226 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/126c2b17d85acdc60acf95ce129a7828.pdf 84a806b2bafdcc8b485eee00927735c0 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Linking Green supply chain management with environmental Technologies and an application of technology selection Ömür Tosun1, Fahriye Uysal2 1Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 2Department of International Trade and Logistics, Ayse Sak School of Applied Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: omurtosun@akdeniz.edu.tr,fahriyeuysal@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract In this paper, relations between green supply chain management and environmental technologies are presented. Environment technologies are taken as preventing the pollution in forward supply chain, controlling pollution in reverse supply chain and technologies that improves the environmental performance in integrated supply chain. In the study, key criterion of technology selection is evaluated with Fuzzy AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process); their priorities are defined and by using these priorities technology selection is made. Having a significance part in company’s total cost, proper and suitable selection of technology investment is emphases. Keywords: Green supply chain management, Environmental technology, Fuzzy AHP 1. INTRODUCTION Today, by becoming more complex, the importance of environment-related activities has been extended in parallel to the improvements in environmental technology. The reason for this shift can be connected with the fast growth of industrialization in the world; the environmental and ecological impacts of products have become a major issue. Vachon (2008) emphasizes the relationship between environmental technologies and green supply chain practices. Playing a significant role in environmental technologies, if used efficiently and effectively, environmental technology is capable of being useful for the management of environmentrelated activities. Efficient and effective usage can only be gained if the technology is appropriate for the company. Wrongly selected technology can bring ineffective solutions and failure in environment-related activities. According to Hsu et al. (2010) technology selection is a multiple criteria decision-making problem. Among these, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is one of the most popular methods. People often use knowledge 376 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo that is imprecise rather than precise. The fuzzy set theory approaches could resemble human reasoning in use of approximate information and uncertainty to generate decisions. Because of the continuous increase in environmental costs, the effects of environmental issues on decision making process are getting more important (Schaltegger, 2000). In this paper, a study concerning environmental technology selection criteria for the mining industry is reported. The analysis has been executed adopting the FAHP technique, a fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making methodology that has been developed due to the imprecision in assessing the relative importance of attributes and the performance ratings of alternatives with respect to attributes. The work is structured in the following manner. In Section 2, a literature review of the green supply chain management is given. In Section 3, environmental technologies are grouped. In Section 4, the fuzzy AHP methodology is defined. An evaluation of technology alternatives, the proposed methodology and results are fully shown in Section 5. Finally, conclusions and considerations are reported in Section 6. 2. Green Supply Chain Management Green supply chain management (GrSCM) has its roots in both environment management and supply chain management literature. Adding the “green” component to supply chain management involves addressing the influence and relationships between supply chain management and the natural environment. Similar to the concept of supply chain management, the boundary of GrSCM is dependent on the goal of the investigator. The definition and scope of GrSCM in the literature has ranged from green purchasing to integrated green supply chains flowing from supplier to manufacturer to customer, and even reverse logistics (Zhu and Sarkis, 2004). GrSCM is gaining an increasing interest among researchers and practitioners of operations and supply chain management. The growing importance of GrSCM is driven mainly by the escalating deterioration of the environment, e.g. diminishing raw materials resources, overflowing waste sites and increasing levels of pollution. GrSCM is integrating environmental thinking into supply chain management, including product design, material sourcing and selection, manufacturing processes, delivery of the final product to the consumers as well as end-of-life management of the product after its useful life (Srivastava, 2007). Environmental management can be defined as the management of human’s interactions with environment and their impacts on environment. Environment management has developed significantly from its early stages in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Early environmental 377 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo efforts were based on controlling pollution emerging from individual sources. However, environmental management evolved into a systematic attempt to prevent pollution at the source and manage entire ecosystems in the 1990s (Nikbakhsh, 2009). Today, in order to reap the greatest benefits from environmental management, firms must integrate all members in the green supply chain. GrSCM has emerged as a way for firms to achieve profit and market share objectives by lowering environmental impacts and increasing ecological efficiency (van Hoek, 2000). 3. Environmental Technologies Environmental technologies can be defined as not only by the changes in the environment area but also with the new techniques and information containing environmental management systems, design and engineering for environment (Klassen and Whybark, 1999). Environmental technologies in manufacturing include implementing environmental audits of manufacturing facilities, reformulating products to lower their environmental impacts, covering open process tanks to reduce evaporation, training employees to prevent process leaks, and cleaning up underground storage tanks that leak. An environmental technology characterizes three categories based on the operations strategy literature: pollution prevention, pollution control, and management systems. Pollution prevention technologies: The term “pollution” refers to all nonproduction outputs, irrespective of any recycling or treatment that may prevent or mitigate releases to the environment. Pollution is the undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, land, and water that may or will harmfully affect human life or that of other desirable species, living conditions; or that may or will waste or deteriorate our raw material resources. The term “pollution prevention” refers to the combination of industrial source reduction and toxic chemical use substitution (Noyes, 1993). Pollution prevention technologies are defined as structural, not infrastructural, investments that reduce or eliminate pollution at the source (Vachon, 2007). Pollution control technologies: Pollution control has traditionally been carried out through two alternatives. 1. End-of-pipe treatment refers to the application of chemical, biological, and physical processes to reduce toxicity or magnitude of undesirable compounds to the environment. 2. Disposal involves the use of post process activities that can handle waste or hazardous materials at waste-management facilities (El-Halwagi, 1998). Pollution control technologies are also structural investments that ensure a proper disposal of waste, reduce the release of pollutants, or correct past environmental damages (Vachon, 2007). Management Systems: These environmental technologies are infrastructural investments that affect the way manufacturing is managed. They include efforts to formalize procedures for 378 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo evaluating environmental impacts during capital decision budgeting, to increase outside stakeholder involvement in managing operations, to increase employee training for spill prevention and waste reduction, to establish an environmental department, and to develop new procedures for cross-functional coordination (Klassen and Whybark, 1999). As being a close-loop supply chain, green supply chain is evaluated under two parts; forward and reverse supply chain, which is seen in the Figure 1. From the definitions of the environmental technologies, we propose three assumptions. 1. In forward supply chain, pollution prevention technologies have an important part in the physical flow of material, production and distribution. 2. In reverse supply chain, which consists of consecutive flows of collecting, transformation, assembly and re-manufacturing, pollution controlling technologies come forward. As a result of the pollution occurrences, controlling mechanisms will be used. 3. All the innovations, changes and technologies in the environmental issues are the part of the management system of the green supply chain. 4. Evaluation of Environmental Technologies with FAHP Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the well-known multi-criteria decision making techniques that was first proposed by Saaty (1980). Although the classical AHP includes the opinions of experts and makes a multiple criteria evaluation, it is not capable of reflecting human’s vague thoughts. The classical AHP takes into consideration the definite judgments of decision makers (Secme et al., 2009). By integrating fuzziness in AHP, prejudice or bias of the decision makers can be eliminated. 379 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Raw Material Suppliers Raw Materials Manufacturers Secondary Material Market Reusable Raw Materials Products Retailers RMF Reusable Materials Products Pollution Prevention Pollution Control Final Disposal Wastes Products Products Wholesalers Disassembly Plants Used Products Recycling Plants Used Products End-Customers Used Products Collecting Points Used Products Physical Flow Management System Figure 1. Interactions between GrSCM and environmental technologies (Sheu et. al. 2005) Chang’s extent analysis (Chang, 1996) for FAHP will be used in this study. Triangular fuzzy fuzzy numbers are used in the evaluation model of this paper. In this study, total of 9 criteria organized under 3 main criteria. The model ends with the alternatives that represent three different technologies. They have been chosen in order to represent different families of technology, which can be roughly assumed to be a first step to identify the right technology. The goal is the optimal selection of the environmental technology that fits the actual needs of the mining facility. By using the decision criteria selected from the literature and interviewed with one decision maker, environmental technology is evaluated for mining industry. In Figure 2, the hierarchy that has been defined and built to help in the technology selection process is shown. From Table 1, weight vector W = (0.331, 0.300, 0.369)T is calculated. The pressure criterion is the dominant factor, following by physical and financial factors in the technology selection procedure. Weight vectors for the sub-criteria are evaluated in the same way, but due to the page limitations they aren’t given here. 380 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Technology Selection Physical Financial Pressure - Technical - Capacity - Flexibility -Inst. costs - Maint. costs - ROI - Environmental - Regularities - Standarts Alt1 Alt2 Alt3 Figure 2. Hierarchical structure of the decision model Table 1. Fuzzy pair-wise comparison matrix Physical Financial Pressure Physical (1, 1, 1) (1/2, 1 , 3/2) (2/3, 1, 2) Financial (2/3, 1, 2) (1, 1, 1) (1/2, 2/3, 1) Pressure (1/2, 1 , 3/2) (1, 3/2, 2) (1, 1, 1) Although having similar weights, from the three alternative technologies, first alternative should be selected by the company which has the weight of 0.384, according to the Table 2. By integrating FAHP in technology selection process, the decision-maker is able to give more precise, sensitive and unbiased decision for these three alternatives. Table 2. Main criteria and alternative weights Physical Financial Pressure 0.331 0.300 0.369 Alt1 0,378 0,413 0,365 0.384 Alt2 0,247 0,287 0,271 0.268 Alt3 0,373 0,298 0,363 0.346 Weights Weighted values of main criteria Alternatives 381 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5. CONCLUSION Used in a fuzzy environment for decision-making, the fuzzy AHP is one of the multi- criteria decision-making methods. In this study AHP is used for selecting the best environmental technology from three different alternatives. For determining the criteria, interviews were conducted with the environmental experts of the company, and questionnaires were used for the evaluation process. The fuzzy AHP method can deal with the ratings of both quantitative as well as qualitative criteria and select the suitable software effectively. It’s seen that the fuzzy AHP method may be a useful additional tool for the problem of technology selection in environment management systems. In this study, the selection of the environmental technologies is evaluated under physical, financial and pressures criteria and their sub-criteria. The results show that the pressures criterion has the most significant weight in the selection process. According to the subcriteria results, technical properties in physical criterion, installation costs in financial criterion and environmental issues in pressures criterion are the most important sub-criteria. REFERENCES Chang, D.Y. (1996) Applications of the extent analysis method on fuzzy AHP, European Journal of Operational Research, 95(3), 649-655. El-Halwagi, M.M. (1998) Pollution prevention through process integration Clean Products and Processes, Springer-Verlag. Hsu, Y.L., Lee, C.H. and Kreng, V.B. (2010) The application of Fuzzy Delphi Method and Fuzzy AHP in lubricant regenerative technology selection, Expert Systems with Applications, 37, 419–425. Klassen, R.D., Whybark, D.C. (1999) The impact of environmental technologies on manufacturing performance, Academy of Management Journal, 42(6), 599-615. Lee, A.H.I., Chen, W.C. and Chang, C.J. (2008) A fuzzy AHP and BSC approach for evaluating performance of IT department in the manufacturing industry in Taiwan, Expert System with Applications, 34, 96–107. Nikbakhsh, E. (2009) “R. supply chain and logistics in national, international and governmental environment” in Zanjirani Farahani et al. (eds.) Contributions to Management Science, Springer-Verlag Berlin. Noyes, R. (1993) Pollution Prevention Technology Handbook, Noyes Publications. Saaty, T.L. (1980) The analytic hierarchy process. New York: McGraw-Hill. Schaltegger, S. and Burritt, R. (2000) Contemporary Environmental Accounting: Issues, 382 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Concepts and Practice. Greenleaf Publishing Limited, Sheffield. Seçme, N.Y., Bayrakdaroğlu, A. and Kahraman, C. (2009) Fuzzy performance evaluation in Turkish Banking Sector using Analytic Hierarchy Process and TOPSIS, Expert Systems with Applications, 36(9), 11699-11709. Sheu, J.B., Chou, Y.H., Hu, C.C. (2005) An integrated logistics operational model for greensupply chain management, Transportation Research Part E, 41(4), 287-313. Srivastava, S.K. (2007) Green supply-chain management: A state-of-the-art literature review, International Journal of Management Reviews, 9 (1), 53-80. Vachon, S. and Klassen, R.D. (2008) Environmental management and manufacturing performance: the role of collaboration in the supply chain, International Journal of Production Economics, 111 (2), 299-315. Van Hoek, R.I. (2000) From reversed logistics to green supply chains, Logistics Solutions, 2, 28–33. Zhu, Q. and Sarkis, J. (2004) Relationships between operational practices and performance among early adopters of green supply chain management practices in Chinese manufacturing enterprises, Journal of Operations Management, 22, 265–289. Selection of Sustainable Warehouse Location in Supply Chain Using the Grey Approach Fahriye Uysal1,Ömür Tosun2 1Department of International Trade and Logistics, Ayse Sak School of Applied Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 2Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: fahriyeuysal@akdeniz.edu.tr,omurtosun@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Supply chain sustainability has recently gained an increasing attention in the supply chain context both from the practitioners’ perspective and as a research area. There have been many incentives for more sustainable warehousing in supply chains. Sustainable Warehousing includes activities such as, for example, terminal and warehouse location, proper storing and 383 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1133 Title A name given to the resource Linking Green supply chain management with environmental Technologies and an application of technology selection Author Author Ömür, Tosun Abstract A summary of the resource. In this paper, relations between green supply chain management and environmental technologies are presented. Environment technologies are taken as preventing the pollution in forward supply chain, controlling pollution in reverse supply chain and technologies that improves the environmental performance in integrated supply chain. In the study, key criterion of technology selection is evaluated with Fuzzy AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process); their priorities are defined and by using these priorities technology selection is made. Having a significance part in company’s total cost, proper and suitable selection of technology investment is emphases. Keywords: Green supply chain management, Environmental technology, Fuzzy AHP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5fec8cd774d679f4f530923928f0a772.pdf 13af9744cf15155436477155d4846c0e PDF Text Text localculturesandthatthepeopleshouldbenefitfromthistourismactivity‖. When eco-tourists make tourism activities, they can do agricultural activities. Such water resources, environmental pollution and global warming factors can provide with conservation ofwater quality. This also provides that effectivefertilizerin agricultural areas, efficient use ofpesticides and efficient useof water resources. 2.RESULT Therichgeographyandnaturalpotential of ourcountry is a bigchanceforthetypes of naturetourisms. However, if it is behavedunconsciously, theruin of environmentalvalueswillrapidly be inevitable.Sustainableagriculturemay be defined as consisting of environmentally-friendlymethodsof farmingthatallowtheproduction of cropsorlivestockwithoutdamagetohumanornaturalsystems.Recently, orientationtoecotourismstudyingshouldincreaseandthus, agriculturalenviromentalandglobalwarmingproblemsshould be solved.Theuse of agriculturalproducts ratherthan theuse of syntheticproductsshouldbe increase. Not onlyenvironmentalandtourismpurposesanndeclining waterresources, increase of population and in ordertomeet growing consumer needsshould be provided in thedevelopment of ecotourism. REFERENCES http://www.ekoturizmdernegi.org http://www.dsi.gov.tr Sustainable Development- Environmental Ethics Relationship Within Eu Environmental Policies Özcan Sezer, Şenay Işin 1.INTRODUCTION Environmental problems and approaches to environment have an important place within EU policies. There are major impacts of economic development on the inclusion of environmental issues to the Union‘s area of interest, which aims to integrate European Countries through economic, political and cultural areas and which foresees the free flow of capital, goods, services, labor. It is crucial to form environmental values and provide the member countries to internalize them in order to sustain development without giving harm to environment. In this context, environmental ethics reveals a conflict from the perspective of sustainable development. There emerges an area of conflict between attaining economic, social and cultural development on the one hand and taking into consideration of environmental values and environmental ethics during this process on the other hand. The desire to improve the living conditions at the member countries through providing economic, social and cultural development and to upgrade quality of life to a common level 336 �around the whole Europe are the reasons why the Union poses a common environmental policy. The increasing pressures on natural resources have put economic sustainability problem on the agenda and new problem areas such as climate change, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have revealed their reality in everyday life. Sustaining improvements in urban and rural residential areas; developing health precautions, eradicating regional inequalities can only be possible through sustaining a healthy and well balanced environment. One approach in environmental ethics bases on the responsibilities of current generation to future generations. In this context, environmental ethics is consistent with sustainable development concept but comprises a diverse dimension. This type of environmental ethics considers the human and human values while searching for solutions to environmental problems and emphasizes the understanding which saves that individuals and societies should have environmental values and environmental conscious in order to live a life in harmony with the nature. People are not seen as solely objects of development in this view of environmental ethics. The understanding as ―development regardless of its consequences‖ has threatened biological and genetic variety on earth. This type of understanding on development does not correspond to ethical understanding. In this study, conflicts between sustainable development and environmental ethics within environmental policies will be evaluated from the perspectives of anthropocentric, egocentric biocentric, ecocentric approaches of environmental ethics by considering approaches to environmental ethics within EU environmental policies. Sustainable development within EU environmental policies will be critically reviewed in terms of environmental ethics. 2.ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: SEARCHING SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES FOR SOLUTIONS TO Development as a goal has been evaluated with reference to its broad context emphasizing not only economic growth but also progress in social, political and cultural dimensions in society in an integrated way. Environment is focal to questioning development from the perspective of integrated evaluation of development. Hence, development without giving harm to environment sets the priority of questioning the relationship between environment and development. Environmental ethical approaches become critical when considering this priority. The critical understanding behind environmental ethics in its conceptual whole reveals as the moral responsibility of current generation for next generations. The ecologists take into consideration of human kind without making discriminations either between current and next generations or the ones who live and who are to be born (Heywood 2007: 337). Environmental ethics, as a new discipline that emerged in context of ethical philosophy in recent years, stresses the necessity of critically considering use of environmental resources and the pollution caused by people by paying attention to their impacts on other people in any activity concerning environment (Callicott 2005: 68). The concern of individuals for the future of their generations indicates the acceptance of responsibility of their own (Gower 1992: 11). What remain crucial are the extent of impact area of this responsibility and also realization of an international justice on the basis of sharing this responsibility equally by every country. Environmental ethics concept is closely related to ―environmental justice‖ contextually which partly looks into the equal distribution of resources among people (Woods 2006: 573). Environmental ethics approach becomes important within the context and implications of sustainable development due to its vision on intergenerational responsibility and justice. Thus, the inclusion of environmental ethics understanding into environmental policies at the 337 �national, regional and local levels becomes crucial. It is a fact that environmental problems would hardly ever be solved without considering their relations with administrative, political, economical structures; science and technology as a whole. It is a fact that understanding in context of environmental ethics reveals as a necessity in the way of evaluating environmental problems within an integrated perspective in today‘s world where the nature is being acceleratingly threatened and harmed by people. 3.Environmental Ethics Approaches Environmental ethics approaches, in its broader context, takes into consideration of relationships between human beings and nature as a whole. Governments, states and international organizations have started to propose solutions to environmental problems as they become perceived and evoke awareness from the 1970s onwards. The implementation of protective environmental policies have been begun to be implemented. These developments which inform the cognition of environmental problematic have been differentiated among themselves (Turgut 2009: 28). It is possible to determine these approaches as egocentric, anthropocentric, biocentric and ecocentric approaches. 1. Ego-centric Approach: This approach is an extreme antropocentric approach which presumes that human ego is the most important component in cognizing environmental porblematic (Turgut 2009: 29). Accordingly, no matter how nature is being harmed, the only entity that should be protected is always human being. In that respect, the only entity that deserves an ethical behaviour is proposed to be human being (Turgut 2009: 29). Ego-centric approach that sees nature as a resource to be used limitlessly by humans dates back to Renaissance and structures its eventual stage through the Industrial Revolution. Hence, it is admitted to put forward the perception categories of industrial societies (Ertan 1998: 135). 2. Anthropocentric Approach: Nature has been considered only indirectly in anthropocentric approach putting human beings at the focus (Ferry 2000: 24-25). In this approach, the aim of human activities is to compensate human necessities regardless of their costs (Turgut 2006: 29). Although it is accepted that biotic and abiotic entities other than human beings should be protected, this acceptance only exists to protect human interests. Hence, these entites are valueable only due to their provision of benefit for human beings. Likewise, the reason to value nature is to once again protect human interests. The understanding behind this approach is stated not to comprise any questioning on ethical and economical perspective particular to industrial society (Turgut 2006:29). 3. Biocentric Approach This approach is based on the acceptance of necessity to regard every biotic entity other than humans as subjects of law and the necessity these entities to be treated based on this understanding (Ferry 2000: 25). Accordingly, the mentioned biotic entities are described as all the entities that are able to feel pain and pleasure (Ferry 2000: 25). Biocentric approach emphasizes the importance of all the biotic entities, consisting of human beings, animals and plants in natural life, but it does not foresee an integrated approach to environment. The understanding behind the biocentric approach criticizes toxic chemical waste that threaten the health, beauty and security of urban and rural regions and ruin human environment; soil, air and water pollution; the development of built environment against natural resources at the coastal and urban areas; nuclear stations; the thinning of ozone layer and searches for alternatives for the human beings and other biotic entities to improve their lives (Ünder 1997: 83-84). 338 �4. Ecocentric Approach: Ecocentric approach regard biosphere and biotic organisms as important as human beings. Hence human beings are not taken into consideration as focal in ecocentric approach. Complementarily, the demand for right of nature on the whole including trees and all forms of vegetative and mineral structures lays the foundation of this approach. Ecocentric approach has not only become the dominant ideology of alternative environmental movements but also put forward the problem of questioning humanism once again and necessarily by using radical terms (Ferry 2000: 25). Ecocentric ethical approach comprises various movements such as deep ecology, ecofeminism, social ecology, eco-fascism. Aldo Leopold from the U.S, Hans Jonas from Germany and deep ecology approach have been effective in the emergence of ecocentric ethical approach. Deep ecology approach reflects the basic philosophy of ecocentric approach. Deep ecology founds on the criticism of the scientific understanding based on dominance of human beings on nature. The essence of the approach is that all entities including human beings are equal components of the living community on earth and hence human kind has no superiority than other entities (Turgut 2006: 29). Deep ecology claims that mechanical world view causes ecological problems and organic world view could solve them (Görmez 2003: 99). Deep ecology, as contrary to reformist (modern) environmentalism, puts nature to the focus, not human beings particular to the ecocentric perspective. Ecocentrism grounds the thought of protection of nature and variety within nature with the value embedded in nature itself, not the benefits of nature to be brought to human beings (Önder 2003: 96). 4.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF The relationship between sustainable development and ethical approaches to environment is basically founded on the concept of sustainability which binds conceptual areas of values, morality and human rights. Cleary, what relates these conceptual areas in sustainability concept is the idea of sustaining natural environment for the next generations and the acceptance of responsibility for the next generations as a moral attempt. Sustainability is taken into consideration as a technical concept which is based on environmental carrying capacity. However, moral, social and economical issues also remain focal to the concept. The core assumption of sustainability which is based on the transformation of polluting factors into factors that sustain environment friendly ones at multi dimension is closely related to system of values embedded in human life in every dimension (Kılıç 2006: 84). The interrelation between the ethical approaches to environment and sustainable development lies at the heart of the social and economic dimensions of sustainable development. Although taken into consideration as a technical concept based on carrying capacity, the social dimension of sustainability has been built upon adaptation and balancing of individual expectations and social demands whose dynamics also comprise concepts such as human dignity, autonomy and justice (Kılıç 2006: 94). In fact, this statement clearly puts the emphasis on the relationship of social dimension in sustainability with human rights which are at the very core of moral and legal common context of compromise. ―Sustainable development‖ is defined as ―the environmentalist world view that aim economic development without sacrificing the principle of use of environmental values and natural resources through rational methods so as not to lead splurge them and by taking into account of the rights and benefits of current and next generations‖ (Keleş 1998: 112). Having its roots 339 �in Stockholm Conference, sustainable development has firstly been introduced as a concept in Brundtland Report in 1987 (Turgut 2009). According to the report, sustainable development is ―compensating today‘s necessities without sacrificing next generations‘ opportunity to meet their own necessities‖ (Keleş 1998: 112). Sustainable development with its assumption that nature and environmental resources are limited and thus growth is also limited reflects a protective understanding towards environment. Sustainable development from the perspective of environmental ethics does not have an ecocentric perspective. Although the basic emphasis in sustainable development is repercussive dependencies between economy and environment (Turgut 2009) there emerges conflicts between sustainability of economic development representing only one dimension of development on the whole and sustainability of ecosystems due to the lack of questioning and restructuring at the economical, social and political stages. Sustainable development is seen as a solution on the basis of human and nature relations which is supported by the dominant production system (Kılıç 2006: 83). Sustainable development has become the ultimate determinant of environmental policies since the 1980s which has had an impact area that also relates to economical and social development (Mengi ve Algan 2003: 2). Integrating economical and social development with environmental ethics is important in terms of environmental policies. Ethical values in context of environmental philosophy have been defined as the potentialities of realizing right action and way of living. Ethical area has been enlarged through human beings‘ accelerating capability of regulation and management for both nature and social institutions. In addition, all human problems consisting of natural nutrition, inadequate education, housing in bad condition, very high population, unhealthy living conditions, deteriorated natural environment have enlarged the area of ethics (Ertan 1998: 127). The existence of biotic and abiotic entities other than human beings and the preservation of the right of the universe to be in balance reveal why approaches based on ethics should be internalized (Ertan 1998: 129). One other dimension in discussion on environmental ethics and sustainable development is environmental right concept. Environmental right is a third generation human right reflecting solidarity and intergenerational responsibility. Thus, environmental right acts as a bridge between policy formulations considering sustainable development and environmental ethical view. Sustainable development perspective serves to protect ecocentric ethical values in overcoming ecological crisis. However, it puts forward a rather different approach when compared to radical environmental approaches (Ergün ve Çobanoğlu 2012: 99). Environmental policy tools of sustainable development have been evaluated to be to the benefit of producers rather than being effective on consumption behaviours due to the relatively high costs of environmental policies that are beneficial to consumers. Today, even though environmental policy tools are implemented by use of modern technologies in many developed and developing countries, it is hard to control consumption behaviours. For this reason, it is expected for the way of lives and also behaviours to adapt to the requisites of sustainable development (Evans vd. 2005: 25). This is especially evident when observing the deep gap between consumption preferences, consumption forms and ecological balance. 340 �To what extent understanding behind sustainable development accord with ecocentric environmental ethics with reference to integrating with nature is contentious, because, sustainable development embodies both restorative and preventive policies (Kılıçoğlu 2005: 5). Restorative environmental policies are based on taking necessary precautions after any harm is given to environment. This understanding clearly does not refer to ecocentric environmental ethical view. Especially, sustainable development for some developed countries is conceptualized as simply protecting environment through protecting current development stage and welfare as well as improving quality of life (Mengi ve Algan 2003: 45). Environmental ethics understanding requisites ecological responsibility and sensitivity. Protection of both natural and cultural environment through taking into consideration of environmental right as a human right is critical for sustainable development since livable natural and cultural environment is essential for human dignity (Mengi ve Algan 2003:11). The most suitable tool for sustainable development to bind with next generations is the ecological component. This is obvious due to the fact that not only the regeneration capability of nature is being destroyed by human activity but also this threatens next generations‘ right to live as their basic right apart from their sustainability of welfare. (Ergün ve Çobanoğlu, 2012: 103). This issue once again attracts attention to the requisite of eliminating all the human behavior that harm environment and of adapting the idea behind these behaviours to environment (Kılıç 2006: 84). As a concluding remark, development and environment as comprising indispensible components are integral and cannot be conceptualized separately. Thus, social and economic structure, customs, culture and political system are as complementary to environment as natural components such as flora or water resources (Bener ve Babaoğul 2008: 4). That is why an environmental ethical approach that internalizes integrated view of human and environment should be the basic theme in sustainable development. 5.EU ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT A search for a common environmental protection understanding as a standard at the level of European Union has been due to economic reasons such as protecting free competition to make the common market more effective, rather than due to a perception of environmental problematic (Egeli 1996). Additionally, improving quality of life at the member states has been included directly to the environment protection understanding. Paris Treaty (1951) and Rome Treaty (1957) have remained as the first important steps taken to form EU environmental policies even though these treaties did not directly include any provision concerning environmental policies (Egeli 1996). The 1970s are important in terms of acceptance of the necessity of formulating environmental protection policies for the EU within the frame of Rome Treaty and the following period has witnessed the preparation of EU Environmental Action Programs (Turgut 2009).The EU Environmental Action Programs are important in terms of directing environmental policy area and its implications at the EU level. Coming from the 1970s to the 2000s, the basic events shaping environmental policy area and environment law can be set as Stockholm Conference 341 �(1972), World Charter for Nature (1982), Brundlant Report (1987), Rio Conference (1992) and Johannesburg Conference (2002) (Turgut 2009). Briefly, the first four environment action programs have the main theme as ―prevention of pollution‖; the fifth environment action program has the main theme of ―sustainable development and responsibility share‖ and the sixth environment action program has reflected ―Environment 2010: Our Future, Our Choice‖ based on the implementation of sustainable development. The First Environmental Action Program (EAP) (1973), which emerged under the affected of the Stockholm Conference and Rome Treaty, comprised general aims, principles of EU environmental policies and relationships between environment and sectoral activities. After the Second EAP reflecting a context in parallel to the first one in 1977, the Third EAP (1983) revealed the view of previously prevention of environmental pollution and also an attempt to relate other policies with environmental policies (Egeli 1996). The fourth EAP belonging to the period between 1987 and 1992 reflected a process of important change in EU environmental policies owing to be the program prepared just after the Single European Act. The Single European Act is very important because it included special provisions on environmental protection. In other words, it reflected the inclusion of environmental policy to the Union‘s common policy context (Egeli 1996). The first text that brought an ethical and moral dimension to the concept of sustainability is the UN Environment and Development Report which is also known as Brundlant Report (1987) with its emphasis on the statement of responsibility of current generations for the next generations in terms of living in a healthy environment (Kılıç 2006: 85). The generation of Agenda 21 as a consequence of Rio Summit in 1992 was characterized by the enlarging acceptance and use of sustainability concept not only at local but also at international arena (Kılıç 2006: 85). Agenda 21 stressed the responsibility of states to put effort in realization of social justice especially in terms of redistribution of use of resources. The actors shaped a large frame of constituents that are citizens, local institutions, nongovernmental institutions, investors and other interest groups (Kılıç 2006: 86). The impact of 1992 Rio Conference to the environmental policy at the EU level was the emphasis on sustainable development understanding in EAP and the provision (113) made available in Union‘s Treaty (Turgut 2009). Environmental protection has firstly been included in EU goals by the validity of Maastricht Treaty and the necessity of taking into consideration of development together with environmental context (Çokgezen, 2007: 92). The fifth EAP (1993-2000) was based on sustainable development and considered intergenerational responsibility in evaluating development (Çokgezen, 2007: 95-96). The expression of necessity to evaluate the balance between environmental conditions and socioeconomic development was evident with respect to sustainable development. This program also comprised a self criticism on the failure of the union in implementing environmental policies due to the ongoing deterioration of environment (Ökmen, 2006: 344). The main references of the program can be set as the report prepared by the UN Environment and Development Comission, Our Common Future and sustainable development (Egeli, 1996). Johannesburg Summit which was finalized by the Implementation Plan and the Political Declaration is important in setting the common precautions to be taken in order to implement 342 �sustainable development and responsibilities on provision of a society on the basis of equality (Kılıç 2006: 87,88). A search for the tools of realization of sustainable development once again bring up the problem and requirement of questioning of the current social and economic structures which reflect unequal characteristics and measures in this respect. This issue parallels the differentiating priority setting in development when considered from the perspectives of developed, developing and less developed countries. The post-Johannesburg period has witnessed the sixth EAP (2001-2010) that had its priorities as climate change, natural and bio variety, quality of life and sustainable natural resources management. 6.THE SUSTAINABILITY OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES: A CRITICAL EVALUATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS European Union is shown as an important case to raise awareness to environmental problems and formation of environmental policies. Accepting many treaties on environment at the international level and at the first stage, EU, determined its main goals as integrating environmental policies with other policies, changing consumption types, provision of participation of citizens in decision making process concerning environment and implementation of land use plans (Görmez, 2003: 97). When evaluating the general characteristics of EU environmental policies, an approach based on the understanding of taking precautions earlier than the emergence of environmental problems and provision of compensation of the cost of pollution by the responsible one arise. The main criticism on sustainable development, especially for its implementation proces, is evident in its stress on economic development as not considering environment as a whole. Nevertheless, ecocentric ethical understanding, in particular, does not accord with sustainable development reflecting ethical understanding of modern industrial society. The mechanisms built up ro protect environment primarily necessitates to take legal precautions on the one hand, however ecocentric enviromental ethical approach claims that ecological problems cannot be solved by using solely legal regulations and punishments. Sustainable development in EU policies has been supported by bringing forth the economic component that mostly put forward consumption and production dimension. However, social and ecological components of sustainable development are closely related to ecocentric ethical approach. Social component refers to social justice comprising equal opportunity, to be able to live a life suitable to live in dignity and to develop oneself while ecological component presumes the necessity of nature to be protected via its own dynamics (ErgünÇobanoğlu, 2012:101-103,113). EU is an important supra state actor in intervening the formation of regional environmental policies and the international context of environmental policy area as well. Through the evolution of the EU environmental policy area, the main criticism can be put forward as the dominant anthropocentric ethical approach, the economy-environment duality although effort to relate, conceptualize and implement sustainable development through interdependencies 343 �and repercussive interactions. Obviously, ecological value cannot be managed to be given priority particular to ecocentric ethical approach in this context. The lack of questioning the current economic, social and political structures in development and in environmental policy formulation is the remaning criticism for sustainable development understanding embedded in EU environmental policy area. A sustainable development approach considering equal priorities on social and ecological components apart from economical component is concluded to get much closer to own an environmental ethical approach to be evolved from anthropocentric to ecocentric ethical approach. REFERENCES Bener, Ö. and Babaoğul M. (2008) Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Davranışı ve Çevre Bilinci Oluşturmada Bir Araç Olarak Tüketici Eğitimi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyolojik Araştırmalar E-Dergisi, 1-10. Callicott, J. B. (2005) Non-Anthropocentric Value Theory and Environmental Ethics, L.Kalof-T.Satterfield (eds.) Earthscan Reader in Environmental Values, Earthscan, London 67-80. Çokgezen, J. (2007) Avrupa Birliği Çevre Politikası ve Türkiye, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 23 (2), 91-115. Egeli, G. (1996) Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye‘de Çevre Politikaları, TÇV Yayını, Ankara Ergün, T. and N. Çobanoğlu (2012) Sürdürülebilir Gelişme ve Çevre Etiği, Ankrya: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3 (1), 97-123. Ertan, K.A. (1998) Çevre Etiği, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 31 (1), Mart, 125-139. Evans, B., - Joas, M., -S. Sundback-K. Theobald (2005) Governing Sustainable Cities, Earthscan, London. Ferry, L.(2000) Yeni Ekolojik Düzen, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul Gower, B. S. (1992) What Do We Owe Future Generations? D. Cooper-J. Palmer (eds.) Environment in Question Ethics and Global Issues, Routledge, London, 1-12. Görmez, K. (2003) Çevre Sorunları ve Türkiye, 3. Baskı, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara. Heywood, A. (2007) Siyasi İdeolojiler, Adres Yayınları, Ankara Keleş, R. (1998) Kentbilim Terimleri Sözlüğü, 2. Baskı, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara Kılıç, S. (2006) ―Yeni Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Arayışlar sürecinde Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Gazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8 (2), 81-101. Kılıçoğlu, P. (2005) Türkiye‘nin Çevre Politikalarında Sürdürülebilir Gelişme, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara Mengi A. and Algan N. (2003) Küreselleşme ve Yerelleşme ÇağındaBölgesel Sürdürülebilir Gelişme, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara 344 �Ökmen, M. (2006) Uyum Sürecinin Ekoloji-Politiği: AB ve Türkiye‘de Çevre Politikaları, AB Yolunda Türkiye: Müzakere Sürecinin Ekonomi Politiği, M. Dikkaya (eds), Alfa Aktüel, İstanbul. Önder, T. (2003) Derin Ekoloji Üzerine, Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 8 (30-31), Turgut, N. Y. (2009) Çevre Politikası ve Hukuku, İmaj Yayınevi, Ankara. Ünder, H. (1997) Çevre Ahlakı: İnsanmerkezcilik ve Çevremerkezcilik, Adakentliyim, 3 (10). Woods, K. (2006) What Does the Language of Human Rights Bring to Campaigns for Environmental Justice?, Environmental Politics, 15 (4), August, 572-591 Yılmaz, A. Bozkurt Y. (2007) Avrupa Birliği‘ne Uyum Sürecinde Türk Çevre Politikalarının Dönüşümü, Küresel Esintiler ve Yerel Etkiler Sarmalında Türk Kamu Yönetimi, (eds.) A.Yılmaz and Y. Bozkurt, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara. Importance of Tissue Culture Techniques in Sustainablity of Endangerd plant Species Ibrahim Baktir1*,Gülden Yilmaz1, Özgül Karaguzel2 and Deniz Hazar3 1Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Antalya 2Western Mediterranean Research Institute, Antalya 3Akdeniz University, Kumluca Vocational School, Antalya E-mail: ibaktir@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Tissue culture techniques have profound importance in mass propagation of various commercial crops in practice as in well known fruit tree rootstocks, a few vegetable and especially ornamental plants as well as some undomesticated plant species. Herbaceous species are somewhat easier to propagate compared to woody ones by tissue culture techniques. These techniques have not affectively applied to native plant species due to economical concerns although so many native plant species have been under threat and therefore they have been facing with extinction in all over the world. Human interferences is the main cause of the extinction of wild species especially in highly populated areas as it is the case in Marmara, Aegean and Coastal Mediterranean regions of Turkey because of new settlements, infrastructural works, overgrazing and uncontrolled collections. Thus, a big number of wild plant species are disappearing every year. Tissue culture techniques have merit value to propagate the endangered wild plant species to release the encountering pressure on these plants Keywords: Tissue culture, endangered species, sustainability 345 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1265 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Development- Environmental Ethics Relationship Within Eu Environmental Policies Author Author Özcan , Sezer Abstract A summary of the resource. Environmental problems and approaches to environment have an important place within EU policies. There are major impacts of economic development on the inclusion of environmental issues to the Union‘s area of interest, which aims to integrate European Countries through economic, political and cultural areas and which foresees the free flow of capital, goods, services, labor. It is crucial to form environmental values and provide the member countries to internalize them in order to sustain development without giving harm to environment. In this context, environmental ethics reveals a conflict from the perspective of sustainable development. There emerges an area of conflict between attaining economic, social and cultural development on the one hand and taking into consideration of environmental values and environmental ethics during this process on the other hand. The desire to improve the living conditions at the member countries through providing economic, social and cultural development and to upgrade quality of life to a common level around the whole Europe are the reasons why the Union poses a common environmental policy. The increasing pressures on natural resources have put economic sustainability problem on the agenda and new problem areas such as climate change, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have revealed their reality in everyday life. Sustaining improvements in urban and rural residential areas; developing health precautions, eradicating regional inequalities can only be possible through sustaining a healthy and well balanced environment. One approach in environmental ethics bases on the responsibilities of current generation to future generations. In this context, environmental ethics is consistent with sustainable development concept but comprises a diverse dimension. This type of environmental ethics considers the human and human values while searching for solutions to environmental problems and emphasizes the understanding which saves that individuals and societies should have environmental values and environmental conscious in order to live a life in harmony with the nature. People are not seen as solely objects of development in this view of environmental ethics. The understanding as ―development regardless of its consequences‖ has threatened biological and genetic variety on earth. This type of understanding on development does not correspond to ethical understanding. In this study, conflicts between sustainable development and environmental ethics within environmental policies will be evaluated from the perspectives of anthropocentric, egocentric biocentric, ecocentric approaches of environmental ethics by considering approaches to environmental ethics within EU environmental policies. Sustainable development within EU environmental policies will be critically reviewed in terms of environmental ethics. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4cfffdbc3f3f83f8f65658e8ddca484c.pdf 741628b5734dbd94c0834b7f994e9daa PDF Text Text The Relationship Between Career Planning And Culture: A Research On French And Turkish Business Administration Students Özdaşli Kürşat1, Seher Derya2, Pelin Kanten3, Fatih Cura4, Merve Eroğlu5 1Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Business Administration Departmant, 2Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Business Administration Departmant 3Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Hikmet Tolunay Vocational School, Marketing Programme, 4Ishik University, Erbil, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, BA Department, 5Süleyman Demirel University, Institute of Social Sciences, Business Administration Master, E –mails: kursatozdasli@sdu.edu.tr, seherderya@sdu.edu.tr, fatihcura@hotmail.com, mervesdu@gmail.com Abstract Career is a concept that explain the preferences of individuals throughout their life span. It is considering from a professional angle, career is the set of attitudes and behaviors in relation to work experiences and activities which are perceived by person during his or her life. Career planning is the personal process of planning one's life work. Career planning is not a one-time event, but rather is a process that depends on one’s values, beliefs and skills. It is a very important step in career planning assessing skills, knowledge, values, constraints and interests. Values and beliefs terms suggest that “culture”. Culture is explained that shared values and beliefs in a group. It is a way of life of a group of people including the patterns of thought, behaviors, customs, language, traditions. In this respect a question comes to the mind: Is culture affect the one’s career planning and how valuable his/her work in his life? In this study; cultural dimensions is used (power distance, masculinity/effeminacy, uncertainty avoidance, long term/short term orientation) that served to distinguish one culture from another with access to people working for the same organization in over 40 countries of the world by Hofstede collecting data and analyzed his findings. Hofstede cultural dimensions questionnaire asked French and Turkish Business Administration students in universities. To determine personal career planning and importance of work in one’s total life Career Salience questionnaire (Greenhaus, 1971) that is composed three dimensions- Relative Importance of Work and Career Component, Planning and Thinking about Career Component, General Attidutes toward Work Component- is asked same students also. The study aims to determine whether a difference between cultures about making career plans and positioning work in total life. 601 �Keywords: Career, Career planning, Career Salience, Culture, Cultural dimensions 1.INTRODUCTION Culture, firstly in an extensive way introduced by an English anthropologist Sir Edward Tylor in a book named “Primitive Culture” in 1871 as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (Tylor, 1871: 1). Culture, although it is defined as a set of values and norms which creates society, since it also shapes and manages the habits, behavior patterns, attitudes of its members, it is discussed extensively. From this perspective culture may tell to each member who they are how they should behave and they would feel when interacting with each other. (Schein, 2010: 29). Culture, even separates a group from other groups in terms of their characteristics, it also fits its members into living conditions of the society. (Hofstede vd., 2002: xviii ) The culture which is learned, shared and passed down over generations, establishes a close link between the needs of society with the individual's preferences. ( Haviland vd., 2008: 25). The cultural environment plays a key role in shaping its members’ personalities (Robbins, 1997: 91). Geert Hofstede made the most comprehensive study of cultural differences. In his study which is completed in 40 countries, and carried out among 116000 employees in international companies, he addressed culture in five different dimensions (Reiser, 2010: 12-13): Individualism vs. Collectivism: In individualistic cultures people are expected to portray themselves as individuals, who seek to accomplish individual goals and needs. In collectivistic cultures, people have greater emphasis on the welfare of the entire group to which the individual belongs, where individual wants, needs and dreams are often set aside for the common good. Power distance: Power distance dimension focuses on the relationship between the powerful and the weak in a society. In cultures with lower power distance, weak people expects more democratic relations, in high power distance the weak accepts the authority. Masculinity vs. femininity: In Masculine societies, values related to men like competition, ambition; in feminine societies values, equality and life quality given to relationships stand out. (Hofstede, 1998: 6-7). Uncertainty Avoidance: The majority of people living in cultures with a high degree of uncertainty avoidance, are likely to feel uncomfortable in uncertain and ambiguous situations. People living in cultures with a low degree of uncertainty avoidance, are likely to thrive in more uncertain and ambiguous situations and environments. (Hofstede, vd., 2002: 62). Long vs. Short Term Orientation: In Long-term-oriented societies, people value behaviors and attitudes related to future, in short-term oriented societies, commitment to traditional values, and dignity is important. Schein explains that the culture of a group can be addressed in three levels: “the levels of artifacts, the level of its espoused beliefs and values and the level of its basic underlying 602 �assumptions. The origin of a culture lies in the pattern of basic underlying assumptions, and after you understand those, you can easily understand the other levels (Schein, 2010: 32). Career is one of the basic topics of human resources management. One of the widely used definitions of career is briefly; work experiences that a human gains throughout his life span. ( Audrey, 1998: 412). According to a more extensive definition career is a concept which expresses the works, progress and improvements that people did throughout their working life (Tüz, 2003: 170). According to Hall (quoted by Adekola, 2011: 101) whose definition about the concept of career is the most accepted, career is defined as the course(duration) directly related with personal and corporate objectives, work experience and activities which a human will live and partially keep under control throughout his life. When the concept of career is handled as individual’s job career positions used consecutively throughout his personal life span shows the presence of three basic dimensions in the career phenomenon. They are: individual, work and position. Since the presence of work and position requires organization, individual and the organization will come face to face during career process. In other words, the concept of career has two significant dimensions as individual and organization. (Şimşek ve Öge, 2007: 260). Given as career planning and career management in literature career management from organization point of view and career management from individual point of view is being seperated. Career management from organization point of view, is determining official career paths in any organization and establishing quantitative and qualitative measurements of activity in this career path. However individual career management is related with human’s own plans made in accordance with his personality, knowledge, interests, skills and aims. Hall (quoted by Adekola, 2011: 102) defines individual career planning, which is related with human’s personal future, as becoming conscious about opportunities of life, choices and results, identifying career goals, and as programming process of activities intended for work, education and other improvements which provides determination of direction and time in achieving goals concerning career. From organization point of view career management comprises activities like, determination of employee including career planning, identifying career path within organization, determination of career advisors. Career management from individual point of view comprises topics like, individual’s search and finding out his career, finding his job, midcareer. Issues such as career planning and selection is affected by factors directing the individual. These factors can be divided into internal and external. Internal factors are psychological forces like individuals feelings, thoughts. And external factors are elements like social background, family, surroundings(Kaynak et al., 1998: 239-246) which are directly related with culture. Career can express different meanings to different individuals. When career is a way of earning money for some people, for others it is the way not to waste time or achieve social status. Consequently, for the employees in a job or those who wish to work there can be several reasons in accordance with their personality traits and environmental conditions(İbicioğlu, 2010: 161). When chosing a professional field related to his career as well as intensifying career progress, an individual willing to make plans about his career, is likely to be influenced by cultural features like long-term or short term thinking, avoiding or taking the risk of the society. 2.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTURE AND CAREER PLANNING 603 �According to Schein (1990: 109) who made important studies in organizational culture, one of the main reasons of the presence of different viewpoints about the definition of culture is that it is the common subject of different branches of social science. Each branch of social science, especially, anthropology, sociology, social psychology and organizational behaviour approaches to culture from its’ own viewpoint. Sometimes these branches of science have biased approaches to culture. Culture is a concept associated with social values. There is a strong relationship between career and culture which have integrated aims, plans, intentions and applications(Young et al., 2002: 224). According to Holland’s Theory of Personalities in Work Environments level of consciousness and other features of a personality related with culture, gender roles, personal competences have the power to affect future trends of a human’s career(Spokane et al., 2002: 410). 3.RESEARCH 3.1. Purpose of the study and samples The main objective of this study is to identify whether individual career planning is affected by social cultural features or not. According to Hofstede’s research results, a similar research over two nations with similar cultural values, French and the Turks, was carried out. The data used in this study; are the data of the research named “The Effect of Cultural Differences on Individual Career Plans” belonging to France and Turkey, whose survey is still going on in France, Turkey, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. It has cultural value scores similar to Hofstede. For this reason, the title of the study “Cultural Relationships Between Individual Career Plans” was deemed appropriate. We have reached the students of Toulousse School of Economics in France, In Turkey the students of The Faculty of Economics and Administrative sciences at Süleyman Demirel University. 3.2.Survey Form And Measurements Questionaire technique was used to collect experimantal data. 2 measurements were used in the questionaire. Culture measurement is the most known measurement which has been used by Hofstede for years approximately over 40 countries. This measurement has been used in lots of studies and tested in Turkey. Out of five of Hofstede(Hofstede, geerthofstede.com/national-culture) measurements, (Power Distance (PDI); Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV); Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS); Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI); Long Term Orientation (LTO)70 ) only two dimensions have been included into this survey. They are Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI); and Long Term Orientation (LTO) measurements which consist of only 20 expressions. When the first five expressions are long expressions, 610 are short, 11-15 expressions are related with avoiding risk and 16-20 expressions are related with taking risk. And the second measurement used in the questionaire, that is, individual career planning measurement, measures the importance of work in human’s life and personal career 70 LTO is a measurement fundamentally developed by Michael Bond which later was used and approved by Hofstede. 604 �plan which is Southgate’s(2005) measurement. Career Salience questionnaire (Southgate, 2005: 66-69) that is composed three dimensions- Relative Importance of Work and Career Component (1 -6 questions); Planning and Thinking about Career Component (7 – 12 questions); General Attidutes toward Work Component (13 – 18 questions). Factor Analysis was applied to the data obtained from the result of research conducted using this measurement. 3 dimensions obtained from Factor Analysis were renamed and given below in the table named “Results of Factor Analysis of Individual Career Planning measurement”. A five spaced Likert type metric expression was applied to the responses of phrases which took place in this measurements. For instance, for the response of the expression “I always make long term plans” there are five options like “1-Strongly Disagree”, “2- Disagree”, “3I’m not sure”, “4- Agree”, “5- Strongly Agree”. In addition, 8 questions were asked to analyze students’ demographic structure. Responses of the qustionaires received were coded and analyzed using SPSS for Windows 15.0 version. 3.3. Data Preparation Data received from the survey results was entered to SPSS 15.0 package program, to prepair the data file missing data, extreme value, normality, homegeneity were tested Missing Data: the ratio of empty left articles over all articles was anlyzed in each questionaire whether or not it makes 15% and more. Since we don’t have such a questionaire missing data operation was not made, skipped. Extreme Value: 10 Questionaires which have + 3 and – 3 “Z” and “T” scores were excluded from analysis. Totally the data of 79 questionaires were analyzed. Normality: N-Par Test results were examined, measurement of trust in administrators (sig. (2 tailed) = 0,000); according to administrator commitment measurement (sig. (2 tailed) = 0,009) normal distribution hasn’t been obtained. Therefore logarithm of data was taken to normalize. Homogeneity : Since the sig. value excedeed 0.05 As a result of “homogenity test” the data was decided to be homogeneous. 3.4. Demographic Results %50,6 of students participating the survey are from France, %49,4 are from Turkey. %58,2 of them are female, %40,5 are male. %78,5 of the students belong to 17-25 age group, %17,7 of them belong to 26-35 age group % 3,8 of them didn’t mark. While %84,4 of the students participating the survey have indicated that after graduating they would like to choose profession related with their field; %13,7 of them have indicated that they would like to choose other professions. %44,3 of the students have stated that they want to work in public organizations; %24,1 of them indicated business sectors, % 21,5 of the students pointed out that they want to build their own business and %10,1 didn’t make any marks in this area. The responses to the question “Who is being affective in making your career plans?” that was asked to the attendants of the survey are as follows:; %38 say family; %7,6 say friends; %5,3 say relatives; %5,1 say teachers. While 3 people didn’t answer this question, approximately %32,9 of majority have chosen others option. According to the averages of input of a research based on the results received from Hofstede Scale, four dimensions are constituted. (Long period inclination, short period inclination, 605 �avoiding risk and not avoiding risk). A factor analysis is carried out on the results received from the questions based on Southgate Scale. The first dimension that has been formed as a result of factor analysis is called: planned career inclination, the second called: Ambitious career inclination, the third is called: emotional career inclination. The test structure validity of individual career planning scale that was used in the research, factor analysis has been fulfilled. In the basic component analysis, that was applied Kaiser=Meyer=Olkin (KMO) test, has showed that sample size is adequate for factor analysis. The result of Barlett test, which is done to see if the data that is belonging to variables shows normal distribution, is meaningful. (431,043; p<0.01) As a result of factor analysis and varimax rotation of individual career planning variables, three factors are found which is bigger than 1.00. Those factors are defining 62.149% of total variance. As a result of reliability analysis that is belonging to three scale, the internal consistency (Cronbach alpha values) are respectively; .761, .687 and .730. It shows that the scales have got the reliability level on the social sciences field. It can be said that the data which is the result of varimax rotation factor analysis measure the structure is appropriate for the theory and has a structural reliability. Table 1: the results of individual career planning scale factor analysis sizes 1 I think making career planning will be so useful .789 I will be glad to make a career planning for the future .758 I did many plan and thought about my career so far .624 I know the way to realize the plan that I did about my career .609 I did career planning by being aware of the fields that I am interested in .567 2 I cannot sacrifice my career for wishes and forcing of people who has an important place in my life .667 I look at a work like it is a way to express myself in the life .560 I am ready to sacrifice many things to be the top at my work .544 Work and rising is one of the most important issues in my life .533 3 I cannot be really happy without being successful at my job .785 I want to graduate and go into business as soon as possible .592 606 �My career is the first for me .580 Culture Individual career planning long term inclinaiton Planned career inclinaiton short term inclinaiton Ambitious career inclinaiton avoinding risk Not avoiding risk Emotional career inclinaiton It is almost impossible for me to be happy as long as I am not working at a work that I want .479 According to the result of factor analysis, our research model is as following; Research model is appropriate for the model called descriptive or determining the status. At such models, we can describe variables and the correlation among those variables then make some forecasts based on those descriptions (Kurtulus, 1989: 310). Our hypothesis based on this model is as below; H1: there is a positive correlation between being long term inclinaiton and planned career inclinaiton 607 �H2: there is a positive correlation between being short term inclinaiton and ambitious career inclinaiton H3: there is a positive correlation between being avoid of risk and planned career inclinaiton H4: there is a positive correlation between being avoid of risk and emotional career inclinaiton H5: there is a positive correlation between not being avoid of risk and ambitious career inclinaiton Correlation Analysis Findings Expected results have been obtained as a result of correlation analysis. Findings are below; Table 2: summary table of correlation analysis Culture sizes Individual career planning sizes Planned career inclinaiton Ambitious career inclinaiton Emotional career inclinaiton Long term inclinaiton Pearson significance .344(**) -.128 .417(**) .002 .118 .000 Short term inclinaiton Pearson significance -.196 .356(**) -.132 .183 .003 .245 Being avoid of risk Pearson significance .412(**) -.111 .519(**) .000 .331 .000 Not being avoid of risk Pearson significance -.196 .390(**) -.132 .083 .000 .245 We can see that long term inclinaiton has positive correlation with emotional career planning (r=417, P<0.000) and planned career inclinaiton. We can see that short term inclinaitonhas positive correlation with ambitious career inclinaiton(r=356, P<0.00). We can see that being avoid of risk has positive correlation with emotional career planning (r=519, P<0.00) and planned career inclinaiton (r=412, P<0.00). 608 �We can see that not being avoid of risk has positive correlation with ambitious career inclinaiton(r=390, P<0.00) After these results, all hypotheses are accepted. 5. CONCLUSION This work is about a research which is still going on in different countries but we have taken only part which is done in Turkey and France. According to the data we got, we have seen that when people are planning their career, they are affected by the culture of society they are living in. Because in line with our expectations students who are thinking for long run, planning their career thinking carefully and planned but on the other hand, students who are thinking short run, are so ambitious. However, the students, who are avoiding of risk, are planned and emotional. On the other hand, who are not avoiding of risk, are much more ambitious. Comparative analysis also could be done using data which is belonging to Turkey and France but we would like to make it using the data belonging to various countries. RESOURCES ADEKOLA, Bola “Career Planning and Career Management as Correlates for Career Development and Job Satisfaction a Case Study of Nigerian Bank Employees”, Australian Journal of Business and Mangement Research, Vol.1, No. 2, pp. 100-112, 2011. HAVILAND William A., Harald E. L. Prins, Dana Waltrath, Bunny McBride, Cultural Antropology Human Challenge, 12th Edition, Wadsworth Thoms Leadrning, 2008, USA HOFSTEDE, Gert Jan, Paul B. Pedersen & Geert Hofstede, Exploring Culture Exercises, Stories and Synthetic Cultures, Intercultural Press, 2002 HOFSTEDE, Geert, Masculinity and Femininity: The Taboo dimension of National Cultures, Sage Pub., USA, 1998 HOFSTEDE, Geert, “National Cultural Dimensions”, http://geert-hofstede.com/nationalculture.html, 15.03.2012 IBICIOGLU, Hasan, Human Resources Management, Alter Publishing, Ankara, 2010. KAYNAK Tuğray, Zeki Adal, İsmail Ataay, Cavide Uyargil, Ömer Sadullah, Ahmet Cevat Acar, Oya Özçelik, Gönen Dündar ve Reha Uluhan, Human Resources Management, İ.Ü. Business Faculty Publishing, İstanbul. KURTULUS, Kemal, İşletmelerde Araştırma Yöntem Bilimi, İstanbul Üniv. İşletme Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 210, İstanbul, 1989. REISER, Danina, Analysis of Cultural Differences in Dubai, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH, Germany, 2010 ROBBINS, Stephen P., Organizational Behavior Concepts controversies Applications, Prentice Hall International, Inc., Seventh Edition, 1997, USA SCHEIN, H. Edgar, Organizational Culture and Leadership, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2010, USA 609 �SCHEIN, Edgar H, “Organizational Culture”, American Psychologist, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 109-119, 1990. SIMSEK, M. Şerif, H. Serdar Öge, Human Resources Management with Strategic and International Perspectives, Gazi Publishing, Ankara, 2007. SPOKANE, Arnold R., Eric J. Luchetta and Matthew H. Richwine, “Holland’s Theory of Personalities in Work Environments”, Career Choices and Development, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 373-427, 2002. SOUTGATE, Nicole, An Exploration of Career Salience, Career Commitment, and Job Involvement, Master Thessis, Masters in Industrial Psychology at University of the Witwatersrand, Supervisor: Dr. Andrew Thatcher, 2005. TUZ, Melek Vergiliel, “Kariyer Planlamasında Yeni Yaklaşımlar”, U.Ü. Journal of Science and Literature Faculty, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 169-176, 2003. TYLOR, Edward B., Primitive Culture: Researches Into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom, Volume I, John Murray Albemarle Street, London, 1871 YOUNG, Richard A, Ladislav Valach and Audrey Collin, “A Contextualist Explanation of Career”, Career Choices and Development, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 206-255, 2002. The Factors Determined To The Improvement In The Least Developed And Developing Countries: Testing A Model Gözde Ergin, Adil Oğuzhan Trakya University, Department of Econometrics Abstract Finding the different ways of the improvement as a multidimensional process causes different improvement ways in all countries in the world. The economic improvement that cause a structural changing is very important in all economies all over the world and it is necessary for the least developed countries at the same time. These countries have solved the phenomena of poverty, unemployment, low life standards and unimproved. The differentiation in the socio-cultural structures of the least developed and developing countries effect the improvement in a positive way. In the study, the socio-economic factors of improvement and a classification according to the gross national product levels per person in the least developed and developing countries have been done by taking the definition accepted by World Bank into consideration. There are fifteen countries in the classification of the least developed and developing countries. The data of thirty-three factors in the comparison of these countries have been obtained from the data source of World Bank, OECD, EUROSTAT and UN (2000 – 2009). 610 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1218 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship Between Career Planning And Culture: A Research On French And Turkish Business Administration Students Author Author Özdaşli , Kürşat Abstract A summary of the resource. Career is a concept that explain the preferences of individuals throughout their life span. It is considering from a professional angle, career is the set of attitudes and behaviors in relation to work experiences and activities which are perceived by person during his or her life. Career planning is the personal process of planning one's life work. Career planning is not a one-time event, but rather is a process that depends on one’s values, beliefs and skills. It is a very important step in career planning assessing skills, knowledge, values, constraints and interests. Values and beliefs terms suggest that “culture”. Culture is explained that shared values and beliefs in a group. It is a way of life of a group of people including the patterns of thought, behaviors, customs, language, traditions. In this respect a question comes to the mind: Is culture affect the one’s career planning and how valuable his/her work in his life? In this study; cultural dimensions is used (power distance, masculinity/effeminacy, uncertainty avoidance, long term/short term orientation) that served to distinguish one culture from another with access to people working for the same organization in over 40 countries of the world by Hofstede collecting data and analyzed his findings. Hofstede cultural dimensions questionnaire asked French and Turkish Business Administration students in universities. To determine personal career planning and importance of work in one’s total life Career Salience questionnaire (Greenhaus, 1971) that is composed three dimensions- Relative Importance of Work and Career Component, Planning and Thinking about Career Component, General Attidutes toward Work Component- is asked same students also. The study aims to determine whether a difference between cultures about making career plans and positioning work in total life. Keywords: Career, Career planning, Career Salience, Culture, Cultural dimensions Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/305e930f173d87669c562bd18e4aa9f8.pdf cca8d2c956a68ffa65da4fb47a3ccb3e PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Riehl R, Baensch H.A (1996) Aquarium Atlas, Publishers of Natural History and Pet Books, Germany, 1-991. Schaperclaus W (1991) Fish Diseases Volume 2 A.A Balkema/Rotterdam, 1397. Stoskoph MK (1993) Fish Medicine, W.B. Saunders company, PA, USA, 882. Takashıma F & Hıbıya T (1995) An Atlas of Fish Histology Normal and Patholological Features. Second Edition, Kodansa Ltd., Tokyo, 195. Tokşen E (2000) Ege Bölgesinde Bir Alabalık (Onchorhynchus mykiss) İşletmesinde Görülen Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouget, 1876 Enfeksiyonu ve Tedavisi, Bornova Vet. Kont. Araşt. Enst. Dergisi, 25 (39) 59-64. Ventura MT& Paperna I (1985) Histopathology of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections in fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 27, 185-203. Woo PTK (1995) Fish Diseases and Disorders.CAB International. 200-202. Researches on Protection, Propagation and Sustainable Usage of Native Bulbous Plants of Turkey Özgül Karagüzel1, İbrahim Baktır2, Deniz Hazar3, Gülden Yılmaz2 1 Western Mediterranean Research Institute, Antalya 2Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Antalya 3Akdeniz University, Kumluca Vocational School, Antalya E-mail: tezkara@yahoo.com Abstract Over 1000 flowering bulbous plants are naturally grown in Turkey. Flowering bulbs exportation has been in effect for years from Turkey. In recent years, exportation has been under strict control, it has been realized according to yearly given quota by The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestocks. Even though the present regulations and status, negligable amount of illegal wild collections are still going on. A number of researches has been conduted to prevent illegal collections and meantime to encourage artificial propagations and sustainable uses. These projects are mainly financed by the concern ministries, research institutes and universities. A good scale of geophyte exibition garden has been establised in Yalova Provience to take the interest of people and administrative staff. The present research projects are mainly concentrated on some well known flowering species such as tulips, hyacinthus, crocus, stenbergia, iris, fritillaria, snowdrop, lilies so on. Keywords: Geophytes, sustainability, researches 100 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1. INTRODUCTION Turkey is one of the richest countries in terms of native bulbous plants in the world. According to the latest research, there are approximately 1000 natural flower bulbs (geophytes) taxa that grow in Turkey. Due to the studies in recent years the numbers of taxa in geophytes have increased yaer by year. The conservation of them are very important to carry these plants for next generation and sustainibility. Turkey has exported native flower bulbs since the 1883's.Export amount increased since from 1960 and reached to 80 million in 1984. The excessive collection of wild flower bulbs caused unreplaceable damage to many geophytes. Some measures were taken since from 1984 to protect the species. The amount of exportation determined according to yearly given quota by the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestocks. Regulation is re-arranged according to the rules of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) every year. CITES studies of Turkey has been shown as an model to the world at the CITES meeting held in Kenya. Also as a precaution, it was decided to in situ conservation without collected from nature for 5 consacutive years for the geophytes of under threat. Even though the present regulations, illegal collections are still going in lesser extent. In number of natural flower bulbs species which are exported from Turkey is about twenty. Share of Turkey, on geophyte export to the Netherland is given below. is Galanthus 65 % , Cyclamen 99 % Fritillaria , 99 %, Leucojum 80 %, Anemone 90 %, Eranthis 95 %, Ornithogalum 1 %, Stenbergia 100 % (Ildır 1996). Snowdrop (Galanthus sp.) is the most important species of the whole geophytes in Turkey. A number of researches has been done in artifical production of snowdrop and promising results were obtained. The snowdrop gave the best results in situ propagation and also 4 year interval were succesfull (Baktır 2010). A number of researches on cultural production and propagation of geophytes started since from 1980 at different research institution and universities in Turkey. Also the training Works have been going on since 1982 for the local people. There are carried out research and production activities in cooperation with different European countries. In this paper, the researches about the sustainability and conservation of natural flower bulbs are summarized. 2. Research Studies on Propagation and Protection of Geophytes in Turkey Bulbous plants are perennial plants and they are propagated from seed or an underground organ mostly herbaceous such as a bulb, tuber, corm or rhizome. Tissue culture techniques is used as a vegetative propagation method. One of the most important projects carried out in some geophytes were supported by TUBİTAK 1007 between 2006-2009. At the end of the project the collected Iris, Fritillaria, Hyacinthus, Lilium, Nectaroscordum, Tulips, Pancratium and Colchicum species have been conserved in the collection gardens of respective institutes in Yalova province. In the second part of the project is existing gen pools species from other countries and standart varieties will be expanded, by using selection, mutation and hybridization techniques new candidate varieties will be developed. Also, with this project has been established geophyte garden in Turkey. In this period, the other research projects are mainly 101 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo concentrated on some well known flowering species such as Crocus, Stenbergia, Galanthus, Ornithogalum, Cyclamen so on. Furthermore several studies was conducted on different propagation methods of various species. Chipping and twin scaling methods in Leucojum aestivum (Aksu et al. 2002) chipping and twin scaling methods in Galanthus elwesii (Zencirkıran and Mengüç 2002, Kahraman and Özzambak 2006), chipping and twin scaling in Narcissus serotinus (Zeybekoğlu and Özzambak 2012), chipping and twin scaling methods in Ornithogalum sp. (Karaguzel et al. 2012), chipping in Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Ertekin et al. 2010), different cutting methods in Muscari muscarimi (Arslan et al. 2012), seed propagation in Cyclamen sp.(Aksu et al. 2002), seed propagation in Crocus sp. (Haspolat 2012) were investigated. Also many research studies have been carried out on in vitro micropropagation of geophytes in recent years. Micropropagation of some native flower bulbs such as Galanthus elwesii and Galanthus ikariae (Ellialtıoğlu et al. 1998), Orchis (Gümüş et al. 2006), Pancratium maritimum (Gümüş and Ellialtıoğlu 2006), Ornithogalum (Ozel and Khawar, 2007, Ozel et al. 2008, Nasırcılar et al. 2011), Fritillaria (Gürlek and Özcan 2012), Stenbergia fischeriana (Mirici et al. 2005, Karaoğlu et al. 2012), Muscari mirum (Nasırcılar et al. 2011), Polianthes tuberosa (Yıldırım et al. 2010), Cyclamen sp.(Mendi et al. 2010) and endemic İris galactica (Uzun et al. 2012) has been reported. 3. RESULTS Turkish flower industry has become a dynamic sector developing constantly. The production areas and the amount of export are increased year after year. The measures taken on propagation studies for sustainability of natural flower bulbs with % 7 share in this sector are promising. In this review, propagation studies on natural flower bulbs in Turkey, are given. After this, increase of reserches on breeding of geophyte species are important. At the same time given training for the protection of species should be continuous. REFERENCES Aksu E., Görür G. and Çelikel F. (2002). A Study on Cultural Propagation of Leucojum aestivum Bulbs Using Vegetative Methods. II. National Ornamental Plants Congress. P: 2934. ANTALYA. Aksu .E., Görür, G. and Çelikel F. (2002). A study on Cultural Propagation of Leucojum aestivum Bulbs By Using Vegetative Methods. II. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:2934. .ANTALYA Alp Ş. and Koyuncu M. (2012). Geophytes taxa Described From Turkey in Recent Years. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. 162 p. ANTALYA. Arslan N., İpek, A., Rahimi, A. and İpek, G. (2012). The Effects of Different Bulb Size and Cutting Methods on Some Proporties of Muscari muscarimi Medius. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 238. ANTALYA Baktır,2010. Koruma Altındaki Geofitlerle İlgili Türkiye'deki CITES Bilim Kurulunun Faaliyetleri. IV. Süs Bitkileri Kongresi..p: 1-4. MERSİN. 102 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ellialtıoğlu Ş., Tıpırdamaz, R. and Çakırlar H. (1998). Possibilities of In Vitro Propagation of galanthus (Galanthus elwesii Hooker Fil.) Ertekin M., Çorbacı, Ö.L. and Yazgan, M. ( 2010). Propagation of Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv.’Golden Harvest by Chipping Method. IV. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:6674.MERSİN. Gümüş C., Sezik, E. and Ellialtıoğlu Ş. (2006). Investigations on In Vitro Propagation of Some Orchid Species (Orchidaceae sp.) Used for Obtaining Salep, Growing in West Black Sea Region. III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:179-187. İZMİR Gümüş C. and Ellialtıoğlu Ş. (2006). Possibilities of In Vitro Propagation of Sand Lily (Pancratium maritimum). III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:435-441. İZMİR Gürlek D. and Özcan S. (2012). In Vitro Bulblet Maturation in Fritillaria imperialis L. and Fritillaria persica L. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 118. ANTALYA Haspolat, G. (2012). Seed Germination of Some Crocus Species in Western Anatolia. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 127. ANTALYA Ildır, S.(1996). Süs Bitkileri Doğal Çiçek Soğanları Raporu. DPT: VII. Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Özel İhtisas Alt Komisyonu raporu, Yayın no: DPT: 2464.ANKARA. Kahraman Ö and Özzambak E. (2006). Possibilities of Propagations Tecniques in Snowdrop Bulbs and Soilless Culture Cultivation. III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:166173.İZMİR Karaguzel Ö., Aydinşakir, K.Kaya A.S.,, Dal, B., Kazaz S., Göktürk, R.S. (2012). Cultural Propagation of Ornithogalum Species Grown in Western Mediterranean Region. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 131. ANTALYA Karaoğlu, C., Özcan, S., Khawar, K.M. and Gürlek, D. (2012). Using Tissue Culture Methods for Introduction of Sternbergia lutea (L.) ker-Gawl.ex.Sprengel From Its Natural Habitat to Continental Climate of Central Anatolia. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 170. ANTALYA Mendi Y. Yalçın, İzgü, T., Çömlekçioğlu, S., Koçak, M., Çürük, P. And Tagipor, E. ( 2010). In Vitro Regeneration of Cyclamen (Cyclamen sp.). III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:82-87. İZMİR Mirici S, Parmaksız İ, Özcan S, Sancak C, Uranbey S, Sarıhan E.O, Gümüşcü A, Gürbüz B, Arslan N (2005). Efficient in vitro bulblet regeneration from immature embryos of endangered Stenbergia fischeriana. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 80:239-246. Nasırcılar, A, Mirici, S, Karagüzel, Ö, Eren, Ö, Baktır, İ (2011). In vitro propagation of endemic and endangered Muscari mirum from different explant types. Turk J Bot. 35, 37-43. Ozel ÇA, Khawar KM (2007). In vitro bulblet regeneration of Ornithogalum oligophyllum E.D. Clarke Using twing scale bulb explants. propagation of ornamental plants. Prop. Orn. Pla. 7(2): 82-88. Ozel ÇA, Khawar KM, Karaman S, Ateş MA, Arslan O (2008). Efficient in vitro multiplication in Ornithogalum ulouphyllum Hand.-Mazz. from twin scale explants. Sci. Hort. 116: 109-112. 103 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Uzun S., İlbaş A.İ., İpek A., Beyzi E.Uranbey, S. and Arslan, N. (2012). In Vitro Propagation of Endemic Iris galactica Immature Zygotic. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 109. ANTALYA. Yıldırım Z., Öztürk G. and Esen, M. (2010). Propagation of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) in In Vitro Conditions. III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:98-102. İZMİR Zencirkıran M.and Mengüç A. (2002).The Effects of Twin Scale and Chipping Techniques on Bulblet Production in Galanthus elwesii Hook. II. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p: 24-28.ANTALYA. Zeybekoğlu E. and Özzambak E, 2012. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 225. ANTALYA. Sustainable Collection of Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Leaves in Antalya Province Deniz Hazar1 Ibrahim Baktir2 Ozgul KaraguzeL3 Levent Ht4 1*Akdeniz University, Kumluca Vocational School 2 Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture 3Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute 4Antalya Forest Department E-mail: dhazar@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) is an evergreen shrub which belongs to the Lauraceae family. It grows naturally along the entire coastal line of Turkey up to altitude of 1200 m. Laurel has been regarded as an important medicinal and aromatic plant for years in the Mediterranean Basin. Meantime, it is also often used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens because it is very much suitable to pruning and to give the desired forms. Turkey provides about 97% of the world’s laurel leaf need. It is one of the top five plants collected from nature and exported from Turkey. However, there are some serious problems about the production system of laurel. Laurel production is done in conventional methods by local people. These areas are under threat due to overgrazing and uncontrolled collection. Ultimately, laurel growing areas have been exploited. In recent years, the researches related to sustainable use of laurel have increased. In this study it was investigated the researches conducted to sustainable use of laurel in Sırtkoy, Manavgat district and some other districts of Antalya. The aim of these studies was to develop an inventory method and to prepare management plans to be used by forest service and regional people. The cut shoots and leaves of laurel should be controlled and they should not be cut from the same locations every year. The rotation must be strictly applied in every 3 or 4 years intervals. Leaf collections should be done by experienced people in right period of the years and the leaves should be dried in a proper way. Keywords: Laurel, leaf, sustainability 104 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1233 Title A name given to the resource Researches on Protection, Propagation and Sustainable Usage of Native Bulbous Plants of Turkey Author Author Özgül , Karagüzel Abstract A summary of the resource. Over 1000 flowering bulbous plants are naturally grown in Turkey. Flowering bulbs exportation has been in effect for years from Turkey. In recent years, exportation has been under strict control, it has been realized according to yearly given quota by The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestocks. Even though the present regulations and status, negligable amount of illegal wild collections are still going on. A number of researches has been conduted to prevent illegal collections and meantime to encourage artificial propagations and sustainable uses. These projects are mainly financed by the concern ministries, research institutes and universities. A good scale of geophyte exibition garden has been establised in Yalova Provience to take the interest of people and administrative staff. The present research projects are mainly concentrated on some well known flowering species such as tulips, hyacinthus, crocus, stenbergia, iris, fritillaria, snowdrop, lilies so on. Keywords: Geophytes, sustainability, researches Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8f11ac607ee7928cbc9fa617ed4aeac6.pdf 33e58fdbbd4c94711e94595e8f1b4fd7 PDF Text Text China India The UAE Notes: In the U.S., CT was the only sector that received more VC in 2009 compared to 2008, which experienced a 52% increase to $2.7 billion (Zaborowski2009). 5ii While the CT market has been growing since the 1970s (solar panels and wind energy have had a small but loyal consumer), investment in this sector is taking off in recent years (Gangemi2007). iii The well-known Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months, driving exponential growth rate of computing power. Over the past 40 years, Moore's Law has been found to be remarkably accurate. For instance, the number of transistors on a single chip increased from 2,300 on the 4004 chip developed in 1971 to 42 million on the Pentium IV processor developed in 2000 (Hamilton, 2001). Moore (2001) was confident that his law 'will be true for another 20 years'. A corollary of Moore's Law is that the cost of computing declines by about 35% every year (Palem 2001). iv This framework draws upon Ahmad and Hoffmann (2008). Unit Root Properties Of Energy Consumption And Production In Turkey Özgür Polata1,Enes E. Uslub2, Hüseyin Kalyoncuc3 1Department of Economics, Dicle University, Diyarbakır/Turkey. 2Turkstat Expert, Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, Turkey Necatibey c. Yucetepe m. No:114 Ankara, Turkey 3 Department of International Trade, Meliksah University, Kayseri/Turkey E-mails: opolat@dicle.edu.tr , enesuslu@tuik.gov.tr, hkalyoncu@meliksah.edu.tr Abstract In this study, unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using unit root tests based on LM considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of the unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is 5 Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Finance 233 �rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by the LS test with one structural break. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal and electricity, total energy and petroleum consumption in Transportation sector are found to be non-stationary, which indicates that the impacts of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of the results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of variables. Keywords: unit root, energy production, energy consumption, structural break, Turkey 1.INTRODUCTION The unit root properties of energy variables for the formulation and implications of economic policies are crucial in several aspects, especially on structural transitions from shocks in energy markets towards key macroeconomic variables (Mishra et al., 2009; Narayan and Smyth, 2007). Impact of shocks on energy variable can be permanent or transitory according to its unit root properties. If the energy variable is stationary, impact of shocks will be transitory and long short term. On the other hand, if the energy variable is not stationary, the impacts of shocks will be permanent and have a long memory. Hendry and Juselius (2000) indicate that economic variables can inherit unit root properties from related economic variables and can in turn transmit this property to other related variables. They argued that relationship between economic variables can spread unit root properties throughout the economy. In this context, knowledge of unit root properties of an energy variable is of importance, since this property can be inherited by related macroeconomic variables. The impact of energy demand on economic activity can be serious. The literature has shown that energy price shocks, via their substantial impact on energy consumption, have significant impacts on output (Chang and Wong, 2003; Du et al., 2010; Hamilton, 1996, 2007; Huang et al., 2005; Jayaraman and Choong, 2009; Jiménez-Rodríguez, 2008; Lardic and Mignon, 2008; Lee et al., 2001; Lorde et al., 2009; Zhang, 2011), inflation (Berument and Taşçı, 2002; Chang and Wong, 2003; Cologni and Manera, 2008; Cuñado and Pérez de Gracia, 2003; Du et al., 2010; Ewing and Thompson, 2007), unemployment (Carruth et al., 1998; Chang and Wong, 2003; Doğrul and Soytas, 2010; Rafiq et al., 2009), employment (Papapetrou, 2001), stock market (Arouri et al., 2011; Basher et al.; Filis et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2005; Papapetrou, 2001; Park and Ratti, 2008; Sadorsky, 1999), investment (Rafiq et al., 2009), the budget deficit (Rafiq et al., 2009), exchange rate (Ayadi, 2005; Basher et al.; Chen and Chen, 2007; Narayan et al., 2008a; Özturk et al., 2008), interest rate (Lowinger et al., 1985; Park and Ratti, 2008), exports (Chiou-Wei and Zhu; Faria et al., 2009; Zhang, 2011), fluctuations in business cycle (Kim and Loungani, 1992) and money supply (Zhang, 2011). Besides shocks on energy demand, Hamilton (2007) showed that disruptions on energy supply can also have significant impact on economic activity by presenting a model based on CobbDouglas production function relating output (Y) produced by a firm to inputs of labour (L), capital (K) and energy use (E) as below: Y  F ( L, K , E ) (1) The profits (π) of the firm can be calculated as follows:   PY  WL  rK  QE (2) 234 �Where P is the price of output per unit, W is the nominal wage paid for labour, Q is the nominal cost of energy used in the production process and r is the nominal rate of rented capital. The maximum energy price for a price-taking and profit-maximizing firm will be at a level where marginal product of energy is equal to its relative price: FE ( L, K , E)  Q / P (3) Where FE(L,K,E) is the partial derivative of F(.) regarding E. The following equation will be obtained in case both sides of the equation (3) are multiplied by E and divided by Y:  ln F /  ln E  QE / PY (4) Eq (4) indicates that the elasticity of output regarding change in energy consumption used in the production process can be derived from the cost of the energy expenditure in total output. Disruptions in energy production will affect energy prices and a change in energy prices used in production process will also have a significant impact on output of an economy as shown in Eq (4). Therefore, shocks on non-stationary energy production series will be permanent and affect economic activity perpetually , while shocks on stationary energy production series will be transitory and affect economic activity temporarily, via transmission mechanism (Narayan et al., 2008b). The unit root properties of energy variables are of importance for forecasting these variables. Accurate forecasts are crucial for energy planning and policy formulation. Future values of a stationary energy variable can be forecasted based on its past behavior (Chen and Lee, 2007), while past data about a nonstationary energy variable are useless in forecasting (Mishra et al., 2009). Stationarity of energy consumption can be due to a multitude of factors. Hsu et al. (2008) suggested that abundance of energy resources, less energy consumption, introduction of new environmental laws by governments and middle income level may lead to stationarity of energy consumption. The goal of this study is to analyze the unit root properties of energy consumption and production in Turkey by employing a Lagrange Multiplier based unit root test without structural break proposed by Schmidt and Phillips (1992) (SP) and a unit root test considering one structural break proposed by Lee and Strazicich (2004) (LS) and two structural breaks proposed by Lee and Strazicich (2003) (LS). If the time series of the variable to be tested for the unit root properties has structural breaks, conventional unit root tests cannot reject the unit root hypothesis reducing the power of the test (Perron, 1989). Monte Carlo simulations point that statistical performance of LS is better than other alternatives (Narayan et al., 2010). This study is the first to investigate the unit root properties of energy production and sectorial energy consumption in Turkey. The next section briefly summarizes the literature on studies investigating the unit root properties of energy consumption and production. Section 3 describes data used in the analysis. Section 4 summarizes the unit root tests used in this study. Section 5 presents results of the unit root test. Section 6 discusses main findings and implications of the results for policy formulation and implication. 2. Brief Overview of the Literature Although there have been numerous studies analyzing the unit root properties of energy consumption series, only a handful of studies have investigated energy production. Barros et al. (2011) examine the time series behavior of oil production for 13 OPEC member countries and find that oil production series have mean reverting persistence with breaks identified in 235 �10 out of the 13 countries examined. The results of the study indicate that the impact of shocks on oil production in these countries will be persistent in the long run for all countries. Narayan et al. (2008b) analyze the unit root properties of crude oil production for 60 countries by conducting panel data unit root tests with and without structural breaks between 1971 and 2003. The results of tests without a structural break are inconclusive, while the results of test with one structural break are conclusive and indicate the stationary structure of crude oil and natural gas liquids production series. Maslyuk and Smyth (2009) test for non-linearity and unit root in crude oil production by using a threshold autoregressive model with an autoregressive unit root. They used monthly crude oil production for 17 OPEC and non-OPEC countries between January 1973 and December 2007. The results of their study show the presence of threshold effects on the crude oil production and unit root for 11 of the countries in both regimes and a partial unit root for the others. In contrast to the dearth of studies investigating unit root properties of energy production series, there are numerous studies on unit root properties of energy consumption. Narayan and Smyth (2007) employ univariate and panel data unit root tests to analyze the stationarity properties of per capita energy consumption of 182 countries for the period of 1979 to 2000 by using annual data. The results of univariate unit root test indicate that the series of 56 countries are nonstationary at the 10% level or better. The panel data unit root test indicate that there is overwhelming evidence about stationary of energy consumption. Chen and Lee (2007) investigate the stationarity of energy consumption per capita for 7 regional panel sets for the period of 1971 to 2002 by employing panel unit root testing procedure, and find that all regional-based panels of energy consumption per capita are stationary. A substantial literature review about the unit root properties of energy consumption can be found in Chen and Lee (2007), Hsu et al. (2008) and Aslan and Kum (2011). 3. Data and Econometric Methodology Energy production data are obtained from TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institution) and energy consumption data are obtained from Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) of Turkey. The periods of analysis are determined by data availability. All data used in this study are transformed to natural logarithmic form prior to unit root tests. The LS unit root test is based on Lagrangian Multiplier (LM) for trending data. Lee and Strazicich (2003, 2004) extended Schmidt and Phillips (1992) methodology by considering structural breaks. The form of the test allows endogenous determination of two structural breaks under both the null and alternative hypotheses for a change in both the level and trend. Yt   Zt   St 1   t , Z  1, t , D , D , DT , DT (1)    ,  , d , d , d , d  1t 2t 1t 2t is a vector of exogenous variables, 1 2 3 4 where t is a parameter vector of Zt and the subsequent dummies, which allow two time changes in the level and trend, are as follows: 1 t  TBj  1 t  TBj   D jt   and DT jt   0 t  TBj  1    0 t  TBj  1 t  TBj  1 236 , j  1, 2. (2) � x  Y1  Z1 and St  Yt  x  Zt where  are coefficients in the regression of Yt on Zt . The null and alternative hypotheses are: H0 :   1    0 vs H1 :  1    0 (3) To determine the location of the breaks ( a grid search as follows:   (1  TB1 / T , 2  TB 2 / T ) ) LS procedure utilizes LM  inf      (4) Break points are where the corresponding test statistic is minimal. Results The results for the unit root tests without structural break and with one and two structural breaks are presented in Table 1. Three distinct unit root tests are used in this study to distinguish the impacts of structural break(s) on the energy series. We considered breaks at level and trend of the series. The number of lags is determined according to the general to specific method up to specific number of maximum lag6 running by t-statistics significance at the 10% significance level. According to the results of unit root tests without structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. In case of one structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by LS test. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found stationary. This series is stationary around deterministic trend with breaks. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, and coal, total energy consumption in the transportation sector and consumption of petroleum in the transportation sector are found to be non-stationary. According to the results, structural breaks in energy variables of Turkey should be taken into consideration when the unit root properties are examined. If the time series of the variable to be tested have structural breaks, conventional unit root tests cannot reject the unit root hypothesis due to weak power (Perron, 1989). Our results verify the theory that the number of rejection of unit root null hypothesis declines when the number of structural breaks is increased. Table 1: Results of unit root tests Series PHC PGL PLT PWD PPM PCL PNG PEY k 0 0 2 8 8 0 8 9 SP t statistics -1.52 -2.12 -1.45 -0.73 1.83 -1.99 -2.16 -0.45 k 6 3 2 9 7 9 8 9 LS - one break t statistics TB -3.87 1999 -3.58 2006 -3.44 1991 c -4.20 1990 -3.37 1988 b -4.73 1994 a -6.65 1994 -3.68 1987 k 6 9 3 6 7 8 2 9 LS - two breaks t statistics TB1 -5.04 1983 a -8.71 1987 a -6.35 1987 b -5.79 1984 c -5.40 1988 a -6.46 1988 a -16.39 1988 -4.51 1944 6 Source of the selected data’s: State Statistical Office of Macedonia, www.stat.gov.mk and the Ministry of Finance of RM, www.finance.gov.mk 237 TB2 1993 2006 2001 1996 1994 1994 2003 1973 �CHC CGL CLT CWD CPM CCL CNG CEY IND IND_PET IND_ECT IND_NGS TPT TPT_PET TPT_ECT OSC OSC_PET OSC_ECT RES RES_PET RES_ECT ACL ACL_PET ACL_ECT NEY 0 3 9 2 6 9 8 11 0 5 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 1 0.14 -1.94 -1.93 -0.53 -0.93 -1.80 c -3.13 -0.08 -2.22 -1.72 1.45 -1.53 -1.68 -2.56 -2.07 -1.40 -1.15 -0.98 -1.46 -1.07 -1.11 -1.64 -2.73 -1.94 a -3.74 0 2 9 5 10 10 5 11 5 9 0 4 0 3 9 0 1 9 0 9 9 4 7 8 2 -2.33 a -5.74 -3.87 c -4.26 c -4.30 -2.94 a -5.76 b -4.68 b -5.03 -4.14 -3.98 -3.19 -4.11 c -4.25 -3.95 -2.53 b -4.78 -3.94 -2.42 b -4.97 -3.95 -3.61 c -4.48 b -4.95 b -5.01 1966 1989 1998 1989 1991 1989 1987 1981 2000 2003 1985 1993 1997 1997 2002 2001 2000 1985 2001 1993 1985 1995 1994 1992 2003 7 2 9 10 6 5 2 11 5 9 5 6 8 8 6 6 2 9 6 9 9 7 7 9 3 b -5.39 a -6.88 -4.62 b -6.18 -4.65 -5.06 a -9.17 -4.87 b -5.69 a -6.41 b -5.97 a -8.61 -4.68 -5.15 a -6.99 a -8.54 a -7.47 a -6.40 a -8.44 a -11.48 a -7.02 a -6.82 c -5.39 b -5.64 a -6.60 1968 1975 1979 1972 1965 1975 1988 1981 1991 1989 1984 1994 1987 1987 1986 1982 1996 1982 1982 1987 1982 1993 1993 1994 1997 1993 1987 1999 1990 2002 1993 1990 1989 2000 1994 2000 1999 1991 1991 2002 1999 2000 1995 1999 1993 1995 2006 1999 2006 2003 Notes: k indicates the number of lags. a, b and c denote significance at the 1% 5% and 10% level, respectively. TB denotes time breaks. 6. CONCLUSION Specification of unit root properties of energy consumption and production is crucial for energy policy formulations and implications. The impact of shocks on energy variables with a stationary process will be temporary and long short term, while impact of shocks on energy variables with a nonstationary process will be permanent and have a long memory. In this study, the unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate the unit root properties of energy production and sectorial energy consumption in Turkey. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using the unit root tests based on LM without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. In the case of one structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by LS test. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend with breaks. The production of hydraulic, the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal, electricity, total energy consumption and petroleum consumption in the transportation sector are found to be nonstationary, which indicates that the impact of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of these results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of the variables. Therefore, the economic impact of energy stabilization and conservation policies will be temporary in Turkey. The results of this study, which found that most of the variables are stationary, are consistent the consensus about stationarity of energy variables found in 238 �numerous other studies (Narayan et al., 2010). In addition, the historical data on these stationary variables can be taken into account to forecast the future values of these variables. REFERENCES Arouri, M.E.H., Lahiani, A., Nguyen, D.K., 2011. Return and volatility transmission between world oil prices and stock markets of the GCC countries. Economic Modelling 28, 18151825. Aslan, A., Kum, H., 2011. The stationary of energy consumption for Turkish disaggregate data by employing linear and nonlinear unit root tests. Energy 36, 4256-4258. Ayadi, O.F., 2005. Oil price fluctuations and the Nigerian economy. OPEC Review 29, 199217. Barros, C.P., Gil-Alana, L.A., Payne, J.E., 2011. An analysis of oil production by OPEC countries: Persistence, breaks, and outliers. Energy Policy 39, 442-453. 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Oil price shocks and stock market activity. Energy Economics 21, 449469. Schmidt, P., Phillips, P.C.B., 1992. LM Tests for a Unit Root in the Presence of Deterministic Trends. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 54, 257-287. Zhang, Q., 2011. The Impact of International Oil Price Fluctuation on China's Economy. Energy Procedia 5, 1360-1364. New Approaches To Marine Aquarium Systems Mustafa Alparslan, Hasan Barış Ozalp Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Fishery Faculty, Department of Hydrobiology, Izmir/Turkey Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Fishery Faculty, Department of Hydrobiology, Çanakkale/Turkey E-mails: m_alparslan@hotmail.com, jacenzo@yahoo.com Abstract Marine aquarium systems are limited environments that include many marine plants and animals. This habitat also has very interesting marine species, living rocks, wrecks and the other objects. The chemical indicators of water quality such as salinity, specific gravity, Ph, ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate, Alkalinity, Copper, Calcium, and Magnesium are vital for the marine organisms. Further, the essential components are an aquarium made from acrylic, special heating systems , the consideration of overall lighting, metal halide, higher output fluorescent, standard fluorescent, incandescent, natural sunlight, filtration and live rocks. 241 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1250 Title A name given to the resource Unit Root Properties Of Energy Consumption And Production In Turkey Author Author Özgür , Polata Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using unit root tests based on LM considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of the unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by the LS test with one structural break. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal and electricity, total energy and petroleum consumption in Transportation sector are found to be non-stationary, which indicates that the impacts of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of the results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of variables. Keywords: unit root, energy production, energy consumption, structural break, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/97b14f377def86265b955536eb7e3dcc.pdf 2aaac6e7628ba9d72f50b778697d5d31 PDF Text Text Yüzbaşıoğlu, S., Varol, Ö., 2004. A new Autumn-flowering Crocus from SW Turkey. –The Plantsman, New Series, Vol. 3, Part 2:104-106. Breath Analysis of Hepatic Patients Using Electronic Nose Özgür Örnek International Burch University, Department of Information Technology E-mail: oornek@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Hepatic coma, also known as hepatic encephalopathy, is loss of consciousness as a result of liver failure. Hepatic coma represents the final stage of hepatic encephalopathy - grade IV, a progressive brain dysfunction due to accumulation of substances toxic to the brain. Hepatic coma can rapidly progress and may ultimately lead to death. Therefore, early diagonosis of hepatic coma is consirerably crucial for patients‘ life. If not, patients with hepatic coma can die in few days. In this study, I have proposed to overview early diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy by breath analysis using electronic noses which are regarded as rapid, inexpensive way of gas detection. Keywords: Electronic nose, hepatic coma, sensor arrays, neural Networks. 1.INTRODUCTION Hepatic coma is loss of consciousness as a result of liver failure. The brain is poisoned by toxic substances due to failure of the liver functionality. The toxic substances are generated after accumulation of some byproducts of metabolism in the blood. The severity of encephalopathy is subdivided into four grades. Grade I and II are subtle symptom of brain. In grade III, significant brain damage occurs. Hepatic coma represents the final grade - grade IV of the brain dysfunction that toxic substances are collected in the brain. At this stage, the entire brain is damaged and the patient with hepatic failure becomes unconscious and is unable to respond to painful stimuli (hepatic coma). Ultimately, it may cause death. [1] Studies have revealed that in patients with advanced stages of encephalopathy resulting froim chronic liver failure, ammonia, regarded as toxic substance, levels in the brain may rise more than twentyfold [2]. Blood tests show an increase in ammonia levels, which is a marker the degree of accumulation of toxins in the brain as well. For the essence of patients health, early diagnosis of hepatic coma is vital. If early intervention is not committed, hepatic encephalopathy can rapidly progress and become an acute emergency condition regarded as coma causing death in a few days. Current methods of diagnosis of the hepatic coma such as computed tomography scans are time-consuming, expensive, and involve invasive confirmation. The needs of rapid and 363 �inexpensive methods have led researchers to find new techniques on the hepatic coma symptoms. Electronic nose is a device formed by an array of sensors which is capable of highly sensitive for detecting and identifyig VOC‘s. Various studies have been conducted to identify various diseases using electronic nose with common pattern recognition algorithms. This study suggested that an electronic nose would detect and identify hepatic encephalopathy at advanced grades on the basis of the complex smellprints of numerous VOC‘s in exhaled breath from patients with hepatic encephalopathy The breath of a healthy person gives a different pattern than that of a one with failure. This difference could be detected and classified by the electronic nose and an appropriate pattern classification algorithm such as Neural Network and SVM. The main objective of this paper is to suggest that it is possible to recognize individuals affected by advanced stage of hepatic encephalopathy called hepatic coma, analyzing the olfactory signal of their breath by the use of an electronic nose with an appropriate classification algorithm. 2.VOC’s as a Biomarker of Certain Diseases Since 1971, it has been well known that hundreds of VOCs are present in the human breath [3], and that some of these compounds are biomarkers or indicators with certain diseases. Metabolic changes within hepatic failure can lead to changes in the production of different volatile organic compounds [4] which may be detected in the samples of exhaled breath. Over the last two decades, many studies on breath analysis by combined gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) have been conducted that several hundreds of different compounds in human breath was found. They reported that some volatile compounds in the breath are associated with certain diseases. For example, in the breath of patients with liver cirrhosis mercaptans and aliphatic acids were identified[5] while in the breath of uremic patients dimethyl- and trimethylamine were found [6]. Similarly, ammonia, manganase and mercaptans quantity in the blood are accepted as biomarkers of hepatic coma or hepatic failure. In addition, alkanes are present in the lung cancer and formaldehyde in the breast cancer; the presence of isoprene in human breath is correlated to blood cholesterol levels; and patients with Type 1 diabetes have excess acetone in their breath. [7] 3.The VOCs in the patients with liver disease Dimethyl sulfide, acetone, 2-pentanone and 2-butanone are considerably high level in the breath of liver patients. These chemical compounds are the reason of bad smell of the breath. Sulfur containing compounds are produced by disfunctioned metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids in the transamination body system. Normally, the amount of these compounds in blood and alveolar breath are low. Dysfunction of liver increases the level of these compounds, which have a characteristic smell, like the smell of rotten cabbage. The increased levels of the ketones acetone, 2-pentanone and 2-butanone are regarded to be the result of hepatic insuline resistance, a common disorder in patients with hepatic steatosis and end stage liver disease. Insuline resistance leads to an increase of triglycerides and free fatty acids and ketones are formed during lipolysis. Moreover, in a study with rats, the 364 �amounts of these compounds increase because of the inhibition of certain enzymes in the liver.[8] The correlation between a biomarker and a specific disease is often multi-fold. A breath compound can be a biomarker of about more than one disease or metabolic-disorder. And one particular disease or metabolic disorder can be identified by more than one chemical compounds. Table 1 shows correlation certain diseases and compounds. Table 1. 35 established biomarkers and their physiological symptoms.[7] Biomarkers Metabolic Disorders / Diseases Acetone (OC(CH3)2) Lung cancer, diabetes, dietary fat losses, congestive heart failure, brain seizure Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) Alcoholism, liver related diseases, lung cancer Ammonia (NH3) Renal diseases, asthma Butane (C4H10) Tumor marker in lung cancer Carbon monoxide (CO) Oxidative anaemias Carbon disulphide (CS2) Schizophrenia, coronary, and artery diseases Carbon dioxide (CO2) (13C-Isotopes) Oxidative stress Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) Liver related diseases Ethane (C2H6) Vitamin E deficiency in children, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress Ethanol (C2H5OH) Production of gut bacteria Ethylene (C2H4) Lipid peroxidation, ultra violet radiation damage of skin 365 stress, respiratory infection, �Hydrogen (H2) Indigestion in infants, intestinal upset, colonic fermentation H/D isotope Body water Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Asthma Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children affected with cystic fibrosis 8-Isoprostane Oxidative stress Isoprene Blood cholesterol Methane (CH4) Intestinal problems, colonic fermentation Methanethiol (CH3SH) Halitosis Methanol (CH3OH) Nervous system disorder Methylated amines Protein metabolism in body Methyl nitrate (CH3NO3) Hyperglycemia in Type 1 diabetes Nitrogen monoxide (NO) Asthma, bronchiectasis, rhinitis, lung diseases Nitrotyrosine (C9H10N2O5) Asthma Oxygen (O2) Respiration Pentane (C5H12) Peroxidation of lipids, liver diseases, schizophrenia, breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis Pyridine (C5H5N) Periodontal disease Sulfur compounds Hepatic diseases and malordor, lung cancer hypertension, Hydrocarbons (Toulene (C6H5CH3), Benzene (C6H6), Heptane (C7H16), Lipid peroxidation, lung cancer, oxidative Decane (C10H22), Styrene (C8H8), stress, airway inflammation Octane (C8H18), Pentamethylheptane (C12H26)) 366 �4.Electronic Nose An electronic nose is an instrument which is composed of an array of electro chemical sensors with partial specificity and an appropriate pattern recognition system, is able to detect and identify simple or complex odors. Electronic noses have been mainly used for quality control applications in the food, beverage, and cosmetics industries, military, and medical applications. As an odor is presented to the electronic nose, certain sensors are sensitive to the odor; therefore they respond to certain volatile componds. This combination of varied responses from the array of sensors constitutes the characteristic of the particular applied odors. After presence of analyte the output of the odor sensors is extracted, amplified, filtered, and converted into digital form by transducion electronics. Compared to traditional analysis techniques, electronic noses have certain motivations. The main motivation for electronic noses is capable of inexpensive, rapid, real-time as well as portable and reproducible measurements of volatile compounds. However, a universal electronic nose has not been built yet, which is capable of identifying or discriminating any gas sample type with high efficiency and for all possible applications. Because it is highly depends on the selectivity and sensitivity limitations of electronic nose sensor arrays for particular analyte gases. Therefore, electronic noses are not univerally utilized for every application of the gas samples. A proper electronic nose for a particular application should meet an evaluation of mecanism. 5.The Biological Nose The human olfactory system comprises variety of chemical sensors, known as receptors, and automated pattern recognition incorporated into the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex in the brain [9, 10]. A receptor type alone can not identify a specific odor. It is the set of receptors composed of pattern recognition that can detect and identify each odor. Fig.3 shows the main components and function of the human olfactory system and its sensory components. Once odor molecules are presented to the olfactory receptors stimulating an electro-chemical response that is transmitted through the crib form plate to the olfactory bulb and ultimately the olfactory cortex. The olfactory receptors (sensors), the olfactory bulb (signal pre-processing), and the olfactory cortex (odor identification) are the major olfactory components in human olfaction system. 367 �Figure 3. Human Olfaction Sensing System [11] 6.Sensor Technologies on Electronic Nose Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) was the first developed sensor array, which detected 20 odours [12]. By the technological development sensor arrays are created from six up to 32 sensors with different materials, detecting thousands of smells. This equipment varies different types of sensors interacting with volatiles: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), Quartz Crystal Microbalances (QCMs), the Surface Acoustic Waves (SAWs), Conducting Organic Polymer Sensors (CPs), Intrinsically Conducting Polymers (ICPs) and optical fiber bundles . Modern electronic noses (e-noses) can be constructed with more than one type of sensor in them. [13] 7.CONCLUSION Up to date, many papers on medical research using electronic nose have been studied. Neural network is the appropriate pattern recognition method for identifying patients with hepatic failure and healty individuals. As medical sensing samples are non linear, the most appropriate classificatiton method is neural which can train and test non linear medical samples in a short time with high accuracy compared to other algorithms. One of key factor for sensing odor is using the appropriate sensor. After a long time research, it is believed that polymer film coated sensors are more suitable for the medical diagnosis usin electronic noses. As a result electronic noses are prominent system as non invasive method of medical diagnosis. The studies have been shown that with appropriate sensor arrays and corresponding pattern recognition, electronic nose can be widely used for many diseases. Therefore, for early detection of hepatic coma, patients with hepatic failure can be efficiently analyzed by electronic nose for detection and identification. REFERENCES 1. http://www.nmihi.com/h/hepatic-coma.htm 2. Butterworth, R. F., Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy: A new look at ammonia. Metabolic Brain Disease 17: 221-227, 2002 3. Pauling, L.; Robinson, A.B.; Teranishi, R.; Cary, P. Quantitative analysis of urine vapor and breath by gas-liquid partition chromatography. Proc. Nath. Acd. Sci. USA 1971, 68, 2374-2376 4. Mazzone, P., Hammel, J., Dweik, R., Na, J., Czich, C. Laskowski, D., & Mekhail, T., Lung Cancer Diagnosis by the Analysis of Exhaled Breath with a Colorimetric Sensor Array. ,2007 5. Kaji, H., Hisamura, M., Sato, N., Murao, M., 1978. Clinica Chimica Acta 85, 279 6. Simenhoff, M., Burke, J., Saukkonen, L., ordinario, A., Doty, R., 1977, New England Journal of Medicine, 297,132. 7. Wang, C., Sahay, P., 2009, Breath Analysis Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques: Breath Biomarkers, Spectral Fingerprints, and Detection Limits, Sensors ISSN 1424/8220 368 �8. Velde, V.D., Nevens, S., Hee, F.V., Steenberghe, P.V., Quirynen, D.; 2008, GC-NS analysis of breath odor compounds in liver patients, Journal of chromatography b-analytical Technologies in the biomedical and life sciences vol:875 issue:2 ,344-348 9. Merler, S., C. Furlanello, B. Larcher and A. Sboner, 2001. Tuning Cost Sensitive Boosting and its Application to Melanoma Diagnosis, In MCS 2001, Cambridge, UK, 2096: 32-42. 10. Pardo, M. and G. Niederjaunfner, 2000. Data Preprocessing Enhances the Classification of Different Brands of Espresso Coffee with an Electronic Nose. Sensors & Actuators B, 69. 11. Shilbayeh, N.F. and M.Z. Iskandarani, 2004. Quality Control of Coffee Using an Electronic Nose System. Am. J. Applied Sci., 1: 129-135. 12. Persaud, K.C.; Dodd, G. Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose. Nature 1982, 299, 352-355. 13. Casalinuovo IA, Di Pierro D, Coletta M, and Di Francesco P. 2006. Application of electronic noses for disease diagnosis and food spoilage detection. Sensors 6:1428–1439. Enzyme Supplementation to Soybean Based Diet in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Effects on Growth Parameters and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Digestibility İbrahim Diler 1,Hüseyin Sevgili 2 ,Yılmaz Emre 2,Halit Bayrak 1 1 Department of Aquaculture, Süleyman Demirel University, 32100, Isparta-TURKEY 2 Mediterranean Fisheries Research, Production and Training Institute, P.O190, Antalya, Turkey E-mail: ibrahimdiler@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The aim of the this study was to examine the effects of the diets based on Soybean Meal (40%) supplemented with exogenous enzymes on growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility and reduce environment pollution waste output of nitrogen and phosphorus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture. Trout groups (initial weight 87.00±1,5) method of random plots with 3 replications of 50 fish/pond with the ratio of 1050 fish in the concrete ponds. Diets consisted of 25% fish meal (FM) and 40% dehulled hexane extracted soybean meal (SBM) in control group (C0) and diet supplemented with protease enzyme (PRT; 2g/kg-1), diet supplemented with enzyme cocktail (MIX; cellulose, xylanase, endo-ß-1,3:1,4-glucanase; 2g/kg-1) and diet supplemented with pyhtase enzyme (PHY; 2g/kg-1). About of growth performance were found while condition factor (1,21-1,23) were statistically similar (p>0.05), however specific growth rate, SGR, (1,118-1,340) and feed conversion ratio, FCR, (1,26-1,30) were obtained significantly different among groups (p<0,05). PRT and PHY groups significantly improved SGR and FCR better than control group. In this study, showed the highest nitrogen apperent digestibility coefficient, ADC (85,49±1,98) in PRT group while, the poorest value obtained (72,82±0.01) C0 group 369 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1269 Title A name given to the resource Breath Analysis of Hepatic Patients Using Electronic Nose Author Author Özgür , Örnek Abstract A summary of the resource. Hepatic coma, also known as hepatic encephalopathy, is loss of consciousness as a result of liver failure. Hepatic coma represents the final stage of hepatic encephalopathy - grade IV, a progressive brain dysfunction due to accumulation of substances toxic to the brain. Hepatic coma can rapidly progress and may ultimately lead to death. Therefore, early diagonosis of hepatic coma is consirerably crucial for patients‘ life. If not, patients with hepatic coma can die in few days. In this study, I have proposed to overview early diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy by breath analysis using electronic noses which are regarded as rapid, inexpensive way of gas detection. Keywords: Electronic nose, hepatic coma, sensor arrays, neural Networks. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d40eceb64d0da85c0c478f4d57fb33b7.pdf 52bb253af39a2b579b7c2cc519bf771e PDF Text Text Frank A, A. A., 2010. UCI Available at: [http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml] Machine Learning Repository. Jekova, Bortolan, G. & Christov, I., 2008. Assessment and comparison of different methods for heartbeat classification, ScienceDirect, 30. Medical Engineering & Physics, Issue 30, pp. 248-257. Magenes, G., Pedrinazzi, L. & Signorini, . M., 2004. Identification of fetal sufference antepartum through a multiparametric analysis and a support vector machine. San Francisko, s.n. Minsky, M. & Papert, S., 1969 . Perceptrons. Cambridge: MIT Press. Nielsen PV, S. B. N. C. N. J., 1987. Intra- and inter-observer variability in the assessment of intrapartum cardiotocograms.. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 11 January, 203(5), pp. 421-424. Palomäki, O., Luukkaala, T., Luoto, R. & Tuimala, R., 2006. Intrapartum cardiotocography: the dilemma of interpretational variation.. Journal of Prenatal Medical, pp. 298-302. Rosenblatt, F., 1988 . The perception: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Cambridge, MA, USA : MIT Press . Van Geijn, H., 1996. Developments in CTG analysis. Baillière's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, June, pp. 185-209. An Overview of Metal Oxide Semiconducting Sensors in Electronic Nose Applications Özgür Örnek1, Bekir Karlık2 1International Burch University, Department of Information Technology 2Mevlana University, Department of Computer Engineering E-mails: oornek@ibu.edu.ba; bkarlik@mevlana.edu.tr Abstract Accurate analysis of electronic nose depends on several factors such as sensor types, pattern recognition algorithm, ambient temperature and humidity. The sensor is one of the important factors for effectively and accurately odor measurement of electronic nose. This study aimed to propose the advantages and disadvantages of MOS metal oxide semiconduting sensors, 506 �one of the most used sensors, by analyizing performance, structure, operation principles of them. Consequently we aimed to extract beneficial information about electronic nose studies based on MOS sensors. 1.INTRODUCTION In recent years, electronic noses have been widely used in various fields such as quality control of foods and beverages, public safety, air protection and medical applications. Major advances in information and gas sensor technology could enhance the diagnostic power of future bio-electronic noses and facilitate global surveillance models of disease control and management Odor Category such as [1-7]: • Detailed Description Of Odor (Disease, Marker Chemical, Breath, Sweet) • Fruity; alcoholic (Alcohol abuse, phenol exposure, Ethanol, Phenol) • Minty, wintergreen (Patient covering alcohol abuse, Menthol, wintergreen) • Fruity; pear-like (Chloral hydrate poisoning, Chloral hydrate) • Dried malt, burnt sugar, yeast-like (Methionine malabsorption) • Violets (Turpentine poisoning, Turpentine) • Sweet mouth (Portacaval shunt, portal vein thrombosis, diphtheria, Musty) • Rancid butter (Hypermethioninemia) • Rancid butter, fishy, musty (Tyrosinosis, tyrosinemia) • Musty fish, raw liver, new-cut clover (Hepatic failure, Mercaptans) • Feculent (Intestinal obstruction, esophageal diverticulum, Foul) • Foul, putrid (Lung abscess, intranasal foreign body, Bad breathe, Infection: teeth, nose, tonsil, stomach, esophagus) • Ozaena, very foul odor (Infection or cancer of nose or sinuses) • Severe bad breath (Trench mouth, amphetamine abuse) • Garlic (Phosphorous, arsenic, malathion poisoning) • Rotten eggs (Hydrogen sulfide poisoning) • Pungent, unpleasant, heavy (Schizophrenia; trans-3-methyl-2-hexanoic acid, Other) • Bitter almond 507 �Electronic nose is a detection system which consists of a multisensor array with partial specifity and appropriate pattern recognition software, capable of idetifying and recognizing odors [8]. Electronic Nose mimics the human sense of smell by generating a unique response to each odorant. The system detects the odour by an array of sensors and transduces the gaseous molecules into electrical signals. Electronic nose measurement is influenced by certain factors, such as sensor type, pattern recognition system, humidty and temperature of ambient. Using an appropriate sensor type for any chemical odorant or mixture extremely effects measurement accuracy of e-nose. In this study, we have investigated Metal Oxide Semiconducting - MOS sensors, which are widely used in many VOC analysis applications. We have aimed to propose strength and weakness of MOS sensors by analyzing their structure and operating factors. Sensors in an array are the main components of the electronic nose. Because the sensitivity and specifity of sensors mostly influence accuracy of detecting and recognizing of odorants. The role of sensors in electronic nose is human receptors. When an odor is presented to the sensors, they generate a unique response to the odor to be considered as a signature or characteristic of the odor. Each sensors reflects unique response to the odor. The responses of each sensors comprise the characteristic of the odor. The output of odor sensors is then filtered and converted to the digital form by a transducer. Then, the digital output is processed for classification and recognizition by pattern recognition algorithm. Schematic view of electronic nose can be seen in Figure 1 [9]. Figure 1. A shematic view of Electronic Nose System 2.Principles of Sensor System In their widely accepted definition, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) define the sensor that "a chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information, ranging from the concentration of a specific sample component to total composition analysis, into an analytically useful signal. The chemical information, mentioned 508 �above, may originate from a chemical reaction of the analyte or from a physical property of the system investigated" [10]. Chemical sensors typically are composed of two main parts, a receptor and a transducer. The receptor converts chemical information into a form of signal, which can be measured by the transducer. Basically, the gas sensor operates interacting between gas molecules and sensorcoated or sensing materials which enable electrical current passing through the sensor. The modulated electrical current then is converted to a recordable signal [11]. There are many different types of electronic nose sensors ranging from metal-oxide gas sensors (MOS), metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET), conducting polymer gas sensors, acoustic wave gas sensors, quartz crystal microbalance sensors (QCM), surface acoustic wave devices (SAW), field-effect gas sensors, electrochemical gas sensors, pellistors, fiber-optic gas sensors. As well as sensor technology, the type of sensing material influences measurement of gas molecules of odors. They are categorized in regard to additive doping materials, the type and nature of the chemical interactions, the reversibility of the chemical reactions and running temperature. The generic types of sensors involved with its sensing element are summarized in Table 1. [12] Table 1. Types and mechanisms of common electronic-nose gas sensors Sensor Type Sensing Material Detection Principle Acustic sensors: Quartz crystal microbalance (QMB); surface acoustic wave (SAW) Organic or inorganic film layers Calorimetric; catalytic bead pellistor mass change (frequency shift) temperature or heat change Metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors catalytic metals (MOSFET) modified conducting Conducting polymer sensors polymers Electrochemical sensors solid or liquid electrolytes Fluorescence sensors Fluorescence-sensitive detector Infrared sensors IR-sensitive detector Metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) Optical sensors 509 electric field change resistance change current or voltage change fluorescent-light emmissions Infrared-radiation absorbtion doped semi-conducting metal resistance change oxides (SnO2, GaO) photodiode, light-sensitive light modulation, �optical changes Transducer devices in electronic-nose sensors have various types which are based on certain principles, such as electrical measurements, including changes in current, voltage, resistance or impedance, electrical fields and oscillation frequency as well as measurements of mass changes, temperature changes or heat generation. The light characteristics such as changes in light absorbance, polarization, fluorescence, optical layer thickness, color or wave length are utilized as transducing priciple for measuring optical sensors. Sensor performance is measured by a set of parameters. Certain important parameters and their behaviors can be defined as [13]:         Sensitivity: It is a change of measured signal per analyte concentration unit that has been more and more attention, and many studies have been conducted to enhance the sensitivity of sensors. Selectivity: It refers to capabilities of the sensor’s response towards a group of gas analytes or a single one. Stability: This parameter defines the ability of the sensor that provides reproducible results for a certain period of time. Detection limit: The parameter is utilized to state the lowest concentration of the analyte that can be detected by the sensor under given conditions, particularly at a given temperature. Response time: It is the time that involves for measurement of gas analyte. Recovery time: It is the time that occurs during recovering to the sensor’s initial or baseline value. Life cycle is the period of time that denotes the maximum time over continuously operating of the sensor. Operating temperature: The temperature with minimum and maximum values for effecitive analysis. For reliable and ideal measurement of an analyte, the sensor should meet certain parameteres. These parameters are high sensitivity, dynamic range, selectivity and stability; low detection limit; good linearity; small hysteresis and response time; and long life cycle. 510 �3.Structure of Metal Oxide Sensors (MOS) Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) was a first developed sensor array, which detected 20 odours[14]. MOS sensors are relatively simple electronics featured by high sensitivity (in the order of parts per billion ppb), low cost, high speed response. The MOS sensors consist of sensing element, sensor base and sensor cap. Figure 2a and 2b illustrates a basic structure of MOS sensor [15]. The sensing element contains a sensing material and a heater. According to the target odorant or gas, different materials such as Tin dioxide (SnO2), Tungsten oxide (WO3) are used as a sensing element. The gas molecules, known also Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) interact with a doped semiconducting material deposited between two metal contacts over a resistive heating element, which operates from 200 °C to 400 °C. Once a VOC passes over the doped oxide material, the resistance between the two metal contacts changes according to the concentration of the VOC. The registered signal depends on the change of resistance produced by the gas flow during the measurement [16]. Figure 2.a) Structure of the MOS Sensor Figure 2.b) General form of MOS Sensor (Courtesy of Capteur Sensors and Analysers) 3.1. Advantages of MOS sensors Metal-oxide sensors are widely used in many sensor based applications, e.g. electronic noses. The MOS sensors are known as the most used sensors in the market because: 1. MOS sensors responds to a wide range of compounds such as oxidizing compounds (zinc-oxide, tin-dioxide, titanium-dioxide, iron oxide) and some reducing compounds, mainly nickel-oxide or cobalt-oxide [17] 2. MOS sensors are characterized by high sensitivity (sub-part per billion ppb levels for some gases) to the oxidizing and some reducing compounds. 511 �3. Compared to other analytical instruments, MOS are far more inexpensive. 4. MOS sensors have a short response time to the analytes. 5. With its small size, MOS sensors are compatible with intregrating into analyzing instrument. 6. Since MOS sensors are relatively simple electronics they are easily fabricated. 7. MOS sensors have ability to operate in high temperature and pressure. 8. They have long lasting life to operate. 3.2. Disadvantages of MOS Sensors Despite many advantages of MOS sensors, there are some challenges to overcome. These are: 1. High selectivity of MOS sensors influences the analysis. Because they are sensitive simultaneously to wide range of reducing and oxidizing gases. For instance, a typical carbon monoxide (CO) sensor may respond significantly to hydrogen, ethylene, and isobutylene. When these gases are presented, the sensor would response as CO presence, which may not be true. It is very difficult to achieve an absolutely selective metal oxide gas sensor in practice, and most of the MOS sensors have cross-sensitivity at least to humidity and other vapors or gases. 2. MOS sensors cannot operate at high temperature. Because MOS sensors are less sensitive with high temperature. Thus, the sensitivity of sensors reduces with high temperature. 3. Operation of MOS requires more power compared to the of others as a result of working at high temperature. 4. MOSs are susceptible to humidity causing drift on analysis. 5. Accuracy rate of gas analysis is low compared to the other analyzing instruments. 6. Their low stability and long range drift are imptortant issue. This causes uncertain results and the need to frequently recalibrate or replace sensors [18]. 4.MOS Sensors in Applications Since 1962, several studies have been conducted on gas analysis based on metal oxide semiconducting sensors. It is diffucult to review all studies about MOS sensors due to high number of studies on them. We were able to briefly propose a literature review based on MOS sensors applications. 512 �In 1962, Saiyeama et. al. first introduced MOS sensors using zinc oxide thin film layers[19]. After this time, several studies conducted using different doping and sensing materials. In 1982, the first sensor array were designed using MOS sensors which detected 20 gases [14]. As the discovery of the hundred VOCs existed in human breath, MOS sensor arrays have been used to detect disease diagnosis such as lung, liver, asthym failures. Through numerous studies on diseases diagnosis from breath analysis, we were able to report some of the outstanding studies about MOS sensors. Blatt et. al. concluded remarkable detection results of lung cancer diagnosis using MOS sensors[20]. In another research, Guo et. al. conducted a study on diagnosis on diabetes, renal disease, and airway inflammation using mos sensor array, and they resulted that breath analysis can be employed for early diagnosis of many diseases [21]. MOS sensors have been used extensively to measure and monitor trace amounts of environmentally important gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. In another study, the human body armpit could be detected by MOS sensors [22]. With the power of neural network as pattern recognition Bucak and Karlik evaluated performance of the application developed for hazardous odor recognition using OMX-GR electronic nose equipped with a MOS sensor [6]. They achieved hundred percent success rate of classification for hazardous odor recognition system based. Using a novel fuzzy clustering neural network algoritm, Karlik and Yuksek conducted a real time odor analysis by an electronic nose instrument sensed by a MOS sensor [9]. They concluded that based on a neural network, electronic nose with MOS sensor could be used to recognize odor compounds. 5. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we aimed to give general perspective about MOS sensors. To achive this, this study observed operation principles, measurement parameters, sensing material of MOS sensors. Despite its some drawbacks for analysis, the results reflect that MOS sensors are reliable and prominent materials for odor analysis. It can widely be employed as an array sensors in electronic nose applications. The classification performance of an e-nose device is highly dependent upon the quality of the features extracted from its sensors’ dynamic response. Although some improvement in an e-nose device was achieved in terms of increasing classification performance, reducing the number of sensors, combining multiple classifiers for dissimilar odor datasets, and extending application to odor mixture analysis, further improvements are necessary if an e-nose is to become a smarter and smaller device. Ideally, if the response of the sensor to an odor is consistent to the same odor over time (reproducibility), high classification performance can be easily obtained from simple classifier algorithms. However, reproducibility is not achieved in practice because of the interaction of the odor with the sensor’s surface and several 513 �interfering environmental factors, such as temperature and relative humidity which results in an inconsistent sensor’s response[23]. Consequently, reliability of e-nose device could be improved by further developing sensor technologies. REFERENCES A.K. Pavlou, et al., 2002. Use of an electronic nose system for diagnoses of urinary Tract. Infections, Biosens. Bioelectron. 17(10), 893-899. P. Boilot, et al., 2000. Detection of bacteria causing eye infections using a neural network based electronic nose system. in Electronic Nose and Olfaction, Gardner, J. W.; Persaud, K. C., editors; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 189-196. Karlık, B. and Bastaki Y., 2004. Bad Breathe Diagnosis System Using OMX-GR Sensor and Neural Network for Telemedicine. Clin. Informat. and Telemed. v.2, pp. 237-239. Wamane, P. and Gharpure, D. C., 2000. 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Gas Sensors Based on Inorganic Materials: An Overview by K. R. Nemade, pp.1-13 Seiyama, T.; Kato, A.; Fujiishi, K.; Nagatani, 1962. M. A new detector for gaseous components using semiconductive thin films. Anal. Chem., 34, 1502–1503. Blatt, R., Bonarini, A., Calabro, E., Della Torre, M., Matteucci, M., and Pastorino, U., 2007. Lung cancer identification by an electronic nose based on an array of MOS sensors,” in Neural Networks, IJCNN 2007, pp. 1423–1428. Guo D, Zhang D, Li N, Zhang L, Yang J., 2010. A novel breath analysis system based on electronic olfaction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 57(11):2753-63. Wongchoosuk, C., Lutz, M., Kerdcharoen, T., 2009. Detection and classification of human body odor using an electronic nose. Sensors, 9: 7234-7249. Nakamoto, T., Nakahira, Y., Hiramatsu, H., Moriizumi, T., 2001. Odor recorder using active odor sensing system, Sens. Actuators B, vol. 76, pp. 465-469. 515 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1210 Title A name given to the resource An Overview of Metal Oxide Semiconducting Sensors in Electronic Nose Applications Author Author Özgür , Örnek Abstract A summary of the resource. Accurate analysis of electronic nose depends on several factors such as sensor types, pattern recognition algorithm, ambient temperature and humidity. The sensor is one of the important factors for effectively and accurately odor measurement of electronic nose. This study aimed to propose the advantages and disadvantages of MOS metal oxide semiconduting sensors, one of the most used sensors, by analyizing performance, structure, operation principles of them. Consequently we aimed to extract beneficial information about electronic nose studies based on MOS sensors. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1f951dacffe294cf9d07921713ba5be9.pdf 49ebeb2fbe45bf3392ffb4aeaada6ee9 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Leckie , J. Bull, R. & Vrij, A. (2006). The development of a scale to discover outpatients’ perceptions of the relative desirability of different elements of doctors’communication behaviours. Patient Education and Counseling 64, 69–77. Leckie, J., Bull, R. & Vrij A., (2006). The development of a scale to discover outpatients’ perceptions of the relative desirability of different elements of doctors’ communication behaviors. 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Within The Concept Of Sustainable Tourism, Certification And Eco-Labelling Systems In Accommodation Management: The Case Of Alanya/Manavgat Özyurt Paşa Mustafa1, Üngüren Engin1, Kalipçi Mehmet Bahadır2, Guclü, Caner1 1Faculty of Business, Alanya, Turkey 2Manavgat Vocational School Abstract Tourism sector which has started to increase in size since the second half the 19th century has become an important industry in the world due to its economic and social effects.Tourism’s economic profits have caused to not only management support but also local and national support in promoting tourism’s development and investments. However, this fast and planless growth has caused to bad results. The attention has been drawn to the fact that natural sources are being using up fast and that has brought new tourism terms and alternative tourism types which are compatible with nature. Under the roof of sustainable tourism, tourism which is sensitive to environment and local cultures has predicted that all tourism types can be sustainable if the specific rules are followed. Sustainable tourism’s essential 84 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo principle is to save cultural and environmental values and try to provide planned and controlled growth. Also, it tries to make sustainable tourism a concrete concept. Certification and eco-labelling systems are used to measure with concrete data. Varying in purposes and extent, certification and eco-labelling systems show the good and bad sides of businesses about environmental awareness, hygiene, social responsibility, security, energy consumption, waste management and staff education. And it gives information to customers about management. Besides, it is seen that businesses use this as a marketing tool. The aim of this study is to specify the certification and eco-labelling systems used in tourism managements and present the reasons why they obtained these certification systems, and determine whether certification systems show changes according to management types. Alanya and Manavgat districts of Antalya have been chosen as an application area. Population is four and five star hotels operating in Alanya and Manavgat. Research has been done by reaching one manager in each population with questionnaire technique. Obtained data has been analysed with SPSS packet program. Keywords: Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, Certification and Eco-Labelling Systems, Accommodation Management, Green Marketing, Alanya, Manavgat, 1. INTRODUCTION The rapid development of tourism, after World War II, into a formidable industry has been argued to be as a result of increases in household income that subsequently afforded families more discretionary income to be spent on leisure. Other factors such as paid holiday, a better educated population that is willing to learn and explore and increased business travel have also been identified (Oriade and Evans, 2011: 70). According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), international arrivals worldwide have more than doubled since 1990, rising from 435 million to 675 million in 2000, and to 940 million in 2010. In 2011, the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) expects it to contribute almost US$6 trillion to the global economy, or 9% of global gross domestic product (GDP) (WTTC, 2011: 2). The fact that tourism industry has grown fast in the world brought many positive results as well as many negative results. It is well known that, the unplanned and excessive growth of tourism industry has caused many effects such as; air, water, and soil pollution, the loss of cultural traditions, and decreasing plant diversity and so on. 2. TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM CONCEPT World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as; Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future (Cernat and Gourdon, 2007: 1). In general, sustainable tourism is a form of development, which protects the environments of which human being interacted and ecological periods and biological diversity are sustained and all the resources 85 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo in the visited region are managed to be able to meet the economical, social and aesthetics needs of people and tourists (Özbey, 2002: 8). Sustainable tourism is a form of production which is not the victim of growing society and culture but benefits from this growth (Kahraman ve Türkay, 2004: 88). Sustainable tourism concept has emerged from the notion of Sustainable Development, which has developed in the second part of the 20th century. (Berno and Bricker, 2001: 3). Many meetings started under the leadership of United Nations to stop the increasing environment pollution and unplanned growth with the industrialization during 60s and 70s (Sarkım, 2008: 3). The report titled "Our future" by World Environment Organization in 1987 has identified basic principles of sustainable investment and sustainable tourism concept (Tekeli, 2001: 39). The main goal of sustainable tourism is to contribute to the region's economy and social life constantly without harming the environment society, history, natural and cultural properties (Karaca, 2002: 677). The basic principle of sustainable tourism concept aiming to rise the satisfaction level of tourist and economical contribution to locals were given below (CESD, 2007: 6); To create economic continuity in the destinations and tourism enterprises to benefit in long term. To create local development by providing the highest level of contribution to the tourism destination. Generating employment by increasing other business lines. Providing social equity by supplying it social and economic benefits. Preparing a secure, satisfactory and unproblematic place Providing an active role during the tourism planning for locals and deciding period. Respecting historical places, local culture and traditions. Minimizing air, water and soil pollution. Providing the continuity of biological diversity. Paying attention to used recycling materials to that we can protect the environment. While alternative tourism types are being come up, studies show that environmental consciousness is rapidly increasing and developing among tourists. The survey by travel foundation in 2009 has shown that 67% of English tourists are disturbed by the affects of mass tourism on environments; however, this is not the first factor while choosing their holiday destination. Also, the same survey results have shown that British tourists started to be disturbed by the negative effects of tourism to the environments belonging to the places they travel, 23% worry about the climate changes, 24% choose authentic experiences due to these concerns, and 9% completely prefer certificate of green facilities. 86 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo According to a survey by Dodds and friends, among the participants, 95% of the tourists in Indonesia and 79% of the tourists in Thailand, who are mainly from Sweden, Britain, and Canada stated that they are willing to pay extra sum if it would help to protect the environment. Also, 87% of the visitors in Indonesia and 84% in Thailand stated that they could pay $2 extra, the proportion, which consists of people who can pay more than $10 is 42% in Indonesia and 25% in Thailand. According to a survey by Malta Tourism Authority 80% of the participants who visited Malta are susceptive about environmental issues, 47% of it stated they chose paid attention to that while choosing their hotels. Besides, the participants stated that they were willing to pay 8% extra to stay at a hotel which is environment friendly. 3. ECO-LABELS / CERTIFICATE SYSTEMS Certification is specific standards which has written assurance of product, process, facilities and service (CESD, 2007: 7) Certification is one of the tools that motivate tourism businesses to improve their economic, social and environmental performance, while being rewarded, in tangible or intangible way, for these achievements (Remus, vd., 2009: 331). They usually address three main aspects, namely: 1) environmental performance of companies, operations and destinations; 2) product quality; and 3) corporate social responsibility of operations. (WTO, 2003: 1). The reasons why tourism establishments use certification and eco-label systems are lined below (CESD, 2007: 10-11) ;      To increase the quality and performance of the facilities and staff, To do the right things to protect the environment and local societies. To reduce the expenses. To create a marketing advantage Distinguishing the difference of faked environmentalist establishments.. According to the results of a survey about 4 and 5 star hotels in Ankara by Ünlüönen and friends (2011) has shown that hotel managements, which have system management documents, got these documents mostly as they see them a kind of prestige, image, competitiveness factors. So, it can be emphasized that the establishments, which have these certificates and documents, see these documents as a mean of providing competitiveness advantage and creating positive image. According to the results of a survey by Millar and Baloglu (2011) the customers who choice their rooms pay attention whether the room has environmental friend room certificate. Giving stars to the hotels is accepted as the first certification sample in tourism. This precautions not only majors the quality of touristic product but also it gives an assurance in terms of health, hygiene and security (CESD, 2007: 7-8). Many national and international certificate and eco-label systems have been started to use in tourism industry after increasing importance of sustainable tourism concept. Some of them are which are quite important were given below; 87 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo          Blue Flag Green Globe Travelife Green Leaf ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems Green Key Green Seal Nordic Swan Green Star 4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE The main purpose of this study is to specify the certification and eco-labelling systems used in tourism managements and present the reasons why they obtained or not these certification systems. Alanya and Manavgat districts of Antalya have been chosen as an application area. Population is four and five star hotels operating in Alanya and Manavgat. Research has been done by reaching one manager in each population with questionnaire technique. In order to design the survey the theoretical and empirical studies of the related litarature ( Ünlüönen ) were examined. The questionnaire consists of three parts. Before managers filled in questionnaires face to face interviews were undertaken with them. Due to the research done in the winter it was not possible to reach each hotel. According to the study, which were done by Cevirgen and Üngüren (2012) was determined that, 85% of all hotels operating seasonally in region. Therefore, the research was conducted with 24 hotels. The instrument questions answered on a 1-10 likert scales labeled “strongly disagree” (1) and “strongly agree” (10). SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistical methods were used in this study. Percentage and frequency analysis was applied to the data. The informations of hotels obtained on the eco-label certification and documentation as a result of the frequency and percentage analysis were tabulated with frequency and percentage distributions. 5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS The results related to information of hotels such as hotel type, pension type, are indicated in Table 1. The number of 5 star hotels is 20 (83%), and the rest is 4-star hotels (17%). Out of 20 five-star hotel, 11 (55%) of them showed activity all year round, 9 (45%) or them operate seasonally. 4 star hotels enterprises the entire seasonally. Table 1: Periods of activity of Hotels in the Scope of Research Hotel Type Period of Activity 5 Stars 4 Stars Total Seasonal n 9 4 13 Full year 88 % n % 45,0% 11 55,0% 100,0% 0 ,0% 54,2% 11 45,8% �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Total n % 20 100,0% 4 100,0% 24 100,0% Pension types applied by the hotels are given in Table 2. Applied research within 24 hotels using the all inclusive system. In addition, 3 (15%) of five star hotels, and 1 (25%) of 4-star hotels are implemented half-board system. Full-board system is only 1 (5%) applied by the hotel, bed and breakfast system is implemented by any hotels. Hotels 5 Star 4 Star Total n % n % n % Table 2: Types of Covered Pension Applied Hotels Pension Types BB HB FB Yes No Yes No Yes No 0 20 3 17 1 19 0% 100,0% 15,0% 85,0% 5,0% 95,0% 0 4 1 3 0 4 0% 100,0% 25,0% 75,0% ,0% 100,0% 0 24 4 20 1 23 0% 100,0% 16,7% 83,3% 4,2% 95,8% AI Yes 20 100,0% 4 100,0% 24 100,0% No 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Distributions regarding to the tourist nationalities to the hotels are shown in Table 3. German tourists have the biggest share in five star hotels with an average of 50%, with an average of 28% receive 4th rank in 4 star hotels. The average is around 20% of Russians, in 5 star hotels, and this ratio comes 50% in 4 star hotels. We’ve found that the Scandinavian tourists have an average of 18% in 5 star hotels, in 4 star hotels, this ratio increases to 32%. Anticipating the tourists prefer 4 star hotels from the United Kingdom, 5 star hotels are the average of 9%. As a result, the 5 star and 4 star hotels vary depending on the nationalities of their customers. Hotel 5 Star Hotel 4 Star 89 Table 3: Distribution of Tourists According to the Hotels Stars Nationalities N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation German % 18 % 10 % 90 % 49,66 % 26,92 Russian % 12 % 5 % 50 % 19,25 % 13,76 Scandinavia % 9 %2 % 50 % 17,66 % 19,01 Netherlands % 12 % 5 % 60 % 15,25 % 14,76 United Kingdom % 4 %4 % 20 % 8,75 % 7,54 Ukrainian % 4 %3 % 10 % 6,50 % 4,04 Poland % 4 %1 % 10 % 6,00 % 3,91 Other % 12 % 5 % 50 % 21,50 % 15,91 Nationalities N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Russian % 1 %50 %50 %50 . Scandinavia % 2 %30 %35 %32,50 %3,53 Poland % 1 %30 %30 %30,0 German % 3 %20 %35 %28,33 %7,63 Netherlands % 2 %20 %30 %25,00 %7,07 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo United Kingdom % Ukrainian % Other % 0 0 2 %10,00 %10,00 %10,0000 ,00 Table 4 shows that, according to the type of hotels owned the Quality and Standard Documents and own them new requirement durations. ISO 9001 Quality Management System used by (10) 5 star hotels and (1) 4 Star Hotel and a total of 11 (45%) the Standard Certificate of Quality has been the most commonly used with the hotels. ISO 22000 Food Safety System used by 7 (30%), ISO 10002 Customer Satisfaction Management System used by 6 (25%) 5 star hotels. ISO 14001 Environmental Management System and ISO 18001 the Occupational Health and Safety Management Certificates used by 3 (12%) 5 Star hotels. Looking at the Quality and Standard Certificates, new requirements period, the documents use of ISO 14001 Environmental Management System and ISO 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management Certificate with an average of 6.5 years has been in use for a long time Table 4: Duration of Quality and Standard Certificate Ownership by Hotel Type Hotel Quality Certificate N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation ISO 9001 duration 10 1,00 9,00 4,90 3,17 ISO 14001 duration 3 3,00 9,00 6,33 3,05 ISO 18001 duration 3 3,00 9,00 6,33 3,05 5 Star ISO 22000 duration 7 1,00 9,00 4,00 3,31 ISO 10002 duration 6 1,00 2,00 1,33 ,51 Hotel Quality Certificate N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation 4 Star ISO 9001 duration 1 1,00 1,00 1,00 Table 5 shows that hotels eco-label and is being used for documents and show that them how. None of 4 Star hotels use any eco-label system, 5 star hotels two (8%) of them, while the implementation of the Green Star and White Star, 1 (4%) of them use the Travelife system. As a result, certification and eco-labeling systems are widely applied in five star hotels. Table 5: Duration of the Eco-Label Certification Ownership by Hotel Type Hotel Eco-Label Certificate N Minimum Maximum Mean Gren Star duration 2 1,00 2,00 1,50 White Star duration 2 1,00 3,00 2,00 5 Star Travelife duration 1 1,00 1,00 1,00 None 20 Hotel Eco-Label Certificate N Minimum Maximum Mean 4 Star None 4 - Std. Deviation ,70 1,41 Std. Deviation - The questions in table 6 have been asked to businesses to learn their ideas about eco-labelling and certification systems of their competitors. While 5-star hotels give 7.55 points out of 10 to the idea that competitors use eco-labelling and certification systems to provide a competitive advantage, this rate increases to 8.50 at 4-star hotels. In the option of their being sensitive to environment, while 5-star hotels average is 7.40, 4-stars hotels average decreases 90 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo to 5.75. While 4-star hotels think their competitors use eco-labelling and certification systems as they provide marketing convenience, this rate decreases to 7.57 at 5-star hotels. Tablo 6: The Reasons of Competitors’ Having Eco-Labelling and Certification Documents Suggestions Otel n x Minimum Maximum 1.To Get Competitive Advantage 5 Star 20 7,55 1,00 10,00 4 Star 4 8,50 4,00 10,00 2.To Be Sensitive to Environment 5 Star 20 7,40 1,00 10,00 4 Star 4 5,75 3,00 10,00 3.To Have a Positive Image 5 Star 20 7,75 1,00 10,00 4 Star 4 8,00 4,00 10,00 4.As They are Wanted by Customers 5 Star 20 7,05 2,00 10,00 4 Star 4 7,50 5,00 10,00 5.To Get Marketing Advantage 5 Star 19 7,57 2,00 10,00 4 Star 4 9,25 9,00 10,00 6.As They are cared by Agencies 5 Star 20 7,75 2,00 10,00 4 Star 4 8,50 7,00 10,00 7.To Increase Employees’ Performance 5 Star 20 6,85 1,00 10,00 4 Star 4 6,00 5,00 7,00 8.To Improve Employees’ Motivation 5 Star 20 6,90 1,00 10,00 4 Star 4 6,25 5,00 8,00 1: strongly disagree 10: Strongly agree Table 7 shows businesses’ ideas about eco-labelling and certification systems. While 5-star hotels agree on the idea that certification systems help to protect environment with 8.45, this rate falls 6.75 at 4-star hotels. Although the statement “It is important for customers” is accepted by 4-star hotels with a high rate of 8.75, only 1 out of 4 has certification system and this shows the conflict between statement and application. While 5-star hotels agree on the statement that certificate systems improve staff qualifications, this rate falls to 7.00 at 4-star hotels. “eco-labelling affects the prestige and image of businesses positively” is accepted by 5-star hotels with 9.15 and by 4 star hotel with a high rate of 9.00. However, the number (5) of eco-labelling of 4 and 5 star hotels shows a conflict at this point. Tablo 7: Businesses’ Ideas About Eco-Labelling And Certification Systems Suggestions Otel Certifications n x Min Max. 1. They Help to Get a Positive Prestige 5 Star 20 9,10 5 10 and Image 4 Star 4 10,00 10 10 2. They Increases Sales Eco-Labelling n x Min Max. 20 9,15 6 10 4 9,00 8 10 10 9 10 10 10 4. They Help to Take Marketing Advantages 5 Star 4 Star 5 Star 4 Star 5 Star 4 Star 20 4 20 4 20 8,00 7,25 8,70 8,75 8,40 2 5 3 8 2 10 10 10 10 10 20 4 20 4 20 7,90 7,00 8,30 8,25 8,15 4 8,25 7 10 4 7,00 5 5. They are Important for Travel Agencies 5 Star 4 Star 20 8,00 4 8,00 2 7 10 10 20 7,45 1 4 7,00 7 3. They Are Important for Visitors 91 2 5 4 7 4 9 10 7 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6. They Help to Protect the Environment 5 Star 4 Star 20 8,45 5 10 20 8,70 3 10 4 6,75 3 10 4 8,50 7 10 7. They Positively Affect to Businesses’ Productivity 5 Star 4 Star 20 8,25 3 10 20 7,70 1 10 4 8,00 7 9 4 9 8. They Help to Increase Employees’ Quality 5 Star 4 Star 20 8,55 3 10 20 7,50 1 10 4 7,00 5 9 4 7,25 5 10 9. They Increase Employees’ Motivation 5 Star 4 Star 20 7,15 1 10 20 6,65 1 10 4 5 8 4 9 6,25 7,75 7 6,75 5 1: strongly disagree 10: Strongly agree 6. RESULT As a result of study, it has been seen that certification systems are used (30) more than ecolabeling (5) at hotels. Also, 5-star hotels have more certification systems and eco-labeling than 4-star hotels. The most used certification systems have been ISO9001 Quality Management System (10), ISO22000 Food Security System (7), and ISO10002 Customer Satisfaction Management System (6). It has been observed that the hotels have been using the certificate systems for about 3 years. In the end of the study, it has been revealed that businesses see certificate and eco-labeling systems as an element of prestige and image and they think these documents are important for customers. In spite of this, as businesses don’t have enough certificate and eco-labeling systems in obtained results, this brings out an inconsistent situation. Besides, businesses have stated that certification and eco-labeling systems don’t have much effect on the motivation of employees. 4-star hotels have stated that their competitors use eco-labeling and certificate systems as they provide a marketing convenience. It has been revealed that hotels are inadequate especially about eco-labeling. As the term of sustainability has been gaining importance recent years, businesses have to give importance to eco-labeling. Businesses can’t be expected to be indifferent to environmental sensitivity which has been becoming important among customers. REFERENCES Berno, T., & Bricker, K. (2001). Sustainable Tourism Development:The Long Road From Theory To Practice. International Journal of Economic Development, 3 (3). Cevirgen, A. And Üngüren, E. (2012). Alanya Bölgesi Konaklama Sektörü İhtiyaç Analizi Raporu, http://www.altsovoctest.org/ Cernat, L., & Gourdon, J. (2007). Is The Concept Of Sustainable Tourism Sustainable?. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Publication, New York. 92 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo CESD, (2007). A Simple User’s Guide to Certification for Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism. A Publication of The Center for Ecotourism and Sustainable Development, 3th Edition, Washington. Dodds, R., & Graci, S., R., & Holmes, M. (2010). Does the Tourists Care? A Comparison Of Tourists in Koh Phi Phi, Thailand and Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18 (2), 207-222. Kahraman, N., & Türkay, O. (2004). Turizm ve Çevre, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara. Karacan, A., R. (2002). Çevre Ekonomisi ve Politikası, Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları İİBF, İzmir. Millar, M., & Baloglu, S. (2011). Hotel Guests’ Preferences For Green Guest Room Attributes. Cornell Hospitality Quaterly, 52 (3), 302-311. Özbey, F., R. (2002). Sustainable Tourism Development In Globalization Progress. Globalization and Sustainable Development, International Scientific Conference, Book:4, pp.135-150,Varna 1-3 Remus, H., & Ovidiu, T., M., & Puinu, N., (2009). Ecorom- Indicators System Proposal of Quality Certification in Ecotourism. Amfiteatru Economic,11 (26, 330-338. Said, C., B., & Vella, R. (2009). Tourists’ Perceptions On Environmental Issues. Malta Tourism Authory, Malta. Sarkım. M. (2008). Değişen Seyehat Eğilimleri ve Turizm Politikaları. 2.Ulusal İktisat Kongresi, İzmir. Tekeli İ. (2001). Sürdürülebilirlik Kavramı Üzerine İrdelemeler, Mülkiyeliler Birliği Yayınları, Ankara. Ünlüönen, K., & Kızanlıklı, M., M., & Arslan, E. (2011). Otel İşletmelerindeki Eko-Etiket ve Sistem Yönetim Belgelerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. 12.Ulusal Turizm Kongresi Kitabı, 446-457. WTO, (2003). Recommendations to Governments For Supporting And/Or Establishing National Certification System For Sustaianable Tourism. Madrid, 2003, http://sdt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/certification-gov-recomm.pdf WTTC, (2011). Travel&Tourism 2011. http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/traveltourism2011.pdf http://www.turob.com/haber.aspx?id=12437 93 London. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1101 Title A name given to the resource Within The Concept Of Sustainable Tourism, Certification And Eco-Labelling Systems In Accommodation Management: The Case Of Alanya/Manavgat Author Author Özyurt , Paşa Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. Tourism sector which has started to increase in size since the second half the 19th century has become an important industry in the world due to its economic and social effects.Tourism’s economic profits have caused to not only management support but also local and national support in promoting tourism’s development and investments. However, this fast and planless growth has caused to bad results. The attention has been drawn to the fact that natural sources are being using up fast and that has brought new tourism terms and alternative tourism types which are compatible with nature. Under the roof of sustainable tourism, tourism which is sensitive to environment and local cultures has predicted that all tourism types can be sustainable if the specific rules are followed. Sustainable tourism’s essential principle is to save cultural and environmental values and try to provide planned and controlled growth. Also, it tries to make sustainable tourism a concrete concept. Certification and eco-labelling systems are used to measure with concrete data. Varying in purposes and extent, certification and eco-labelling systems show the good and bad sides of businesses about environmental awareness, hygiene, social responsibility, security, energy consumption, waste management and staff education. And it gives information to customers about management. Besides, it is seen that businesses use this as a marketing tool. The aim of this study is to specify the certification and eco-labelling systems used in tourism managements and present the reasons why they obtained these certification systems, and determine whether certification systems show changes according to management types. Alanya and Manavgat districts of Antalya have been chosen as an application area. Population is four and five star hotels operating in Alanya and Manavgat. Research has been done by reaching one manager in each population with questionnaire technique. Obtained data has been analysed with SPSS packet program. Keywords: Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, Certification and Eco-Labelling Systems, Accommodation Management, Green Marketing, Alanya, Manavgat, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5388e292703591b76966dfffaf6ef513.pdf 1d924d9fa533e1683eb54378f5438692 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo MertS.,KaluçE. (2003). Sürtünme karıştırma kaynağında kullanılan takımlardaki gelişmeler.TMMOB Makine Mühendisleri Odası Kaynak Teknolojisi IV.Ulusal Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 103-ll5 (in Turkish) http://tech.plymouth.ac.uk/sme/UoA30/ Weld_Microstructure.PDF Investigation Of Fracture Toughness Of Calcium Phosphate Coating Treated Onto Ti6A14V Substrate İbrahim Aydın1, Hakan Cetinel2, Ahmet Pasinli3 1Celal Bayar University, Vocational Collage, Machine Programme Manisa, Turkey 2Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Manisa, Turkey 3Ege University, Vocational Collage, Machine Programme İzmir, Turkey E-mails: ibrahim.aydin@bayar.edu.tr, hakan.cetinel@bayar.edu.tr, ahmet.pasinli@ege.edu.tr Abstract In this study, we aimed to investigate the fracture toughness of the calcium phosphate (CaP) coating, that was formed with Vickers indentation method, by the new method with the new patent. The activation process was done with NaOH + H2O2 on the Ti6Al4V material surface. Elasticity module, hardness values and coating thickness of the CaP coating that is formed by activation process was calculated. SEM micrographs and EDS analysis were gathered of the coating. Fracture toughness was determined by Vickers indentation. At the end of this study, fracture toughness (K1C) value for the CaP coating on Ti6A14V that was activated by NaOH+ H2O2 was found to be 0.43 MPa m1/2. Keywords: Calcium phosphate, coating, vickers indentation, fracture toughness Ti6Al4V. 1. INTRODUCTION Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) hip prosthesis is a material used in orthopedic implant production just as widely as bone plates and bone screws (Hench, 1991). Hydroxiapatite (HA) coatings are used in Ti6Al4V alloys in implant materials in 14 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo order to increase the biocompatibility. Phosphate based HA that forms the inorganic structure of the human bone and teeth is being used in dentistry since 1970 [Li at all, 2002; Kokuba at all, 1999). The most important property of HA is its excellent biological compatibility. HA forms a direct chemical bond with sclerenchyma. In placing the HA particles or posed blocks to bones; the new tissue forms in 4 to 8 weeks (Bajpai, 1990). HA pored structure, as the cells grow into the pores, helps the tissues grow into the implants. Also, acting as a canal system, pores in the HA structure help blood and other important body fluids reach the bone structure. HA has an absorption rate of 5-10% a year. Studies show that HA implants are first covered with fibrovascular tissues, and the grown lamella in the tissue turns into bone (Yetkin, 2001). Osteoconductive properties of HA helps in attaching to the bone. Also HA is known to have powerful chemical bonding tendencies for bone proteins (Bajpai, 1985). Body reactions are minimum because of the non-toxic properties of HA (Capello at all, 1997). There are many methods for HA coating. Kokuba et al. were the first to be able to coat HA on different biomaterials in synthetic body fluids (SBF) (Taş and Bhaduri, 1999). Tas by changing the values that are prepared by SBF, obtained calcium HA ceramic dust at the high chemical homogeneity and purity in pH 7.4 and 37 0C biomimetic conditions (Pasinli at all, 2008). Different methods such as “R-curve” and “Indentation Fracture Toughness” (on Vickers hardness device) are used in determining fracture toughness. “Vickers Indentation” method is prefered, as it is easier for sample preparation and conduction of the study than the other methods (Neil, 1983; Kim and Kim, 1990). Zhang et al. (Zhang at all, 2008), Mohammadi et al. (Mohammadi at all, 2007) and Bharati et al. (Baharati at all, 2009), calculated fracture toughness values on hidroxyapatite flourated, plasma-sprayed and hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti6A14V, respectively by using Vickers Indentation method. In this study, CaP coatings were produced by patented two different activation processes including NaOH + H2O2 solutions (Pasinli at all, 2010). Elasticity modules, hardness values and coating thicknesses of the CaP coatings were measured. Fracture toughness values were calculated by using Vickers indentation method. It was concluded that coatings produced by the patented new method had higher fracture toughness values. At the end of this study, fracture toughness (K1C) value for the CaP coating on Ti6A14V that was activated by NaOH+ H2O2 was found to be 0.43 MPa m1/2. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Preparation and characterization of the coatings Biocompatible CaP coatings were deposited onto Ti6Al4V as substrate dimension in 10 x 10 x 1.2 mm. The chemical composition of titanium alloy is shown in Table 1. TABLE 1. Chemical composition of Ti alloy substrate (Pasinli at all, 2010) 15 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Element (wt %) N 0.0030 C 0.0050 H <0.0005 Fe 0.1000 O 0.0900 Al 6.2100 V 3.8700 Y <0.0010 Others <0.3000 Ti Balance Firstly, Ti6A14V substrates were washed by detergent water, purified water, and lastly acetone. In activation process, purified materials were held in 100 mL 5M NaOH + 0.5 mL H2O2 (30%) solution and 100 mL 5 M NaOH solution in 60 0C for 24 hours, separately. Then they were washed with purified water and dried in 40 0C for 24 hours. In CaP coating process, implant materials pretreated in the solution that was prepared as pH 7.4 with lactic acid/lactate buffer according to SBF values as in Table 2. Meanwhile, fresh SBF fluid was emitted in with peristaltic pump 150 mg/day. At the end of the process, materials were washed with purified water and dried in 60 0C for 24 hours. TABLE 2. Preparation of 2.5 X Lac-SBF (total 2.5 L) (Pasinli at all, 2010) Reagents Amount (g) CaCl22H2O 2.2973 MgCl26H2O 0.7625 0.9325 12.0533 1.1125 0.1775 5.6708 10.4573 KCl NaCl Na2HPO42H2O Na2SO4 NaHCO3 Na-lactate 1.385) (70-72%, Lactic acid (1 M) 16 d:1.375- 40.0 (mL) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo XRD analyses were performed in order to characterize the coatings. SEM images and IR spectrums were obtained from the coated surfaces. Thicknesses of the coatings were measured by using optical microscopy and image analysis techniques. 2.2. Mechanical properties In Vickers indentation technique, a certain load is applied onto coating surface by a diamond pyramid tip. Cracks form in the corners of the indentation track. Diagonal lengths of the mark and the size of the crack are measured and the fracture toughness is calculated with the help of Equation 1 (Ponton and Rawlings at all, 1989). 9.80 N of force was applied on the coating for 10 seconds by using HVS-1000 Digital Display Microhardness Tester as seen on Figure 1a. As a result, Vickers hardness value determined and the lengths of cracks were measured. The crack seen on Figure 1b appeared and the (C) distance of this crack was measured. Fracture toughness values of the coatings are calculated by using Equation 1 (Mohammadi at all, 2007; Baharati at all, 2009): K IC E   H  1/ 2  P  C 3/ 2    (1) According to the Equation 1, P is load, E is Young’s modulus measured by using Shimadzu DUH-211 Dynamic Ultra Microhardness Tester, HV is Vickers hardness value and C is crack length (Figure 1b). The α value was taken from the literature as 0.016 (Dukino and Swain, 1992; Chen and Bull, 2006; Shikimaka and Grabco, 2008). FIGURE 1. (a) “P” Applied load on the coating and (b) “C” crack length at the coating. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Characterization of the coatings The thicknesses of the CaP coatings on the Ti6Al4V substrates were measured as 65 μm for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. Figure 2 shows the SEM micrograph of coating surfaces treated and Figure 3 shows the existence of Ca, P, Ti and V elements on the coating composition determined by EDS analyses. 17 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo FIGURE 2. SEM micrographs of the CaP coating FIGURE 3. EDS analysis of the CaP coating 3.2. Mechanical properties Table 3 shows Young’s modulus and Vickers hardness values of the CAP coatings determined by using Shimadzu DUH-211 Dynamic Ultra Microhardness Tester and HVS-1000 Digital Display Microhardness Tester, respectively for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. Additionally, average immersion depths and standard deviation values are shown on Table 3. TABLE 3. Young’s modulus and Vickers hardness of the coatings and average depth (μm) and standard deviation (μm) in ultra microhardness tests. Coating E (GPa) CaP coating on NaOH+H2O2 treated 5.26 substrates 18 HV (GPa) Average(μ m) Standard Deviation (μm) 1.18 17.04 1.61 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In Figure 4, the load-depth curves obtained by using Shimadzu DUH-211 Dynamic Ultra Microhardness Tester can be seen for the NaOH + H2O2 activation process. FIGURE 4. The load-depth curves of the CaP coatings on NaOH+ H2O2 treated substrate. Loads applied on coating materials with HVS-1000 Digital Display Microhardness Tester device and lengths of the resulting cracks (C) and calculated fracture toughness (K1C) values are shown in Table 4. 9.807 N load was applied on coating materials. The crack length (C) on CaP surface was 83.69 μm for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. TABLE 4. Applied load, crack length and fracture toughness values of the coatings Coating P (N) CaP coating on NaOH+H2O2 treated 9.807 substrates C (μm) K1C (MPam1/2) 83.69 0.43 Fracture toughness (K1C) values of the CaP coatings were calculated as 0.43 MPa m1/2 for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes by using Equation 1. On their studies, Mohammadi et al. and Bharati et al. have calculated the fracture toughness values of plasma-sprayed HA coatings on Ti6A14V substrates [13] and fracture toughness values of HA coating on Ti6A14V materials, respectively. Similar to ours, Zhang et al. have found the fracture toughness values (K1C) of HA flourideted coating on Ti6A14V substrate to be, ~0.12 MPa m1/2, ~0.26 MPa m1/2 and 0.31 MPa m1/2. 19 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. CONCLUSION As a conclusion, fracture toughness (K1C) values of the newly patented CaP coatings are determined as 0.43 MPa m1/2 for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. At the end of this study CaP coatings on the Ti6Al4V substrates produced by new patented activation methods have higher fracture toughness values than that of the coatings of Zhang et al. REFERENCES Hench LL. J Am Ceram Soc 1991;74:1510. Li, F., Feng, L., Cui, F.Z., Li, H.D., Schubert, H. A Simple biomimetic method for Calcium phosphate coating. Surf Coat. Tech. 154 (2002) 88-93. Kokubo, T., Kim, H.M., Miyaji, F., Takadama, H., Miyazaki, T. Ceramic- metal and ceramic- polymer composites prepared by a biomimetic process. Comp. Part A: App. Sci. and Man., 30 (1999) 405-409. Bajpai, P.K., 1990. Ceramic Amino Acid Composites for Repairing Traumatized Hard Tissues. In: Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, vol.II: Ca-P and HA Ceramics. Yamamuro, T., Hench, L.L., and Wilson-Hench, J., Eds. p. 255-270, CRC Pres, Bato Raton, FL, 1990. Yetkin, H., 2001. Ortopedi ve Travmatolojide Biomateryaller. 8th Biomedical Science and Technology Symposium (BİOMED8), IL02, METU Ankara/TURKEY, September 5-8, 2001. Bajpai, P.K., Fuchs, C.M., 1985. Development of a hydroxyapatite bone grout. In: proceedings of the firet annual scientific session of the academy of surgical research. San Antonio, Texas, Hall, C.W. Ed. p. 50-54, Pergamon Pres, New York, NY, 1985. Capello, W.N., D'Antonio, J.A., Finberg, J.R., Manley, M.T., 1997. HA-coated total hip femoral components in patients less than fifty years old., Jour. of Bone Joint Surg., 79A, 1023-1029, 1997. Tas, A.C., Bhaduri, S.B. Rapid coating of Ti6Al4V at room temperature with a calcium phosphate solution similar to 10 x SBF, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 19 (1999) 2573- 2579. Pasinli, A., Yıldız, H., Çelik, E., Aksoy, R.S., 2008, Mechanical Properties of Calcium-Phosphate Coatings on Ti6Al4V Implant Materials by Biomimetic Method, Electronic Journal of Machine Tecnologies, (4) 1-10, 2008. Neil, N.A., Raw materials for refractories SiC and Si3N4, Ceramic Engineering Science and Proceeding, 1983,4[1-2], 186-193. Kim, D.H. and Kim,C.H., Toughening behaviour of silicon carbide with additions of yttria and alumina, Journal of American Ceramic Society,1990,73,1431-1434. Zhang, S., Wang, Y.S., Zeng, X.T., Khor, K.A., Weng, W., Sun, D.E,Evaluation of adhesion strength and toughness of fluoridated hydroxyapatite coatings. Thin Solid Films 516 (2008) 5162–5167. 20 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mohammadi, Z., Ziaei-Moayyed, A.A., Mesgar, S.M, Adhesive and cohesive properties by indentation method of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. Applied Surface Science 253 (2007) 4960–4965. Bharati, S., Soundrapandian, C., Basu, D., Data, S,Studies on a novel bioactive glass and composite coating with hydroxyapatite on titanium based alloys: Effect of γ-sterilization on coating. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 29 (2009) 2527–2535. Pasinli, A., Yuksel, M., Celik, E., Sener, S., Tas, C.A., 2010. A new approach in biomimetic synthesis of calcium phosphate coatings using lactic acid-Na lactate buffered body fluid solution. Acta Biomaterialia 2010: DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.013. (WO/2009/145741) Calcium Phosphate Coating of Ti6Al4V by a Na-Lactate and Lactic Acid-Buffered Body Fluid Solution - Pub. No.: WO/2009/145741 International Application No.: PCT/TR2009/000052 Applicants: Pasinli, A., Yuksel, M., Havitcioglu, H., Tas, A.C., Aksoy, R.S., Celik, E., Yildiz, H., Toparli, M., Canatan, A., Sener, S. Ponton, C.B., Rawlings, R.D., Vickers indentation fracture test. Part 1 Review of literature and formulation of standardized indentation toughness ewuations, Mater SCI Tech Ser,1989,Vol.5,Pages:865-872, ISSN:0267-0836. Dukino, D. R. and Swain, M. V., Comparative measurement of fracture toughness with berkovich and vickers indenters. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1992, 75, 3299–3304. Chen, J. and Bull, S. J., Assessment of the toughness of thin coatings using nanoindentation under displacement control. Thin Solid Films, 2006, 494,1–7. Shikimaka, O. and Grabco, D., Deformation created by Berkovich and Vickers indenters and its influence on surface morphology of indentations for LiF and CaF2 single crystals. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2008, 41, 1–6. 21 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1222 Title A name given to the resource Investigation Of Fracture Toughness Of Calcium Phosphate Coating Treated Onto Ti6A14V Substrate Author Author İbrahim, Aydın Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, we aimed to investigate the fracture toughness of the calcium phosphate (CaP) coating, that was formed with Vickers indentation method, by the new method with the new patent. The activation process was done with NaOH + H2O2 on the Ti6Al4V material surface. Elasticity module, hardness values and coating thickness of the CaP coating that is formed by activation process was calculated. SEM micrographs and EDS analysis were gathered of the coating. Fracture toughness was determined by Vickers indentation. At the end of this study, fracture toughness (K1C) value for the CaP coating on Ti6A14V that was activated by NaOH+ H2O2 was found to be 0.43 MPa m1/2. Keywords: Calcium phosphate, coating, vickers indentation, fracture toughness Ti6Al4V. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/56e4f3a785dac3d5efb7536778e525aa.pdf 0fbc8c01c21ac1c40205b6ec54d1cc96 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Oxford Unıversıty Press, http://web.undp.org/globalpublicgoods/TheBook/globalpublicgoods.pdf (12.04.2012) 1999, KINDLEBERGER C.P., International Public Goods Without International Government, The American Economic Review, Vol:76, No:1, Page:1-13, 1986, aktaran AKYOL S., S. ULUTÜRK, Küresel Kamu Malları: Hegemonya Ve İstikrarın Küresel Ekonomi Politiği, 21. Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu (Kamu Maliyesinde Güncel Gelişmeler), Antalya, 10–14 Mayıs 2006. OECD (1), Development: Aid to developing countries falls because of global recession, http://www.oecd.org/document/3/0,3746,en_21571361_44315115_50058883_ 1_1_1_1,00.html (24.04.2012) OECD (2), Dac Global Relations Strategy, http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/ displaydocumentpdf/?cote=DCD/DAC(2011)36/FINAL&doclanguage=en (24.04.2012) ÖZDEMİR Biltekin, Küresel Kirlenme Sürdürülebilir Ekonomik Büyüme Ve Çevre Vergileri, Maliye Dergisi, S:156, Ocak-Haziran 2009, http://212.174.133.188/calismalar/maliye_dergisi/yayinlar/md/156/01.Biltekin.Ozdemir.pdf (02.04.2012) SARAÇOĞLU Fatih, Özgür ŞAHAN, Tobin Vergisi Ve Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği S:55, Ekim-Aralık 2004, http://www.sayistay.gov.tr/yayin/dergi/icerik/der55m4.pdf (04.04.2012) SUSAM Nazan, “Kamu Maliyesinde Sınır Ötesi Bir Kavram: Küresel Kamusal Mallar”, EÜHFD, CXII,S.1-2, 2008, http://hukuk.erzincan.edu.tr/dergi/makale/2008_XII_12.pdf (04.04.2012) TEKİN Ahmet, İstiklal Y.VURAL, Global Kamusal Malların Finansman Aracı Olarak Global Vergi Önerileri, S.12, 2004, http://www.sosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/sos_mak/makaleler/ Ahmet%20 TEKİN%20-%20İstiklal%20Y.%20VURAL/323-337.pdf (06.04.2012) WOEHLKE James A., Trends in Taxation, LLM, CPA, is counsel and director of the technical services division for the NYSSCPA and technical editor (taxes) of The CPA Journal, http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2000/0200/f142000.html (05.04.2012) Investigating the Relationship between Corporate Culture and Job Satisfaction in Financial Sector: Case for Banks İbrahim Akın Altun, Mehmet Özer Demir Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Alanya Engineering Faculty, Kestel/Alanya. E-mails: akinaltun@akdeniz.edu.tr, mozerdemir@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract There is a consensus that organizational culture affects outcomes both for the organization and the individual. Researchers examined the impact of organizational culture on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, turnover and retention. Although it is generally accepted that organizational culture affects job satisfaction little empirical research has been 188 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo conducted to provide evidential support, especially in financial sector. This paper examines organizational culture’s effect on job satisfaction in banking sector. We assume that organizational culture is the factor that influences job satisfaction and search the relationship between them. The research took place in Antalya with 102 respondents working in various banks located in Antalya. Keywords: Organizational Culture, Job Satisfaction, Financial Sector, Banking 1. INTRODUCTION Organizational culture is an important theme in the business and management literature as organizational culture is considered to have the potential to affect organizational and individual outcomes such as productivity, performance, commitment, self confidence, and job satisfaction, resulting organization’s financial performance. Although it is generally accepted that organizational culture affects job satisfaction little empirical research has been conducted to provide evidential support (Detert et al. 2000; Schein 1996). Researchers examined the impact of organizational culture on outcomes including organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and propensity to remain with (or leave) the organization (Shore et al. 1995; Tsui et al. 1997; Lee and Mathur, 1998; Brief, 1998; Shaw et al., 1998). The relationship between organizational culture and outcomes like commitment, job satisfaction, turnover and retention etc. is widely researched; however most of the studies have been conducted in the U.S.A, and in Anglo-American cultural context. Regarding this issue, the need to broaden the research of relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction beyond the cultural boundaries of Anglo American countries arises (Choi et al., 2008). The study aims to research the link between organizational culture and job satisfaction in the banking sector, in Turkey. 1.1.Organizational Culture Organizational culture is defined as “a pattern of shared basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that have worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems” (Schein, 1992, p.9). It has also been defined as "the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization" (Charles and Gareth, 2001). Organizational culture is a set of shared mental assumptions that guide interpretation and action in organizations by defining appropriate behavior for various situations. The paradigm, control systems, organizational structures, power structures, symbols, rituals and routines, stories and myths can be used to describe or have influence on organizational culture (Johnson, 1988). Although some authors claim that organizational culture is markedly different from organizational climate (Thumin, 2011), this paper approaches organizational climate and organizational culture to be similar, as if they are the different names of the same concept. Effects of organizational culture on the outcomes both for the organization and the individual are widely researched, however there still remains blur because “the interrelationships among these aspects of organizational culture and employee outcomes are rather complex. For example, job stress has been identified as both directly and indirectly influencing employee 189 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo wellbeing and organizational commitment (Jamal, 1990; Mannheim & Papo, 2000; Tao et al., 1998), with well-being directly related to organizational commitment (Baba, Jamal, & Tourigny, 1998; Weaver, 2002). Whereas organizational commitment is a frequently identified predictor of job satisfaction (Freund, 2005; Yoon & Thye, 2002), there is some evidence of a reciprocal relationship between these employee outcomes (Farkas & Tetrick, 1989) with job satisfaction influencing organizational commitment as well as an interaction between job satisfaction and intent to leave, with organizational commitment (Popoola, 2005).” (Alıntı Liora Findler, Leslie H. Wind, Michálle E. Mor Barak, The Challenge of Workforce Management in a Global Society: Modeling the Relationship Between Diversity, Inclusion, Organizational Culture, and Employee Well-Being, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment, Administration in Social Work, Vol. 31(3) 2007. P.69). 1.2.Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction can be defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of employee’s job, an affective reaction to employee’s job or an attitude towards employee’s job. Job satisfaction is recognized as a multifaceted construct that includes both intrinsic and extrinsic job elements, that is, employees expect their job to provide a mix of features (such as pay, promotion, or autonomy). Although, the range and importance of the preferences vary across individuals, job satisfaction is achieved when the accumulation of met expectations becomes sufficiently large (Egan et al., 2004). Leadership behaviors related to inspiring teamwork, challenging tradition, enabling others, setting examples, and rewarding high performance are found to have significant effects on job satisfaction, subjective fit with organizational culture has been established as a significant predictor of employee job-related attitudes like job satisfaction as well (Caplan et al., 1980). Egan et al. (2004, p.284) suggest that “job satisfaction, as a work-related outcome, is determined by organizational culture and structure”. The relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction is examined by Zavyalova and Kucherov (2010) and direct correlation between organizational culture and overall job satisfaction is found. Meeusen et al. (2011), also found relationship between organizational climate (organizational culture) and job satisfaction. Relationship between organizational learning culture, job satisfaction, and organizational outcome variables is studied in IT sector in the United States and found that learning organizational culture is associated with job satisfaction and turnover intention was found to be negatively influenced by organizational learning culture and job satisfaction (Egan et al., 2004). It is also stated in the study that job satisfaction is higher when promotion opportunities are higher. One of the most current studies researching relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction is performed by Khan et al. (2011) in the banking sector in Pakistan. Although results are found to depend on individual to individual, supervisor support and open communication are found to have effect on job satisfaction, whereas, rules and policies, rewards and benefits have no impact. Dirani (2009) studied organization culture, organizational commitment and job satisfaction in the Lebanese banking sector, however found no significant effect. Relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction is also studied in Turkey; Yahyagil (2005) researched organizational fit and work related attitudes of the employees (job satisfaction), Kök (2006) studied job satisfaction and organizational commitment, Duygulu and Eroğlu (2006) studied effects of organizational culture on job satisfaction in automotive 190 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo sector context, Gül et al. (2008) studied relationships between job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover and performance in health services. 2.MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1.Sample and Research Instrument Research data collection tool is developed using previous studies on organizational culture (20 items) and job satisfaction (23 items), all are 5 point Likert type items, and 10 demographics. Data is collected from banking sector employees, a total of 102 respondents are covered in the study. The study is limited to employees working in banks in Antalya. Organizational Culture There are two main perspectives in relation to the measurement of organizational culture, the quantitative and qualitative approaches (Su et al., 2009). The quantitative approach maintains that culture can be objectively determined and measured with numerous instruments having been developed to examine organizational culture (including the Culture Gap Survey (Kilmann and Saxton 1983), the Corporate Culture Survey (Glaser 1983), the Organizational Beliefs Questionnaire (Sashkin 1984), the Organizational Culture Inventory (Cooke and Lafferty 1989), and the Organizational Culture Profile (O’Reilly et al. 1991)). The qualitative approach assesses organizational culture through observation thereby facilitating a more detailed insight into the prevailing culture. This paper approaches organizational culture from quantitative point of view. The research instrument approaches organizational culture as a multi dimensional construct and aims to capture existence of training opportunities, relations with supervisors, colleagues etc. (Hofstede et al., 1990). Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is also measured using the same approach used to measure organizational culture. The instrument used to measure bases on literature and assumes that the job satisfaction is a multi faceted concept, thus captures different dimensions related with job satisfaction (Gordon et al. 2010). 2.2.Validity and Reliability of the Measurement Instrument In order to test reliability of the research scale Cronbach’s alpha is calculated both for organizational culture and job satisfaction scales (Table 1 and Table 2). Cronbach’s alpha value calculated for organizational scale is 0,899. Cronbach’s alpha calculated for job satisfaction scale is 0,945. Both values calculated represent high reliability. Table 1. Cronbach’s Alpha for Organizational Culture Cronbach's Alpha N of Items ,899 18 Table 2. Cronbach’s Alpha for Job Satisfaction Scale 191 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cronbach's Alpha N of Items ,945 19 In order to ensure validity of the scales, previously validated scale items are adopted. To test construct validity of the scales we have conducted exploratory factor analysis. Rotated component matrix with varimax rotation is given in Table 3. Exploratory factor analysis demonstrate a five-dimension structure. Five dimensions explain %69,677 of the total variance. Dimensions are named as Supervisory, Advancement, Colleagues, Socialization and Fringe benefits. Table 3. Factor Analysis for Organizational Culture Scale Dimensions Supervisory Items Supervisory1 ,855 Supervisory2 ,776 Supervisory3 ,740 Supervisory4 ,586 Supervisory5 ,582 Advancemen t Advancement1 ,830 Advancement2 ,780 Advancement3 ,644 Colleagues Colleagues1 ,821 Colleagues2 ,703 Colleagues3 ,565 Colleagues4 ,537 Socialization Fringe benefits Socialization1 ,736 Socialization2 ,715 Socialization3 ,630 Socialization4 ,622 Fringe benefits1 ,763 192 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fringe benefits2 Variance (%) Explained 38,486 ,716 12,129 6,923 6,263 5,876 In order to ensure validity of the job satisfaction scale, previously validated scale items are adopted. To test construct validity of the scale we have conducted exploratory factor analysis. Rotated component matrix with varimax rotation is given in Table 4. Exploratory factor analysis demonstrate a three-dimension structure. Three dimensions explain %67,880 of the total variance. Dimensions are named as Overall Performance, Work security and Promotion. Table 4. Factor Analysis for Job Satisfaction Scale Dimensions Items Overall Performance Overall Performance1 ,848 Overall Performance2 ,813 Overall Performance3 ,792 Overall Performance4 ,610 Overall Performance5 ,588 Overall Performance6 ,565 Overall Performance7 ,548 Overall Performance8 ,528 Work security Work security1 ,779 Work security2 ,769 Work security3 ,719 Work security4 ,657 Work security5 ,616 Work security6 ,571 Promotion Promotion1 ,849 Promotion2 ,811 Promotion3 ,743 193 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Promotion4 ,631 Promotion5 ,565 Variance Explained (%) 52,016 10,024 5,840 In the following analysis the factor structure obtained using exploratory factor analysis are used. Arithmetic means of item scores are calculated for each dimension, and arithmetic mean values calculated are put into analysis. 2.3.Analysis In order to examine organizational culture and job satisfaction relationship, regression analysis is conducted. As both constructs are multi dimensional, three regression equations are calculated for each job satisfaction dimension accepted as the dependent variable, and organizational culture dimensions as the independent variables. Regression Analysis 1: In order to examine organizational culture dimensions’ effect on overall performance dimension regression analysis is conducted. Regression equation and regression analysis tables (Table 5 and Table 6) represent that regression equation is statistically significant at 0,001 level. R2, which is interpreted as the variation explained by the regression equation is calculated as 0,525, represents a moderate explaining power. Table 5. Determination Coefficient Calculated Model R R Square Adjusted Square 1 ,724a ,525 ,500 R Std. Error of the Estimate ,59253 Table 6: Regression Analysis Model 1 Sum Squares of df Mean Square F Sig. ,000 Regression 37,192 5 7,438 Residual 33,704 96 ,351 Total 70,896 101 194 21,187 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 7: Regression Equation Coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Coefficients B Std. Error Beta (Constant) ,709 ,412 Supervisory ,091 ,108 Advancement ,064 Colleagues Sig. 1,722 ,088 ,073 ,844 ,401 ,085 ,072 ,756 ,452 ,358 ,094 ,395 3,812 ,000 Socialization ,196 ,096 ,187 2,041 ,044 Fringe_benefits ,127 ,059 ,182 2,152 ,034 Regression equation 1: Organizational cultures effect on overall performance Performance= (0,091)Supervisory +(0,064)Advancement (0,196)Socialization + (0,127)Fringe_benefits + 0,709 (0,401) (0,034) (0,452) + (0,001) (0,358)Colleagues + (0,044) (0,088) Regression equation examines the relationship between overall performance as the dependent variable and organizational culture dimensions (Supervisory, Advancement, Colleagues, Socialization and Fringe Benefits) as independent variables. Although regression equation is found to be significant, not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect on overall performance. Thus, what regression equation tells us is that Colleagues (0,358, p<0,001), Socialization (0,196; p<0,05) and Fringe benefits (0,127, p<0,05) have positive effect on overall performance. Colleagues’ effect on overall performance is found to be having the most effect where socialization and fringe benefits have lower effects. The regression analysis can be interpreted as organizational culture has an effect on overall performance, however not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect and not all dimensions have equal effect. Colleagues dimension is found to have the most effect on overall performance. Regression Analysis 2: In order to examine organizational culture dimensions’ effect on work security dimension, regression analysis is conducted. Regression equation and regression analysis tables (Table8 and Table 9) represent that regression equation is statistically significant at 0,001 level. R2, which is interpreted as the variation explained by the regression equation is calculated as 0,531, represents a moderate explaining power. 195 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Tabl 8. Determination Coefficient Calculated Model R R Square Adjusted Square 1 ,729a ,531 R Std. Error of the Estimate ,507 ,64748 Table 9. Regression Analysis Model Sum Squares of df Mean Square F Sig. ,000b Regression 45,657 5 9,131 Residual 40,246 96 ,419 Total 85,903 101 21,781 Table 10. Regression equation coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Coefficients B Std. Error Beta (Constant) ,939 ,450 Supervisory -,085 ,118 Advancement -,046 Colleagues Sig. 2,087 ,040 -,062 -,717 ,475 ,093 -,047 -,493 ,623 ,590 ,103 ,592 5,757 ,000 Socialization ,152 ,105 ,132 1,450 ,150 Fringe_benefits ,153 ,064 ,199 2,377 ,019 Regression equation 2: Organizational cultures effect on work security Work Security= (-0,085)Supervisory +(-0,046)Advancement + (0,590)Colleagues + (0,152)Socialization + (0,153)Fringe_benefits + 0,939 (0,475) (0,019) (0,623) (0,001) (0,150) (0,040) Regression equation examines the relationship between work security as the dependent variable and organizational culture dimensions (Supervisory, Advancement, Colleagues, 196 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Socialization and Fringe Benefits) as independent variables. Although regression equation is found to be significant, not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect on work security. Thus, what regression equation tells us is that Colleagues (0,590, p<0,001) and Fringe benefits (0,153, p<0,05) have positive effect on work security. Colleagues’ effect on work security is found to be having the most effect while fringe benefits have lower effects. The regression analysis can be interpreted as organizational culture has an effect on work security, however not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect and not all dimensions have equal effect. Colleagues dimension is found to have the most effect on work security. Regression Analysis 3: In order to examine organizational culture dimensions’ effect on overall performance dimension regression analysis is conducted. Regression equation and regression analysis tables (TableX and Table X) represent that regression equation is statistically significant at 0,001 level. R2, which is interpreted as the variation explained by the regression equation is calculated as 0,351, represents a low explaining power. Tabl 11. Determination Coefficient Calculated Model R R Square Adjusted Square 1 ,593a ,351 ,318 R Std. Error of the Estimate ,85445 Table 12: Regression Analysis Model Sum Squares of df Mean Square F Sig. ,000b Regression 37,972 5 7,594 Residual 70,088 96 ,730 Total 108,060 101 10,402 Table 13: Regression equation coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Coefficients B Std. Error Beta (Constant) ,108 ,594 Supervisory ,151 ,156 Advancement ,007 ,123 197 Sig. ,181 ,857 ,098 ,965 ,337 ,006 ,058 ,954 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Colleagues ,252 ,135 ,225 1,860 ,066 Socialization ,079 ,139 ,061 ,567 ,572 Fringe_benefits ,315 ,085 ,366 3,713 ,000 Regression equation 3: Organizational cultures effect on promotion Promotion = (0,151)Supervisory +(0,007)Advancement (0,079)Socialization + (0,315)Fringe_benefits + 0,108 (0,337) (0,000) (0,954) + (0,066) (0,252)Colleagues + (0,572) (0,857) Regression equation examines the relationship between promotion as the dependent variable and organizational culture dimensions (Supervisory, Advancement, Colleagues, Socialization and Fringe Benefits) as independent variables. Although regression equation is found to be significant, not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect on promotion. Thus, what regression equation tells us is that only Fringe benefits (0,315, p<0,001) have positive effect on promotion. The regression analysis can be interpreted as organizational culture has an effect on promotion, however not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect. The only organizational culture dimension having effect on promotion is fringe benefits. 3.DISCUSSION There are two main perspectives in relation to the measurement of organizational culture and job satisfaction; the quantitative and qualitative approaches. According to the quantitative approach, organizational culture and job satisfaction can be objectively determined and measured with instruments having been developed. On the other hand, according to the qualitative approach organizational culture and job satisfaction can be observed through observation. This paper approaches organizational culture and job satisfaction from quantitative point of view. The research approaches organizational culture and job satisfaction as multi dimensional constructs and aims to capture the relationship between them. The research proposes a model that job satisfaction is a consequence of organizational culture, thereby job satisfaction is considered as dependent, and organizational culture as independent variables. In order to test the relationship, regression analysis is conducted. In order to demonstrate the relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction, we have calculated three regression equations, one for each of job satisfaction dimensions. Analysis shows that organizational culture has statistically significant effect on job satisfaction, however, determination coefficients (R2) calculated do not refer to high explained variance. It may be possible to claim that organizational culture effects job satisfaction, but, factors other than organizational culture also effects job satisfaction. The first regression equation researches the relationship between organizational culture dimensions and overall performance. Results support evidence for relationship between organizational culture and overall performance, however not all organizational culture dimensions effect job satisfaction. Meanwhile, dimensions having statistically significant 198 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo effect on job satisfaction has different levels of effects, either. Results show that colleagues dimension has the biggest effect on job satisfaction. The second regression equation researches the relationship between organizational culture dimensions and work security. Regression equation is statistically significant, that organizational culture has effect on job satisfaction. But regression analysis results are surprising, that colleagues dimension’s effect on work security dimension is found to be having the most effect while fringe benefits have lower effects. Colleagues dimension is found to have the most effect on work security. This finding can be interpreted as congruent with Turkish culture; Turkish culture is found to be not individualistic but collectivist that relationships have the main importance in their professional lives. We claim that employees depend on their colleagues for work security, in Banking Sector in Turkey. The third regression equation researches the relationship between organizational culture dimensions and promotion dimension. Although regression equation is found to be significant, only Fringe benefits dimension have positive effect on promotion. 4.CONCLUSION Organizational culture and job satisfaction are widely researched subject areas. However, the relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction still supports surprising findings. The paper’s findings suggest that colleagues dimension, which captures the relationships between people in the working place, has the most important effect on job satisfaction dimensions except for promotion dimension, which captures payment and promotion opportunities. Results can be interpreted as the job satisfaction of the employees working in the banking sector is effected mostly by their colleagues. Although colleagues dimension has the highest regression equation coefficients, fringe benefits dimension, which also captures payment/salary, is the only dimension having, weak but steady, effect on the entire job satisfaction dimensions. We conclude our study with the claim that although fringe benefits have an overall effect, colleagues dimension has the biggest influence on job satisfaction in the banking sector in Turkish society. 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(2005). Birey Ve Organizasyon Uyumu ve Çalışanların İş Tutumlarına Etkisi. Öneri, Cilt 6., Sayı 24, 137-149. Zavyalova, E. and Kucherov, D. (2010). Relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction in Russian business enterprises. Human Resource Development International Vol. 13, No. 2, 225–235. 200 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1295 Title A name given to the resource Investigating the Relationship between Corporate Culture and Job Satisfaction in Financial Sector: Case for Banks Author Author İbrahim , Akın Altun Abstract A summary of the resource. There is a consensus that organizational culture affects outcomes both for the organization and the individual. Researchers examined the impact of organizational culture on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, turnover and retention. Although it is generally accepted that organizational culture affects job satisfaction little empirical research has been conducted to provide evidential support, especially in financial sector. This paper examines organizational culture’s effect on job satisfaction in banking sector. We assume that organizational culture is the factor that influences job satisfaction and search the relationship between them. The research took place in Antalya with 102 respondents working in various banks located in Antalya. Keywords: Organizational Culture, Job Satisfaction, Financial Sector, Banking Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance