224 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/83831b03b1f95ef0f26cbf635509d2cf.pdf 8c5baaf2270f8800725afe4850e092ab PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Available http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1516837 Rondinelli, D.A.& Bery, M. A. (2000). Environmental Citienship in Multi-national Corporations: Soial Responsibility and Sustainable Development, European Management Journal, Vol.18, No:1, p:70-84. Schaltegger S. (1997). Information Costs, Quality of Information and Stakeholder Involvement-The Necessity of International Standards of Ecological Accounting, EcoManagement and Auditing, Vol. 4 (3), 87-97. Tüsiad, (2005). Şirketlerin Yeni Yönetim Aracı: Çevresel Muhasebe, Yayın No. -T/200506/404, Haziran. United Nations Division for Sustainable Development, (2001). Environmental Management Accounting, Procedures and Principles. Yakhou M., Dorweiler V.P. (2004). Environmental Accounting: An Essential Component of Business Strategy, Business Strategy and the Environment, Volume 13, p.65-77. Yıldıztekin, İ. (2009). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Çevre Muhasebesinin Etkileri, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı:13 (1): 367-390. The Banks And Sustainable Development Violeta Madzova University Goce Delcev, Faculty of economics-Stip , Republic of Macedonia, violeta.madzova@ugd.edu.mk Abstract This paper focuses on the role of the banks in supporting sustainable development. Its objective is to examine recent trends in banking and sustainable development, as well as to assess the implementation and application of the sustainable development policies adopted by the banks in the banking sector in Republic of Macedonia. For that purpose it is made a comprehensive analysis on the trends of “sustainable finance”, as well as research on the practices in the Macedonian banking sector in supporting sustainable society. Namely, at the beginning of the 21st century, the banks in the industrial world have become complex financial organizations that offer a wide variety of services to international markets and control billions of dollars in cash and assets. Supported by the latest technology, banks are working to identify new business niches, to develop customized services, to implement 89 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo innovative strategies and to capture new market opportunities. By means of their financing policy, banks can then take specific measures to contribute to sustainable entrepreneurship. As the analysis indicates, with few exceptions bank policies in the West Balkans are lagging significantly behind relevant international standards and best practices. Until recently, most Macedonian banks did not consider environmental and social concerns to be particularly relevant to their operations. Today, however, the integration of sustainability into the banking sector of Macedonia has taken two key directions: Support the environmental and social responsibility through environmental initiatives and socially responsible initiatives financial contribution in Integration of environmental and other sustainable development criteria into lending and investment strategy of the banks Therefore, the paper reviews the environmental and social policies of the selected big and medium sized banks in Macedonia, as well as policy and the practices if the specialized promotion bank-Macedonian Bank for Development Promotion. 1.INTRODUCTION Sustainability is about meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.5 It is about preserving the environment and biodiversity for future generations, and about being cautious with our natural resources and climate. But sustainability is also about guaranteeing human rights and a life in dignity, free from want and poverty for all people living today. In the present, globalizing world, private banks play a crucial role in allocating financial resources. As a large majority of all companies and governments in the world is dependent on the financial services of private banks, these financial institutions play a key role in every segment of human activity. While their financial services are used too often for activities which are harmful to the environment, human rights, and social equity, banks can also be powerful agents of change. In fact , due to their intermediary role in the economy, banks hold a unique position with regard to sustainable development. This intermediary role is both quantitative and qualitative. Through their efficient credit approval systems, banks are well equipped to weigh risks and attach a price to these risks. Through the price differentiation, banks can foster sustainability. Banks can also develop more sustainable products, such as environmental or ethical investment funds. In addition, there is great scope for banks to improve their internal environmental performance. 2.THE TRENDS IN SUSTAINABLE FINANCE The banking sector’s emerging recognition of environmental and social responsibility was 5 Jan Willem van Gelder “The do’s and don’ts of Sustainable Banking - A BankTrack manual”- 2004, pg.3 90 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo driven to a large degree by outside pressures. Namely, at the very beginning of 21 century (i.e. in 2000) the environmental organizations such as Friends of the Earth and the Rainforest Action Network challenged the industry with high-profile campaigns that highlighted cases in which commercial banks were “bankrolling disasters”. In 2002, a global coalition of non-governmental organisations (including FoE, RAN, and WWF-UK) promoted sustainable finance in the commercial sector. 6This informal network subsequently evolved into BankTrack, whose vision for a sustainable finance sector was expressed in the Collevecchio Declaration of January 2003. Now endorsed by more than 200 organisations, the Collevecchio Declaration remains the benchmark by which civil society will measure the banking sector’s commitment to sustainable development. The discernible shift that many banks have made in recent years towards addressing the environmental and social impacts of their financial services is a welcome and important first step in this direction. More and more banks realize that ignoring social and environmental issues could considerably increase their exposure to credit, compliance and reputational risks. The progress banks make in this field, however, will be measured not by good intentions or even by strong policies on paper. To advance sustainability, banks must seek improved performance and results on the ground in affected communities and environments. The fall-out of the financial crisis continued in 2011, affecting many people around the world and in the communities where we live and work. The current economic environment has prompted some to examine the global banking system, asking fundamental questions about the role banks play.At the same time, the need for a stable international financial services system has never been greater. Volatility in global markets, risk of contagion in the euro zone , high unemployment levels across North America and increased levels of household debt can affect each and every one of us. Today the question is no longer whether commercial banks should address the sustainable development aspects of the activities they support, but how they should do it – what substantive standards should they apply? How should they implement them? And how should they assure compliance? 3.THE ROLE OF THE BANKS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT As mentioned before , the banks are the most important intermediaries in an economy. This intermediary function centres on bringing together and coordinating savings and investments. As a financial intermediary between entities on the market, a bank has four functions: transforming money by size, duration, place and/or time, and risk. It is particularly this last function (the distribution and management of risks) that will probably be the most important one for attaining a sustainable society. Between borrowers and lenders of money what develops is information asymmetry, including that which concerns environmental aspects. Banks have extensive and efficient lending operations and have a comparative advantage in information (as a result of the knowledge they have of economic sectors, regulations and market developments). By in principle having a solid view of environmental and financial 6 Marcel Jeucken “Sustainable Finance and Banking” November 2001, pg.5. 91 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo risks, banks fulfil a key role in reducing information asymmetry between entities in the market. A bank can attach a value or price to reduce that uncertainty. Interest rate differentiation among sustainability aspects is justified from risk perspectives. The scope for interest rate differentiation increases if banks can raise funds more cheaply because they have a relatively ‘well qualified’ credit portfolio. Banks can go a critical step further by applying interest rate differentiation on the basis of the will to stimulate sustainable development. By means of their financing policy, banks can then take specific measures to contribute to sustainable entrepreneurship. By now, various banks have drawn up their own methods to determine the environmental risks associated with potential clients. 7 A number of banks are also marketing specific environmental loans for SMEs. Investing for proprietary trading (in which the same risks as previously described are generally applicable) and investing as commissioned by clients are becoming increasingly more important activities for banks. In cases where clients are interested not only in financial rewards but also in ecological and social rewards, an interesting market develops. The market for funds that invest exclusively in companies demonstrating progressive environmental care, for example, is growing dramatically. Also available are funds specialising in solar energy, wind energy and environmental technology. It is no longer pure idealism, however, that is driving the success of these funds since the financial yields of several of the more ‘sustainable’ funds are above the market average. Dealing openly with this process of change, both internally and externally, will lay the foundations necessary for sustainable banking. This is not a process than can or will take place overnight. A key factor in this process of change is how a bank sees itself within the global setting. Thus, companies have to implement the idea of the Corporate Social Responsibility, which is an equivalent of the sustainable development at the microeconomic level. The basic principle of the sustainable development and Corporate Social Responsibility is the combination of needs important both from the point of view of an institution, as well as a group of entities operating in its environment (employees, shareholders, stakeholders, borrowers, local society) within its business policy. 8Thus, the goal of a contemporary organisation should be to maximise its shareholders’ value satisfying, at the same time, expectations of other stakeholders (stakeholders’ value) by integrating economic, social and environmental operations. 4.SUSTAINABLE FINANCE IN MACEDONIAN BANKS Until recently, most Macedonian banks did not consider environmental and social concerns to be particularly relevant to their operations. In the recent years , however, the integration of sustainability into the banking sector of Macedonia has taken two key directions:  Support the environmental and social responsibility through financial contribution in environmental initiatives and socially responsible initiatives 7 8 WWF & BankTrack Report - “ Shaping the future of sustainable finance” – WWF , 2006, pg 11 92 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  Integration of environmental and other sustainable development criteria into lending and investment strategy of the banks. The development of sustainable financing in both direction are partly due to the more favorable legal environment created by the Government of the Republic of Macedonia focused towards enabling sustainability , fair competition, competitiveness and better social inclusion at the labor market . In that given environment, the banks were just trying to accommodate and include some of the Governments directions in their strategies and credit policies . The other reason for more social responsible banks lays partly to the general policies of the international banks which in recent 10 years entered in almost all Macedonian banks and therefore brought a new philosophy of bank management . Additional reason for the acceptance of so called sustainable finance by the commercial banks was the strengthened position of the Macedonian Bank for Development Promotion which credit lines were mostly focused on financing sustainable development while the commercial banks were agent banks for these lines.. 4.1.Legal preconditions for developing” sustainable finance” in Macedonian banks a) Legal environment promoting and supporting social corporate responsibility The concept of social responsibility was basically recognized by the Government through adopting the Law on donations and sponsorship in 2007 , envisaging many tax exemption for the sponsorship and donation provided by legal entities ( including banks’) as well as citizens in the areas of ecology, social inclusion issues , human rights , social care, health, science and culture. The same year , the social responsibility concept was even more acknowledge by establishment of the National coronation body for corporate social responsibility as permanent working group within the Macedonian Government Socio-economic Council . In 2008 the body created and the Government adopted National Strategy (Agenda) for corporate social responsibility which was a platform for further raising awareness for the social responsibility concept, capacities and competences development for further incorporating of the CSR concept in all business strategies of the real sector as well as creating more favorable environment for the further promotion and establishment of social responsibilities in Macedonian legal entities. All this was strong incentive for the banks in their efforts to be recognized as social responsible entity who acts like a good citizens and contribute to the community more that the common banking operations envisaged. In the banking competitive market the banks were quite aware that the tax exemption and the good image that would be created through corporate social responsible actions will just strengthen their position at the market, and even increase the profitability. 93 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As of 2010 the the National body for CSR organizes competition called as “ National award for the corporate social responsible best practices in the area of : relationship with employees, ethical management , market relations with suppliers/customers, environment protection and investment in community. In almost all areas, the banks turns out to be either winner or one of the best in certain area of CSR activities. b) Legal environment for incorporation of the sustainable development criteria in bankin strategy and lending policy Trying to create favorable environment for sustainable development in the country the Government of Macedonia created and adopted numerous of law, bylaw as well as strategic documents mostly in the area of:  environment with special emphasize on energy efficiency and renewable energy production ;  entrepreneurship , startup companies and SME development ;  labor rights, active measures for employment, poverty reduction and social inclusion at the labor market  developments and restructuring of the agro-sector.  Environment – Energy efficiency and renewable energy production and usage In order to stimulate the energy efficiency as well as the production and usage of renewable energy the Government has adopted the following strategic document and laws:      Energy law (in 2006 and new Energy law in 2011) Strategy for energy efficiency till 2020 year Strategy for Energy development (2008-2020) with vision till 20130 Strategy for renewable energy usage in Republic of Macedonia till 2020 National programme for energy efficiency in public buildings (2012-2018) draft Besides the document the Programme for enhancing the usage of renewable energy in RM was adopted and the Energy Efficiency Agency as well as the Energy efficiency Fund were established in 2010. This was a strong signal first for MBDP as well for some commercial banks to create special credit products for financing environmental including energy efficiency and renewable energy project offering special and more favorable terms of crediting.  Entrepreneurship , competitiveness and SME development The Ministry of Economy as responsible authority for creating favorable business climate , has created and Government adopted the following documents which support SME development :  National strategy for SME development ( which was drafted in 2002 , reviewed in 2004 and amended in 2004)  Four years Programme for SME development ( first adopted in 2006) envisaging support and subsidies for micro and small enterprises and special support for establishment of SME 94 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  Programme for SMEs’ entrepreneurship, competitiveness and innovation development 2012 envisaging financial support to handicrafts and micro enterprises in standardization of their work. Knowing that the micro and small enterprises are financially not strong enough and need loans at least in first years of their work, the Government adopted so called Law on banks for micro financing, envisaging the banks which will be established for micro financing only , with more favorable lending policy in terms of interest rate, collateral and repayment period. It gives the incentives for all other banks to incorporate special and more favorable conditions in their lending policy when financing micro and small enterprises.  Labor rights, active measures for employment, poverty reduction and social inclusion at the labor market One of the most favorised area in terms of creating favorable conditions through legislation is the area of labor and social policy , tackling the issues of labor rights, active measures for employment, poverty reduction and social inclusion at the labor market . Therefore , the following law and strategic document have been adopted:      Labor law Employment Strategy 2006-2010 Employment Strategy 2011-2015 National Strategy for poverty reduction and social exclusion in RM 2010-2020 National Strategy for youth (envisaging special measures for employment of youth in RM As of 2007 the Government has been adopting the Operation plan for implementing Active measures for employment envisaging measures for :  Smart growth – program for preparation for employment  Sustainable growth – Programme for self-employment and Programme for financial support of the SME for new employments  Inclusive growth – Employment Subsidy programme , Programme for social useful work, Progaremme with packages for employment support The active measures supported the self employment initiatives by giving financial support in amount of 3000 EUR for start up businesses with special focus of unemployed young people. Although these fund were highly welcomed by unemployed youth, in many cases they were not enough and additional fund in terms of loans were needed. This directly impacted the banks to create the special lines for start up business and self-employment which was seen as a complementary funding for successful outcome from the active measures created by the Government.  Developments and restructuring of the agro-sector Over 10 years the agro sector ( primary producers and food processors) are supported through the fund provided by IFAD-International Fund for Agriculture Development . Some of the banks have been even specialized for crediting the agro-sector being additionally supported 95 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo by IFAD funds, or they have created complementary credit packages (comprised of both banks and IFAD funds) In recent years the agriculture was seen as a part of the rural development and gives a new light in respecting the principles of rural development in the EU context. Therefore the Government adopted several laws and bylaws enabling favorable environment for agro sector development (within rural development umbrella) through financial and other support:  National strategy with action plan for organic production 2008-2011  Law on organic production  Law on agriculture and rural and development (envisaging among the other issues measures for support of rural development , the state aid in agriculture and rural development ) As of 2010 the Ministry of agriculture, forestry and water economy , has been creating the Programme for financial support of the rural development aimed to increase competitiveness in agro sector Additionally , in the period 2007-2011 the state withdraw over 60 milion EUR for implementing the IPARD measures for rural development in order to prepare the agro sector for EU accession . The IPARD fund are aimed for investments for restructuring the farms and food processing facilities according to Community standards requirements as well as for diversivication and development of rural communities . As the IPARD funds cover 50% of the total costs, the rest should be financed by the farmers own resources ( i.e own savings or loans by commercial banks). The Government even has formal discussion with the banking sector , for providing additional 50% of the fund through crediting with special favorable conditions in order to support implementation of the project for agro sector restructuring and rural economy diversification. 4.2.The role of the Macedonian Bank for Development Promotion (MBDP) in supporting “sustainable financing” Although the Government of the RM has given strong incentives towards corporate social responsibility concept implementation and promotion of further aspects of sustainable financing, it seems that the strongest initiative in this sense is given by the Macedonian Bank for Development Promotion as it is already incorporated the concept of sustainable financing and corporate social responsibility in its strategy business philosophy and policy. Namely MBDP offers the following financial products: 1. Lending o o export credit financing - working capital for pre-shipment export finance and working capital for bridging the period between export and collection of payment from the foreign buyer; credit support to SMEs - permanent working capital and investment financing from various fund sources: ICL-Revolving, MBDP, EIB-Revolving, EIB-50 million euros; 96 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo o credit support to agriculture and agro-industry - primary production, processing and export; o o o o o micro financing - micro and small scale enterprises, individual entrepreneurs, handicraft shops, private merchants, market counters, and other micro and small scale entities; financing energy projects - energy efficiency and renewable energy sources; loans for reducing unemployement - creation and preservation of jobs and selfemployment financing. 2. Credit insurance of: domestic accounts receivable (pre- and post-shipment) export accounts receivable (pre- and post-shipment)against commercial and political risk. 3. Factoring – i. e . providing finance to: - small and medium-sized enterprises registered in the R. Macedonia, through commercial banks, i.e. intermediary banks, and - export oriented enterprises registered in the R. Macedonia, through commercial banks, i.e. intermediary banks or directly through MBDP. For the purpose of the analysis, the most important financial product are credit products, i.e credit lines for : -export credit financing – providing working capital for pre-shipment export finance or bridging the period between export and collection of payment from the foreign buyer ( with minimum amount: EUR 15,000 and Maximum amount: EUR 2,000,000, repayment period of 2 year and interest rate of 6%). These loans is distributing through 14 intermediary Banks (out of 18 banks) in Republic of Macedonia. -SME financing – permanent working capital and investments from different sources: ICLrevolving, MBDP, EIB-revolving, EIB-50,000,000 euros . The minimum amount per beneficiary is EUR 5,000 while maximum amount is over 600.000 EUR , with repayment period of 3 years/grace period of 6 months and interest rate of 5,5%). These loans is distributing through 11 Macedonian intermediary Banks . -financing agriculture and agro-industry – for primary production, processing and export of agricultural products , including investments supported by IPARD Programme ( with different conditions relating the sub- purpose and the beneficiaries of the loans) and being disbursed through 11 Macedonian intermediary banks. - micro financing - micro and small scale enterprises, individual entrepreneurs, handicraft shops, private merchants, market counters, and other micro and small scale entities ( with amount up to 15.000 EUR and repayment period of 2 years for micro loans and up to 50.000 EUR and repayment period of 4 years for small loans ) . These loans is distributing through 5 Macedonian intermediary banks . - financing energy projects – i.e. energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, environmental care and improvements of energy climate ( with amount up to USD 500,000 per beneficiary , envisaging repayment period of 6 years and floating interest rate). The loans are being distributed through 5 Macedonian intermediary banks . - loans for reducing unemployment – total amount of 10.000 EUR for creation and preservation of jobs and self-employment ( with the individual loans up to 400.000 EUR , repayment period of 7 years and grace period of 2 years and floating interest rate.This credit 97 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo line is expected to create 950 new jobs and the loans are distributed through 3 Macedonian intermediary banks. The fact that all above mentioned credit lines are distributed through the commercial banks, the lending policy of the commercial banks is affected in two ways: -Being the intermediary banks for MBDP credit lines they accept the credit products as their own and further more create credit conditions regarding their general credit policy , respecting terms from the agreement signed with MBDP. -In case of positive experience related to sustainable financing, the banks dedicate certain amount of their own banking fund and create special credit lines that support sustainable development areas. 5.MACEDONIAN BANKS IN FINANCING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The Macedonian banking sector is composed by 17 banks among which , 3 of them are categorized as big, 9 as medium and 5 as small banks . The structure of the assets is highly concentrated in the hands of the small and some medium banks . Namely 13 out of 17 banks individually participate with less than 5 % of the total banks assets , while 11 of them individually posses less than 3%. Therefore analyzing the big and selected medium banks might give us representative and real image in case of sustainable financing research. In fact, the research for the purpose of this paper was made through desk work and structural interviewing of the representatives of 3 big and 4 medium banks. In fact the preliminary analysis included the involvement of 2 small banks , however the interest and involvement in corporate social responsibility concept and sustainable financing was very limited if not insignificant for the research. 1. The first area of research was focused on the level of accepting the concept of Corporate social responsibility in terms of business philanthropy , financing community projects, environmental initiatives as well as humanitarian , cultural and other socially useful activities. 2. The second area was the assessment of the level and way of integration of environmental and other sustainable development criteria into lending policy of the selected banks 5.1.Corporate social responsibility concept in the banks philosophy and strategy The selected banks were interviewed among which the main questions and aspects for analyzing were as following : CRS values: Does your bank have incorporated corporate social responsibility values in your banking philosophy and strategy (bank mission, code of conduct, etc)? CSR strategy and operational plan: Has your bank developed the corporate social responsibility strategy and operational plan for supporting/financing CSR projects for each year? Transparency: Does your bank is transparent and accountable for supported projects? 98 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo CSR areas supported: What areas of corporate social responsibilities does your banks finance? Projects supported: How many project per year are supported or /and total amount per year allocated for CSR projects The analysis and interviewing the selected banks representatives gives the following results: Table 1- Concept of CSR in Macedonian banks Areas/Questions Big banks (3) Medium banks (4) I II III I II III IV KB NBG NLB Halk Spar TTK Procredit CRS values YES YES YES YES YES YES YES CSR strategy NO YES YES NO NO YES NO Transparency YES Partly YES YES Partly YES Partly CSR operational plan Partly Partly YES NO YES NO Partly CSR areas supported Sport Sponso rship Culture Science Health Award for CSR Donatio ns Social Humanitar In details, analyzing the concept of CSR in the selected banks, the following comments and conclusions can be made:    All banks ( small and medium size ones) have declared their commitment and responsibility to the community and citizens through incorporating the CRS values in their Code of conducts , the statements related to the banks’ mission and objectives. However only few of them (two big and one medium sized bank) have incorporated the concept of CSR in their business strategies or create special CSR strategy. In fact the concept of CSR is mostly at the level of business philanthropy and in most cases can’t assure sustainable component in any of the sponsored or donated project/actions. Transparency and accountability can be recognized in almost all of the selected banks. Namely most of the banks have announced officially the CSR project that have been supported ( in terms of sponsorship and donations) and its considered as their PR activity , however no incentives about the amount of money spent on certain projects nor official figure about total amount of money allocated 99 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo      for this purpose. Asked during the interview to precise approximate amount for CSR projects , almost all interviewers considered this question as confidential one. Furthermore only several banks have open invitation for those who ask for sponsorship/donations and /or offer e-application on their web-pages. In most cases the request are made through direct meeting with high level of management and only in few cases there is un official who has certain responsibilities about monitoring and follow up of CSR projects/actions. This all leads to the further conclusions that the annual plans for sponsorships and donations are partly created in advanced , but most of the activities are sponsored/donated ad hoc as the top management consider it as interesting one. Almost all banks have similar CSR areas to support . These banks are involved in practically the most important humanitarian/health , cultural and sport activities and noting that in recent two years the social , humanitarian and health project are more sponsored than the sports and cultural events as it was a case in the years before. Even more, some of the selected bank has got CSR award for social responsible company which is awarded by the National Coordination body for CSR in recent two years. It is also evident the progress that the banks made supporting different projects and actions so that the number of yearly supported CSR projects ar between 5-6 in the middle sized banks and 15-23 project in the big banks. 5.2.Credit policy and sustainable development in Macedonian banks In order to assess, whether the sustainable development criteria are incorporated into the credit policy of the selected banks, the following issues were discussed/questions asked: Credit lines: Does your bank have special credit line supporting sustainable development? Lending policy: Does your bank incorporate sustainable financing in its lending policy? Number of loans: How many credit products are provided by your bank that finance the sustainable development projects ? Intermediary: How many and which credit lines/products does your bank distribute as an intermediary bank of MBDP? Own sources: How many and which credit lines/products does your bank distribute from its own resources supporting sustainable development? The results from the research are given in the Table 2: Table 2 – Sustainable development criteria into the banks’ credit policy Areas/Questions Big banks (3) Medium banks (4) I II III I II III IV Credit lines YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Lending policy Partly Partly YES YES Partly Partly YES Number of loans 7 4 7 9 5 4 5 100 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Intermediary Export Export Export Export Export Export SME SME SME SME SME SME Agro Agro Agro Agro Agro Agro Energy Micro Micro Micro Selfemployment Energy Energy Special clients Special clients Agro Start up business Eco ECO plus Agro Special clients Own sources Special clients Agro Micro SME Energy Micro Energy efficiency ISO Certif Additionally the 5 areas of particular environmental or social concerns were analyzed through selected banks. The results are given down below: Table 3- Areas of particular environmental/social concerns in the banks’ credit policy Environment & Energy Agriculture Social aspects SME development Big banks I Bank X X II Bank X X III Bank X X X X x X X X X X II Bank X x X III Bank X x X Medium sized banks I Bank IV Bank X X X X X Analyzing the types of loans provided by the selected banks in terms of financing sustainable development , the following comments and conclusions can be made: 101 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo        In general all selected banks offer different types of loans for financing sustainable development However , despite of high level of awareness to corporate social responsibility projects and actions , the same level of commitment is not indentified with their credit policy . In fact only limited number of selected banks truly incorporate sustainable financing in their lending policy, while the others provide almost all sustainable loans being in a positions of intermediary bank for MBDP credit lines. Even two out of three big banks , which were the leaders in supporting ad-hoc CSR projects , don’t apply the same rule while creating the structure of their credit portfolio . Related to the number of the sustainable finance areas that are covered by certain loans it also important to mention that medium size banks are not much behind the big ones. Just on the contrary, one of the medium size banks have 9 different types of credit products for sustainable development support while the big banks provide 5-7 different credit lines for the same purpose. The real image is even more obvious when analyze the source of funding for such credit lines. Namely most of these loans for sustainable development is financed by the international sources acquired through Macedonian Bank for Development Promotion (MBDP) . Practicably 3 selected banks have only one credit line for sustainable development purpose, while all the rest are part of the intermediary agreement with MBDP. When analyzing the types of loans from the banks own sources ( own capital, deposit and non deposit sources) most of selected banks have developed loans for special group of citizens, such as youth, ( students loans), retired old people ( who are not eligible for common types of loans) , people employed in the health and education , while the loans for selfemployment and start up businesses are provided by one big and one middle sized bank only. Additional two middle sized banks are providing from their resources so called ECO loans for environmental projects and energy efficiency actions , while one of them is also support certification and standardization of the working procedures in small and micro companies. When analyzing the table 3- Areas of particular environmental/social concerns in the banks’ credit policy, it can be concluded that:   The most represented area of sustainable development financed by all banks are the area of agriculture as well as financing of micro and small enterprises. The certain loans for support of the primary production or food processing , as well as micro and small loans are present in each of the selected banks credit portfolio . Energy and environmental issues are however financed mostly from MBDP credit lines while 3 banks create their own credit product for the same purpose. The least represented credit lines are those who are supporting certain social aspects, employment of young people, self-employment and other project for certain group of marginalized group of people 6.CONCLUSIONS The research findings are bringing us to the following conclusions: 1. There is appropriate level of social corporate responsibility among the selected banks the financial support of the social initiatives (culture, science, sport, and other initiatives) supported by the most of the banks as well as presence of transparent policies on social corporate responsibility. 2. Limited number of banks are developing sector-specific policies that apply to their lending activities. They established special credit lines with favorable conditions to finance agriculture organic production , renewable energy production , micro 102 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo innovative business support , as well as startup companies support for certain social categories. 3. In fact, despite of high level of awareness to corporate social responsibility projects and actions , the same level of commitment is not indentified with their credit policy In fact only limited number of selected banks truly incorporate sustainable financing in their lending policy, while the others provide almost all sustainable loans being in a positions of intermediary bank for MBDP credit lines. Therefore MBDP is the biggest promoter of the special loans for sustainable development , while some of the medium sized banks are trying to assure better position at the market , with allocating part of their credit potential for the purpose of sustainable development financing. LITERATURE Coro Strandberg ,”Best practices in sustainable finance” – Strandberg Consulting, June 2005 WWF & BankTrack Report - “ Shaping the future of sustainable finance” – WWF , 2006 Marchel H.A. Jeunken , Jan Jaap Bouma “The changing environment of banks “GMI 1999 Marcel Jeucken “Sustainable Finance and Banking” November 2001. Jan Willem van Gelder “The do’s and don’ts of Sustainable Banking - A BankTrack manual”- 2004 Post-Modern Criticism of Monetary System and Financial Institutions Adi Fišević, Ugur Ergun International Burch University, Faculty of Economics 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: adifisevic@yahoo.com, uergun@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Monetary System represents a synonym for modern economic era and its functionality. In order to maintain economic stability it is important to keep major segments of monetary system in balance. Throughout analysis we will first emphasise on nature of money and basic characteristics of it by observing its impact on human nature to reach focal points that could negatively affect monetary system. Since world is reaching toward one unique economic space we must observe it as compact unity in order to react on time to all negative impact that could potentially destabilize international monetary system. Crucial part of the analysis will be based on uncontrolled creation of debt which represents major factor that creates instability on the global and intra-country scale. Since the debt is mostly created throughout generally implemented fractional reserve system we will try to indicate how money multiplier contributes toward debt creation and how it changes over time. Also institutions like IMF and World Bank contribute to excess debt creation by formally providing loans to counties in development that eventually sink into deeper crises. One of the most fragile segments of 103 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1283 Title A name given to the resource The Banks And Sustainable Development Author Author Violeta , Madzova Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper focuses on the role of the banks in supporting sustainable development. Its objective is to examine recent trends in banking and sustainable development, as well as to assess the implementation and application of the sustainable development policies adopted by the banks in the banking sector in Republic of Macedonia. For that purpose it is made a comprehensive analysis on the trends of “sustainable finance”, as well as research on the practices in the Macedonian banking sector in supporting sustainable society. Namely, at the beginning of the 21st century, the banks in the industrial world have become complex financial organizations that offer a wide variety of services to international markets and control billions of dollars in cash and assets. Supported by the latest technology, banks are working to identify new business niches, to develop customized services, to implement innovative strategies and to capture new market opportunities. By means of their financing policy, banks can then take specific measures to contribute to sustainable entrepreneurship. As the analysis indicates, with few exceptions bank policies in the West Balkans are lagging significantly behind relevant international standards and best practices. Until recently, most Macedonian banks did not consider environmental and social concerns to be particularly relevant to their operations. Today, however, the integration of sustainability into the banking sector of Macedonia has taken two key directions: Support the environmental and social responsibility through financial contribution in environmental initiatives and socially responsible initiatives Integration of environmental and other sustainable development criteria into lending and investment strategy of the banks Therefore, the paper reviews the environmental and social policies of the selected big and medium sized banks in Macedonia, as well as policy and the practices if the specialized promotion bank-Macedonian Bank for Development Promotion. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0285a480405b64b7fbc498db252880a2.pdf 2d77dd56083bc144f45c88b7de29ff1c PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Oswald A. (1996) A conjecture on the explanation for high unemployment in the industrialized nations: part I, Warwick Economics Research Paper 475, University of Warwick, Coventry, pp. 197-206. Puri A.K. and Lierop J.V. (1988) Forecasting Housing Starts, International Journal of Forecasting, 4, 125-134. Rapach D.E. and Strauss J.K. (2009) Differences in housing price forecastability across US states, International Journal of Forecasting, 25(2), 351-372. Rosen, H.S. and Rosen, K.T. (1980) Federal taxes and homeownership: evidence from time series, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 88 No. 11, pp. 59-75. Sander W. and Testa W.A. (2009) Education and Household Location in Chicago. Growth and Change, 40(1), 116–139. Stephenson, c. (2010) Home Sales as an Economic Indicator, http://voices.yahoo.com/homesales-as-economic-indicator-5362321.html?cat=3. Taylor J. B. (2007) Housing and Monetary Policy), NBER Working Paper No. W13682. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1077808. Thom R. (1985) The Relationship between Housing Starts and Mortgage Availability, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 67(4), 693-696. Vargas-Silva C. (2008) Monetary Policy and the U.S. Housing Market: A VAR Analysis Imposing Sign Restrictions. Journal of Macroeconomics, 30(3), 977-990. Corporate Environmental Reporting: Approaches And Challenges Yasemin Köse Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Business Department, Accounting and Finance 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey E-mail:yekose@gmail.com Abstract Sustainable development issue have become increasingly important to a range of stakeholders and attention has focused on the environmental impacts of corporate activities. Within this context, investors and other stakeholders demand for reliable and accurate information regarding environmental performance. Thus sustainable or environmental reporting has arisen as a challenging and attractive growth area for accounting professionals (Bell and Lehman 1999). One of the most challenging issue in environmental reporting is how and what corporations should report to meet demands of various stakeholders. Reporting about environmental issues may embrace information both in traditional financial reports and in any other reports. For environmental reporting, guidelines have been published by various parties since the beginning of the nineties (IIIEE Report 2002). Considerable 274 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo debate has taken place among the international bodies on the recognition, classification and quantification of environmentally significant information. A number of recommendations were put forward in the 1990s by standardization and Professional bodies. Yet, there are considerable contradictions among these recommendations leaving management a large element of discretion when deciding which issues to recognize, how to measure these and what to disclose about environmental activities (Schalteger and Burrit 2000). The aim of this study is to present approaches and guidelines of corporate environmental reporting (CER) in an international context. For this purpose development of CER is presented which is then followed by approaches to environmental reporting such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting framework, initiatives of Standard setters and some governmental regulations. Keywords: Corporate Environmental Reporting, Sustainable Accounting, Sustainable Reporting, Environmental Reporting Guidelines. 1. INTRODUCTION Although used interchangeably, terms of sustainability reporting, corporate social responsibility reporting, triple bottom line reporting and environmental reporting can describe different things. The most widely accepted definition of sustainable development can be found at Brudlent Report released by the UN in 1987. According to this report sustainable development is “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (UN 1987). Corporate environmental reporting represents only one form of sustainable or environmental reporting. The term environmental reporting means any disclosed information on environmental issues by companies including corporate environmental reporting. Corporate environmental reporting (CER) is the process by which a corporation communicates information regarding the range of its environmental activities to its stakeholders such as shareholders, customers, employeesgovernmental agencies, creditors and public in general. CERs are publicly available generally stand-alone reports issued voluntarily, by companies on their environmental activities (Broph and Starkey 1996). An increasing number of corporations began publishing regular environmental reports in detail. These reports disclose information about the impacts of the environment and the methods of measuring and monitoring environmental impact. Disclosure of information may voluntary or regulatory. Yet considerable debate continues on the recognition, classification and quantification of environmentally sound information. 2. DEVELOPMENTS IN CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING Gray, Owen and Adams (1996) provided a number ofincentives for corporate environmental reporting. These incentives include ethics, individual commitment, accountability, legal, code of practice, anticipated regulation, to forestall regulation, marketing, public image, defence, to distract attention, influence perceptions, response to pressure, go ahead of /stay with competitors, experimentation, prior commitment, ethical investors, to overcome fears of secrecy, and to maintain a position of power and legitimisation. First corporate environmental reporting practices began in the 1980s. At first it started in a voluntary basis. Later on mandatory requirements were introduced by a number of countries 275 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo such as Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands (Scott, 2001). Also, in Australia, corporations are legally required to report on economical, social and environmental activities (DEAT 2005). Surveys published by the KPMG since 1993 showed that the growth of stand-alone environmental reports is significant. As seen in Table 1, environmental reporting rose significantly in all the European countries examined, especially in countries with mandatory rules. Table 1. % of Companies Published Environmental Reports. Years TOP 100 TOP 250 1993 12 - 1996 18 - 1999 24 35 2002 28 45 2005 41 64 2008 53 83 2011 64 95 Source: Adapted from KPMG(2011). International Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting. Another significant report published by UNEP (1997) showed that CERs were increasingly being used to monitor companies. A more recent survey conducted in the UK for FTSE 100 companies showed that 81% of companies pulished separate environmental reports. 13 % of these companies report on environmental issues within their annual reports (Spada 2008). The 2002 KPMG Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting (2002, p.18) suggests that the increased adoption of sustainability assurance arises from “…the demand for reliable and credible information from management, for managing the company’s environmental and social risks, and from stakeholders who want assurance that the report truly represents the company’s efforts and achievements”. 3. APPROACHES TO CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING Reporting about environmental issues may embrace information both in traditional financial reports and in any other reports. For environmental reporting, guidelines have been published by various parties since the beginning of the nineties (IIIEE Report 2002). Considerable debate has taken place among the international bodies on the recognition, classification and quantification of environmentally significant information. A number of recommendations were put forward in by standardization and Professional bodies such as the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB), Fédération des Experts Compatibles Européens (FEE) 276 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo and the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). Yet, there are considerable contradictions among these recommendations leaving management a large element of discretion when deciding which issues to recognize, how to measure these and what to disclose about environmental activities (Schalteger and Burrit 2000). An important factor in the improvement of the quality environmental reports has been organizations involved in corporate reporting. Although environmental reporting is a relatively new phenomeno, compared to financial reporting, many guideline/approaches have been developed so far for the structuring of environmental reports. It appears that three groups are attempting to develop guidelines for the same (Pramanik et al. 2008). These are: -International / National Industrial Organization; - Government Initiatives; and - Initiatives from Accountancy Bodies. One well-known organization is the Global Reporting Initiative which set out a common framework for sustainability. The launch of the G3 Guidelines in 2006 led to a dramatic increase in the number of sustainability reports produced by organizations. The G3 Guidelines are made up of two parts. Part 1 features guidance on how to report. Part 2 features guidance on what should be reported, in the form of disclosures. The GRI framework provides a nonprescriptive approach through which organizations are guided in developing performance reporting that is relevant for their own business. Users are provided with concepts on how to develop what is to be reported, including issues such as materiality, and are provided with a framework for what are called standard disclosures, supported by a series of sector or industry guides. These currently include financial services, logistics, transportation, mining and metals, public agency, tour operator, telecommunications, and automotive. The framework then provides support on how to collect and report information, including guidance on what areas should be included in each ltogether with ideas as to what types of performance metrics can be developed. By means of GRI reporting guidelines, corporate sustainability reports, also frequently referred to as corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports and health safety and environment (HSE) reports, appear on the websites of many of the world’s largest firms, These reports characteristically document corporate environmental and social policy, objectives, initiatives and performance, and are increasingly accompanied by third-party assurance statements (Kolk and Perego 2008). Mandatory requirements for certain countries have also put pressures for environmental reporting. Denmark was the first country regulated the environmental reporting in 1996,which was followed by the Netherlands and Norway in 1999. Sweden also made the environmental disclosure mandatory. In U.S.A., companies having more than 10 employees will have to report on specified toxic emission to the US Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental disclosures are also encouraged through the voluntary local and international guidelines. These guidelines design and build acceptance of a common framework for reporting environmental information in sustaining corporate public accountability. Yet, in the U.S.A adoption of sustainability as a concept has been more cautious than in other areas around the world. As in many new initiatives, the great concern is and will continue to be. Accountancy bodies have also taken part in the environmental debate in recent years and have issued some guidelines regarding environmental reporting. The Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) has produced a guidance document aimed at developing a 277 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo framework for the reporting information about how organizations perform in accordance with standards and expectations of environmental conduct and responsibility. The Association of Certified Chartered Accountants (ACCA), U.K. and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales (ICAEW) have also issued their guidelines regarding corporate environmental reporting. Similarly, the Federation of European Accountants encourages companies to raise shareholder confidence by enhancing the credibility of their sustainability reporting with third-party, independent assurance. Two international standards, the AA1000 Assurance Standard (AA1000AS) was launched in March 2003 by AccountAbility and the IAASB’s International Standard on Assurance Engagements is available since January 2005. Further, a number of national (draft) standards has also emerged, for instance in Australia and in The Netherlands. The accounting profession has a role to play in contributing to the business understanding of sustainability and focusing beyond the adoption of standards for their own sake, to a perspective where connections can be made between nonfinancial reporting, financial value, and the sustainable worth of the entity (IMA 2008). 4. CONCLUSION Environmental reporting requires companies to monitor and measure their environmental impacts and communicate them. In order to achieve this efficiently, there must be an accounting system that fully account for all environmental inputs and impacts to generate data and communicate. Accountants have a responsibility to those whom they support with Professional advice to address the sustainability of the enterprises within which they operate by understanding the implications of nontraditionally-measured assets, liabilities, and income that form the basis of an organization’s worth and wealth in the 21st century economy. In different countries, the accounting and reporting practices in respect of environmental issues have become mandatory. But in many countries, no such mandate has been issued. Now, an urgent need prevails to take steps globally for accounting and valuation technique as well as the reporting guidelines to incorporate these issues in the corporate accounting and reporting system. For doing businesses in future, corporate world should turn their attention towards the long-term sustainability of the environment. REFERENCES Bell, F. ve G. Lehman. (1999) “Recent trends in environment accounting: how green are your accounts?” Accounting Forum, Vol. 23, June 1999, 175-192. Brophy, M., and Starkey, R. (1996) Environmental Reporting. In R. Welford (Ed.), Corporate Environmental Management Systems and Strategies, 150-176. London: Earthscan. DEAT (2005) Environmental Reporting, Integrated Environmental Managemnet Information Series 17, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), Pretoria. EEA (2001) Business and the Environment: Current Trends and Developments in Corporate Reporting and Ranking, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen. 278 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gray R., Bebbington, J. and D. Walters (1993) Accounting for the Environment, Paul Chapman Publishing, London, UK. Gray, R., Owen, D. and C. Adams (1996) Accounting and Accountability, Prentice-Hall, London, UK. IIIEE Report (2002) Corporate Environmental Reporting: Review of Policy Action in Europe, International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University. IMA (2008) The Evolution of Accountability-Sustainability Reporting for Accountants, Institute of Management Accountants. Kolk, Ans, Seb Walhain, and Susanne van de Wateringen (2001) "Environmental Reporting by the Fortune Global 250: Exploring the Influence of Nationality and Sector." Business Strategy & the Environment 10:15-28. KPMG (2002) "KPMG International Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 2002. KPMGInternational. KPMG (2011) "KPMG International Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 2011." KPMG International. Pramanik, A. K., Shil, N. S., and Das, B. (2008) “Corporate Environmental Reporting: An Emerging Isuue in the Corporate World”, International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 3, No.12, 146-154. Schaltegger, S. And Burritt, R. (2000) Contemporary Environmental Accounting: Issues, Concepts and Practices, Greenleaf Publishing. Scott P.(2001) “The Pittfalls in Mandatory Reporting”, Environmental Finance, April 2001, p.24-25. Spada (2008) Environmental Reporting: Trends in FTSE 100 Sustainability Reports, A White Paper Series from Spada, November 2008. SustainAbility and UNEP (1997) Engaging Stakeholders: the 1997 Benchmark Survey, London: SustainAbility Ltd. UN (1987) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. 279 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1304 Title A name given to the resource Corporate Environmental Reporting: Approaches And Challenges Author Author Yasemin , Köse Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainable development issue have become increasingly important to a range of stakeholders and attention has focused on the environmental impacts of corporate activities. Within this context, investors and other stakeholders demand for reliable and accurate information regarding environmental performance. Thus sustainable or environmental reporting has arisen as a challenging and attractive growth area for accounting professionals (Bell and Lehman 1999). One of the most challenging issue in environmental reporting is how and what corporations should report to meet demands of various stakeholders. Reporting about environmental issues may embrace information both in traditional financial reports and in any other reports. For environmental reporting, guidelines have been published by various parties since the beginning of the nineties (IIIEE Report 2002). Considerable debate has taken place among the international bodies on the recognition, classification and quantification of environmentally significant information. A number of recommendations were put forward in the 1990s by standardization and Professional bodies. Yet, there are considerable contradictions among these recommendations leaving management a large element of discretion when deciding which issues to recognize, how to measure these and what to disclose about environmental activities (Schalteger and Burrit 2000). The aim of this study is to present approaches and guidelines of corporate environmental reporting (CER) in an international context. For this purpose development of CER is presented which is then followed by approaches to environmental reporting such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting framework, initiatives of Standard setters and some governmental regulations. Keywords: Corporate Environmental Reporting, Sustainable Accounting, Sustainable Reporting, Environmental Reporting Guidelines. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/38768935fadd758aa2ed36d9bd054fc5.pdf 3fc398583a5cc327cbfb4bedf62a9d60 PDF Text Text Removel Of Chromium (Vi) From Leather Industry Waste Water By Adsorbtion Methot Yavuz Mesut Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Celal Bayar University, 45030 Manisa, Turkey E-mail: msafyavuz@mynet.com.tr 1. INTRODUCTION Environmental pollution is an event that causes deleterious changes in the physical, chemical or biological properties of air, water, soil or nutrients, which in turn negatively affects humans' or other living organisms' health, living or activities (1). Development of industry and rapid population growth brought along pollution and consequently pollution of water sources. Today, the heavy metals present in drinking and utility waters are amount the most serious pollutions and pose a great threat for public health. Water used in industry is one of the sources of water pollution. As mentioned earlier, heavy metals have a respectively more important place in water pollution. Heavy metal pollution is caused by the liquid wastes of many industries such as metal coating, mining, tanning, chlorine-alkali, radiator production, melting, battery production and alloy industries. The facts that water is indispensable for life, and that it is used constantly in all areas of life set forth the importance of preserving water sources and the necessary level of water quality for drinking and using. All kinds of substances that may be in water is harmful to health over a certain concentration. Due to this reason, the pollutants in water have to be removed. Examining the studies in the literature concerning the removal of Cr(VI) ions from waste waters shows that the Cr(VI) ion defoliates plants and trees and reduces yield particularly when the waters of the streams it is discharged to is used for agricultural irrigation, reduces meat and milk yield when used in breeding, and causes allergic reaction upon contacting humans. It is also seen from the literature that, in addition to the chemical methods, also factory wastes (sunflower meal, bagasse, glaze waste, gypsum waste, marble powder, fly ash, etc.) that are more economical and natural resources (marl, cinder, red loam, etc) are used for removing Cr(VI) ion, which is classified as a heavy metal, from water and successful results are obtained from these methods. Our purpose in this study is to plan the removal of the heavy metals, 90% of which are used in the leather industry and oxidized to Cr(VI) ion causing pollution in the Menderes river, Nif stream and particularly Gediz river in our region, by means of the absorbents that can be obtained economically and in a convenient way by utilizing the wastes generated in the factories of the same region and natural resources. It is intended to determine the optimum conditions for absorbing chromium from leather waste water with the use of gypsum waste, which can be obtained in a highly economical way and the way of utilization is being sought as the abundant waste of the Serel ceramic factory. Serel Ceramics gypsum waste 324 % Amounts �Total Alkali 0.00 Na2O 0.00 Fe2O3 0.03 MgO 0.19 Al2O3 0.30 SiO2 0.38 CaO 32.51 SO3 45.85 Lime saturation factor 118.84 The works intended to determine the Cr(VI) absorption percentage and absorption parameters of gypsum waste will continue to be carried out in the next season 2. EXPERIMENTAL PART In consequence of the measurements made on the sample taken in the waste water purification facility established in order to purify the waste water of Manisa Horozkoy Leather Enterprises, ph = 9 and Cr+6=14,82 ppm values were obtained. Heavy metal determinations were measured with an AAS equipment and gypsum structure was determined by means of a x-ray spectrometer. Table 1.Results of the structural analysis of Serel factory gypsum wastes, conducted with xray spectrometer. Component SiO2 CaO % 32,51 0,38 Fe2O3 0,03 Al2O3 0,30 MgO 0,19 SO3 Loss on Ignition 45,85 21,11 The K2Cr2O7 solution formed for determining the optimum conditions was prepared as 20 ppm. No centrifugation was applied after the treatment with gypsum and sample was taken after a waiting time of 5 to 10 minutes 325 �Table 2. Absorbed Chromium amount concentration (ppm) according to the gypsum amount added to the solution prepared at 100 ml, 200ppm, pH = 9, T = 15C0, t =1 hour, Mixing speed = 500 rpm Gypsum amount added (g) Absorbed (ppm) Chromium Amount 3g 5g 10 g 15 g 20 g 25 g 14,864 15,272 15,66 16,252 16,232 16,253 Figure 1. Absorbed chromium amount concentration (ppm) according to the gypsum amount added Table 3. Absorbed Chromium amount concentration (ppm) according to the granule size of gypsum added to the K2Cr2O7 solution prepared at 100 ml, 200ppm, pH = 9, T = 15C0 t =1 hour Mixing speed = 500 rpm Gypsum amount = 15 g Granule Size of Gypsum (mesh) Absorbed Chromium Amount 326 1 2 3 4 5 16,120 16,422 16,534 16,765 16,925 �(ppm) Figure 2. Absorbed chromium amount concentration (ppm) according to the gypsum amount added Since 500 mesh size gypsum was dissolved in 1 hour with 500 rpm mixing speed and left layer of sludge at the bottom, greater granule size gypsums were given priority in the tests. Table 4. Absorbed amount of chromium according to the mixing speed applied to the 100 ml 200 ppm K2Cr2O7 solution prepared at ph = 9 T = 15 C0, t = 1 hour , gypsum amount = 15 g, gypsum size = 5 mesh Mixing Speed (rpm) 100 Absorbed Chromium 12,120 Amount (ppm) 327 200 300 400 500 700 12,850 14,450 16,700 16,910 14,550 �Figure 3. Absorbed chromium amount according to mixing speed. Table 5. Absorbed amount of chromium according to the mixing duration applied to the 100 ml 200 ppm K2Cr2O7 solution prepared at ph = 9 T = 15 C0, t = 1 hour , gypsum amount = 15 g, gypsum size = 5 mesh Mixing speed = 500 rpm Duration Hours 1 Absorbed Amount 16,825 17,155 17,875 18,110 19,220 19,180 (ppm) 328 2 3 4 5 6 Chromium �Figure 4. Absorbed chromium amount according to mixing duration. Table 6. Absorbed chromium amount according to different temperatures of 100 ml, 200 ppm K2Cr2O7 solution prepared at ph = 9 , gypsum amount = 15 g, gypsum granule size = 5 mesh, mixing speed = 500 rpm, t = 6 hours Solution Temperature (Co) Absorbed Chromium Amount (ppm) 329 15 20 25 19,080 19,180 19,300 30 35 40 19,280 19,220 19,240 �Figure 5. Absorbed chromium amount according to the varying temperatures of the solution. Due to the observation that the temperature does not have a significant effect on absorption, it was decided to use the temperature 15 Co in economical terms. Table 7. Absorbed chromium amount at varying pH values of the 100 ml, 200 ppm K2Cr2O7 solution prepared with gypsum amount = 15 g, gypsum size = 5 mesh, mixing speed = 500 rpm, t= 6 hours T = 15 Co Ph Absorbed Chromium Amount (ppm) 330 9 8 19,200 18,875 7 6 5 18,920 18,850 18,540 �Figure 6. Chromium amount absorbed at varying levels of pH applied to the K2Cr2O7 solution. The optimum absorption conditions obtained with the implementation of 6 different parameters to the 200 ppm, 100 ml K2Cr2O7 solution were determined as follows. Granule size Gypsum amount pH Mixing speed t(time) T CO 5 Mesh 150 g/L 9 500 rpm 6 hours 15 CO When all these parameters are implemented on the 200 ppm, 100 ml K2Cr2O7 solution, the total absorbed amount of chromium was 18,252 ppm and exhibited that 91,26% of chromium can be absorbed. When the same parameters were implemented on the leather waste water sample taken before purification with pH = 9 and 14,82 ppm chromium content the absorbed amount of chromium was measured to be 13,894 ppm and the remaining chromium content in the solution was 0,926. With this, it was determined that 93,75% of chromium was absorbed. Table 8. Absorbed amount of chromium in the standard solution and leather waste water under the optimum conditions are given in the table below. pH = 9 Mixing Speed = 500 rpm Granule Size = 5 Mesh t = 6 hours T = 15 CO Gypsum amount = 150 g/L 331 Absorbed amounts in Absorbed amounts in the the 200 ppm, 100ml 14,82 ppm, leather waste water K2Cr2O7 solution �18,252 ppm 13, 894 ppm 91,26% 93,75% 3. DISCUSSION For the purpose of achieving 90% tanning in leather industry CrCl3 component is used and oxidized to Cr(VI) with the various salts, oils and chemicals in the medium. While Cr(VI) is toxic for livings, a trace amount of Cr(III) is necessary for the main structure of glucose, fat and protein metabolism. Cr(VI) causes liver destruction in livings and defoliates plants and trees (4). Cr(VI) limits set forth by the water control regulation is zero for drinking waters, 20 ppb in utility waters and 50 ppb in irrigation waters (5). The Cr(VI) amount was measured as 14,82 ppm and pH=9 in the waste water of Manisa Horozkoy leather industry. Examining the use of various natural absorbents on Cr(VI) shows that bone dust absorbs 66,6% (2), nutshell absorbs 80% (1), CACMM2 absorbs 83% (11), marl soil absorbs 86,3% (6) and activated clinoptilolite absorbs 0,624 mg/g (7) of Cr(VI). In our study it was aimed to absorb the Cr(VI) content in the waste waters of Horozkoy leather factory in our region, which pollutes Gediz river and is highly toxic for livings and plants, by means of the gypsum wastes of Serel ceramic factory that is not utilized in any way and that constitutes a stock problem. After determining and applying the optimum conditions in terms of pH, temperature, gypsum amount, mixing speed, mixing duration and gypsum granule size parameters to leather water at solution temperature and pH, the 14,82 ppm of Cr(VI) was reduced to 0,926 ppm and an absorption of 93,75% was achieved. It was aimed to absorb a waste with another kind of waste and it was determined that gypsum substantially enabled this. It was observed that Cr(VI) can be absorbed by only breaking gypsum into nut size and after a mixing of 6 hours. REFERENCES Gunden U., Uysaler K., Advisor: Prof. Dr. Ali Celik, ―Usability of Nutshell in Cr(VI) Absorption‖, Undergraduate Thesis, Manisa-2004. Kaymakci U., Ozenen E., Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr Yuksel Abali, ―Absorption of Cr+6 Ion in Leather Waters into Bone Dust‖, Manisa-2004. 332 �Carrillo_Morales G., Davila-Jimenez M.M., Elizalde-Gonzalez M.P., Pelaez-Cid A.A, Removal of Metal Ions From Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on the Natural Adsorbent CACMM2, Jaurnal of Chromatography A, 938, 237-242, 2001. Townshend, A; Encylopedia of Analitical science, Academic Pres, Londan, 1995. Water Pollution Control Regulation Official Gazette: 31 December 2004, Issue: 25687. Özdemir C. et al., ―Examination of purification of leather industry wastewaters with the use of the marl soils of Basyayla(Karaman) region‖, D.E.U Science and Engineering Journal, Issue: 3 5.57-64, October 2004. Toprak R.Girgin I., ―Removal of chromium from leather industry wastewaters with activated clinoptilolite‖, Turk J Engin Enviran Sci 24(2000), 343-351 TUBITAK. Water Resources Conservation for Sustainable Agricultural Development F. Ozge Uysal, Onder Uysal Faculty of Agriculture, SuleymanDemirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mail: onderuysal@sdu.edu.tr 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1.Water resources consumption Increase of population and insufficient water resources has led to environmental pollution has reached substantial levels with use of synthetic and chemical inputs as a result of the increase in production. Decreasing available water resources brings on a serious water shortage problem. Allliving things are negative affected by theenvironmentalpollution. The loss of speciesin nature, instead of use of biological control use chemical control, thehormonesto increasefood production have a verynegativeforecology. The main reason for environmental pollution and degradation of the natural balance in ecosystem, consumption increased rapidly due to increasing population and increased use of fossil proliferation of products. 1.2.Water resources conservation One of themostimportantaim of sustainableagricultureandruraldevelopment is toprotectandconservethecapacity of thenaturalresourcebasetocontinuetoprovideproduction, environmentalandculturalservices. 333 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1263 Title A name given to the resource Removel Of Chromium (Vi) From Leather Industry Waste Water By Adsorbtion Methot Author Author Yavuz , Mesut Abstract A summary of the resource. Environmental pollution is an event that causes deleterious changes in the physical, chemical or biological properties of air, water, soil or nutrients, which in turn negatively affects humans' or other living organisms' health, living or activities (1). Development of industry and rapid population growth brought along pollution and consequently pollution of water sources. Today, the heavy metals present in drinking and utility waters are amount the most serious pollutions and pose a great threat for public health. Water used in industry is one of the sources of water pollution. As mentioned earlier, heavy metals have a respectively more important place in water pollution. Heavy metal pollution is caused by the liquid wastes of many industries such as metal coating, mining, tanning, chlorine-alkali, radiator production, melting, battery production and alloy industries. The facts that water is indispensable for life, and that it is used constantly in all areas of life set forth the importance of preserving water sources and the necessary level of water quality for drinking and using. All kinds of substances that may be in water is harmful to health over a certain concentration. Due to this reason, the pollutants in water have to be removed. Examining the studies in the literature concerning the removal of Cr(VI) ions from waste waters shows that the Cr(VI) ion defoliates plants and trees and reduces yield particularly when the waters of the streams it is discharged to is used for agricultural irrigation, reduces meat and milk yield when used in breeding, and causes allergic reaction upon contacting humans. It is also seen from the literature that, in addition to the chemical methods, also factory wastes (sunflower meal, bagasse, glaze waste, gypsum waste, marble powder, fly ash, etc.) that are more economical and natural resources (marl, cinder, red loam, etc) are used for removing Cr(VI) ion, which is classified as a heavy metal, from water and successful results are obtained from these methods. Our purpose in this study is to plan the removal of the heavy metals, 90% of which are used in the leather industry and oxidized to Cr(VI) ion causing pollution in the Menderes river, Nif stream and particularly Gediz river in our region, by means of the absorbents that can be obtained economically and in a convenient way by utilizing the wastes generated in the factories of the same region and natural resources. It is intended to determine the optimum conditions for absorbing chromium from leather waste water with the use of gypsum waste, which can be obtained in a highly economical way and the way of utilization is being sought as the abundant waste of the Serel ceramic factory. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7f391456d50561ddb5a0d23596003323.pdf 272a4a7990ab8c67c0efdd4ae4d8b115 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo key in enabling Bosnia to attract foreign investments in this sector. Furthermore, NGOs and governmental agencies will need to educate themselves in order to be able to apply for various funds available in EU. Hundreds of millions of euros are available, but the projects proposal must be of high quality and skillful people are key in bidding for these funds. Overall, Bosnia and Herzegovina must continue the same way but should accelerate reforms and adjust its market to more easily accommodate foreign investments in green energy and sustainable development sector. REFERENCES 1. NRC (2001). Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 2. Aleksandar Knezevic and Martin Tais (2007) Energetska efikasnost i obnovljivi izvori energije, Prioriteti energetske strategije u BiH, Fondacija Heinrich Boll, p 91,92,93. URL http://www.boell.ba/downloads/energetska_efikasnost_i_obnovljivi_izvori_energije_final.pdf , retrieved on April 23, 2012 3. Schneider, L. (2007), An evaluation of the CDM and options for improvement, URL http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/climate_carbon_energy/energy_solutions/resourc es/?118000/An-evaluation-of-the-CDM-and-options-for-improvement , retrieved on February 12, 2012 4. Energis (2010) Hydropower, URL http://energis.ba/?lang=bh&n1=3&n2=17&n3=0&c=16 , retrieved on February 2, 2012 5. Biomass Energy Centre (2011) What is biomass?, URL http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=76,15049&_dad=portal&_sche ma=PORTAL retrieved on March 10, 2012 6. International Energy Agency (2011) Solar Energy Perspectives: Executive Summary, URL http://www.webcitation.org/63fIHKr1S , retrieved on January 15, 2012 7. Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2011) Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment, 5, ISBN: 978-92-807-3183-5 8. UNDP (2011), Clean Development Mechanism Projects – Pathway to New Investments in BiH, URL http://www.undp.ba/index.aspx?PID=7&RID=723 , retrieved on January 18, 2012 9. The Carbon Neutral Company (2012) Climate change summary, URL http://www.carbonneutral.com/knowledge-centre/climate-change-summary/ , retrieved on February 25, 2012 The Relationship Between Tax Revenue And Economic Growth In Turkey: The Period Of 1975-2011 Yeşim Helhel,Yakup Demir Akdeniz University, Tourism Faculty, Antalya, TR Abstract In the study, the relationship between tax revenues and economic growth for the Turkish economy has been examined in the period of 1975-2011. Johansen Juselious cointegration test 32 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo and Granger causality test have been used in order to find long term and short term relationship, respectively. Impulse-response function and variance decomposition analysis have been applied via VAR model. The findings have shown that there is interaction between tax revenue types and the economic growth in the long term and is not such an interaction in the short term. The effect of the shock given to indirect tax revenue to economic growth rate has decline; the response of growth rate to shock given to direct tax revenue has been tendency to rise up towards the end of the period. In the variance decomposition method; direct tax revenue is more effective than indirect one. But, the growth rate that is expressed by GDP (gross domestic product) or other factors affecting growth rather than tax revenue has been appeared affected itself. Keywords: Direct tax, indirect tax, economic growth, granger causality test, co-integration test, VAR 1.INTRODUCTION Turkey has adopted foreign trade policy and strengthening of free market economy as an economic growth model with the beginning of 1980’s, and applied them so far as basic principles. In this model, increase of demand, encouragement of private sector and making the price policy more functional are acceptable principles of the free market. The government that has fiscal and monetary policy instruments is assumed as a catalyst instead of interference to economy. The major fiscal policy tools to have sustainable growth process by government are (Paksoy, S. and S. Bakan, 2010, p.154) ;  Expenditure  Income  Debt policies. Aside from expenditure and debt policies, tax revenue is the most important tool within the income policy. Tax is an economic value to finance public services taken by individual & corporation compulsorily according to their ability to pay ( Pehlivan, O., 2009: p.19). It is important that while government actualizes fiscal and non-fiscal services, tax burden should be delivered equitable, and the distribution of tax should balance the condition of stability. Moreover, tax should be taken in accordance with legal principles, and should increase the level of welfare. But these considerations are not enough alone. It’s also important that tax revenue must be used for society services and contribute the country’s economic growth and development, otherwise, the citizens of the country damage from that wrong policy. Economic growth is one of the macro variables related to tax revenues. Neo-classic growth models claimed that economic policies don’t have any impact for long term growth percentage and they also adverted that government’s interference by means of fiscal policy is unnecessary, moreover, damages optimal distribution of resources. In spite of these theories, endogenous growth models revealed that fiscal policy tools, such as public expenditures, taxation and subsidies etc. have strong impact on long term growth percentage. Many models have been constituted to prove this case (Yanpar, A., 2007, p.1). When the impact of taxes on economic growth has been analyzed, the distinction of direct and indirect taxes has been made in recent years. Due to the importance of that discrimination to shape tax system vigorously, the relationships between aforementioned tax types and economic growth have been evaluated by means of Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) in our study. Although our study is similar to the other studies related to Turkish economy in 33 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo terms of analysis technique, it is different in terms of the analysis period. The focus of this study is that the effect of tax revenues to economic growth will be positive in developing countries in the case of legal regulations are made about tax policy. 2.DIRECT AND INDIRECT TAXES Direct taxes are taken from individuals and institutions according to their levels of revenue whose tax payer is also the same with payer on this subject, tax payer cannot transfer own tax burden to others. Income and corporation tax are both example of direct taxes. Indirect taxes arise from the use of services and goods. Everyone derived benefit from services or goods liable to tax has to pay it at the same rate regardless of income level. Tax payer and payer are different on this subject. Value added tax (VAT) and excise tax are both example of indirect taxes (Temiz, D. , 2008, p.3). Direct taxes which consist of income tax, property tax and corporation tax, indirect taxes which consist of taxes taken from both domestic and foreign trade have different function and impact on the economies. Direct taxes have the results for high income groups which have inclination to high savings and investment and also low marginal propensity to consume. On the other hand, indirect taxes have results for low income groups. The basic aim of the taxation is to create resources to cover expenses of public for both developed and developing countries. So, both tax types can also be used as a policy tool. However, the characteristics of the distribution of tax revenues are expected to impact upon economic growth and development line in the developing countries where indirect tax revenue is an important part of total tax revenues (Açıkgöz, Ş., 2008, p.93). Chart 1. The Percentage of Direct and Indirect Taxes (www.tcmb.gov.tr) The high ratio of indirect taxes is closely associated with economic growth & development. Since tax systems & policies are not fully settled in the developing countries, they focus on indirect taxes (Göçer, İ., M., Mercan et all, 2010, p.99). While the ratio of direct tax to the total tax revenue in the developed countries is high, it reverses for the developing countries. This reversal is a result of easier collection of indirect taxes, and that easiness comes from the unawareness of tax payers about statutory obligation. So, they do not respond to tax executives. When the progress of direct and indirect taxes have been examined, the composition of total tax revenue reversed from direct tax to indirect tax revenue after 1990s. The indirect tax percentage rose up to 67% from 48% between 1990 and 2011. Turkey distinguishes from developed countries with this tax structure. This deterioration is a result of increased value added tax rate like excise tax rate. Table 1 shows the distribution of indirect and direct tax revenue percentages between 1990-2011 years. 34 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.LITERATURE REVIEW Engen and Skinner (1996) shown that tax affects economic growth in moderate levels in the long-term. But this moderate effect may have large cumulative effect on living standards. Lee and Gordon (2005) shown that corporation tax rate has negative relationship with economic growth, and there is no relationship between tax rate associated with manpower income and economic growth by analyzing 27 years long data set of 70 countries between 1970- 1997. The relationship between economic growth and tax revenue in the period of 1965-2002 was tested in the study of Anastassiou and Dritsaki (2005) for Greek economy. According to their findings; there are relationships between total tax revenues, marginal direct tax rates, savingsincome rate and economic growth in the long term. They have reported that there is one-way causal relationship from total tax revenue and marginal direct tax rate to the economic growth in the short term. The relationship between tax revenue and economic growth was investigated for Turkey by Durkaya and Ceylan (2006), and they used Engle-Granger co-integration test in order to search long term relations between direct and indirect tax revenues and economic growth. Vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality test were used to investigate short-term relations between direct and indirect tax revenues and growth for the years of 1980-2004. The findings show that there is causal relationship between direct tax and growth. Temiz (2008) analyzed to find relationship between public tax revenues and economic growth for 1960-2006 years. Temiz used Johansen co-integration test to search long term relations and VECM to search short term relations. The findings show that there are two way causal relationships between total tax revenue and economic growth. Açıkgöz (2008) used causality analysis and impulse-response functions to determine causal relationships between tax types and economic growth. The findings are that the direction of casual relations is from economic growth rate towards the proportion of direct tax revenue in total tax revenue and the proportion of indirect tax revenue in total tax revenue. Additionally, one-way causal relationship from direct tax burden (proportion of direct tax revenues to GDP) toward growth rate has also been reported. Mucuk & Alptekin (2008) applied VAR analysis in order to investigate the casual relationship between tax types and economic growth for the period of 1975-2006 for Turkey. They determined the relationships among them by means of co-integration test for the long term duration, and the granger causality test shows that there is one way relation from direct tax revenue toward economic growth in the short term 4. DATA SET, METHOD AND FINDINGS In this study, the proportion of direct taxes to GDP (direct tax burden), proportion of indirect taxes to GDP and annual GDP have been used for the period of 1975-2011 by using annual data for Turkey. Annual data have been provided from Central Bank of Turkey and Revenue Administration of Turkey. “L” and “D” used in front of variables refer to the logarithm of that variable and first difference of that variable, respectively. ADF test has been applied to series for stationary of them in order to investigate the relationships between the variables, and Table1 indicates the ADF test results. Critical values have been evaluated by Eview-5 econometrical program and based on MacKinnon values. ADF test results have indicated that the levels of variables are not stationary, but first levels of variables are stationary. Johansen-Juselius test has been used in order to examine long-term relationships between variables, by then. In Johansen-Juselius test, two different tests called Trace and Max Eigen value statistics have been applied to determine the number of co35 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo integration vector and whether they are statistically significant or not. Before these tests have been applied, the length of optimal lag should have been determined under different criteria. Taking into account annual data usage and shortness of period, the maximum lag length has been determined as 3. As can be seen in Table 2, the lag length has been found as “0” according to the all criteria (Mucuk, M. V., Alptekin, 2008, p.165). Table 1: The Results of ADF Test of Values Unit Root Test Results Belong to Level of Variables Constant –Trend Constant Variables m ADF –t M ADF-t Ldtax 0 -2.028 (-2.611) 0 -2.051(-3.202) Lgdp 1 -1.623 (-2.622) 4 -2.822(-3.243) Lindtax 0 -0.128 (-2.611) 0 -2.951(-3.202) Unit Root Test Results Belong to First Level of Variables Constant Constant-Trend Variables m ADF –t DLdtax 0 -9.312 (-2.614) -9.228 (-3.207) DLgdp 0 -4.131 (-2.627) -4.327 (-3.229) DLindtax 1 -6.850 (-2.615) -6.731 (-3.209) M ADF-t Note: “m” given in the table shows dependent variable lag determined by Akaike Information Criteria the values within parenthesis show critical values of MacKinnon Table at the level of %10 statistical significance Table 2: The Criteria of Lag Length Determination (* shows lag length by ciriteria) Lag Length LogL LR FPE AIC SC HQ NA* 0 -21.36558 0.001529* 2.030465* 2.177722* 2.06953* 1 -14.42982 11.55959 0.001833 2.202486 2.791513 2.35875 2 -12.45725 2.794483 0.003437 2.788104 3.818901 3.06157 3 -4.74705 8.995233 0.004270 2.895588 4.368155 3.28626 36 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Johansen-Juselius co-integration test findings have been in Table 3 & Table 4 according to Trace & Max-Eigen statistics in the framework of determined optimal lag length. Trace statistics indicates “1” co-integration equation(s) at the (0.05) level. Max-Eigen statistics also indicates “1” co-integration equation(s) at the (0.05) level. This results show that the variables of both tax types and economic growth have been acted together in the long term. Table 3. Cointegration Test According to Trace Statistics Table 4. Cointegration Test According to Max Eigen Statistics %5 Hypothesi Eigenvalu Trace Critical s e Statistic Value %5 Hypothesi Eigenvalu Trace Critical s e Statistic Value None 0.642802 3.804.75 2.979.70 8 7 None 0.642802 2.470.71 2.113.16 6 2 At most 1 0.326940 1.334.04 1.549.47 1 1 At most 1 0.326940 950.209 1.426.46 0 At most 2 0.147796 383.831 At most 2 0.147796 383.831 384.146 384.146 Short term relations of variables have been evaluated with Granger causality test as shown in Table 5. There is no any relationship between economic growth and indirect or direct tax revenues in the short term. It should be pointed out that there should be other factors which may affect to the economic growth Table 5: Granger Causality Test Results Null Hypothesis Chi-sq Prob. Growth is not the granger cause of indirect tax 0.674505 0.7137 Growth is not the granger cause of direct tax 0.273824 0.8720 Indirect tax is not granger cause of growth 2.740258 0.2541 Direct tax is not granger cause of growth 2.503435 0.2860 5. VAR ANALYSIS TEST RESULTS Size of the effects of direct and indirect tax revenues to economic growth with the help of VECM has been presented in this part. Evaluation has been completed through impulseresponse functions and variance decomposition analysis. VECM model has been used instead of VAR models because of long term and consistent relationships among variables. Impulseresponse function (IRF) reflects the effects of one standard deviation shock in one of the random error terms to the present and future values of internal variables. Chart 2 shows the impact of the shocks that occur in the variables of direct and indirect tax revenues on variable of GDP for VECM. While the impacts of one standard error shock occurred in indirect tax revenue on the economic growth has increased till second term, it has decreased till fourth term and decreasingly lost its significance. While the impacts of one standard error shock occurred in direct tax revenue on GDP has decreased till third month and gradually increased. 37 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Response of GDP to INDTAX Inverse Roots of AR Characteristic Polynomial Response of GDP to DIRTAX .12 .12 1.5 .08 .08 1.0 .04 .04 .00 .00 -.04 -.04 -.08 -.08 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Chart 2 : Impulse-response Functions Poly. 9 10 -1.5 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Chart 3 : IR of AR Characteristic It’s necessary to evaluate the variance decomposition results to determine the importance of potential random shock in any variable. Variance decomposition distinguishes one of the internal variable deviations affecting all internal variables as separate shocks so that it gives information about the dynamic situation of the system. Variance decomposition presents alternative approach to reveal dynamics of VAR system. The source of variance deviation of variables in the model can be decomposed, thus the percentage of changes resulted from itself and other variables can be understood easily (Özsoy, C., 2007, S.11). A change in GDP occurs in the 1st period is resulted from only itself (excluding tax revenues, other factors affecting growth). In this sense, tax revenues don’t affect GDP in the first period. The effect of it appears after 2nd period and shows an increase during periods. Direct tax has the most impact on GDP. Approximately 26% of the variance for GDP is explained by direct tax in 10th period and approximately 71% of it is affected by itself (or other factors affected). The effect of indirect tax to change is remained at 3%. It is necessary to test the model whether it has stationary or not. The stationary of model depends on eigenvalue of coefficient matrix. If eigenvalues of coefficient matrix are within the unit circle, the system is stationary or stable. If at least one eigenvalue is out of the unit circle or on the unit circle, the system is not stationary and it indicates expanding characteristics (Mucuk and Alptekin, 2008, p.168). The position of inverse roots of AR characteristics polynomial shown below proves that presented model is stationary as shown in Chart 3. Table 6 : Variance Decomposition PERIOD SE GDP INDTAX DIRTAX 1 0.110236 100.0000 0.000000 0.000000 2 0.115645 96.31835 3.667978 0.013668 3 0.125720 81.65548 3.526506 14.81801 4 0.129691 76.96164 3.674209 19.36416 38 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5 0.132262 75.07070 3.797569 21.13173 6 0.138779 76.11258 3.588492 20.29893 7 0.142982 76.10009 3.608613 20.29130 8 0.146186 73.90997 3.494080 22.59595 9 0.149230 71.74413 3.359454 24.89641 10 0.151868 70.68551 3.244468 26.07003 6. CONCLUSION In this study, an interaction between tax revenue types and the economic growth in the long term has been proved by co-integration test, and Granger causality test does not indicate any interaction in the short term. In other words, the effects of tax policies applied do not appear in the short term, but can appear in the long term. In according to IRF; the effect of the shock given to indirect tax revenue to economic growth rate has declined; the response of growth rate to shock given to direct tax revenue has been tendency to rise up towards the end of the period. In the variance decomposition method; direct tax revenue is more effective than indirect one. But, the growth rate, which is expressed by GDP (gross domestic product) or other factors affecting growth rather than tax revenue, has been appeared affected itself. If tax revenue has been channeled to incentives for investment, it can lead to the economic growth. Since Turkey experienced the national and global crises in between 1975-2011, governments in preparing their budgets were not investment-oriented, but they were oriented to overcome the crises. The budget was performed to meet the deficit and scale up tax ratio. Moreover, a stable tax policy was not applied in Turkey, the policy prevailed by a government was removed or lessened effectiveness of it by subsequent governments. Although the ratio of indirect tax has been increased over the years, its impact on economic growth remains weak. Despite being a relationship between direct tax and economic growth in the long period, this relationship is weak. The other factors affecting GDP growth rather than tax revenue have gained weight. Acknowledgement: This paper has been supported by Akdeniz University, Scientific Research and Projects Supporting Unit (BAPB). REFERENCES Açıkgöz, Ş.(2008), “Tax Revenue, Taxation Mix and Economic Growth Relationship in Turkey: 1968-2006”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım,V:19, N.68, p.91-113. Anastassiou, T. and C., Dritsaki (2005), “Tax Revenues and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation for Greece Using Causality Analysis”, Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 99-104. Demircan, Siverekli, E.(2004), “Vergilendirmenin Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kalkınmaya Etkisi”, Erciyes Üniversitesi, İİBF Dergisi, N.21. Engen, E.M and J., Skinner (1996), “Taxation and Economic Growth”, National Tax Journal, 49 (4), 617-642 39 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Durkaya, M., S., Ceylan, “Tax Revenues and Economic Growth”, Maliye Dergisi, N.150, p.79-89. Ekici, M.Sena (2009), “The Determinants of Tax Revenue & Its Economical-Social Side”, Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, V.8, ISSN : 1304-0278, p.200-223 Göçer, İ., M., Mercan, et all (2010), “Ekonomik Büyüme İle Vergi Gelirleri Arasındaki İlişki: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Güriş, S, E.Çağlayan and B.Güriş (2011), Eviews İle Temel Ekonometri, Der Yayınları, İstanbul, ISBN: 9789753533706 Lee, Y., R.Gordon (2005), “Tax Structure and Economic Growth”, Journal of Public Economics, 89, p.1027-1043. Mucuk, M. and V., Alptekin (2008), “The Relationship Tax and Economic Growth in Turkey: VAR Analysis (1975-2006)”, Maliye Dergisi, N.155, p.159-174 Paksoy, S. and S, Bakan (2010), “Tax Policies Which are Applied in Turkey & Effects of Them on Economic Growth: (After 1980)”, Journal of Social Sciences, V.9, ISSN : 13040278, p.150-170 Pehlivan, O.(2012), Vergi Hukuku, Genel İlkeler ve Türk Vergi Sistemi, Murathan Yayınevi, Trabzon, ISBN: 9786055451219 Temiz, D.(2008), “The Relationship Between Tax Revenues and Economic Growth in Turkey : The Period of 1960-2006”, 2.National Economy Congress, İzmir, Özsoy C.(2009), "Türkiye'de Eğitim ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin VAR Modeli İle Analizi", The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, Vol:IV, , 71-83. Turan, T.(2008), “Maliye Politikası Araçlarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri: Bir Literatür İncelemesi”, Sayıştay Dergisi, S.69, p. 17-36 Yanpar, Atila (2007), Master Degree Thesis, Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Büyüme Yönelimli Vergi Politikası, Yılmaz, Ö., V.Kaya(2007), “İhracat, İthalat ve Reel Döviz Kuru İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Bir VAR Modeli”, İktisat İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, p.250, 69-84. The Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on Import Demand: Evidence from Turkey Demirgil Hakan1, Keskin Hidayet1, Karaöz Murat2,Şentürk, Canan1 1Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey 2Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey, Abstract Since 2001 financial crisis, Turkey has adopted fluctuating exchange rate regime in order to make the economy stronger against external shocks. This has lead to a high volatility of Turkish lira against to foreign currencies. Therefore, it became essential for policy makers to evaluate the potential effects of exchange rate volatility on international trade. The purpose of this study is to provide new evidence on the effects of exchange rate volatility on the import 40 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1311 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship Between Tax Revenue And Economic Growth In Turkey: The Period Of 1975-2011 Author Author Yeşim , Helhel Abstract A summary of the resource. In the study, the relationship between tax revenues and economic growth for the Turkish economy has been examined in the period of 1975-2011. Johansen Juselious cointegration test and Granger causality test have been used in order to find long term and short term relationship, respectively. Impulse-response function and variance decomposition analysis have been applied via VAR model. The findings have shown that there is interaction between tax revenue types and the economic growth in the long term and is not such an interaction in the short term. The effect of the shock given to indirect tax revenue to economic growth rate has decline; the response of growth rate to shock given to direct tax revenue has been tendency to rise up towards the end of the period. In the variance decomposition method; direct tax revenue is more effective than indirect one. But, the growth rate that is expressed by GDP (gross domestic product) or other factors affecting growth rather than tax revenue has been appeared affected itself. Keywords: Direct tax, indirect tax, economic growth, granger causality test, co-integration test, VAR Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ad506877f2f624a862f9b5af28bc1371.pdf 0f2f34532b2b67c97acb47ef1c9e5c02 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gujarati D. N. (2009). Temel Ekonometri, İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık. David K. Backus. Kehoe, Patrick J. Kydland, Finn E (1992). International Real Business Cycles, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 100, No. 4. s. 745-775, http://www.fperri.net/TEACHING/macrotheory08/bkk.pdf (16.05.2010) Estrella, A., ve Hardouvelis, G. A., (1991), “The Term Structure as a Predictor of Real Economic Activity”, Journal of Finance, 46, 555–576. Güloğlu, B. Vektör Otoregresif Modellerin Etki Tepki Fonksiyonlarının Güven Aralıklarının Güvenirliliği, http://www.ekonometridernegi.org/bildiriler/o15s1.pdf s.3 (18.08.2010) Harvey, C. R., (1988), “The Real Term Structure and Consumption Growth”, Journal of Financial Economics, 22, 305–333. Kamin S., Rogers J., 2000, The Asymmetric Effexts of Exchange Rate Fluctutations: Theory and Evidence From Developing Countries, IMF Working Paper, WP/00/184 Mishkin, Frederic S. (1995). “Symposium on the Monetary Transmission Mechanism”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cilt. 9, No. 4, s. 3-10. Yentürk, N. (1997). “Finansal Serbestlik ve Makroekonomik Dengeler Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, Cilt 8, Sayı 27, , s.139–141 http://yaklasim.iibf.gazi.edu.tr/ciltler/8/27/8.pdf Analysis of Turkey’s Sustainable Development Performance at Last Decade by Applying Green Economy Indicators Yusuf Akan, İlyas Okumuş University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey E-mails:iokumus@gantep.edu.tr, yusufakan@gantep.edu.tr Abstract In recent years, sustainable development has become a worldwide discourse, driven by international treaties global environmental organizations and bodies such as European Union, OECD. Sustainable development is a concept to be analyzed aspects of economic, social, environmental and institutional. With the advents of sustainable development, green economic development has become one of the most important economic issues. Countries which target economic, social and institutional development should not neglect environmental development. Development of green economy is the best way of slowing the negative ecological and environmental impact. Developing countries neglect the protection of the natural environment in the process of rapid industrialization. As a result of this situation, natural resources rapidly run out and environmental quality begins to deteriorate. These negative results return a significant cost to society. In this study, Turkey economy which has averagely 5.5% economic growth in the last 10 years will be analyzed in terms of green economy indicators. Turkey is a highly suitable ecological condition for crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry activities because of its geographical position. The basic components of ecological conditions are climate, highly variable the shape of the earth, 434 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo water, can be made large agricultural land, forest and meadow and pasture, as well as Turkey has also other natural resources. It is known as source of metals and solar and winds are ones of the most energy resources for Turkey. Turkey which one of the fastest growing economies in recent years can be analyzed in terms of some data how efficient uses natural resources. In this study, Turkey economy will be analyzed in terms of ecological footprint index and which sources energy produced. In 2007, ecological footprint index is 2.7 global hectares and in 2002 it was 2.0. Turkey has increasing ecological deficit day by day. Ecological deficit is 1.4 global hectares in 2007. In 2000-2010, energy use per capita has increased parallel to economic growth. According to energy data, Turkey foreign energy dependency has increased in last decade. In addition, share of renewable sources in total electricity production hasn’t changed significantly. The foregoing findings indicate that Turkey currently belongs to an economic development pattern based on high resource consumption. The economic development is mainly established on the exploitation and utilization of nonrenewable resources. Therefore, Turkey should change the development pattern, regulate the industrial structure, promote the utilization rate of resources, develop green pollution-free products, and enhance the sustainable development of ecological economic system. 1.INTRODUCTION Last decade performance of Turkish economy attracts everyone`s attention. If we told more tangible words, both economic growth figures and the duration of the overcoming crisis are remarkable progress. In the last decade, Turkey`s economy has grown averagely 5.5%. While it was achieving this economic growth, environmental issue which is one of the concepts of sustainable development has been neglected. Sustainable development constitutes a very important place in Turkey's National Environmental Action Plan and Eighth Five-Year Development Plan. Despite this situation, it is discussed that the shortcomings of these two documents and not yet fully tangible success achieved. Turkey has discussed “development or environment?” vicious cycle issue for many years. In recent years, Turkey has been living the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization. However, pressures on the environment of these situations are increasing day by day. For example; a fast rate of urbanization in Turkey and spreading out of the city`s natural boundaries, like demographic trends in the world, bring a heavy burden on ecosystems across the country. This situation raises two important problems. Firstly, because of increasing demands such as food, energy and water, resources of the city are not sufficient. In addition, due to growing consumption, waste collection and pollution abatement systems of the city are also forced. This is a major burden to the natural environment. Secondly, a structure of the city which lives a lot of people under human conditions emerges. Moreover, unplanned urbanization is not limited only to these areas of the city, but also creates regions, not far from the center, have not been supported by adequate infrastructure. This situation creates disasters causing the loss of life and property in less developed and unsuitable regions of Istanbul and other large cities for settlement because of natural events such as a sudden and heavy rainfall. This has led to major burden on country`s economy. A wide variety of effects such as climate change and environmental changes that may be severe, given the current economic and social structure to force in terms of both environmental and development goals is possible to produce an even darker scenarios. Due to these and other problems, such as threatened urbanized areas, rural areas, especially some of the damage caused by agricultural practices on biological diversity and ecosystem and the country's energy policy dilemmas, economic, social and ecological sustainability is threatened. 435 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo With the global flow of sustainable development becoming a major trend, green business, and economic issues related to green practices has since gained attention. World Bank (1998) pointed out that the green economy is the best way of slowing the negative ecological and environmental impact. In sustainable development, international community’s develop Green Economy assessment models or indicators successively in order to obtain an authentic and effective analysis of eco-environment and natural resource depreciation conditions, as well as to modify human economic activities to achieve management objectives though indicator assessment. As a whole, Green Economy assessment indices or measurement types that have been developed all have their individual features. Most strive for sustainable development in factors including society, economics, ecology, and the environment (Chen et al. 2009). In recent years, Turkey is actively promoting green economic-related computing work in order to advance the sustainable development as a nearly national warning and guide for decision making. However, due to scope of survey and completeness of data collection constraints, objective and comprehensive testing is still difficult in reflecting the status of development of the domestic green economy. This study attempted to apply the model of ecological economics and ecological footprint analysis to assess the value of environmentally sustainable development in Turkey. The method of the core concepts of ecological footprint is the land area as productivity and carrying capacity of the conversion of waste based on assessment of local residents to support a particular land area required (amount of resources); in the energy analysis, how much of the energy produced from renewable sources, how much of it produced from non-renewable sources and how much of the renewable sources produced from hydroelectric sources or the other renewable sources will be analyzed. Also, it will be analyzed to changes of energy use per capita and energy dependency. 2.Literature review 2.1.Ecological Footprint While human handle and use earth, produce and apply technology and information, consume natural resources and meet the requirements of living; they followed by aggressive behavior towards nature without taking living space (ecosphere) into account Ecological destruction occurs as a result of the balance of ecosystem degradation. All living area of the planet is threatened.An ecological problem which is a quite complex structure and is realized in a long time has grown exponentially and has spread the whole planet with no end feature. Factors such as Industrialization, urbanization, political, economic and technological development increase ecological destruction and ecological problems are placed head of the agenda of modern societies. Ecological footprint is a product of ecological awareness-raising efforts to become aware of the destruction. This concept is firstly used by Dr. Mathis Wackernagel, Prof. William Rees et al. The scientists developed for the new calculation method and technique to measure the amount and productivity of pristine natural resources, to product solutions preventing the constantly destruction and consumption of nature. Ecological footprint uses corresponding biological productive land to estimate the resource consumption and waste absorption area of a specific population or economy. Ecological footprint is a quantitative technique that shows the amount of biologically productive area is consumed all planet, the size of land and water areas is needed for waste disposal, how much biologically productive area is used by families or people and the number of planets is needed for future needs (Rapport, 2000). 436 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo While ecological footprint is calculated, two basic foundations are followed. Firstly, it is viewed in resources consumption and waste produced. Secondly, it is measured to the biologically productive areas required to product needs and disposal the waste. Researches on ecological footprint provide awareness of the destructive and impoverishing effects of liberal economic policies rapidly depleting the planet`s resources and forcing carrying capacity of the planet. In this respect, measurement of the ecological footprint is a new contribution to drawing attention efforts of the world`s carrying capacity. The pressure of consumer society on the planet caused by global capitalism is a growing ecological footprint (ÖztunalıKayır, 2003).Population is the other factor which contributes to the ecological destruction like consumption. Since the ideas put forward by Thomas Malthus in 1798, it is drawn attention that the human population has increased far above the planet`s carrying capacity (Rapport, 2000). Calculation of ecological footprint itself is not a prediction model but what is used to assess the current status. Its designed function lies in providing ecological camera to photograph the utilization of nature by human beings (Rees, 2000). In terms of the world or a country, ecological footprint studies focus on comparing every country’s consumption of ecological carrying capacity or analyzing the appropriation of ecological carrying capacity by trade; in terms of cities, ecological footprint is used to check the contrast to average national value or to assess sustainable strategies; in terms of household unit, calculation or simple questionnaire is used to investigate individual consumption, compare the impact of selection process and gradually increasing consumption items. Therefore, this study aims to find out the impact factors of Turkey’s sustainable development through empirical analysis of ecological footprint in Turkey and based on this, to further provide a reference for working out the policies of Turkey’s sustainable development. 3.Energy Energy has a crucial role in achieving sustainable development objectives. Especially, the use of fossil-based fuels to meet energy needs of the communities leads to the important economic, environmental and social problems. Energy creates a fundamental dilemma in terms of sustainable development. Despite the necessity of achieving socio-economic objectives of energy, particularly fossil-based energy systems is closely linked with environmental issues such as atmospheric pollution and climate change (Gururaja, 2003). There are many environmental problems arising from the use of energy, energy production and transformation. For example; 11 environmental concerns that energy plays an important role can be defined. These are major environmental accidents, water pollution, land use and spatial effects, marine pollution, radiation and radioactivity, solid waste disposal, hazardous air pollutants, air quality reduction, acid residues, the ozone layer and global climate change. While energy policy has largely taken into account economic factors in the 1970s and 1980s, clean fuels and energy technologies as well as to control the environmental impact through energy efficiency has increasingly attracted the interest during the last ten years(Rosen andDinçer, 2001). The above-mentioned climate change is a global problem requiring global solutions. To address this problem, discussed issues differ from the developed and developing countries. Emphases on the fundamental issues in industrialized countries are energy efficiency and the transition to less polluting energy sources feature. In developing countries, energy is needed to increase economic growth for poverty reduction (Stigson, 1999). Energy is one of the most important 437 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo elements of a country to survive. Operation of factories, burning stoves in homes, the achievement of transport communications, in short, everything depends on energy to sustain life. An Energy problem adversely affects the functions of a country. A country`s national security and welfare can be measured with the energy power. A country is not possible to defend itself without energy (Alnıak, 2006). Supply of secure energy sources is necessary for the development of a society but it is not a sufficient factor. Moreover, sustainable development requires the supply of sustainable energy sources. Access to sustainable energy services is one of the necessary elements of sustainable development (Volpi, 2005). Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) are recognized as limited supply of energy resources. The sunlight, wind and water (hydro) powers are generally renewable and have been underlined that these powers are used for a long time. In addition, wastes converting to useful forms of energy and biomass fuel are seen as sustainable energy sources. Sustainable development also requires the efficient use of energy resources as possible (Dinçer and Rosen, 1999). To achieve sustainable development, green energy play an important role in meeting energy needs in both industrial and domestic applications. Therefore, the purpose of sustainable development in a country, the development and use of green energy strategies and technologies should be given priority. Widespread use of green energy sources and technologies in both developing and developed countries are vital importance for the sustainability of energy sector and are among the key issues which should receive priority (Midilli et al., 2006). Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the energy data of the last ten years. As a result, how much of the energy generated from renewable sources will be examined. In addition, How much of the electricity generated from renewable hydroelectric sources is obtained and how much is from other renewable sources will be examined and their change over the years. Energy import rates will be analyzed to provide a significant contribution to sustainable development of Turkey will participate to develop green energy policies and strategies. 4.Analysis 4.1.Ecological Footprint Indicators Analysis Wackernagel and Rees have seen mandatory calculation of ecological footprint to achieve sustainability; they published footprints of different countries in a report in 1997. In this report, 52 countries make up 80% of the world`s total population were analyzed and some countries consumed higher amount of biological productive area than theirs. After this initial report, calculations of ecological footprints of countries are often renewed. Ecological footprint indicators of 152 countries have been measured so far by Global Footprint Network who pioneered ecological footprint studies. National and global calculations based on international scientific accepted organizations data such as United Nations (UN), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Resources Institute (WRI). 438 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Source:www.footprintnetwork.org Figure 1 tracks the per-person resource demand (Ecological Footprint) and resource supply (Biocapacity) in Turkey since 1961. Biocapacity varies each year with ecosystem management, agricultural practices (such as fertilizer use and irrigation), ecosystem degradation, and weather. According to average footprint per capita and biocapasity graph of Turkey in 1961-2007 is published by Global Footprint Network Organization, it is seen that ecological footprint index has increased parallel to rapid economic growth. According to this graph, it is seen that the size of biocapacity of Turkey has decreased continuously since 1961. This decline seems to have accelerated in recent years with high economic growth. Looking at the figure, the years exceeded biocapacity coincide with the period of the neo-liberal policies gained momentum and started to change consumption habits (Akıllı et al., 2008). Calculation of ecological footprint index provides the chance to compare the many data of countries, individuals, cities, villages, businesses, institutions. For example; if the footprint size of the individual is below the national average, the individual does not constitute a pressure on natural resources; on the contrary, the individual is thought to consume natural values. In addition, comparing the footprint of each country to its own biological capacity is useful for back to see what remains. In the case of using much more natural resources as they have, the ecological deficit consists in terms of natural resources of countries. Conversely, if biological capacity of a country is more than the ecological footprint, it means that this country has ecological reserve. Looking at Graph 1, Turkey gives a continuous ecological deficit after 1980s. This deficit is increasing along with rapid industrialization in recent years. Ecological footprint index, biological capacity, ecological deficit or reserves of countries were published by Global Footprint Network Organization in 2002, 2005 and 2007 in terms of income levels and regions. According to these publications, the ecological footprint index of Turkey has increased to 2.7 from 2.0 between 2002 and 2007. In contrast, the amount of biocapacity has decreased from 1.4 to 1.3 global hectares. Ecological deficit being 0.6 in 2002 has increased to 1.4 global hectares. According to 2002 data, it required 2.2 global hectares productive land per person to survive. However, in the planet, it is predicted 1.8 global hectares productive land as the ecological footprint per capita. That is, 0.4 global hectares ecological deficit occurs in the entire world. According to calculations made in 2007, this deficit increased from 0.9 global hectares per person. 439 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1 Ecological Footprint, 2007 (Global Hectares) Population Ecological footprint of consumption Cropland footprint Grazing footprint Forest footprint Fishing ground footprint Carbon footprint Builtup land World 6671.6 2.7 0.59 0.21 0.29 0.11 1.44 0.06 High income countries 1031.4 6.1 1.02 0.23 0.70 0.26 3.78 0.11 Middle income countries 4323.3 2.0 0.54 0.15 0.20 0.11 0.88 0.07 Low income countries 1303.3 1.2 0.46 0.11 0.24 0.06 0.25 0.07 Turkey 73.0 2.7 0.96 0.08 0.29 0.06 1.24 0.07 Source:www.footprintnetwork.org According to the data in Table 1, the size of ecological footprint per capita is proportional to levels of income of countries. Ecological footprint index is high in the countries with high income levels; it is low in the low income countries. Looking at the data of 2007 in table 1 and table 2, Turkey`s ecological footprint index is the same the world average ecological footprint but Turkey`s biocapacity size is lower than the world`s. According to table 2, all country groups classified income levels gives ecological deficit. Table 2 Bio-capacity, 2007 (Global Hectares) Population Cropland Grazing Land Forest Fishing Built Land Total Biocapacity Ecological Deficit or Reserve Ground World 6671.6 0.59 0.23 0.74 0.16 0.06 1.8 0.9 High income countries 1031.4 0.99 0.29 1.19 0.49 0.11 3.1 3.0 Middle income countries 4323.3 0.53 0.22 0.76 0.13 0.07 1.7 0.2 Low income countries 1303.3 0.44 0.21 0.29 0.07 0.07 1.1 0.1 Turkey 73.0 0.77 0.12 0.32 0.05 0.05 1.3 1.4 Source:www.footprintnetwork.org According to these data, the pressures of people on environment seem to be very clear.Abnormal nature events are the results of these pressures in recent years. We must give up some habits damaging nature for a livable world. It is necessary that policy makers make arrangements and decisions in this direction. For example; renewable energy resources should use for production energy to reduce carbon footprint index that has important share in ecological footprint index. 4.2.Energy analysis To achieve environmentally sustainable development,instead of traditional fossil-based fuels, the use of alternative or renewable energy sources has brought. These green energy sources which consists of Water (hydro), solar, geothermal and solar energy don’t damage 440 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo environment, so the required sub-structures are formed by many countries to use these sources. According to the last 10 years energy data of Turkey, there has been no change in the shares of renewable energy resources in total energy production. The share of hydroelectric sources in total electricity production was 24.7% in 2000; this figure was % 24.5 in 2010. Share of hydropower resources has increased 30.6% in 2004, then it entered downward trend and it realized 16.8% in 2008. And then it was starting to rise again and it was 24.5% in 2010. When we looked at the energy data of the last 10 years, renewable energy sources excluding hydroelectric sources has very small share of total electricity production. While share of these sources in total electricity production was 0.2% in 2000, this rate rose to 1.9% in 2010. This rate didn’t change much until 2006. This rate increased regularly to 1.9% level in 2006-2010. This rate is far behind comparing the EU and OECD countries` averages. Looking at the data of energy use per capita in recent years, we see an increase in parallel with economic growth. In 2001, energy use per person was 1091 kg oil. This figure increased 1441 kg oil in 2010. Table 3 Energy Ratios of Turkey in 2000-2010 Year Energy use per capita (kg oil) Energy imports, net (% of energy use) Electricity production of hydroelectric sources (% of total) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1200 1091 1134 1173 1203 1238 1347 1429 1389 1359 1441 66.1 65.3 67.5 69.7 70.2 71.6 71.7 72.7 70.6 69.0 71.1 24.7 19.6 26.0 25.1 30.6 24.4 25.1 18.7 16.8 18.5 24.5 Electricity production From renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric sources(%of total) 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 Source:Worldbank database Energy imports rates of Turkey showing energy dependency are increasing even more the last 10 years. While the ratio of energy imports was 66.1% in 2000, it increased by 71.1% in 2010. This rate was averagely 61% in EU and it was 30% in OECD countries in 2010. From these data, Turkey is a country of growing foreign-based. Turkey is a developing country based on non-renewable energy sources. In addition, rapid growth in recent years has grown energy needs; energy use per person has increased much more too. When it is considered this rapid increase and foreign energy dependency, Turkey has to invest in renewable energy sources. Turkey should change the development patterns. 5.Summary According to ecological footprint data that explained in 2002 by global footprint network organization, Turkey’s per capita footprint amount is calculated 2.0 global hectares, and biocapacity amount 1.4. In 2002 Turkey's per capita ecological deficit was 0.6 global hectares. According to 2007 data, this deficit is explained as 1.4. With the rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent years, the damage to the environment has increased. The per capita energy used increased from 1200 kg oil to 1441 kg oil between 2000-2010. As an indicator of 441 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo dependence on foreign energy, imports rates increased from %66.1to %71.1. The energy from hydroelectric sources which have the largest share of renewable sources declined to %24.5, but this decline is not significant. Although the energy produced from other renewable sources is not change significantly, there has been a steady increase since 2006. The foregoing findings indicate that Turkey currently belongs to an economic development pattern of high resource consumption. The economic development is mainly established on the exploitation and utilization of nonrenewable resources. Therefore, Turkey should change the development pattern, regulate the industrial structure, promote the utilization rate of resources, reinforce the introduction of feedback energy, develop green pollution-free products, increase the added value of products, and enhance the sustainable development of ecological–economic system. The above analyses display that the fast development of Turkey economy is based on the over-exploitation of environmental resources. REFERENCES Alnıak, O.M. (2006). Energy Policy Analysis as an Element of national Security. Symposium on Energy and Development in Turkey.Tasam Publication, 24, p:155-160. Aslan, Ö.,Özcan, B. (2008). Sustainable Development and Hydrogen Energy.e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 3(2), p: 152-160. Bai, Y., Zeng, H., Wei, J. B., Zhang, W. J., & Zhao, H. W. (2008). Optimization of ecological footprint model based on environmental pollution accounts: A case study in Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration. 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Song, W. W., Liu, N. F., &Xie, H. Y. (2005). Study on ecological impact of a project by total ecological footprint. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Urban Science, 22(1), 85–89. Stigson, B. (1999). Sustainable development for industry and society.Building Research & Information, 27, p: 424-430. Ulgiati, S., Odum, H. T., &Bastianoni, S. (1994). Energy use, environmental loading and sustainability: An energy analysis of Italy. Ecological Modelling, 73(3–4), 215–268. Volpi, G. (2005). Renewable Energy For Developig Countries: Challenges and Opportunities, In:Laubert, Volkmar (eds), Switching to Renewable Power, Earthscan Publication. Wackernagel, M., Monfreda, C., Erb, K. H., Haberl, H., & Schulz, N. B. (2004a). Ecological footprint time series of Austria, the Philippines, and South Korea for 1961–1999: Comparing the conventional approach to an ‘actual land area’ approach. Land Use Policy, 21(3), 261– 269. Wackernagel, M., Monfreda, C., Schulz, N. B., Erb, K. H., Haberl, H., &Krausmann, F. (2004b). Calculating national and global ecological footprint time series: Resolving conceptual challenges. Land Use Policy, 21(3), 271–278. Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. E. (1996).Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers. WCED (1987). Our Common Future, Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. World Bank (1998).World development development.Washington: World Bank. report 1998: Knowledge for Zhang, J. H., & Zhang, J. (2007).Progress and implication in domestic research on ecological footprint model.Areal Research and Development, 26(2), 90–96. 443 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1351 Title A name given to the resource Analysis of Turkey’s Sustainable Development Performance at Last Decade by Applying Green Economy Indicators Author Author Yusuf , Akan Abstract A summary of the resource. In recent years, sustainable development has become a worldwide discourse, driven by international treaties global environmental organizations and bodies such as European Union, OECD. Sustainable development is a concept to be analyzed aspects of economic, social, environmental and institutional. With the advents of sustainable development, green economic development has become one of the most important economic issues. Countries which target economic, social and institutional development should not neglect environmental development. Development of green economy is the best way of slowing the negative ecological and environmental impact. Developing countries neglect the protection of the natural environment in the process of rapid industrialization. As a result of this situation, natural resources rapidly run out and environmental quality begins to deteriorate. These negative results return a significant cost to society. In this study, Turkey economy which has averagely 5.5% economic growth in the last 10 years will be analyzed in terms of green economy indicators. Turkey is a highly suitable ecological condition for crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry activities because of its geographical position. The basic components of ecological conditions are climate, highly variable the shape of the earth, water, can be made large agricultural land, forest and meadow and pasture, as well as Turkey has also other natural resources. It is known as source of metals and solar and winds are ones of the most energy resources for Turkey. Turkey which one of the fastest growing economies in recent years can be analyzed in terms of some data how efficient uses natural resources. In this study, Turkey economy will be analyzed in terms of ecological footprint index and which sources energy produced. In 2007, ecological footprint index is 2.7 global hectares and in 2002 it was 2.0. Turkey has increasing ecological deficit day by day. Ecological deficit is 1.4 global hectares in 2007. In 2000-2010, energy use per capita has increased parallel to economic growth. According to energy data, Turkey foreign energy dependency has increased in last decade. In addition, share of renewable sources in total electricity production hasn’t changed significantly. The foregoing findings indicate that Turkey currently belongs to an economic development pattern based on high resource consumption. The economic development is mainly established on the exploitation and utilization of nonrenewable resources. Therefore, Turkey should change the development pattern, regulate the industrial structure, promote the utilization rate of resources, develop green pollution-free products, and enhance the sustainable development of ecological economic system. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8baa25009e901fe680307f6920548120.pdf 8b5d6b5c9c93125755c07d9b7f1f8b79 PDF Text Text Mirici S, Parmaksız İ, Özcan S, Sancak C, Uranbey S, Sarıhan E.O, Gümüşcü A, Gürbüz B, Arslan N (2005). Efficient in vitro bulblet regeneration from immature embryos of endangered Stenbergia fischeriana. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 80:239-246. Nasırcılar, A, Mirici, S, Karagüzel, Ö, Eren, Ö, Baktır, İ (2011). In vitro propagation of endemic and endangered Muscari mirum from different explant types. Turk J Bot. 35, 37-43. Ozel ÇA, Khawar KM (2007). In vitro bulblet regeneration of Ornithogalum oligophyllum E.D. Clarke Using twing scale bulb explants. propagation of ornamental plants. Prop. Orn. Pla. 7(2): 82-88. Ozel ÇA, Khawar KM, Karaman S, Ateş MA, Arslan O (2008). Efficient in vitro multiplication in Ornithogalum ulouphyllum Hand.-Mazz. from twin scale explants. Sci. Hort. 116: 109-112. Uzun S., İlbaş A.İ., İpek A., Beyzi E.Uranbey, S. and Arslan, N. (2012). In Vitro Propagation of Endemic Iris galactica Immature Zygotic. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 109. ANTALYA. Yıldırım Z., Öztürk G. and Esen, M. (2010). Propagation of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) in In Vitro Conditions. III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:98-102. İZMİR Zencirkıran M.and Mengüç A. (2002).The Effects of Twin Scale and Chipping Techniques on Bulblet Production in Galanthus elwesii Hook. II. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p: 24-28.ANTALYA. Zeybekoğlu E. and Özzambak E, 2012. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 225. ANTALYA. Indoor Air Quality Of Some Social Areas In Konya City Center, Turkey Yusuf Alparslan Argun1, Sukru Dursun2, Mehmet Emin Argun2,* 1 Aksaray University, Institute of Science, Environmental Engineering Dept. 2 Selcuk University, Engineering Faculty, Environ. Eng. Dep. 42003-Konya-Turkey E-mails: sdursun@selcuk.edu.tr; argun@selcuk.edu.tr. Abstract Indoor activities, building characteristics and outdoor climatic conditions have all affected indoor environment air quality. Some peoples, especially young and unemployed persons spend on about 90 % of their times indoor environment. Indoor air quality has direct effect on human health. One of the most important parameter for indoor air quality is particulate matter (PM2.5). Therefore, determination of personal exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) in these areas especially in café is predicted to be key role. Long exposure to particulate matters may lead to numerous diseases. In this study, particulate matter was determined in different social areas at the morning and evening for 30-sec. intervals during 15 minutes. Study area is heavily urbanized by a lot of buildings and also surrounded by roads with intensive traffic circulation. It was concluded 382 �from this study that some parameters such as ventilation, people circulation, ceiling height, construction shape and floor level have affected the measured concentration of particulate matter. The analyses have evaluated by personal Particle Meter equipment. Different conditions of the cafes for the PM values are also evaluated. Maximum and minimum PM2.5 concentrations were obtained as 3.485 μg/m3 for a Hubble-Bubble Cafe and 23 μg/m3 for a Book Store. Numbers of obtained data were found to be higher than the EPA‘s standards for indoor environment. EPA established that PM concentration should be lower than 20 g/m3 for indoors. Turkey has only outdoor air quality limitations for PM10 which is about 150 μg/m3 for long exposure and 300 μg/m3 for short exposure Keywords: indoor air quality, particulate matter, human health. 1.INTRODUCTION Indoor environment air quality is interacted and affected by the local outdoor air, specific building characteristics and indoor activities (Stranger et al., 2007; 2008). Peoples lived in the city center spend on about 90 % of their times indoor environment (Soysal and Demiral, 2007). Some peoples in Turkey especially young and unemployed persons spend most of their spare time at social areas such as cafe, coffeehouses, internet café, shopping stores and book stores. Therefore, determination of personal exposure to air pollution in these areas especially in café is predicted to be key role (Stranger et al., 2008). PM2.5 is generally identified as particulate matter having diameter less than 2.5 m which is mostly result of human activities, food cooking operations, diesel engine exhaust and dust from wood burning (Zheng et al., 2002). Long exposure to particulate matters may lead to some respiratory diseases changing from basic couch and allergy to more serious lung diseases namely pneumoconiosis (Jones et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2005). Establishment of certain PM limitation becomes a necessity for government. However, the PM limitations for indoor air quality have been newly established and a lot of governments have even no arrangement. Table 1 shows the EPA limitations for indoors and concluded that PM concentration should be lower than 20 g/m3 (EPA, 2001; Gonullu et al., 2002). Turkey has only outdoor air quality limitations for PM10 which is about 150 μg/m3 for long exposure and 300 μg/m3 for short exposure (Anon., 1986). Table 1: Maximum indoor air quality limits according to EPA (EPA, 2001; Gonullu et al., 2002) Indoor pollutants Maximum allowable concentrations Carbonmonoxide (CO) < 9 ppm Carbondioxide (CO2) < 800 ppm Mould It should be equal outdoor level Formaldehyde < 20 μg/m3 383 �Total volatile comp. < 200 μg/m3 4-phenil cyclohexan (4-PC) < 3 μg/m3 Total particulate matter (PM) < 20 μg/m3 Regular pollutants < national indoor standard Other pollutants < 5% of limit 2.Materials and Methods Determination of particulate matter in 13 social areas at three different regions in the city center of Konya (Turkiye) was investigated. These areas are surrounded by roads with intensive buildings and traffic circulation. During each sampling period, PM2.5 concentrations were measured using a personal Particle Meter (personal Data RAM, pDR1200, MIE Inc., Bedford, MA, 2000) in the study areas. The obtained data recorded at 30-sec. intervals during 15 minutes (Turkish Standards for air sampling). The map of study areas is given in Figure 1. Table 2 also shows some information about measuring points. Figure 1: The map of study areas in the city center of Konya 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Average and maximum PM2.5 concentration at the morning and evening periods are summarized in Table 3. Measuring point 1 is a pizza cafe where some types of pizzas, macaronis and other fast foods produced in. Average and maximum PM concentrations of this point were 34 μg/m3 and 112 μg/m3 at the morning and 338 μg/m3 and 575 μg/m3 at the evening, respectively (Figure 2). The probable reason of this relatively high PM level may be due uprising of adsorbed dusts from the sponge covering furniture and chairs by ventilation of the area. Some extra peak values were observed at the end of the evening measuring period probably due to dust of flour and entering some people group. 384 �The highest levels among all measuring point were obtained in MP2, MP4 and MP8 as 3485, 1812 and 1208 μg/m3, respectively. These points are hubble-bubble (nargile in Turkish) cafe and therefore a lot of smokes might be present. The high values may be a result of these smokes. It was also concluded that sponge covering of furniture, hanging of carpets on the walls and wavy structures of the cafe (MP2) caused to increase of PM concentration. Also, for MP 8, the basement conditions could decrease ventilation and altered PM concentrations. Table 2: Physical conditions of measuring points Measuri ng Point Type of MP (MP) Approx area (m2) Ceiling Height (m) Number of floor Measuring floor 1 Pizza cafe 40 2.3 5 Ground 2 Hubblebubble 100 3 Coffee house 90 4 Hubblebubble 80 5 Internet cafe 100 2.7 4 Ground 6 Coffee house 90 2.9 5 1st floor 7 Shop 200 3.5 5 Ground 8 Hubblebubble 100 9 Coffee house 90 2.9 5 2nd floor 10 Tea house 30 3.0 5 Ground 11 Billiards saloon 160 12 Book store 110 3.0 4 Ground 13 Restaurant 90 2.7 4 Ground 2.4 2.8 3.0 2.2 3.1 5 6 6 6 2 Ground 1st floor Ground Basement 1st flor Table 3: Average and maximum PM2.5 concentration at the morning and evening periods for each sampling point Sampling 385 Morning measurement Evening Measurement �Point TWA (mg/m3) MAX (mg/m3) TWA (mg/m3) MAX (mg/m3) 1 0.034 0.112 0.338 0.575 2 0.606 1.066 1.765 3.485 3 0.068 0.162 0.109 0.198 4 0.726 1.291 1.279 1.812 5 0.051 0.118 0.058 0.138 6 0.043 0.096 0.066 0.358 7 0.060 0.235 0.061 0.146 8 0.586 0.734 0.853 1.208 9 0.065 0.120 0.087 0.233 10 0.041 0.102 0.118 0.429 11 0.082 0.213 0.181 0.350 12 0.023 0.053 0.033 0.100 13 0.100 0.262 0.178 0.312 386 �0,6 Concentration(mg/m3) 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 0 150 300 900 3,5 Concentration(mg/m3) 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 Figure 2: PM2.5 concentration of measuring point 1 (MP1) and 2 (MP2) at the morning and evening periods. 387 �2 Concentration(mg/m3) 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 Figure 3: PM2.5 concentration of (MP3) and (MP4) at the morning and evening periods. The measuring results obtained from the coffee houses (MP3, 5, 6, 9) were generally low levels according to hubble-bubble and pizza cafes although they were still a little higher than EPA‘s limit for indoor PM concentration. The relatively low levels may be a result of good ventilation, wooden furniture and not smoking. 388 �Figure 4: PM2.5 concentration of (MP5) and (MP6) at the morning and evening periods. 389 �0,14 Concentration(mg/m3) 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 Figure 5: PM2.5 concentration of (MP7) and (MP8) at the morning and evening periods. Shopping centers such as MP 7 and MP 12 are generally large, crowd and having huge human circulation during the day. Therefore, it may be expected that these types of areas have high particulate matter concentration. However, measuring results showed that good ventilation, high ceiling and clean conditions might lead to lower PM concentration. Billiards saloon (MP 11) had also high particulate matters according to measuring results such as 213 μg/m3 for morning and 350 μg/m3 for evening measurements. Playing billiards, backgammon, and cards by a lot of peoples caused to increase the PM concentration of this place. In a restaurant (MP 13), average and maximum particulate matter concentrations were 100 μg/m3 and 262 μg/m3 at the morning and 178 μg/m3 and 312 μg/m3 at the evening measurements, respectively. This may be due to cooking processes and high circulation of people during the day. 390 �0,4 Concentration(mg/m3) 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 Figure 6: PM2.5 concentration of (MP9) and (MP10) at the morning and evening periods. 391 �Concentration(mg/m3) 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 0 150 300 900 Concentration(mg/m3) 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning Figure 7: PM2.5 concentration of (MP11) and (MP12) at the morning and evening periods. 0,35 Concentration(mg/m3) 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 Figure 8: PM2.5 concentration of (MP13) at morning and evening periods. 4.CONCLUSION Particulate matters (PM2.5) were determined in 13 different social areas at the morning and evening. The major sources of the particles in the measuring points were obtained as hubblebubble and tobacco smoke. Therefore, health effects of smoking at indoor environment were forced the government to arrange prohibitions against to stop smoking in indoor environment in Turkey. Some particle sources resulted from kitchen such as flour dust and cooking gas 392 �were also determined to be major source of particulate matter in the restaurants and pizza cafe. In addition, particle transport from outside via doors, windows or gaps of the building and therefore outdoor weather situation may have also effect on the particulate matter increase (Estekova et. al., 2010). It was also concluded from this study that some parameters such as ventilation, people circulation, ceiling height, construction shape and located floor have affected the measured concentration of particulate matter. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author thanks the Selcuk University Research Fund (SU-BAP) for its financial support to symposium attendance. REFERENCES Stranger, M., Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S. and R. Van Grieken (2007) Comparative overview of indoor air quality in Antwerp, Environ. Int., 33, 6. Stranger, M., Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S. and R. Van Grieken (2008) Characterization of indoor air quality in primary schools in Antwerp, Belgium, Indoor Air, 18, 454–463. Soysal, A. and Demiral, Y. (2007) Kapalı Ortam Hava Kirliliği (in Turkish), TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 6, 221-226. Zheng, M., Cass, G.R., Schauer, J.J. and Edgerton, E.S. (2002) Source apportionment of PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States using solvent-extractable organic compounds as tracers, Environ Sci Technol, 36, 2361-2371. Jones, T., Blackmore, P., Leach, M., Bérubé, K., Sexton K. and Richards, R. (2002) Characterization of airborne particles collected within and proximal to an opencast coalmine: South Wales, U.K. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 75, 293–312. Kim, J.H., Lim,D.H., Kim, J.K., Jeong S.J. and Son, B.K. (2005) Effects of Particulate Matter (PM10) on The Pulmonary Function of Middle-School Children, J Korean Med Sci. 20, 4245. EPA (2001), Case Study Two: EPA‘s Research Triangle Park Laboratory Facility. Gonullu, M.T., Bayhan, H., Avşar, Y. and Arslankaya, E. (2002) YTÜ şevket sabancı kütüphane binası iç ortam havasındaki partiküllerin incelenmesi (In Turkish), Harran University 4.GAP Engineering Symposium, 1384-1389. Anonymous (1986), Air Quality Control Regulation (In Turkish), Turkish Official Gazete No: 19269 and date: 2.11.1986. Estekova, A., Stevulova, N. and Kubincova, L. (2010) Particulate matter investigation in indoor environment, Global NEST Journal, 12, 20-26. 393 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1272 Title A name given to the resource Indoor Air Quality Of Some Social Areas In Konya City Center, Turkey Author Author Yusuf , Alparslan Argun Abstract A summary of the resource. Indoor activities, building characteristics and outdoor climatic conditions have all affected indoor environment air quality. Some peoples, especially young and unemployed persons spend on about 90 % of their times indoor environment. Indoor air quality has direct effect on human health. One of the most important parameter for indoor air quality is particulate matter (PM2.5). Therefore, determination of personal exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) in these areas especially in café is predicted to be key role. Long exposure to particulate matters may lead to numerous diseases. In this study, particulate matter was determined in different social areas at the morning and evening for 30-sec. intervals during 15 minutes. Study area is heavily urbanized by a lot of buildings and also surrounded by roads with intensive traffic circulation. It was concluded from this study that some parameters such as ventilation, people circulation, ceiling height, construction shape and floor level have affected the measured concentration of particulate matter. The analyses have evaluated by personal Particle Meter equipment. Different conditions of the cafes for the PM values are also evaluated. Maximum and minimum PM2.5 concentrations were obtained as 3.485 μg/m3 for a Hubble-Bubble Cafe and 23 μg/m3 for a Book Store. Numbers of obtained data were found to be higher than the EPA‘s standards for indoor environment. EPA established that PM concentration should be lower than 20 g/m3 for indoors. Turkey has only outdoor air quality limitations for PM10 which is about 150 μg/m3 for long exposure and 300 μg/m3 for short exposure Keywords: indoor air quality, particulate matter, human health. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a58603401f1addaeb234275112b3ca55.pdf 5a24394d1b09574bd3c7ffd2b5aa8636 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Wendelaar, B. S. (1997) The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, pp. 591-625. Wu, J.-T. (1999) A generic index of diatom assemblages as bioindicator of pollution in the Keelung River of Taiwan. Hydrobiologia(397), 79-87. Nedbal L., Soukupova J., Kaftan D., Whitmarsh J. and Trtilek M. (2000): Kinetic imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence using modulated light. Photosynthesis Research 66: 3-12 Schreiber U (2004) Pulse-Amplitude (PAM) fluorometry and saturation pulse method. In: Papageorgiou G, Govindjee (eds) Chlorophyll fluorescence: A signature of Photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp 279-319 Photon Systems Instruments (2011) FluorCam Instruction Manual, http://www.psi.cz The Effect Of Water Temperature On Spawning Out Of Season In Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss Yusuf Güner1, Halit Bayrak2, Fatih Güleç1 1Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 35080 İzmir 2SuleymanDemirel University, Mehmet Süreyya Demiraslan M.Y.O, 32510 Isparta Abstract Salmonid culture is a production sector with widespread throughout the world. Different stocks of rainbow trout spawn in certain months of the year in hatcheries. This seasonality of spawning imposes considerable constraints on trout farming because the consequent restrictions on the supply of eggs and fry make it difficult for on-growing farm to maintain a continuity of production of table-size fish throughout the year. Hatcheries should artificially control the spawning time of their broodfish so that batches of eggs and fry might be produced all year round. The modification of spawning time are possible using manipulation of photoperiod. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. This study was carried out in two different facilities. In the first facility, the photoperiod regime was only consisted of constant short days (LD 6:18). The water temperature had been changed between 7.5 and 15 °C during the the experiment in this facility. In the second facility, it had been changed between 11 – 25.5 °C. The broodstock was seperated into two different group. These photoperioded regims consist of constant short days(LD 6:18) and altered photoperiod (LD 18:6 from February until May, then LD 12:12 from May until June, then LD 6:18 from June until November) which are acted to advanced spawning. In both experiments, photoperiod regimes changed the maturation time regardless of water temperature. However, when the water temperature is high, modulating effects of the temperature on the maturation and ovulation time were observed. When the spawning time modified to June – August, ovary growth and egg survival rate had been reduced by the temperature effect ( >14 °C). It was found that the egg quality decreased when the water temperature was 17 °C although the eggs could been removed from the fish. Based on the 72 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo these results, the role of water temperature in determining spawning time should take into account, especially in conjunction with photoperiodic manipulation. Keywords: Photoperiod, Rainbow trout, water temperature, ovulation, egg 1.INTRODUCTION Despite the reproduction periods of trouts spreads of each month of the year, generally it occurs between 6-8 weeks in the autumn-winter seasons. To be able to control the reproduction period, It is important to change some environmental factors such as temperature and day lenght. Due to the seasonal egg production, sustainability of trout farming is eliminated. Therefore, egg production should be provided in all seasons and as a result continuously production of markez size fish must be guaranteed. Despite of using hormonal applications as LHRH, HCG or pituitary extractsc for spawning, this methods provide only 23 weeks progress but the produced gametes have poor quality. Photoperiod applications are used more effectively to change the timing of reproduction (Bromage, et al., 1984; Duston and Bromage, 1986). It is possible to take the spawning time 6 months earlier or later with the photoperiod applications (Bromage, et al., 1993). However, the water temperature that is effective on spawning should be considered along with applications of photoperiod. There are studies that report the effects of temperature on the egg ovulation and spawning times (Morrison and Smith, 1986; Nakari, et al., 1987; Johnstone, et al., 1992; Taranger, et al., 1999). High temperatures cause on the eggs over-maturity. Suitable water temperatures encourage ovulation (Taranger and Hansen, 1993). Trout farming is made in many parts of the world's water sources. It is possible that the changing climatic conditions affects on the water temperature. The effect of the temperature on the commercial trout stocks, can emerge in the for of reproductions limitation. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. 2.Materials and methods This study was carried out on the commercial rainbow trout broodstock populations (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in two different farms. Broodstock fish were fed with 1% rate of broodstock-feed (Pinar-Çamli Fish Feed, Turkey). Trial 1 The first trial was conducted in a private trout farm, that had 20 tons/year production capacity and was placed in Izmir/Turkey, in winter and summer seasons. In the size of 12 m3(6 x 2 x 1 m), three raceway type concrete pools were used. The used water was spring water and annual temperature variation took place between 7.5 - 15 °C. After two-year-old brookstock fish spawned at the beginning of December with the natural illumination cycle, constant illumination program was applied as 6-hours light / 18 hours dark (6L:18D).The daylight (> 20 000 lx) was used in the light period. The concrete pools were covered with black tarpaulin in the dark period. In this study, 60 female and 20 male fish were used. The first trial started in January and lasted for 396 days. Trial 2 73 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The first trial was conducted in a commercial trout farm , that had 300 tons / year market size trout production capacity and placed in Aydın/Turkey, in winter and summer seasons. The broodstock fish were obtained from the fish that grown in this farm. The photoperiod group of constant short day (CSD) (6L:18D); The group of constant illumination program and variable photoperiod (VP); group of fish that spawned naturally in the summer (SNS) were 3-yearsold. The broodstock fish were used at their second spawning season. In the group of CSD, 500 female fish and 200 male were used. In the group of VP, 500 femle and 200 male fish were used. And in the group of SNS 200 female and 100 male fish were used. The CSD and VP were kept in the 44x2,5x0,7 m sized concrete pools as mixed; SNS were kept in 30x5x1,3 m sized soil pools as mixed. The concrete pools were covered with a light-proof tarpaulin. For lighting, 100-watt light bulbs were used in order to achieve a minimum of 40 lux light on the water. After the eggs of the broodstock fish in the CSD were taken in the winter period, 18D:6L constant light program was applied to the from 1st of February. The fish in the VP was exposed to the 18L:6D from Februay until May; the 12L:12D from May until June; and to the 6L:18D after June until November (Bromage and Cumaranatunga, 1988). The second trial started in December and lasted for 300 days. The broodstock fish were fed according to the water temperature 1-2 times in a day ad-libitum with Bagci Commercial Fish Feed. The feed was formulated to contain 16-18% crude oil, 40-45% crude protein, 2% cellulose and 3500-4050 k.cal. kg-1 energy. Ovulation time was followed by controlling the fish 2 times in a week and the ovulated fish were allocated and prepared for milking. 2.1.Statistics When samples complied with the criteria for parametric testing, Egg diameters were compared using Student’s t-test. Kruskal-Wallis test (in Trial 1) and The Mann-Whitney Utest (in Trial 2) were used to compare the fertilization rates, hatching rates and survival rates. All analyses were performed by using SPSS 15.0 version. Results Trial 1 Spawning profiles The broodstock fish that had natural reproduction time in December, started spawning in June as a results of constant short day photoperiod regime. The fish spawned 5 months earlier than normal period. Maxiumum number of spawning fish was observed in July. The response of fish to the implementation of photoperiod, was measured as 75%. When the constant short day photoperiod regime (6L:18D) resumed to apply, 53,3 percentage of the same fish spawned fort he second time in February. Thus, two times spawning of the fish was provided in 14 months. The response of the natural and constant short day (6L:18D) photoperioded fish to the spawning times in the different temperature showed no significant difference (p> 0.05). Egg quality, fecundity and size In the first and second spawning; the obtained, fertilisation, hatching and survival rates of the natural and constant short day (6L:18D) photoperioded eggs were different statistically (p<0.05). The egg diameters were found different in all groups. It was seen that when the fish spawned earliar time, egg diameters became smaller. Trial 2 Spawning profiles 74 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The stream water, supplied with the artesian from the dam, was used in the farm. The water temperature increased rapidly when the dam water level decreased in July. It was measured high water temperature (20 - 25.7 C) and lower oxygen saturation (4.8 - 5 ppm) between July and October. This period was reported the most important critical production period of the farm. In the constant short day photoperiod group (CSD), ovulation and removal of the eggs started at the beginning of June and lasted June 30. Response of the photoperioded fish was observed as 17.8% . Egg removal of the naturally spawning in the summer group (SNS) was made in June and July when the 16L:8D. Response of the fish to the photoperiod application was measured 62%. The fish under the variable photoperiod (VP); were exposed 18L:6D from February until May, 12L:12D from May until June, from June 6L:18D. In this group the spawning period-expected in September was not seen due to the high water temperature. All the broodstock fish died. Those fish were cut and controlled. Ovulation of the eggs was observed. Avarage weight of broodstock fish was measured as 2246 ± 413 gr and the obtained mean egg weight per broodstock fish was detected as 307 ± 119 gr. Due to there was no sperm observation from the male broodstock, fertilisation could not be processed. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) was detected as 13.9%. Responses to spawning time in the different temperature and season of the experimental groups; constant short day (6L:18D) photoperiod, variable light photoperiod and naturally spawning in the summer group; were found statistically different (p<0.05). Egg quality, fecundity and size 45 16 Number of Spawning 40 14 40 35 12 30 32 25 8 20 15 10 10 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 2 5 0 0 Temperature (oC ) / Daylenght (hour) Hatching and survival rates were considered as quality criteria for the fish eggs. In the group of CSD, the fertilisation, hatching and survival rates was found respectively, 52,2 ± 1,7%; 24,1 ± 1,1%; 11,3 ± 0,8% ; and in SNS group, 35,4 ± 1,1%; 17,3 ± 0,8%; 8,3 ± 0,5% . Fertilisation, hatching and survival rates of Constant short day (6L:18D) photoperioded and naturally spawned in summer fish, were found statistically different (p<0.05). Egg diameters were detected smilar in all groups and smaller in the early spawnings. Natural Spawning Months Number Spawning Temperature Daylength(hour) Figure 1. The effects of constant photoperiods(CSD) on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout (Trial.1) 75 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 2. The effects of constant photoperiods(CSD) on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout(Trial 2) Figure 3. The effects of variable photoperiod (VP) on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout(Trial 2) 76 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 4. The naturally spawning in the summer group (SNS) in the rainbow trout(Trial 2) 77 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 4. Total and Relative Fecundity, fish weight, egg diameter, fertilisation rate, hatching rate, and egg survival rates for broodstock in the two experimental groups in Trial 1 Groups Natural Spawning Total Fecundity Fish weight Relative Fecundity Egg diameter Fertilisation Hatching Rate Rate Survival Rate (eggs/fish) (kg) (egss/kg fish) (mm) (%) (%) (%) 91,8 ± 1,5 64,9 1,4 ± 38,8 1,3 2659 ± 1552 ± 2034 ± 95 5,6 ± 0,1 100 (60) 42 Constant 3897 ± 1950 ± 1975 Short Day 1252 (45) 297 492 First Spawning ± 5,0 ± 0,2 71,2 ± 1,72 50,1 ± 2 Constant 6459 ± 3390 ± 1905 Short Day 1051 (32) 345 295 Second Spawning ± 5,4 ± 0,3 87,4 ± 1 83,9 1,4 ± 28,6 1,6 ± ± 63,6 1,45 ± Table 5. Total and Relative Fecundity, fish weight, egg diameter, fertilisation rate, hatching rate, and egg survival rates for broodstock in the two experimental groups in Trial 2 Groups Total Fecundity Fish Relative Egg Fertilisation Hatching Survival weight Fecundity diameter Rate Rate Rate (eggs/fish) (kg) Summer Naturally Spawning 2848 ± 400 ± 2067 583 (124) 157,4 460 Constant 2480 ± 1759 Short Day 450 (89) ± 250 First Spawning Altered Photoperiod 78 (egss/kg fish) 1411 264 2243 GSI: ± 449 %13,9 (mm) (%) (%) (%) ± 4,2 0,1 ± 35,4 ± 1,1 17,3 0,8 ± 8,3 0,5 ± ± 4,24 0,1 ± 52,2 ± 1,7 24,1 1,1 ± 11,3 0,8 ± - - - - �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2. Discussion 2.2.1. Effects of photoperiod and temperature on spawning time In the trials, spawning time was observed 5 months earlier (in July) than normal period by applying constant short day photoperiod regime to the trouts that naturally spawned in December. After the first spawning in the July, it is recorded that the same fish spawned second time with 2 months delay (in February) compared to normal period. It was noticed that when the constant short day photoperiod method was applied, there was only 2 week difference between the different fishes in Trial 1 and Trial 2. Broodstock fish reached ovulation later in the cold water. However, the maximum number of spawned fish were in the same month (July). Thus, in the both trials showed significant effect of photoperiod on rainbow trout’s maturation and spawning. On the other hand, there was not a significant effect of temperature on maturation and spawning time. Nevertheless, modulatory effects of the water temperature were observed. Davies and Bromage (2002) found similar results about the water temperature and reported the water temperature affected on spawning and ovulation. They also mentioned that ovulation period spreaded and was delayed at lower temperatures. There are lot of study about delaying the spawning by the cold water (Morrison and Smith, 1986; Nakari, et al., 1988; Johnstone, et al., 1992). But the influence mechanism of temperature on physiological maturation has not been understood yet. According to the some studies, in salmons and the trout, low temperature levels cause delaying on spawning as a result of reducing the accumulation of vitellogenin at the last stage of the formation of vitellogenic. In the Trail 2, it was determinated that high temperature levels inhibited maturation, although spawning was expected in September. The other studies on salmondis, concluded that high temperature levels inhibited ovulation (Breton, et al., 1983; Pankhurst and Thomas, 1998; Chmilevsky, 1999; King and Pankhurst, 1999). It was added that steroid formation with the high temperature could delay the spawning (Kime, 1980). But, still, the influence mechanism of the high temperature on the final maturation and spawning time of salmonids could not be determinated (Davies and Bromage, 2002). In the Trail 2, it was observed that, spawning success reduced when the water temperature exceeded 14 °C. If the temperature reached 17 °C suddenly, the eggs could be removed but there were problems on ovarium maturation and ovulation. Since the water temperature levels reached 19 – 20 °C in spawning season (September), the fish under the variable photoperiod (VP) died before ovulation. Pankhurst et al.(1996), reported that ovaries of trout were functional below 15 °C, but not at the level of 18-20 C°. Davies and Bromage (2002), found that ovarian problems were decreased by 16 °C water temperature level before ovulation. In the Trial 1, as a result of constant short day application, 75% of the experimental fish spawned in the first spawning, and 53.6% in the second. In the Trial 2, constant short day regime, 17.8% of fish spawned although naturally spawned group in the summer. This result can be connected with both temperature and photoperiod’s combine effect. 2.2.2.The effect of water temperature on egg quality In the Trial 1, by decreasing the water temperature in December, in the natural and constant short day groups survival rates were better than the high temperature seasons. But in the Trial 2, the survival rates of the eggs and the frys decreased because of the high temperature. Although egg diameters was expected to be bigger according to fish weight, eggs became smaller in the constant short day photoperioded groups, since the spawning period was taken early. According to earlier studies (Buss, 1982; Bromage and Cumaranatunga, 1988) vitellogenesis period was short by taking the spawning period earlier, and so the egg 79 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo diameters became smaller. It was reported that there was no correlation between egg diameter and survival rates in trout. The natural cycle eggs and the photoperioded eggs had same quality (Springate and Bromage, 1985). In Trial 1, Decreasing in the egg quality was observed by increasing the water temperature to 14.9 °C in June-July compared with 11 °C in December. In the Trial 2, a significant reduction in egg quality was appeared at the 16.6 °C temperature level in June-July. GSI was measured as 13.9% in September when the temperature level reached 17 – 19 °C. Although abdomen part of the fish was soft, the eggs could not be removed and most of the brood stock fish died. Overly-ripe eggs in the ovary was observed in some individuals. There is a red spot in the over-ripe trout eggs (Craik and Harvey, 1984). The studies about the over-ripe trout egg (Breton, et al., 1983; Springate, et al., 1984; Billard, 1985), were related with the eggs that remained in the abdominal cavity after ovulation and transformed to over-ripe. Since the eggs were released but not absorbed back, it was expressed this eggs did not fit with atretic eggs (Bromage and Cumaranatunga, 1988). It is know that high temperature levels increase the over-ripening rate of ovulated eggs. This was explained with disintegration of the non-functional eggs that were exposed high temperature before ovulation (Billard, 1985). Despite the water temperature was 16 - 17 °C, the eggs and sperm were removed. But, hatching and fry survival rates decreased considerably. In addition, at the high temperatures, lack of sperm was observed in male brood stock. It is necessary to consider this restriction, for out of season spawning. It was found that when the water temperature was below 14 °C, the last maturation and non-functional ovarias was prevented and were consistent with survival rates. Davies and Bromage (2002) reported that values below 16 °C before ovulation, reduced the ovary problems. 3. Regulation of Photoperiod Practices In the Trial 1 and Trial 2, it was detected that when the seasonal water temperatures were occurred within the acceptable limits; there would be no problem on the maturation and ovulation in the photoperiod applications early-spawning. According to the literature on the introduction part, long-short photoperiod application can take spawning time 6 months early since December. In the trials, it was observed that constant short day photoperiod groups spawned in July. When the 18L:6D photoperiod regime applied, the spawning period was taken 3 month early. But, number of the spawning fish and the survived fry decreased in summer. Since the high water temperature, some brood stock fish died. In summer, naturally ovulated fish(twice in a year), spawned in a high number(62%) in June and July. However, in this period, the water temperature was between 14.6 °C and 16.6 °C; very significant declines on fertilisation, hatching and survival were observed. Consequently, according to this study, that examined the effects of photoperiod and water temperature on spawning and fry survival, it was reported photoperiod was a basic environmental factor. It was detected that the water temperature had a modulatory role on performance. In addition, It was observed that water temperature had significant effects on maturation process, spawning time, ovulation and egg quality of the commercial rainbow trout stocks. REFERENCES Billard, R. (1985). Environmental factors in salmonid culture and the control of reproduction. In R. N. Iwamoto, S. Sower, R. N. Iwamoto, and S. Sower (Eds.), Salmonid Reproduction (pp. 70-87). Seattle: Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington. 80 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Breton, B., Fostier, A., Zohar, Y., Bail, P. Y., and Billard, R. (1983). Gonadotropine glycoproteique maturante et oestradiol-17β pendant le cycle reproducteur chez la truite fario (Salmo trutta) femelle. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 49(2), 220–231. Bromage, N., and Cumaranatunga, R. (1988). Egg production in the rainbow trout. In J. F. Muir, and R. J. Roberts (Eds.), Recent Advances in Aquaculture (Vol. 3, pp. 63-138). London. Bromage, N., Eliot, J., Springate, J. R., and Whitehead, C. (1984). The effects of constant photoperiods on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout. Aquaculture(43), 213-233. Bromage, N., Randall, C., Davies, B., Thrush, M., Duston, J., Carillo, M., and Zanuy, S. (1993). Photoperiodism and the control of reproduction and development in farmed fish. In B. Lahlou, and P. Vitiello (Eds.), Aquaculture: Fundamental and Applied Research (pp. 81-102). Washington: American Geophysical Union. Buss, K. W. (1982). Photo-period manipulation of the spawning season of brood trout. In M. Bulleid (Ed.), Proceedings of the Institute of Fisheries Management Commercial Trout Farming Symposium (pp. 116-126). Institute of Fisheries Management. Chmilevsky, D. A. (1999). Effects of extreme ranged temperatures on fish oogenesis. Proceedings from 6th International symposium on the Reproductive Physiolgy of Fish (p. 316). Bergen: University of Bergen. Craik, J. C., and Harvey, S. M. (1984). Egg quality in the rainbow trout: the relation between egg viability, selected aspect of egg composition, and time of strippin. Aquaculture(40), 115134. Davies, B., and Bromage, N. R. (1991). The effects of fluctuating seasonal and constant temperatures on the photoperiodic advancement of reproduction in female rainbow trout. In A. P. Scott, J. P. Sumpter, D. E. Kime, and M. S. Rolfe (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Reproductive Physicology of Fish (pp. 154-156). Sheffield: University of East Anglia. Davies, B., and Bromage, N. R. (2002). The effects of fluctuating seasonal and constant temperatures on the photoperiodic advancement of reproduction in female rainbow trout. Aquaculture(205), 183-200. Duston, J., and Bromage, N. (1986). Photoperiodic mechanisms and rhythms of reproduction in the female rainbow trout. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry(2), 35-51. Duston, J., and Bromage, N. (1988). The Entrainment And Gating Of The Endogenous Circannual Rhythm Of Reproduction In The Female Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of Comparative Physiology, 164(2), 259-268. Johnston, C. E., Hambrook, M. J., Gray, R. W., and Davidson, K. G. (1992). Manipulation of Reproductive Function in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Kelts with Controlled Photoperiod and Temperature. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 49(10), 2055-2061. Kime, D. E. (1980). Androgen biosynthesis by testes of the goldfish Carassius auratus in vitro: The effect of temperature on the formation of steroid glucuronides. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 41(2), 164-172. King, H. R., and Pankhurst, N. W. (1999). Ovulation of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon maintained at elevated temperatures: implications of climate change for sustainable industry 81 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo development. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium of the Reproductive Physiology of Fish (pp. 396-398). Bergen: University of Bergen. Morrison, J. K., and Smith, C. E. (1986). Altering the Spawning Cycle of Rainbow Trout by Manipulating Water Temperature. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 48(1), 52-54. Nakari, T., Soivio, A., and Pesonen, S. (1987, December 15). Effects of an advanced photoperiod cycle on the gonadal development and spawning time of 2-year-old Salmo gairdneri R. reared in earth ponds under extreme annual water temperatures. Aquaculture, 67(3-4), 369-384. Nakari, T., Soivio, A., and Pesonen, S. (1988). The ovarian development and spawning time of Salmo gairdneri R. Reared in advanced and delayed annual photoperiod cycles at naturally fluctuating water temperature in Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 25, 335-340. Pankhurst, N. W., and Thomas, P. M. (1998). Maintenance at elevated temperature delays the sreroidogenic and ovulatory responsiveness of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to luteinizing hormone relasing hormone analogue. Aquaculture, 166(1-2), 163-177. Pankhurst, N. W., Purser, G. J., Kraak, G. V., Thomas, P. M., and Forteath, G. N. (1996, November 10). Effect of holding temperature on ovulation, egg fertility, plasma levels of reproductive hormone and in vitro ovarian steroidogenesis in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 146(3-4), 277–290. Springate, J. R., and Bromage, N. R. (1985). Effects of egg size on early growth and survival in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Aquaculture, 47(2-3), 63-172. Springate, J. R., Bromage, N. R., Elliott, J. A., and Hudson, D. L. (1984). The timing of ovulation and stripping and their effects on the rates of fertilization and survival to eying, hatch and swim-up in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Aquaculture, 43(1-3), 313-322. Taranger, G. L., and Hansen, T. (1993). Ovulation and egg survival following exposure of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., broodstock to different water temperatures. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 24(2), 151-156. Taranger, G. L., Stefansson, S. O., Oppedal, F., Andersson, E., Hansen, T., and Norberg, B. (1999). Photoperiod andtemperature affect gonadal development and spawning time in Atlantic salmon, (Salmo salar). Proceedings from 6th International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish (p. 345). Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen. 82 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1229 Title A name given to the resource The Effect Of Water Temperature On Spawning Out Of Season In Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss Author Author Yusuf , Güner Abstract A summary of the resource. Salmonid culture is a production sector with widespread throughout the world. Different stocks of rainbow trout spawn in certain months of the year in hatcheries. This seasonality of spawning imposes considerable constraints on trout farming because the consequent restrictions on the supply of eggs and fry make it difficult for on-growing farm to maintain a continuity of production of table-size fish throughout the year. Hatcheries should artificially control the spawning time of their broodfish so that batches of eggs and fry might be produced all year round. The modification of spawning time are possible using manipulation of photoperiod. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. This study was carried out in two different facilities. In the first facility, the photoperiod regime was only consisted of constant short days (LD 6:18). The water temperature had been changed between 7.5 and 15 °C during the the experiment in this facility. In the second facility, it had been changed between 11 – 25.5 °C. The broodstock was seperated into two different group. These photoperioded regims consist of constant short days(LD 6:18) and altered photoperiod (LD 18:6 from February until May, then LD 12:12 from May until June, then LD 6:18 from June until November) which are acted to advanced spawning. In both experiments, photoperiod regimes changed the maturation time regardless of water temperature. However, when the water temperature is high, modulating effects of the temperature on the maturation and ovulation time were observed. When the spawning time modified to June – August, ovary growth and egg survival rate had been reduced by the temperature effect ( >14 °C). It was found that the egg quality decreased when the water temperature was 17 °C although the eggs could been removed from the fish. Based on the these results, the role of water temperature in determining spawning time should take into account, especially in conjunction with photoperiodic manipulation. Keywords: Photoperiod, Rainbow trout, water temperature, ovulation, egg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6a3dbecd6776b810ba2f19b25dd40789.pdf dc72f9aeedfd25a7917004d394cbe542 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo This work discusses chaos synchronization of the finance chaotic system. Synchronization between the two finance chaotic systems with different initial conditions is achieved by using active control scheme. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to verify the theoretical analysis and also show that the proposed method works effectively. REFERENCES E. Ott, C. G. (1990). Controlling chaos. Phys.Rev.Lett.,vol.64 , pp.1196-1199. A.E. Matouk, (2008) Dynamical analysis, feedback control and synchronization of Liu dynamical system, Nonlinear Analysis 69 3213–3224 S. Emiroğlu and Y. Uyaroğlu, (2010). Control of Rabinovich chaotic system based on passive control, Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5(21), pp. 3298-3305. X. Chen, C. L. (2010). Passive control on a unified chaotic system. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications 11 , 683-687. Selçuk Emiroğlu, Yılmaz Uyaroğlu (2011), Kaotik Burke-Shaw Çekicisinin Aktif Kontrol İle Senkronizasyonu, e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, Volume: 6, Number: 1, Article Number: 1A0154 Guoliang Cai, J. H. (2007). A New Finance Chaotic Attractor. International Journal of Nonlinear Science Vol. 3 (2007) No. 3 , pp. 213-220. Feedback control of chaos in a hyperchaotic finance system Yılmaz Uyaroğlu1, Recep Temel2, Hilmi Kırlıoğlu3 1Sakarya University, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Turkey 2Bozok University, Turkey 3Sakarya University, Faculty of management, Turkey E-mails: uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, hilmik@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract Based on the mathematical model of a nonlinear finance chaotic system, the complicated dynamical behavior of the model is further investigated. Firstly, the complicated dynamical behaviors of the system are analyzed. Moreover, the feedback control of the nonlinear finance chaotic system is presented. We settle the nonlinear finance chaotic system to equilibrium point with only one controller. Keywords: Hyper chaotic finance system, chaos control, feedback control 1. INTRODUCTION 135 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Chaos has not a general definition in literature but there are some properties of chaotic systems. The chaotic system is very sensitivity to initial conditions. In order that any nonlinear system is able to behave chaotic, the system must be at least three dimensional for autonomous system and two dimensional for non-autonomous system in the continuous system (N. Noroozi, 2008) Since the control of chaotic systems is firstly proposed by Ott, Grebogi and Yorke (E. Ott, 1990), chaos control has become one of the much interesting research subject. Over the last decades, many methods and techniques have been developed such as OGY method (E. Ott, 1990), passive control (S. Emiroğlu, 2010) and feedback control (A.E. Matouk, 2008). Juan Ding (J. Ding et al., 2009) have reported a dynamic model of 4D chaotic finance system, composed of three first-order differential equations with state feedback. The state equations of 4D chaotic finance system are written below Eq 1. x  a( x  y )  w y   y  axz (1) z  b  axy w  cxz  dw where a; b are the parameters of the system (1), and c is constant(where c=0.2), and d is the control parameter. Using Matlab model of system in Figure 1, when parameters a = 3; b = 15; c = 0:2 and d= 0.12, phase portraits of system are obtained as shown in Figure 2. a w 1 x x s d a 1 b y 1 s s w a y 1 c s z z 136 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 19. Matlab-Simulink model of hyper chaotic 15 10 z 5 0 -5 -10 -15 20 10 10 5 0 0 -10 -5 -20 y -10 x system 1.5 1 w 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 20 10 10 5 0 0 -10 -5 -20 y -10 x 15 10 z 5 0 -5 -10 -15 2 20 1 10 0 0 -10 w -1 -20 y Figure 2 Phase portraits of system 2. FEEDBACK CONTROL OF HYPER CHAOTIC FINANCE SYSTEM In this section, the control of chaotic system (2) is achieved using feedback control theory. The controlled model given by 137 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo x  a( x  y )  w  u1 y   y  axz  u 2 (2) z  b  axy  u 3 w  cxz  dw  u 4 where u1, u2 and u3 are external control inputs and are proposed as follows u1 = k1x, u2 = k2y, u3 = k3z and u4 = k4z where k1, k2, k3 and k4 are all positive feedback gains. Our aim is to drive the system’s trajectory to any of the equilibrium points of the system. 10 10 0 0 x x When feedback controllers are activated at t=25 s, time trajectories of finance chaotic system are shown in Figure 3. -10 0 10 20 30 40 -10 50 0 10 20 20 20 0 0 -20 0 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 z z 20 -20 20 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 w w 1 -2 20 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 30 40 50 t 2 10 30 -20 50 t 0 50 t 20 10 40 -20 50 t 0 30 t y y t 30 40 -1 50 0 t 10 20 t Figure 3 Time series of uncontrolled and controlled chaotic finance system 3. CONCLUSION This work addresses controlling chaos of finance chaotic system by using feedback control. Based on the feedback theory, feedback controllers are proposed to realize the global asymptotical stability of the controlled system. Numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed control method. 138 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES N. Noroozi, B.Khaki, A.Seifi,(2008)., Chaotic Oscillations Damping in Power System by Finite Time Control Theory, International Review of Electrical Engineering (I.R.E.E.), Vol. 3, N. 6 November-December E. Ott, C. Grebogi, J. A. Yorke, (1990). Controlling chaos, Phys. Rev. Lett. A, Vol.64, No.3, 1196-1199 S. Emiroğlu and Y. Uyaroğlu, (2010). Control of Rabinovich chaotic system based on passive control, Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5(21), pp. 3298-3305. B. Stojkovska, A. Stefanovska, R. Golob, David GrgiC, (2001). Time-delay feedback control of ferroresonant chaotic oscillations, IEEE Porto Power Tech Conference l0th -13th September, Porto, Portugal V. Mortezapour, H. Lesani, A.Abbaszadeh, M. Isapour, (2009). Adaptive control of chaotic ferroresonant oscillations in electromagnetic voltage transformers, 24th International Power System Conference, 09-E-TRN-0154, PSC2009, A.E. Matouk, (2008) Dynamical analysis, feedback control and synchronization of Liu dynamical system, Nonlinear Analysis 69 3213–3224 Juan Ding, Weiguo Yang, Hongxing Yao (2009) . A New Modified Hyperchaotic Finance System and its Control, International Journal of Nonlinear Science Vol.8No.1,pp.59-66. Time delay feedback control of chaos in a hyper chaotic finance system Hüseyin Gelberi, Selçuk Emiroğlu, Yılmaz Uyaroğlu, M. Ali Yalçın Sakarya University, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Turkey E-mails: hgelberi@sakarya.edu.tr, selcukemiroglu@sakaryaedu.tr, uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, yalcin@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract In this paper, complex behavior of a four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system is investigated. Also, this paper discusses the control of four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system by using time delay feedback control technique. Based on the property of the time delay feedback control, the controller is designed and this controller is added to hyperchaotic finance system for achieving the control of the system. As a result, the control of four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system is realized. To confirm the validity of the proposed method, numerical simulations are presented graphically. Keywords: Hyper chaotic finance system, chaos control, time delay feedback control 139 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1289 Title A name given to the resource Feedback control of chaos in a hyperchaotic finance system Author Author Yılmaz , Uyaroğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. Based on the mathematical model of a nonlinear finance chaotic system, the complicated dynamical behavior of the model is further investigated. Firstly, the complicated dynamical behaviors of the system are analyzed. Moreover, the feedback control of the nonlinear finance chaotic system is presented. We settle the nonlinear finance chaotic system to equilibrium point with only one controller. Keywords: Hyper chaotic finance system, chaos control, feedback control Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e907ab683a333f775bd9da41856997fb.pdf a35c0d0c0a925d9cb053211e7747fc7a PDF Text Text Commercial Websites Evaluation Zeid Hazem, Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Faculty of Economics 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mails.: Zeid.hazem@yahoo.com Abstract The paper presented roughly consists of three parts, as follows: Finding a criteria to evaluate a commercial website Selecting a website and applying criteria Comments and improvement advice First task was to find suitable criteria by which the site is to be evaluated; through extensive research on the internet regarding web site criteria and business sites in general we have found out what makes the business web such a powerful medium for approaching your customers. The availability and growth of the Internet offers use the opportunity to find information and data from all over the world. Internet resources, in particular World Wide Web resources, continue to proliferate at an astonishing rate. This is especially true for commercial web sites which as some experts state, grow at an astonishing rate of one per every 3 seconds! Keywords: e-business, website design, website evaluation criteria 1.INTRODUCTION To successfully create the (commercial) presence on the web, it is necessary to be aware of the users – customers. The internet works both ways - It is possible for almost anyone to place anything on the Internet. Viral marketing can, with lightning speed, spread the word about your product, be it good or bad. Users appreciate quality and credibility. 390 �Users are security sensitive, and especially so when they want to purchase over the internet. Users look for some fixed points or anchors to lead them through the content of the page. Users follow intuition when browsing; they do not like to follow a linear pattern provided by a site. Users are impatient and insist on instant gratification. Users should be motivated for them to revisit the website To be able to effectively present the product to the customer you need to pursue the following principles of user psychology Don’t make users think , Don’t squander users patience ,Manage to focus users attention , Strive for feature exposure , Make use of effective writing , Strive from simplicity , Don’t be afraid of the white space , Communicate effectively with a visible language , Conventions are our friends , Security and privacy are of highest importance, the presence of the company's website on the internet must be known to the target audience. 2.MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1 Criteria for Evaluation Out of the many criteria we found the following to properly evaluate the content of the website. 2.1.1.Purpose The website hast o have a clear purpose. Whether it is an educational site, an internet multimedia presentation, search portal or commercial site different rules of design an organization apply. 2.1.2.Audience Who is the implied audience for the site? From the homepage of a site, the user of the web should be able to identify the general audience for whom the site is developed. 391 �2.1.3.Functionality Functionality is the use of technology on the site. Good functionality means the site works well. It loads quickly, has live links, and any new technology used is functional and relevant for the intended audience. The site should work cross-platform and be browser independent. Highly functional sites anticipate the diversity of user requirements from file size, to file format and download speed. The most functional sites also take into consideration those with special access needs. 2.1.4.Organizational Is the organizational scheme appropriate, A Web document that has a vast tree of links is difficult to navigate and overwhelming to the eye. Is there a consistent look and feel from one page to another? - Visual similarities in all sections. Navigation Navigation through the website should be an effortless process. Transferring from one part of the website to another should be an intuitive process and the user should not be. The website has to have clear anchor points around which the web site is structured. 2.1.5.Accessibility The website should allow easy access to the products it is trying to sell, and use other resources like search engines or web apps to promote this goal. 2.1.6.Uniqueness Uniqueness and originality of the web site is not mandatory but can help to attract visitors and promote a different image of the company in the industry. However commercial sites are limited in their creativity because the purpose of the site is not to be original but to best promote the product it is based for. 392 �2.1.7.Design & Style the general appeal of the website can be improved by its design it must never take second place to the functionality of the site itself. It must be taken into consideration what is the purpose of the graphical content on the web page, The visual image of the site should match accordingly so that the look and feel is similar while transitioning the page. Lastly but not least importantly the design of the web site should extend the company image and adhere to target audience. 2.1.8.Multimedia Good web sites weave together relevant text, audio, video, and still images to give users a rich experience. Multimedia content has to be adjusted to be compatible with users with low bandwidth speeds and different browsers. 2.1.9.Security and Privacy If your website collects sensitive information from your customers, you should use security systems like SSL (Secure Socket Layer). This guarantees that the data provided by your customer will not fall into the hand of a malicious hacker while transferring from his computer to the web server. If your site is planning to use cookies, make sure that you covered this aspect in your privacy policy too. 2.1.10Website The website we chose to evaluate is a site held by the company HORSEFEATHERS™ and can be found on the internet address www.horsefeathers.eu 393 �HORSEFEATHERS™ was originally founded in 1989 in British Columbia, Canada as a brand who started selling specific sports apparel or so called “outerwear”, intended for snowboarders and skateboarders. The website was launched in 2001 and it follows the industry standard in that it is completely revamped twice a year to reflect the winter and summer seasons (snowboard and skateboard). 3.DISCUSSION To evaluate this site we will view through each of the criteria defined in the previous part . Purpose Purpose of any commercial website which sells finite products is to act as an interactive shop window . The site offers other information like NEWS, BLOG and even INTERVEW and VIDEO archive but the main part of the page is dedicated to showcase its products. 3.1.Audience It is clear from the start that the site is oriented towards the younger generation. With its stylized graphics and action shots it appeals to the specific nature of the sports it represents. Interviews and blogs are conducted with young up-coming stars in their respectable sports, and as such appeal to the population who view these activities as more than just a hobby. To them these people are their role models and a connection to the brand is a great marketing strategy. 3.2.Functionality The content of the site is well balanced, the graphics are of high quality but not such that can severely hamper the users with slower internet connection. The multimedia content provided can be viewed in different resolutions which a customer can choose, and the only requirement for the site to be seen is to have Adobe flash installed , which is pretty much the industry standard. The web page looks identical in Firefox, Explorer and Chrome, three predominant internet browsers 394 �3.3.Organization& Navigation The organizational units that compose the site are available from the first page of the web site and remain available when navigating through it. It is commendable that the site decided to abandon the idea of pop-ups upon entry and language selection page at the beginning. We believe that these components detract from experiencing the website. The organization is roughly divided in three parts the top layer that contains the links to every part of the web site, the middle window where the majority of the content is displayed and the bottom layer which gives additional links and information. The whole promotional part of the website is done flawlessly because each part of the website is accessible from no more than 3 clicks, The shopping part is done with a bit less finesse, the simple and clean promotional page is left and is replaced with a clunky interface where all the product are piled up In endless columns. This leaves the user at question because suddenly the access to the rest of the content is cut off, category links have switched places and the user is once again doomed to make use of a scroll bar. This whole switch would be easy to forget if the access to content made up for it but in contrast it even becomes difficult to seek the product you need. But this is a topic for accessibility of content. 3.4.Accessibility The promotional part of the website is exemplary in its access to content. Already mentioned in organizational part the product are clicks away to access and make browsing through them a fun experience. By clicking on the desired piece of clothing it is automatically shown on the model. It is a great system and since in these kind of sports apparel is basically bought to complement the kind of gear you already possess (the color of the board, boots and bindings for example) this becomes a necessity. 3.5.Uniqueness In terms of uniqueness the page is not entirely different from its rivals (One could even argue that they are more similar than different f.e. www.nitrousa.com, www.burton.com) but that is not necessarily a weakness. The products are the centerpiece of the pages and everything else supports that idea. 395 �3.6.Design & Style It is immediate from the first view of the page that the site has a crisp youthful design. The predominant color is white with brightly colored links and fitting graphic. The idea of product based sites most times is for the web page to blend into the background while the product is put in front and the character of products (bright unnatural colors on white background – snow) creates a perfect setting for that effect. The graphic images are presented with a stylish pencil drawn background and the configuration option I presented with mechanical sounds and futuristic letters which improves the experience. The shopping part of the page is presented in a style that neither improves nor hampers the shopping. 3.7.Multimedia The web page is modest in its multimedia content and that Is not a bad thing. The interviews and rider videos are easily accessible but not forced onto customers. The videos use a third party video repository Video similar to YouTube but a favorite among fans of extreme sports. The configuration part of the page was done using Adobe Flash technology Security and privacy Shopping on the web page can be done in three ways ( via Credit Card , via PayPal , via Bank transfer )These steps satisfy the needs of most customers who desire to purchase over the web. Using credit card is the easiest way but carries the risk of online transactions present everywhere on the internet. The shopping is done on a secure html page as per industry standard. PayPal is more secure in that way that the credit card info is inserted sometime before and the customer is just using his PayPal account. This method requires an active PayPal account however. The last option is direct bank transfer which is the most cumbersome but most reliable way and it does not require a credit card. The shipping is free to all users who order a total sum of over 300 Euros. 4.CONCLUSION the web page is a good concept, it has a lot of room for improvement, and with proper improvement the web page with its Configuration could become a big success. Improvements could be made in shopping section, which needs to be redesigned to match, other sections of this web page and it needs to be simpler and easier for common usage. Aside to this, their web catalog needs to be redesigned and reorganized to meet modern shopping standards. The entire web page logic needs to be revised; additional features need to be included into Configuration section which would make shopping easier and more efficient. The web page has a lot of potential, and with proper improvements it could become a big hit and it could bring a lot of money to shop owner. 396 �REFERENCES: Gary Martin. (1996-2011). Horse feathers. Available: http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/horse-feathers.html. Last accessed 20th November 2011. Horsefeathers. (2010). Horsefeathers. Available: http://www.horsefeathers.eu/en/. Last accessed 20th November 2011. Bruce Clay, INC. (1996-2011). Quality Site Criteria. Available: http://www.bruceclay.com/design/web_crit.htm. Last accessed 20th November 2011. WebAIM. (1999-2011). Articles. Available: http://webaim.org/articles/. Last accessed 20th November 2011. Velacich, J. Schneider, C. (2010). Information Systems Today: Managing the Digital World.: Prentice Hall. Zaveri,J. Securing Business on Network [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved http://www.scribd.com/doc/38639551/Launching-E-Business-Website-tips from Thulasi, K.. (2002-2008). Available: http://www.ncsi.iisc.ernet.in/. Last accessed 20th November 2011. US Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). Evaluation http://www.epa.gov/enviroed/. Last accessed 20th November 2011. Structure. Available: United Nations, (2008). UN E-Government Survey 2008, From E-Government to Connected Governance. Available: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan028607.pdf Miller, L. (2009). MIS Cases: Decision Making With Application Software. Prentice Hall. 397 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1194 Title A name given to the resource Commercial Websites Evaluation Author Author Zeid, Hazem HANDZIC, Meliha Abstract A summary of the resource. The paper presented roughly consists of three parts, as follows: Finding a criteria to evaluate a commercial website Selecting a website and applying criteria Comments and improvement advice First task was to find suitable criteria by which the site is to be evaluated; through extensive research on the internet regarding web site criteria and business sites in general we have found out what makes the business web such a powerful medium for approaching your customers. The availability and growth of the Internet offers use the opportunity to find information and data from all over the world. Internet resources, in particular World Wide Web resources, continue to proliferate at an astonishing rate. This is especially true for commercial web sites which as some experts state, grow at an astonishing rate of one per every 3 seconds! Keywords: e-business, website design, website evaluation criteria Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eddf68a2cee1c87f0aed094acc80b45c.pdf 266cb4db129f26ab5ace1c2b42d791b0 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cotter, J., Najah, M. and Wang, S. S. (2011) Standardized reporting of climate change information in Australia, 2(2), 294-321. Epstein, M. J. and Yuthas, K. (2011) Protecting and regaining clarity of mission in the microfinance industry, 2 (2), 322 – 330. Distrubution Of Human Capital: A Study On Turkish Regions Zekeriya Mizirak, Deniz Göktaş Department of Economics, Konya University, Konya, Turkey E-mails: zmizirak@hotmail.com, d.goktas@gmail.com Abstract Firms’ location choice causes regional economic differences. The conventional view of firms’ location relies on cost-related factors such as tax breaks and subsidies. Human capital theory of regional development asserts that people are the motor force behind the regional growth. According to proponents of the human capital theory, regional growth is driven by endowments of highly educated and productive people instead of reducing costs of business or low costs of resources. In a world in which people are highly mobile, human capital is not a given endowment. Under the new regime of geography in which jobs follow labor instead of labor force follows jobs, wherever intelligence clusters evolve, so too will wealth accumulate. Firstly, Jacobs attracted attention to the ability of cities to attract creative people and thus spur economic growth. To sustain innovation attracting and retaining human capital is believed a crucial role. Firms want to reap the benefits from skilled labor pool.Places with greater number of highly educated people grow faster and better able to attract more talent. There are three linkages between human capital and regional growth. Firstly, concentration of creative and highly educated people through accumulation of knowledge and productivity in existing firms. Human capital enables both product and process innovations. Second explanation is related to inter firm dynamics. Highly human capital endowed people rapidly adapt new ideas and technologies; therefore industrial shift in these human capital endowed regions is rather easier. Not only they succeed in existing mature firms, but also they start new enterprises, thus contribute into economic activity. This linkage is called reinvention view of human capital. Third explanation is about consumption patterns of educated people. Human capital causes growth by spending effect. Since they have higher incomes, they spend much on leisure activities like bars, restaurants and theatres. Their spending habits create employment for the unskilled. In this paper we will test the relationship between the human capital endowment of the regions and determinants of its regional distribution. Job opportunities, regional amenities and diversity can affect the distribution of human capital. Keywords: Regional development, human capital, location choice 154 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1. INTRODUCTION Economists have been trying to exploring the sources of the “wealth of the nations”. When the economic structure shifts, the patterns of development also changes. In the last fifty years factor accumulation models shifted to factor efficiency and factor specialization models. One of the changing patterns is replacement of labor accumulation to human capital based explanations. Another shift is from nationwide policies to regional policies. Therefore human capital and regional development attracts attention in recent years. Regional growth contributes into nation’s development by causing externalities and spreads to neighbor regions. The conventional view of regional growth asserts that places develop because they are located on transportation routes or because they have endowments of natural resources that firms benefit. This cost based advantages attract investment and regional growth occurs. Public policy makers decide tax breaks and infrastructure investments considering this approach. However cost based factors no longer key to development. (Florida, 2004) Proponents of human capital theory states that key source of the regional growth is talented people who brings productivity and externalities. Where talented people concentrate, human capital accumulates. If talented people cluster in a region, then firms follow talent and invest in that region. These places with higher human capital grow faster than those have lower human capital endowment. If the human capital is determinant of growth, then distribution of human capital affects the regional differences. Then the question is “what factors affect the location decisions of the talent?” There are different answers. One explanation is that presence of educational institutions in a region increases the region’s human capital accumulation. Another explanation emphasizes the role of amenities. Third explanation is that talented people appreciate diversity and tolerance, so the most diverse cities or regions attract talented workforce. In this paper we test effect of amenities, universities and diversity on the uneven distribution of human capital with using Turkish regional data. 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. Human Capital and Regional Development In the economic growth literature many scholars arrive at the conclusion that talented people are motor of the economic growth at national level. (Romer, 1986; Lucas, 1988; Barro, 1991; Simon and Nardinelli, 1996) Intuitively there must be a relationship between existence of talented people and regional growth. Many studies confirms that endowment of talent positively affect regional growth. (Ullman, 1958; Jacobs, 1961; Andersson, 1985; Glaeser, 2000; Florida,2004) Human capital is defined by the as the knowledge, skills, competencies and attributes embodied in individuals that facilitate the creation of personal, social and economic wellbeing. (OECD,2007) Skills and competences can be acquired by education, experience and learning by doing. The most frequent used proxy for the human capital is educational level. People who has bachelor’s degree and above areusually accepted as measure of human capital. Traditional regional growth and location choice theories are based on material conditions like availability of inputs, low cost of inputs, tax advantages and low wages of labor. Firms choose their locations by examining these cost related factors. When firms invest in a region, then 155 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo production and income of that region increase. This process results in employment growth and economic development. Thus traditional approaches implicitly assume that people follow jobs while deciding where to live. However proponents of human capital theory state that jobs follow people. Regional growth lies not in reducing the cost of doing business, but it endowments of highly educated and productive people. Clustering people is more important for economic success than the clustering of companies. Florida (2004) summarizes several explanations for regional growth. The conventional enterprise driven view is that regional growth comes from attracting companies or building clusters of industries. Social capital theory which is coined by Putnam (2000) states that economic growth is an outcome of social cohesion, trust and community relations. The human capital theory advanced by economists Robert Lucas and Edward Glaeser says that concentrations of educated people drive regional growth. Florida(2002, 2004) proposes creative class that is refined theory of human capital, is the determinant of regional growth. Creative class is occupational definition of talent which describes the labor force creating new forms. Scientists, engineers, university professors, poets, artists and professionals working in knowledge based industries. Florida articulates that talent, tolerance and technology are necessarily components of regional growth. Presence of one component is necessary but not sufficient. Marshall and Porter(1990, 2000) are proponents of firm driven regional growth view. Marshall argued that firms cluster in agglomerations to benefit from productive efficiencies. Porter (2000) sees firm clusters are drivers of regional competitiveness via increasing productivity and innovation. According to Florida (2004) the main driver of clustering is people. Companies cluster in specific regions because they want to employ talented people who bring innovation and economic growth. Florida (2004) advanced the view of competitive advantage by reinventing its pattern. In the creative economy, source of competitive advantage is “rapidly mobilize talent”. Thus Florida(2004) attributes the idea that talent is not a fixed stock, it easily flows from place to place. An alternative view is social capital theory which is put forward by Robert Putnam. Putnam and others explain the success of clusters like Silicon Valley due to the networks among people and firms constitute a form of social capital. Florida refutes this view, because of the loose ties between people and social diversity. His qualitative research reveal that people do not desire the strong ties and long term commitments. Mercan and Halici (2005) argue that social capital is an attraction factor for location planning of companies. A firm can choose to locate a plant in new geographic region not only due to reduce distribution costs, but also to create cultural ties between the firm and local community. Mercan and Halici(2005) propose the idea that people do not follow jobs; jobs follow people and communities. Human capital theory of regional development attributes talented people is key to regional development. According to proponents of theory clustering of human capital is more important than clustering of companies. Jacobs proposes that economic growth of cities depend on their success to attract creative people. Lucas emphasizes productivity effects that come from the clustering of human capital as the critical factor in regional economic growth, referring to this as a “Jane Jacobs” externality. Florida (2004) mentions the empirical contributions of Glaeser and Beeson. Glaeser and his collaborators empirically proved that human capital is center for economic growth. They found that clustering of human capital is ultimate cause of regional agglomeration of firms. Beeson found that investments in higher education are outperformed investment in physical infrastructure like canals, railroads and highways. 156 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo There are three linkages between human capital and regional growth. Firstly, concentration of creative and highly educated people through accumulation of knowledge and productivity in existing firms. Human capital enables both product and process innovations. Second explanation is related to inter firm dynamics. Highly human capital endowed people rapidly adapt new ideas and technologies; therefore industrial shift in these human capital endowed regions is rather easier. Not only they succeed in existing mature firms, but also they start new enterprises, thus contribute into economic activity. This linkage is called reinvention view of human capital. Third explanation is about consumption patterns of educated people. Human capital causes growth by spending effect. Since they have higher incomes, they spend much on leisure activities like bars, restaurants and theatres. Their spending habits create employment for the unskilled. (Marlet, Woerkens, 2007) Marlet and Woerkens (2004) showed that human capital measure and creative class measure significantly contribute into employment growth in Dutch cities. 2.2. Regional Distributionof Human Capital Human capital is distributed unevenly among regions. There are three main explanations of this uneven distribution. Florida et al (2008) explains three approaches. The first approach offered by Glaeser and his collaborators (2001) is that human capital builds off itself. Presence of major universities cause high human capital endowment.(Florida, Mellander, & Stolarick, 2008: 619) Florida et al (2008) refutes the idea that the distribution of education and skill are coincident with the distribution ofuniversities. While some regions with great universities have large concentrations oftalent, others operate mainly in the production of human capital, serving as exportersof highly educated people to other regions. This is a result of the increased mobility ofhighly skilled and educated people within countries and even across borders. However,even if region has good educational institutions, it is no guarantee it can hold on to itseducated and skilled people. The second approach is emphasizes the role of amenities in attracting human capital. Natural amenities, night life, entertainment are the factors that attract educated people. Glaeser et al (2001) and Florida (2004) sees amenities as an important determinant. Florida (2004:225) articulates that: “People today expect more from the places they live. In the past, many were content to work in one place and vacation somewhere else, while frequently getting away for weekends to ski, enjoy a day in the country or sample nightlife and culture in another city. The idea seemed to be that some places are for making money and others are for fun. This is no longer sufficient. The sociologists Richard Lloyd and Terry Nichols Clark of the University of Chicago note that “workers in the elite sectors of the postindustrial city make ‘quality of life’ demands, and…increasingly act like tourists in their own city.” Besides hard factors such as wages, employment opportunities; regional amenities gain increasing importance, at least in developed countries. Cultural amenities such as entertainment life and quality of regional consumer’s services can make the region preferable. Florida et al (2008) tested the role of amenities in attracting human capital, creative class and generating regional growth for Sweden. Diversity of consumer services is taken as proxy for amenities. The amenities are found significant for creative class, but not significant for human capital. 157 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Marlet and Woerkens (2005) study the attraction factors of Dutch cities. They try to find the relationship between jobs, tolerance, amenities, aesthetics and creative class in line with Florida’s theory. Aesthetics, measured by the environmental beauty and historic buildings, play an important role. Cultures amenities are another factor of attraction. Cultural amenities are live performances per thousand population and number of pubs per thousand population are positively significant.As a hard factor job opportunity play an important role. Third approach tolerance and openness to diversity are critical determinants of talented people’s place choice. Tolerance provides a free atmosphere for an individual, either freedom of express or freedom of living lifestyle. Diversity is a signal of low barriers to enter into labor force, for instance less affirmative action. Jacobs (1961) emphasized the diversity of people contributes economic growth of cities, with the diversity of industries. Immigrants transfer different skills and knowledge to the city or region. Florida further explains the importance of diversity for creative people: Like the diverse workplace, a diverse community is a sign of a place open to outsiders. And just as domestic partner benefits convey that a potential employer is open and tolerant, places with a visible gay presence convey the same kind of signal. Some said they oriented their location search to such places, even though they are not gay themselves. Others actively sought out gay neighborhoods for their amenities, energy, safety and sense of community. Younger women in particular said they liked to live in gay neighborhoods because they are “safe.” As with employers, visible diversity serves as a signal that a community embraces the open meritocratic values of the Creative Age.(Florida, 2004:227) The explanation above stresses superiority of meritocratic values to identities. When meritocratic principles come first, various talents benefit from this values and labor allocation becomes more efficient. Diversity also means “excitement” and “energy.” Creative-minded people enjoy a mix of influences. They want to hear different kinds of music and try different kinds of food. They want to meet and socialize with people unlike themselves, to trade views and spar over issues. A person’s circle of closest friends may not resemble the Rainbow Coalition—in fact it usually does not—but he or she wants the rainbow to be available. (Florida, 2004:227) Florida(2004) emphasizes the social aspect of diversity. Creative and educated people have less prejudices and social exclusion affect decreases. Florida et al (2008) finds that tolerance, measured by gay and bohemian index, plays an important role in regional development in Sweden. Correlation between tolerance and human capital is found high. Marlet and Woerkens(2005) found that tolerance and openness have not effect on distribution of Dutch creative class. In another study, Marlet and Woerkens (2007) , the tolerance creative class nexus is failed for the Netherlands. 3. DATA AND METHODOLOGY 3.1. Data and Variables Regional distribution of human capital is uneven among Turkish regions. We search on 81 Turkish regions which are called provinces. Provinces are public administrative units; each has one core city and its periphery (towns, and rural areas). The data are extracted from TURKSTAT Regional Statistics Database. 158 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.1. Variables and their definitions Variables Definition TALENT Share of adult population with a BA degree and above ALUMNI Share of newly graduated student in adult population MOVIES Number of movie performances per thousand adult population COMPANY Number of newly established companies per thousand population HOUSES Number of newly built houses per thousand population DIVERSITY Sum of incoming immigrant and university students per thousand population The dependent variable TALENTis the conventional measure of human capital. It is the share of people who has tertiary degree in adult population, older than age of 20. It is because the university graduates are mostly older than 20. We observed talent variable for three years period, from 2009 to 2011. Figure.1.Most talent intensive provinces Figure.1. illustrates the ten most talent intensive provinces. The capital of the Turkey, not surprisingly, ranks first. Ankara. % 16 of Ankara’s over 20 age population has a tertiary degree. Ankara provides range of public job opportunities for the talented people. Izmir comes second. Izmir is known as free lifestyle city in Turkey. It has a warm climate and sound industry. Eskisehir is famous as a student city. It has diversity and open city. Eskisehir shares some cultural similarities with Izmir. The largest metropolis of the country, Istanbul 159 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo comes forth. Provinces Antalya and Mugla are well-known with their tourism industry. They have natural amenities. Figure.2. Change in Talent (2008-2011) Figure.2. presents change in talent stock of the provinces. In three years, from 2008 to 2011 Eskisehir has added 2.55 percentage points on its talent pool. Figure.2. shows a different picture, because some provinces improve their talent pool faster than major cities. Dependent variable talent distributes uneven among provinces. Independent variables are potential explanatories of distribution of talent. In line with Glaeser et al (2001) argument, we consider the presence of universities and number of graduated students in a specific period. The variableALUMNI isa proxyof university effect on human capital. When students stay in that region after graduation, we expect a strong correlation between ALUMNI and TALENT.Intuitively the newly graduates will have positive effect on human capital. We allow one year decision lag, so the period observed for the alumni is 2008-2010. Second independent variable MOVIES is a proxy for cultural amenities. Marlet and Woerkens (2007) used live theatre performances per thousand people as a cultural amenity. However live theatre performances data do not exist or are unavailable for Turkish regions. We take annual movies performances in the movies theatres. The movies data is also taken for the period 2008-2010, considering information and decision lag. The variable COMPANY is selected to explore the role of job opportunities. COMPANY shows the number of newly established companies per thousand adult populations. Considering Turkey is a developing country, employment opportunities for the talented people matter as well. We expect a positive and strong relationship between COMPANY and TALENT variables. The observed period is between 2008 and 2010. Following Marlet and Woerkens (2004) we take the variable HOUSES as an life quality variable. More newly built houses means a deep housing market and more quality and rent choices. Number of newly built houses can affect the distribution of human capital. The period for the houses is from 2008 to 2010. Fifth independent variable is a measure of diversity and openness. Florida (2004, 2008) put a special emphasis on role of diversity. A diversity measure can be racial, ethnical, religious, 160 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo gender tendency (being gay). Because the data on ethnical diversity or religious diversity are unavailable, we take the number of immigrants as proxy of diversity. If a place attracts more people, it can be inferred that the place is open and it has low barriers to labor entrance. In order to develop a diversity measure, we add number of immigrants to number current university students. Many students move to other cities for university education for four years. They enjoy an independent life in the university city. This free life brings lifestyle diversity. Students can change the atmosphere of city, because they lead an open atmosphere. 3.2. Method and Results We run pooled OLS regressions on Turkey’s 81 provinces with taking 2008-2010 periods. Thus we have 81 cross sections for the 3 years period. When we look at the correlations between variables, HOUSES, MOVIES and COMPANY have relatively high correlation with TALENT variable. Correlation between HOUSES and TALENT is 52 %, between MOVIES and TALENT is 51 %, between COMPANY and TALENT is 53 %. TALENT and ALUMNI are weakly correlated, and there is a negative 5 % correlation between DIVERSITY and TALENT. Table.2. summarizes the correlations among the variables. Table.2. Correlation Matrix TALENT 1.0000 TALENT 0.2772 ALUMNI 0.5140 MOVIES 0.5329 COMPANY 0.5212 HOUSES -0.0527 DİVERSITY ALUMNI MOVIES 1.0000 0.2445 0.0161 0.6095 0.0076 1.0000 0.4000 0.3427 -0.1925 COMPANY HOUSES 1.0000 0.2405 -0.0705 1.0000 0.0177 DİVERSITY 1.0000 Pooled OLS regression results exhibit that the independent variables are statistically significant except the diversity measure. The estimation and estimated parameters are robust and the R2 is 57 %. The estimation results are presented in table.3. All of the explanatory variables have expected signs and MOVIES, ALUMNI, HOUSES, COMPANY are significant at 1 % level. Thus null hypothesis is rejected for these four variables. Job opportunities have significantly positive effect on spatial distribution of talent. Each newly opened company cause an average 2.26 (per thousand) point increase in TALENT. Presence of universities, ALUMNI has a positive effect on formation of talent. MOVIES variable and HOUSES variables also contribute into the attraction of educated people. We cannot reject the hypothesis that DIVERSITY has no effect on spatial distribution of talent. DIVERSITY has right expected positive sign but it is insignificant. Table.3. Estimation Results Dependent Variable: TALENT Expected Sign Coefficient p Value CONSTANT + 28.5913*** 0.0000 ALUMNI + 1.3146*** 0.0000 161 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo MOVIES + 1.4060*** 0.0000 COMPANY + 2.62258*** 0.0000 HOUSES + 0.8257*** 0.0000 DIVERSITY + 0.0403 0.4705 R2 = 0.5709 *** The coefficients are significant at 1 % level. 4. CONCLUSION Our findings are consistent with the universities hypothesis and amenities approach, but observations do not support diversity hypothesis of Richard Florida. Distribution of talent among Turkish provinces is affected by job opportunities, presence of university in that province, cultural amenities and housing. Diversity measure is not a factor for educated people’s location choice in Turkey. Here there can be two explanations. First our diversity measure is inadequate for uncovering talent’s tendency for tolerance. Diversity measure is composed of number of students in that province and incoming migration rate. Migration may not cause diversity, because it can have tendency to cluster of similarities. Second, because Turkey is not an advanced country like Sweden and Netherlands, priorities of the talented can be different. Job opportunities and living conditions may dominate the soft factors. REFERENCES Andersson, A . E. (1985a) Creativity and regional development. Papers of the Regional Science Association, 56: 5–20. Barro, R. J. (1991) Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2): 407–443. Florida, R. (2002)The Rise of the Creative Class. New York: Basic Books Florida, R., Mellander, C., & Stolarick, K. (2008). Inside the black box of regional development—human capital, the creative class and tolerance. Journal of Economic Geography, 8(5), 615–649. Glaeser, E. L. (2000) The new economics of urban and regional growth. In C. Gordon,G. Meric, M. Feldman (eds)The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 83–98. Glaeser, E. L., Kolko, J., Saiz, A. (2001) Consumer city. Journal of Economic Geography, 1:27–50. Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House Lucas, R. (1988) On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22: 3–42. Marlet, G. and van Woerkens, C. (2004). Skills and Creativity in a Cross-section of Dutch Cities, Utrecht School of Economics Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute, Research papers, nr: 04-29 162 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Marlet, G. and van Woerkens, C. (2005). Tolerance, aesthetics, amenities or jobs? Tolerance, aesthetics, amenities or jobs? Dutch city attraction to the creative class. Utrecht School of Economics Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute Discussion Paper Series 05-33 Marlet, G. and van Woerkens, C. (2007). The Dutch creative class and how it fosters urban employment growth. Urban Studies, 44: 2605-2626 Mercan, B. and Halici N.S. (2005). Social capital as a soft factor in facility location planning. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 2007; 1(1):36-43 OECD, 2007, OECD Insights, Human Capital, Last Accessed on April 11, 2012 from www.oecd.org/insights/humancapital. Porter, M. E. (1990), The Competitive Advantages of Nations, Harvard Business Review, March-April, No:2 Porter, M. (2000). Location, Competition and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy, Economic Development Quarterly, 14 (1), 15-34 Romer, P. M. (1986).Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 90:1002–1037. Simon, C. and Nardinelli, C. (1996) The talk of the town: human capital, informationand the growth of English cities, 1861–1961. Explorations in Economic History, 33(3):384–413. Ullman, E. L. (1958) Regional development and the geography of concentration.Papers andproceedings of the Regional Science Association, 4: 179–198. Last Accessed on April 18, 2012 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1958.tb01629.x/abstract Practice Of Insurance In Turkey Süleyman Uyar1,Hilal Ilgin Uyar2 1 Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, 2Akdeniz University, ALTSO Vocational Scholl E-mails: suyar@akdeniz.edu.tr, hilaluyar@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract The main purpose of this study is explaining the development of insurance sector in Turkey. There is no question of insurance before second period of nineteenth century in Turkey. In Ottoman period, some trade unions were founded with the aim of providing assistance and making restitution to people in various Anatolian villages. These trade unions helped members in case of death and illness. Nevertheless, social characteristics, religious environments and financial system of ottoman society prevented developments of insurance. Resultant fire and it’s great damage in second period of nineteenth century reduced negative judgment concerning insurance. First insurance firms were opened by English insurance companies in 1872. Afterwards, corporations from France, Germany, Italy and Swiss 163 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1292 Title A name given to the resource Distrubution Of Human Capital: A Study On Turkish Regions Author Author Zekeriya , Mizirak Abstract A summary of the resource. Firms’ location choice causes regional economic differences. The conventional view of firms’ location relies on cost-related factors such as tax breaks and subsidies. Human capital theory of regional development asserts that people are the motor force behind the regional growth. According to proponents of the human capital theory, regional growth is driven by endowments of highly educated and productive people instead of reducing costs of business or low costs of resources. In a world in which people are highly mobile, human capital is not a given endowment. Under the new regime of geography in which jobs follow labor instead of labor force follows jobs, wherever intelligence clusters evolve, so too will wealth accumulate. Firstly, Jacobs attracted attention to the ability of cities to attract creative people and thus spur economic growth. To sustain innovation attracting and retaining human capital is believed a crucial role. Firms want to reap the benefits from skilled labor pool.Places with greater number of highly educated people grow faster and better able to attract more talent. There are three linkages between human capital and regional growth. Firstly, concentration of creative and highly educated people through accumulation of knowledge and productivity in existing firms. Human capital enables both product and process innovations. Second explanation is related to inter firm dynamics. Highly human capital endowed people rapidly adapt new ideas and technologies; therefore industrial shift in these human capital endowed regions is rather easier. Not only they succeed in existing mature firms, but also they start new enterprises, thus contribute into economic activity. This linkage is called reinvention view of human capital. Third explanation is about consumption patterns of educated people. Human capital causes growth by spending effect. Since they have higher incomes, they spend much on leisure activities like bars, restaurants and theatres. Their spending habits create employment for the unskilled. In this paper we will test the relationship between the human capital endowment of the regions and determinants of its regional distribution. Job opportunities, regional amenities and diversity can affect the distribution of human capital. Keywords: Regional development, human capital, location choice Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance