried out by developing suitable hypothesis according to ―students‘ occupational preference behavior and behavior towards accountancy occupation‖ and there is correlation between students‘ demographic properties and occupational preference behaviors.‖ Findings Participating the investigation, 50.3 percent of the answers are woman and 54.3 percent of them placed between 21-24 age groups. Answering the investigation, 70.4 percent of them graduated from normal high school and 24.7 percent of them are Atatürk University Vocational College of Oltu students and families‘ average income distribution for per month of 36.0 percent of them are 1001-1500 TL and it can be seen that chief of families‘ occupation of them have got free jobs (Table 1). 3 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Demographic properties Distribution according to sex Distribution according to age Distribution according to educational levels Distribution according to studying school Distribution according to taken place class Family‘s average income level for per months Chief of the family‘s occupation Father‘s education level Mother‘s education level women men 17–20 21–24 Up 24 Trade vocational high school Anatolian trade vocational high school High school other Ataturk Univ. Vocational College of Oltu Niğde Univ. Vocational College Pamukkale Univ. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences First class Second class Third class Fourth class 0–500 501–1000 1001–1500 1501–2000 2001–2500 Up 2501 Public officer Private sector employer Free jobs Primary school Secondary school University Primary school Secondary school University Total N 187 185 153 202 17 75 13 262 22 92 135 % 50.3 49.7 41.1 54.3 4.6 20.2 3.5 70.4 5.9 24.7 36.3 145 145 157 19 51 47 130 134 32 11 18 92 68 212 154 168 50 246 109 17 372 39.0 39.0 42.2 5.1 13.7 12.7 34.9 36.0 8.6 3.0 4.8 24.7 18.3 57.0 41.4 45.2 13.4 66.1 29.3 4.6 100 Table 1: Distribution of student‘s demographic features It is reported that % 62.6 of students close neighborhood do not continue the job of accountancy, and as % 50.5 of students have information about the job of accountancy after graduate. It is declared that % 43.2 of the students who think to carry on job of accountancy work in a society or foundation, % 40.3 of them think to work as independent accountant or financial consultant, only % 16.5 of them work with another financial consultant (Table 2). Yes Carrying on the job in close neighborhood Recognizing of the job before attending to the university Thinking of carrying on job of accountancy n 139 188 244 No % 37.4 50.5 65.6 Table 2: Situation of the students about job of accountancy 4 n 233 184 128 % 62.6 49.5 34.4 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo On the other side, the response of students who don‘t think to carry on job of accountancy is on the table below (Table 3). As seen on Table 3, the students who don‘t like the job of accountancy take part at first turn with about 2.73 point, the reason of carrying on the family business, take part on last turn with turn with about 4.98 point. Reasons To hate accountancy job To study for graduating university Dissatisfaction of accountancy job To do a different job by vertical transition To study as the family desire To study as to be police, noncommissioned officer etc. To do own family business Average 2.73 3.43 3.75 3.95 4.40 4.72 4.98 Significance order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Table 3: The reasons of students don‘t want to sustain accountancy job The reasons were asked to students who want to go on accountancy job in an institution or verbal, taken answers were showed at Table 4. Among the students who want to sustain accounting profession in or organization or governmental organization, while labor security is on the first roll with 1.97 points and having the most important significance, the scarcity of qualified personnel is on the least importance with 4.85 points. Reasons Labor security Insurance possibility Economic impossibilities as own job Standard working hours Family desire Necessity of qualified personnel Average 1.97 2.78 3.23 3.50 4.68 4.85 Significance order 1 2 3 4 5 6 Table 4: the reasons of people who want to sustain accountancy job in an organization or governmental organization The reasons for this preference were asked to the students who want to sustain their professions belong with an accountant or financial consultant. In the responses taken for this question, ―The fact that the risk of not finding customer‖ took place in the first row with 1.79 score where as the fact that the responsibility is low became third row with 2.24 points and the last row (Table 5). Reasons The fact that the risk of not finding costumer become low The idea of not to succeeding lonely Low responsibility Average 1.79 1.98 2.24 Significance order 1 2 3 Table 5: The reasons of those who want to study accounting along with a financial consultant The reasons of preference and obtained results about those who want to sustain accountancy with a financial consultant r are given in Table 6. The feeling of independent studying is in the first row and its score is 2.57 but the reason of family job to do the place in sixth raw with 4.96 point. Reasons The feeding of independent study The desire of improving himself Suitability to the skills More earning The profession with a good prestige Family job Average 2.57 2.62 3.45 3.62 3.83 4.96 Significance order 1 2 3 4 5 6 Table 6: The reasons of those who want to sustain accounting along with independent accountant 5 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo In order to determine the ideas of students about accounting, the questions about the job were asked and the answers men taken according to the fifth likert scale (1: don‘t agree on definitely, 2: don‘t agree on, 3: neither agree nor disagree, 4: agree on, 5: certainly I agree with). In the end of the assessment carried out, average scores and standard deviations are given in Table 7. Average value orienting to accounting professions of the students was realized as 3.19. The ideas orienting to accounting professions Mean ± SD The effect of high finding job possibility The effect of high earning expectancy The effect of individual work facility The effect of early start facility to work out Being an enjoyable profession Being a lovely profession Adequacy of acquiring of its foundation even if it seems difficult Being a credible profession in society Offering the opportunities which will prove the success Being a profession in accordance with individual structure Offering the opportunities making career facility Offering the opportunities employing in governmental organization Offering the opportunities employing in private sector Being an important profession which every sector needs The effect of feeling safety by yourself because of working facilities The effect of prejudices which was before learn accounting Leading to boring because of difficulty of accounting Existence of obstructions in front of accounting carrier The effect of chance which will have another profession The bad effect of low price in early times The effect of opportunity of working in the big city The effect of risk of independence study Having long probationary period The effect of round people who is accounting profession The effect of being not enough accounting personal in the market Rising of profession importance with the period of EU adapt The effect of being intense of working hours 3.37 ±1.14 3.47 ±1.08 3.72 ±1.10 3.17 ±1.13 2.95 ±1.25 3.13 ±1.23 3.45 ±1.13 3.32 ±1.08 3.14 ±1.15 2.93 ±1.25 3.19 ±1.19 3.59 ±1.03 3.60 ±1.04 3.81 ±1.13 3.30 ±1.12 3.20 ±1.26 2.99 ±1.30 3.34 ±1.24 2.83 ±1.29 2.80 ±1.23 2.98 ±1.27 3.08 ±1.16 2.77 ±1.26 3.18 ±1.13 2.88 ±1.16 3.27 ±1.11 2.84 ±1.20 Table 7: The descriptive findings of students‘ remarks towards accountant profession When differences between intends of continue accounting profession and students behaving interest in accounting profession were examined in the future, it has been differences between behavior of students who wants ( X =3.38) and no wants ( X =2.84) to continue this profession (f=122.68, p<0.001). When the effectiveness degree of the reason of the students who don‘t want to continue accounting job in the behaviors orienting to the profession was examined, the correlation between them can be followed from the Table 8 in which there are correlations. There was significant relation between the attitudes of students orienting to the profession and the students who studies to become officer or police and those who don‘t like the accounting job (respectively r=0.208, p<0.01 ve r=0.178, p<0.01). Similarly, there was significant relationship between the students who are university graduate (r=0.175, p<0.05) and the students who attend to vocational school and who want to make vertical transition to the university (r=0.136, p<0.05) in their behavior orienting to the professions (Table 8). 6 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The reason of not to desire for carrying on accounting profession in future Not to enjoy profession of accounting To study for becoming university graduate To study for family desire To struggle with his/her own family To study for becoming a policemen or an officer To have a different job by making vertical transition Dissatisfaction of accounting r 0.208 ** 0.175 * 0.114 -0.067 0.178 ** 0.136 * -0.052 Table 8: the correlation between those who don‘t want to continue accounting job and behaviors of their orienting to the profession *: significant at p<0.05, **: significant at p<0.0.1 When the relationships between behaviors orienting to the profession and the reasons of those who don‘t want to continue along with a independent accountant was examined, it was found out that there was relationship with only family job and there was no meaningful relationship between other reasons. The reason of those who want to continue along with independent accountant and financial consultant The feeling of independent work The desire of improving himself Suitability to the skills More earning The job with prestige Family profession r -0,063 -0,094 0,077 -0,104 0,040 0,205 ** Table 9: the relations between behaviors orienting to the profession and those who want to continue along with independent accountant and financial consultant **: significant at p<0.0.1 According to the results, due to only family profession, there was significant relationship between financial consultant and working idea with financial consultant. According to this, the behaviors of orienting to the profession of the students who have relatives in their families or financial consultant or independent accountant have increased positively. So, they desire to continue the profession along with a independent accountant or financial consultant. Among other variables, there was not any relationship. There is no relationship between behaviors of theirs to the profession and other alternatives of the students. In the research, there was no relationship between student‘s behaviors and demographic features. In other words, all the students perform similar behaviors. According to the research conclusions, there is relationship between the preference of professional field and behaviors of profession. But, there is no correlation between demographic features and preference to profession and behaviors orienting to the profession. Results and Discussion In order to determine the relationships between the ideas about accounting profession and personal features of the students receiving accounting vocational training, the results obtained from the study carried out for the students of Pamukkale University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences and Vocational College of Oltu department of accounting of Atatürk University and Niğde University Vocational College are as follows. Most of the students have wanted to continue their profession. 43.2 % of these expressed that they thought to work in an organization or enterprise. 40.3 % of these students are in the opinion of being independent accountant or financial consultant. The most important reason of the students who want to work in organizations originates from their loving professions. They accept as a tool being a graduate of university or advantage of the facilities. 7 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Based on these conclusions, these suggestions should be made: It is very striking that the students doesn‘t have positive behavior against accounting profession. Positive sides of the job should be expressed to the students who receive accounting training in all over the world. Some programs may be performed. When the behaviors of these who are on the duty of being accountant were taken into consideration, this is thought that they don‘t have enough knowledge about accounting in practical life. So carrying out stay program effectively and giving homework to the students diving application about sector or application may contribute to the profession positively if some assignments are given. References Crites, J.O. (1969). Vocational Psychology, Mc.Graw Hill Book Co. New York. DaĢtan, A. (2009). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Ġ.Ġ.B.F. Ölçeğinde Akademik Görünüm ve Muhasebe Eğitiminin Değerlendirilmesine Yönelik Bir AraĢtırma. Muhasebe Finansman Dergisi, (42), 144–156. Durer, S., ÇalıĢkan, A. Ö., AkbaĢ, H. E., & Gündoğdu, C. E. (2009). ĠĢletme Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Muhasebe Alanında Kariyer Tercihlerini Etkileyen Faktörlerin Ġncelenmesi. Muhasebe Finansman Dergisi, (43), 65–79. Gellat, H.M. (1962). Decision-Making A Conceptual Frame of Reference for Counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology. Pp:10-21. Ginzberg, E. (1971). Career Guidance, Who needs it, who provides it, who can improve it?, Mc Graw Hill Book Company, New York. Holland, J.L. (1973). Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Careers, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey. Karcıoğlu, F. (1994). Endüstri Meslek Lisesi Öğrencilerinin Benlik ve Mesleki Benlik Kavramları Arasındaki BağdaĢımın KarĢılaĢtırılması (YayınlanmamıĢ Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. Karcıoğlu, F. (2001). Kariyer Yönetimi, Karizma Yayınları, Ġstanbul. Katz, M.R. (1966). A Modal of Guidance for Career Decision-Making. Vocations Guidance Quarterly. Vol. 15, pp:2-10. Osipow, S.H. (1968). Theories of Career Development, NewYork. Özbirecikli, M., & Pastacıgil, A. (2009). Türkiye‘de Muhasebe Eğitimin GeliĢim Süreci: IFAC Standartları Ġle Mukayeseli Bir Ġnceleme, Muhasebe Finansman Dergisi, (41), 82–96. Özcan, Ġ., Ünal, G.F., & Helhel, Y. (2009). Muhasebe Programı Öğrencilerinin Cinsiyet ve Öğrenim Durumunun Muhasebe Mesleğine Yönelik Tutumları Ġle ĠliĢkilendirilmesi, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (41), 170–181. Super, D.E., Starishhevsky, R. Matlin, N. Jordan J.P. (1963). Career Development: Self-Concept Theory, New York: College Entrance Examination Board. Tiedaman, D.V. & Ohara (1959). Decision and Vocational Development: A Paradigm and its implications, Vocational Guidance and Career Development, Selecting Readings, The Mc Millian Company, New York. Wylie, R. C. (1979). The Self Concept, Vol.II., Theory and Research on Selected Topics, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln/ London. Zaccaria, J.S. (1969). Theories of Occupational Choice and Vocational Development. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 128 Title A name given to the resource Relationships between the Accountancy Students’ Future Occupational Choices and Their Attitudes towards Accountancy Profession Author Author KARCIOĞLU, Reşat YAZARKAN, Hakan KARCIOĞLU, Fatih KAYA, M. Dursun Abstract A summary of the resource. In recent years researches about accountancy which is one of the most important professions in the world and in our country asserts the negative attitudes of the students about carrying on the profession. The study which is about the causes of negative attitudes and occupational scope choices of the students of accountancy, examines the relationships between the occupational scope choices of the students and their attitudes towards accountancy profession. According to the results of the research, any relationships between the students‘ demographic characteristics and choices and attitudes towards the profession are encountered. However some relationships have been encountered between the occupational scope choices and attitudes towards accountancy profession. Sundry suggestions are put forward in accordance with the results of the research. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b234dc6435d7612ab06e457e338654af.docx 23d1c0382caf7aa1bfbf932d40746e9c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e215490c6c02d3b9d9516bb3540e85a6.pdf ec2f0fb9243d9ed0d4eb0dcdac42c548 PDF Text Text Relative Clauses Introduced by Adverbial Relativizers in Arabic Elma Dizdar University of Sarajevo/ Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: relative clauses, adverbial relativizers, relative clause formation strategies, equi type, relative-pronoun strategy ABSTRACT Relative clauses in Arabic choose among a range of relativizers, including adjectival and substantive pronouns and adverbial relativizers. Depending on a number of factors, including the choice of relativizers, they also embrace different relative clause formation strategies. Based on the typology of relative clause formation strategies proposed by E. Keenan and B. Comrie, this paper focuses on description of the formation strategy, or rather strategies of Arabic relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers. In attempt to define the formation strategy of this type of Arabic relative clauses, the paper distinguishes between free relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers in Arabic and those with antecedents. As shown in examples of sentences taken from modern Arabic literature, the two mentioned classes of Arabic relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers seem to involve different relative clause formation strategies. Thus, while free relative clauses show a striking similarity with the equi type of relative clauses, relative clauses with antecedents fit much better into the relative-pronoun strategy. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1762 Title A name given to the resource Relative Clauses Introduced by Adverbial Relativizers in Arabic Author Author DIZDAR, Elma Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: relative clauses, adverbial relativizers, relative clause formation strategies, equi type, relative-pronoun strategy ABSTRACT Relative clauses in Arabic choose among a range of relativizers, including adjectival and substantive pronouns and adverbial relativizers. Depending on a number of factors, including the choice of relativizers, they also embrace different relative clause formation strategies. Based on the typology of relative clause formation strategies proposed by E. Keenan and B. Comrie, this paper focuses on description of the formation strategy, or rather strategies of Arabic relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers. In attempt to define the formation strategy of this type of Arabic relative clauses, the paper distinguishes between free relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers in Arabic and those with antecedents. As shown in examples of sentences taken from modern Arabic literature, the two mentioned classes of Arabic relative clauses introduced by adverbial relativizers seem to involve different relative clause formation strategies. Thus, while free relative clauses show a striking similarity with the equi type of relative clauses, relative clauses with antecedents fit much better into the relative-pronoun strategy. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/89fea734b952ac399024e1d519d932ec.pdf 84795b2118291da49f1fb9f3b1c50a61 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Relevance of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine the Great Part II to 21st Century Ethnocentrism and Islamophobia Evren TUÇ Department of English Language and Literature Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey evrentuc@ktu.edu.tr Abstract: The obscure and often make-believe portraits of the Turks, coupled with preconceptions and prejudices against Islamic nations of the East always occupied a significant place in English dramatic literature, particularly during the Elizabethan England. In fact, stereotypical portrayal of the Turkish characters was never absent from the Renaissance drama in Europe. Christopher Marlowe was undoubtedly one of those English dramatists who extensively employed Turkish characters and the images pertinent to Islamic cultures and geographies. Among those images are Turkish slave, frequently identified with the Jews, fearful Janissary Army, Turkish Pashas, or Sultans, and other unfamiliar characters that always captivated the imagination of the Elizabethan audience. The aim of this study is to make an in-depth analysis of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine the Great Part II, as a typical example of Elizabethan drama that gives a biased and prejudiced portrayal of Turks and Islamic nations, and to find out how these biased and pejorative images related to this particular geography prevailed throughout the centuries and, finally to seek an answer to the reason why these images remained virtually unchanged even in the 21st century, referring to his above mentioned work. Key Words: Islamophobia, Ethnocentrism, Muslims, Tamburlaine the Great, Elizabethan Period. Turks, Christopher Marlowe, Throughout the history prevailing prejudices have always caused a miscommunication between the East and the West. Though the studies on the reasons of that miscommunication are limitless, very few of them have focused on the literature based reasons. Despite the orientalist images attracted the attention of the western researchers and scholars, and Muslim or Turkish images have an extensive coverage in English Literature, studies on the political and social implications of these misconceptions are very rare. In this study, sixteenth century English points of view towards the Turks and Islam are going to be analysed in order to find out how these biased and pejorative images related to this particular geography prevailed throughout the centuries and, finally to seek an answer to the reason why these images remained virtually unchanged even in the 21st century, referring to Christopher Marlowe's Tamburlaine the Great Part II. Following the very significant events like the discovery of the continent of America, ‘the Act of Supremacy’, the defeat of The Spanish Armada, “explorations, trade, and the first steps of colonization …, England was truly finding its own national identity and it was a time of great cultural development” (Levin, 2002, p. 1). In this period, dramatic literature reached its peak and covered such a long distance that the era was named the ‘Golden Age of English Drama’. The age was a milestone not only for the dramatic literature and other branches of art but also for the development and future of England. The first political and economic relations between England and Turks were inaugurated and “there was a fashion for plays about Turks (and other Islamic nations) in late Elizabethan drama” (Shepherd, 1986, p. 142). And major themes of these plays were ‘brutal’ Janissary Army, arrogant Turkish Sultans, disdained pashas, ‘infidel’ Muslims and Islam. This fashion was the consequence of the publications about Turks all around Europe, because, “in the 16th century about 2500 publications about Turks … were spread around Europe and in these too the image of the ‘bloodthirsty’ Turk was imprinted. In the period 1480 to 1610, twice as many books were published about the Turkish threat, [which are directly related to besieges of the Eastern Europe by the Ottoman Empire and the conquest of Istanbul by the Conqueror, Mehmed II], as about the discovery of the continent of America” (Karlsson, 2006, p. 6). And The Elizabethans, like all the rest of Europe, were the enthusiastic readers of these books (Wann, 1915, p. 445). The reason for literature based text analyses within the context of historical or political studies on Elizabethan Period Turks or Muslims is a frequently asked question. This is not a choice or an inclination to cite the plays or playwrights because, “if one searches for non-literary evidence of an English ‘colonial discourse’ about [Turks], Islam and the Muslims, one would come up with very little (Matar, 1999, p. 8), so it imposes a necessity to analyse, comprehend and have a grasp of the dramatic literature of the era to have an insight into this colonial discourse. Consequently, “in regard to the source material, critics and historians who have examined Renaissance ‘Islam’ and [Turks] have relied predominantly on works by playwrights such as Peele, Kyd, 348 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Marlowe [and] Shakespeare … as there were dozens of plays about Turks and Moors from the 1580s until 1630s” (Matar, 1999, p. 6). Before an in-depth analysis of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine the Great Part II within the context of Islamophobia and ethnocentrism, the definitions of the terms, their contents should be made in order not to cause confusions and to indicate what is meant by these terms. Islamophobia is a neologism, in fact, “a new word for an old fear” (Stone, 2004, p. vii). Among the numerous definitions, the Runnymede Trust, the UK's leading race equality think tank, identifies the perceptions of Islamophobia in the report on British Muslims and Islamophobia entitled “Islamophobia: A Challenge For Us All” as follows: • • • • • • • • Islam is seen as a monolithic bloc, static and unresponsive to change. It is seen as separate and "other," it does not have values in common with other cultures, is not affected by them and does not influence them. It is seen as inferior to the West. It is seen as barbaric, irrational, primitive, and sexist. It is seen as violent, aggressive, threatening, supportive of terrorism, and engaged in a clash of civilizations. It is seen as a political ideology, used for political or military advantage. Criticisms made of "the West" by Muslims are rejected out of hand. Hostility towards Islam is used to justify discriminatory practices towards Muslims and exclusion of Muslims from mainstream society. Anti-Muslim hostility is seen as natural and normal (Richardson, 1996, p. 5). And the second term, ethnocentrism, has numerous components, and as it contains lots of notions as to human being, different approaches and definitions cause confusions. However, Sullivan summarizes the term clearly in his comprehensive study as: Ethnocentrism [is] a perspective on the relationship between one’s own culture and that of others. An ethnocentric perspective evaluates anything from another culture using one’s own values and beliefs, filtering everything seen in that culture with a bias that promotes the superiority of one’s own culture. Under ethnocentrism, any cultural entity of another culture−its religion, dress, language, behavior, religion, political system−is automatically inferior or suspect, [moreover] … difference is viewed as problematic and something that should be ignored, eliminated, or assimilated (2009, p. 186). “Christopher Marlowe holds a most important place in English literature through his brilliant poetic gift and also as Shakespeare’s exact contemporary … and his forerunner in the creation of poetic drama. He died a violent death, stabbed under curious circumstances, in 1593, a time when Shakespeare was beginning to emerge in his full stature” (Yates, 1979, p. 135). Marlowe, who is also known as a spy for the Queen Elizabeth I, “is particularly prone to provocative juxtapositions of allegedly opposed religious systems [and nations], particularly in Tamburlaine Part Two, where religious affiliation first starts to emerge as a serious issue in Marlovian drama” (Hopkins, 2008, p. 114). Like most of the works of Elizabethan Period, Marlowe’s approach to Turks and Islam was nefarious, pejorative, farcical, barbarous insulting, unenlightened and preconceived, and all these images constituted the basis of his drama and these works always captivated the imagination of the Elizabethan audience who were claiming a share on the glorious East against the expanding Ottoman Empire. The second part of Tamburlaine the Great begins with the conversation between Orcanes, king of Natolia and Gazelleus, viceroy of Byron. Ottoman Janissary Army is on the banks of Danubius, and Gazellus and Orcanes express an opinion about a truce between Turks and Sigismund, the king of Hungary. When Orcanes asks about Gazelleus’ idea, his short but significant answer evokes a ‘bloodthirsty’ Turkish image to the audience even in the first scene of the first part via the lines: “King of Natolia, let us treat of peace: / We all are glutted with the Christians' blood …” (I,i,13-4). Just after Gazelleus, Uribassa adds and warns Orcanes about the huge army of Hungary. Orcanes’ reply reflects them as a tyrannical nation: … Millions of soldiers cut the arctic line, Bringing the strength of Europe to these arms, Our Turkey blades shall glide through all their throats, 349 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo And make this champion mead a bloody fen: … (I,i,29-32) Towards the end of the first act, Tamburlaine is seen with his wife and sons while trying to train his sons about how to be a real, courageous and fearless soldier. Though Zenocrate is not pleased with the atmosphere and anxious about his sons, Amyras and Calyphas antagonise and pass their opinions in their trial conversation with Tamburlaine as follows: AMYRAS: And I would strive to swim through pools of blood, Or make a bridge of murder'd carcasses, Whose arches should be fram'd with bones of Turks, Ere I would lose the title of a king. TAMBURLAINE: … And, sirrah, if you mean to wear a crown, When we shall meet the Turkish deputy And all his viceroys, snatch it from his head, And cleave his pericranion with thy sword. CALYPHAS: If any man will hold him, I will strike, And cleave him to the channel with my sword. (I,iv,92-101) Marlowe achieves his goal with these lines most probably to incite the Turkish hatred and to show the Turks as a nation who deserves death and sorrow. Tamburlaine the Great’s hate is boundless and “Marlowe does not attempt to find an answer to the paradox of Tamburlaine's having used vice to achieve greatness and this is left conveniently unresolved” (Burnett, 1987, p. 322). Major provocative attacks of Marlowe towards the Turks and Islam can be analysed under three subtitles. The first is ‘debasement of women’ which is put into stage by the raped and debased Turk/Muslim women figures. And the discourse referring to the Turk and Muslim women should be detected attentively to gain insight into implications, definitions and adjectives. Of these implications, the first one belongs to Calyphas. Though Calyphas hates the wars, though he never resembles his father, and though he is slaughtered by Tamburlaine towards the end of the play because of his anti-war and feminine inclinations, he dreams of the Turkish women as a sexual fantasy. This fantasy is reflected in his conversation with Perdicas to play cards for kissing the captive Turkish women first, and the word chosen for the women is ‘concubines”: CALYPHAS: Come, thou and I will go to cards to drive away the time. PERDICAS: Content, my lord: but what shall we play for? CALYPHAS: Who shall kiss the fairest of the Turks' concubines first, when my father hath conquered them. (IV,i,61-5) Having won the war and captured the Ottoman Sultans, Tamburlaine boasts for his victory and asks his companies to ransack the tents of the Turks and take the Turkish women to bring them to his own tent to celebrate the victory. His command echoes with the following lines; “Ransack the tents and the pavilions / Of these proud Turks, and take their concubines” (IV,i,162-63). His intention is beyond question, because his discourse clarifies everything. Marlowe’s choice of words is over humiliating, amazingly insolent, and outstandingly derogatory. All these approaches are summed up in Tamburlaine’s words: “Then bring those Turkish harlots to my tent, / And I'll dispose them as it likes me best” (IV,i,167-68). The rapes, cuss words and abuses continue in Act Four and despite the words of Orcanes and the women’s begging and crying, no change is seen in Tamburlaine’s decision and he replies Orcanes: “Live 350 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo continent, then, ye slaves, and meet not me / With troops of harlots at your slothful heels (IV,iii,81-2). And just before few lines of his reply, Tamburlaine calls his soldiers: TAMBURLAINE: Hold ye, tall soldiers, take ye queens a-piece,-I mean such queens as were kings' concubines; Take them; divide them, and their jewels too, And let them equally serve all your turns. SOLDIERS: We thank your majesty. (IV,iii,70-73) Before marching to Babylon, Theridamas explains the reason of the Turkish women being with their sultans on the battlefield: “It seems they meant to conquer us, my lord, / And make us jesting pageants for their trulls” (IV,iii,88-9). The words Marlowe uses for the women such as ‘spoil, trull’ are still very pejorative, and affront. Muslim and Turkish women are all reduced to sexual objects and they are exposed to verbal and sexual torture by Tamburlaine. This torture is observed in lines below: TAMBURLAINE: And now themselves shall make our pageant, And common soldiers jest with all their trulls. Let them take pleasure soundly in their spoils, Till we prepare our march to Babylon, Whither we next make expedition. (IV,iii,90-4) The second subtitle can be ‘the humiliation of the Turks as a nation’. The obscurity and abstruseness mixed with preconception on Turks and Islam continue to be seen with the same figures, biases and debates with no change throughout the play. In addition to all the above mentioned scenes, several others which are full of negative identifications and definitions of Turks are directly delivered via Tamburlaine by Marlowe. The level of the hatred is absolutely obvious in these lines: TAMBURLAINE: … Usumcasane, now come, let us march Towards Techelles and Theridamas, That we have sent before to fire the towns, The towers and cities of these hateful Turks (III,ii,144-47) And now, ye canker'd curs of Asia, (IV,i,134) Well, bark, ye dogs: I'll bridle all your tongues, And bind them close with bits of burnish'd steel, Down to the channels of your hateful throats; And, with the pains my rigour shall inflict, I'll make ye roar, that earth may echo forth The far-resounding torments ye sustain; … I will, with engines never exercis'd, Conquer, sack, and utterly consume Your cities and your golden palaces, And, with the flames that beat against the clouds, Incense the heavens, and make the stars to melt, As if they were the tears of Mahomet For hot consumption of his country's pride; (IV,i,184-89/194-200) 351 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo These provocative lines towards the Turks are fairly enough to cause tough prejudices and provoke the Elizabethan audience. The message of ‘cruel, barbaric, atrocious Turks’ is conveyed directly and insistently. As a consequence of these repetitions about the images of Turks, Elizabethan society begins to “apply the word … ‘Turk’ to anyone guilty of infidelity or greed” (Honan, 2005, 41). Third and the last but the most radical subtitle is surely the debasement of Islam and Prophet of Islam. The first attack begins in the Act Three when Theridamas tries to persuade Olympia to go with him to Tamburlaine. Before Theridamas declares his love to Olympia, Theridamas tries to convince her: “But, lady, go with us to Tamburlaine, / And thou shalt see a man greater than Mahomet” (III,iv,45-6). Here, Theridamas compares the prophet with Tamburlaine and identifies him with godlike characteristics. Not only does he underestimate the prophet but also he exalts Tamburlaine. On the other hand, the religion of Tamburlaine or his theism or atheism is one of the most important puzzling issues in the play. As “the details of his life are scarcely known in the West” (qtd. In Marozzi, 2006, Back Cover), many know the historical character Tamerlane as an anti-Muslim. So most critics allege that Marlowe’s Tamburlaine was an atheist and lots of critics assert that the Tamburlaine character was a Christian. In fact, the Tamburlaine character was neither a Christian nor an atheist. Like the historical character Tamerlane, he was a Muslim but towards the end of the play he refuses his own religion. When one reads between the lines, this later refusal is seen clear. For instance, when Calyphas tries to prove his courage to his father, he begins to tell what he would do if they met the Turkish Sultan. Tamburlaine’s reply to his son reveals the entire questions about the religion of him. TAMBURLAINE: Hold him, and cleave him too, or I'll cleave thee; For we will march against them presently. Theridamas, Techelles, and Casane Promis'd to meet me on Larissa-plains, With hosts a-piece against this Turkish crew; For I have sworn by sacred Mahomet To make it parcel of my empery. … (I,iv,104-10) Here, the last two lines divulge all the confusions, because if Tamburlaine were an atheist or a Christian, or if he were not a Muslim, he would not swear by the Prophet of Islam. Moreover, he would not say ‘sacred Mahomet’, because only the Muslims use the word ‘sacred’ for the Islam prophet. Throughout play, we come across the adjective ‘sacred’ in various scenes, but all of them are uttered by the Muslim characters like Orcanes, Callapine and Olympia. One may put forward an antithesis about the religion of Tamburlaine because of two reasons. The first one is the words of Frederick as follows: FREDERICK: Your majesty remembers, I am sure, What cruel slaughter of our Christian bloods These heathenish Turks and pagans lately made Betwixt the city Zula and Danubius; … (II,i,4-7) Here, Marlowe either commits a logical error as Frederick says “…our Christian bloods” (II,i,5) or excludes Tamburlaine from the society of Frederick. And the second reason which may prompt one to think that Tamburlaine was not a Muslim is the first scene of the last act which is the most pejorative, shameful and hideous of the whole play about the Turks and Muslims. “Having ordered the massacre of every citizen of Babylon, Tamburlaine now turns on ‘Mahomet’ (or Mohammed). He calls on Usumcasane to present him with the ‘Alcoran’ (the Koran) and other religious books and orders them to be burnt” (Simkin, 2001, p. 82). This provocation is verbalised as follows: TAMBURLAINE: Now, Casane, where's the Turkish Alcoran, And all the heaps of superstitious books Found in the temples of that Mahomet 352 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Whom I have thought a god? They shall be burnt. (V,ii,171-74) However that never means that Tamburlaine is a Muslim, as “we know from Marlowe’s sources that the historical Timur the Lame was a devout follower of Mohammed, and the poetic licence Marlowe allows himself should alert us at once to the significance of this moment at the climax of the play. He speaks of ‘that Mahomet / Whom I have thought a god?’ (V,ii,173-74) implying a conscious rejection of beliefs previously held” (Simkin, 2001, p. 82). Following lighting a fire, Tamburlaine continues his words as: … In vain, I see, men worship Mahomet. My sword hath sent millions of Turks to hell, Slew all his priests, his kinsmen, and his friends, And yet I live untouch'd by Mahomet. (V,ii,177-80) The point of view of Stevie Simkin to the lines “Now, Mahomet, if thou have any power, / Come down thyself and work a miracle:” (V,ii,185-86) is quite a change and interesting: “The challenge may actually be a sly (and, if detected, deeply shocking) reference to the crucifixion, when Christ was mocked by those standing around and told to save himself and come down from the cross” (Simkin, 2001, p. 84). And finally, Tamburlaine finishes his words: … Well, soldiers, Mahomet remains in hell; He cannot hear the voice of Tamburlaine. Seek out another godhead to adore: The God that sits in heaven, if any god, For he is God alone, and none but he. (V,ii,196-200) Just about five hundred years, scholars, men of letters and critics have talked comprehensively of this scene, Tamburlaine’s burning the Koran, and Tamburlaine’s religious confusions, but Simkin’s words are enlightening and significant enough to be quoted at length: Tamburlaine was a monstrous figure in the annals of history and, as a follower of Islam, a heathen. Marlowe evokes the Islamic prophet Mohammed only to have Tamburlaine blaspheme against him; in so doing, Marlowe was simultaneously raising a spectre that an Elizabethan audience would have instinctively reacted against (Mohammed) and depicting Tamburlaine as a heretic to his own religion. As so often, Marlowe seems to be playing a double game: it is likely that the Elizabethans may have enjoyed hearing a heathen religion attacked, but at the same time it is likely that many would have been shocked by Tamburlaine’s godlessness. Tamburlaine offers another challenge: for him, Mahomet’s failure to respond to the outrages he has committed against Islam is proof of his non-existence, or at least of his powerlessness (2001, p. 83). This provocative scene, which cannot be more depreciatory and degrading for any religion, had already rung the bells of Islamophobia and ethnocentric approaches towards the Turks and Muslims centuries ago. Hence, literary and historical scholars like Honan accept that “Tamburlaine’s three worst acts of cruelty and impious pride occur in Act V, when he destroys Babylon, breaks his oath with its governor, whom he kills in cold blood, and mocks Islam while burning copies of the Koran” (2005, ps. 179-180). Wilson quotes Edward Said as having stated that “Marlowe's ‘oriental stage’ helped fabricate the stereotype of Islam as Christendom's other …” (1995, p. 56), but this argument would be much more proper with the words ‘constituted the basic stereotype’ than ‘helped fabricate’. And although “several explanations for Marlowe's radical debasement of the Turk … character[s] have been proposed” (Brown, 1971, p. 38), they generally can not go forward than an assumption. Of these explanations, Marlowe’s being patronized by the Queen Elizabeth to protect and spread her policies causing these debasements can never be accepted, because according to historical sources, it is surely known that Marlowe wrote the first part of Tamburlaine the Great when he was in Cambridge and after a short time of his graduation, he wrote the second part. 353 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo After all, “In the absence of a translation of the Qur’an or of documents from Arabic, Turkish or other Islamic civilizations, Britons saw Islam exclusively through the prism of Muslims attacking, enslaving, converting (as with the Janissaries especially) and killing Christians” (Matar, 2009, p. 217). But despite the centuries, communication technologies, mobilized interreligious and intercultural studies, businessmen’s and politicians’ co-operations, the negative approaches towards the Turks and Muslim still remain unchanged and “the images that had been constructed in Britain about Muslims over the centuries still dictated both the perception and the treatment of the Mahometan” (Matar, 2009, ps. 230-31). Among the numerous examples which may clarify this unchanged status-quo, two quotations are enough to summarize. First, Charles Issawi, who was a scholar on history of Ottoman at Princeton and Columbia Universities, defines the 15th and 16th centuries’ Europe in that subjective touch: A new act in the Christian-Muslim drama opened with the coming of the Turks, who captured Constantinople, subjugated the Balkans and converted many of their inhabitants, invaded Italy, and twice besieged Vienna. They inspired terror all over Europe, as may be seen from the contemporary literature and also from the prayers offered in churches for deliverance from the Turks (Issawi, 1998, p. 147). Second, a few years ago, Tamburlaine the Great Part II was performed in Barbican which is known as the most popular and the largest arts centre in England and in the Continent. The book burning scene, of course, was omitted and on this omission Dalya Alberge, commented that “Marlowe's Koran-burning hero is censored to avoid Muslim anger” (the Times, 24 Nov 2005). However, it is interesting that the reason of the censorship is not to be respectful to the followers of a religion or to the religion itself but to avoid Muslim anger. Consequently, “the exercise of placing Marlowe within the political, social, cultural, and literary controversies of his age, and occasionally within those of later periods, makes us aware of the degree to which the ideological debates that so intrigued Marlowe continue to be relevant to our own troubled times” (Deats and Logan, 2008, p. 9). And although Derek McGhee says “in the early twenty-first century, hatred, prejudice, intolerance and antagonism between groups are commonplace in the UK, just as they are throughout the world” (2005, p. 1), it is absolutely clear that the background of this history is based on an old story. The examples demonstrated throughout the analysis suggest that those prejudices, misconceptions, misrepresentations, ethnocentric approaches, misunderstandings, bigotries, cultural and religious intolerance are primary reasons for wars and conflicts horror and terror all over the world as in Bosnia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Chechnya, North Ossetia, Ireland, Catalonia and so on, and “the world is not a safer place as a result of the war on terrorism (Lyon, 2005, p. 78). References Alberge, D. (2005). Marlowe's Koran-Burning Hero is Censored to Avoid Muslim Anger. The Times. 24 November 2005. Brown, W. J. (1971). Marlowe’s Debasement of Bajazet: Foxe’s Actes and Monuments and Tamburlaine, Part I. Renaissance Quarterly, 24(1), 28-48. Burnett, M. T. (1987). Tamburlaine: An Elizabeth Vagabond. Studies in Philology, 84 (3), 308-323. Deats, S. M. and Logan, R. A. (2008). Placing the Plays of Christopher Marlowe: Fresh Cultural Contexts. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited. Honan, P. (2005). Christopher Marlowe: Poet & Spy. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Hopkins, L. (2008). Christopher Marlowe: Renaissance Dramatist. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Issawi, C. (1998). Cross-Cultural Encounters and Conflicts. Cary, NC, USA: Oxford University Press, Inc. Karlsson, I. (2006). The Turk as a Threat and Europe’s “Other”. Turkey Sweden and the European Union Experiences and Expectations. Stockholm: EO-print AB. Levin, C. (2002). The Reign of Elizabeth I. Hong Kong: Palgrave Macmillian. 354 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Lyon, S. (2005). “In the Shadow of September 11: Multiculturalism and Identity Politics.” Muslim Britain: Communities under Pressure. Ed. Tahir Abbas. London: Zed Books Ltd. Marlowe, C. (1978). Christopher Marlowe: The Complete Plays. Ed. J. B. Steane. Great Britain: Penguin Books Limited. Marozzi, J. (2006). Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World. USA: Da Capo Press. Matar, N. (1999). Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery. New York: Columbia University Press. Matar, N. (2009). Britons and Muslims in the Early Modern Period: From Prejudice to (a Theory of) Toleration. Patterns of Prejudice, 43(3), 213-231. McGhee, D. (2005). Intolerant Britain? Glasgow: Bell & Bain Limited. Richardson, R. (1997). Ed. The Report of The Runnymede Trust Commision on British Muslims and Islamophobia. Islamophobia: A Challenge For Us All. England: The Runnymede Trust. Shepherd, S. (1986). Marlowe and Politics of Elizabethan Theatre. Sussex: The Harvester Press Limited. Simkin, S. (2001). Marlowe: The Plays. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Stone, Richard. (2004). Foreward Part of A report by the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia. Islamophobia Issues, Challenges and Action. Wiltshire: Cromwell Press Ltd. Sullivan, L. E. (2009). The Sage Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. California, USA: Sage Publications, Inc. Wann, L. (1915). The Oriental in Elizabethan Drama. Modern Philology, 12 (7), 423-447. Wilson, R. (1995). Visible Bullets: Tamburlaine the Great and Ivan the Terrible. The Johns Hopkins University ELH, 62 (1), 47-68. Yates, F. A. (1979). The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age. London: Routledge 355 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 717 Title A name given to the resource Relevance of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine the Great Part II to 21st Century Ethnocentrism and Islamophobia Author Author TUÇ, Evren Abstract A summary of the resource. The obscure and often make-believe portraits of the Turks, coupled with preconceptions and prejudices against Islamic nations of the East always occupied a significant place in English dramatic literature, particularly during the Elizabethan England. In fact, stereotypical portrayal of the Turkish characters was never absent from the Renaissance drama in Europe. Christopher Marlowe was undoubtedly one of those English dramatists who extensively employed Turkish characters and the images pertinent to Islamic cultures and geographies. Among those images are Turkish slave, frequently identified with the Jews, fearful Janissary Army, Turkish Pashas, or Sultans, and other unfamiliar characters that always captivated the imagination of the Elizabethan audience. The aim of this study is to make an in-depth analysis of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine the Great Part II, as a typical example of Elizabethan drama that gives a biased and prejudiced portrayal of Turks and Islamic nations, and to find out how these biased and pejorative images related to this particular geography prevailed throughout the centuries and, finally to seek an answer to the reason why these images remained virtually unchanged even in the 21st century, referring to his above mentioned work. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/33ae16c957e29dc59726ecaa24739939.docx e22039855006af29118b06c494626bf0 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/64fe07e72a165aace1dc078fe978f659.pdf 6c427c2e0f2112e808b1ac275faffd67 PDF Text Text Dr. sc. Maja Čolaković, docentica Pravni fakultet Univerziteta „Džemal Bijedić“ u Mostaru RELIGIJSKO OPREDJELJENJE RODITELJA VS. NAJBOLJI INTERES DJETETA U OSTVARENJU NJEGOVOG PRAVA NA TJELESNI INTEGRITET Pravo roditelja da biraju svoje religijsko opredjeljenje i određuju religiju u kojoj će vaspitavati vlastito dijete u određenim slučajevima može doći u koliziju s pravom djeteta na tjelesni integritet, odnosno s ostvarenjem njegovog prava na samoodređenje o životu i zdravlju. Pritom nije riječ samo o pravima i interesima pojedinca, nego takav sukob tangira i interese šire zajednice: postoji zakonska obaveza i pravo roditelja na staranje o djeci, prava i interesi vjerskih zajednica, obaveze države u zaštiti dječjih prava itd. U praksi se taj sukob javlja u više različitih situacija. U nekima od njih, zbog odbijanja roditelja da dijete podvrgnu neophodnim medicinskim zahvatima, bivaju neposredno ugroženi život i zdravlje djeteta. Takvi slučajevi rješavaju se posredovanjem suda i uz učešće drugih državnih organa nadležnih za zaštitu prava i interesa djece. Najbolji interes djeteta, kao primarni kriterij normiran Konvencijom o pravima djeteta, treba biti rukovodeći u razrješavanju ovog sukoba, jer vjerska uvjerenja i interesi roditelja ne smiju prevagnuti nad dobrobiti njihovog djeteta. Ključne riječi: roditelj, dijete, religija, tjelesni integritet, najbolji interes I. Kao jedno od temeljnih ljudskih prava, pravo na slobodu vjeroispovijesti propisano je odredbama međunarodnih dokumenata o ljudskim pravima1 te ustavima većine država.2 U pitanju je apsolutno pravo, koje predstavlja izraz 1 Tako čl. 9. st. 1. Evropske konvencije o ljudskim pravima i osnovnim slobodama Vijeća Evrope iz 1950. godine (u daljem tekstu: EKLJP), propisuje pravo svake osobe na slobodu misli, savjesti i vjeroispovijesti, a to pravo uključuje slobodu da se promijeni vjeroispovijest ili uvjerenje te slobodu da se sam ili zajedno s drugima i javno ili privatno, manifestira svoju vjeru ili uvjerenje, obredom, propovijedanjem i vršenjem vjerskih dužnosti i rituala. Odredba identičnog sadržaja nalazi se i u Međunarodnom paktu o građanskim i političkim pravima Ujedinjenih nacija iz 1966. godine (čl. 18. st. 1.), kao i Općoj deklaraciji o pravima čovjeka Ujedinjenih nacija iz 1948. godine (čl.18.). U cilju afirmacije ovog prava i osude duge tradicije religijske netrpeljivosti, isključivosti i instrumentalizacije religije u političke svrhe, Ujedinjene nacije su 1981. godine usvojile i Deklaraciju o ukidanju svih oblika nesnošljivosti i diskriminacije na temelju vjere ili uvjerenja. Detaljnije o ovoj Deklaraciji vidjeti: Bakšić-Muftić, J., Sistem ljudskih prava, Magistrat, Sarajevo, 2002, str. 210. i 211. 2 Primjera radi, Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine iz 1995. godine u katalogu prava koja priznaje svim osobama na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine navodi i slobodu misli, savjesti i vjere (čl. II. st. 3. t. g.). Nepovredivost slobode vjere, savjesti i slobode ispovijedanja vjere i svjetonazora, uz garanciju nesmetanog obavljanja vjerskog obreda propisuje i Ustav Savezne Republike Njemačke (čl. 4. st. 1. i 2). Odredba sličnog sadržaja nalazi se i u Ustavu Republike Hrvatske (čl. 40), i Ustavu Republike Slovenije (čl. 41. st. 1. i 2). 67 �unutrašnje ljudske slobode i proizilazi iz ličnog uvjerenja o fundamentalnim pitanjima.3 U tom smislu, nemoguće ga je ograničiti – može biti ograničeno samo ispoljavanje, odnosno prakticiranje određene vjeroispovijesti. Sloboda vjeroispovijesti roditelja je kompleksna i ima široke granice, jer se uz slobodu odabira i izražavanja vlastite vjeroispovijesti, ona proteže i na njihovu slobodu odabira vjeroispovijesti u kojoj će odgajati svoje dijete. Takvo ovlaštenje proizilazi iz roditeljske dužnosti i prava na odgoj djeteta, odnosno to je dio sadržaja njihovog roditeljskog staranja,4 koje obuhvaća čitav niz odgovornosti, obaveza i prava u pogledu staranja o tjelesnom, duhovnom i intelektualnom razvoju djeteta.5 Pravo roditelja da odlučuju o vjerskom odgoju i obrazovanju djeteta normirano je prethodno spomenutim međunarodnim dokumentima o ljudskim pravima,6 pri čemu najdetaljnije odredbe sadrži Deklaracija o ukidanju svih oblika nesnošljivosti i diskriminacije na temelju vjere ili uvjerenja. 7 Ovo pravo roditeljima je priznato i odredbama Konvencije o pravima 8 djeteta, s tim što ona, kao prvi međunarodni pravni akt obavezujućeg karaktera koji na sveobuhvatan način sankcioniše prava djeteta, unosi novitet u odnosu na rješenja prethodno donesenih internacionalnih dokumenata o ljudskim pravima. Odredbama KPD-a dijete je po prvi put izričito imenovano titularom prava na slobodu mišljenja, savjesti i religije,9 a roditeljima, odnosno starateljima je 3 Bakšić-Muftić, supra note 1, str. 209. Uz pojam „roditeljsko staranje“, u savremenom komparativnom pravu se upotrebljavaju i termini „roditeljska odgovornost“, „roditeljska briga“, „roditeljsko pravo“ i „roditeljska vlast“. Termin „roditeljsko staranje“ uveden je u bosanskohercegovačko pravo Porodičnim zakonom Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine (Službene novine FBiH 35/05, u daljem tekstu: PZFBiH), a potom prihvaćen i u Porodičnom zakonu Brčko Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine (Službeni glasnik Brčko Distrikta BiH 23/07, u daljem tekstu: PZBD), dok je u Porodičnom zakonu Republike Srpske (Službeni glasnik RS 54/02, u daljem tekstu: PZRS) zadržan ranije korišteni termin „roditeljsko pravo“. Vidjeti detaljnije: Bubić, S.; Traljić, N., Roditeljsko i starateljsko pravo, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo, 2007, str. 145. 5 Detaljnije o sadržaju roditeljskog staranja u bosanskohercegovačkom pravu vidjeti: Ibid., str. 148-172. 6 Međunarodni pakt o građanskim i političkim pravima propisuje obavezu država na poštovanje slobode roditelja/staratelja da osiguraju religijsko i moralno obrazovanje svoje djece u skladu s vlastitim uvjerenjima (čl. 18. st. 4). EKLJP normira da se ni jednoj osobi ne može uskratiti pravo na obrazovanje, a da će „u izvršavanju svih funkcija koje se tiču obrazovanja i podučavanja, države poštovati pravo roditelja da osiguraju takvo obrazovanje i podučavanje koje je u skladu s njihovim vlastitim religijskim i filozofskim uvjerenjima” (čl. 2. Prvog protokola uz EKLJP). 7 Deklaracija propisuje slobodu roditelja, odnosno staratelja da urede život unutar porodice u skladu s vlastitom religijom ili uvjerenjima, vodeći pritom računa o moralnom odgoju u kojem bi, prema njihovu vjerovanju, dijete trebalo biti podizano. Djetetu je zagarantovano pravo na pristup vjerskom obrazovanju u skladu sa željama roditelja (ili staratelja), uz zabranu podučavanja o religiji i vjerovanju koje bi bilo protivno željama navedenih subjekata, pri čemu bi se primarno trebalo rukovoditi najboljim interesom djeteta (čl. 5. st.1. i 2). 8 Konvencija o pravima djeteta Ujedinjenih nacija iz 1989. godine (u daljem tekstu: KPD). 9 Odredbe drugih dokumenata o ljudskim pravima na dijete se odnose samo ratione materiae. Ovakva regulacija ukazuje na napredak u shvaćanju da je djetetu, kao ljudskom biću, odnosno osobi, ovo ljudsko pravo inherentno. Hlača, N.; Popović, P., Pravo djeteta na slobodu savjesti i vjeroispovijedi, Bogoslovska smotra, 79, (2009) 2, str. 280. 4 68 �priznato pravo i obaveza da dijete usmjeravaju u ostvarenju tog prava u skladu s njegovim razvojnim sposobnostima.10 Pravo roditelja na vjerski odgoj djeteta u pojedinim državama izričito je normirano i u tamošnjim ustavima.11 Kako je vidljivo iz navedenih odredaba, savremeno pravo roditeljima ostavlja znatnu slobodu pri određivanju religijskog odgoja vlastitog djeteta, ne propisujući izričito sadržaj i ograničenja tog prava. 12 Jedini princip kojeg oni pritom moraju slijediti, a koji se može tumačiti kao ograničenje, jeste zaštita najboljeg interesa djeteta.13 Uz to, ova sloboda ograničena je općim zakonskim normama, koje se odnose na zabranu tjelesnog kažnjavanja i zlostavljanja djece, zabranu dječjeg rada itd. Sem ovoga, sloboda roditelja da odgajaju dijete prema vlastitim religijskim uvjerenjima donekle je sužena pravom djeteta na slobodu vjeroispovijesti. Djetetu to pravo pripada od rođenja, ali je nesporno kako ga ono može samostalno ostvarivati tek s potpunijim razvojem svojih tjelesnih, psihičkih i intelektualnih sposobnosti. Dotad je ono u pogledu religijskog opredjeljenja pod utjecajem vlastitih roditelja, i najčešće s njima dijeli vjerska uvjerenja, odnosno njegov religijski identitet, barem u ranom djetinjstvu, jednak je religijskom identitetu jednog ili oba njegova roditelja. 14 10 Član 14. KPD glasi: “ 1. Države članice će poštovati pravo djeteta na slobodu mišljenja, savjesti i religije. 2. Države će poštovati prava i obaveze roditelja, odnosno staratelja, da usmjeravaju dijete u ostvarivanju njegovih prava na način koji je u skladu s razvojnim sposobnostima djeteta. 3. Sloboda da se ispoljava vjera ili uvjerenje može se ograničiti samo na način propisan zakonom, i ako je to neophodno da bi se zaštitila javna sigurnost, red, zdravlje ili moral, ili osnovna prava i slobode drugih.” Prema stavu u doktrini, roditeljima, odnosno starateljima djeteta ovom odredbom dat je primat u njihovoj odgojnoj ulozi u pogledu prenošenja vjere ili drugih uvjerenja, bez intervencije države, ali oni u ostvarenju tog prava nužno moraju uzeti u obzir razvojne sposobnosti djeteta. Tako: Hlača, Popović, supra note 9, str. 282. i 283. Kako ističe druga autorica, “pravo roditelja na taj način je ograničeno i svedeno na razinu ″usmjeravanja djeteta″”. Jakovac-Lozić, D., Dijete kao titular prava na slobodu savjesti, vjerskog ili drugog uvjerenja, Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu, god. 39, 2002, str. 45. 11 Kao primjer se može navesti Slovenija, čiji ustav propisuje pravo roditelja na vjersko i moralno obrazovanje djeteta u skladu s njihovim svjetonazorima, pri čemu se oni neizostavno moraju rukovoditi djetetovim uzrastom i zrelošću te njegovim pravom na slobodu savjesti, vjere i drugih uvjerenja (čl. 41. st. 3). 12 Između ostalog, u sadržaj prava određivanja religijskog odgoja djeteta u praksi spada ovlaštenje roditelja da odrede način ishrane ili odijevanja djeteta, njegovo učestvovanje u vjerskim obredima i praznicima te podvrgavanje vjerskim ritualima i običajima, religijsko obrazovanje, kao i pravo da dijete isključe iz takvog obrazovanja itd. 13 Zaštita najboljeg interesa djeteta propisana je KPD-om kao primarni kriterij kojeg treba slijediti u svim aktivnostima vezanim za dijete, bez obzira na to ko ih poduzima (čl. 3. st. 1). Na zaštitu najboljeg interesa djeteta u vjerskom obrazovanju poziva se i Deklaracija o ukidanju svih oblika nesnošljivosti i diskriminacije na temelju vjere ili uvjerenja (čl. 5. st. 2). U Deklaraciji je izričito sankcionisana i zabrana takvog prakticiranja religije ili uvjerenja, koje je štetno za tjelesno ili mentalno zdravlje, odnosno cjelokupni razvoj djeteta (čl. 5. st. 5). 14 Moguće je da u kasnijim fazama djetinjstva, odrastanjem i sazrijevanjem, dijete dođe u sukob s roditeljima u pogledu svog vjerskog opredjeljenja. O pravu djeteta na slobodu vjeroispovijesti, načinu na koji dijete ostvaruje to pravo u odnosu na svoje roditelje i potencijalnom konfliktu tog njegovog prava s istim pravom roditelja vidjeti detaljnije: Hlača; Popović, supra note 9, str. 276289; Jakovac-Lozić, supra note 10, str. 33-48. 69 �II. Pravo roditelja da biraju i manifestuju svoje vjersko opredjeljenje te da određuju religiju u kojoj će vaspitavati vlastito dijete, u određenim slučajevima može doći u koliziju s pravom djeteta na tjelesni integritet, odnosno s ostvarenjem njegovog prava na samoodređenje o životu i zdravlju.15 Time se dovodi u pitanje i ostvarenje načela najboljeg interesa djeteta, koji je po uzoru na KPD prihvaćen u većini nacionalnih pravnih sistema. KPD normira pravo na život i pravo na zdravlje djeteta kao temeljna i izvorna prava (čl. 6. i 24.),16 te naglašava posebno značajnu ulogu roditelja u očuvanju i poboljšanju djetetovog života i zdravlja.17 U tom cilju, roditelji su ovlašteni odlučiti o preduzimanju svih medicinskih zahvata vezanih za dijete, što svakako podrazumijeva i postupke koji se preduzimaju radi prakticiranja određene religije. Pitanje prava djeteta na samoodređenje o vlastitom tjelesnom integritetu, koje predstavlja jedan od vidova realizacije njegovog prava na život i zdravlje, u pozitivnom komparativnom pravu nije uređeno na jedinstven način. Relevantni međunarodni dokumenti, prije svih Konvencija o ljudskim pravima i biomedicini18 i Deklaracija o pravima djeteta na zdravstvenu zaštitu,19 obavezuju da se pri donošenju odluke o izvođenju medicinskog zahvata na maloljetnoj osobi kao značajan faktor uzme u obzir i njeno mišljenje, proporcionalno 15 Pravo na samoodređenje je pravo čovjeka na samostalno disponiranje svojim životom, tijelom i zdravljem, u granicama određenim imperativnim pravnim normama. U pitanju je neotuđivo pravo, zasnovano na ustavnoj garanciji neprikosnovenosti ljudske ličnosti. Njegova realizacija, između ostalog, podrazumijeva ovlaštenje titulara da sam preduzima zahvate u vlastiti tjelesni integritet ili da to prepusti drugim osobama. Za zadiranje trećih osoba u tjelesni integritet potreban je pristanak čovjeka na kojem se zahvati izvode, jer su bez njega protivpravni. U slučaju preduzimanja raznovrsnih medicinskih intervencija, bilo da su one medicinski indicirane ili ne, pristanak pacijenta mora biti zasnovan na svim okolnostima nužnim za donošenje odluke da im se podvrgne. Više o tome vidjeti: Radišić, J., Medicinsko pravo, Nomos, Beograd, 2004, str. 74. i 75; Gavella. N., Osobna prava I., Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2000, str. 67-71. 16 Čl. 6. propisuje da svako dijete ima prirođeno pravo na život te u skladu s tim obavezuje države članice da u najvećoj mogućoj mjeri djetetu osiguraju opstanak i razvoj. Pravo djeteta na zdravlje izraženo je kao pravo djeteta na uživanje najvišeg mogućeg standarda zdravlja i pristup institucijama za liječenje i zdravstvenu rehabilitaciju, uz navođenje mjera koje države članice moraju preduzimati u cilju ostvarenja tog prava. Države su također obavezane na provođenje mjera za otklanjanje tradicionalnih postupaka koji štete zdravlju djece (čl. 24. st. 1, 2. i 3). Pri izradi Konvencije pod „tradicionalnim postupkom“ u prvom redu se imalo na umu spolno obrezivanje djevojčica, ali je umjesto izričitog navođenja tog zahvata upotrijebljen ovaj uopćeni termin. Vidjeti: Jakovac-Lozić, D., Prava djeteta kao pacijenta, Zbornik radova Aktualnosti građanskog i trgovačkog zakonodavstva i pravne prakse br. 3, Mostar, 2005, str. 139. i 140. 17 KPD propisuje zajedničku odgovornost roditelja za odgoj i razvoj djeteta, uz isticanje da su oni primarno odgovorni za to i da dobrobit djeteta mora biti njihova osnovna briga (čl. 18. st. 1). Pravo na uživanje roditeljske brige djetetu je, prema odredbama KPD-a, priznato od trenutka njegovog rođenja (čl. 7. st. 1). 18 Konvencija o zaštiti ljudskih prava i dostojanstva ljudskog bića u pogledu primjene biologije i medicine: Konvencija o ljudskim pravima i biomedicini Vijeća Evrope iz 1997. godine. 19 Donijelo ju je Svjetsko udruženje ljekara 1998. godine, dopunjena je 2009. godine. 70 �njenom uzrastu i zrelosti.20 U KPD-u nije izričito normirano pravo djeteta da samostalno očituje pristanak na zdravstvene tretmane i medicinske eksperimente kojima bi trebalo biti podvrgnuto, ali je na to pitanje moguće primijeniti „generalni“ konvencijski princip uvažavanja djetetovog mišljenja o svim pitanjima koja se na njega odnose.21 Sva nacionalna zakonodavstva ne slijede navedeno rješenje. U manjem broju država djetetu je to pravo uskraćeno, neovisno o njegovom uzrastu i nivou zrelosti, dok su u većem broju država usvojene različite varijante priznanja mogućnosti da se dijete, u skladu sa svojim uzrastom i zrelošću, izjasni u pogledu zdravstvenih postupaka kojima treba biti podvrgnuto. U doktrini i judikaturi se vode polemike o izboru najboljeg kriterija prema kojem bi djeci trebalo biti priznato ovo pravo, jer je nesporno da im je ono, kao ljudskim bićima, prirođeno i neotuđivo.22 III. Konflikt između prava roditelja na slobodu vjeroispovijesti i prava djeteta na tjelesni integritet i samoodređenje o vlastitom životu i zdravlju u praksi se javlja u više situacija. U pojedinim slučajevima, roditelji zbog insistiranja na svojim vjerskim uvjerenjima djetetu uskraćuju pravo na liječenje, čime ne samo da krše njegovo pravo na samoodređenje nego u opasnost dovode njegov život i zdravlje. Među ostalim, u takve slučajeve spadaju: odbijanje tretmana kemoterapije i radioterapije kao metoda u liječenju djeteta oboljelog od karcinoma, premda mu one daju veće šanse za preživljavanje; odbijanje redovne vakcinacije djeteta, koje u određenim slučajevima rezultira smrću djeteta od dječjih bolesti kao što su ospice; liječenje djeteta isključivo molitvama i vjerom, a ne konvencionalnom medicinom, koje prakticiraju sljedbenici scijentologije i nekih drugih vjerskih sekti, a koje vrlo često okončava smrću djece od meningitisa, upale pluća ili dijabetesa;23 nepristajanje roditelja, pripadnika vjerske zajednice Jehovini svjedoci, na transfuziju krvi njihovom djetetu, čak i kada mu je život ugrožen; uskraćivanje saglasnosti na davanje kontraceptivnih sredstava ili pobačaj maloljetnice. U nekim drugim slučajevima, roditelji iz 20 Čl. 6.2. Konvencije o ljudskim pravima i biomedicini; Načelo 3. t. j. Deklaracije o pravima djeteta na zdravstvenu zaštitu. 21 Taj princip je definisan u čl. 12. KPD: „Države članice će osigurati djetetu koje je u stanju formirati vlastito mišljenje pravo na slobodno izražavanje njegovih stavova o svim stvarima koje se na njega odnose, te ih uvažavati u skladu s dobi i zrelošću djeteta.“. 22 O regulaciji ovog pitanja u komparativnom i bosanskohercegovačkom pravu te stavovima doktrine i judikature vidjeti detaljnije: Čolaković, M., Pravo djeteta – pacijenta na samoodređenje, Zbornik radova s Naučnog skupa Razvoj porodičnog prava – od nacionalnog do evropskog, Mostar, 21. 12. 2012. godine, str. 189-208. 23 Jedan od najpoznatijih svjetskih glumaca i sljedbenik scijentologije, John Travolta, bio je nakon iznenadne smrti svog maloljetnog sina neformalno optužen da mu je zbog vlastitih vjerskih uvjerenja uskratio adekvatne metode liječenja. Dječak je navodno patio od autizma, kojeg scijentološka crkva uopće ne priznaje, a umro je od posljedica epileptičnog napada 2009. godine. Vijest je objavljena na: http://www.24sata.hr/show/sin-johna-travolte-umro-od-infarkta-ukupaonici-95794 (1. 2. 2014). 71 �vjerskih uvjerenja podvrgavaju dijete određenim medicinskim zahvatima koji nisu medicinski indicirani. Oni tim činom načelno ne ugrožavaju djetetov život i zdravlje, ali zadiru u njegovo pravo na samoodređenje. Primjer za to je obrezivanje – cirkumcizija muške djece.24 25 Pored izazivanja znatne pažnje javnosti, ovakvi slučajevi u posljednje vrijeme sve češće su i predmet sudskog odlučivanja. Pravna teorija i praksa raspravljaju o adekvatnim granicama do kojih bi trebalo sezati pravo roditelja na slobodu vjeroispovijesti, odnosno njihovo pravo da iz vjerskih razloga svoje dijete podvrgnu određenom medicinskom tretmanu ili da takav tretman odbiju, a da pritom ne naškode interesima djeteta – prvenstveno njegovom životu i zdravlju te njegovom pravu na samoodređenje. III.1. U zemljama common law sistema desili su se mnogobrojni slučajevi smrti djece, preminule stoga što su njihovi roditelji, iz vjerskih ubjeđenja, odbili dati saglasnost da ona budu podvrgnuta nužnim medicinskim intervencijama. Prema jednom istraživanju, u SAD-u je od 1975. do 1995. godine uslijed toga umrlo 172 djece, od čega su samo 43 slučaja procesuirana.26 Judikatura SAD-a svoje odluke u ovakvim slučajevima zasniva na doktrini parens patriae.27 Roditeljima se ograničava pravo na ispoljavanje vjere 24 Cirkumcizija ženske djece je medicinski postupak okarakterisan kao tjelesno sakaćenje, koji može prouzrokovati ozbiljne tjelesne i psihičke povrede. S toga je u zakonima mnogih zemalja, među kojima su sve zemlje Evropske unije, ono sankcionisano u krivičnom zakonodavstvu, a međunarodne organizacije za zaštitu ljudskih/ženskih prava vode oštru borbu protiv njega. Detaljnije na: Žensko genitalno sakaćenje, http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDensko_genitalno_saka%C4%87enje (1. 2. 2014); Žensko obrezivanje, http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDensko_obrezivanje (1. 2. 2014). 25 Protiv nekoliko ljekara jedne londonske klinike podignuta je 2013. godine krivična prijava zbog obavljanja nezakonitog obrezivanja ukupno 1546 djevojčica iz afričkih zemalja (većinom Nigerije, Eritreje i Somalije). Premda je ovaj postupak u Velikoj Britaniji zabranjen još 1985. godine, ljekari su kao argument u svoju odbranu naveli kako nisu znali da se radi o nezakonitom postupku i jednom vidu zlostavljanja djevojčica. Vijest objavljena na: Jutarnji list, http://www.jutarnji.hr/londonski-lijecnici-vrsili-nezakonita-obrezivanja-africkihdjevojcica/1127328/ (1. 2. 2014). 26 Swan R., Letting Children Die for the Faith, Free Inquiry magazine, Vol. 19, No 1, 1998, na: http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/articles/2784 (1. 2. 2014). O pojedinačnim slučajevima smrti djece, kojoj su roditelji zbog pripadnosti Scijentološkoj crkvi ili drugim vjerskim sektama uskratili liječenje konvencionalnim medicinskim metodama, vidjeti više: Cases of Childhood Deaths Due to Parental Religious Objection to Necessary Medical Care, Massachusets Citizens for Children, objavljeno na: http://www.masskids.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=161&Itemid=165 (1. 2. 2014). 27 Parens patriae (država kao vrhovni staralac), doktrina je prema kojoj država ima interes u brizi i staranju o djeci, kao i o drugim osobama koje same nisu za to sposobne. Na osnovu tog interesa, država može intervenisati protiv roditelja koji zloupotrebljavaju ili zanemaruju svoje obaveze i prava prema djetetu. Vidjeti detaljnije stavove pravne teorije SAD-a o doktrini parens patriae: Hubin, D. C., Parental Rights and Due Process, Journal of Law and Family Studies, University of Utah School of Law, Vol 1, No 2, 1999, str. 126: Diekema. D. S., Parental Refusal of Medical Treatment: The Harm Principle as Treshold for State Intervention, Theoretical Medicine 25, 2004, str. 244, 245, 250-252. 72 �kako bi bio očuvan interes države u pogledu dobrobiti djeteta. Zato je intervencija države u izvršavanje prava i obaveza roditelja dozvoljena kad god je to neophodno za zaštitu djeteta. Roditeljsko odbijanje medicinskog tretmana ili propuštanje da ga osiguraju smatra se zanemarivanjem djeteta i okvalifikovano je kao krivično djelo.28 U pojedinim od ovih slučajeva djeci se priznaje i pravo na naknadu štete.29 U odlučivanju o odgovornosti roditelja sudovi ipak prave razliku između situacija u kojima su medicinske intervencije neophodne za spasavanje djetetovog života i situacija kada one to nisu. U prvim slučajevima, sudovi postupaju u skladu s najboljim interesom djeteta, ali u isto vrijeme moraju voditi računa o ustavnim pravima pojedinca, pokušavajući uspostaviti odgovarajući balans među ovim zaštićenim dobrima. Kao jedan od kriterija za donošenje odluke služe im očekivani efekti predloženog tretmana – procjena njegovog rizika naspram potencijale koristi za dijete. Ako je tretman invazivan, opasan ili donosi minimalnu korist, roditeljsko odbijanje tretmana uvažava se u većoj mjeri. Sudovi usto uzimaju u obzir i pravo djeteta na samoodređenje, shodno njegovoj dobi i zrelosti.30 Premda judikatura SAD-a u najvećem broju ovakvih slučajeva ne uvažava odluke roditelja o odbijanju medicinskih zahvata, moguće je pronaći i pojedine slučajeve u kojima sudovi odlučuju suprotno.31 28 U slučaju Rastafarian, roditelji su osuđeni za ubistvo svog devetogodišnjeg sina – dijabetičara. Dječak je umro jer njegov otac nije dozvolio da on bude liječen inzulinom, zbog životinjskog porijekla tog lijeka, nego ga je izveo iz bolnice i odveo kod iscjelitelja u Afriku. Nakon šest sedmica, dijete je u dijabetičkoj komi ponovo vraćeno u bolnicu, gdje je preminulo. Vidjeti detaljnije: Deutsch, E., Medizinrecht, 3. Auflage, Berlin, 1997, str. 312, prema: Radišić, J., Nepristajanje na lečenje dece iz verskih pobuda, Pravni život 9, 2001, str. 90; Sličan slučaj dogodio se u američkoj saveznoj državi Wisconsin 2008. godine. Roditelji djevojčice Madeline Neumann proglašeni su krivim za njeno ubistvo, jer su insistirali na liječenju dijabetesa isključivo molitvama. Detaljnije vidjeti: Forslof C., Can Parents Refuse Treatment to Children Who Could Die?, objavljeno na: http://digitaljournal.com/article/266960 (10. 2. 2014); U drugom slučaju, bračni par Schaible iz Philadelphiae, optužen je i osuđen za ubistvo njihove osmomjesečne bebe, koja je umrla 2011. godine od upale pluća i dijareje. Kao pripadnici fundamentalnog kršćanstva, oni joj nisu davali konvencionalne lijekove nego su se oslanjali na molitve i liječenje vjerom. Sud ih je osudio na kaznu zatvora pošto su izvršenjem tog djela prekršili uslovnu osudu za ubistvo njihovog dvogodišnjeg sina, počinjeno nekoliko godina prije toga, na isti način i iz istih motiva. Vijest je objavljena na: http://www.examiner.com/article/faith-healing-parents-sent-to-prison-fordeath-of-son (20. 2. 2014.); Poimenično navođenje drugih sličnih slučajeva i primjenu doktrine parens patriea, odnosno regulaciju odgovornosti roditelja u pojedinim saveznim državama SAD-a vidjeti u: Cohan, J. A., Judical Enforcement of Lifesaving Treatment for Unwilling Patient, Creighton Law Review, Vol 39, 2006., str. 862- 868. 29 Naknada štete u iznosu od 14. 200 000 $ priznata je djetetu čiji roditelji, pripadnici Hrišćanske nauke, nisu dozvolili njegovo liječenje od dijabetesa ničim drugim sem molitvama (slučaj Lundman). Vidjeti: Deutsch, E., op. cit., prema: Radišić, supra note 28, str. 90. 30 Bekink, B., Striking a Balance between Parental Religious Freedom and the Right and Best Interests of Children, u: Lødrup P.; Modvar, E., Family Life and Human Rights, Gyldendal akademisk, Oslo, 2004, str. 77-79. 31 Tako je u slučaju Joseph Hofbauer sud odobrio odluku roditelja o načinu liječenja njihovog djeteta, mada je ova proistekla iz religijskih uvjerenja roditelja. U pitanju je bio osmogodišnjak obolio od karcinoma, kome su ljekari prepisali kemoterapiju i radioterapiju, ali su ga roditelji poslali na Jamajku radi alternativnih metoda liječenja. Starateljski organ je zatražio intervenciju 73 �Konflikt između religijskog opredjeljenja roditelja i zaštite života i zdravlja djeteta u Engleskoj se rješava primjenom principa medicinskog i sudskog paternalizma: ljekar je ovlašten zatražiti od suda da mu odobri izvođenje medicinskog tretmana kojeg roditelji odbijaju zbog svojih vjerskih uvjerenja. U ovom slučaju, primarni kriterij za donošenje odluke je najbolji interes djeteta. S pravnog i moralnog aspekta za sudove je neupitno da taj interes treba prevalirati nad vjerskim uvjerenjima roditelja, premda oni ne zanemaruju ni značaj porodičnih odnosa i slobode vjeroispovijesti roditelja. Ako postoji mogućnost primjene alternativnog tretmana u liječenju, koji bi zadovoljio interese obje strane, sud će donijeti odluku o njegovoj primjeni – ako ne, prevalira najbolji interes djeteta. U situacijama kada je sasvim izvjesno da ne postoje izgledi za izliječenje tj. ozdravljenje djeteta, sud se može saglasiti s roditeljskim odbijanjem medicinske intervencije, smatrajući da je upravo takvo rješenje u najboljem interesu djeteta.32 I u judikaturi Novog Zelanda višekratno je raspravljano o slučajevima konflikta između vjerskog opredjeljenja roditelja i prava djeteta na život i zdravlje, pri čemu su sudovi primat uvijek davali zaštiti interesa djeteta.33 U drastične primjere sukoba između prava roditelja na manifestaciju vjerskih ubjeđenja i prava djeteta na život i tjelesni integritet spadaju slučajevi roditelja – Jehovinih svjedoka, koji ne dozvoljavaju da njihovoj oboljeloj djeci bude učinjena transfuzija krvi, čak i kada taj čin znači spašavanje djetetovog života.34 Sudovi u ovakvim situacijama gotovo bez izuzetka postupaju u prilog zaštiti života i zdravlja djeteta, odnosno daju nalog da se izvrši transfuzija, protivno volji roditelja. U judikaturi SAD-a prvi ovakav slučaj datira iz 1951. godine,35 a nakon njega je moguće pronaći brojne druge primjere istovrsnih suda. Sud je zauzeo stav da se takav pokušaj liječenja ne može vrednovati kao njihova nemarnost, iako su ga odabrali prvenstveno iz vjerskih razloga. Vidjeti: Deutsch, op. cit., prema: Radišić, supra note 28, str. 91. 32 Vidjeti detaljnije, uz navođenje pojedinih slučajeva: Bekink, supra note 30, str. 75-77. 33 U jednom od takvih slučajeva (The Queen v RJ and DA Moorhead iz 2002. godine), roditelji maloljetnog djeteta osuđeni su zbog njegovog ubistva na kaznu od pet godina zatvora. Oni su bili pripadnici Adventista 7. dana, koji se drže striktnih pravila ishrane i dijete. Uprkos upozorenju ljekara, odbili su tretman konvencionalnom medicinom za svog sina i liječili ga isključivo molitvama i biljnim preparatima. Dječak je umro od posljedica bronho-pneumonije povezane s anemijom i oštećenjem mozga, izazvanih nedostatkom vitamina B 12. U obrazloženju svoje odluke, sud je istakao kako je „propust roditelja da djetetu omoguće medicinski tretman neoprostiv i neopravdan, a njihovo uporno insistiranje na samo-liječenju nalazi se na skali krajnjeg nemara i prkosi racionalnom vjerovanju.“ Otežavajuću okolnost u ponašanju roditelja, odnosno majke, sud je našao u činjenici da je ona u to vrijeme bila u šestom mjesecu trudnoće. Detaljnije: Ibid, str. 61. 34 Jedna od dogmi iz vjerovanja Jehovinih svjedoka glasi: „Unošenjem krvi u tijelo kroz usta ili intravenozno krše se Božji zakoni“. Stoga sljedbenici ove zajednice odbijaju ne samo homolognu već i autolognu transfuziju krvi, a prinudnu transfuziju krvi njihovoj djeci smatraju jednakoj silovanju. Vidjeti: Bender, A., Zeugen Jehovas Bluttransfusion (Eine zivilrechtliche Betrachtung), Medizinrecht 6, 1999, str. 260, prema: Radišić, supra note 28, str. 87; Jehovini svjedoci, na: http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovini_svjedoci (10. 2. 2014). 35 U pitanju je slučaj People ex. rel. Wallace v. Labrenz, u kojem je sud raspravljao o davanju transfuzije bebi staroj svega osam dana. Vidjeti: Woolley, S., Children of Jehova's Witnesses and adolescent Jehova's Witness: what are their rights?, Arch Dis Child Jul 2005, 90 (7). str. 716, 74 �presuda.36 Nešto manji broj slučajeva u odnosu na SAD-a, ali odluke jednakog sadržaja, postoje i u judikaturi Velike Britanije i Australije.37 Ugrožavanje tjelesnog integriteta djeteta, odnosno njegovog prava na samoodređenje, dešava se i u situacijama kada roditelji svojoj maloljetnoj kćeri, zbog vjerskih ubjeđenja, uskraćuju saglasnost na uzimanje kontraceptivnih sredstava ili izvršenje pobačaja. Jedan od najpoznatijih slučajeva koji tretiraju ovaj problem u anglosaksonskoj sudskoj praksi je engleski slučaj Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority iz 1985. godine, proistekao iz protivljenja majke da ljekar njenoj kćeri, mlađoj od 16 godina, preporuči tablete za kontracepciju.38 Baš kao i u ovom slučaju, i u više slučajeva iz judikature SAD-a, u kojima je raspravljano o pravu maloljetnice da donese odluku o pobačaju protivno volji njenih roditelja,39 sudovi su odlučivali u prilog zaštiti tjelesnog integriteta, odnosno pravu maloljetnice na samoodređenje. III.2. I u praksi zemalja evropskog kontinentalnog pravnog sistema često se događaju slučajevi sukoba između prava roditelja na slobodu vjeroispovijesti i njihove obaveze zaštite najboljeg interesa djeteta u pogledu djetetovog života i zdravlja, odnosno prava djeteta na samoodređenje o ovim ličnim dobrima. Na dostupno na: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1720472/ (10. 2. 2014.); Cohan, supra note 28, str. 868. 36 U slučaju State v. Perricone iz 1962. godine, roditelji nisu dopustili da prilikom operacije srca njihovom sinu bude data krv. Sud je donio odluku o postavljanju privremenog staratelja, uz odobrenje za obavljanje transfuzije. U obrazloženju te odluke, sud je naglasio kako „vrhovni interes države da spasi život i interes bolnice da pruži punu njegu pacijentu prevladavaju nad odlukom roditelja da odbiju medicinsku intervenciju“.; U slučaju In re Sampson iz 1971. godine, majka je odbila da njen 15-godišnji sin bude podvrgnut operaciji jer je to iziskivalo i transfuziju krvi. Operacija mu je bila neophodna zbog rijetkog oboljenja neurofibromatose, koje je prouzrokovalo ekstremnu deformaciju njegovog lica i vrata. Sud je zauzeo stav da „religijska ubjeđenja roditelja moraju odstupiti u korist dobrobiti djece, pri čemu uvijek ne mora biti u pitanju zahvat kojim se spašava život, nego i onaj koji povećava šanse za normalan i koristan život“. Stoga je sud ovlastio ljekare da izvrše operaciju, odnosno transfuziju. Vidjeti navedene i druge slične odluke: Cohan, supra note 28, str. 864 - 868. 37 Woolley, supra note 35, str. 716. 38 Nakon što je sud odbio zahtjev gospođe Gillick da se proglasi nezakonitim ovlaštenje ljekara na davanje savjeta o kontracepciji ili kontracepcijskog tretmana maloljetnicama mlađim od 16 godina, bez saglasnosti njihovih roditelja, slučaj je došao pred britanski Dom lordova. Dom lordova je zauzeo stav da „roditeljsko pravo“ postoji isključivo u cilju zaštite najboljeg interesa djeteta i da ono slabi s razvojem djetetovih tjelesnih, psihičkih i intelektualnih sposobnosti. Uslijed toga, pravo roditelja na odlučivanje o podvrgavanju medicinskom tretmanu njihovog djeteta mlađeg od 16 godina, ustupa pred djetetom koje je dostiglo zadovoljavajući nivo zrelosti i sposobnosti da razumije prirodu i posljedice predloženog zahvata i o tome samo donese odluku. Ovom odlukom ustanovljen je pravni standard tzv. „Gillick competent child“, odnosno test „Gillick-sposobnost“, na osnovu kojeg se procjenjuje sposobnost maloljetnika mlađih od 16 godina da se sami izjasne o podvrgavanju medicinskom zahvatu (sposobnost očitovanja valjanog pristanka na medicinski tretman stječe se sa 16 godina). Detaljnije o slučaju i njegovom utjecaju na pitanje prava djeteta na samoodređenje u pravu Engleske i Velsa vidjeti: Bainham A., Children: The Modern Law, Bristol, 1998, str. 241-281. 39 Vidjeti poimenično navedene slučajeve u: Bekink, supra note 30, str. 79. 75 �slučajeve kada su život i zdravlje djeteta dovedeni u opasnost uslijed roditeljskog prakticiranja vjere primjenjuju se pravila o roditeljskom staranju, odnosno odgovornosti i obavezi roditelja da brinu o tjelesnom i psihičkom blagostanju djeteta. U takvim slučajevima zakoni pojedinih zemalja ovlašćuju treću osobu –sud40 ili organ starateljstva41 – da se umiješa u konflikt u cilju zaštite najboljeg interesa djeteta. Ako je u pitanju preduzimanje hitne medicinske intervencije, ljekar je može preduzeti uprkos protivljenju roditelja i ne čekajući odluku nadležnog organa. Slučajevi nepristajanja roditelja na liječenje djeteta zbog njihovih vjerskih uvjerenja događaju se kako u zemljama zapadne Evrope tako i u zemljama u bosanskohercegovačkom susjedstvu – Srbiji i Hrvatskoj. Nažalost, često završavaju tragično – smrću djece. Kao primjer za to mogu poslužiti jedan slučaj iz Srbije42 i sličan slučaj iz Hrvatske.43 U jednom drugom slučaju iz Hrvatske, smrt djeteta spriječena je pravovremenom reakcijom pravobraniteljice za djecu.44 Pitanje prava roditelja da iz vjerskih uvjerenja podvrgnu dijete medicinski neindiciranim zahvatima, kakav je cirkumcizija muške djece, prije nekoliko godina došlo je u fokus svjetske javnosti zahvaljujući presudi Zemaljskog suda u Kelnu. Radilo se o krivičnom postupku protiv ljekara, optuženog za djelo nanošenja teške tjelesne povrede četverogodišnjem dječaku, kojem je u novembru 2010. godine izvršio medicinski neindiciran zahvat obrezivanja. Roditelji dječaka, pripadnici islamske vjeroispovijesti, prethodno su na njega dali pristanak. Dječak je dva dana nakon obrezivanja hospitaliziran u bolnici radi krvarenja. Prvostepeni sud – Okružni sud u Kelnu, donio je oslobađajuću presudu, s obrazloženjem da je zahvat bio pravno osnovan zbog 40 Takvo rješenje sadrži, među ostalima, zakonodavstvo Grčke, Slovačke, Kipra i Holandije. Vidjeti detaljnije: Čolaković, supra note 22, str. 190-200. 41 Ovo rješenje usvojeno je, primjera radi, u pravu Hrvatske, Slovenije i Srbije. Vidjeti detaljnije: Ibid. 42 Radi se o slučaju iz 90-tih godina 20. vijeka, u kojem su roditelji, pripadnici Jehovinih svjedoka, odbili transfuziju krvi za svoje dijete, koje je nakon toga umrlo. Prema: Radišić, supra note 28, str. 87-88. 43 U riječkoj bolnici je uslijed krvarenja preminula devetogodišnja djevojčica iz Malog Lošinja, jer njena majka, Jehovina svjedokinja, nije dozvolila ljekarima da joj daju transfuziju. Djevojčica je bolovala od specifičnog oblika leukemije, a transfuzija joj je bila potrebna zbog sprječavanja iskrvarenja. Tužilaštvo ipak nije pokrenulo krivični postupak protiv njene majke, oslanjajući se na nalaze vještaka da davanjem transfuzije dva dana prije smrti djevojčici ne bi mogao biti spašen život. Bošković, Z., Medicina i pravo, Pergamena, Zagreb, 2007, str. 175. 44 U ovom splitskom slučaju iz 2004. godine roditelji su samoinicijativno izveli iz bolnice svoju maloljetnu kćer koja je bolovala od akutne limfoblastične leukemije, prekidajući time njenu terapiju, premda su bili svjesni da ona bez potpunog provođenja terapije ima svega 1-2% šansi za preživljavanje. Svoju odluku su opravdali vlastitim religijskim uvjerenjima, odnosno Božjim glas koji je majci rekao da tako postupi. U slučaj se umiješala pravobraniteljica za djecu, istakavši kako ne može biti prepušteno isključivo roditeljima, upoznatim s argumentovanim stavovima ljekara i medicinskim indikacijama o mogućim zdravstvenim rizicima planiranog zahvata, da odluče uskratiti pristanak na podvrgavanje djeteta tom zahvatu. Djeca su titulari prava koja im pripadaju bez ikakvih ograničenja i koja obuhvataju sva područja životnih odnosa. Odrasle osobe, odnosno roditelji imaju odgovornost pomoći djeci u njihovom ostvarenju. Vidjeti detaljnije: Jakovac-Lozić, supra note 16, str. 157. 76 �date saglasnosti roditelja.45 Zemaljski sud u Kelnu, kao drugostepeni, odbio je žalbu Tužilaštva i potvrdio prvostepenu presudu, ali je svoju odluku o nepostojanju krivične odgovornosti ljekara utemeljio na sasvim drugim argumentima. Ovaj Sud je ustanovio da religijski motivisano obrezivanje muške djece ispunjava sve elemente krivičnog djela nanošenja teške tjelesne povrede prema njemačkom Krivičnom zakoniku,46 a nije opravdano ni u fazi provjere protivpravnosti. Njegovu kažnjivost isključio je tek u fazi provjere krivice.47 Sud je u obrazloženju svoje odluke naglasio da odbija mogućnost opravdavanja čina davanjem saglasnosti roditelja, jer „pravo roditelja na religijski odgoj djece nema prednost u odnosu na pravo djeteta na tjelesni integritet te njegovo pravo na samoodređenje. Stoga pristanak na obrezivanje nije spojiv s dobrobiti djeteta. Tijelo djeteta se trajno mijenja obrezivanjem. Ta tjelesna promjena protivna je interesu djeteta koje kasnije samo treba odlučivati o svojoj vjerskoj pripadnosti.“ Uz ovo, Sud je istakao da „radnja optuženog nije bila opravdana pristankom roditelja na povredu, a pristanak četverogodišnjeg djeteta nije postojao niti je mogao biti dat s obzirom na njegovu nedovoljnu zrelost.“ Sud je došao do zaključka da obrezivanje dječaka iz religijskih razloga, ako sami nisu sposobni dati pristanak, nije opravdano pristankom njihovih roditelja – što znači da se radi o krivičnom djelu nanošenja tjelesne povrede.48 Ova presuda je izazvala žestoke reakcije jevrejske i muslimanske zajednice u Evropi i Izraelu. Kao rezultat tih reakcija krajem 2012. godine uslijedila je izmjena Građanskog zakonika Njemačke. 49 Njome je normirano ovlaštenje roditelja da dadnu saglasnost za medicinski neindicirano obrezivanje muškog djeteta koje još nije sposobno za rasuđivanje.50 Prijedlozi za zabranu vjerski motivisanog obrezivanja dječaka javljaju se posljednjih godina i u drugim zemljama Evrope, i često imaju kako pravnu i etičku, tako i političku pozadinu. U Holandiji je 2010. godine na ovome insistiralo Kraljevsko holandsko udruženje ljekara (KNMG), navodeći da je 45 Sud je istakao da je odluka o podvrgavanju zahvatu bila utemeljena na dobrobiti djeteta, jer je cirkumcizija izraz kulturološke i religijske pripadnosti pojedinca, čime se sprečava dječakova stigmatizacija. Uz to, poznata je i na američkom i anglosaksonskom prostoru, gdje se izvodi iz higijenskih razloga. Presuda Okružnog suda u Kelnu Az. 528 Ds 30/11 od 21. 9. 2011. godine, prema: Pürner, S., Aktuelnosti iz njemačkog prava, Nova pravna revija 2/2012, str. 62. 46 §223 Krivičnog zakonika Njemačke (StBG). 47 Sud je ustanovio postojanje neotklonjive pravne zablude i stoga izrekao oslobađajuću presudu. 48 Presuda Zemaljskog suda u Kelnu Az. 151 Ns 169/11 od 7. 5. 2012. godine. Vidjeti detaljnije o slučaju: Pürner, supra note 45, str. 62. i 63. 49 Vorschrift eingefügt durch das Gesetz über den Umfang der Personensorge bei einer Beschneidung des männlichen Kindes vom 20. 12. 2012 (BGBl. I S. 2749) m.W.v. 28. 12. 2012. 50 §1631d Građanskog zakonika Njemačke (BGB) propisuje u prvom stavu da roditeljsko staranje obuhvata i pravo na davanje saglasnosti za obrezivanje muškog djeteta, kada ono nije neophodno iz medicinskih razloga, a dijete još nije sposobno za rasuđivanje, pod uslovom da se obrezivanje vrši prema pravilima medicinske struke. Ovo pravilo se ne primjenjuje u slučaju da je dobrobit djeteta ugrožena izvođenjem zahvata obrezivanja, imajući pritom u vidu njegovu svrhu. U drugom stavu ovog člana normirana je mogućnost da djeci mlađoj od šest mjeseci zahvat cirkumcizije izvede pripadnik odgovarajuće vjerske zajednice koji je za to posebno obučen, bez prisustva ljekara. 77 �takav zahvat medicinski nepotreban i da se njime krši pravo djeteta na tjelesni integritet.51 Slične argumente u izjavi o obrednom obrezivanju dječaka iznijela je krajem 2012. godine i slovenačka pravobraniteljica za ljudska prava, potakavši time snažne kritike ne samo pripadnika muslimanske i jevrejske zajednice u Sloveniji nego i slovenačke katoličke crkve.52 U Švedskoj je inicijativu za zabranu obrezivanja najprije potaknula ultradesničarska partija neonacističkih korijena. Potom je 2013. godine za nju pledirao, zajedno s kolegama iz ostalih nordijskih zemalja,53 tamošnji pravobranilac za djecu, navodeći da je čin obrezivanja suprotan odredbama KPD-a i osnovnim principima medicinske etike, jer se izvodi bez medicinskih indikacija na osobama koje nisu sposobne dati svoj pristanak, a uz to je bolan, neizmjenjiv i može prouzrokovati ozbiljne posljedice.54 O ovom pitanju izjasnila se krajem 2013. godine i Parlamentarna skupština Vijeća Evrope Rezolucijom o pravu djeteta na tjelesni integritet. 55 U njoj je pozvala zemlje članice na otvaranje javne rasprave, interkulturalnog i interreligijskog dijaloga o opravdanosti izvođenja pojedinih medicinski neindiciranih zahvata, među ostalim i obrezivanju dječaka iz vjerskih motiva, u cilju zaštite od povređivanja njihovog tjelesnog integriteta, odnosno dječjih/ljudskih prava. III.3. Pravo djeteta na zaštitu života i zdravlja u bosanskohercegovačkom pravnom sistemu primarno je uređeno odredbama porodičnih zakona, koje su u tom pogledu usklađene s rješenjima KPD-a.56 PZFBiH i PZBD izričito propisuju 51 Vijest objavljena na: Metro portal, http://metro-portal.hr/lijecnici-pokrenuli-inicijativu-zaprestanak-obrezivanja-djecaka/41152 (1. 2. 2014). 52 Pravobraniteljica je navela da obrezivanje muške djece mlađe od 15 godina bez medicinskih indikacija predstavlja kršenje prava djece i povredu njihova tjelesnog integriteta, jer „ustavno pravo na vjersku slobodu ne opravdava povredu tjelesnog integriteta druge osobe“. Budući da u Sloveniji ovo pitanje nije pravno normirano, ona smatra da se o njemu moraju izjasniti medicinska i pravna struka, ali i politika. Vidjeti detaljnije na: http://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Svijet/Obrednoobrezivanje-na-europskoj-konzultaciji (1. 2. 2014); http://forum.net.hr/forums/t/339878.aspx (1. 2. 2014). 53 Bili su to pravobranioci za djecu iz Norveške, Finske, Danske i Islanda te glasnogovornik djece s Grenlanda, kao i predstavnici Udruženja nordijskih pedijatara i pedijatrijskih hirurga. Vijest objavljena na: https://www.crin.org/en/library/news-archive/male-circumcision-nordicombudspersons-seek-ban-non-therapeutic-male (1. 2. 2014). 54 U Švedskoj je obrezivanje dječaka iz vjerskih pobuda normirano 2001. godine. Zakonom su propisani uslovi pod kojim je moguće izvesti ovaj medicinski zahvat. Ti uslovi su: dijete ne može biti mlađe od dva mjeseca, obrezivanje mora obaviti ljekar ili vjerski službenik koji posjeduje specijalnu dozvolu, roditelji moraju prethodno biti potpuno informisani o zahvatu te je potreban njihov pristanak zasnovan na tim informacijama. Vidjeti detaljnije: Radojčić, J., Zabrana obrezivanja u Švedskoj?, objavljeno na: Aurora, http://www.aurora.hr/2914/zabrana-obrezivanjau-svedskoj/ (1. 2. 2014). 55 Resolution 1952 (2013) Parliamentary Assembly Council of Europe, Text adopted on 1 October 2013. 56 Supra note 16. i 17. 78 �pravo djeteta na staranje o životu, zdravlju i razvoju ličnosti,57 pri čemu obavezu na to staranje nalažu njegovim roditeljima.58 Za razliku od njih, PZRS decidno ne normira pravo djeteta na život i zdravlje, ali decidno propisuje pravo i obavezu roditelja da štite svoju maloljetnu djecu i da brinu o njihovom životu i zdravlju.59 Iz tumačenja navedene odredbe nedvosmisleno poizilazi da je dijete titular ovog prava.60 Po uzoru na odredbe KPD-a, PZFBiH i PZBD uređuju pravo djeteta na izražavanje vlastitog mišljenja i obavezu njegovog uvažavanja, u skladu s njegovim uzrastom i zrelošću.61 U važećoj verziji PZRS-a ovo pravo nije posebno normirano,62 ali bi de lege ferenda trebalo biti.63 Uz ovo, za pitanje sposobnosti djeteta da dadne pristanak na podvrgavanje medicinskim zahvatima vezane su i norme porodičnog prava kojima je uređena poslovna sposobnost fizičkih osoba, odnosno pravo i obaveza roditelja na zastupanje njihove maloljetne djece. Ovo pravo i obaveza roditelja normirani su u sva tri porodična zakona koja važe na području Bosne i Hercegovine,64 ali to nije učinjeno na identičan način. PZFBiH i PZBD djeci koja su dostigla određeni uzrast priznaju ograničenu poslovnu sposobnost,65 dok PZRS ne propisuje sposobnost samostalnog nastupanja u pravnom prometu prije punoljetnosti.66 Na pravo djeteta na samoodređenje u pogledu tjelesnog integriteta i zdravlja u pravnom sistemu Bosne i Hercegovine odnose se i odredbe zakona iz oblasti zdravstva, koji normiraju prava i obaveze pacijenta. U Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine ovo pitanje je uređeno Zakonom o pravima, obavezama i 57 Čl. 124. st. 1. PZFBiH; Čl. 107. st. 1. PZBD. Čl. 134. st. 1. PZFBiH; Čl. 117. st. 1. PZBD. 59 Čl. 81. st. 1. PZRS. Tekuća reforma PZRS-a ukazuje na to da bi pravo i obaveza roditelja na brigu o životu i zdravlju njihovog djeteta de lege ferenda trebali biti preciznije uređeni, uz istovremeno sankcionisanje prava djeteta na osiguranje najboljih mogućih životnih i zdravstvenih uslova za njegov pravilan i potpun razvoj (čl. 3. Nacrta Zakona o izmjenama i dopunama Porodičnog zakona Republike Srpske, verzija iz septembra 2011. godine, u daljem tekstu: ZID PZRS). 60 Pored navedenih, porodični zakoni sadrže još nekoliko odredaba kojima je propisana zaštita tjelesnog i psihičkog integriteta djeteta. To su odredbe kojima je sankcionisano pravo djeteta na zaštitu od svih oblika nasilja, zloupotrebe i zlostavljanja u porodici i van nje (čl. 127. i 134. PZFBiH; čl. 110. i 117. PZBD; čl. 97. st. 1. PZRS). 61 Čl. 125. st. 1. PZFBiH; Čl. 108. PZBD. 62 Normirane su samo pojedine situacije u kojima postoji ovlaštenje djeteta određenog uzrasta na izražavanje mišljenja i obaveza njegovog uvažavanja. To su priznanje vanbračnog očinstva (čl. 119. st. 1) i usvojenje (čl. 145. st. 2), te donošenje odluke o povjeravanju djece na zaštitu i odgoj. U trećem slučaju ovo ovlaštenje djeteta nije uslovljeno njegovim uzrastom već sposobnošću da izrazi mišljenje (čl. 92). 63 Čl. 6. Nacrta ZID PZRS. 64 Čl. 137. st. 1. PZFBiH; Čl. 120. st. 1. PZBD; Čl. 84. st. 1. PZRS. 65 U PZFBiH-u uzrast za stjecanje ograničene poslovne sposobnosti je 14 godina (čl. 157. st. 5), a u PZBD-u taj uzrast iznosi 14, odnosno 16 godina, ovisno jesu li u pitanju djeca pod starateljstvom ili djeca o kojoj se staraju roditelji (čl. 139. st. 5. , čl. 169. st. 2. i čl. 120. st. 2.). Treba napomenuti da odredbe PZBD-a koje regulišu stjecanje ograničene poslovne sposobnosti nisu potpuno precizne i međusobno su kontradiktorne u određenoj mjeri, zbog čega izazivaju dileme i potrebu za tumačenjem. Vidjeti o tome detaljnije: Čolaković, supra note 22, str. 201. 66 De lege ferenda bi fizičke osobe ograničenu poslovnu sposobnost trebale stjecati u dobi od 15 godina (čl. 5. Nacrta ZID PZRS). 58 79 �odgovornostima pacijenata67 kao lex generalis. Njime je propisano ovlaštenje maloljetne osobe starije od 15 godina, sposobne za rasuđivanje, da u određenim slučajevima samostalno dadne pristanak na medicinski zahvat, odnosno da o tom zahvatu iznese stav u skladu sa zrelošću i sposobnošću za rasuđivanje, ako zbog vrste zahvata nije ovlaštena na samostalni pristanak. Dijete mlađe od ove dobi mora biti uključeno u postupak odlučivanja, shodno svojoj zrelosti i sposobnosti za rasuđivanje.68 Uvažavanje najboljeg interesa djeteta u ovakvim situacijama ostvaruje se i kroz odredbu ZPOOP-a kojom je propisana obaveza ljekara, da u slučaju sukoba interesa između djeteta i njegovih roditelja u pogledu izvođenja medicinskog zahvata, o tome odmah obavijesti organ starateljstva. 69 U Republici Srpskoj i Brčko Distriktu status pacijenta normiran je zakonima o zdravstvenoj zaštiti.70 Ovi zakoni imaju dosta restriktivnija rješenja pitanja prava maloljetne osobe da se očituje o podvrgavanju medicinskom tretmanu u odnosu na navedena rješenja ZPOOP-a. To pravo djeci je priznato samo u dva slučaju, i to je izuzetak od generalnog pravila da pristanak na medicinski tretman za maloljetne osobe daju njihovi zakonski zastupnici.71 Ako se dogodi kolizija između prava roditelja na manifestaciju vjerskih uvjerenja i prava djeteta na zaštitu života i tjelesnog integriteta, u njegovo razrješenje dužan je uključiti se i organ starateljstva, jer je na osnovu odredaba porodičnih zakona on ovlašten preduzimati potrebne mjere radi zaštite prava i najboljeg interesa djeteta.72 IV. Pitanje dokle se prostiru granice prava roditelja na ispoljavanje vlastitih vjerskih uvjerenja naspram prava djeteta na život i zdravlje spada u jedno od kompleksnijih pitanja iz domena odnosa roditelja i djece, jer se bavi sukobom dvaju temeljnih ljudskih prava. Pritom nije riječ samo o pravima i interesima pojedinca, nego taj sukob tangira i interese šire zajednice: postoji zakonska obaveza i pravo roditelja na staranje o djeci, prava i interesi vjerskih zajednica, obaveze države u zaštiti dječjih prava itd. Potpuno uvažavanje vjerskih sloboda pojedinca jedan je od izraza svakog demokratskog društva, ali je nesporno da takva sloboda mora biti omeđena određenim granicama, kako ne bi bili povrijeđeni prava i interesi drugih subjekata. To se naročito odnosi na slobodu vjeroispovijesti roditelja, jer 67 Službene novine FBiH 40/10., u daljem tekstu: ZPOOP. Čl. 22. st. 2., 5. i 6. ZPOOP. O određenim manjkavostima ove odredbe vidjeti detaljnije: Čolaković, supra note 22, str. 203. 69 Čl. 22. st. 7. ZPOOP. 70 Zakon o zdravstvenoj zaštiti Republike Srpske, Službeni glasnik RS 106/09., u daljem tekstu: ZZZRS; Zakon o zdravstvenoj zaštiti Brčko Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine, Službeni glasnik BD BiH 38/11, u daljem tekstu: ZZZBD. 71 Radi se o slučaju sumnje ili izvjesnosti u pogledu postojanja zarazne bolesti i bolesti ovisnosti, a ovlaštenje na samostalno očitovanje pristanka na tretman pripada maloljetnicima starijim od 15 godina (čl. 25. st. 3. ZZZRS; čl. 31. st. 3. ZZZBD). 72 Čl. 150. PZFBiH; Čl. 133. PZBD; Čl. 94. PZRS. 68 80 �oni prakticiranjem vjere ne smiju škoditi dobrobiti i bilo kojem interesu svoga djeteta, napose ne njegovom životu i zdravlju. U praksi nisu tako rijetki slučajevi odbijanja roditelja da svoje dijete podvrgnu određenom medicinskom tretmanu, zasnovani na njihovom vjerskom uvjerenju, kojim ne samo da krše pravo djeteta na samoodređenje o njegovom tjelesnom integritetu nego i dovode u realnu opasnost njegov život i zdravlje. Ispravan je stav doktrine, u kojem je ona potpuno jednoglasna, da roditelji ne smiju žrtvovati ova djetetova dobra radi svojih vjerskih uvjerenja i interesa.73 Odbijanje medicinskog tretmana kakvi su transfuzija krvi, hirurški zahvat ili kemoterapija, kojima će djetetov život biti spašen ili produžen, predstavlja moralno i pravno nedopustiv čin, a roditelji time prekoračuju svoja prava i obaveze iz roditeljskog staranja.74 Doktrina naglašava da prava djece trebaju biti maksimalno zaštićena sve dok ona ne postanu odrasle osobe i ne steknu sposobnost samostalnog odlučivanja. Njihova prava moraju imati prednost nad pravima roditelja ako ona dođu u međusobni sukob.75 Roditelji mogu praviti od sebe mučenike, ali to ne smiju činiti od vlastitog djeteta. 76 Budući da su dužnosti i prava roditelja prema djeci primarno ustanovljena u korist zaštite djece, kao bića koja zbog neposjedovanja adekvatnog stepena tjelesnog, psihičkog i intelektualnog razvoja trebaju brigu i pomoć odraslih osoba, najbolji interes djeteta mora biti primarni kriterij za razrješavanje sukoba između prava roditelja na slobodu vjeroispovijesti i prava djeteta na život i tjelesni integritet, odnosno njegovog prava na samoodređenje o ovim ličnim dobrima. Kad je riječ o roditeljskom odbijanju medicinskih zahvata, uz obavezno uključivanje organa starateljstva koji će voditi računa o zaštiti najboljeg interesa djeteta, u donošenje odluke o zahvatu trebalo bi uključiti i dijete, shodno odredbama porodičnih zakona i zakona kojima su u Bosni i Hercegovini normirana prava pacijenta, odnosno KPD-a i drugih relevatnih međunarodnih dokumenata. Dijete bi također trebalo biti uključeno i u donošenje odluke o podvrgavanju medicinski neindiciranim zahvatima, kao što je cirkumcizija dječaka, u skladu sa zakonom propisanim pretpostavkama. 73 Radišić, supra note 28, str. 88; Bekink, supra note 30, str. 59-61. i 80; Cohan, supra note 28, str. 863.; Papadopoulou, L., Children and religious freedom, u: Lødrup P.; Modvar, E., Family Life and Human Rights, Oslo, 2004, str. 546-547. 74 Radišić, supra note 28, str. 88-89. 75 Bekink, supra note 30, str. 80. 76 Cohan, supra note 28, str. 863. 81 �Dr. sc. Maja Čolaković, Assistent professor Law Faculty of University Džemal Bijedić Mostar RELIGIOUS COMMITMENT OF PARENTS VS. THE BEST INTEREST OF CHILD IN EXERCISING HIS RIGHTS TO PHYSICAL INTEGRITY Summary: The right of parents to choose their religious commitment and determine the religion for rising their child in certain cases may come into conflict with the child's right to physical integrity and exercise his right to selfdetermination in life and health care. It is not just about the rights and interests of the individual, but such a conflict touches upon the interests of the whole community: there is a legal obligation and the right of parents to care for their children, the rights and interests of religious communities, the state's obligation to protect children's rights etc. In practice, this conflict occurs in many different situations. In some of them, due to the parental refusal to provide necessary medical treatment for their child, the child's life and health are directly threatened. Such cases are settled through the mediation of the court and with the participation of other state bodies responsible for protecting the rights and interests of children. It is the best interests of the child, as the primary criterion defined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, that should be followed as a guiding principle in resolving this conflict, because the religious beliefs and interests of parents should not outweigh the well-being of their child. Key words: parent, child, religion, physical integrity, best interest 82 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3036 Title A name given to the resource RELIGIJSKO OPREDJELJENJE RODITELJA VS. NAJBOLJI INTERES DJETETA U OSTVARENJU NJEGOVOG PRAVA NA TJELESNI INTEGRITET Author Author ČOLAKOVIĆ, Maja Abstract A summary of the resource. Pravo roditelja da biraju svoje religijsko opredjeljenje i određuju religiju u kojoj će vaspitavati vlastito dijete u određenim slučajevima može doći u koliziju s pravom djeteta na tjelesni integritet, odnosno s ostvarenjem njegovog prava na samoodređenje o životu i zdravlju. Pritom nije riječ samo o pravima i interesima pojedinca, nego takav sukob tangira i interese šire zajednice: postoji zakonska obaveza i pravo roditelja na staranje o djeci, prava i interesi vjerskih zajednica, obaveze države u zaštiti dječjih prava itd. U praksi se taj sukob javlja u više različitih situacija. U nekima od njih, zbog odbijanja roditelja da dijete podvrgnu neophodnim medicinskim zahvatima, bivaju neposredno ugroženi život i zdravlje djeteta. Takvi slučajevi rješavaju se posredovanjem suda i uz učešće drugih državnih organa nadležnih za zaštitu prava i interesa djece. Najbolji interes djeteta, kao primarni kriterij normiran Konvencijom o pravima djeteta, treba biti rukovodeći u razrješavanju ovog sukoba, jer vjerska uvjerenja i interesi roditelja ne smiju prevagnuti nad dobrobiti njihovog djeteta. Ključne riječi: roditelj, dijete, religija, tjelesni integritet, najbolji interes Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Law faculty of University Džemal Bijedić Mostar Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f1ae6dd58b5257de52ffa4618cbefbc6.pdf ece7b11de914ffd1d943b085b1e7cab5 PDF Text Text Removal of Cr (VI) Ion by Modified Bean Husk Erol Pehlivan Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Department of Chemical Engineering, Selcuk University, Campus, 42079 Konya, Turkey erolpehlivan@gmail.com Huseyin Deveci Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Department of Chemical Engineering, Selcuk University, Campus, 42079 Konya, Turkey hdeveci@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: In this work, bean husk (BH) was used to remove Cr (VI) ion from synthetic aqueous solution. Batch experiments using closed plastic beakers were designed to obtain Cr (VI) ion sorption data. Bean Husk was modified by using citric acid. The parameter for modification was selected by trying different parameters such as time, temperature and citric acid quantity. In batch experiments, the influences of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose and initial chromium concentration was researched on adsorption process performance and adsorption isotherm for the equilibrium was studied on modified bean husk (MBH). The results showed that adsorption of Cr (VI) by (MBH) reached to equilibrium after 90 min and after that a little change of Cr (VI) removal efficiency was observed. Higher chromium adsorption was observed at lower pH such as pH around 2. The (MBH) in this study showed very good promise for practical applicability and can be an alternative biosorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. Introduction The presence of Cr (VI) ion has become a major concern today due to its deleterious effects on health and environment (Khezami and Capart, 2005). Chromium is extensively used in pigments and paints, leather tanning, fungicides, electroplating, cement, steel, ceramic and glass industries (Kocaoba and Akcin, 2005). The use of other alternative techniques (such as adsorption, ion exchange, membrane and biological processes) based on physical, chemical and biological mechanisms is advisable in order to protect the environment and at the same time recovering at least available metal (Hu et al, 2003). As Cr (VI) is carcinogenic, a maximum permissible concentration for total Cr of 0.5 mg/L and for Cr (VI) of 0.05 mg/L is legally prescribed in wastewater after treatment (Gao et al, 1999). Therefore, the control of the chromium level in wastewater is essential (Petruzzelli et al, 1996). Several approaches have been studied and developed for the effective removal of Cr (VI) ion using biosorbents like peat, brown coal and humic acids, chitosan, hazelnut shell. Lignocelluloses have widely been used as biosorbents for heavy metals because of substances inherently associated with cellulose such as lignin, tannin and pectin, which contains phenolic and aliphatic hydroxyl and carboxylic groups. Lignocelluloses all contain, as a common property, polyphenolic compounds, such as tannin and lignin, which are believed to be the active sites for attachment of heavy metal cations (Shin and Rowell, 2005). Laszlo and Dintzis have also shown that lignocelluloses have ion-exchange capacity and general sorptive characteristics, which are derived from their constituent polymers and structure (Laszlo and Dintzis, 1994). Lignocelluloses are hygroscopic and also have an affinity for water. Natural materials that are available in large quantities, or waste products from industrial or agricultural operations, may have potential as inexpensive sorbents. Biosorption can be represented as a sorption process that means the transfer from a bulk fluid to a surface. The biosorbent obtained from biomass leads to interesting possibilities to use low-cost materials for industrial wastewater. The biosorption process involves a solid phase (sorbent or biosorbent; biological material) and a liquid phase containing a dissolved species to be sorbed. Biosorption is assumed to arise from two basic mechanisms: an initial rapid metal ion uptake due to physical adsorption and a subsequent slow uptake due to chemisorption. It has been reported that most metal biosorption of divalent metals occurs in a short time interval after solid–liquid contact in the batch reactors (Volesky, 2001). Biosorption is a fast and reversible reaction of the heavy metals with biomass matrix. 294 �Conventional methods utilized to remove the Cr (VI) from industrial wastewaters include reduction followed by chemical and electrochemical precipitation, activated carbon adsorption, chemical oxidation/reduction, ion-exchange, solvent extraction, membrane separation, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis (Rengaraj et al, 2003; Sapari et al, 1996; Arslan and Pehlivan, 2007). Conventional techniques have their own limitations such as less efficiency, sensitive operating conditions, incomplete metal removal, high cost and producing toxic chemical sludge or disposal of other waste products in the clarification systems. The aim of this study was to develop a new economic technique for (MBH) exploitation and utilization and to enhance the treatment of aqueous solution. (MBH) was chosen since it is cheap and easily available by products from the agricultural materials. This study reports the use of citric acid modified (BH) as a biosorbent to remove hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions. The effects of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent concentration, and initial metal concentration on Cr (VI) adsorption were investigated in detail way in the submitted paper. Materials and Methods Materials (BH) was collected from vicinity of Konya-Turkey. Straws were ground with Retsch RM 100 model grinding machine. They were ground and sieved to obtain size of 100 µm. Before the use, all the sorbents were washed thoroughly with deionized water and dried in air oven at 100 °C for 24 h. All chemicals were of analytical grade. Double distilled water was used to prepare all solutions throughout the experiments. Cr (VI) stock solution (from Merck) was prepared by dissolving K2Cr2O7 salt in double distilled water. Solutions were stored in plastic sealed beakers. Solutions of 0.01 M NaOH and HCl (from Merck) were used for pH adjustment. Experimental Methods A series of standard Cr (VI) solution were prepared by appropriate dilution of the stock solution. A thermo stated shaker of GFL 3033 model was used for adsorption experiments. The pH measurements were performed with Orion 900S2 Model pH meter. For Cr (VI) ion sorption studies, 40 mg (MBH) was brought in contact with 25 mL of Cr (VI) solution at constant speed using orbital shaker at 25 °C. After filtration, the concentration of Cr (VI) in the filtrate was analyzed spectrophometrically. The amount of unabsorbed Cr (VI) was calculated by taking the difference of initial concentration and total Cr (VI) concentration in the filtrate. The concentrations of Cr (VI) ions in initial and final solutions were determined spectrophotometrically at 540 nm by UV-visible Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1700) using 1,5 diphenyl carbazide as a complexing agent. Diphenylcarbazide gives reaction with Cr (VI) in acid medium and Cr (III)–diphenylcarbazone complex occurs (Equation 1). 2 CrO42- + 3 H4L + 8 H+ → Cr (HL)2+ + Cr3+ H2L + 8 H2O (1) H4L: 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide H2L: Diphenylcarbazone Scheme 1. Reaction between Cr (VI) ion and diphenylcarbazide Contact time adsorption experiments were conducted at room temperature (25±1 ◦C) in a well-mixed Pyrex glass vessel with a cover. The effect of (MBH) amount for adsorption was studied in the batch vessel by varying the resin from 0.01 to 0.3 g for optimum contact time. The effect of pH on Cr (VI) ion sorption was evaluated by adjusting the initial pH of the initial solution within the range of 1.5- 7. The pH of each solution was adjusted to the desired value with 0.01 M NaOH and HCl. The solutions were agitated in the shaker for 2 h. In addition to these, the effects of concentration were also investigated in order to determine the optimum conditions for these parameters. Biosorbent Characterization Modification of (Bh) Wwith Citric Acid (Ca) 295 �First citric acid (5-10 g) was dissolved in water (50 ml), added to 10 g (BH) having particle size over 100 µm and allowed to soak for 24 hours at 60 °C in the oven. At this period, all surface moisture was removed and (BH) particles were coated with CA. Then, the dry sample was reacted for 2 hours (optimum time) by elevating oven temperature to 100 °C (optimum temperature). The reaction time was raised to for 2 to 24 hours at constant temperature (100 °C) and mixtures were allowed for reacting. Reaction products were mixed with distillated water for 30 min, filtered and washed with water and the product was dried in the oven. Finally, the modified shells were vacuum oven dried for 16 h at 45 °C. The thermally treated sample was then cooled to room temperature and then ground again to the desired particle size. Ir Spectra of Bh and Mbh To decide whether citric acid was esterified into (BH), IR spectroscopic analysis of both untreated (BH) and (MBH) were studied. The two major changes in the IR spectrum of (MBH) could be observed by comparing it with that of (MBH): a) a quite evidently increase in the carbonyl (C=O) stretching vibration absorbance in the range of 1730-1750 cm-1; b) a reduction in the hydroxyl (O-H) stretching band in the range of 3430-3440 cm-1. It reflected the result of citric acid esterification. For high amounts of introduced free carboxyl groups, it can be concluded that CA modified (MBH) presented an adequate physical and chemical characteristics to adsorb Cr (VI) ions. Carboxyl Determination 0.25 g dry sample was added in water and 0.1 N NaOH was added and stirred for 24 h. The mixture was back-titrated with 0.1 M HCl until the phenolphthalein end point. Conversion factors were determined using citric acid as standards. Untreated BH was used for comparison in carboxyl determination. Carboxylic acid (%) has been calculated as 5% for (BH) and 14 % for (MBH) respectively. Results and Discussion Effect of Solution Initial Ph on The Cr (Vi) Adsorption Earlier studies have shown that solution pH is an important parameter influencing the biosorption of Cr (VI) ions (Gupta et al, 2001). Cr (VI) removal was investigated as a function of solution pH and the result is indicated in Fig. 1. The biosorption of Cr (VI) onto (MBH) is strongly pH-dependent. 93 % of the Cr (VI) adsorbed onto (MBH) from the solution when the optimum pH was around 2.0. The capacity of (MRS) reached in this study is 0.91 mmol Cr(VI) per gram of (MBH) at pH 2.0. There is a sharp decrease in the removal when the solution pH is raised from 2.0 to 3.0 and thereafter the effect becomes negligible. The decrease in the adsorption with the increase in solution pH may be due to the decrease in electrostatic force of attraction between the adsorbent and the adsorbate ions. The interactions of Cr (VI) ions with (MBH) surface molecules are complex, dominated by adsorption, electrostatic attraction, ion exchange and chelation. The binding of Cr (VI) involved two mechanisms, the first of these being simple adsorption and the second through the formation of complexes, which may be chelates. According to the mechanism and the discussion of pH effect, the adsorption will lead to a decrease in pH as equivalent H+ will be released along with the adsorption. Hexavalent chromium existing as negative species in solution may release hydroxide (OH−) instead of proton (H+) when they are adsorbed by (MBH), and therefore result in an increase in pH (Raji and Anirudhan, 1997). This is the case for most Cr (VI) adsorption, but there is always exception. Because of the complexity of most biomaterials, it is very likely that both of these processes of binding will take place in a system at the same time. The following Equation (2) describes the chemical adsorption involving exchange with hydroxyl ions: R–CO + H2O + HCrO4− ↔ R–COHO3Cr+ + 2OH− (2) pH in solution has been identified as the most important variable governing Cr (VI) uptake on (MBH). This is partly because hydrogen ions themselves are strongly competing adsorbate and the solution pH influences the ionization of surface functional groups. It can therefore be assumed that the more the pH decreases, the higher the affinity of sorbent for Cr (VI) ion. As the pH is lowered <2, the overall surface charge on (MBH) will become increasingly less negative, which reduces the attraction of positively charged metal cations. Increasing the initial pH of the solution therefore increases the interactions of Cr (VI) with (MBH). As the maximal binding level can be reached when all of the carboxyl functions are neutralized, the binding assays were performed at pH around 5.0. It was evident from the plots (Fig. 1.) that the maximum uptake of Cr (VI) occurred at around pH 2.0 296 �for (MBH) and the other sorption experiments were performed at these pH values. The decrease in Cr (VI) ion removal capacity (MBH) at pH > 2.0 may be caused by hydrolysis accompanying by precipitation of metal hydroxides. Metal hydroxides are amphoteric, i.e., they are increasingly soluble at both low and high pH, and the point of minimum solubility (optimum pH for precipitation) occurs at a different pH value for every metal. At a pH at which the solubility of one chromium hydroxide may be minimized, the solubility of another may be relatively high. Fig. 1. Effect of pH on the adsorption of Cr (VI) This pH dependence of the binding showed that adsorption, chelation, electrostatic interactions and other phenomena is involved in the binding mechanism of Cr (VI) by (MBH). Indeed, adsorption and/or chelation involving hydroxyl functions, close to carboxylated, may increase the binding level of Cr (VI) ions in addition to the electrostatic interactions taking place. In the complexation mechanism, Cr (VI) ion sequestration is viewed as the coordination of chromium ions to surface functional groups. It was confirmed that (MBH) is dominated by negatively charged sites that are largely carboxylated groups with some weaker acidic groups. The extent of Cr (VI) adsorption from aqueous solutions is strongly influenced by the chemistry and surface morphology of the (MBH), for example; the interaction of Cr (VI) ions on surface carboxyl groups (RCOOH); hydrogen bonding of hydrated metal ions with glucose from mostly cellulose and formation of complexes with surface. At pH values higher than 3-4, carboxyl groups are deprotonated and negatively charged. Consequently, the attraction of positively charged metal ions would be enhanced. At low pH, the surface of (MBH) would also be surrounded by hydronium ions, which decrease the chromium ion interaction with binding sites of the sorbent by greater repulsive forces. Effect of Contact Time The effect of time on the adsorption of Cr (VI) ions by the (MBH) was studied by taking 0.1 g sorbent with 50.0 ml of 0.002 M Cr (VI) solution in different plastic beakers. The beakers were shaken for different time intervals in a temperature-controlled shaker. Fig. 2 shows the effect of contact time on adsorption of Cr (VI) ions using (MBH). The results show that the percentage of Cr (VI) ion adsorption by (MBH) increased with increasing time of equilibration and it reached the plateau value at about 90 min for the Cr (VI) ions. 297 �Fig. 2. Effect of contact time on the sorption of Cr (VI) Effect of Amount on Adsorption The effect of the (MBH) amount on the removal of metal ions is shown in Fig. 3. Adsorption increased from 92.53 to 93.07 % for (MBH) with increase in adsorbent dose from 0.01 to 0.3 g in the case of chromium ion and then became almost constant. Fig. 3. Effect of sorbent dosage on the sorption of Cr (VI) Effect of Initial Cr (Vi) Concentration The initial Cr (VI) concentration provides an important driving force; hence, a higher initial concentration of Cr (VI) ions will increase the sorption rate. The effect of changing the initial concentration of Cr (VI) on adsorption, while keeping the dosage of (MBH) constant at room temperature. Cr (VI) ion adsorbed increased sharply in the beginning and then slowly towards the end of the run. For the different initial concentrations, adsorption equilibrium was rapidly achieved. For (MBH), sorption increased with increasing initial Cr (VI) concentration. At low Cr (VI) concentrations, steep isotherms were obtained which are highly desirable as they indicate high affinity of the sorbent for the given sorbed species. The process may contribute to the binding phenomenon in addition to adsorption, which may include electrostatic interactions and even chelation in the case of the more strongly bound Cr (VI) ion. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were both used to describe observed sorption phenomena of Cr (VI) on different adsorbents (Gode and Pehlivan, 2005; Ajmal et al, 1998). The Langmuir isotherm applies to adsorption on completely homogenous surfaces with negligible interaction between adsorbed molecules. For a 298 �single solute, it is given by the Freundlich model, which is an empirical model used to describe adsorption in aqueous systems, was also used to explain the observed phenomena of Cr (VI) adsorption on (MBH). The sorption data of Cr (VI) have been correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich models [Eqs. (3) and (4)]. Langmuir equation: Ce C 1 = + e q e K b AS AS (3) where Ce is the equilibrium concentration (mg/L), qe the amount of adsorbed material at equilibrium (mg/g), Kb the “affinity” parameter or Langmuir constant (L/mg), and As the “capacity” parameter (mg/g). Freundlich equation: n q = Kf. C e (4) where, n is Freundlich constant and Kf is the adsorption coefficient, q is the weight adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent and Ce is the equilibrium Cr (VI) concentration in fluid. Taking logs and rearranging the equation (4), the equation (5) was obtained. The adsorption data in the linear forms gave satisfactory correlation coefficients for a part of the covered concentration range. (5) log q = log Kf + n logCe The effect of sorbate concentration is studied and in the case of low Cr (VI) concentrations, the ratio of the initial number of moles of metal ions to the available surface area is larger and subsequently the fractional adsorption becomes independent of initial concentrations. However, at higher concentrations, the available sites of adsorption become fewer, and hence the percentage removal of metal ions depends upon the initial concentration. The amount of Cr (VI) ions adsorbed per unit mass of the (MBH) increased with the initial Cr (VI) concentration as expected. The Langmuir described the sorption data adequately. We found the Langmuir isotherm, to have the highest correlation coefficients above 0.98 for (MBH). It was found that more than 90% removal of Cr (VI) was achieved using (MBH). Conclusions Biosorption is a relatively new process that has shown significant contribution for the removal of contaminants from aqueous effluents. In this study, the toxic Cr (VI) ion biosorption on inexpensive and efficient biosorbents from agricultural waste materials have been investigated as replacement strategy for existing conventional systems. The use of these low cost biosorbents is recommended since they are relatively cheap or of no cost, easily available, renewable and show highly affinity for Cr (VI) ions. Literature also reveals that in some cases the modification of the adsorbent increased the removal efficiency. (BH) both untreated and treated is effective in removal of Cr (VI) ion from aqueous solutions. Adsorption of Cr (VI) is dependent on its initial concentrations and pH of the metal solution. The results indicate that the optimum pH for the removal of Cr (VI) ions by (MBH) is around 2. Cr (VI) removal is built up; equilibrium conditions are attained after nearly 90 min. Isothermal data of Cr (VI) sorption on (MBH) can be modeled by Langmuir isotherm. The capacity of (MRS) reached in this study is 0.91 mmol Cr(VI) per gram of (MBH) at pH 2.0. References Ajmal, M., Khan, A.H., Ahmad, S. & Ahmad, A. (1998). Role of sawdust in the removal of copper (II) from industrial wastes, Water Res. 32:10, 3085–3091 Arslan, G. & Pehlivan, E. (2007). Batch removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by Turkish Brown coals, Bioresour. Technol. 98(15),2836-2845 Gao, K., Pearce, J., Jones, J. & Taylor, C. (1999). Interaction between peat, humic acid and aqueous metal ions, Environ. Geo. Health. 21, 13–26. 299 �Gode, F. & Pehlivan, E. (2005). Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by two Lewatit-anion exchange resins, J. Hazard. Mater. 119(1-3),175-182. Gupta, V.K., Shrivastava, A.K. & Jain, N. (2001). Biosorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions by green algae Spirogyra species, Water Res. 35(17),4079-4085 Hu, Z., Lei, L., Li, Y. & Ni, Y. (2003). Chromium adsorption on high-performance activated carbons from aqueous solution, Sep. Purif. Technol. 31, 13–18. Khezami, L. & Capart, R. (2005). Removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution by activated carbons: Kinetic and equilibrium studies, J. Hazard. Mater. B. 123: 223-231. Kocaoba, S. & Akcin, G. (2005). Removal of chromium (III) and cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions, Desalination.180,(13), 151-156. Laszlo, J.A. & Dintzis, F.R. (1994). Crop residues as ion-exchange materials. Treatment of soybean hull and sugar beet fiber (pulp) with epichlorohydrin to improve cation-exchange capacity and physical stability, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 52, 531–538 Petruzzelli, D., Passino, J.R. & Tiravantit, G. (1996). Ion exchange process for chromium removal and recovery from tannery wastes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,34(8),2612-2617. Raji, C. & Anirudhan, T.S. (1997). Chromium (VI) adsorption by sawdust: kinetics and equilibrium, Indian J. Chem. Technol. 4, 228–236. Rengaraj, S., Joo, C.K., Kim, Y. & Yi, J. (2003). Kinetics of removal of chromium from water and electronic process wastewater by ion exchange resins: 1200H, 1500H and IRN97N, J. Hazard. Mater. B. Sapari, N., Idris, A. & Hamid, N.H.A. (1996). Total removal of heavy metal from mixed plating rinse wastewater, Desalination.106 (1-3), 419-422. Shin, E.W. & Rowell R.M. (2005). Cadmium ion sorption onto lignocellulosic biosorbent modified by sulfonation: The origin of sorption capacity improvement, Chemosphere.60,1054-1061. Volesky, B. (2001). Detoxification of metal-bearing effluents: biosorption for the next Century, Hydrometallurgy.59(1-3), 203-216. 300 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 444 Title A name given to the resource Removal of Cr (VI) Ion by Modified Bean Husk Author Author Pehlivan, Erol Deveci, Huseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. In this work, bean husk (BH) was used to remove Cr (VI) ion from synthetic aqueous solution. Batch experiments using closed plastic beakers were designed to obtain Cr (VI) ion sorption data. Bean Husk was modified by using citric acid. The parameter for modification was selected by trying different parameters such as time, temperature and citric acid quantity. In batch experiments, the influences of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose and initial chromium concentration was researched on adsorption process performance and adsorption isotherm for the equilibrium was studied on modified bean husk (MBH). The results showed that adsorption of Cr (VI) by (MBH) reached to equilibrium after 90 min and after that a little change of Cr (VI) removal efficiency was observed. Higher chromium adsorption was observed at lower pH such as pH around 2. The (MBH) in this study showed very good promise for practical applicability and can be an alternative biosorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3c4ea2a361184edbe46f7f89e0c19c95.pdf 7a2c98031c57e45aa4ab1c50916c4516 PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 REMOVAL OF NITROGEN FROM MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER - THE EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF CARBON SOURCES ON BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION Jasmina Ibrahimpašić1, Merima Toromanović1, Tibela Landeka Dragičević2 1 2 University of Bihać, Biotechnical Faculty, Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia jasmina.ibrahimpasic@btf.unbi.ba, toromanovic_merima@hotmail.com ABSTRACT In this work was used activated sludge from the WWTP (wastewater treatment plant), in which with technique accumulation nitrificants and denitrificants, were prepared mixed bacterial cultures which showed the ability nitrification of ammonia- nitrogen to nitrate, as well as the ability of denitrification of nitrate nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen in municipal wastewater. As carbon source in the process of biological denitrification was used sodium acetate, in the ratio C/N=1 and C/N=2. Activity of mixed microbial cultures for removal components with nitrogen was determined by measuring the concentration of organic matter, expressed as COD, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, pH, concentration dissolved oxygen, and the concentration of microbial biomass. Keywords: municipal water, activated sludge, nitrogen removal 53 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS INTRODUCTION The most widely used procedure for the treatment of municipal wastewater is an aerobic process with activated sludge. The activated sludge system with balance between different types of bacteria is essential to ensure effective removal of pollutants, good sedimentation of sludge and low levels of suspended particulate matter (Mesquita et al. 2009). Biological nitrogen removal from wastewater is achieved by applying the process of aerobic ammonia oxidation, or autotrophic aerobic nitrification and anoxic (facultative-anaerobic) denitrification. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira and Nitrosococcus, converted ammonia to nitrite. Nitrate oxidizing bacteria (NOB), such as Nitrobacter, Nitrosospira, Nitrococcus and Nitrospina, further converted nitrite to nitrate (Henze et al. 2002). During denitrification process nitrates are exceeding into the nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas is released into the air, and in this way removed from the wastewater. These two processes depend on several factors, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, toxicity, etc. (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003; Jeyanayaga, 2005; Gerardi, 2002). The main objective of this study was to define the working conditions of removal nitrogen compounds process of nitrification and denitrification in municipal wastewater, with the addition of heterotrophic carbon source, and to determine the conditions for quality water treatment in accordance with current regulations. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the research was used activated sludge from the WWTP (wastewater treatment plant). In the activated sludge is, with a technique accumulation nitrificants and denitrificants, prepared mixed bacterial cultures, which showed the ability of nitrification ammonia nitrogen to nitrate, and the ability of denitrification of nitrate nitrogen to nitrogen gas. The enrichment of mixed microbial culture was performed in Erlenmeyer flasks (500 mL, with working volume of 100 mL) on rotary shaker and room temperature, with municipal wastewater as a source of ammonium nitrogen (15-147 mg NH4+-N L–1). After of cultivation, the biomass as inoculum was prepared and used in all experiments. Activity of the microbial culture for the removal of nitrogen compounds was determined by measuring the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration and the concentration of the microbial biomass. Nitrogen removal in oxy/anoxia conditions, as well as all the experiments that preceded: autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification with adding an external carbon source for nitrification, were conducted in a laboratory reactor working volume of 2 liters. Denitrification is carried out in conditions without aeration, with stirring the reactor contents with the help of the mixer placed in the reactor. The reactor is equipped with gauges of pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature. All analytical data were determined by the methods prescribed by APHA (APHA, 1998): the concentration of organic substances, expressed as COD-value, BOD, NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, dry matter, suspended solids and biomass concentration. 54 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 RESULTS Experiments were carried out by gradually increasing the concentration of NH4-N, 15 mg/L to 147 mg/L, which is the same concentration of ammonia in municipal wastewater. In experiments was monitored microbial activity with the addition of sodium acetate as a carbon source in an external ratios C:N=1:1, C:N=2:1. Once the technique of enrichment and adaptation prepared microbial cultures which showed the ability of biodegradation, in experiments is added municipal wastewater and is accompanied by its biodegradation. Below are shown the most important results. Table 1. Chemical and physical indicators of quality of municipal wastewater Parameter Value Color Smell Temperature (°C) pH Conductivity (µS) Oxygen saturation (%) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Sediment matter (ml of sediment) Evaporated residue (mg/L) Annealed rest (mg/L) Suspended solids (mg/L) Nitrites (mg/L) Nitrates (mg/L) Ammonia (mg/L) COD (mgO2/L) BOD5 (mgO2/L) gray-brown typical 14,7 8 816 7,2 3,4 5 754,48 231 1014 0,41 1,1 147 284 245 Sludge from the treatment of wastewater NaAc was added as an external carbon source in the ratio of C:N=2:1, and the concentration of NH4-N addition to the initial 50 mg/L. The total volume of the reactor is 2L. Figure 1. NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and dissolved oxygen concentration, pH and temperature determined during the process of nitrification 55 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 2. The concentration of organic substances, expressed as COD In the enriched microbial culture was added a municipal wastewater in an amount so that the concentration of NH4-N is set to the initial 70 mg/L. As an external carbon source was added sodium acetate at a ratio of C:N=1:1. The experiment was carried out with alternating nitrification and denitrification. Nitrification is carried out in the oxy and denitrification in anoxia conditions, with stirring. Oxy/anoxia conditions during the process of alternating nitrification/denitrification maintained by the dynamics: 0.5 hours of anoxia conditions, then 1 hour oxy conditions, then again 0.5 hours of anoxia conditions and again oxy conditions. The total volume of the reactor is 2L. Figure 3. NO3-N, NO2-N and dissolved oxygen concentration and pH value determined during the biodegradation process of wastewater 56 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 4. The concentration of organic substances, expressed as COD and NH4-N during the biodegradation of wastewater After the technique of adaptation and enrichment, it was prepared microbial culture capable of biological degradation, and in the sludge is added municipal wastewater and the NH4-N concentration of 147 mg/L. The total volume of the reactor is 2L. Dissolved oxygen Nitrites Nitrates Figure 5. NO3-N, NO2-N, dissolved oxygen concentration and pH during the biodegradation process of wastewater 57 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 6. The concentration of organic substances, expressed as COD, NH4-N, and the temperature All previous nitrification processes were carried out under aerobic conditions. After nitrite nitrogen completely oxidized, after 6 hours, into nitrate nitrogen, investigate the ability of microbial cultures for the denitrification. Denitrification is carried out under anoxic conditions, only by stirring. As a carbon source was used municipal wastewater. Parameters were monitored every 3 hours, and 24 hours. The volume of the reactor is 2L. Figure 7. NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and the concentration of dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature during the process of denitrification 58 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 Figure 8. The concentration of organic substances, expressed as COD DISCUSSION In the experiment in the heterotrophic nitrification, where the organic compound as a source of added sodium acetate in a 2:1 ratio, and the initial concentration of NH4-N 50 mg / l, nitrification is done for five hours (Figure 1). Oxidation of ammonia (ammonia converted into NO3 -N and NO 2-N) is followed by decomposition of organic matter (COD) in the beginning of the process, as well as the accumulation of nitrite and nitrate (see Figures 1 and 2). Extended aeration for a further three hours, all the NO2-N is converted to NO3-N. From the first hour until the end of the process, NO3-N has accumulated (Figure 1). In the experiment, heterotrophic nitrification rate of oxidation of ammonia was 19.4 mg NH4-N removed/L,h. The highest concentration of nitrite of 8 mg/L was determined after two hours of nitrification, when all the NH4-N was converted to NO3-N and NO2-N (Figure 1) and the pH of the lowest point is reached, known as "ammonium valley" (7, 6). This "valley ammonia" pH profile can be used as an indicator of the end of nitrification - accumulation of nitrite. For a further three hours of aeration nitrite is oxidized to nitrate, and the pH is slowly started to rise (7.8 and 7.9), (Figure 2). It was observed a decrease of pH during nitrification due to reduced buffering capacity as well as reaching the lowest value of pH in point of nitrification and dissolved oxygen. These profiles of pH (decrease of pH during nitrification due to reduced buffering capacity as well as reaching the lowest pH in point of nitrification) and dissolved oxygen (oxidation of ammonia during the process of low dissolved oxygen concentrations and a progressive increase in dissolved oxygen concentration when ammonia is almost completely oxidized) during the removal process nitrogen described by other authors (Chang & Hao, 1996; Paul et al. 1998). Experiment alternating nitrification/denitrification was carried out at an initial concentration of NH4-N 70 mg/L NO3-N 4.9 mg/L and COD 205 mg O2/L, with the addition of NaAc in a ratio C:N=1:1 (Figure 3 and 4). Oxy/anoxia conditions during the process of alternating nitrification/denitrification maintained by the dynamics: 0.5 hours of anoxia conditions, one hour of oxy conditions, 0.5 hours of anoxia conditions, then again oxy conditions. In the experiment was added sodium acetate at a ratio of C:N= 1:1 as the source of the carbon for denitrification. Oxy conditions are achieved airing content in the reactor (air intake) and denitrification is carried out in conditions without ventilation (auto aeration) but stirring the contents of the reactor (by using the mixer). In experiments is added municipal wastewater. During the first 0.5 hours of anoxic conditions increases the pH and reduces the concentration of organic substances, expressed as COD value (see Figures 3 and 4). During denitrification 59 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS reduces the concentration of NO3-N and slightly decreases the concentration of NH4-N (see Figures 3 and 4). The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the denitrification ranged was from 1.9 ± 0.2 mg/L. After completing the first stage of denitrification (0.5 hours anoxia conditions) the aeration is included and under the oxy conditions nitrification is carried out for one hour. In doing so, it reduces the pH value with the accumulation of NO3-N and NO2-N. Then follows the second denitrification, which caused a significant reduction in COD values. And this follows the denitrification reduction of NO3-N and a slight decrease in residual NH4N (see Figures 3 and 4). Denitrification again accompanied by an increase in pH (Figure 3). After finishing second denitrification, aeration was included and conducted the experiment nitrification. Over the next two and half hours, a process of nitrification was through accumulation of NO3-N and NO2-N in the first three and a half hours the process, followed by further aeration oxidation of NO2-N to NO3-N. In these experiments of nitrification it was observed a decrease in pH value, which achieved the lowest value in the point of nitritation, after which the pH value increases slightly by the end of the process. COD value does not change significantly during the process of nitrification. In the experiment of alternating nitrification/denitrification, dissolved oxygen concentration is reached 2 mg O2/L during the first half hour of anoxia conditions; 2.6 mg O2/L during the first hour of the oxy conditions and 2.2 mg O2/L in the next half hour anoxia conditions. During the last phase of nitrification in this experiment, there was a slight increase in the concentration of dissolved oxygen (Figure 3). Rate of oxidation of ammonia in the experiment alternating nitrification/denitrification is 11.95 NH4-N/L,h. Rate of accumulation of nitrate in the experiment alternating nitrification/denitrification was 2.2 mg NO3-N/L,h during all phases of the observed processes. The experiment of removing substances with nitrogen from municipal wastewater was carried out with a previously prepared mixed microbial culture and municipal wastewater. NH4-N concentration is reached 147 mg/L (see Figures 5 and 6). Complete nitrification was achieve d for six hours. In this work the oxidation of the ammonia is achieved for five hours, and to the accumulation of nitrate and nitrite. Extended aeration for one hour nitrite is completely converted into nitrate. The rate of removal of ammonia was 28.82 mg NH4-N/L, h. The highest concentration of nitrite was 5.5 mg/L. In the fifth hour all the NH4-N is converted to NO3-N and NO2-N. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the course of these experiments (Figure 5) shows a pronounced oxygen consumption during the oxidation of NH4-N with accumulation and NO3-N and NO2-N. Shortly after graduating nitritation (accumulation of nitrite) concentration of dissolved oxygen begins to grow until the end of the experiment. After complete nitrification concentration of NO3-N amounted 11.1 mg/L The experiment was conducted under conditions of temperature 26±2. Concentration of organic ingredients is expressed as COD value, and the speed of decomposition of organic substances, expressed as COD value was 22.16 mg/L,h. Concentration of sludge dry matter amounted to 3.5 g/L. All previous nitrification processes were carried out under aerobic conditions. After nitrite nitrogen completely oxidized, or after six hours passed into nitrate nitrogen, experiment was set out to investigate the ability of microbial cultures for the implementation of denitrification. Denitrification was carried out under anaerobic conditions, only stirring. Parameters were monitored every three hours, and 24 hours. Dry matter was 3 g/L. The concentration of NH4N during denitrification process has not changed, and amounted to 0 mg/L. The concentration of nitrite and nitrate is reduced during the process of denitrification. Nitrates are from the initial 11.3 mg/L after 24 hours of completely oxidized to nitrogen gas. Dissolved oxygen is consumed in the process of denitrification, and after 24 hours the dissolved oxygen concentration was 0.7 mg/L. The process of denitrification, nitrate reduction, follow the increase in pH. The pH of the initial value of 8.1 after 24 hours the process was 9.3. Speed degradation of organic substances, expressed as COD value was 1.95 mg/L,h (see Figures 7 and 8). 60 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 CONCLUSION Based on the obtained results and conducting discussion may be adopted the following conclusions:  Biological processes with activated sludge achieved very efficiently removal of nitrogen from wastewater.  Wastewater investigated in this work is a municipal wastewater in which the ingredients are organic biodegradable, as evidenced by the results of research.  The activated sludge from the WWTP (wastewater treatment plant), which is used in research, with technique of accumulation nitrificants and denitrificants, was prepared as a mixed microbial culture that has the ability to process simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen compounds in municipal wastewater.  Removal of nitrogen from wastewater is achieved by the process of denitrification, where the process must ensure the existence of anoxic conditions. Many studies have confirmed that controled nitrogen in the used water can be achieved in the most efficient processes with a combined nitrification and denitrification (Stefancic, 2003, Dong et al. 2006).  In the experiment of heterotrophic nitrification, with addition of sodium acetate as an external carbon source at a ratio of 2:1 and a pH of 7.8, the rate of oxidation of ammonia was 16.4 mg NH4-N removed/L,h.  Rate of oxidation ammonia in the experiment alternating nitrification/denitrification amounted to 11.95 mg NH4-N/L,h.  Mixed culture has shown the ability for a higher degree of nitrification at higher pH values from 7.7 to 8.8 and a temperature of 27-30°C in municipal wastewater in which is presented ammonia nitrogen source. REFERENCES APHA (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Wastewater and Wastewater Treatment. 20. Edition American Public Health Association. American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, D.C. Gerardi, M. H. (2002). Nitrification and Denitrification in the Activated Sludge Process. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Henze, M., Harremoës, P., La Cour Jansen, J., Arvin, E. (2002). Wastewater Treatement. Biological and Chemical Processes. 3. Ed. pp 89-108. Jeyanayaga, S. (2005). True Confessions of the Biological Nutrient Removal Process. Florida Water Resources Journal. pp 37-46. Mesquita, D.P., Dias, O., Amaral, A.L., and Ferreira, E.C. (2009). Monitoring of activated sludge settling ability through image analysis: validation on full-scale wastewater treatment plants. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering Vol. 32 Issue 3, pp 361–367. Metcalf & Eddy (2003). Wastewater Engineering - Treatment and Reuse. 4th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp 60, 749. Wang, K. (2012). Enhanced Biological Nitrogen Removal by Increasing Wastewater Temperature in An Activated Sludge System. Industrial Ecology, Royal Institute of Technology. Stocholm. pp 3–16. 61 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2470 Title A name given to the resource REMOVAL OF NITROGEN FROM MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER - THE EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF CARBON SOURCES ON BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION Author Author IBRAHIMPAŠIĆ, Jasmina TOROMANOVIĆ, Merima LANDEKA DRAGIČEVIĆ, Tibela Abstract A summary of the resource. In this work was used activated sludge from the WWTP (wastewater treatment plant), in which with technique accumulation nitrificants and denitrificants, were prepared mixed bacterial cultures which showed the ability nitrification of ammonia- nitrogen to nitrate, as well as the ability of denitrification of nitrate nitrogen to gaseous nitrogen in municipal wastewater. As carbon source in the process of biological denitrification was used sodium acetate, in the ratio C/N=1 and C/N=2. Activity of mixed microbial cultures for removal components with nitrogen was determined by measuring the concentration of organic matter, expressed as COD, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, pH, concentration dissolved oxygen, and the concentration of microbial biomass. Keywords: municipal water, activated sludge, nitrogen removal Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/38768935fadd758aa2ed36d9bd054fc5.pdf 3fc398583a5cc327cbfb4bedf62a9d60 PDF Text Text Removel Of Chromium (Vi) From Leather Industry Waste Water By Adsorbtion Methot Yavuz Mesut Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, 45030 Manisa, Turkey E-mail: msafyavuz@mynet.com.tr 1. INTRODUCTION Environmental pollution is an event that causes deleterious changes in the physical, chemical or biological properties of air, water, soil or nutrients, which in turn negatively affects humans' or other living organisms' health, living or activities (1). Development of industry and rapid population growth brought along pollution and consequently pollution of water sources. Today, the heavy metals present in drinking and utility waters are amount the most serious pollutions and pose a great threat for public health. Water used in industry is one of the sources of water pollution. As mentioned earlier, heavy metals have a respectively more important place in water pollution. Heavy metal pollution is caused by the liquid wastes of many industries such as metal coating, mining, tanning, chlorine-alkali, radiator production, melting, battery production and alloy industries. The facts that water is indispensable for life, and that it is used constantly in all areas of life set forth the importance of preserving water sources and the necessary level of water quality for drinking and using. All kinds of substances that may be in water is harmful to health over a certain concentration. Due to this reason, the pollutants in water have to be removed. Examining the studies in the literature concerning the removal of Cr(VI) ions from waste waters shows that the Cr(VI) ion defoliates plants and trees and reduces yield particularly when the waters of the streams it is discharged to is used for agricultural irrigation, reduces meat and milk yield when used in breeding, and causes allergic reaction upon contacting humans. It is also seen from the literature that, in addition to the chemical methods, also factory wastes (sunflower meal, bagasse, glaze waste, gypsum waste, marble powder, fly ash, etc.) that are more economical and natural resources (marl, cinder, red loam, etc) are used for removing Cr(VI) ion, which is classified as a heavy metal, from water and successful results are obtained from these methods. Our purpose in this study is to plan the removal of the heavy metals, 90% of which are used in the leather industry and oxidized to Cr(VI) ion causing pollution in the Menderes river, Nif stream and particularly Gediz river in our region, by means of the absorbents that can be obtained economically and in a convenient way by utilizing the wastes generated in the factories of the same region and natural resources. It is intended to determine the optimum conditions for absorbing chromium from leather waste water with the use of gypsum waste, which can be obtained in a highly economical way and the way of utilization is being sought as the abundant waste of the Serel ceramic factory. Serel Ceramics gypsum waste 324 % Amounts �Total Alkali 0.00 Na2O 0.00 Fe2O3 0.03 MgO 0.19 Al2O3 0.30 SiO2 0.38 CaO 32.51 SO3 45.85 Lime saturation factor 118.84 The works intended to determine the Cr(VI) absorption percentage and absorption parameters of gypsum waste will continue to be carried out in the next season 2. EXPERIMENTAL PART In consequence of the measurements made on the sample taken in the waste water purification facility established in order to purify the waste water of Manisa Horozkoy Leather Enterprises, ph = 9 and Cr+6=14,82 ppm values were obtained. Heavy metal determinations were measured with an AAS equipment and gypsum structure was determined by means of a x-ray spectrometer. Table 1.Results of the structural analysis of Serel factory gypsum wastes, conducted with xray spectrometer. Component SiO2 CaO % 32,51 0,38 Fe2O3 0,03 Al2O3 0,30 MgO 0,19 SO3 Loss on Ignition 45,85 21,11 The K2Cr2O7 solution formed for determining the optimum conditions was prepared as 20 ppm. No centrifugation was applied after the treatment with gypsum and sample was taken after a waiting time of 5 to 10 minutes 325 �Table 2. Absorbed Chromium amount concentration (ppm) according to the gypsum amount added to the solution prepared at 100 ml, 200ppm, pH = 9, T = 15C0, t =1 hour, Mixing speed = 500 rpm Gypsum amount added (g) Absorbed (ppm) Chromium Amount 3g 5g 10 g 15 g 20 g 25 g 14,864 15,272 15,66 16,252 16,232 16,253 Figure 1. Absorbed chromium amount concentration (ppm) according to the gypsum amount added Table 3. Absorbed Chromium amount concentration (ppm) according to the granule size of gypsum added to the K2Cr2O7 solution prepared at 100 ml, 200ppm, pH = 9, T = 15C0 t =1 hour Mixing speed = 500 rpm Gypsum amount = 15 g Granule Size of Gypsum (mesh) Absorbed Chromium Amount 326 1 2 3 4 5 16,120 16,422 16,534 16,765 16,925 �(ppm) Figure 2. Absorbed chromium amount concentration (ppm) according to the gypsum amount added Since 500 mesh size gypsum was dissolved in 1 hour with 500 rpm mixing speed and left layer of sludge at the bottom, greater granule size gypsums were given priority in the tests. Table 4. Absorbed amount of chromium according to the mixing speed applied to the 100 ml 200 ppm K2Cr2O7 solution prepared at ph = 9 T = 15 C0, t = 1 hour , gypsum amount = 15 g, gypsum size = 5 mesh Mixing Speed (rpm) 100 Absorbed Chromium 12,120 Amount (ppm) 327 200 300 400 500 700 12,850 14,450 16,700 16,910 14,550 �Figure 3. Absorbed chromium amount according to mixing speed. Table 5. Absorbed amount of chromium according to the mixing duration applied to the 100 ml 200 ppm K2Cr2O7 solution prepared at ph = 9 T = 15 C0, t = 1 hour , gypsum amount = 15 g, gypsum size = 5 mesh Mixing speed = 500 rpm Duration Hours 1 Absorbed Amount 16,825 17,155 17,875 18,110 19,220 19,180 (ppm) 328 2 3 4 5 6 Chromium �Figure 4. Absorbed chromium amount according to mixing duration. Table 6. Absorbed chromium amount according to different temperatures of 100 ml, 200 ppm K2Cr2O7 solution prepared at ph = 9 , gypsum amount = 15 g, gypsum granule size = 5 mesh, mixing speed = 500 rpm, t = 6 hours Solution Temperature (Co) Absorbed Chromium Amount (ppm) 329 15 20 25 19,080 19,180 19,300 30 35 40 19,280 19,220 19,240 �Figure 5. Absorbed chromium amount according to the varying temperatures of the solution. Due to the observation that the temperature does not have a significant effect on absorption, it was decided to use the temperature 15 Co in economical terms. Table 7. Absorbed chromium amount at varying pH values of the 100 ml, 200 ppm K2Cr2O7 solution prepared with gypsum amount = 15 g, gypsum size = 5 mesh, mixing speed = 500 rpm, t= 6 hours T = 15 Co Ph Absorbed Chromium Amount (ppm) 330 9 8 19,200 18,875 7 6 5 18,920 18,850 18,540 �Figure 6. Chromium amount absorbed at varying levels of pH applied to the K2Cr2O7 solution. The optimum absorption conditions obtained with the implementation of 6 different parameters to the 200 ppm, 100 ml K2Cr2O7 solution were determined as follows. Granule size Gypsum amount pH Mixing speed t(time) T CO 5 Mesh 150 g/L 9 500 rpm 6 hours 15 CO When all these parameters are implemented on the 200 ppm, 100 ml K2Cr2O7 solution, the total absorbed amount of chromium was 18,252 ppm and exhibited that 91,26% of chromium can be absorbed. When the same parameters were implemented on the leather waste water sample taken before purification with pH = 9 and 14,82 ppm chromium content the absorbed amount of chromium was measured to be 13,894 ppm and the remaining chromium content in the solution was 0,926. With this, it was determined that 93,75% of chromium was absorbed. Table 8. Absorbed amount of chromium in the standard solution and leather waste water under the optimum conditions are given in the table below. pH = 9 Mixing Speed = 500 rpm Granule Size = 5 Mesh t = 6 hours T = 15 CO Gypsum amount = 150 g/L 331 Absorbed amounts in Absorbed amounts in the the 200 ppm, 100ml 14,82 ppm, leather waste water K2Cr2O7 solution �18,252 ppm 13, 894 ppm 91,26% 93,75% 3. DISCUSSION For the purpose of achieving 90% tanning in leather industry CrCl3 component is used and oxidized to Cr(VI) with the various salts, oils and chemicals in the medium. While Cr(VI) is toxic for livings, a trace amount of Cr(III) is necessary for the main structure of glucose, fat and protein metabolism. Cr(VI) causes liver destruction in livings and defoliates plants and trees (4). Cr(VI) limits set forth by the water control regulation is zero for drinking waters, 20 ppb in utility waters and 50 ppb in irrigation waters (5). The Cr(VI) amount was measured as 14,82 ppm and pH=9 in the waste water of Manisa Horozkoy leather industry. Examining the use of various natural absorbents on Cr(VI) shows that bone dust absorbs 66,6% (2), nutshell absorbs 80% (1), CACMM2 absorbs 83% (11), marl soil absorbs 86,3% (6) and activated clinoptilolite absorbs 0,624 mg/g (7) of Cr(VI). In our study it was aimed to absorb the Cr(VI) content in the waste waters of Horozkoy leather factory in our region, which pollutes Gediz river and is highly toxic for livings and plants, by means of the gypsum wastes of Serel ceramic factory that is not utilized in any way and that constitutes a stock problem. After determining and applying the optimum conditions in terms of pH, temperature, gypsum amount, mixing speed, mixing duration and gypsum granule size parameters to leather water at solution temperature and pH, the 14,82 ppm of Cr(VI) was reduced to 0,926 ppm and an absorption of 93,75% was achieved. It was aimed to absorb a waste with another kind of waste and it was determined that gypsum substantially enabled this. It was observed that Cr(VI) can be absorbed by only breaking gypsum into nut size and after a mixing of 6 hours. REFERENCES Gunden U., Uysaler K., Advisor: Prof. Dr. Ali Celik, ―Usability of Nutshell in Cr(VI) Absorption‖, Undergraduate Thesis, Manisa-2004. Kaymakci U., Ozenen E., Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr Yuksel Abali, ―Absorption of Cr+6 Ion in Leather Waters into Bone Dust‖, Manisa-2004. 332 �Carrillo_Morales G., Davila-Jimenez M.M., Elizalde-Gonzalez M.P., Pelaez-Cid A.A, Removal of Metal Ions From Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on the Natural Adsorbent CACMM2, Jaurnal of Chromatography A, 938, 237-242, 2001. Townshend, A; Encylopedia of Analitical science, Academic Pres, Londan, 1995. Water Pollution Control Regulation Official Gazette: 31 December 2004, Issue: 25687. Özdemir C. et al., ―Examination of purification of leather industry wastewaters with the use of the marl soils of Basyayla(Karaman) region‖, D.E.U Science and Engineering Journal, Issue: 3 5.57-64, October 2004. Toprak R.Girgin I., ―Removal of chromium from leather industry wastewaters with activated clinoptilolite‖, Turk J Engin Enviran Sci 24(2000), 343-351 TUBITAK. Water Resources Conservation for Sustainable Agricultural Development F. Ozge Uysal, Onder Uysal Faculty of Agriculture, SuleymanDemirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mail: onderuysal@sdu.edu.tr 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1.Water resources consumption Increase of population and insufficient water resources has led to environmental pollution has reached substantial levels with use of synthetic and chemical inputs as a result of the increase in production. Decreasing available water resources brings on a serious water shortage problem. Allliving things are negative affected by theenvironmentalpollution. The loss of speciesin nature, instead of use of biological control use chemical control, thehormonesto increasefood production have a verynegativeforecology. The main reason for environmental pollution and degradation of the natural balance in ecosystem, consumption increased rapidly due to increasing population and increased use of fossil proliferation of products. 1.2.Water resources conservation One of themostimportantaim of sustainableagricultureandruraldevelopment is toprotectandconservethecapacity of thenaturalresourcebasetocontinuetoprovideproduction, environmentalandculturalservices. 333 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1263 Title A name given to the resource Removel Of Chromium (Vi) From Leather Industry Waste Water By Adsorbtion Methot Author Author Yavuz , Mesut Abstract A summary of the resource. Environmental pollution is an event that causes deleterious changes in the physical, chemical or biological properties of air, water, soil or nutrients, which in turn negatively affects humans' or other living organisms' health, living or activities (1). Development of industry and rapid population growth brought along pollution and consequently pollution of water sources. Today, the heavy metals present in drinking and utility waters are amount the most serious pollutions and pose a great threat for public health. Water used in industry is one of the sources of water pollution. As mentioned earlier, heavy metals have a respectively more important place in water pollution. Heavy metal pollution is caused by the liquid wastes of many industries such as metal coating, mining, tanning, chlorine-alkali, radiator production, melting, battery production and alloy industries. The facts that water is indispensable for life, and that it is used constantly in all areas of life set forth the importance of preserving water sources and the necessary level of water quality for drinking and using. All kinds of substances that may be in water is harmful to health over a certain concentration. Due to this reason, the pollutants in water have to be removed. Examining the studies in the literature concerning the removal of Cr(VI) ions from waste waters shows that the Cr(VI) ion defoliates plants and trees and reduces yield particularly when the waters of the streams it is discharged to is used for agricultural irrigation, reduces meat and milk yield when used in breeding, and causes allergic reaction upon contacting humans. It is also seen from the literature that, in addition to the chemical methods, also factory wastes (sunflower meal, bagasse, glaze waste, gypsum waste, marble powder, fly ash, etc.) that are more economical and natural resources (marl, cinder, red loam, etc) are used for removing Cr(VI) ion, which is classified as a heavy metal, from water and successful results are obtained from these methods. Our purpose in this study is to plan the removal of the heavy metals, 90% of which are used in the leather industry and oxidized to Cr(VI) ion causing pollution in the Menderes river, Nif stream and particularly Gediz river in our region, by means of the absorbents that can be obtained economically and in a convenient way by utilizing the wastes generated in the factories of the same region and natural resources. It is intended to determine the optimum conditions for absorbing chromium from leather waste water with the use of gypsum waste, which can be obtained in a highly economical way and the way of utilization is being sought as the abundant waste of the Serel ceramic factory. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a23c566e066be5dd07a3ecf310d27091.docx f5475cad17af49b7e02660476f856cc5 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/51ac459ad69a7d63bda2fc39bcba59dc.pdf 07cf07381758042af93b68c7174b6147 PDF Text Text RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Semir Sakanovic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina symorgh13@gmail.com Keywords:magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD), electricity, energy sources, applications, power generation. ABSTRACT The electricity requirements of the world are increasing at alarming rate and the power demand has been running ahead of supply. It is also now widely recognized that the fossil fuels (i.e., coal, petroleum and natural gas) and other conventional resources, presently being used for generation of electrical energy, may not be either sufficient or suitable to keep pace with ever increasing demand of the electrical energy of the world. Also generation of electrical power by cold based steam power plant or nuclear power plants causes pollution, which is likely to be more acute in future due to large generating capacity on one side and greater awareness of the people in this respect. The recent severe energy crisis has forced the world to develop new and alternative methods of power generation, which could not be adopted so far due to various reasons. The magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation is one of the examples of a new unique method of power generation. The other non-conventional methods of power generation may be such as solar cells, fuel cells, thermo-electric generator, thermionic converter, solar power generation, wind power generation, geo-thermal energy generation, tidal power generation etc. This paper elucidates about Different Energy sources, why we are going for non-conventional energy sources, Different non-conventional energy sources & comparison between them, about fuel cells and their applications. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2150 Title A name given to the resource RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Author Author SAKANOVIĆ, Semir Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords:magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD), electricity, energy sources, applications, power generation. ABSTRACT The electricity requirements of the world are increasing at alarming rate and the power demand has been running ahead of supply. It is also now widely recognized that the fossil fuels (i.e., coal, petroleum and natural gas) and other conventional resources, presently being used for generation of electrical energy, may not be either sufficient or suitable to keep pace with ever increasing demand of the electrical energy of the world. Also generation of electrical power by cold based steam power plant or nuclear power plants causes pollution, which is likely to be more acute in future due to large generating capacity on one side and greater awareness of the people in this respect. The recent severe energy crisis has forced the world to develop new and alternative methods of power generation, which could not be adopted so far due to various reasons. The magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) power generation is one of the examples of a new unique method of power generation. The other non-conventional methods of power generation may be such as solar cells, fuel cells, thermo-electric generator, thermionic converter, solar power generation, wind power generation, geo-thermal energy generation, tidal power generation etc. This paper elucidates about Different Energy sources, why we are going for non-conventional energy sources, Different non-conventional energy sources & comparison between them, about fuel cells and their applications. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d69e7fef77014540d59a832dc2fc1424.pdf 8ba2147f93420fa7b9e2747d4569c4e8 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Report on : Students expenditure and the economic recession Kerim Hadziabdic Inetnatinal Burch University Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract All subjects were selected from International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), data was collected using questionnaire which is attached to the research paper. There are two types of data which is local student’s data and foreign student’s data. The findings from research are representing that foreign students as well as local students are affected by current economic recession. 1.INTRODUCTION THE ECONOMIC recession which had taken place on 2008-2009 had a global implication all around the world. Like any other economic recessions before, it had been triggered by a widespread contraction succeeding an economic bubble. As for the case of 2008-2009, the bubble that blew before the event was the increasing number of subprime mortgages and lending of individuals due to low interests. It had mainly originated from the United States, and when it had a dire critical economic meltdown, no other country in the world could escape the repercussions. Contingency ripple took place and country as far as Malaysia too were well effected by the economic recession. An economic recession is a phenomena of which it effects almost any if not every aspect of individuals who rely on money and the common market. Thus students, like any other individuals are part of this economic equation and are subject to impact to any economic circumstances. Malaysia has over 900,000 students currently enrolled in public and private higher education institutions (Ministry of Higher Education, 2009). This number includes foreign students who had become part and element of the Malaysian financial market. Both students wether local or foreign are well included in economic activities, either by saving money in banks, selling or buying things, or spending on services provided by the higher institutions. The great number of university students thus cannot be easily overlooked in the implications of the economic recession. The economic crisis has had an impact on their family’s finances and many have felt an effect on their own financial lives. The crisis also ultimately affected students’ confidence, behavior, trust in financial institutions and overall well-being. 2.SELECTION OF PROBLEM The economic recession may had happened almost two years ago, but no one could deny the economic repercussions still lingers today. Students engaged in many economic activities on a daily basis. Many like foreign students that recite at IIUM deal with money transactions that involve external as well local curacies. The global economic crisis 20082010 influences these transactions in many ways. Whilst Malaysians claim they were not badly affected by global economic crisis which originates mainly in US and Europe none the less on a longer time scale it would have altered the economic behavior of locals. The issue 299 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo here is how economic recession indirectly have an impact on the students pockets beat it the local students or foreign students of IIUM. Both types of students leave in a quiet similar and controlled environment and even consume common life style. What should differ on these students is their source of savings or money gotten of their parents whom would be more directly affected by the economic recession. Thus, the study aims to look into aspects of expenditure on a much localised scenario. It would be interesting to note how this particular phenomenon would have direct or indirect implication on student’s expenditure of various backgrounds. 2.1.Objective of study This paper tries to examine the two main components which are the type of student of IIUM and the level of changes on their expenditure habits after the global economic recession. These students which are between ages 18 to 30 are at their beginning of financial maturity and independence. Many of which decide their own economic decisions. However they still rely on a given source of income weather it is from their parents, scholarships or any other forms of financial assistance. By identifying the students of these various backgrounds it is possible for us to analyse the indirect impact of current economic recession on the students, furthermore they are also the factor of foreign and local students of IIUM who may act differently on the level of economic implications they meet with. This study also hopes to identify whether the economic behavior of students on the account of their expenditure are influenced by where they are from (foreign or local) in the event of an economic recession. The findings of this research would help in many ways of decision making of related authorities such as the university, or even at a personal financial management on a similar economic circumstances. 2.2.Research Questions Are student’s spending habits effected by an economic recession? Which type of student is more responsive towards the change in an economic recession, the locals or foreign? 3.Literature Review Malaysia had its bumpy road in facing the uncertainties of modern global economy. Global economic crisis of recession, inflation, bubble burst, and oil crisis are the examples of problem faced by Malaysia and without exception, most countries in the world. The global economic recession of 2008-2009 like any others before had effected considerably on all aspects of life of the public. What had actually caught my attention is that how many had undermined the role of young adults , typically students had anything at all to do with such global economic crisis. Many argue that students; whom may still heavily rely on parents or government in funding them, are best unaffected by the greater economic phenomenon. Students simply don't care, since they do not work or earn for money and oblivious to the hardship of their parents. Of course, these are generalization and a well attained myth of ungrateful sons and daughters who would plunder the money of their parents if not the tax payers money. The truth is that students are at a great stage of transitional period to financial 300 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo and psychological maturity. They’ve begin to deal problems and issues identical to those faced by working adults and had become a more responsible individual part of a greater society. Issues of monetary crisis that may had happened on a greater international and state level definitely trickles down to the general public and to students with no exception. Malaysia has over 900,000 students currently enrolled to both private and public universities (a good 3% of the population of Malaysia as of 2010) and a number that much could not escape any of the country’s economic equation. The well known by-product of any economic recession is the increasing number of unemployment as well as prices of goods, followed by the mass withdrawal from ordinary expenditure. Replicating this at the very micro level, a student has as much to worry about it than any other regular working adult. The scarcity of jobs offered by the market and the constant struggle of fresh graduates with existing unemployed workforce had become a nightmare of students who yearns for a sense of approval from the society and parents. While enrollment was related directly to salaries and employment opportunities for college graduates, it was related inversely to wage and employment opportunities for non college graduates (Freeman 1975; Handa and Skolnik 1975; and Mattila 1982). Whilst many studies focuses on the financial troubles faced by students who intends to pursue their studies ( i.e unaffordable tuition fees ) and prospect of working after graduating, little attention had been laid on financial difficulties faced when they are still enroled to a particular university. A review of university choice studies examined the differences changes in student responses to five key components of university cost: tuition, room and board(hostels), travel, cost of foregone earnings, and financial aid ( Leslie and Brinkman 1987, pp 195-197 ). These variables are the focus of a students financial planning, and come what may an economic recession or financial abysmal that may had befallen them, this issues still holds a primary importance. However, on an account of an economic recession may well effect how students handle their money, on a fixed cost ( i.e. books, transport, food ) or for leisures. An assessment done by National Institute of Endowment for Financial education on how a recession impact cripples student’s finances, they've concluded that 93% of students have felt and effect on their own financial lives. The crisis also ultimately affected student’s confidence, behaviour, trust in financial institutions and overall well being. This data stems from the landmark study Arizona Pathways to Life Success in University Students (APLUS), funded by the National Endowment for Financial Education. At the height of the economic crisis (February 2009 to April 2009), researchers at the University of Arizona completed Wave 1.5 of a longitudinal study of how young adults develop financial attitudes and behaviors.* In addition to that, this study stresses on how the economic recession of 2008-2009 would have direct or indirect implication on student’s expenditure and it would have to be addressing to students enrolled to local Malaysian university. IIUM fits in this category and boasts to have almost 13,000 students studying there. By implicating the idea of students difficulties in their finances (which is more or less covered under their expenditure behaviour) I hope to define not just how a student’s pocket can relate to an economic 301 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo recession but also on what are the common patterns that drive a typical students expenditure on day to day basis. By principle, a student will face either shortage of financial funds from their parents (as parents too had to reshuffle their expenditure planning due to an economic recession ) or the scarcity of financial aids from the government ( loans, endowments PTPTNs). This will deliberately alter their lifestyle and expenditure (ie, going less outings, and reside on cheap hostel food). I have also noticed that under the administration of Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak, much emphasis had been focused on students financial aids and welfare. According to his speech in introducing the supplementary supply (2009) bill, he mentions that the Government is willing to provide various subsidies, incentives and assistance for fuel consumption, food security, scholarships and educational assistance as well as social welfare programs. The allocation for subsidies and other assistance in 2008 totaled RM 34.1 billion or 22% of total operating expenditure and RM6 billion is accounted for helping students (Najib, 2009; Supplementary Supply (2009) Bill ). Finally, the study sets to look at the differences of expenditure behaviour that exists between local and foreign students on similar economic condition. IIUM is well known to have a great number of foreign students which stays for the average period of 3 - 5 years to complete a course. Given the long tenure of these students in Malaysia, foreign students may endure similar economic activities just as the locals do. However, there are many more variables that may influence their behaviour of spending, for which this study is trying to analyse. In comparison to the local students, a foreign student is expected to be more responsive to an economic recession. Thus , I am determined to have a full study of behaviour of the students expenditure on a given economic climate, namely due to the economic recession of 2008-2009 and discuss how local and foreign students cope up with it. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - Change in currency 40,00 rates 10,0 Decrease of Economic0 expenditure Crisis 20, 00 Increase price of goods Parents 200 decrease 2 expenditure 50,0 on 20, 0 00 Increase in savings Foreign students Local students DI TXV 10 ,0 Decrease in Spending less time on outings 0 students income 0, 00 DI TİV Reluctance of using credit services (EXPENDITUR E) Area of interest This study’s theoretical framework is inspired in replicating the research done by Fig. 1.1 - A model of Students expenditure and the economic University of Arizona completing a longitudinal study of how young adults develop financial recession 302 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo attitudes and behaviors. However, due to limited sources and time frame given this study seeks to carry a vertical cross-section of a given number of students of IIUM in a single survey. It is, perhaps, easier to understand the nature and function of a theoretical framework if it is viewed as the answer to two basic questions: 1. What is the problem?  Why is this study’s approach a feasible solution? Starting with the sample, it should be noted that this study is conducted on a short semester period, and that the number of students enrolled for the semester is considerably much lower than of a normal long semester. Nonetheless, this study aims to produce a set of sample of students replicable to the population of students in IIUM. This study assumes that there shall be no expenditure differences between male and female students on a given economic circumstances, although these numbers should be well noted. In addition to that, variables such as student’s ethnicity, home of residence, and their GPAs are well accounted for analyzation. The data collection method preferred in the study is survey questionnaire, which respondents can complete in less then 10 minutes about their family financial environment, attitudes and behaviour on the recent economic crisis and etc. Figure 1.1 demonstrates how variables should relate to one another, forming the proposed research question; Would students spend less following an economic crisis, if so are foreign students more responsive in such circumstances? Taking the economic crisis of 2008-2009 as a starting point, it led to several foreseeable effect, namely decrease of expenditure in the public and the increase price of goods. As stated earlier, the sample is taken from within the student population of IIUM; the university is thus a controlled environment for which all students reside. All students are assumed to be financially dependent on their parents, at least on the term of student’s monthly additional income. Decrease in students income should indicate the following effect of parents decreasing the amount spent on their university enrolled child. I am therefore to generalize the spending habits of students narrowing them down to increase of savings, spending less time on outings, and or reluctance of using credit services all of which signifies student’s expenditure. Note 303 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo also there is an added variable to foreign students, for which involves in transnational financial transaction and should be responsive to the change of currency rates of their country to Malaysia. Data collection A questionnaire survey of 30 respondents had been carried out through a non probability sampling method. They had been approached at random, however, the research is conducted under quota sampling method. In order to match the real representation of the student population of IIUM, the study restricts the number of foreign students respondents to 7 out of 30 bringing the percentage to 23,3 % of the whole sample. This number reflect closely to the ratio of foreign student to local students in IIUM. Sample questionnaire is attached to Appendix. 304 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Data analysis Data analysis of respondents identity Figure 1.5 Student’s monthly income We can see that in figure 1.5, most students receive in an average monthly income of Rm300 to Rm600. However, for the top range of students monthly income of Rm700 and above is received by all foreign students. This importantly signifies that foreign students needs more money than local students. Figure 1.6 Occupation of Guardian It is important to also note the minimal background of students by knowing how their guardian is employed and financing them. 12 students out of 30 answered that their guardians are in private sector followed by 11 whom are self employed. This data signifies that average of students comes from a middle income families. Figure 1.7 Campus status As shown on figure 1.7, we can see that it correlates with figure 1.5, of students monthly income. The major 83% of students whom stays in-campus has the average income of 300-600rm. Many can rely on this minimal income because lifestyle is considerably cheaper by living in campus. Accommodation 305 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gathering the data, we could see on figure 1.2, that the respondents consists of more female than male. As stated earlier, there shall be no distinctions between the expenditure habit of male or female. In figure 1.3, the ratio is maintained to reflect the original student population of IIUM. The significance of year of intake tell us that there are more senior students compared to juniors. The fact is senior students would have much more financial awareness and experiences in managing their monthly income. Figure 1.2 Gender 306 Figure 1.3 Nationality Figure 1.4 Year of intake �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 1.8 Social outings However, it is interesting to note that despite most having only up to 600rm to spend on monthly basis, still there are many students (11 of them ) who enjoys a good social outings for 2 to 4 times a week. It just shows that , come what may, economic recession or not, socializing is still the main primary importance in a student’s life. Figure 1.9 Use of credit/debit card Most of the students does not use or own a credit or debit card. This number represents the number of local students whom rely mostly on cash based transactions whilst the rest (mostly foreign students) are dealing with credit/debit cards. Figure 2.0 Savings A lot of students find it unimportant to save if they have just enough cash for the monthly expenditure. However, there are students who would reserve not more than 25% of their monthly income for savings. If you could relate to figure 2.3 of students interest in part time employment, it goes to say that many are interested to have a minimal saving whilst increasing their monthly income. 307 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 2.1 Students perception towards price of goods Figure 2.1 explains that the economic recession has a greater and prolonged effect. Up to 93% of students believe that prices of goods are getting much expensive than before. Figure 2.2 Financial Assistance According to the result of the survey, up to 60% of the sample still greatly rely on their parents for financial assistance and difficulties. They feel more comfortable by gaining monetary help from their parents because it has been their primary source of income anyway. This data is followed by an equal distribution of respondents who would rely on friends or simply wait till difficulties is overcome. Figure 2.3 Part time employment As said earlier, figure 2.3 in students perception of having a part time job whilst studying shows the correlation of student’s need for extra money to cope up with the rise of price of goods. More over, many students also believe that they are mature enough to offer services to the job market, a determination to be part of the bigger society. 80 % of the students also consider that part time job would not effect their studies immensely. 308 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The questionnaire also provides an open ended question, enquiring on how students feel the economic recession of 2008-2009 had effect on them. This question tries to sum up the overall feeling and perception towards such economic scenario where prices goes up and how it influences their monthly expenditure. Up to 70% of respondents have the impression that the economic recession has little or no impact on their lifestyle or expenditure. This leaves us the rest 30 % (which represents 9 respondents ) all of whom said that they are uneasy with the increase price of goods and thought that they ought to get more money to handle difficult situations up. 6 out of this 9 respondents are foreign students and 3 are locals. This shows that foreign students are more conscious to the changes brought by an economic recession and is determine to deal with it. The survey continues by providing questions specifically asked on foreign students. These questions are designed to ask about activities done by foreign students in handling their finances. Foreign students response 309 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Students’s response : “ Prices are much expensive and more pocket money is needed to maintain such current lifestyle.” Effected by economic recession “ Things are getting pricier than usual, there is less to spend. “ Figure 2.4 Frequency in dealing with international banking transaction Almost all of foreign students deal with international banking transaction. 43% of who deals on a monthly basis. International students whom still rely on their parents who are back home get their money through international banking. International banking is one of the sector most vunerable to economic crisis. Following this question, many students said that at the recent currency exchange, they had less to spend. 310 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Discussion Consistent with the research question proposed, the questionnaire conducted had intended to get as much data to prove of disapprove the argument. Reviewing back to the question, are students spending habits effected by an economic recession, it is undeniable that students do admit changes. Although, infinite factors does influence in giving such result, I am certain that economic crisis plays a big and important role in effecting the financial lives of not just working adults but students as well. There is indeed a link between students financial management and the bigger economic picture, and we can well discard the myth that students are unaware of economic crises. From that the study gathered how students generally feel about the economic recession. Most of the local students receive in average of Rm300-Rm600 monthly and comes from a middle income family status. I believe them having to live on around Rm 400 a month would be modest at best. Yet, with prices of good increasing either through gradual inflation or economic crisis, they managed to maintain with that amount and many feel that they are least effected by the economic crisis, though they acknowledge their ability to spend less. On the other hand, the foreign students has been projected to have more for their monthly income, some up to more than Rm 1500. Comparing this to the local, it shows that the locals have greater confidence in their financial securities than that of the foreign students. Local students are surrounded by elements familiar to them, whilst foreign student having to adapt to a foreign culture, may think they need more to spend. Take for example, Ali ; a Palestinian student may not be easily accustomed to normal day to day food like rice and sambal belacan, a cheap source of food for local student. He may have to reside if not occasionally to an Arab food restaurant which is considerably more expensive. This is a classic example involving just food, though many other factors may lead as to why foreign students need more monthly income. ( communication, room, etc.) Ironically, where both foreign and local students differ in their monthly income, they still think social outing should not be missed. Most of the respondents continues to go for social outings despite the increase prices of goods. This agrees with such longitudinal study carried out by a research that confirms how university students spend time, 16 hours for which is dedicated to socializing (National Survey of Student Engagement, 2006; Nonis, Philhours & Hudson, 2006). 311 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Coming to the second proposed research question, the result shows that there are no clear sign that economic recession is a direct factor to their expenditure behaviour. The study can only conclude that due to foreign students avid involvement in international banking transaction compared to local student, they are more responsive and vulnerable to global economic consequences. Foreign students also replied that due to the recent currency exchange rate, many felt that they have less to spend. This somewhat is aligned to the hypotheses proposed by this study that ultimately, foreign students are relatively more responsive to global economic conditions than local students. Conclusion In conclusion we can say that student’s expenditure is affected by current economic recession. Foreign students are affected more because of currency rates, increase of prices of basic needs, and it always more expensive to study abroad than to study at home. There are several limitations in this study. The findings, among other things may not represent wider population of both types of students due to limited number of respondents. However, the number of respondents in this study still provides the insight indeed. As findings presented, foreign students have more expenditures compare to local student and their pockets are affected by economic recession. Bibliography Freeman, Richard B. 1971. The Market for College. Trained Manpower. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Handa, M.L , and Skolnik, M.L 1975 “Unemployment, Expected Returns, and the Demand for University Education in Ontario: Some Empirical Results.” Higher Education 4: 27, 43. Hilgert, M. A., Hogarth, J. M., & Beverly, S. G. (2003). Household Financial Management: The Connection Between Knowledge and Behavior. Federal Reserve Bulletin July: 309- 322. Leslie, Larry I., and Brinkman, Paul T. 1987. “Student Price Response in Higher Education: The Student Demand Studies.” Journal of Higher Education 58(2): 181, 204. Najib Tun Abdul Razak, 2009. “In Introducing the Supplementary Supply (2009) Bill 2009.” Ministry 312 of Finance. 12. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Nonis, S. A., Philhours, M. J. & Hudson, G. I. (2006). Where Does the Time Go? A Diary Approach to Business and Marketing Students’ Time Use. Journal of Marketing Education, 28, 121-134. Mattila, J. Peter, 1982 “Determinants of Male School Enrollments: A time Series Analysis.” Review of Economics and Statistics. 64, 242, 51. Ministry of Higher Education, 2009.( http://www.mohe.gov.my/educationmsia/index.php? article=mohe ) Green Economy-Green Sustainability-Green Ethics Nilgün Dolmaci, Nurdan Kuşat Süleyman Demirel Üniversity, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: nilgundolmaci@sdu.edu.tr, nurdankusat@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Although the concept ‘environment’ is perceived as a space where people live, it narrates an ecosystem in the broad sense. Ecosystem is described as a raw material store which fulfills the physical and biological needs. However, considering that the resources are scarce and the needs of people are limitless, it is clearly seen that the environmental resources are scarce as well. Within this content, efficient use of environmental resources has a great importance for sustainable development. Green economy approach brings a new perspective for the sustainable development. Since the degeneration in economic, cultural and historical environment led to development problems, green economy is an important instrument achieving sustainability in environmental values. In this study, green economy and green sustainability is handled from the point of decreasing the damage that environment and ecosystem are exposed. When it comes to solve the paradox between economic development and environment, the study touches on the green ethics perception which can be defined as getting and adopting the information, attitude and behavior that will preserve the living space and living quality of human beings both individually and globally. Keywords: Green Economy, Sustainable Development, Green Sustainability, Green Ethics 1. INTRODUCTION The words ‘green’ and ‘sustainability’ are usually used together. While the word ‘green’ represents the environment, ‘sustainability’ refers to convection of current resources to the next generation without any loss. Sustainable development, which is one of the most popular 313 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1338 Title A name given to the resource Report on : Students expenditure and the economic recession Author Author Kerim , Hadziabdic Abstract A summary of the resource. All subjects were selected from International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), data was collected using questionnaire which is attached to the research paper. There are two types of data which is local student’s data and foreign student’s data. The findings from research are representing that foreign students as well as local students are affected by current economic recession. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/785e604b5893e0c6ad0e415fb2c9d5b5.pdf 86599ed1304f95eb94eb9f939a9a0f3a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Research for Mathematics Anxiety of Students Attending Social Programs in Community Colleges: Yalova Community College Sample Salih Yıldız Yalova University, Yalova Community College slhyldz1@gmail.com The oldest description of mathematics anxiety is expressed as “the formation of emotional response syndrome against arithmetic and mathematics” by Dreger & Aiken in 1957 (Baloğlu, 2010:508). There exist many studies in literature to determine the mentioned anxiety. “Most of the problems to see mathematics anxiety put forth the fact that there exists no consensus for mathematics anxiety therefore various measurement techniques were developed. The first mathematics anxiety rating scale is created by Dreger & Aiken (1957) (Kazelskis, 1998:623). The study is prepared to clarify the reasons for mathematics anxiety of the students taken basic mathematics courses in Yalova Community College. Therefore surveys as anxiety rating scale (consisted of 10 items and created by Recep Bindak in 2005) are applied to 200 students and 175 of them are taken into account. SPSS 16 program is used to analyze the research data. Keywords: Education of mathematics, Anxiety, Mathematics anxiety, Yalova 248 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5465aa6b0ed9c9aa14f179cd3ab17f22.docx 42e85ad0d8486aa1db45327b69ea20b9 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2d8b163b2ea38ceec26a97e1ae779cbd.pdf 9f183ff6620a10d6914736de3294b59a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Research for Mathematics Anxiety of Students Attending Social Programs in Community Colleges: Yalova Community College Sample SalihYildiz Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey slhyldz1@gmail.com Abstract The oldest description of mathematics anxiety is expressed as “the formation of emotional response syndrome against arithmetic and mathematics” by Dreger& Aiken in 1957 (Baloğlu, 2010:508). There exist many studies in literature to determine the mentioned anxiety. “Most of the problems to see mathematics anxiety put forth the fact that there exists no consensus for mathematics anxiety therefore various measurement techniques were developed. The first mathematics anxiety rating scale is created by Dreger& Aiken (1957) (Kazelskis, 1998:623). The study is prepared to clarify the reasons for mathematics anxiety of the students taken basic mathematics courses in Yalova Community College. Therefore surveys as anxiety rating scale (consisted of 10 items and created by RecepBindak in 2005) are applied to 400 students and 175 of them are taken into account. SPSS 16 program is used to analyze the research data. Keywords: Education of mathematics, Anxiety, Mathematics anxiety, Yalova Introduction Anxiety is defined in broadest sense as an emotional situation which experiencing a sense of perceived weakness during the preparation of a perceived risk. Anxiety have three different varieties arising from personality, status, and event. Anxiety, caused by personality , in some individuals encountered in a continuous situation is a part of the human personality. Anxiety, caused by situation is defined as faced reaction to a significantly situation in a specific time. Finally, anxiety, caused by event experienced face of significant events (Ellis, 1994). Mathematics anxiety is defined by Miller and Mitchell (1994) as ; when students think about mathematics , illogical state of fear which causes to stay in concern, reduces the performance and hence preventing their learning. Hembree (1990) also stated that mathematics anxiety causes to creation of anxiety towards to mathematics such as decrease in mathematics achievement and avoidance of mathematics. For these reasons, mathematics anxiety is a serious problem, composed students mostly at the beginning of learning and solution is not easy(Hannula, 2005). Students who are under the influence of such a concern cannot acquire the desired level of knowledge of mathematics and they may choose the way of memorization without understanding, assimilating and conception of acquired mathematical information(Işık, Çiltaş and Bekdemir, 2008). About the reasons of mathematics anxiety, many studies have been proposed as possible causes (Lazarus, 1974), and emphasized on there may be a general concept that mathematics anxiety caused by interaction of mentioned many factors. We can state that a few of these factors are; factors sourced the field of mathematics, 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo educational factors, factors related to the attitudes of parents, personal values and expectations of the overall success. The relationship between mathematics anxiety and mathematics achievement is one of the areas that most interest for mathematics anxiety researchers (Zakaria and Nordin, 2008). However, there are differences in opinion about the effects of mathematics anxiety on mathematics achievement. Some studies could not find a remarkable link between mathematics anxiety and mathematics achievement (Boodt, 1980; Llabre and Suarez, 1985, etc.)... In a lot of studies serious findings were observed that mathematics anxiety have negative effect on the success of mathematics. (Dreger and Aiken, 1957; Richardson and Suini, 1972; Tobias and Weisbrod, 1980, etc.)... The Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is revealıng how the perceive the cognitive level of accounting through metaphors among graduate and undergraduate students. The purpose of the study is revealing mathematics anxiety at students who is studying at undergraduate program in Yalova \ Yalova University Vocational School and had mathematics lesson. The Methodology of the Study A 10-point anxiety scale questionnaire which developed by RecepBindak (2005) was implemented on participants and this questionnaire was evaluated. The data source has been generated from data which have been collected from students. SPSS 16 program was used for analysis of the data. Analysis of the Data Frequency and percentage of the data obtained from the results of used distributed. scale were After calculating score which obtained from 5-point Likert-type scale towards mathematics anxiety , these points , were subjected to relational statistics with variables.( gender graduated high school, transition state of university, going or not going to extra courses in preparation term of university entrance exams, department and class of university, learning methods, staying where during the academic year, like or dislike the teaching style of mathematics teacher, an effect on the success of the class course). In relational analyzes t-test and ANOVA test were used. Differences are expressed at the level of 0.05 in meaning. Findings and Conclusion In this section anxiety of vocational school students' to mathematics is analyzed according to various demographic information. 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 1: Differences in anxiety of mathematic according to gender of vocational school students Question 3: I’am always askedtomeworried. Gender N X concerned in Mathematics lessons a questionbeing Ss t Sd p 2,380 398 ,018 Female 229 2,52 1,283 Male 171 2,84 1,374 Question 5: I'm not afraidof anything else as well as Mathematics exams. Gender N X Ss t Sd p Female 229 2,76 1,401 2,767 398 ,006 Male 171 3,16 1,453 As shown in in Table 1, “I’m always concerned in Mathematics lessons a question being asked to me” and “I'm not afraid of anything else as well as Mathematics exams.” t-Test of these statements according to gender, P <0.05 significant difference was observed. According to these expressions female students more concerned than male students. In the analysis based on the transition of university status, there was not found any significant difference in any expression. Table 2: Differences in mathematics anxiety for vocational school students according to the state of going to extra course Question 8: I could not know how to study to mathematics exam. Gender N X Ss t Sd p Male 162 3,20 1,361 3,246 396 ,001 Female 236 2,76 1,332 As shown in in Table 2, the statement of “: I could not know how to study to mathematics exam.” Observed that according to t-test results which based on students went to extra courses or not, there is a p<0,05 level of significant difference. In this expression, anxiety of students who did not go to extra courses was significantly higher than students who went to extra courses. In analysis which made according to classrooms (1. Class, 2. Class), there was not found any significant difference in any statement. In analysis which made according to education type of students (regular education, secondary education) there was not found any significant difference in any statement. In analysis which made according to graduated high school type there was not found any significant difference in any statement. 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 3: The analysis of “I am scared that I cannot pass my class because of mathematics “statement according to department of education f , X , Ss Values Point Groups S 6 Office Services and Secretary Dept. Acc. And Tax Dept. Hotel, Restaurante and Catering Services Dept. Mark. and Foriegn Trade Dept. Transportation Servisec Dept. . Total ANOVA Results N X Ss 91 2,66 1,558 88 3,45 1,405 97 3,00 1,392 61 2,80 1,547 63 2,56 1,468 400 2,92 1,497 Source of Varience Between Groups Sum of Squares Sd 41,145 4 Avarage of Squares 10,286 In Group Total 853,453 395 2,161 894,598 399 F p 4,761 ,001 Students of Office Services and Secretary Department, Accounting and Tax Department and transport services department have expressed significant views different from each other. Students of the Accounting and Tax Department have expressed their feeling of “I am scared that I cannot pass my class because of mathematics “less than Office Services and Secretary Department and Transportation Services Department students’. Table 4: Analysis of statement “When I enter to mathematics, I feel puckered “according to education department f , X , Ss Values ANOVA Results Points Groups N X Ss Source of Varience Sum of Squares Sd S7 Office Services and Secretary Dept. Acc. And Tax Dept. Hotel, Restaurante and Catering Services Dept. Mark. and Foriegn Trade Dept. Transportation Servisec Dept. . Total 91 3,18 1,546 Between Groups 25,888 4 Avarage of Squares 6,471 88 3,81 1,321 In Group 809,994 395 2,051 97 3,37 1,333 Total 835,877 399 61 3,21 1,416 63 3,11 1,567 400 3,36 1,447 4 F p 3,156 ,014 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Students of Office Services and Secretary Department, Accounting and Tax Department and transport services department have expressed different views from each other significantly. Students of the Accounting and Tax Department have expressed their feeling of “When I enter to mathematics, I feel puckered “less than Office Services and Secretary Department and Transportation Services Department students’. In analysis based on education department, students of Accounting and Tax Department and Transportation Services Department have expressed different views from each other significantly. Students of the Transportation Services Department have expressed their feeling of “I could not know how to study to mathematics exam. “more than Accounting and Tax Department students’ In analysis based on education department, students of Office Services and Secretary Department, Accounting and Tax Department have expressed different views from each other significantly. Students of the Accounting and Tax Department have expressed their feeling of “Mathematics is so funny for me " more than Office Services and Secretary Department students’ In the analysis based on location where students stay in , there was not found any significant difference between location and mathematics anxiety. Do you like teaching style of mathematics teacher?" Question of the survey were analyzed according to the following conclusions; Students who strongly dislike (X=1,81) teaching style of mathematics teacher are expressed their feeling of “ Mathematics minds me complex, incomprehensible things. “ significantly more than strongly like (X=2,82) and like (X=2,55) students’. Again, who neutral like (X=2,27) and dislike (X=2,04 are expressed that statement significantly more than strongly like students’. There is a significant difference between groups of students who strongly like (X=2,89 teaching style of mathematics teacher and students neutral like (2,00) and students strongly dislike (X=2,00) about statement of “ It is hard for me to come to the blackboard in mathematics lessons”. The group of students which strongly like have expressed that it is less hard for them to come to the blackboard. There is a significant difference between groups of students who strongly dislike (X=2,14) teaching style of mathematics teacher and students dislike (X=1,96)) and students strongly like (X=3,04) about statement of “ I am always concerned in Mathematics lessons a question being asked to me “ 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The group of students which strongly dislike and dislike have expressed that they have more anxiety than strongly like students. There was not found a significant difference between groups of students who strongly dislike (X=2,14) teaching style of mathematics teacher and students dislike (X=2,37)) and students neutral like (X=2,58) and students like (X=3,01) about statement of “I'm not afraid of anything else as well as Mathematics exams.” The students who strongly like have expressed that they are less afraid from mathematics exam than other student groups. There is a significant difference between groups of students who strongly like (X=3,54) teaching style of mathematics teacher and students like (X=2,10) and students neutral like (X=2,56) and students dislike ( X=1,81) and students strongly dislike ( X=2,10) about statement of “ I am scared that I can cot pass my class because of mathematics “.The students who strongly like and like have expressed that they are less afraid than other student groups. There is a significant difference between groups of students who strongly like (X=3,93) teaching style of mathematics teacher and students neutral like (X=2,99) and students dislike ( X=2,67) and students strongly dislike ( X=2,76) about statement of “When I enter to mathematics, I feel puckered “.The students who strongly like have expressed that they feel less puckered than other student groups. There is a significant difference between groups of students who strongly like (X=3,45) teaching style of mathematics teacher and students neutral like (X=2,59) and students dislike ( X=2,56) and students strongly dislike ( X=2,43) about statement of “I could not know how to study to mathematics exam.” The students who strongly like have expressed that they are less worried about how to study to mathematics exam than other student groups. There is a significant difference between groups of students who strongly like (X=2,62) teaching style of mathematics teacher and other students about statement of “Mathematics is so funny for me “. Again there is a significant difference between group of students who like (X=3,25) teaching style of mathematics teacher and other student groups. There is not a significant difference between groups of students who neutral like (X=3,73) and dislike ( X=4,00) and strongly not dislike ( X=4,14). The group of students who strongly like feels that the most funny. The student group of like feels less funny than students who strongly like, but the student group of likes feels funnier than other three groups. There is a significant difference between groups of students who strongly like (X=3,79) teaching style of mathematics teacher and students neutral like (X=3,14) and students dislike ( X=2,76) and students strongly dislike ( X=2,67) about statement of “I am afraid to ask any question in mathematics lesson”. The students who strongly like are expressed that they are less afraid to ask any question than other three groups. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The following conclusions were reached by the survey when this question is analyzed “What is your opinion about Mathematics lesson contents?” There was not found a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics lesson is very easy (X=3,62) and who thinks easy (X=3,30) about statement of “Mathematics minds me complex, incomprehensible things. “. The students who think mathematics lesson is very easy are expressed the statement of “Mathematics minds me complex, incomprehensible things. “Less than other groups. The students who think neutral easy( X=2,56) are expressed significantly more than students who think very easy and easy. Also significantly less than students who think very difficult and difficult? Again, the students who think very difficult (X=1,53) have perceived that mathematics as more complex than students who think difficult (X=2,05) . There was not found a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics lesson is very easy (X=3,38) and who thinks easy (X=3,32). There is a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics lesson is neutral easy (X=2,57, difficult (X=2,09) and very difficult (X=1,42) about statement of “ It is hard for me to come to the blackboard in mathematics lessons”. The students who think mathematics is very difficult are significantly expressed that more than other groups. The students who think mathematics is difficult are less expressed that statement than students who think difficult but more expressed than other groups. The students who think neutral easy are less expressed than students who think difficult and very difficult but more expressed than students who think easy and very easy. There was not found a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics is very easy (X=4,25) and easy (X=3,68) about statement of “I am always concerned in Mathematics lessons a question being asked to me” There is a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics lesson is neutral easy (X=2,66), difficult (X=2,32) and very difficult (X=1,66). There was not found significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics lesson is neutral easy and difficult. There is a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics lesson is neutral easy and very difficult. The students who think very easy and easy they are the group which have less concerned. The group of students who think neutral easy is less concerned than student group who think very difficult but less concerned than student group who think easy and very easy. There was not found a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics is very easy (X=4,00) and easy (X=3,40) about statement of “Now i can understand but i am worried it will be more difficult” There is a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics lesson is neutral easy (X=2,53) and difficult (X=2,56) and very difficult(X=2,38). 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Although they understand from mathematics lessons, the students who think mathematics is very difficult, difficult and neutral easy are more worried that it will be more difficult than the students who think mathematics is easy and very easy. There was not found a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics is very easy (X=4,69) and easy (X=3,40) about statement of “I'm not afraid of anything else as well as Mathematics exams.” There was not found a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics lesson is neutral easy (X=2,53) and difficult (X=2,38) . But there is a significant difference between students who think mathematics is very easy , very difficult and students who think mathematics is neutral easy, very difficult and difficult. The students who think mathematics is very difficult are most afraid from mathematics lesson. There was not found a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics is very easy (X=4,69) and easy (X=3,40) about statement of “I cannot pass my class because of mathematics”. There is a significant difference between other groups. The students who think mathematics is very difficult (X= 1,67) they expressed they cannot pass class because of mathematics. more than the students who think mathematic is difficult (X=2,46).The students who think mathematics is neutral easy ,they expressed they cannot pass class because of mathematics. more than the students who think mathematic is very easy. There was not found a significant difference between groups of students who think mathematics is very easy (X=4,69) and easy (X=4,54 about statement of “When I enter to mathematics, I feel puckered ”. There is a significant difference between other groups. The students who think mathematics is very difficult ( X=2,11) expressed that statement more than students who think mathematic is neutral easy. The students who think mathematics is neutral easy expressed that statement more than students who think mathematic is easy and very easy. The students who think mathematics lesson is very difficult (X=1,78) ,they expressed statement of “ I could not know how to study mathematics” significantly more than the students who thinks mathematics is Difficult (X=2,44) and neutral easy (X=2,9). The students who think mathematics lesson is neutral easy (X=2,97) ,they expressed statement of “ I could not know how to study mathematics” significantly more than the students who thinks mathematics is easy (X=4,10) and very easy (X=4,44) . The students who think mathematics lesson is very easy (X=1,69) and easy(X=2,44)they expressed statement of “ Mathematics is so funny for me” significantly more than the students who thinks mathematics is neutral easy (X=3,15) . The students who think mathematics lesson is neutral easy, they expressed statement of “Mathematics is so funny for me” significantly more than the students who thinks mathematics is difficult (X=3,97) and very difficult (X=4,40) . The students who think mathematics lesson is very difficult (X=2,44) ,and difficult (X=2,97)they expressed statement of “ I am afraid to ask any question in mathematics lesson ” significantly more than the students who thinks mathematics is neutral easy (X=3,45) . The students who think mathematics lesson is neutral easy (X=4,38) ,they expressed statement of “ I am afraid to ask any question in mathematics lesson” significantly more than the students who thinks mathematics is easy (X=3,90) and very easy (X=4,38) . 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo References Baloğlu, M. (2010). An investigation of the validity and reliability of the adapted mathematics Anxiety rating scale-short version (MARS-SV) among Turkish students. European Journal of Psychological Education, 25, 507-518. Bindak, R. (2005), “F. Ü. Fen veMühendislikBilimleriDergisi”, 17 (2), 442-448 Boodt, M. (1980). “The Nature of the Relationship Between Anxiety Toward Mathematics and Achievement in Mathematics”, Dissertation Abstracts Int., 40: 5346A. Dreger, R.M. ve Aiken, L.R. (1957). “the Identification of Number Anxiety in College Population”, Journal of Educational Psychology, 48: 344-351. Ellis, R. (1994). “The Study of Second Language Acquisition”, Oxford University Press, 1994. Hannula, M. (2005). “Affect in mathematical thinking and learning. The Future of Mathematics Education and Mathematics Learning”. BIFEB Strobl. Austria, August. Hembree, R. (1990). “The Nature, Effects and Relief of Mathematics Anxiety”, Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 21(1), 33-46. Işık, Ahmet - Çiltaş, Alper – Bekdemir, Mehmet (2008). “Neccesity and Importance of Mathematics Education” KazımKarabekir Education Faculty, (KKEF) Magazine No:17, Year:2008. Kazelskis, R. (1998). Some dimensions of mathematics anxiety: a factor analysis across instruments. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 623-633. Lazarus, M. (1974). “Mathophobia: Some Personal Speculations”, National Elementary Principal, 53: 16-22. Llabre, M. ve Suarez, E. (1985). “Predicting Math Anxiety and Course Performance in College Women and Men”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32:283-287. Miller, L.D., Mitchell, C.E. (1994). “Mathematics Anxiety and Alternative Methods of Evaluation”, Journal of Instructional Psychology. 21(4), 353-358. Richardson, F.C. veSuinn, R.M. (1972). “The Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale: Psychometric Data”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19:551-554. Tobias, S. ve Weisbrod, C. (1980). “Anxiety and Mathematics: An Update”, Harvard Educational Review, 50(1): 63-69. Zakaria, Efandi ve Nordin, Norazah Mohd (2008). “The Effects of Mathematics Anxiety on Matriculation Students as Related to Motivation and Achievement”, Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education; Feb2008, Vol. 4 Issue 1, p27-30, 4p. 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1633 Title A name given to the resource Research for Mathematics Anxiety of Students Attending Social Programs in Community Colleges: Yalova Community College Sample Author Author YILDIZ, Salih Abstract A summary of the resource. The oldest description of mathematics anxiety is expressed as “the formation of emotional response syndrome against arithmetic and mathematics” by Dreger & Aiken in 1957 (Baloğlu, 2010:508). There exist many studies in literature to determine the mentioned anxiety. “Most of the problems to see mathematics anxiety put forth the fact that there exists no consensus for mathematics anxiety therefore various measurement techniques were developed. The first mathematics anxiety rating scale is created by Dreger & Aiken (1957) (Kazelskis, 1998:623). The study is prepared to clarify the reasons for mathematics anxiety of the students taken basic mathematics courses in Yalova Community College. Therefore surveys as anxiety rating scale (consisted of 10 items and created by Recep Bindak in 2005) are applied to 200 students and 175 of them are taken into account. SPSS 16 program is used to analyze the research data. Keywords: Education of mathematics, Anxiety, Mathematics anxiety, Yalova Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3