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Last Accessed on April 18, 2012 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1958.tb01629.x/abstract Practice Of Insurance In Turkey Süleyman Uyar1,Hilal Ilgin Uyar2 1 Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, 2Akdeniz University, ALTSO Vocational Scholl E-mails: suyar@akdeniz.edu.tr, hilaluyar@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract The main purpose of this study is explaining the development of insurance sector in Turkey. There is no question of insurance before second period of nineteenth century in Turkey. In Ottoman period, some trade unions were founded with the aim of providing assistance and making restitution to people in various Anatolian villages. These trade unions helped members in case of death and illness. Nevertheless, social characteristics, religious environments and financial system of ottoman society prevented developments of insurance. Resultant fire and it’s great damage in second period of nineteenth century reduced negative judgment concerning insurance. First insurance firms were opened by English insurance companies in 1872. Afterwards, corporations from France, Germany, Italy and Swiss 163 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo followed its. Ottoman Generally Insurance Incorporation begun to serve as a first domestic insurance company in 1893. In the present day, types of insurance in Turkey are engineering insurances, healthy insurances, accident insurances, fire insurances, mandatory earthquake insurances, life insurances, agriculture insurances and transportation insurances. There are number of 59 insurances companies and a number of Reassurance Company which engaged in as of the date of August 2011. Seven of them serve on healthy, sixteenth of them serve healthy/retirement and thirty sixteenth of them serve on except for healthy. Keywords: Insurance, Types of Insurance, 1.INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF INSURANCE IN TURKEY Insurance in Turkey began in the late nineteenth century. In providing the major advances in the field of insurance in Europe, consisting of interest and people are considered sin (haram) because they are fatalistic in the face of disaster insurance for many years during the Ottoman Empire had been stayed away. Insurance against the initial interest from June 5, 1870 after the fire started in the Beyoglu district of Istanbul (Özbolat, 2010: 31-37). British insurance companies in 1872, opened representations in Turkey started the first insurance activities. French companies in 1878 after the British, then German, Italian, Swiss and insurance activities of countries such as insurance companies began to expand (http://www.tsrsb.org.tr/sayfa/turkiyede-sigortacilik, 2012). The majority of insurance companies operating in this period without official permission from the state, unlicensed activity. Many insurance companies had not been validated by his own country (Kahya, 2007: 38-46). Initiated the establishment of the progress and development in all areas of the Republic's move, the insurance industry also has its share. In 1924 it became compulsory for the use of Turkish in Turkey. This arrangement was terminated due to the policies in English and French. April 1, 1925 by the Bank in Turkey Business, "Anatolian Turkish Insurance Joint Stock Company" was established. (Özbolat, 2010: 39). In 1929 the "National Reinsurance" was commissioned from the date of the reinsurance monopoly in Turkey has started. A portion of the premiums they collect all domestic and foreign insurance companies were forced to hand over national reinsurance. National Reinsurance draws a variety of reactions in the past to prevent abuses, such as making timely payments and the elimination of unfair competition aspects have played a positive role in the development of the Turkish insurance plans and increased public confidence in insurance. (http://www.tsrsb.org.tr/sayfa/turkiyedesigortacilik, 2012). Insurance Supervision Law No. 7397 came into force in 1959. Between 1968-1984 were not allowed the establishment of the insurance company. Liberalization of the insurance industry started to work since the 1980s, has become a more free market entry and exit, tried to take measures to strengthen financial structure. Following permission granted for the establishment of new insurance companies have increased rapidly in the number of companies. The Undersecretaries of Treasury and Foreign Trade provide duties and responsibilities of the insurance services. Law No 4059 dated 09/12/1994 with the Undersecretaries of Treasury General Directorate of Insurance Organization was established. Treasury unit within the insurance industry is regulated and supervised by these two units. Individual Pension Savings and Investment Law in 2001, was adopted (http://www.segem.org.tr/2009AcenteDersNotlari.pdf, 2012). 164 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Following the 1999 earthquake in Turkey in 2000 for living quarters, "Compulsory Earthquake Insurance-CEI" has been applied. Earthquake insurance pool for a period of five years of management experience in this regard is the National Reinsurance Trade Joint Stock Company. No. 5363 on 14 June 2005, "Agricultural Insurance Law" issued and Agriculture Insurance Pool established under this law. Regulation published in the Official Gazette No. 26 962 Insurance Information Center was established on August 9, 2008. Insurance Information Center established within the sub-information centers, Insurance Information Center, Health Insurance Information Center, Life Insurance Information Center and the Insurance Damage Management Center. As of August 2011 in Turkey, a total of 59 insurance and reinsurance company has been active. This is one of 53 private insurance companies, 6 of them out of public companies and 44 foreign associates in the company established in Turkey (http://www.tsrsb.org.tr/sayfa/turkiyede-sigortacilik, 2012). Insurance practices in Turkey, non-life insurance, life insurance and pension system can be considered in three main chapters. 2.NON-LIFE INSURANCE Is it possible to group the various types of non-life insurance? Basically, this group is not related to human life and major types of insurance; Fire Insurance, Accident Insurance, Engineering Insurance, Marine Insurance, Agricultural Insurance, Health Insurance, Credit Insurance and Earthquake Insurance. Non-life insurers in the table below shows statistical information as of February 2012. Table 1: Non-Life Insurance Policy Number SUBSPECIALTY TOTAL NUMBER OF POLICY Accident 1.503.691 Disease / Health 832.837 Motor Vehicles 705.130 Rail Vehicles 14 Aircraft Boat 160 Water Utilities 1.670 Transportation 225.815 Fire and Natural Disasters 1.555.688 General Damages 525.949 Motor Vehicles Liability 2.227.238 Aircraft Financial Liability 56 Boat Liability 1 General Liability 88.548 Credit 134 Fidelity 1.721 Financial Losses 52.436 legal Protection 213.608 TOTAL 7.934.700 Source: (http://www.tsrsb.org.tr/sayfa/2012-yili-istatistikleri-subat, 2012). 165 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.1.Fire Insurance Fire insurance, private or commercial purposes that occur in buildings of all kinds used in the fire, lightning and physical damage caused by the explosion, guaranteeing insurance. In addition, in order to extinguish a fire occurring in interference resulting from physical damage, the fuse is included (Tanrıver A). The following risks with a guarantee additional to the standard fire policy is guaranteed; strike, lockout, disorder, riots, malicious acts, terrorism, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, storms, snow weight, flood or flood, landslide, internal water and land, air and sea vehicles hitting the insured asset. However, war, civil war, revolution, rebellion, insurrection, and damages caused by military actions required of them, any losses occurring in the nuclear fuel out of the insurance guarantee (Aksak, : 28-29). 2.2. Accident Insurance Accident insurance, the insured suffered an accident, depending on the type of insurance in order to meet the physical and material damage (Çipil, 2008: 82). Accident insurance in Turkey, which in practice are included in the major types of insurance (Çetin, 2010: 13):    Auto Accident Insurance Types: Collision Damage Waiver Insurance, Compulsory Motor Third Party Liability Insurance, Voluntary Third Party Liability Insurance, Compulsory Land Transportation Liability Insurance, Bus Insurance Compulsory Seat, School Service Vehicle Insurance, Green Card Insurance Miscellanous Accident Insurance Types: Theft Insurance, Plate Glass Insurance and Personal Accident Insurance. Miscellanous Types of Liability Insurance: Employers Liability Insurance, Elevator Liability Insurance, Compulsory Liability Insurance for Hazardous Substances, Bottled gas Compulsory Liability Insurance, Product Liability Insurance, Liability Insurance for Educational Institutions, Service Station, Workshop, Gas Station, Garage and Parking Liability Insurance, Hotel Liability Insurance, Billboards Liability Insurance, Private Security Liability Insurance, Aviation and Related Liability Insurance and Professional Liability Insurance. 2.3. Engineering Insurance Engineering insurance is the most important feature of the application to the same in all countries of the world. Engineering insurance applications, Machinery Breakdown Insurance, Installation Insurance, Construction Insurance and Electronic Equipment Insurance is divided into four groups (Tanrıver, 2006: 14)   Machinery Breakdown Insurance: Insurance coverage for losses would cause immediate damage to the bottom of the machine which will consist of one type of property insurance. This type of insurance when working with machinery and plants normally occurring in the trial stage and after the required financial loss and damages cover the cost of repair and renovation (Duygulu, 2011: 43-44). Installation Insurance: Insurance while at the assembly site of what if any damage to occur. The period of the guarantee, is discharged from the moment of the installation site specified in the policy starts and ends with the expiry date of installation. Main 166 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo   guarantees; all kinds of natural disasters, fire, theft, sabotage, aircraft shock, poor workmanship, incompetence, negligence and human errors (Özbolat, 2010: 288-291). Construction Insurance: This insurance, which are the subject of values used in the construction field, while in case of any damages (Karcı, 2008: 37). Duration of construction insurance, construction, start digging the land, the key will continue until the date of delivery. During this period, structure, damages resulting from the machines and facilities covered by insurance (Güvel and Güvel, 2008: 136). Electronic Equipment Insurance: This insurance type of electronic machinery, equipment or data processing systems used in case of damage to normal when working with any (Karcı, 2008: 32-23). 2.4. Transport Insurance Transport Insurance; all kinds of goods or securities, a place to another during the transportation of a transportation vehicle is used against various dangers that may arise (http://megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/modul_pdf/343FBS010.pdf, 2012). Transport insurance of the vehicles (automobile insurance) as well as goods transported (cargo insurance) may be. Automobile insurance is insurance for motor vehicles. Shipping insurance is an insurance for legal protection for the goods carried. (Güvel and Güvel, 2008: 126). Transport Insurance in general, commodity insurance, asset insurance, boat insurance, freight insurance, boat insurance and liability insurance and construction can be examined under the headings (Kılıç, 2006: 58). 2.5. Agricultural Insurance State's agricultural insurance in Turkey started in 2005. Agricultural insurance organization directed and carried out by a tripartite structure. Accordingly, the functioning of the insurance company founded by sixteen of the top companies performed through Agricultural Insurance Pool Management. In addition to the premium contribution of the State is responsible for auditing and legal framework. In practice, insurance companies sell policies to farmers are obliged to receive the premium for each policy they sell (Çetin, 2007: 30-31). State-supported agricultural insurance types, vegetable crop insurance, greenhouse insurance, pet life insurance, poultry insurance, fisheries Insurance.     Crop Insurance: For herbal products, hail, storms, hurricanes, fire, earthquake, landslide, flood and inundation caused by risks such as loss of the amount covered by insurance. Greenhouse Insurance: For crops grown in the greenhouse is full of storms, hurricanes, fires, earthquakes, vehicle shock, landslides, and the weight of snow and hail, flood and inundation caused by risks such as loss of the amount covered by insurance. Livestock Insurance: Dairy cattle and beef cattle (male) for all kinds of animal diseases and pregnancy, childbirth or surgery, for any accidents, snake and insect bites, and food poisoning due to toxic pasture grasses, and the sun strikes all kinds of natural disasters, fire and explosion due to that occur, the risks of death and compulsory slaughter covered by insurance. Poultry Insurance: For poultry, all kinds of poultry animal diseases, all kinds of accidents and poisoning, all kinds of natural disasters, deaths that occur due to fire or explosion, killing and forced cuts forced the risks covered by insurance. 167 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  Fishery Products Insurance: Seas and inland waters and aquatic products are grown in aquaculture facilities, every kind of disease, growers outside the control of pollution and poisons, all kinds of natural disasters and accidents, and physical losses due to deaths that occurred in the stock of fishery products covered by insurance. 2.6.Health Insurance Generally, the state has provided to give additional security guarantees, to ensure better quality treatment facilities, health facilities, social insurance was established in order to cover areas not covered by private health insurance, has become widely used since 1991. Then the insurance application, especially with the group widened the scope of private sector enterprises (Metezade, 2001: 10-14. Tanrıver, 2006:10). Health insurance, life insurance separately or can be done by adding a form of insurance. Health insurance costs are paid mainly for treatment of all diseases. Health insurance is composed of inpatient and outpatient assurances (http://www.sigortam.net/saglik-sigortasi/saglik-sigortasi-hangi-riskleri-kapsar, 2012). Inpatient treatment, surgery, intensive care and birth in the hospital, such as paying the cost of all health care. In addition, inpatient chemotherapy treatment coverage, as well as other treatment methods includes angiography. A variety of inpatient and outpatient insurance costs (treatment, doctors, medicines and analysis, etc.) meets. 2.7.Credit Insurance Credit insurance; with activities such as export-import insurance, sales or service contract customers had sustained financial losses due to meet their obligations (Çetin, 2010: 16). Credit insurance is guaranteed by the following elements; bankruptcy, debt payable in respect of a decision by the court to be restrictive, weakness deducting debt payments, remains inconclusive follow-up conducted by the insurer, be declared bankrupt for debts, the buyer does not pay the price of goods or services agreed in the contract terms (http://www.tsrsb.org.tr/sayfa/kredi-borcun-odenmemesi, 2012). 2.8.Compulsory Earthquake Insurance Turkey geological, topographical and climatic features of the structure because of the large loss of life and property are one of the leading countries facing frequent natural disasters. Natural disasters in Turkey, which is effective in order of importance, are as follows: earthquakes, landslides, flash floods, rock falls, fires, avalanches, storms and movement of groundwater. Which occurred on August 17, 1999, and a huge loss of life and property after the Marmara earthquake that caused the public authorities of a number of precautions were taken to minimize earthquake losses. One of the most important of these measures on the Compulsory Earthquake Insurance arrangement (http://www.dask.gov.tr/100.html, 2012). According to the legal regulation, as a dwelling on the title deed registered and privately owned real estate loans made with buildings and dwellings were built within the scope of mandatory earthquake insurance. This material damages directly caused by the earthquake and earthquake insurance resulting from fire, explosion, tsunami, or damage will result in the shifting of the buildings 168 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo are secured by the insured (http://www.tsrsb.org.tr/sayfa/zorunlu-deprem-sigortasi-genelsartlari, 2012). The following figure shows by years in Turkey customs of compulsory earthquake insurance policy. As the figure shows the number of policies is increasing every day. Figure 1: Numbers by Year Compulsory Earthquake Insurance Policies Source: (http://www.dask.gov.tr/istatistik11.html, 2012) 3.LIFE INSURANCE Life Insurance, takes action to the risks might confront man throughout his life. For this reason, a branch of an insurance with many different types. Purpose of life insurance, under the name of the person evaluating a small insurance premium savings, in some cases may occur in life (such as death), to provide material support to his family. For this reason, life insurance will never be seen as an enrichment tool or a stock market event. In addition, both technically, and legally it is not possible to provide it as a life insurance (http://www.emeklilikvehayat.com/hayat-sigortalari.html, 2012). In other words, life insurance, to guarantee people's futures and their lives after the deaths of family members left behind in poverty, a savings to provide the opportunity to continue the process of falling (Yeter, 2006: 13). The purpose of the regulation of life insurance policies issued is protection of the rights and interests of life insurance, life insurance regulation and supervision, life insurance policies to determine tariffs, technical specifications, technical provisions, which may appear in response to what proportions of assets, profit share principles and procedures, announcements and advertisements about the relevant issues. In order to calculate the insurance premium for life 169 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo insurance for people of all ages used in the tables showing the possibilities of living and dying. Possibilities in these tables are created by taking into consideration the tariff formulas and these formulas with the help of the life insurance premiums are calculated. Premiums are calculated according to actuarial principles. In addition, these premiums are sufficient to meet the company's administrative and financial structure of the expenditure will be determined (Okunakul, 2005: 100). 5.23748 million life insurance policy as of February 2012, the number of pieces (http://www.tsrsb.org.tr/sayfa/2012-yili-istatistikleri-subat, 2012). Types of life insurance in Turkey are finding application area (İlgin Uyar, 2011: 31-33):      Cumulative Life Insurance: The person's loved ones by saving himself and his securing insurance policies because of the vital risks. Long Term Life Insurance: Death, like life, full and permanent disability against risks that can happen to people, provides long-term financial security. Insurance period is 220 years can be determined. Annual Life Insurance: Annual life insurance provides coverage only death. In the first years of the period of insurance, guarantee of death specified in the policy is paid if the insured person's death. At the end of one-year period, no payment will be made if the insured is alive. Insurance Education: Education insurance, in case of accident or illness as a result of the realization of the risks of disability or death of the child shall bear the cost of education. In addition, during the period of insurance provides financial security against the risk of disability. Group Life Insurance: Group Life Insurance, working under the umbrella of the same legal entity (to be at least 10 people and registration), or those that are involved in the legal personality of persons died during the period of insurance, accidental death, permanent disability in case of confrontation with any of the states, through their choice of insurance cost is life insurance that provides compensation. 4.PRIVATE PENSION SYSTEM Today, almost all countries there is a social security crisis. Although the difference in developed and developing countries, mainly prolongation of human life expectancy and aging population, births decline, asset-liability balance in favor of passive corruption, demographic changes, chronic unemployment, more expensive health services, social security systems due to increasing the personal needs of the economic crisis dragged on. As a result, the state budget subsidies for survival of the existing system while performing the reduction in pension contributions and social insurance and assistance to raise the retirement age is referenced in the various measures. However, in spite of everything leads to decrease in social security services provided to these negative people. Accordingly, one-legged addition to the social security regimes, the voluntary participation of employees and employees working mainly on the basis of additional qualified retirement funds from a regime that needed assistance. This is called the Private Pension System (İlgin Uyar, 2012: 31-32; Kayhan, 2007: 21). The private pension system during their active working life knowledge directs the long-term investment. Protect their income during retirement can be obtained so that the standard of living. People voluntarily participate in this system. Retirement income provided by the private pension system, social security system provides an additional income (İlgin Uyar, 2012: 34; Akpınar, 2007: 75). The system is capable of saving in general, in addressing the masses, and for them to lead a comfortable life during retirement savings is encouraging. The participant's savings claims, 170 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo risks and benefits are assessed in accordance with the method of funding. To my left until the participant enters the process is made for any insurance. May not be taken collectively are entitled to retirement savings. In the form of annuities available through the salary. In this case, the regular salary payments are translated into savings in the system. In addition, if the participant is exposed to the risk of disability itself, in the case of death of beneficiaries or legal heirs can take deposits (İlgin Uyar, 2011: 39; Uygun, 2006: 84). Gained in 2001 and started working at the legal basis of the private pension system, the number of participants, the certificate number and the total amount of investment towards increasing with each passing year has grown. For example, in 2044 the number of participants is 16.368 and number of certificates is 17.935. The amount invested is 6.230.861 TL. System development has grown with each passing day the number of participants as of April 2012 2.752.556 and 16.041.773.369 TL also increased the amount of funds. 4497 was the pension system, the number of winners. In the private pension system as of April 2012 the following table shows statistical information. Table 2: Main Indicators of Private Pension System Sector Total Number of Participants Fund Contribution Retired Number of Participants Amount (TL) Amount (TL) Participants 2.752.556 16.041.773.369 13.528.874.608 4.497 Source: (http://www.egm.org.tr/weblink/BESgostergeler.asp, 2012) To promote private pension system on behalf of employees that contribute to both the participants and also provided tax advantages to employers. Employers and employees shall not exceed 10% of the salary of the employee's gross income and corporate tax base can accelerate their contributions. In the normal taxation of savings into retirement income is the final stage (İlgin Uyar, 2011: 39; Arslan, 2006: 112). The private pension system created in a transparent structure. In this context, the contributions of participants in individual retirement accounts, returns and other information about their telephone, internet, electronic media, such as debit cards are able to follow. Acquisition of one's own self-knowledge, as well as information about their accounts and pension insurance companies in writing by the individual participants are sent to addresses (Paksu, 2007: 25). Participant, individual retirement account to another retirement savings company can request the transfer. For this purpose, the system must contribute at least 1 year. In addition, more than four times per year if the participant contribution retirement plan or alter the distribution of funds. Participants take their savings from the system at any time they wish without having to obtain the right to leave retirement. However, a long-term investment in the private pension system aims to, in case of early departure, participants are required to pay higher income tax withholding. There is no compulsion to stay in the system. Staying at least 10 years of pension system and to pay tuition during this period can be obtained as a result of the age of 56 to fill. Individual retirement age by 2025, 56 and than 60 for the subsequent years shall be applied as (Arslan, 2006: 112; Bağlan, 2006: 82; Ercan, 2006:117; İlgin Uyar, 2011: 40; Uralcan, 2005: 77). 171 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5.CONCLUSION Insurance in Turkey in the late nineteenth century, the Beyoglu district of Istanbul in June 5, 1870 after the great fire started. Initiated the establishment of the progress and development in all areas of the Republic's move, the insurance industry also has its share. As of August 2011 in Turkey, a total of 59 insurance and reinsurance company has been active. 53 One of these companies are private, one public company 6. Company established in Turkey as one of 44 insurance companies with foreign participation. Insurance practices in Turkey, non-life insurance, life insurance and pension system can be considered in three main chapters. Types of non-life insurance are fire insurance, accident insurance, engineering insurance, marine insurance, agricultural insurance, health insurance, credit insurance and earthquake insurance. Types of life insurance in force in Turkey are endowment life insurance, long-term life insurance, annual life insurance, education insurance and group life insurance. 5.23748 million Units as of February 2012, a total of life insurance made insurance policy. One-legged addition to the social security regimes, employee retirement benefit to employees that the voluntary participation of the private pension system is implemented and functioning. 2.752.556 as of April 2012 the number of participants in individual pension system, pension funds participants is 16.041.773.369 TL, 4.497 pension law, the number of the winning pieces of the system. The insurance sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in Turkey. 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UYGUN, Y., Individual pension Social Security System Position and Future, published the Master's Thesis, Marmara University, Institute of Banking and Insurance, Istanbul, 2006. YETER, D.. Estimated Life Insurance Demand Function in Turkey, Unpublished Master's Thesis, Gazi University, School of Social Sciences, Ankara, 2006 173 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1293 Title A name given to the resource Practice Of Insurance In Turkey Author Author Süleyman , Uyar Abstract A summary of the resource. The main purpose of this study is explaining the development of insurance sector in Turkey. There is no question of insurance before second period of nineteenth century in Turkey. In Ottoman period, some trade unions were founded with the aim of providing assistance and making restitution to people in various Anatolian villages. These trade unions helped members in case of death and illness. Nevertheless, social characteristics, religious environments and financial system of ottoman society prevented developments of insurance. Resultant fire and it’s great damage in second period of nineteenth century reduced negative judgment concerning insurance. First insurance firms were opened by English insurance companies in 1872. Afterwards, corporations from France, Germany, Italy and Swiss followed its. Ottoman Generally Insurance Incorporation begun to serve as a first domestic insurance company in 1893. In the present day, types of insurance in Turkey are engineering insurances, healthy insurances, accident insurances, fire insurances, mandatory earthquake insurances, life insurances, agriculture insurances and transportation insurances. There are number of 59 insurances companies and a number of Reassurance Company which engaged in as of the date of August 2011. Seven of them serve on healthy, sixteenth of them serve healthy/retirement and thirty sixteenth of them serve on except for healthy. Keywords: Insurance, Types of Insurance, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5ed2aacdae4ef5d7eb9ccd259b361a4d.pdf 5c1f9f8ca3b022445778d05f0bd3bb94 PDF Text Text An Application On Determining Of Optimum Local Transporting System At Adapazari City Taskin Kamil, Gumus Fatih1, Akaytay Ali2 1 Sakarya University, Business Faculty, , Sakarya, Turkey, 2Duzce University, Business Faculty, Duzce, Turkey E –mails: ktaskin@sakarya.edu.tr, fbgumus@sakarya.edu.tr, akaytay@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract Adapazarı Town is the management center of the Sakarya City and the biggest town of Sakarya. Transportation in Adapazarı City is being provided by Municipality buses, minibuses, shared taxi and special buses. This has been both caused a deepen conflict which is hard to be manage and intensive traffic problem. There is an intensive competition among the minibuses, shared taxi and special buses. This situation has been reflected to Municipality buses negatively. Additionaly, all passenger vehicles have been working with idle capacity. This means that there are lots of passenger vehicles which working with idle capacity and uncomfortable . We calculated these specialties of minibuses and shared taxies at this study at below;        Idle Capacities All expenditures Daily, monthly ann annual incomes Daily circle number Capacities at new model All expenditure at new model Daily, monthly ann annual incomes at new model At our model, minibuses and shared taxies have been combined and have gotten active on their new routes. At our model includes these profits;     The more relaxed traffic. The more suitable and comfortable passenger tranportation. The more profits level for minibuses and shared taxies. The less and fasten routes Keywords: Transporting, Optimum level, New Regulation, Optimum Capacity, Idle Capacity. 420 �1.THE AIM OF THE STUDY This application study was performed in Adapazarı city which is the central settlement unit of Sakarya metropolitan municipality. Our study focuses on cities’ transportation problem. Sakarya and its center Adapazarı cities are developing settlements units of Turkey. Sakarya and Adapazarı cities have increasing population number. These numbers are given at Table 1 at below: (http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakarya_(il)#N.C3.BCfus) TABLE 1: Population Numbers Of Sakarya And Adapazarı Cities. As it is seen at Table 1, Sakarya And Adapazarı Cities’ population numbers have been increasing along the years. In addition to this information, Sakarya cities’ economical weigh increased among the other cities of Turkey. Countries’ top ten cities’ export numbers are at Table 2 at below: (http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html) 421 Ranking City Export Total % 1. İstanbul 51.833.871 46,18 2. Bursa 10.927.885 9,73 3. Kocaeli 8.880.173 7,91 4. İzmir 7.201.910 6,41 5. Ankara 5.186.288 4,62 6. Gaziantep 3.887.663 3,46 7. Manisa 3.524.252 3,14 8. Denizli 2.143.886 1,91 �9. Hatay 1.732.129 1,54 10. Sakarya 1.665.431 1,48 TABLE 2 : Turkey’s Top Ten Export Totals According To Cities. As it seen Table 1, Sakarya has very important place and ranking in Countries’ economical performance. Sakarya made export 1.665.431 $ export in 2011 year and the share of this total in sum number is % 1,48. Table 1 and table 2 shows us Sakarya and Adapazarı cities are deveoloping cities in Turkey cities. This has been bringing more advantages. For example, a great number of big factories and small and medium sized factories have opened up to 2012. This situation accelerated especially at new millenium. Besides, there are lots of market and shopping center have been opened. These progresses brought some problem to Adapazarı city especially at transportation topic. Transportation in Adapazarı City is being provided by Municipality buses, minibuses, shared taxi and special buses. Nearly ten years ago, city is smaller than now and transportation was not big problem. After the earthquake in 1999, city was planned again and new settlement areas established which are far from the city nearly 20 kilometres. Some people chose to live around the city not in it. This situation caused the transportation problem because the city expanded the wide area after the earthquake. 4 transportation type is more excessive and complicated for the city. These transportation type’s routes have been crossed and this caused negative competion and discomfort in people. Because of these situations, we aimed to solve conflict and suggest a new plan for cities’ transportation system. The aimes of our study are determined in some titles. These are given at below:    If minibuses turns into buses, what is the new profit of the owner of the minibuses. Compare of buses and minibuses’ profit, expenses and incomes. If minibuses turn into buses, how many buses are sufficent for city transportation. 2.CURRENT SITUATION OF CITY TRANSPORTATION As it seen above, there are 4 alternatives for inner city transportation. These are Municipality buses, minibuses, shared taxi and special buses. Adapazarı city has not tramvay and metro line. Municipality buses, minibuses, shared taxi carry the passengers at inner city. Special buses carry the passengers from the out of the cıty to inner city. In recent years, special buses having kart54 have been carriying passsengers at inner city. Minibuses and shared taxies have dominated to transportation system of the city. There are 416 minibuses and 320 shared taxies on the road. In one year, Sakarya metropolitan municipality sold some long buses having more share in transportation. In addition to this, Sakarya metropolitan municipality has been put pressure on minibus owner about buying new 422 �and long buses. Because minibuses and shared taxies cause traffic stir and have not modern and comfortable environment. Minibuses are 14 peoples capacity and shared taxies are 7 peoples capacity. Because of capacity problem and comfortable inner design, turning into buses is inevitable situation for these vehicles. This means that minibuses and shared taxies are inadequate for cities’ transportation especially for recent years. 3.MINIBUS TRANSPORTATION 416 minibuses have been carrying passengers at 13 different stations. Some stations have different subline. Other specialities of minibuses are at below;          Total market price of minibuses is 87.000.000 million US$ It constitutes of 13 stations and 27 subline. Nearly 90.606 passengers are being carried by minibuses in a day. Nearly 33.070.030 passengers are being carried by minibuses in a year. All minibuses are turning around the World 2,25 times in a day. 37.797.740 km have been taken by minibuses in a year. 3.403.586 liter diesel have been consumed by minibuses. This makes 13.614.344 Turkish Liras expenditures. Nearly every lines have been crossed with ather vehicles lines. Some minibuses’ line price is higher than others because of profit level of their line. 4.METHODOLOGY We traveled all stations to reach our studies goals. We got some information about minibüs station and their feattures. Some station information and getting methods have been given at below:        423 Ticket price is taken by station officer. Ticket prices are different at student and civil person. In addition to this, these prices are different at different stataions. Passenger number carried by minibuses are calculated in minibuses by pollster. How many student and civil person are being carried by minibüs calculated separetaly. This calculated in accordance with morning, noon, evening timezones, summer and other seasons at the same time. Every replacement parts of minibus and buses were taken by oto markets. Line lenght of every line calculated in minibüs. The last 3 minibuses selling prices were taken from each stations. Departure time of minibuses were calculated at every station at the base on timezones ( Morning, noon and evening). Circuit time of line were calculated at every station in minibus. �5.FINANCIAL COMPARANCE OF EACH LINE OF MINIBUSES In this section, we showed line price, profit of the line and amortisation time at one figure. In according to figure 1, line price, profit of the line and amortisation time are compliant with each other. The most profited line has the most priced minibuses. At the most profited line, amortisation time is the smallest. FIGURE 1: Lıne Price, Profit Of The Line And Amortisatıon Time At Stations. 6. CONNECTION BETWEEN LINE PRICES AND PASSENGER NUMBERS We showed that is there any connection line prices and passenger number carrying in a line at below. In accordance with the figüre 2, line prices and passenger number carrying in a line are compliant with each other. The more passenger are being carried in a line, the more price of line is higher. 424 �FIGURE 2: Line Prices And Passenger Numbers 7. IS THERE ANY IDLE CAPACITY AT MINIBUS LINES? In accordance to our calculations, % 35 of minibuses are excessive situation. This means minibuses are working with % 35 idle capacity. There is no need to 145 minibuses at transportation. This means that minibuses have high and unnecessary cost, opportunity cost. The same transportation function may have been given with 145 minibuses. 425 �FIGURE 3: Idle Capacity Of Minibus Lines 8.CONNECTION BETWEEN FUEL OIL PRICE AND PROFIT OF THE MINIBUS Every body knows that there is a strong connection between fuel oil price and proft level of minibuses. In Turkey, oil prices are very high so far as other countries. In accordance to our calculations, fuel oil price is the most important and biggest part of the total cost of minibuses. % 1 increase at fuel oil effects the profit at the proportion of % 0,9 decreasing. Oil price is very unstable in Turkey because of most of the oil imported outside of the country. This reflects to profit level and this level has been changing along the year. 9. ECONOMICAL CONTRIBUTION TO SAKARYA ECONOMY OF MINIBUSES In accordance to table 3, minibuses directly contribute employtment of the 910 persons.These persons constitute of owner and driver of minibus and station civils.If we suppose a family constitutes of 4 person, minibuses in Adapazarı have been contributed total income of 3.640 person. Total output of the minibuses have been contributed total income of 20.579 persons indirectly. Minibuses have been spent 15.557.452 TL in a month and if this total is divided to living index of a person, total income of 20.579 persons have been contributed by minibuses. Direct Economical Contribution Of Minibuses To Owner 416 To Driver 416 Station Civils 78 Directly Number of Employed Person 910 Directly Number of Income Supported Person ( A family = 4 person ) 3640 Undirect Economical Contribution Of Minibuses Replacement parts, maintanence, restoration 3.297.508 TL Fuel Oil Cost 12.259.944 TL Total 15.557.452 TL 426 �Kamu-Sen syndicate living index for one person 3.204 Liras Indirectly Number of Employed Person 5.105 Indirectly Number of Income Supported Person ( A family = 4 person ) 20.579 Turkish Table 3: Economical Contribution Of Minibuses To Sakarya City 10. IF 2 MINIBUSES TURNS INTO ONE BUS In this section, we calculated all important alternatives in case of two minibuses turn into a bus. Fort his aim, we got specialities of Fiat Ducato minibus and Otokar Doruk 190s bus. In case of 2 Fiat Ducato minibüs turn into 1 Otokar Doruk 190s bus, we determined profit, income and expense for 2 situations as comparative. First of all, we got all expenses of Fiat Ducato minibus and Otokar Doruk 190s bus for 100.000 km road. These information was taken from seller of these vehicles. These information reflect 2011 numbers. The result of this research is cost of bus surpasses cost of minibus nearly at the proportion of % 60. These information about vehicles are below: 427 �TABLE 4: All Expenses Of Fiat Ducato Minibus And Otokar Doruk 190s Bus Other information of Fiat Ducato minibus are below: 428 �TABLE 5: Oil Consume, Price And Capacity Of Fiat Ducato Minibus TABLE 6: Yearly Maintenance And Other Costs Of Fiat Ducato Minibus Other information of Otokar Doruk 190s Bus are below: 429 �TABLE 7: Oil Consume, Price And Capacity Of Otokar Doruk 190s Bus TABLE 8: Yearly Maintenance And Other Costs Of Otokar Doruk 190s Bus In accordance to these information, price of bus is 4 times more expensive than other one. Other costs of bus are more than costs of minibüs but, in terms of capacity bus is more advantageus than minibus. 11. RESULT TABLE OF TURNING TO BUS FROM MINIBUS So far as our scenario, 2 minibus will turn into one bus and in case of 5.000 passengers are carried by these vehicle alternatives we determined the probable cost, profit and income results. These are below: 430 �TABLE 9. Comparance Of Profitabilty Of Minibus and Bus All fees are manually gathered in minibuses. Minibuses are not included to card54 system but fees are piled by card54 system electronically in bus . Fees piled by card54 system are transfered to bank account. Tax is taken over the piled fees and this amount is more higher than tax piled without car54 system. This cost is the most important one in case of turning into bus. The other important cost is card54 system hire taken over income as % 8. Another loss is falling of the fees. Now, Minibuses are taking 1,25 TL from Civil person and 0,9 TL from students as fee. In cart54 system, These fees will fall into 1.00 TL at civil person and 0,75 TL at student. If a person change the vehicle in one hour, the second fee will be with %50 discount. If all of these situations are taken into account, turning into the bus with card54 system will cause to 1.531 TL loss according to minibus. Loss of being bus is 377 TL without card54 system. High costed components of bus and long amortisation time are taken into account turning into the bus is not advantageous under these circumstances. 12. CONCLUSIONS When examining cities in Turkey, it is easily recognized that growth trend in urban transportation is becoming more and more unsustainable for minibuses in terms of investments and planning as well as projections. The current conditions are bound to eliminate minibuses as long as they are not given an opportunity to compete on an equal basis and to institutionalize. According to the projections, expected profit in changing minibuses with larger busses is lesser than likely risks. This situation can be explained by as follows; High tax rates after institutionalization and incorporation eliminate advantages of scale economy 431 �- High purchasing and operating costs - Pricing costs of card pass system - Costs on free and discount tickets The balance of income and expense should be sustainable and suitable for the sector in cities where a transformation is planned. The ratio of Value added taxes (VAT) in Turkey (%18) is relatively higher than that of European counterparts (%0-%8). The VAT ratio should be decreased to the ratio of the European countries. The fuel bill constitutes an important part of total costs as a result of high special consumption taxes (SCT) in Turkey. The ratio of SCT is relatively higher than that of European counterparts. Similar incentive activities aiming at investment and personnel as in the sectors of agriculture and public services should be introduced in the private mass transportation. The bank of Provinces should extend credit with low interest rates and long dated to the private mass transportation to renew the means of transportation under the same conditions with the local administrations. It should be enabled for the sector to employ professional and qualified staff to improve productivity and quality (Social insurance premiums and tax liabilities should be undertaken by the state). REFERENCES http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakarya_(il)#N.C3.BCfus http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html 432 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1200 Title A name given to the resource An Application On Determining Of Optimum Local Transporting System At Adapazari City Author Author Taskin , Kamil Abstract A summary of the resource. Adapazarı Town is the management center of the Sakarya City and the biggest town of Sakarya. Transportation in Adapazarı City is being provided by Municipality buses, minibuses, shared taxi and special buses. This has been both caused a deepen conflict which is hard to be manage and intensive traffic problem. There is an intensive competition among the minibuses, shared taxi and special buses. This situation has been reflected to Municipality buses negatively. Additionaly, all passenger vehicles have been working with idle capacity. This means that there are lots of passenger vehicles which working with idle capacity and uncomfortable . We calculated these specialties of minibuses and shared taxies at this study at below;  Idle Capacities  All expenditures  Daily, monthly ann annual incomes  Daily circle number  Capacities at new model  All expenditure at new model  Daily, monthly ann annual incomes at new model At our model, minibuses and shared taxies have been combined and have gotten active on their new routes. At our model includes these profits;  The more relaxed traffic.  The more suitable and comfortable passenger tranportation.  The more profits level for minibuses and shared taxies.  The less and fasten routes Keywords: Transporting, Optimum level, New Regulation, Optimum Capacity, Idle Capacity. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c00d1bec9f790ec751f53a274251c07d.pdf b4fea09b89dce1de46cca819c182ab58 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Leak of professional business environment in state owned companies Leak of change management (Change management not consider as important) We hope that this paper will be useful in further ERP implementations and ERP research. A Cross – Sectional Analysis of Environmetal Sustainability Practices Toksari Murat1, Uçan Okyay2 1Nigde University, Department of Business, 2Nigde University, Department of Economics, E-mails: mtoksari@nigde.edu.tr, okyayu@hotmail.com Abstract In 1970s and 1980s the concept of sustainability developed as a process of protection for the elements that social, economic and eceological systems need. During the Environment and Development Summit held in 1992, decisions were made about the works to protect and improve the environmental sustainability with the help of objective policies. By revealing sustainability specifically focuses on the social, economic and ecological target, Brountland report states that meeting Socia-Economic needs is limited to the carrying capacity of ecosystem. Environmental sustainability is divided into three categories. They are resource management, energy management and product sustainability. While, solid waste and water conservation compose the resource managament, energy managament includes energy conservation, renewable energy, GHG emission reduction, energy sufficient. Finally, product sustainability involves product transportation, supply chain audit, product stewardship and Life Cycle Program. In this context, environmental sustainability index and environmental performance index were prepared by the universities of Yale and Colombia. With environmental sustainability index, it is intented to reach perfection in the current and future environmental qualities of the countries. This index, is a tool when aiming to be qualified and is an important mechanism for testing the environmental performance. As for environmental performance index, it has been developed by using result-oriented indicators. 140 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In this study, the countries whose performances enter the scope of the environmental performance index were compared, 142 countries in 2002 and 146 countries in 2005 were included in this index. Keywords: Sustainability, environmental performance index, environmental sustainability index, Turkey 1.INTRODUCTION Dictionary meaning of the concept of sustainable is “today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs met unless otherwise indicated”. The concept of sustainability in the final report in 1987 by the United Nations Commission on Environment and Development is defined as follows: "Humanity, without compromising the ability to respond to the needs of future generations, by providing the daily needs, has the ability to make development sustainable”. The term “sustainability” was coined by the United Nations appointed Brundland Commission and later refined by the UN Commission on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro (Blackburn, 2007). The best – known definition of sustainability, as established by the UN Commission on Environment and Development, states that “development is sustainable where it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987). The concept of sustainability on different topics in the discipline of economic stability, debt sustainability in order to be able to express the ability of being able to continue, such as sustainable growth around the macro-economic definitions are used extensively. However, the concept of sustainability in all areas, especially in the field of economics Brundland by the World Commission on Environment and Development Report, has expanded the definition of sustainable development. Since the 1980s, the development of international environmental discussions of sustainable development, applied science, environmental and international policy areas examined as a multi-faceted concept that has become the focal point of development strategies (Carvalho, 2001: 62; Bakırtaş ve Bakırtaş, 2007: 223). Sustainable Development, briefly, to meet the demands and needs of future generations without restricting the ability and facilities, can be expressed as the present needs are met. This defines the extent of development mentioned above, under six headings summaries spreadable. These are can be expressed as the environment, the future, quality of life, justice, precautionary principles, and holistic thinking. In addition, there are 3 141 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo dimensions of the sustainability of the development which are indisputable and can not distinguish between each other (Arzu Özyol, http://hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf): Social Dimension: Continuing education for the public "quality of life will provide increasing benefits for themselves and the whole of the next generations, The Economic Dimension: Due to limited resources, these resources can improve people's quality of life and how the fairest way to determine what is the most effective way to distribute The Environmental Dimension: Recycled or not, the use of any determination as to ensure the continuity of natural resource In this context, one of the dimensions of the environmental dimension of sustainable development for environmental sustainability are discussed for the first time in the capital of Brazil, Rio De Janeiro on Environment and Development Summit held in 1992. In this summit, the objective of environmental sustainability is necessary for the protection and development policies, concluded that the aid. The most important work in this area of Environmental Sustainability Index (CSI) 's prepared. This index is prepared jointly by Yale University and Columbia University. Index has 21 indicators is entegrated to 76 data. This 21 quality indicators provide to compare five different subjects: the peripheral system, stress levels of this system, the human population sensitivity to environmental degradation, environmental stress and institutional capacity and global resposibility (Global Leaders, 2001:9). The paper organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the theoretical background. Section 3 summarizes the literature.The methodology is presented in Section 4. The overall conclusion and result are in the final section. 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Although sustainability is important for ensuring the future Quality of the global environment, it can also be viewed as a business opportunity, an investment in the future and a pathway to innovation and creative thinking (Satterfield et al. 2009; Hontou et al. 2006; Cowan et al. 2010). Today business, now more sensitivity towards environmental activities as a cost item or to see the threat of competition as an oppurtunity rather than one have to see (Lee et al., 2006: 292). For this reason, environmental innovation can be stated as environmental risk education or more generally as a contribution to sustainable development goals, new ideas, attitudias, development and implemntation of products and process (Rennizgs, 2000: 322). Environmental product innovation in the production and even the destruction of the product until they begin to become waste throughout the product life cycle to eliminate or reduce the 142 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo negative effects on the environment includes the innovative activities (Büyükkeklik et al., 2010: 375). 3. LITERATURE Author Method Result Robert Goodland 1996 and Herman Daly Distinguishing development from sustainability and from growth, the paper describes the concept of natural capital and uses the concept to present four alternative definitions of environmental sustainability. The final section describes how one large development agency, the World Bank, is endeavoring to incorporate these new principle into its operaions. Gregory Theyel 2000 There are discernible differences in the enviromental innovation and performance of US chemical firms that can be explained by differences in the management practices and characteristics of the firms. Firms in the chemical industry and in other industries can learn from the leading firms in this research. Firms that do mak environmental management part of production management are likely to be leaders in innovation for pollution prevention and environmental performance. Smita B. 2003 Brunnermeier and Mark A. Cohen Panel data models to study how environmental sustainability by Us manufacturing ındustries responded to changes in pollution abadement expenditures and regulatory enforcement during the period 1983 through 1992. Environmental innovation responded to increases in pollution abatement expenditures. Also find some emprical evidence that environmental innovation is more likely to occur in industries that are internationally competitive. Sergio et. al. This paper anayses and discusses the potentional role of evolutionary theories in environmental innovation with emphasis on sustainability. The study concludes that eco – evolution is efficient when identifying non – optimal technological trajectories and sustainable options for innovation on the base of existent knowledge. 143 Year 2003 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Allen S. Bellas 2007 and Nancy F. Nentl Following their introduction in the mid 1970s, fabric filters, a new type of industrial scrubber, experineced aggressive growth, and by 1990, this new technology (EIA) form 767, using t tests, cross tabulations and binominal regression to identify the characteistics of those boilers, plants and utilities that installed fabric filters from the alte 1970s to 1990. David Hillier An opinion piece, that presents the view of There are those who believe four authors on the current state of the that marketing and depate in this field. sustainability simply be reconciled, while there are others who argue that marketing can contribute to the development of sustainable consumption. 2008 Dallas M. Cowan 2010 Et. Al. Benchmark analysis, They have collected information on the sustainability programs of the largest US companies in each of the 26 industrial sectors. Anslysis indicates that there are spesific characteristics of early adopters of fabric filter techonology such as the capacity and age of the associates boiler, the capacity and size of the utility, and whether the utility was privately or publicly owned. Thes have called product sustainability one in which toxicologist and environmental scientist can play a vital role helping to ensure that a manufactured item will indeed be considered acceptable for distrubition now 4. METHODOLOGY Environmental Sustainability Index was developed for monitoring of environmental sustainability covering natural resources, past and present pollution levels, environmental management efforts, contributions and society for the protection of the global values. This index defines the sustainability of countries' capacity to improve the existing environmental quality (Yıkmaz, 2011: 73). Variables to allow comparisons between countries in the index, percent change is usually determined. Some of them are diveded by GDP, imports of goods and services, to get avarage values. After getting the proper comparison of variables, for the missing data, forecasting and 144 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo consolidation various transformations is applied to perform. In the first stage variables were examined for normally distribution. 2 stage way is used for the skewness problems. If the value is larger than 2 variables are taken in natural logarithm. Next, if they are larger than 4 after the transformation .They all transformed to old values except the variables that have larger than 4. Since at the normal distribution, observations are distributed symmetrically around mean value of skew is zero(0). Statistical methods to estimate the missing data (Markov ChainMonte Carlo simulation model) were applied. However, some variables, the index of ecological and geographical factors are not within the scope of work because of missing data could not be estimated. The results of distributions are truncated by "Winsorization" technique in order to prevent skewness because of the extreme values of the data. Priorities of the indicators vary by country, generally acceptable weights for the indicators is not known, equal weight was applied. Indicators are equally weighted variables in the form of the firms themselves. Preserves the relative locations of receiving countries in order to avoid differences in the scale of the z-scores were calculated. High values for the variables expressed in a high zscores of environmental sustainability; (variable value-mean value) / standard deviation of the variables that environmental sustainability is for high-low values, (average of the variable-variable value) / standard deviation was calculated using the formula (WEF, 2005). 5. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION It’s emphasized that when Environmental Sustainability Index score is high, it’s more likely to leave a healthier environment to the future generations. Upon looking into the results of the index,it’s seen that none of the countries received high scores from 21 indicators. The results of the Environmental Sustainability Index show that, environmental performance is closely related to ,low population density, good governance the economic vitality (WEF, 2005). Table 1. Countries in the years 2002 and 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) Performance Comparison Chart Country ESI 2002 ESI 2002 ESI 2005 ESI 2005 ESI Point ESI as the Ranking Ranking Difference Difference Finland 73,9 145 1 75,1 1 1,2 0 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Norway 73 2 73,4 2 0,4 0 Uruguay 66 6 71,8 3 5,8 3 Sweden 72,6 3 71,7 4 -0,9 -1 Iceland 63,9 8 70,8 5 6,9 3 Canada 70,6 4 64,4 6 -6,2 -2 Switzerland 66,5 5 63,7 7 -2,8 -2 Guyana - - 62,9 8 - - Austria 64,2 7 62,7 9 -1,5 -2 Argentina 61,5 15 62,7 10 1,2 5 Brazil 59,6 20 62,2 11 2,6 9 Gabon 54,9 36 61,7 12 6,8 24 Australia 60,3 16 61 13 0,7 3 New Zealand 59,9 19 61 14 1,1 5 Latvia 63 10 60,4 15 -2,6 -5 Peru 56,5 29 60,4 16 3,9 13 Paraguay 57,8 25 59,7 17 1,9 8 Costa Rica 63,2 9 59,6 18 -3,6 -9 Croatia 62,5 12 59,5 19 -3 -7 Bolivia 59,4 21 59,5 20 0,1 1 Irelan 54,8 38 59,2 21 4,4 17 Colombia 59,1 22 58,9 22 -0,2 0 146 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Lithuania 57,2 27 58,9 23 1,7 4 Alabania 57,9 24 58,8 24 0,9 0 Central African Republic 54,1 43 58,7 25 4,6 18 Estonia 60 17 58,2 26 -1,8 -9 Denmark 56,2 31 58,2 27 2 4 Panama 60 18 57,7 28 -2,3 -10 Slovenia 58,8 23 57,5 29 -1,3 -6 Japan 48,6 78 57,3 30 8,7 48 Germany 52,5 50 57 31 4,5 19 Namibia 57,4 26 56,8 32 -0,6 -6 Russia 49,1 73 56,1 33 7 40 Bostwana 61,8 13 55,9 34 -5,9 -21 France 55,5 33 55,2 35 -0,3 -2 Papua New 51,8 Guinea 52 55,2 36 3,4 16 Portugal 57,1 28 54,2 37 -2,9 -9 Malaysia 49,5 68 54 38 4,5 30 Congo 54,3 40 53,8 39 -0,5 1 Netherlands 55,4 34 53,7 40 -1,7 -6 Mali 47,1 85 53,7 41 6,6 44 Chile 55,1 35 53,6 42 -1,5 -7 147 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Bhutan 56,3 30 53,5 43 -2,8 -13 Armenia 54,8 37 53,2 44 -1,6 -7 Unites States 53,2 45 53 45 -0,2 0 Slovakia 61,6 14 52,8 46 -8,8 -32 Belarus 52,8 49 52,8 47 0 2 Ghana 50,2 65 52,8 48 2,6 17 Myanmar 46,2 90 52,8 49 6,6 41 Laos 45,9 92 52,5 50 6,6 42 Ecuadar 56,2 32 52,4 51 -3,8 -19 Cuba 51,2 58 52,3 53 1,1 5 Hungary 62,7 11 52 54 -10,7 -43 Tunisia 50,8 61 51,8 55 1 6 Georgia - - 51,5 56 - - Uganda 48,7 77 51,3 57 2,6 20 Moldova 54,5 39 51,2 58 -3,3 -19 Zambia 49,5 69 51,1 59 1,6 10 Senegal 47,6 81 51,1 60 3,5 21 Bosnia51,3 Hezzegovina 55 51 61 -0,3 -6 Israel 50,4 63 50,9 62 0,5 1 Tanzania 48,1 80 50,3 63 2,2 17 Nicaragua 51,8 51 50,2 64 -1,6 -13 148 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 46,1 91 50,2 65 4,1 26 Madagascar 38,8 128 50,2 66 11,4 62 Greece 50,9 60 50,1 67 -0,8 -7 Italy 47,2 83 50,1 68 2,9 15 Cambodia 45,6 97 50,1 69 4,5 28 Mongolia 54,2 42 50 70 -4,2 -28 Bulgaria 49,3 71 50 71 0,7 0 Gambia 44,7 102 50 72 5,3 30 Thailand 51,6 54 49,8 73 -1,8 -19 Malawi 47,3 82 49,3 74 2 8 Spain 54,1 44 48,8 75 -5,3 -3,1 Indonesia 45,1 100 48,8 76 3,7 24 Kazakhstan 46,5 88 48,6 77 2,1 11 Guenia Bissau 38,8 127 48,6 78 9,8 49 Sri Lanka 51,3 57 48,5 79 -2,8 -22 Kyrgyzstan 51,3 56 48,4 80 -2,9 -24 Venezuela 53 48 48,1 81 -4,9 -33 Guinea 45,3 98 48,1 82 2,8 16 Oman 40,2 120 47,9 83 7,7 37 Jordan 51,7 53 47,8 84 -3,9 -31 Combined Kingdom 149 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Nepal 45,2 99 47,7 85 2,5 14 Benin 45,7 94 47,5 86 1,8 8 Honduras 53,1 47 47,4 87 -5,7 -40 Serbia and Montenegro - 47,3 88 - -88 Canary Islands - - 47,3 89 - - Macedonia 47,2 84 47,2 90 0 -6 Turkey 50,8 62 46,6 91 -4,2 -29 Czech Republic 50,2 64 46,6 92 -3,6 -28 Romenia 50 66 46,2 93 -3,8 -27 South Africa 48,7 76 46,2 94 -2,5 -18 Mexico 45,9 93 46,2 95 0,3 -2 Algeria 49,4 70 46 96 -3,4 -26 Burkina Faso 45 101 45,7 97 0,7 4 Azerbaijan 41,8 113 45,4 98 3,6 15 Nigeria 36,7 133 45,4 99 8,7 34 Kenya 46,3 89 45,3 100 -1 -11 India 41,6 116 45,2 101 3,6 15 Poland 46,7 87 45 102 -1,7 -15 Chad 45,7 95 45 103 -0,7 8 Niger 39,4 123 45 104 5,6 19 150 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mozambique 51,1 59 44,8 105 -6,3 -46 Morocco 49,1 72 44,8 106 -4,3 -34 Rwanda 40,6 119 44,8 107 4,2 12 Jamaica 40,1 121 44,7 108 4,6 13 Ukraine 35 136 44,7 109 9,7 27 United Arab 25,7 Emirates 141 44,6 110 18,9 31 Togo 44,3 105 44,5 111 0,2 -6 Belgium 39,1 125 44,4 112 5,3 13 Bangladesh 46,9 86 44,1 113 -2,8 -27 Democratic 43,3 Republic of Congo 109 44,1 114 0,8 -5 Guetemala 49,6 67 44 115 -5,6 -48 Egyptian 48,8 74 44 116 -4,8 -42 El Salvador 48,7 75 43,8 117 -4,9 -42 Syria 43,6 107 43,8 118 0,2 -11 Deminic Republic 48,4 79 43,7 119 -4,7 -40 Liberia 37,7 130 43,4 120 5,7 10 Sierra Leone 36,5 134 43,4 121 6,9 13 South Korea 35,9 135 43 122 7,1 13 Angola 42,4 110 42,9 123 0,5 -13 Resource: WEF 2005 151 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 142 countries in 2002 and 146 countries in 2005 were evaluated from the aspect of country index. All the countries except Guayana, Georgia, Ivory Coasts and Somalia were both in 2002 and 2005 country index. In the table given the index average of all countries in 2002 was 49,7 and 49,9 in 2005. But when 2002 and 2005 index values are compared, a decrease in most of the countries has been seen. This situation indicates that environmental sustainability has decreased or it may be because of the difference in two years indicators. However, significant changes in country rankings can be observed. For example, Madagascar ascends from being 128th to 66th , Japan from 78th to the 30th, Mali from 85th to 41st , Russia from 73rd to 33rd , Malaysia from 68th to the 38th order , but Zimbabwe descends from being 46th to 128th, Guatemala from 67th to 115th , Egypt from 74th to 116th, and Hungary from 11th to 54th. Turkey has 50,8 points in 2002 Index with an order of 62. In 2005 Turkey has 46,6 points and descends to the 91th order. Turkey is over the avarage in 2002 while it is under the avarage in 2005. In this study we try to compare the two Environmental Sustainability Index in 2002 and 2005 for the world countries. This situation shows the index is very sensitive to the choice of indicator. Low-scoring countries in 2002 are Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, North Korea, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, while in the 2005 study, North Korea, Iraq, Taiwan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, countries receive the lowest score The highest rated 5 countries in the 2002 Environmental Sustainability Index are: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Canada, Switzerland, while in 2005 they are: Finland, Norway, Uruguay, Sweden and Iceland. Common features of these countries have significant natural resources and population density is low. REFERENCES Bakırtas, İbrahim and Hülya Bakırtaş (2007), Sustainability of Competitive of Firms as A source of Basic Skills: A General Evaluation, Journal of Management and Economics, Vol.14, No.2, pp. 221-233. Bellas S. Allen and Nancy F. Nentl (2007), Adoption of Environmetal Innovations at US Power Plants, Journal of Business & Indusrial Marketing, Vol.22, No. 5, pp. 336-341. Blackburn, W.R. (2007), The Sustainability Handbook: The Complete Management Guide to Achieving Social, Economic and Environmental Responsibility Earthscan, Washington, DC. Brunnermeier B. Smita and Mark A. Cohen (2003), Determinants of Environmental Innovation in Us Manufacturing Industries, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 45, pp. 278-293. Buyukkeklık, Arzum, Murat Toksarı, Hasan Bülbül (2010), An Investigation on Environmental Sensitivity and Innovativeness, Süleyman Demirel University the Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol. 15, No.3, pp. 373-393. 152 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cowan M. Dallas, Pamela Doport, Tyler Ferracini, Jennifer Sahmel, Kimberly Merryman, Shannon Gaffney, Dennis J. Paustenbach (2010), A Cross- Sectional Analysis of Reported Corporate Environmental Sustainability Practices, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 58, pp. 524-538. Global Leaders (2001), Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, World Economic Forum 2001, Davos, Switzerland. Goodland Robert and Herman Daly (1996), Environmental Sustainability: Universal and Non Negotiable, Ecological Applications, Vol. 6 , No.4, pp.1002-1017. Hontou, V., D. Diakoulaki, L.Papagiannakis (2006), A Multicriterion Classsification Approach for Assesing the Impact of Environmental Policies on the Competitiveness of Firms, Corp. Soc. Respons. Environ. Manage, Vol. 14, pp. 28-41. Jofre, Sergio, Kiyotaka Tsunemi, Tohru Moriaka (2003), A New Eco – Design Strategy to Assess Sustainable Environmental Innovations, Third International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, Tokyo, Japan, December 811. Jones, Peter, Colin Clarke-Hill, Daphne Comfort, David Hillier (2008), Marketing and Sustainability, Marketing Intelligence & Planning Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 123-130. Lee, J.J., T.K. Gemba, F. Kodoma (2006), Analyzing the Innovation Process for Environmental Performance Improvement, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Vol. 73, pp. 290-301. Ozyol, Arzu (http://hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf). Rennings, K. (2000), Redefining Innovation – eco-innovation Research and the Contribution from Ecological Economics, Ecological Economics, Vol. 32, pp. 319-332. Satterfiled M.B., C.E. Kolb, R. Peoples, G.L. Adams, D.S. Schuster, H.C. Ramsey, E. Stechel, F. Wood-Black, R.J. Garant, M.A. Abraham (2009), Overcoming Nontechinal Barriers to the Implementation of Sustainable Solutions in Industry, Environ.Sci. Technol., Vol. 43, pp. 4221-4226 . Theyel Gregory (2000), Management Practices for Environmental Innovation and Performance, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 249-266. Yıkmaz R. Fikret (2011), Measuring the Sustainability of Development and Improvement of Methods for Turkey, T.C. Prime Ministry State Planning Organization, Publication No. 2820, Ankara, Turkey. WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987), Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, Item 83, 42nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. 153 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo WEF (2005), World Economic Form, Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policiy and Center For International Earth Science Information Network, Environmental Sustainability Index: Bencmarking National Environmental Stewardship, http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/esi/esı2005 (23.04.2012). Utilising Information Systems for Measuring Impact on Social Sustainability: Survey of Microcredit Organisations in Bosnia and Herzegovina Alica Pandzo1, Kemal Taljanovic1, Selma Jahic2 1University Sarajevo School of Science and Technology Department of Information Systems Bistrik 7, 71000 Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina 2Executive Director for Credit Operations Microcredit Foundation Partner 15. Maja bb, Trzni Centar Sjenjak, 75000 Tuzla,Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: alica.pandzo@ssst.edu.ba,selma@partner.ba Abstract Microfinance has been used as a tool for social sustainability and development since the 1970s. In microfinance, assessment of social sustainability is often conducted through client impact monitoring. This study explores the impact measurement practices of microcredit organisations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their use of information systems in this process. We draw on the latest trends of using shared measurement systems for impact monitoring, to point out the potential of using such systems to achieve sustainable impact on wider social issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper outlines the roles and responsibilities that different stakeholders should play in the system development process. Keywords: microfinance, microcredit, Bosnia and Herzegovina, social impact, information systems, ICT, shared measurement systems. 154 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1163 Title A name given to the resource A Cross – Sectional Analysis of Environmetal Sustainability Practices Author Author Toksari , Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. In 1970s and 1980s the concept of sustainability developed as a process of protection for the elements that social, economic and eceological systems need. During the Environment and Development Summit held in 1992, decisions were made about the works to protect and improve the environmental sustainability with the help of objective policies. By revealing sustainability specifically focuses on the social, economic and ecological target, Brountland report states that meeting Socia-Economic needs is limited to the carrying capacity of ecosystem. Environmental sustainability is divided into three categories. They are resource management, energy management and product sustainability. While, solid waste and water conservation compose the resource managament, energy managament includes energy conservation, renewable energy, GHG emission reduction, energy sufficient. Finally, product sustainability involves product transportation, supply chain audit, product stewardship and Life Cycle Program. In this context, environmental sustainability index and environmental performance index were prepared by the universities of Yale and Colombia. With environmental sustainability index, it is intented to reach perfection in the current and future environmental qualities of the countries. This index, is a tool when aiming to be qualified and is an important mechanism for testing the environmental performance. As for environmental performance index, it has been developed by using result-oriented indicators. In this study, the countries whose performances enter the scope of the environmental performance index were compared, 142 countries in 2002 and 146 countries in 2005 were included in this index. Keywords: Sustainability, environmental performance index, environmental sustainability index, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/deba1e2cf599652dbb1fbddcd925e992.pdf 3e906aa2fe0f0492a3db0c8dc92e344f PDF Text Text A Cross – Sectional Analysis of Environmetal Sustainability Practices Toksari Murat1, Uçan Okyay2 1Nigde University, Department of Business, 2Nigde University, Department of Economics E –mails: mtoksari@nigde.edu.tr, okyayu@hotmail.com Abstract In 1970s and 1980s the concept of sustainability developed as a process of protection for the elements that social, economic and eceological systems need. During the Environment and Development Summit held in 1992, decisions were made about the works to protect and improve the environmental sustainability with the help of objective policies. By revealing sustainability specifically focuses on the social, economic and ecological target, Brountland report states that meeting Socia-Economic needs is limited to the carrying capacity of ecosystem. Environmental sustainability is divided into three categories. They are resource management, energy management and product sustainability. While, solid waste and water conservation compose the resource managament, energy managament includes energy conservation, renewable energy, GHG emission reduction, energy sufficient. Finally, product sustainability involves product transportation, supply chain audit, product stewardship and Life Cycle Program. In this context, environmental sustainability index and environmental performance index were prepared by the universities of Yale and Colombia. With environmental sustainability index, it is intented to reach perfection in the current and future environmental qualities of the countries. This index, is a tool when aiming to be qualified and is an important mechanism for testing the environmental performance. As for environmental performance index, it has been developed by using result-oriented indicators. In this study, the countries whose performances enter the scope of the environmental performance index were compared, 149 countries in 2008 and 163 countries in 2010 were included in this index. Keywords: Sustainability, environmental performance index, environmental sustainability index, Turkey 454 �1.INTRODUCTION Dictionary meaning of the concept of sustainable is “today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs met unless otherwise indicated”. The concept of sustainability in the final report in 1987 by the United Nations Commission on Environment and Development is defined as follows: "Humanity, without compromising the ability to respond to the needs of future generations, by providing the daily needs, has the ability to make development sustainable”. The term “sustainability” was coined by the United Nations appointed Brundland Commission and later refined by the UN Commission on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro (Blackburn, 2007). The best – known definition of sustainability, as established by the UN Commission on Environment and Development, states that “development is sustainable where it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987). The concept of sustainability on different topics in the discipline of economic stability, debt sustainability in order to be able to express the ability of being able to continue, such as sustainable growth around the macro-economic definitions are used extensively. However, the concept of sustainability in all areas, especially in the field of economics Brundland by the World Commission on Environment and Development Report, has expanded the definition of sustainable development. Since the 1980s, the development of international environmental discussions of sustainable development, applied science, environmental and international policy areas examined as a multi-faceted concept that has become the focal point of development strategies (Carvalho, 2001: 62; Bakırtaş ve Bakırtaş, 2007: 223). Sustainable Development, briefly, to meet the demands and needs of future generations without restricting the ability and facilities, can be expressed as the present needs are met. This defines the extent of development mentioned above, under six headings summaries spreadable. These are can be expressed as the environment, the future, quality of life, justice, precautionary principles, and holistic thinking. In addition, there are 3 dimensions of the sustainability of the development which are indisputable and can not distinguish between each other (Arzu Özyol, http://hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf): Social Dimension: Continuing education for the public "quality of life will provide increasing benefits for themselves and the whole of the next generations, 455 �The Economic Dimension: Due to limited resources, these resources can improve people's quality of life and how the fairest way to determine what is the most effective way to distribute The Environmental Dimension: Recycled or not, the use of any determination as to ensure the continuity of natural resource In this context, one of the dimensions of the environmental dimension of sustainable development for environmental sustainability are discussed for the first time in the capital of Brazil, Rio De Janeiro on Environment and Development Summit held in 1992. In this summit, the objective of environmental sustainability is necessary for the protection and development policies, concluded that the aid. The most important work in this area of Environmental Sustainability Index (CSI) 's prepared. This index is prepared jointly by Yale University and Columbia University. Index has 21 indicators is entegrated to 76 data. This 21 quality indicators provide to compare five different subjects: the peripheral system, stress levels of this system, the human population sensitivity to environmental degradation, environmental stress and institutional capacity and global resposibility (Global Leaders, 2001:9). The paper organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the theoretical background. Section 3 summarizes the literature.The methodology is presented in Section 4. The overall conclusion and result are in the final section. 2. Theoretical Background Although sustainability is important for ensuring the future Quality of the global environment, it can also be viewed as a business opportunity, an investment in the future and a pathway to innovation and creative thinking (Satterfield et al. 2009; Hontou et al. 2006; Cowan et al. 2010). Today business, now more sensitivity towards environmental activities as a cost item or to see the threat of competition as an oppurtunity rather than one have to see (Lee et al., 2006: 292). For this reason, environmental innovation can be stated as environmental risk education or more generally as a contribution to sustainable development goals, new ideas, attitudias, development and implemntation of products and process (Rennizgs, 2000: 322). Environmental product innovation in the production and even the destruction of the product until they begin to become waste throughout the product life cycle to eliminate or reduce the negative effects on the environment includes the innovative activities (Büyükkeklik et al., 2010: 375). 456 �3. Literature Author Year Method Result Robert Goodland 1996 and Herman Daly Distinguishing development from sustainability and from growth, the paper describes the concept of natural capital and uses the concept to present four alternative definitions of environmental sustainability. The final section describes how one large development agency, the World Bank, is endeavoring to incorporate these new principle into its operaions. Gregory Theyel 2000 There are discernible differences in the enviromental innovation and performance of US chemical firms that can be explained by differences in the management practices and characteristics of the firms. Firms in the chemical industry and in other industries can learn from the leading firms in this research. Firms that do mak environmental management part of production management are likely to be leaders in innovation for pollution prevention and environmental performance. Smita B. 2003 Brunnermeier and Mark A. Cohen Panel data models to study how environmental sustainability by Us manufacturing ındustries responded to changes in pollution abadement expenditures and regulatory enforcement during the period 1983 through 1992. Environmental innovation responded to increases in pollution abatement expenditures. Also find some emprical evidence that environmental innovation is more likely to occur in industries that are internationally competitive. Sergio et. al. This paper anayses and discusses the potentional role of evolutionary theories in environmental innovation with emphasis on sustainability. The study concludes that eco – evolution is efficient when identifying non – optimal technological trajectories and sustainable options for innovation on the base of existent knowledge. 2003 Allen S. Bellas 2007 and Nancy F. 457 Following their introduction in the mid - Anslysis indicates that there 1970s, fabric filters, a new type of industrial are spesific characteristics of �Nentl scrubber, experineced aggressive growth, and by 1990, this new technology (EIA) form 767, using t tests, cross tabulations and binominal regression to identify the characteistics of those boilers, plants and utilities that installed fabric filters from the alte 1970s to 1990. David Hillier 2008 Dallas M. Cowan 2010 Et. Al. early adopters of fabric filter techonology such as the capacity and age of the associates boiler, the capacity and size of the utility, and whether the utility was privately or publicly owned. An opinion piece, that presents the view of There are those who believe four authors on the current state of the that marketing and depate in this field. sustainability simply be reconciled, while there are others who argue that marketing can contribute to the development of sustainable consumption. Benchmark analysis, They have collected information on the sustainability programs of the largest US companies in each of the 26 industrial sectors. Thes have called product sustainability one in which toxicologist and environmental scientist can play a vital role helping to ensure that a manufactured item will indeed be considered acceptable for distrubition now 4. Methodology Environmental Sustainability Index was developed for monitoring of environmental sustainability covering natural resources, past and present pollution levels, environmental management efforts, contributions and society for the protection of the global values. This index defines the sustainability of countries' capacity to improve the existing environmental quality (Yıkmaz, 2011: 73). Variables to allow comparisons between countries in the index, percent change is usually determined. Some of them are diveded by GDP, imports of goods and services, to get avarage values. After getting the proper comparison of variables, for the missing data, forecasting and consolidation various transformations is applied to perform. In the first stage variables were examined for normally distribution. 2 stage way is used for the skewness problems. 458 �If the value is larger than 2 variables are taken in natural logarithm. Next, if they are larger than 4 after the transformation .They all transformed to old values except the variables that have larger than 4. Since at the normal distribution, observations are distributed symmetrically around mean value of skew is zero(0). Statistical methods to estimate the missing data (Markov ChainMonte Carlo simulation model) were applied. However, some variables, the index of ecological and geographical factors are not within the scope of work because of missing data could not be estimated. The results of distributions are truncated by "Winsorization" technique in order to prevent skewness because of the extreme values of the data. Priorities of the indicators vary by country, generally acceptable weights for the indicators is not known, equal weight was applied. Indicators are equally weighted variables in the form of the firms themselves. Preserves the relative locations of receiving countries in order to avoid differences in the scale of the z-scores were calculated. High values for the variables expressed in a high zscores of environmental sustainability; (variable value-mean value) / standard deviation of the variables that environmental sustainability is for high-low values, (average of the variable-variable value) / standard deviation was calculated using the formula (WEF, 2005). 5. Results and Conclusion It’s emphasized that when Environmental Sustainability Index score is high, it’s more likely to leave a healthier environment to the future generations. Upon looking into the results of the index,it’s seen that none of the countries received high scores from 21 indicators. The results of the Environmental Sustainability Index show that, environmental performance is closely related to ,low population density, good governance the economic vitality (WEF, 2005). Table 1. Countries in the years 2002 and 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) Performance Comparison Chart Country ÇSE 2002 ÇSE 2002 ÇSE Ranking 2005 ÇSE 2005 Çse Point ÇSE as the Ranking Difference Difference Finland 73,9 1 75,1 1 1,2 0 Norway 73 2 73,4 2 0,4 0 Uruguay 66 6 71,8 3 5,8 3 459 �Sweden 72,6 3 71,7 4 -0,9 -1 Iceland 63,9 8 70,8 5 6,9 3 Canada 70,6 4 64,4 6 -6,2 -2 Switzerland 66,5 5 63,7 7 -2,8 -2 Guyana - - 62,9 8 - - Austria 64,2 7 62,7 9 -1,5 -2 Argentina 61,5 15 62,7 10 1,2 5 Brazil 59,6 20 62,2 11 2,6 9 Gabon 54,9 36 61,7 12 6,8 24 Australia 60,3 16 61 13 0,7 3 New Zealand 59,9 19 61 14 1,1 5 Latvia 63 10 60,4 15 -2,6 -5 Peru 56,5 29 60,4 16 3,9 13 Paraguay 57,8 25 59,7 17 1,9 8 Costa Rica 63,2 9 59,6 18 -3,6 -9 Croatia 62,5 12 59,5 19 -3 -7 Bolivia 59,4 21 59,5 20 0,1 1 Irelan 54,8 38 59,2 21 4,4 17 Colombia 59,1 22 58,9 22 -0,2 0 Lithuania 57,2 27 58,9 23 1,7 4 Alabania 57,9 24 58,8 24 0,9 0 460 �Central African Republic 54,1 43 58,7 25 4,6 18 Estonia 60 17 58,2 26 -1,8 -9 Denmark 56,2 31 58,2 27 2 4 Panama 60 18 57,7 28 -2,3 -10 Slovenia 58,8 23 57,5 29 -1,3 -6 Japan 48,6 78 57,3 30 8,7 48 Germany 52,5 50 57 31 4,5 19 Namibia 57,4 26 56,8 32 -0,6 -6 Russia 49,1 73 56,1 33 7 40 Bostwana 61,8 13 55,9 34 -5,9 -21 France 55,5 33 55,2 35 -0,3 -2 Papua New 51,8 Guinea 52 55,2 36 3,4 16 Portugal 57,1 28 54,2 37 -2,9 -9 Malaysia 49,5 68 54 38 4,5 30 Congo 54,3 40 53,8 39 -0,5 1 Netherlands 55,4 34 53,7 40 -1,7 -6 Mali 47,1 85 53,7 41 6,6 44 Chile 55,1 35 53,6 42 -1,5 -7 Bhutan 56,3 30 53,5 43 -2,8 -13 Armenia 54,8 37 53,2 44 -1,6 -7 461 �Unites States 53,2 45 53 45 -0,2 0 Slovakia 61,6 14 52,8 46 -8,8 -32 Belarus 52,8 49 52,8 47 0 2 Ghana 50,2 65 52,8 48 2,6 17 Myanmar 46,2 90 52,8 49 6,6 41 Laos 45,9 92 52,5 50 6,6 42 Ecuadar 56,2 32 52,4 51 -3,8 -19 Cuba 51,2 58 52,3 53 1,1 5 Hungary 62,7 11 52 54 -10,7 -43 Tunisia 50,8 61 51,8 55 1 6 Georgia - - 51,5 56 - - Uganda 48,7 77 51,3 57 2,6 20 Moldova 54,5 39 51,2 58 -3,3 -19 Zambia 49,5 69 51,1 59 1,6 10 Senegal 47,6 81 51,1 60 3,5 21 Bosnia51,3 Hezzegovina 55 51 61 -0,3 -6 Israel 50,4 63 50,9 62 0,5 1 Tanzania 48,1 80 50,3 63 2,2 17 Nicaragua 51,8 51 50,2 64 -1,6 -13 46,1 91 50,2 65 4,1 26 Combined Kingdom 462 �Madagascar 38,8 128 50,2 66 11,4 62 Greece 50,9 60 50,1 67 -0,8 -7 Italy 47,2 83 50,1 68 2,9 15 Cambodia 45,6 97 50,1 69 4,5 28 Mongolia 54,2 42 50 70 -4,2 -28 Bulgaria 49,3 71 50 71 0,7 0 Gambia 44,7 102 50 72 5,3 30 Thailand 51,6 54 49,8 73 -1,8 -19 Malawi 47,3 82 49,3 74 2 8 Spain 54,1 44 48,8 75 -5,3 -3,1 Indonesia 45,1 100 48,8 76 3,7 24 Kazakhstan 46,5 88 48,6 77 2,1 11 Guenia Bissau 38,8 127 48,6 78 9,8 49 Sri Lanka 51,3 57 48,5 79 -2,8 -22 Kyrgyzstan 51,3 56 48,4 80 -2,9 -24 Venezuela 53 48 48,1 81 -4,9 -33 Guinea 45,3 98 48,1 82 2,8 16 Oman 40,2 120 47,9 83 7,7 37 Jordan 51,7 53 47,8 84 -3,9 -31 Nepal 45,2 99 47,7 85 2,5 14 Benin 45,7 94 47,5 86 1,8 8 463 �Honduras 47 47,4 87 -5,7 -40 Serbia and Montenegro - 47,3 88 - -88 Canary Islands - - 47,3 89 - - Macedonia 47,2 84 47,2 90 0 -6 Turkey 50,8 62 46,6 91 -4,2 -29 Czech Republic 50,2 64 46,6 92 -3,6 -28 Romenia 50 66 46,2 93 -3,8 -27 South Africa 48,7 76 46,2 94 -2,5 -18 Mexico 45,9 93 46,2 95 0,3 -2 Algeria 49,4 70 46 96 -3,4 -26 Burkina Faso 45 101 45,7 97 0,7 4 Azerbaijan 41,8 113 45,4 98 3,6 15 Nigeria 36,7 133 45,4 99 8,7 34 Kenya 46,3 89 45,3 100 -1 -11 India 41,6 116 45,2 101 3,6 15 Poland 46,7 87 45 102 -1,7 -15 Chad 45,7 95 45 103 -0,7 8 Niger 39,4 123 45 104 5,6 19 Mozambique 51,1 59 44,8 105 -6,3 -46 Morocco 72 44,8 106 -4,3 -34 464 53,1 49,1 �Rwanda 40,6 119 44,8 107 4,2 12 Jamaica 40,1 121 44,7 108 4,6 13 Ukraine 35 136 44,7 109 9,7 27 United Arab 25,7 Emirates 141 44,6 110 18,9 31 Togo 44,3 105 44,5 111 0,2 -6 Belgium 39,1 125 44,4 112 5,3 13 Bangladesh 46,9 86 44,1 113 -2,8 -27 Democratic 43,3 Republic of Congo 109 44,1 114 0,8 -5 Guetemala 49,6 67 44 115 -5,6 -48 Egyptian 48,8 74 44 116 -4,8 -42 El Salvador 48,7 75 43,8 117 -4,9 -42 Syria 43,6 107 43,8 118 0,2 -11 Deminic Republic 48,4 79 43,7 119 -4,7 -40 Liberia 37,7 130 43,4 120 5,7 10 Sierra Leone 36,5 134 43,4 121 6,9 13 South Korea 35,9 135 43 122 7,1 13 Angola 42,4 110 42,9 123 0,5 -13 Resource: WEF 2005 142 countries in 2002 and 146 countries in 2005 were evaluated from the aspect of country index. All the countries except Guayana, Georgia, Ivory Coasts and Somalia were both in 2002 and 2005 country index. 465 �In the table given the index average of all countries in 2002 was 49,7 and 49,9 in 2005. But when 2002 and 2005 index values are compared, a decrease in most of the countries has been seen. This situation indicates that environmental sustainability has decreased or it may be because of the difference in two years indicators. However, significant changes in country rankings can be observed. For example, Madagascar ascends from being 128th to 66th , Japan from 78th to the 30th, Mali from 85th to 41st , Russia from 73rd to 33rd , Malaysia from 68th to the 38th order , but Zimbabwe descends from being 46th to 128th, Guatemala from 67th to 115th , Egypt from 74th to 116th, and Hungary from 11th to 54th. Turkey has 50,8 points in 2002 Index with an order of 62. In 2005 Turkey has 46,6 points and descends to the 91th order. Turkey is over the avarage in 2002 while it is under the avarage in 2005. In this study we try to compare the two Environmental Sustainability Index in 2002 and 2005 for the world countries. This situation shows the index is very sensitive to the choice of indicator. Low-scoring countries in 2002 are Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, North Korea, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, while in the 2005 study, North Korea, Iraq, Taiwan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, countries receive the lowest score The highest rated 5 countries in the 2002 Environmental Sustainability Index are: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Canada, Switzerland, while in 2005 they are: Finland, Norway, Uruguay, Sweden and Iceland. Common features of these countries have significant natural resources and population density is low. REFERENCES BAKIRTAŞ İbrahim ve Hülya Bakırtaş (2007), Sustainability of Competitive of Firms as A source of Basic Skills: A General Evaluation, Journal of Management and Economics, Vol.14, No.2, pp. 221-233. BELLAS S. Allen and Nancy F. Nentl (2007), Adoption of Environmetal Innovations at US Power Plants, Journal of Business & Indusrial Marketing, Vol.22, No. 5, pp. 336-341. BLACBURN, W.R. (2007), The Sustainability Handbook: The Complete Management Guide to Achieving Social, Economic and Environmental Responsibility Earthscan, Washington, DC. BRUNNERMEIER B. Smita and Mark A. Cohen (2003), Determinants of Environmental Innovation in Us Manufacturing Industries, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 45, pp. 278-293. BÜYÜKKEKLİK, Arzum, Murat Toksarı, Hasan Bülbül (2010), An Investigation on Environmental Sensitivity and Innovativeness, Süleyman Demirel University the Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Vol. 15, No.3, pp. 373-393. COWAN M. Dallas, Pamela Doport, Tyler Ferracini, Jennifer Sahmel, Kimberly Merryman, Shannon Gaffney, Dennis J. Paustenbach (2010), A Cross- Sectional Analysis of Reported 466 �Corporate Environmental Sustainability Practices, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 58, pp. 524-538. GLOBAL LEADERS (2001), Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, World Economic Forum 2001, Davos, Switzerland. GOODLAND Robert and Herman Daly (1996), Environmental Sustainability: Universal and Non Negotiable, Ecological Applications, Vol. 6 , No.4, pp.1002-1017. HONTOU, V., D. Diakoulaki, L.Papagiannakis (2006), A Multicriterion Classsification Approach for Assesing the Impact of Environmental Policies on the Competitiveness of Firms, Corp. Soc. Respons. Environ. Manage, Vol. 14, pp. 28-41. JOFRE, Sergio, Kiyotaka Tsunemi, Tohru Moriaka (2003), A New Eco – Design Strategy to Assess Sustainable Environmental Innovations, Third International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, Tokyo, Japan, December 811. JONES, Peter, Colin Clarke-Hill, Daphne Comfort, David Hillier (2008), Marketing and Sustainability, Marketing Intelligence & Planning Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 123-130. LEE, J.J., T.K. Gemba, F. Kodoma (2006), Analyzing the Innovation Process for Environmental Performance Improvement, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Vol. 73, pp. 290-301. ÖZYOL, Arzu (http://hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf). RENNINGS, K. (2000), Redefining Innovation – eco-innovation Research and the Contribution from Ecological Economics, Ecological Economics, Vol. 32, pp. 319-332. SATTERFILED M.B., C.E. Kolb, R. Peoples, G.L. Adams, D.S. Schuster, H.C. Ramsey, E. Stechel, F. Wood-Black, R.J. Garant, M.A. Abraham (2009), Overcoming Nontechinal Barriers to the Implementation of Sustainable Solutions in Industry, Environ.Sci. Technol., Vol. 43, pp. 4221-4226 . THEYEL Gregory (2000), Management Practices for Environmental Innovation and Performance, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 249-266. YIKMAZ R. Fikret (2011), Measuring the Sustainability of Development and Improvement of Methods for Turkey, T.C. Prime Ministry State Planning Organization, Publication No. 2820, Ankara, Turkey. WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987), Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, Item 83, 42nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. WEF (2005), World Economic Form, Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policiy and Center For International Earth Science Information Network, Environmental Sustainability 467 �Index: Bencmarking National Environmental http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/esi/esı2005 (23.04.2012). Stewardship, Traffic Accident Detection By Using Machine Learning Methods Nejdet Dogru, Abdulhamit Subasi International Burch University,Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegovina E –mails: ndogru@ibu.edu.ba, asubasi@ibu.edu.ba Abstract There are lots of studies about preventing or detecting the car accidents. Most of them includes sensing objects which might cause accident or statistics about accidents. In this study, a system which detects happening accidents will be studied. The system will collect necessary information from neighbor vehicles and process that information using machine learning tools to detect possible accidents. Machine learning algorithms have shown success on distinguishing abnormal behaviors than normal behaviors. This study aims to analyze traffic behavior and consider vehicles which move different than current traffic behavior as a possible accident. Results showed that clustering algorithms can successfully detect accidents. 1.INTRODUCTION Recent inter vehicular studies are acquiring commercial interest via the DSRC/WAVE standard in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). Possible future services among vehicles are topic of many studies(Xu et al., 2004; Nandan et al., 2005; Lee and Gerla, 2010) In VANETs, vehicles are able to communicate with each other in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or with roadside network infrastructure in vehicle-to-Roadside Communication (V2R) manner. Some of the envisioned applications for vehicular networks are : vehicle collision warning, security distance warning, driver assistance, cooperative driving, cooperative cruise control,dissemination of road information, internet access, map location, automatic parking, driverless vehicles(Boukerche et al., 2008) Most of applications need traffic speed and travel time measurements. These measurements can be used to help roadway users to decide which route to use or when to depart etc. Also These measurement can be saved to analyze traffic speed and travel time patterns for different time intervals. Currently local detectors at specific points along the road are used to 468 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1204 Title A name given to the resource A Cross – Sectional Analysis of Environmetal Sustainability Practices Author Author Toksari , Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. In 1970s and 1980s the concept of sustainability developed as a process of protection for the elements that social, economic and eceological systems need. During the Environment and Development Summit held in 1992, decisions were made about the works to protect and improve the environmental sustainability with the help of objective policies. By revealing sustainability specifically focuses on the social, economic and ecological target, Brountland report states that meeting Socia-Economic needs is limited to the carrying capacity of ecosystem. Environmental sustainability is divided into three categories. They are resource management, energy management and product sustainability. While, solid waste and water conservation compose the resource managament, energy managament includes energy conservation, renewable energy, GHG emission reduction, energy sufficient. Finally, product sustainability involves product transportation, supply chain audit, product stewardship and Life Cycle Program. In this context, environmental sustainability index and environmental performance index were prepared by the universities of Yale and Colombia. With environmental sustainability index, it is intented to reach perfection in the current and future environmental qualities of the countries. This index, is a tool when aiming to be qualified and is an important mechanism for testing the environmental performance. As for environmental performance index, it has been developed by using result-oriented indicators. In this study, the countries whose performances enter the scope of the environmental performance index were compared, 149 countries in 2008 and 163 countries in 2010 were included in this index. Keywords: Sustainability, environmental performance index, environmental sustainability index, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/800547fc1c8c0d7fb66838209bf7d5c5.pdf 001ca3215638224b332adde93333ea39 PDF Text Text The Effects of Different Feeding Programmes on Growth and Survival Rates of Newborn Guppy (Poeciliareticulata PETERS, 1859) Tolga Sahin1, Gurel Turkmen2,Dilek Isgoren Emiroglu2 1Çanakkale 18 Mart Uni.,Faculty of Fisheries, Dep.ofAquaculture, Çanakkale / Turkey 2Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Izmir / Turkey E-mails:tolgasahin@comu.edu.tr,gurel.turkmen@ege.edu.tr, dilek.emiroglu@ege.edu.tr Abstract In this trial, five feeding programmes were used to investigate the optimum feeding process of new-born guppy in five treatment groups. For the study, fish were fed Artemia(nauplii) for 4 weeks (4A), microparticulated feed for 4 weeks(4MF), 1week Artemia+ 3weeks microparticulated feed (1A+3MF), 2weeks Artemia + 2weeks microparticulated feed (2A+2MF) and 3weeks Artemia + 1week microparticulated feed (3A+1MF) in related treatment groups. At the end of the study differences in weight, length, survival and stress resistance of the fish were calculated. According to the measurements, the best average growth of19.94±0.161 mm length and0.0732±0.00120 g weightwas observed in the group fed 4MF (p<0.05), whilst the worst average growth of17.74±0.088 mm lengthand0.0425±0.00061 g weight was observed in the group fed 4A (p<0.05).There were significant differences (p<0.05) in average lengths of18.93±0.038 mm, 18.27±0.055 mm, 17.97±0.025mm in the groups fed 1A+3MF, 2A+2MF and 3A+1MF respectively. The weights did not show any differencewith0.0594±0.00032g and 0.0576±0.00026g between the groups 1A+3MF, 2A+2MF (p>0.05),while the group 3A+1MF showed different live weight of 0.0490±0.00041g (p<0.05) according to other treatment groups. The worst survival rates with %88.14±0.74 has been obtained (p<0.05) in the group fed 4MF while the survival rates has been determined %97.78±0.00 in the group fed 3A+1MF, %97.04±0.74 in the group fed 4A and in the group fed 2A+2MF, %91.85±0.74 in the group fed 1A+3MF respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups fed 4A, 2A+2MF, 3A+1MF (p>0.05) while the groups 4MF and 1A+3MF showed significant differences (p<0.05). According to these results, the diet 4MF and 1A+3MF are not enough for a better aquaculture of new-born guppy. Therefore, it is found in the trial that Artemia supply for the first 2 weeks after birth in guppy are necessary for better survival and stress resistance. Keywords:Poecilia reticulata, Artemia, Microparticulated feed. 1. INTRODUCTION For many fish species, the larval period is considered critical in life history. Success of larval rearing depends mainly on the availability of suitable feed that is readily consumed, efficiently digested and that provides the required nutrients to support good growth and health (Giri et al., 2002). In general, the fish larvae are physiologically immature with little or no capacity to produce certain hormones and digestive enzymes, and they are dependent to a 300 �greater or lesser extent on exogenous sources as live feed (Dabrowski, 1982, Lam, 1994; in Kumar et al., 2008). For this reason, it has been known that, since no artificial feed formulation is yet available to completely substitute for live feed, feeding live prey to young fish larvae still remains essential in commercial hatchery operations (Sorgelooset al., 2001). Hence, live feed is still the most preferred and reliable food organism in the rearing of fish larvae. In theornamental fish production, the fish also have commonly been fed live preyfor several days after hatching depending on the species. The major aim of the aquaculturists are to provide the fish larvae appropriate size of feed at the first feeding stage and to allow for better growth with higher survival rates. However, the mouth-opening is enough to get the microparticulated artificial feed in newborn guppies. Despite the mouth-opening being large enough for exogenous feeding, use of live-feed in the culture of new-born guppy is important due to lower survival rates and weakness to the adverse conditions fish fed only microparticulated feed (OrtadoğuAkv., Pers. Comm., April 4, 2012; ŞirinyerAkv., Pers. Comm., April 4, 2012; Kayhan, S. Email Interview, Feb. 12, 2012; Clapsaddle, C., Email Interview, Feb. 01, 2012). For that reason, many freshwater ornamental fish farmers have shifted from only artificial feed to the cleaner Artemia nauplii to feed their young fish for the first few weeks after hatching. Although Artemia is advantageous, it also has several disadvantages. The high price of Artemia cysts has increased the fish production making it one of the biggest outgoings at the ornamental fish farms. Many studies have been carried out both in marine larvae culture and ornamental fish larvae culture to determine the optimum period for Artemia feeding to solve this economical problem. In this study, the effects of Artemia and microparticulated feed on growth, survival parameters and stress resistance have been calculated in new-born guppies. The optimum feeding period of the new-born guppy with Artemia was investigated. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1.Experimental setup and the trial Five treatments, including: Artemiafor 4 weeks (4A), microparticulated feed for 4 weeks(4MF), 1weekArtemia+3 weeks microparticulated feed (1A+3MF), 2weeks Artemia + 2weeks microparticulated feed (2A+2MF) and3weeks A + 1week microparticulated feed (3A+1MF) were fed to triplicate groups of new-bornguppies. The experimental setup has been illustrated in Figure 1. Guppy fry were received from female broodstocks which allthe fish used in the experimentwereoriginated from the same strain. The trials were conducted in 9-Ltransparent plastic containers. After determination of the average length and weight of the fry (8.11 ± 0.21 mm total length ‗TL‘ and 0.0064 ± 0.0006 g weight), new-born guppy were stocked at a density of 45 fish for each experimental tank (Itzkovich, 2011). The containers were continuously aerated and dissolved O2 was kept >7 mg.L-1. Water temperature was maintained at 26 ± 1 ºC and 12 h light/12 hdarkphotoperiod conditions were applied. Filtration was supplied with canister filters in order to filter the tap water in supply tank. % 30 of water was siphoned daily from the experimental containers for removing the uneaten food 301 �and fish waste (Uslu, 2003). The tanks were refilled with filtered tap water from the supply tank after siphoned. Measurements were taken every 7th day from the beginning of the trial until the end. On completion of the trial one final measurement was taken. The sample fish from all the replicates of five treatments were selected randomly and anaesthetized with clove oil (Kanyılmazet al.,2007). After anesthetization, lengths were measured and fish were weighed. The dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH parameters were monitored daily while ammonia, nitrite and nitrate parameters were monitored once a week. Figure 1Experimental setup 2.2.Feeds and feeding protocol The fish were fed Artemianauplii and microparticulated feed throughout the study. As microparticulated feed, a new commercial artificial feed (ÇağatayEcobio, 300-500µ) was used on related treatment groups (Table 1). The microparticulated feed contains optimum levels of significant nutrients according to the information indicated at Shim and Ho (1993), Shim and Chua (1986) (Sales and Janssens, 2003). Table 1 Nutritional Composition of the Microparticulated Feed1(MF) and Artemia1(%). MF Artemia Crude Protein Min. 42 57 Crude Fat Min. 6 13 Crude Cellulose Max. 3 - Crude Ash Max. 9 8 1Obtained from the feed cards. 302 �The requisite Artemia nauplii were obtained daily by hatching the decapsulated cysts. The decapsulatedArtemia cysts were placed into a cone shaped container and filled with >8 pH water. The temperature was set to 27-28 ºC and the salinity was adjusted to ‰ 33. Continuous strong aeration was carried out to the container and 2000 lux illumination was applied to the surface of water. Over 18-24 hours, nauplii were hatched. Feeding procedures was set to adlibitum. Newly hatched naupliiwere supplied to treatment groups three times a day at a concentration of 1 nauplii mL-1 for the first 10 days and then 2 nauplii mL-1 on subsequent days. Hatched nauplii were stored at +4 ºC after use not to lose its nutritional values (Le´ger et al., 1983; in Lim et al., 2003). 2.3. Stress test At the end of the experiment, sample fish were collected randomly from each replicate of the groups in order to determine the stress resistance. A stress test was used to evaluate the stress resistanceof the freshwater ornamental fish. The test entailed exposure of thefish to a certain amount of osmotic shock in a saline solution.Theoptimal salinity for stress tests using guppy fry reported to be 30 ‰according to procedures described by Lim et al.(2000). Hence, during the osmotic application, fish were subjected to osmotic shock in a500-mL beaker containing 500 mL of 30-ppt saline solution, made up of pre-aerated culture water and coarse salt. Themortality was monitored at 15-min intervalsover a 2-h period. The stress resistance of thefish werecalculated according to the number of survived fish recorded atreadings during the observation period. 2.4. Statistical analyses Results were subjected to variance analyses (one-way ANOVA; p< 0.05) and followed by Tukey‘s multiple range testusing a software package SPSS 17.0 to determine the significant differences among treatment groups. 3. RESULTS 3.1. Growth After average measurements were done at the beginning of the experiment, weight and length measurements were carried out on a weekly basis to evaluate the differences between the groups as a result of the protocols applied on nutrition programs. At the end of the first week of the trial, all groups showed approximately similar average live weight and length results (p>0.05). In the second week measurements, the best growth results were obtained from the group 4MF (p<0.05).The groups 4MF and 1A+3MF were significantly different from each other (p<0.05) but the other groups showed no difference between themselves (p>0.05). At the end of the third week, another measurement has been carried out. According to the results, the group 4MF showed the best growth (p<0.05). The groups 4MF, 1A+3MF and 2A+2MF were statistically different from each other (p<0.05) while the others did not show a difference on growth (p>0.05). 303 �The last measurement has been done in the fourth week on completion of the trial. The group 4MF showed the best growth (p<0.05), while the group fed only Artemia (4A) showed the worst live weight and length results (p<0.05). The groups1A+3MF and 2A+2MF did not show a significant difference (p>0.05) in terms of weight while the lengths were significantly different from each other (p<0.05). The group 3A+1MF also showed significant difference for the weight measurements (p<0.05) but the lengths were not significantly different from the groups 4A and 2A+2MF (p>0.05), although the groups 4A and 2A+2MF differ from each other.The average live weights were shown in Table 2 and Figure 2 and the lengths were shown in Table 3 and Figure 3. Table 2Average live weights recorded at weekly measurements (g). Measurements Groups Initial 1. Week 2. Week 3. Week 4. Week 4A 0.0064±0.00 06 0.0103±0.000 12 0.0161±0.0001 5c 0.0349±0.0002 9d 0.0425±0.0006 1d 4MF 0.0064±0.00 06 0.0104±0.000 06 0.0219±0.0002 4a 0.0569±0.0001 7a 0.0732±0.0012 0a 1A+3M F 0.0064±0.00 06 0.0103±0.000 06 0.0196±0.0002 0b 0.0475±0.0002 7b 0.0594±0.0003 2b 2A+2M F 0.0064±0.00 06 0.0103±0.000 10 0.0162±0.0002 1c 0.0436±0.0002 6c 0.0576±0.0002 6b 3A+1M F 0.0064±0.00 06 0.0102±0.000 12 0.0157±0.0001 5c 0.0352±0.0001 2d 0.0490±0.0004 1c 304 �4A 0.08 4MF 1A+3MF 2A+2MF 3A+1MF 3 4 0.07 Weight (g) 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 Initial 1 2 Experimental period (weeks) Figure 2 Graphical representation of live weights recorded at weekly measurements Table 3 Average lengths recorded at weekly measurements (mm). Measurements Groups İnitial 1. Week 2. Week 3. Week 4. Week 4A 8.11±0.21 11.54±0.023b 12.77±0.018c 15.11±0.024d 17.74±0.088d 4MF 8.11±0.21 12.01±0.018a 14.50±0.031a 17.19±0.035a 19.94±0.161a 1A+3MF 8.11±0.21 11.52±0.042b 13.91±0.024b 16.92±0.114b 18.93±0.038b 2A+2MF 8.11±0.21 11.56±0.035b 12.76±0.031c 16.16±0.031c 18.27±0.055c 3A+1MF 8.11±0.21 11.51±0.018b 12.71±0.042c 15.13±0.029d 17.97±0.025cd 305 �4A 4MF 1A+3MF 2A+2MF 3A+1MF 20 Length (mm) 18 16 14 12 10 8 Initial 1 2 3 Experimental Period (weeks) 4 Figure 3Graphical representation of the lengths recorded at weekly measurements 3.2. Survival As a result of observations on each experimental tank, dead fish were recorded daily during the experiment. At the end of the study, survival rates were calculated according to numbers of live and dead fish (Table 4). In consequence of survival data, the fish fed 3A+1MF diet showed the highest survival rates %97.78. The group fed only Artemia and the group fed 2A+2MF also showed better survival rate with both %97.04. The worst survival rates have been obtained from the group fed only MF with %88.14 and followed by the group fed 1A+3MF with %91.85. According to the statistical analyses, the groups 4A, 2A+2MF, 3A+1MF were not different from each other (p>0.05), while the groups 4MF and 1A+3MF were both different (p<0.05). Table 1Survival rates of new-born guppy fry fed different feeding programs (%). Groups 4A 4MF 1A+3MF 2A+2MF 3A+1MF Survival Rates 97.04±0.74a 88.14±0.74c 91.85±0.74b 97.04±0.74a 97.78±0.00a 3.3. Stress Test Results The stress resistance of the fish were calculated during the observations which have been done 15 minutes intervals over 2 hour period. The fish fed 4A and 3A+1MF have shown the best stress resistance between all treatment groups. There were not significant differences among these two groups despite the others were different from each other. Following groups can be listedas 2A+2MF, 1A+3MF and 4MF according to their stress resistance and stamina. The first deaths have been observed in the groups 4MF in the 30th minutes (Table 5, Figure 306 �4). The deaths in all groups have been seen in the 60th minutes. At the end of the application, there were no alive fish in the group 4MF while the survival rate was %30 in the groups fed 4A and 3A+1MF. Table 5Survival rates of new-born guppy exposed to salinity stress test. Survival data recorded at 15 min. intervals (%) Groups 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 4A 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 63.3 56.6 53.3 30.0 4 MF 100.0 100.0 96.6 83.3 66.6 50.0 23.3 6.6 0.0 1 A+3 MF 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.6 76.6 60.0 46.6 16.6 10.0 2 A+2 MF 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.0 73.3 70.0 40.0 26.6 23.3 3 A+1 MF 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 86.6 66.6 56.6 40.0 30.0 Survival Rates of Fish (%) 4A 4 MF 1 A+3 MF 2 A+2 MF 3 A+1 MF 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 Observations (15 min. intervals) 105 120 Figure 4 Graphical demonstration of the stress test exposed to new-born guppy 4.DISCUSSION In this study, new-born guppy showed good feeding response to both Artemia and microparticulated feed. However, the fish fed 4MF diet ended up with a high performance growth according to other treatment groups (p<0.05). In the first measurement, the weights of the fish did not differ from each other (p>0.05). But for the lengths, four groups including 4A, 1A+3MF, 2A+2MF, 3A+1MF resulted in the same growth rate (p>0.05) while 4MF 307 �outrivaled the others (p<0.05). In the second week of the trial another measurement has been performed and 3 different growth grades have been obtained from the statistical analyses. The groups 4MF and 1A+3MF were significantly different (p<0.05) in terms of live weight and length but the other groups did not show any difference(p>0.05). In the following measurement, the groups 4MF, 1A+3MF, 2A+2MF all showed better weight gain and increase in length in contrast to 3A+1MF and 4A groups respectively. The groups 4MF, 1A+3MF and 2A+2MF were statistically different from each other (p<0.05) while the others did not show a difference on growth (p>0.05).At the end of the trial, the last measurement has been done and the best growth results were obtained from the group fed 4MF (p<0.05), while the group fed only Artemia (4A) showed the worst growth (p<0.05). The other groupscould be arrayed as 1A+3MF, 2A+2MF and 3A+1MF according to growth of the fish depending upon the statistical analyses.Herein, it is clear to see the positive effect of used artificial feed on growth of new-born guppy. However, the survival rates were not the same as growth between the treatment groups. The highest survival rates obtained from the groups 3A+1MF, 2A+2MF and 4A respectively. According to data obtained from the measurements and observations have done during the experiment, the fish fed 4MF diet showed better growth while they have had lower survival rates. In spite of that, the fish fed 4A diet showed lower growth although they have had higher survival rates. Therefore, as is clear from here, Artemia weighted diets have resulted in better survival rates despite they cause lower growth in new-born guppies. Another application has been carried out to determine the stamina of the fish fed different feeding programs. The salinity stress test used in the trial is one of the stress resistance determining tests developed for new-born guppies. The groups 4A and 3A+1MF showed the best survival rates according to stress test results. The groups fed MF weighed diets resulted in lower stress resistance. Thus, the stress resistances of the fish have given similar results to the survival data of the fish during the trial. It is clear that, Artemia increased the stamina of the fish in contrast to MF in this trial. In a similar study, Başçınar and Çakmak, (2010) have investigated the growth performance of Black Sea Trout larvae fed Artemia and granulated feed. According to the results, they have found that the larvae grew better fed only granulated feed for the first 45 days. However, the survival rates were not high in the groups fed Artemia in contrast to this trial. Callan et al., (2003), also have made another experiment to investigate the early weaning of Gadusmorhua larvae from Artemia to artificial feed. They have found that the groups fed 100% A, 50% A and 25% A diets did not differ significantly in standard length, dry weight, specific growth rate or survival. However, the microparticulated diet treatment has had lower growth and survival rates than any of the treatments receiving Artemia. Çalım, (2010) has investigated the effects of Artemia and microcapsule feed on guppy fry, and has found that the growth and survival data were not as well as the fry fed Artemia. In another trial, Kaiser et al., (2003) have found that the larvae (Carassiusauratus) fed Artemia or Artemia + commercial food have showed better growth and survival rates than the fish fed only commercial food. In many studies, Artemia and artificial feed diets show different growth and survival results due to species and other conditions. There are several researches have been already done about the first feeding of new-born guppy. According to the data obtained from these experiments prove that, the use of Artemia nauplii for the feeding of guppy-fry increases the growth and survival. However, being one of the biggest expenditures of ornamental fish 308 �farms, use of Artemia is an important issue for the farmers. Several interviews followed out with the fish-farmers (OrtadoğuAkv., Pers. Comm., April 4, 2012; ŞirinyerAkv., Pers. Comm., April 4, 2012)to investigate the feeding protocols of the culture of new-born guppies and to consider the use of Artemia in ornamental fish farms. According to interviews, the use of Artemia as live feed for the culture of new-born guppy have been expressed as necessary for the first few weeks after birth. The Artemia has been rendered as breast-milk for new-born guppies due to its effects on increased survival and stamina. Person le Ruyet (1993) has also indicated that, reducing the live prey utilization in larvae increases the Artemia savings for the early culture of fish. However, this may lead to deaths, lower juvenile quality, including skeletal abnormalities. It is already known artificial feeds got ahead in time and increase the growth and survival much better in comparison to back. It is because of the recent studies which have provided better understanding of digestion mechanisms in larvae and have led to proposed dietary compositions meeting larvae nutritional requirements. The biochemical studies have also shown that most of the digestive enzymes are present in young larvae to digest the artificial feed (Cahu and Infante, 2001). Therefore, artificial feeds are being improved rapidly to meet the needs of larvae. But total replacement of live prey is still formidable for now. For this reason, Artemia is still the most important live feed in the culture of new-born guppy and highly important for a better growth, survival and stamina. In this trial, the efficient use of Artemia and microparticulated feed were investigated. According to the results Artemia supply to the fish increased the survival and stamina. As a result, the use of Artemia on new-born guppy for the first 2 weeks after birth has been found necessary for better survival and stress resistance. REFERENCES Başçınar, N. S. &Çakmak, E., 2010. Utilization of Granule and Live Feed at Black Sea Trout (Salmotruttalabrax PALLAS, 1811) Larvas: Comparison of Growth Performance. Kafkas Univ. Vet.Fak.Derg. 16 (6): 915-920. Callan, C., Jordaan, A. & Kling, L.J., 2003.Reducing Artemia Use in The Culture of Atlantic Cod (Gadusmorhua). Aquaculture 219, 585–595. Copeman, L.A., Parrish, C.C., Brown, J.A. &Harel, M., 2002. Effects of Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic and Arachidonic Acids on the Early Growth, Survival, Lipid Composition and Pigmentation of Yellowtail Flounder (Limandaferruginea): a Live Food Enrichment Experiment, Aquaculture 210, 285–304. Çalım, Ç., 2010.Determination of Requirements of Artemia and Microencapsulated Diets as Food for Goldfish (Carassiusauratus) and Guppy (Poeciliareticulata) larvae.ÇukurovaÜniv., Su Ürün. A.B.D., M.Sc. Thesis, Adana, 30pp. Dagar, A., Zilberg, D., Cohen, Z., Boussiba, S. & Goldberg, Inna K., 2010. Short-term Dietary Supplementation with the Microalga ‗Parietochlorisincisa‘ Enhances Stress Resistance in Guppies ‗Poeciliareticulata‘. Aquaculture Research, 2010, 41, 267-277. 309 �Evangelista, A. D., Fortes, N. R. & Santiago, C. B., 2005.Comparison of Some Live Organisms and Artificial Diet as Feed for Asian Catfish ‗Clariasmacrocephalus‘ (Günther) Larvae. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 21 (2005), 437–443. Fernando, A. A., Phang,V. P. G. & Chan, S. Y., 1991. Diets and Feeding Regimes of Poeciliid Fishes in Singapore.Asian Fish. Sci. 4, 99–107. Giri, S.S., Sahoo, S.K., Sahu, B.B., Sahu, A.K., Mohanty, S.N., Mukhopadhyay, P.K. &Ayyappan, S., 2002. Larval Survival and Growth in ‗Wallagoattu‘ (Bloch and Schneider): Effects of Light, Photoperiod and Feeding Regims. Aquaculture, 213:151-161. Guppy Culture in Israel Using Closed System. Last Accessed on 3 1, 2012, from http://aquafind.com/articles/guppy1.php The Use of Clove Oil as a Fish Anaesthetic. Last Accessed on 3 5, 2012, from http://www.akuademi.net/USG/USG2007/Y/y08.pdf Kumar, D., Marimuthu, K., Haniffa, M. A. &Sethuramalingam, T. A., 2008.Effect of Different Live Feed on Growth and Survival of Striped Murrel‗Channastriatus‘ larvae. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 2008, Cilt/Volume 25, Sayı/Issue (2): 105–110. Lim, L. C., Dhert, P. &Sorgeloos, P., 2003.Recent Developments in the Application of Live Feeds in the Freshwater Ornamental Fish Culture. Aquaculture 227 (2003) 319–331. Sales, J. &Janssens, G. P. J., 2003.Nutrient Requirements of Ornamental fish.Aquatic. Living Resources, 16 (2003) 533–540. Sorgeloos, P., Dhert, P. &Candreva, P., 2001.Use of the Brine Shrimp, Artemia spp.In Marine Fish Larviculture. Aquaculture, 200, 147-159. Sales, J. &Janssens G. P. J., 1993, Nutrition of Ornamental Fish. Aquatic Living Resources 16 (2003) 533–540. Uslu, M., 2003, Determination of Suitable Feed Source Necessity of Blackmolly (Poecilialatipinna)‘ on Larval and Juvenile Term.ÇukurovaÜniv., Su Ürün. A.B.D., M.Sc. Thesis, Adana, 41pp. Structural Characterization Of Iron Aluminide Coatings On Aisi 4140 Steel By Trd Ugur Sen*, Eren Yılmaz, Saduman Sen Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgy and Materials, Esentepe Campus, 54187, Sakarya- Turkey. E-mail: ugursen@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract In the present study, structural characterization of iron aluminide coated AISI 4140 steel by thermo-reactive deposition technique (TRD) in the powder mixture consisting of pure 310 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1260 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of Different Feeding Programmes on Growth and Survival Rates of Newborn Guppy (Poeciliareticulata PETERS, 1859) Author Author Tolga , Sahin Abstract A summary of the resource. In this trial, five feeding programmes were used to investigate the optimum feeding process of new-born guppy in five treatment groups. For the study, fish were fed Artemia(nauplii) for 4 weeks (4A), microparticulated feed for 4 weeks(4MF), 1week Artemia+ 3weeks microparticulated feed (1A+3MF), 2weeks Artemia + 2weeks microparticulated feed (2A+2MF) and 3weeks Artemia + 1week microparticulated feed (3A+1MF) in related treatment groups. At the end of the study differences in weight, length, survival and stress resistance of the fish were calculated. According to the measurements, the best average growth of19.94±0.161 mm length and0.0732±0.00120 g weightwas observed in the group fed 4MF (p<0.05), whilst the worst average growth of17.74±0.088 mm lengthand0.0425±0.00061 g weight was observed in the group fed 4A (p<0.05).There were significant differences (p<0.05) in average lengths of18.93±0.038 mm, 18.27±0.055 mm, 17.97±0.025mm in the groups fed 1A+3MF, 2A+2MF and 3A+1MF respectively. The weights did not show any differencewith0.0594±0.00032g and 0.0576±0.00026g between the groups 1A+3MF, 2A+2MF (p>0.05),while the group 3A+1MF showed different live weight of 0.0490±0.00041g (p<0.05) according to other treatment groups. The worst survival rates with %88.14±0.74 has been obtained (p<0.05) in the group fed 4MF while the survival rates has been determined %97.78±0.00 in the group fed 3A+1MF, %97.04±0.74 in the group fed 4A and in the group fed 2A+2MF, %91.85±0.74 in the group fed 1A+3MF respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups fed 4A, 2A+2MF, 3A+1MF (p>0.05) while the groups 4MF and 1A+3MF showed significant differences (p<0.05). According to these results, the diet 4MF and 1A+3MF are not enough for a better aquaculture of new-born guppy. Therefore, it is found in the trial that Artemia supply for the first 2 weeks after birth in guppy are necessary for better survival and stress resistance. Keywords:Poecilia reticulata, Artemia, Microparticulated feed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7032fd3eae0cfb5f02e742073960a0ab.pdf 1c975b251ff697546c8e9944f3dbc423 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo European Union Membership Process Of Turkey; Its Pros And Cons For Turkey Turhan Durmus Gokhan Suleyman Demirel University Isparta/TURKEY E-mail: gokhanturhan@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The membership process of Turkey has been carried out since 1959 when Turkey first applied to join what was then called the European Economic Community. This process had profound influence on Turkey in many fields such as economy, social life, international policy, education etc. The first agreement signed between Turkey and European Union was “Ankara Agreement” which took place in 12 September 1963. This agreement envisaged establishment of customs union, which is aimed at integration of Turkey and European Economic Community in three main phases. Following this agreement additional protocols were signed. The year 1987 was another turning point for the process that Turkey applied for full membership on this date. Besides the developments in 1987, in 2004 Turkey realized an important step on the way to becoming a full member. In 2004 European Union Member States decided that negotiations with Turkey could be initiated. The negotiations are still carried out. All of the agreements and protocols in the process required Turkey perform new policies which affect the society in many fields. The question of how this process has affected Turkey, which is asked by many, is still one of the most questioned issues of Turkey. It is obvious that 53 years-old process has had a lot of advantages and disadvantages for Turkey. To see the main pros and cons clearly, the issue must be analyzed under three main subtitles; economy, social life and policy. Keywords: EU, Turkey, Membership Process, Customs Union, Ankara Agreement. 1. INTRODUCTION The relations between Turkish people and the European civilization have a deep and long history. Remarkable relations date back till the Seljuk Empire times then it continues with the Ottomans. The Otoman Empire was recognized as a European state with the Declaration of Paris in 1856 (Eldem, 2005). After Ottoman Empire’s collapse, Turkish Republic was founded and its fundamental aim was to reach modern civilizations level. 253 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The way of reaching modern civilizations level was to internalize developments experienced in the west without destroying our own values. Till the end of 1950s, the relations ran at an idle, however 1959 was a landmark in view of Turkey’s relationships with Europe. In this year the Turkish government applied to European Community to be an associate member. The second important date is 1963. The Turkish government signed the Ankara Agreement with the EEC. It was the first financial protocol between the community and Turkey (Euractive 2004) and constituted legal foundations of the membership process. After Ankara Agreement, another important component in the relations was The Additional Protocol of 13 November 1970 which meant Turkey would be a part of customs union step by step. After the long period of negotiations, protocols and different obstacles which took nearly thirty years, in 1995 Customs Union Agreement was signed. With this agreement, Turkey became a full member of the Customs Union in 1 January 1996 and almost 60 per cent of Turkey’s trade is now with European states. 1999 Helsinki Summit followed Customs Union Agreement and Turkey became a candidate country. After Helsinki Summit, another important date was October 2004 when the Commission presented the 2004 regular report on Turkey’s progress towards accession and recommended the opening of accession negotiations with Turkey in this report (Pime Ministry Undersecretariat of Customs 2007). In October 2005 negotiations started and membership process took a new route. As seen above, Turkey has a very long membership process. The main aim of this long and grueling period was to reach modern civilizations, therefore what must be asked at this point is what are the pros and cons of this membership process for Turkey. In this study this question will be examined. 2. Advantages of the Membership Process The long membership process has had profound affects on Turkey in many areas. Main advantages of the process can be classified under these subtitles; 2.1. Political Framework In political area, the membership process has gained Turkey many important aspects. Turkey is a geographically strategic country which has strong bounds with Asian Turkish Countries, Muslim World and Balkan Countries. If Turkey can carry out effective policies toward these areas, it can be one of the key states in the union and increase its effectiveness. Using her cultural, historical and religious ties, Turkey can be an important bridge between the east and west, that is because Turkey is one of the unique countries that have such strong ties with both the east and the west, which makes Turkey an important player. 254 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2. Democracy, Social Standards and Human Rights Framework The process has contributed enormously to the development of democracy understanding in Turkey. Turkey has been exposed to many military coups and as a result there existed a morbid understanding that army have right to interfere with the government. This means army is the power above all foundations, which conflicts with the democracy notion. During the process positive steps have been taken to eliminate this misunderstanding and democracy has been strengthened through the laws and regulations passed during the process. Actually the membership process has been used as an instrument to convince the obsolete pro-militarists and achieve the real democracy. During the membership process, human rights and judicial reforms have been one of the most important issues that should be dealt with neatly. The civil, political, social and economic rights of humans are likely the main concerns of the union. Some reforms aiming at enriching human rights, judicial organization and eliminating strict restrictions have been dictated by European Union as a part of membership conditions and these reforms have had positive effects in terms of human rights and social standards. Many practices such as capital punishments, torture, child labor, restrictions on freedoms, poor working conditions, poor social security etc., which are not suitable for a modern country, have been amended or entirely abolished in accordance with European Union standards. 2.3. Economic Framework When examined the economic benefits of the membership process, it is clearly seen that Customs Union is the key term in this field. With Customs Union Agreement Turkey has taken an important step in view of her technical regulations in economic fields. To be able to exist in European markets and compete with other states, Turkey needed production standards. These high standards and regulations were provided with Turkey by European Union as parts of the membership process. Customer satisfaction, food security and product quality are main targets of the regulations and undoubtedly these regulations increased quality and standards in Turkey. European Union means a new market for Turkey. European Union lacks of many products which are abundant in Turkey. If Turkey can achieve quality and high technical standards, she can make huge profits from the new market. With the process many regulations about export and import were made flexible and trade among Europe countries became much easier. This increased Turkey’s economic importance in the region as well. Turkey’s location resembling a bridge between Asia and Europe became much more important with the membership process. With Turkey which is dependable partner state, European Union has broaden its economic affairs to Middle East and Asian states. As a result, Turkey’s importance and effectiveness got bigger. 255 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.4. Cultural Framework Cultural framework is one of the most controversial issues in the membership process. Some spheres argue that cultural alienation occurs as a result of the reforms, developments and alterations experienced during the process, while others argue the society has interaction with other cultures which results in positive feedbacks. Being aware of different cultures and taking good samples from these cultures may be one of the most significant outcomes of the process. During the process, many reforms have been realized in all spheres, a lot of Turkish citizens had chance to visit different countries of the union, many university students have benefited from different exchange programs and undoubtedly all of these have contributed to cultural structure of Turkey. For example, many university students had a chance to travel different countries of the union and these experiences opened up new vistas for them. Apart from social interaction, there are cultural outcomes stemming from economical, social and political developments. Especially social reforms affected Turkey’s cultural structure more than the others. Many social reforms bettering life conditions have been passed and cultural aspects started to alter as a result. For example, many restrictions on freedoms have been abolished and the citizens added freedom understanding to their cultural heritage. Another good example is that effect of military foundations on fields of politics has been eliminated and democracy understanding has been internalized as a part of culture. 3. Disadvantages of the Membership Process In spite of the advantages mentioned above, there are many disadvantages experienced and foreseen. The main issues centre on fear of cultural assimilation, interference to domestic policy and possible compatibility problems. 3.1. Possible Compatibility Issues There are two main roots of a culture; the first one is religion and the other one is national history. Nearly all of the European Union countries come from the same religious roots and they have a common historical background. On the other hand, the Christian Europeans put a distance on every different social, religious and ethnic structures and cultures for ages. They excluded and tried to destroy the different cultures and these thoughts remained not only in politician’s minds but also remained in regular European citizen’s mind (Hatipoğlu 2004). At this point there is a strong controversy that Turkey has a different religious and historical background. If the union is a Christian Union as implied above, does Turkey have a place in the union? Even if she finds a place, can she have adaptation? These are the questions which are asked and examined by both sides. 256 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.2. Fear of Cultural Assimilation Each culture has its own unique values and aspects. In the process many values and aspects of Turkish Culture has degenerated as a result of dominant culture of the union which stems from economic, social, political and cultural strength of European Union. Many citizens of Turkey are afraid of cultural assimilations and the signs of cultural assimilations observed till now have supported their concerns. 3.3. Interference with Domestic Policies Each state has unique laws, foundations, regimes, state structures... As a result, some laws necessary for a country can be found exaggerated or insufficient by another country. Similar conditions can be seen in the membership process. Many regulations and laws had to be abolished, changed or passed in accordance with European Union’s requirements. This case raised the questions in minds whether European Union interferes with Turkey’s domestic policies. Does European Union have right to force Turkey to change any law about her own domestic policy? This is one of the biggest question marks in minds. Another worry is that the future of the EU is not certain. It is a big question whether EU is going to be a union of states or a federal state or something else. But it is certain that the EU is moving towards to a federation. Modern state has the right to control its domestic affairs and can decide for its actions.(Tulgar 2009) If European Unions is moving towards federation, in the future will Turkey be able to decide for her own actions or will Turkey control her own domestic affairs herself? Is Turkey’s sovereignty restricted? 4. Conclusion The membership process of Turkey has been carried out since 1959 when Turkey first applied to join what was then called the European Economic Community. This process had profound influence on Turkey in many fields such as economy, social life, international policy, education etc. The question of how this process has affected Turkey, which is asked by many, is still one of the most questioned issues of Turkey. It is obvious that 53 years-old process has had a lot of advantages and disadvantages for Turkey. In this paper, main advantages and disadvantages of the process are mentioned and examined under various subtitles. REFERENCES Ulgar F. G., Advantages and Disadvantages of EU Membership for Turkey, M.A. Thesis, 2009, Bahcesehir University, İstanbul. Eldem E., Ottoman Financial Integration with Europe: Foreign Loans, the Ottoman Bank and the Ottoman Public Debt, Boğaziçi University, Department of History 257 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Hatipoğlu M. M., Avrupa Birliği: Çağdaş Uygarlığın Yolu mu, Ulusal Egemenliğin Sonu mu? ( Is the EU way to modern civilizations or the end of national sovereignty?) Symposium, 0809.11.2004, Istanbul Hacettepe University Publication Hakim A., Middle East Needs Turkey’s EU Membership, The Journal of Turkish Weekly Opinion, 02 October 2005 Euractiv http://www.euractiv.com, the independent media portal fully dedicated to EU affairs, 2007 Ministry of Foreign Affairs http://www.mfa.gov.tr/agreement-establishing-an-association-between-the-european economic-community-and-turkey-signed-at-ankara_-september-1_-1963_.en.mfa, 2008 The Role Of Twin Deficit Problem In Sustainable Growth: An Econometric Analysis For Turkey Halil Uçal, Mehmet Bölükbaş Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administritive Sciences, 09900, Nazilli, Aydın, Turkey. E-mails:hucal@adu.edu.tr, mbolukbas@adu.edu.tr Abstract In economics literature the relationship between budget deficit and current account deficit is known as twin deficit hypothesis. The Keynesian Approach accepts a relationship between two deficits. In contrast to this, Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis defends there is no relationship between these two deficits. Twin deficit has become the subject of several studies to test which of these hypotheses are reliable but no consensus has achieved. Some studies found a relationship from budget deficit to current account deficit but some of them had the opposite result. Especially after 1980 it is known that many developed and developing countries encountered with this twin deficit problem. Also Turkey has the problem of twin deficit. Therefore, it is important to find whether there is a causality between them and the direction of this causality. In this study the relationship between budget deficit and current account deficit is examined by using Johansen Cointegration Analysis. This study is based on period 1996:Q1-2011:Q4. According to results of co-integration; variable coefficients are statistically significant and consistent with what we expected in hypotheses. CAD has a significant negative effect on BD. When there is a 1% increase in CAD, BD decreases 0,12%. This finding is consistent with economic theory because according to Keynesian Approach two deficits have 258 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1331 Title A name given to the resource European Union Membership Process Of Turkey; Its Pros And Cons For Turkey Author Author Turhan , Durmus Gokhan Abstract A summary of the resource. The membership process of Turkey has been carried out since 1959 when Turkey first applied to join what was then called the European Economic Community. This process had profound influence on Turkey in many fields such as economy, social life, international policy, education etc. The first agreement signed between Turkey and European Union was “Ankara Agreement” which took place in 12 September 1963. This agreement envisaged establishment of customs union, which is aimed at integration of Turkey and European Economic Community in three main phases. Following this agreement additional protocols were signed. The year 1987 was another turning point for the process that Turkey applied for full membership on this date. Besides the developments in 1987, in 2004 Turkey realized an important step on the way to becoming a full member. In 2004 European Union Member States decided that negotiations with Turkey could be initiated. The negotiations are still carried out. All of the agreements and protocols in the process required Turkey perform new policies which affect the society in many fields. The question of how this process has affected Turkey, which is asked by many, is still one of the most questioned issues of Turkey. It is obvious that 53 years-old process has had a lot of advantages and disadvantages for Turkey. To see the main pros and cons clearly, the issue must be analyzed under three main subtitles; economy, social life and policy. Keywords: EU, Turkey, Membership Process, Customs Union, Ankara Agreement. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/80087d6b3a58da1af3a375103f3c3463.pdf eec67b123fab942a10667d3b8b6f6a62 PDF Text Text Evangelista, A. D., Fortes, N. R. & Santiago, C. B., 2005.Comparison of Some Live Organisms and Artificial Diet as Feed for Asian Catfish ‗Clariasmacrocephalus‘ (Günther) Larvae. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 21 (2005), 437–443. Fernando, A. A., Phang,V. P. G. & Chan, S. Y., 1991. Diets and Feeding Regimes of Poeciliid Fishes in Singapore.Asian Fish. Sci. 4, 99–107. Giri, S.S., Sahoo, S.K., Sahu, B.B., Sahu, A.K., Mohanty, S.N., Mukhopadhyay, P.K. &Ayyappan, S., 2002. Larval Survival and Growth in ‗Wallagoattu‘ (Bloch and Schneider): Effects of Light, Photoperiod and Feeding Regims. Aquaculture, 213:151-161. Guppy Culture in Israel Using Closed System. Last Accessed on 3 1, 2012, from http://aquafind.com/articles/guppy1.php The Use of Clove Oil as a Fish Anaesthetic. Last Accessed on 3 5, 2012, from http://www.akuademi.net/USG/USG2007/Y/y08.pdf Kumar, D., Marimuthu, K., Haniffa, M. A. &Sethuramalingam, T. A., 2008.Effect of Different Live Feed on Growth and Survival of Striped Murrel‗Channastriatus‘ larvae. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 2008, Cilt/Volume 25, Sayı/Issue (2): 105–110. Lim, L. C., Dhert, P. &Sorgeloos, P., 2003.Recent Developments in the Application of Live Feeds in the Freshwater Ornamental Fish Culture. Aquaculture 227 (2003) 319–331. Sales, J. &Janssens, G. P. J., 2003.Nutrient Requirements of Ornamental fish.Aquatic. Living Resources, 16 (2003) 533–540. Sorgeloos, P., Dhert, P. &Candreva, P., 2001.Use of the Brine Shrimp, Artemia spp.In Marine Fish Larviculture. Aquaculture, 200, 147-159. Sales, J. &Janssens G. P. J., 1993, Nutrition of Ornamental Fish. Aquatic Living Resources 16 (2003) 533–540. Uslu, M., 2003, Determination of Suitable Feed Source Necessity of Blackmolly (Poecilialatipinna)‘ on Larval and Juvenile Term.ÇukurovaÜniv., Su Ürün. A.B.D., M.Sc. Thesis, Adana, 41pp. Structural Characterization Of Iron Aluminide Coatings On Aisi 4140 Steel By Trd Ugur Sen*, Eren Yılmaz, Saduman Sen Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgy and Materials, Esentepe Campus, 54187, Sakarya- Turkey. E-mail: ugursen@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract In the present study, structural characterization of iron aluminide coated AISI 4140 steel by thermo-reactive deposition technique (TRD) in the powder mixture consisting of pure 310 �aluminum, ammonium chloride and alumina at the temperatures of 700°C, 800°C and 900ºC for 1-5 h were investigated. The coated samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and micro-hardness tests. Iron aluminide layer formed on the AISI 4140 steel was smooth, compact and homogeneous. The phases formed in the coating layer deposited on the surface of the steel substrates are Fe2Al5, FeAl2, AlN and Al2O3. The depth of the iron aluminide layer ranged from 37.56±3.46 μm to 280.38±21.58 μm, depending on treatment temperature and time. The higher the treatment temperature and time the thicker the coating layer observed. The hardness of the iron aluminide layer was ranged from 952.4 to 1003.2 HV0.005. Keywords: Coating, aluminizing, iron aluminide, thermo reactive deposition 1. INTRODUCTION Protective coatings by pack aluminizing are frequently applied to metals to protect them from high temperature oxidation and hot corrosion attack. Pack aluminizing consists of heating the parts to be coated in a closed or vented pack to a high temperature for a period of time, during which a diffusion coating of desired composition and thickness is produced on the metal (Zhan 2006, Zhan 2007 and Smith 2005). Aluminide coatings were formed at a relatively lower temperature and in a shorter treatment time by combining the pack aluminizing with the ball impact process, compared with the conventional pack aluminizing. The pack processes for simultaneous depositions of Al and Cr, A1 and Si on either steels or super alloys have been studied using a mixture of alloy powder as the pack component. (Lee 2005). Conventional processes for fabricating aluminide coatings, such as pack cementation or chemical vapor deposition (CVD), are typically carried out at elevated temperatures (7001150°C) (Zhang 2007). Iron aluminide coatings are applied on steels to improve their corrosion resistance in oxidizing, sulphidizing and carburizing environments encountered in coal gasification plants, crude oil refineries and petrochemical industries. In addition, Aluminide-containing surface layers of steel provides high resistance to erosion or low-stress abrasive wear at elevated temperatures, corrosion, and corrosive wear. Iron aluminide-based coatings have demonstrated excellent oxidation resistance in exhaust/steam environments by forming a protective alumina scale. With the push towards ultra-supercritical steam coal-fired power plants, alumina-forming coatings become particularly attractive because at higher operating temperatures the slow growth of alumina and its stability in the presence of water vapor are superior to coatings that form chromium or silica-rich scales. (Jhon 2004, Ahmedi 2003, Pereza 2000 and Zhang 2007). The main objective of this study was to investigate some structural, morphological and mechanical properties of iron aluminide layers formed on the AISI 4140 steel produced by thermo reactive deposition technique. 311 �2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The work-piece material used in this study was AISI 4140 steel containing 0.40wt.% C, 0.25wt.% Si, 0.18wt.% Mo, 0.62wt.% Mn and 1.0wt.% Cr. The substrate samples were in the form of cylindrical coupons that have dimensions of 22 mm in diameter and 5 mm in thickness and polished progressively with 1200 grit emery papers. Then, these samples were cleaned ultrasonically in acetone and dried. Aluminizing was performed on the steel samples by thermo-reactive deposition (TRD) process. The TRD process was performed utilizing a pack box containing pure aluminum, ammonium chloride and alumina powders, in a high temperature tube furnace. Pure aluminum, ammonium chloride and alumina were used as metal supplier (Al), activator and filler materials, respectively. Iron aluminide coated samples were sectioned from one side and prepared metallographically up to 1200 grid emery paper and then polished using 1µm alumina paste. Polished samples were etched by 3% Nital before tests. The thickness of coatings and their morphology were examined using NICKON ECLIPSE L150 optical microscopy and JEOL 6060 LV scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the cross-sections of the iron aluminide coated samples. The chemical analysis of the coating layers were determined by x-ray diffraction analysis using by RIGAKU XRD D/MAX/2200/PC x-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The hardness of the coated steel materials was also measured using a FUTURE TECH FM 700 micro-hardness tester fitted with a Vickers indenter under the loads of 5 gf. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figures 1(a-c) show optical, SEM micrographs and EDS analysis of the iron aluminide coated AISI 4140 steel at 800ºC for 1h and 800ºC for 3h, respectively. Coating layers formed on the AISI 4140 steel were compact homogenous, with significant regularities in their thickness and presenting a smooth interface with the substrate (Figure 1a,b). EDS analysis showed that, the coating layer includes higher aluminum in the coating layer as seen in Figure 1(c). Aluminum concentration of in the outer of the coating layer is much higher than that of inner parts of the coating layer and iron concentration of the inner parts of the coating layer is much higher than that of the in the outer of the coating layer was observed as seen in Figure 1c . XRD pattern (Figure 2) of the iron aluminide coated sample at 800 ºC for 3 h showed that, the phases formed on the coated steel sample are Fe2Al5, FeAl2, AlN and Al2O3. This result agrees with earlier studies of Zhan et al. (Zhan 2007). The thickness of iron aluminide layer ranged from 37.56±3.46 μm to 280.38±21.58 μm, depending on treatment temperature and time. The higher the treatment temperature and time, the thicker the iron aluminide layer became. Figure 3 shows the iron aluminide layer thickness depending on process temperature and time. For thermo chemical coating processes, the longer the process time and the higher the treatment temperature, the thicker the coating layer becomes. Bath composition, substrate, treatment time and temperature affect the coating layer thickness in the TRD processes (Arai 1989). The hardness of the iron aluminide layer formed on the AISI 4140 steel was ranged from 952.4 to 1003.2 HV0.005 (Figure 4) whereas the hardness of uncoated steel is 390 312 �HV0.005. These results are in good agreement with Zhan et al. (Zhan 2007). These are due to the presence of hard aluminides (Fe2Al5 and FeAl2) in the coating layer as verified by XRD analysis (Figure 2). (a) (c) 313 (b) �Figure 1. (a) Optical, (b) SEM micrographs and EDS analysis of the iron aluminide coated AISI 4140 steel at 800ºC for 1h and 800ºC for 3h, respectively. Figure 2. XRD pattern of the iron aluminide coated AISI 4140 steel at 800 ºC for 3 h (a) (b) Figure 3. (a) The thickness of iron aluminide layer formed on AISI 4140 steel and (b) contour diagrams of coating layer thickness depending on process parameters 314 �Figure 4. The variation of hardness of iron aluminide layer formed on AISI 4140 steel from surface to interior, depending on process parameters. 4. CONCLUSIONS AISI 4140 steel was the substrate used for the deposition of iron aluminide coating by thermoreactive deposition technique and the treatment was proved to be efficient in the production of iron aluminide base coatings.The results obtained from present study can be summarized as follows: • Coating layers formed on the AISI 4140 steel were compact homogenous, with significant regularities in their thickness and presenting a smooth interface with the substrate. • EDS analysis show that aluminum concentration of in the outer of the coating layer is much higher than that of inner parts of the coating layer and iron concentration of the inner parts of the coating layer is much higher than that of the in the outer of the coating layer was observed. • XRD analysis showed that the coating layer includes Fe2Al5, FeAl2, AlN and Al2O3 phases. • The thickness of iron aluminide layer ranged from 37 μm to 280 μm, depending on treatment temperature and time. • The hardness of the iron aluminide layer formed on the steel samples was changingbetween 952.4 to 1003.2 HV0.005 which was much harder than steel (390 HV0.005). 315 �REFERENCES Zan Z. He Y. Wang D. Gao W. (2006) Preparation of aluminide coatings at relatively low temperatures, Trans. Nonferrous Met. SOC. China, 16, 647-653. Zan Z. He Y. Wang D. Gao W. (2007) Aluminide Coatings Formed on Fe–13Cr Steel at Low Temperature and its Oxidation Resistance, Oxid Met, 68, 243–251. Lee J.W. Kuo Y.C. (2005) Cyclic oxidation behavior of a cobalt aluminide coating on Cobase super alloy AMS 5608, Surface and Coatings Technology, 200, 5-6, 1225-1230. Smith A. B. and Kempster A. (2005) Utilization of Aluminide Diffusion Coatings to Improve High Temperature Performance, NACE Int.Conference, Corrosion, 14. Y. Zhang, Y. Q. Wang, and B. A. Pint (2007) Evaluation of Iron Aluminide Coatings for Oxidation Protection in Water Vapor Environment, NACE Int.Conference, Corrosion, 12. John J.T. Kale G.B. Bharadwaj S.R. Srinivasa R.S. De P.K (2004) A kinetic model for iron aluminide coating by low pressure chemical vapor deposition: Part II. Model formulation, Thin Solid Films, 466, 1-2, 331-338. Ahmadi H. Li D.Y. (2003) Beneficial effects of yttrium on mechanical properties and hightemperature wear behavior of surface aluminized 1045 steel, Wear, 255, 933-942. Pereza F.J. Pedrazaa F. Hierroa M.P. Houb P.Y. (2000) Adhesion properties of aluminide coatings deposited via CVD in fluidized bed reactors (CVD-FBR) on AISI 304 stainless steel, Surface and Coatings Technology, 133-134, 338-343. Arai T. (1989) Development of Carbide and nitride coatings by thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion. In: Sudarshan TS, Bhat DG, Hinderman H, Editors. Proceedings of third international surface modification technologies, 587. 316 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1261 Title A name given to the resource Structural Characterization Of Iron Aluminide Coatings On Aisi 4140 Steel By Trd Author Author Ugur , Sen Abstract A summary of the resource. In the present study, structural characterization of iron aluminide coated AISI 4140 steel by thermo-reactive deposition technique (TRD) in the powder mixture consisting of pure aluminum, ammonium chloride and alumina at the temperatures of 700°C, 800°C and 900ºC for 1-5 h were investigated. The coated samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and micro-hardness tests. Iron aluminide layer formed on the AISI 4140 steel was smooth, compact and homogeneous. The phases formed in the coating layer deposited on the surface of the steel substrates are Fe2Al5, FeAl2, AlN and Al2O3. The depth of the iron aluminide layer ranged from 37.56±3.46 μm to 280.38±21.58 μm, depending on treatment temperature and time. The higher the treatment temperature and time the thicker the coating layer observed. The hardness of the iron aluminide layer was ranged from 952.4 to 1003.2 HV0.005. Keywords: Coating, aluminizing, iron aluminide, thermo reactive deposition Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3afe06cde9deb9d478e507dbef2bb36f.pdf 8e2207dcc6657474071d17b9a6e46c19 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo US Government. (1993). Reengineering through information technology”, Accompanying Report of the National Performance Review, Office of the Vice President, September, available at: http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/reports/it.html. Velibeyoğlu, K. (2004). Bilgi Teknolojileri destekli kentsel gelisme stratejileri. Yapi ve Kentte Bilisim, Ankara World Bank Group. (2003). A definition www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/ egov/definition.htm. of e-government. Zhang, J., Dawes, S., and Sarkis, J. (2005). Exploring stakeholders' expectations of the benefits and barriers of e-government knowledge sharing. Journal of Enterprise Information Management An Assessment on Evolution of Regional Development Concept Ulu Emriye1, Kiymalioğlu S. Umit2 1Akdeniz University Alanya Business Faculty, Alanya, Turkey 2Akdeniz Univesity Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Antalya, Turkey E – mails: emriyeulu@akdeniz.edu.tr, umitk@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Associating the terms, knowledge, innovation and learning, with development is not a new process. The innovation as the primary source of competitive advantage in capitalist economies had been postulated firstly in Marx and Schumpeter’s ideas. But in parallel with evolution process of development theories and studies, addressing the concepts on regional level and within the framework of sustainability is a new process. It is seen apparently that interest in “region” concept has a considerable place in development studies from the early 1990s. Now regions are seen as opened identitites and are exposured to the effects of international competition directly. Right at this point, the development efforts of lagging regions by “cut and copy” transfer practice of the development models and policy instruments of advanced regions have lost their meanings. Prior development models which used to focus on physical infrastructure and capital endowment have been replaced with internal models emphasizing the accumulation of intellectual capital and intangible assets. Key source of competitive advantage is defined as the capacities of regions to support 226 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo learning and innovation processes. To achieve and sustain the competitive development on regional level, such models and instruments are required that, they will consider the unique features and differences of regions, built on the peculiarities of different regions, , not general but customized and bottom up participatory, have ability to constitute exploitable advantages. In accordance with the saying, “think globally, act locally”; the concept of sustainability also shifted from its global understanding to such an understanding which is fed from local and regional applications.When a region starts to develop, region’s sustainability must be examined. An ecological deficit which may emerge, should also affect the neighbour developed regions inevitably. So regional development should not be thought independent from sustainability. At this point, two concepts come to the scene; “regional sustainable development” and “sustainable regional development”. The difference is that, for “regional sustainable development” enviromental objectives and targets are in the forefront, while economic goals have priority in “sustainable regional development”. But in the second one, to maintain the sustainability of regional development, some enviromental precautions and policies are considered too. This study aims to offer critics of recent studies and provide some inferences to possible directions for further research by examining the studies, particularly the ones which reconsider the innovation, knowledge and regional development relation in framework of sustainability. In the study, firstly the conditions will be underlined which led the emergence of “the new regional development approach”, focusing on the local dynamics as driving forces of regional development. And then, in relation to evolving debates about sustainability and regional development, the forefront concepts- like “learning regions”, “innovative milieux”, regional networks- will be held within its intellectual context and clarified how they are situated and conceptualized in empirical studies. In this context, new development models and the internal drivers of regional development should be revealed. And finally the reached findings will be examined in terms of common goals for sustainable development and some inferences for further research will be offered. Keywords: sustainable development, innovation, knowledge, regional development, development models, new regional development approach, sustainability. 1.INTRODUCTION Prior development models which used to focus on physical infrastructure and capital endowment have been replaced with internal models emphasizing the accumulation of intellectual capital and intangible assets. Key source of competitive advantage is defined as the capacities of regions to support learning and innovation processes. To achieve and sustain the competitive development on regional level, such models and instruments are required that, they will consider the unique features and differences of regions, built on the 227 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo peculiarities of different regions, , not general but customized and bottom up participatory, have ability to constitute exploitable advantages. This study aims to offer critics of recent studies and provide some inferences to possible directions for further research by examining the studies, particularly the ones which reconsider the innovation, knowledge and regional development relation in framework of sustainability. In the study, firstly the conditions will be underlined by taking a look at the theoretical background which led the emergence of “the new regional development approach”. And then, in relation to evolving debates about sustainability and regional development, the essential concepts of development will be held within in regional development studies. In this context, new development models and the internal drivers of regional development should be revealed. And finally the reached findings will be examined in terms of common goals for sustainable development and some inferences for further research will be offered. 2. Theoretical Background of Development The interest to development subject has increased just after the II.World War. The first reason is the desire for international trade and capital flow revival. And the second reason is the efforts of countries, which acquired political independence newly, to acquire independence also from economic aspects. For these countries, national liberation is almost identified with economic development. Before exploring “new development theories”, it should be more proper to take a look at the former approaches. Traditional Development Economics Approach(1950 and 1960s), focusing on national development, states that countries follow a linear development path and underdevelopment is a transient phase. According to Rostow, each country should experience the same historical process inevitably. This approach seeks for the reasons of underdevelopment in internal structures of countries; like gaps in savings, investment or lack of market size. According to Structuralist Approach, the key factor of development is capital accumulation. The inadequacy of capital accumulation is a result of the lack of market size and other structural problems. To solve the market size problem, international trade should be seen as a preference. Singer, one of the pioneers of structuralist approach, states that international trade and foreign investments are not for the benefit of underdeveloped countries but they constitute obstacles to development. The structuralists, suggested following a planned import-substitution strategy to support the development efforts and to protect import-substitutive sectors. But the experiences showed that these implementations had increased the dependency of underdeveloped countries to imports. The importsubstitutive sectors which benefit from protection facilities had developed against to export sectors. The import-substitution policies, suggesting the protection of the country’s economy as a whole, bogged down in many parts of the world and largely abandoned in the early 1980s. 228 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Traditional development approach, which correlates development to internal factors couldn’t solve the underdevelopment problems. By the 1960s, other approaches which correlate development to external factors, rather than internal ones, took their place on development literature. Dependency theory is the most comprehensive between them. They connected the underdevelopment directly to the dependency relations with Western countries. The new developments and the dynamics of World Economy necessitated the development subject to be handled from different and new perspectives due to the failure of traditional old development approaches. Thus, New Development Approaches(NDA) have been proposed: Neo-Liberal Approach, Endogenous Growth, Human-Centered Development, Egalitarian Approach, Basic Needs Approach, Veblen-Ayres Theory and Sustainable Development Approach can be counted under NDA(Doğan,2010). Neo-liberal Development Approaches(early 1980s), claimed that for the problems of underdeveloped countries there is no need for a new economic approach aside the neoclassical economics. They take “market” as fundamental variable and see the interventions of governments as obstacles to development. Governments should reduce these interventions and make privatizations. As well as, they should implement the structural adjustment programs to keep pace with globalization. Unlike the former development literature, this approach offers common solutions for all the countries(Dolun,2006). This approach exclude all the phenomena placed outside the commodity economy and take human only by its economic dimension (Partant, 2002). By neo-liberal approaches, government interventions are replaced by new issues like: technological improvement, specialization, knowledge and scale economies. With neo-liberal approaches, dynamic optimization models have been replaced of traditional development models(Saxonhouse,1988). It’s seen that the implementation of policies based on these approaches by the early 1990s, increased the gap between developed and underdeveloped countries and the predictions of convergence theory didn’t happen. Endogenous Growth Approaches, brought a new perspective in terms of source of economic development. Differently from neo-liberal approaches, they don’t take the economic growth as a result of external drivers but a result of economic system’s internal drivers(Romer, 1994). Knowledge, human capital and technological progress are internalized, like labor and capital, by this approach. Endogenous growth theories put the technological issues to the center of the analysis and focus on the dimensions like learning by doing, external economies, and accumulation of human capital. They reject the convergence theory and embrace the divergence theory. The biggest lack of these approaches is that, they don’t include topics like societies’ institutional features and social differences. They depend on a lot of neoclassical assumptions, inappropriate for underdeveloped countries. Therefore, the implementation of endogenous growth approaches to development area remains restricted. Human-centered Development Approaches: They criticize traditional approaches as they transformed the concept of development into a commodity-based definition; devoid from human variables and differentiating from emancipatory content (Ingham, 1993). 229 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Development is associated with life and so must focus on living standards. Development is such a process that; beside economic growth blessings of this growth is distributed evenly, during growth rather than destroying environment it is renewed, human choices are increased and opportunities for participation of people in decisions that affect their lives are also increased. From this perspective development, neither can be reduced to technological problems nor restricted with economic growth (Kelleber, 1993). Egalitarian Development Approach, argued that ensuring the equitable distribution of income is of great importance as well as increase in income. Almost one quarter of world population lives in absolute poverty. Beside this, the richest %20 of world population gets the %80 of world revenue. Negative developments in terms of income distribution created by neo-liberal policies implemented in recent years, necessitated the development concept to be addressed in the context of equity. The understanding behind Basic Needs Approach this approach is that, ensuring directly the basic needs; such as health, education, nutrition, housing, lead to a reduction in absolute poverty more quickly than alternative strategies. Increasing the income and productivity of poor’s is linked to obtainment of their basic needs firstly. Putting basic needs approach into practice, which has brought a new perspective to development concept, is nearly impossible. The approach focuses on the social needs covering the poor majority, not on the individual needs. Sustainable Development represents transition to environmentally compatible growth from growth against to environment. Traditional development approaches assume that natural source supply and the transformation possibility of them to products during production process is infinite. So they neglect the long-term negative affects of production on natural environment. The commodification of nature in frame of capitalist production logic led nature destruction. Sustainable development aims to prevent consumption of sources faster than renewal rate of them. 3. Essential Concepts (Innovation, Knowledge, Competitiveness) and Sustainable Regional Development Sustainability, Regional Following the II.World War, after the development policies started to be implemented, it had been seen that economic and social activities were clustering around a natural center in every country. This increased the polarity between regions and led to big imbalances. Thus the economic and social cost of development had increased and it had been understood that the development plans should give an extra special importance to the regions of the country. Otherwise these issues would continue to create obstacles against nation’s development. After this, “development” and “region” concepts were inevitably thought together. But still the issue had been handled at national level and the dominant approaches were Traditional Development Approaches summarized above. In early policies and studies, development was used to be taken at the level of national economy policies. It was believed that, eliminating 230 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the development differences between the regions of a country was the best solution for succeeding the national development. The way of ensuring the convergence of the lagging regions to advanced regions was seen as the same. Lagging regions should follow and imitate the advanced ones and so the differences between regions should be minimized. Thus governments started to provide financial incentives to the lagging regions for catching the advanced ones. By 1990’s, a big transition occurred in terms of development approaches. With increasing globalization of production and finance, the meaning of the term “region” also has started to change. Regions started to be seen as opened economic entities which exposure to the international competition directly. This has changed the attention focus from national-level to regional-level intervention if regions are to be able to shape their own development prospects in a climate of rapid technological change and increased capital mobility. A new approach has been adopted, focusing to increase competitiveness of all regions by taking privileges, needs and strong features of each region. Achieving the structural adaptation of regions to globalization became one of the fundamental problems of today’s policy makers. Also, taking competitiveness as a goal which should be reached by short term instruments is abandoned by time. The newest understanding in regional development area is, sustaining the competitiveness of regions in such a competitive world. This requires taking the subject in a dynamic perspective. As a result of increasing globalization of World, both consumers and producers are looking for differentiated products. This transformation requires abandoning traditional regional development policies, which used to take regions as if they were homogenous identities. Prior development models have been replaced with internal models emphasizing the accumulation of intellectual capital and intangible assets. Key source of competitive advantage is defined as the capacities of regions to support learning and innovation processes. To achieve and sustain the competitive development on regional level, such models and instruments are required that, they will consider the unique features and differences of regions, built on the peculiarities of different regions, not general but customized and bottom up participatory, have ability to constitute exploitable advantages. The new economic growth models are interested in dynamic factors like; human capital, innovation, knowledge and entrepreneurship. For achievement of regional sustainable development, innovation and innovation capacity are seen as essential factors. (Ionescu,2011) Innovation is the transformation of an idea into a marketable product or service, a new or improved manufacturing or distribution process. Innovation and knowledge are fundamental to the economic development, growth and future competitiveness of regions. Knowledge is embodied in people and innovation is recombining of existing knowledge into new processes. Today’s society is dominated by modern information flows and communication technologies. The concept of knowledge, at the heart of the regional debate during the nineties, was also influential in constructing some relevant elements of the political discourse at the national as well at the supra-national level. Public statements like the EU’s ‘Lisbon Strategy’ or the Territorial Agenda of the European Union (2007) reflect the idea that regional and 231 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo national prosperity depends more and more on the rate of knowledge embodied in economic and social systems(Segre, 2011; p.2). Ionescu(2011), aims to create a base of analysis for systems’ parameters’ evaluation , the territorial dimension of these systems and the role of the institutions inside the regional innovation, learning and development partnership. According to Ionescu(2011); the preceding studies on this subject failed to offer the territorial dimension of innovation, learning and development, the important role of institutions in defining and implementing the specific regional systems. The approaches to the issue can be classified into two; as analytical approach and theoretical scientific approach. Analytical approaches generate the empirical base of the regional innovation, learning and development policies. The scientific approach analyses and systematizes the most important ideas and argues of the researches in the regional innovation, learning and development regional systems, to realize a scientific base for a pertinent analysis. Ionescu(2011); bands two approaches together and goes through with a new model connected to continuous learning policies, “creative industries” and the regional development. From a dynamic and systemic perspective, human resources become crucial in setting up the region’s innovative capacity (Ho, 2004). Following various currents in the literature, Ferreira(2011) strives to take Regional Innovation System(RIS) analysis a little further by adopting an eclectic approach. Ferreira et al. built in an innovation function that links the ideas promoted by Muller(2009) with regard to the first contribution of Knowledge Intensive Business Services(KIBS) to regional innovation systems with the notions of entrepreneurship capital developed by Audretsch(2004) and Acs(2004) and with a helps transform knowledge spillovers into real economic opportunities is very important for RIS and, simultaneously, carries a social dimension that is essential when studying a systemic reality. Their results seem broadly robust and imply that the majority of factors considered contribute to the regional innovative performance as proxied by a variable that unites patenting and trade marking. From their results, they point out that the KIBS sector seems to be essential and as expected, human capital plays a central role in fostering innovation as does regional technological endowment. They state that data unavailability prevented them from computing the importance of R&D efforts and R&D personnel, thus their results showed only a weak but positive role for universities. Nevertheless, they expect to investigate this and other missing aspects. Janschitz(2010) adapted Neuro-Linguistic Programming(NLP), an approach to communication, personal development, and psychotherapy created in the 1970, to regional development in two ways. The concepts, like learning regions, creative milieus, network approaches, transdisciplinary case studies are not tackling question of regional identities and values. Therefore, Janschitz(2010) developed a concept on the basis of a common set of values and beliefs, which is directing the endogenous, self-organizing and self-sustaining development measures/actions to achieve value-led results. The introduction of two social 232 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo theory approaches, adapted from NLP, namely “the concept of logical levels” and “the concept of regional modeling” will result in a value-led and participatory regional development (Janschitz,2010) Regional modeling is the result of regional benchmarking and the process of transferring best-practice cases of successful regions (model region) at different logical levels to a modeling region. Regional modeling, using the value-led logics of sustainability consists of different modeling processes to cope with the social, economic, ecological, and institutional opportunities and challenges of a region. It is clear that this approach is neither a fast nor an easy option for regional development. It probably needs years of consequent work to achieve sustainable success and guarantee adaptation, and successful change in regions. But this is the best approach for applied scientists and regional development actors, who follow the paradigm of a respectful, human oriented, value based, transdisciplinary research, and who see regional development no longer as a discipline of “analyzing, constructing and optimizing a spatial order”, but include the involvement of concerned people in order to attain logical hierarchy based and value-led results as a response to global challenges. (Janschitz,2010). Characterizing innovation as a social, non-linear and interactive learning process raises the question of the role of socio-cultural structures in innovation processes. The socioinstitutional environment where innovations emerge plays an essential role in successful innovation processes. From a regional point of view, innovation is often understood as a locally embedded process that takes place within the regional innovation system.The locally embedded process is formed of heterogeneous groups of different kinds of actors including representatives of firms, universities, technology centers and development organizations. It is regionally crucial to increase the capacity of these institutions enhancing regional innovative capability (Harmaakorpi, 2003) Regional competitiveness leading to regional success and wellbeing can be measured in many ways. However, when assessing sustainable regional competitiveness one indicator rises above the others: productivity. As Krugman(1994) referring to competitiveness and economic growth puts it “productivity isn’t everything, but in the long run it is almost everything”. Porter(1998) comes to the same conclusion in his studies concerning the national level. He determines productivity and innovativeness to be the essential sources of competitiveness regardless of the assessed geographical entity. Harmaakorpi(2003), strongly suggests that using the regional level is reasonable in assessing economic success and questions related to economic development policy. Regional success is based on the region’s ability to create new paths based on its assets under the rules of the new techno-economic paradigm. The paths can be very different in nature and no patent regional recipes can be given. These features being abstract make it hard to measure them statistically in many cases. However, some resources needed that set the foundation for regional wellbeing can be embodied in statistical analysis. 233 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. Conclusions For the sustainability of regional development, it must be accepted by local-regional authorities and dynamics. The success of sustainable development implementations depends on collective supports of regional actors and dynamics. The latest studies in sustainable regional development area underline this point and take the subject in this perspective. Janschitz(2010) brings a very different and exciting perspective to the subject. The implementation of “the logics of sustainability” is possible for different regional development strands in research, like learning regions, creative milieus, and transdisciplinary case studies as well as best practice case oriented concepts. If NLP method can be very successful at personal development, why not be at regional development? REFERENCES Acs, Z., Audretsch, D., Braunerhjelm, P., Carlsson, B. (2004), The Missing Link: The Knowledge Filter, Entrepreneurship And Endogenous Growth. Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Papers, No:4783, London. Audretsch, D. and Keilbach, M. (2004) Entrepreneurship and regional growth: An Evolutionary interpretation, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14(5), 605-616. Doğan, A. and Öztürk, N. (2010), Yeni Kalkınma Kuramları, Bütçe Dünyası Dergisi, Sayı33, 2010/1 Dolun, L. and Atik, A.H.(2006), Kalkınma Teorileri ve Modern Kalkınma Bankacılığı Uygulamaları, Türkiye Kalkınma Bankası A.Ş., Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Müdürlüğü, Ankara Ferreira, V.H.S and Godinho, M.(2011), Building An Innovation Function With Patents and Trademarks: Evidence From Portuguese Regional Innovation Systems, Paper presented at the DRUID 2011, Denmark Harmaakorpi, V., Kauranen, I. and Haikonen, A.(2003), The Shift in the Techno-socioeconomic Paradigm and Regional Competitiveness, The 43rd Congress of European Regional Science Association(ERSA), Finland Ho, M. (2004), Differences between European Regional Innovation Systems in Terms of technological and Economic Characteristics. Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies,Working Paper 04.06. Ingham, B. (1993), The Meaning of Development: Interactions between “new” and “old” ideas, World Development, Volume: 21, Issue: 11, p.1803-1821 Ionescu, R.V. and Moga, L.M.(2011), International Journal Of Education And Information Technologies, Issue 3, Volume 5, p.310-318 234 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Janschitz, S. and Zimmermann, F.M. (2010), Regional modeling and the logics of sustainability – a social theory approach for regional development and change, Enviromental Economics, 1(1), p.134-142 Kelleber, A. (1993), The Need for Human Centered Development, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Volume: 52, Number:1, January, p.49-50 Krugman P. (1994), Productivity Growth, The Age of Diminished Expectations, Cambridge, MA. The MIT Pres available at http://books.google.com.tr Muller, E. and Doloreux, D. (2009) What We Should Know About Knowledge-Intensive Business Services, Technology in Society 31(1), 64-72. Partant, F. (2002), Kalkınmanın Sonu Bir Alternatif mi Doğuyor? (Translated by F. Başkaya),Maki Basın Yayın, Ankara Porter, M. E. (1998) Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review 76(6), 77–90. Saxonhouse G.R. and Saxonhouse A.W. (1988), An Inquiry into the Philosophic Roots of Concepts of Economic Order, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, Volume:144, Number:2, p.344-356. Segre, G. and Salone, C.(2011), Culture And Creativity In The Territorial Local Systems. Tales in Search for a Theoretical Scheme, Dipartimento di Economia “S. Cognetti de Martiis”, Working Paper New Series, Working Paper No: 1/2012 Storper, M. (1992) The limits to globalization: Technology districts and international trade, Economic Geography 68, 60-93. Tüylüoğlu, Ş. and Çeştepe, H. (2008), “Kalkınma Teorilerinin Temelleri ve Gelişimi” in E.D. Sami Taban and Muhsin Kar (eds), Kalkınma Ekonomisi: Seçme Konular, 2nd Edition, Ekin Yayınevi, p. 35-87. 235 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1172 Title A name given to the resource An Assessment on Evolution of Regional Development Concept Author Author Ulu, Emriye Abstract A summary of the resource. Associating the terms, knowledge, innovation and learning, with development is not a new process. The innovation as the primary source of competitive advantage in capitalist economies had been postulated firstly in Marx and Schumpeter’s ideas. But in parallel with evolution process of development theories and studies, addressing the concepts on regional level and within the framework of sustainability is a new process. It is seen apparently that interest in “region” concept has a considerable place in development studies from the early 1990s. Now regions are seen as opened identitites and are exposured to the effects of international competition directly. Right at this point, the development efforts of lagging regions by “cut and copy” transfer practice of the development models and policy instruments of advanced regions have lost their meanings. Prior development models which used to focus on physical infrastructure and capital endowment have been replaced with internal models emphasizing the accumulation of intellectual capital and intangible assets. Key source of competitive advantage is defined as the capacities of regions to support learning and innovation processes. To achieve and sustain the competitive development on regional level, such models and instruments are required that, they will consider the unique features and differences of regions, built on the peculiarities of different regions, , not general but customized and bottom up participatory, have ability to constitute exploitable advantages. In accordance with the saying, “think globally, act locally”; the concept of sustainability also shifted from its global understanding to such an understanding which is fed from local and regional applications.When a region starts to develop, region’s sustainability must be examined. An ecological deficit which may emerge, should also affect the neighbour developed regions inevitably. So regional development should not be thought independent from sustainability. At this point, two concepts come to the scene; “regional sustainable development” and “sustainable regional development”. The difference is that, for “regional sustainable development” enviromental objectives and targets are in the forefront, while economic goals have priority in “sustainable regional development”. But in the second one, to maintain the sustainability of regional development, some enviromental precautions and policies are considered too. This study aims to offer critics of recent studies and provide some inferences to possible directions for further research by examining the studies, particularly the ones which reconsider the innovation, knowledge and regional development relation in framework of sustainability. In the study, firstly the conditions will be underlined which led the emergence of “the new regional development approach”, focusing on the local dynamics as driving forces of regional development. And then, in relation to evolving debates about sustainability and regional development, the forefront concepts- like “learning regions”, “innovative milieux”, regional networks- will be held within its intellectual context and clarified how they are situated and conceptualized in empirical studies. In this context, new development models and the internal drivers of regional development should be revealed. And finally the reached findings will be examined in terms of common goals for sustainable development and some inferences for further research will be offered. Keywords: sustainable development, innovation, knowledge, regional development, development models, new regional development approach, sustainability. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6bf540aa8842c470fe271f60216e36a7.pdf 1d9e0e54dd9b8cf1157fd0b6f0c1843f PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Relationship of Destination Image with the Principle of Sustainable Tourism: A Case of Alanya Unguren Engin1 ,Yetkin Murat1, Mut Mustafa2, Kuntbilek,Kerime3 1Akdeniz University, Alanya, Turkey, 2Alanya Chamber Of Commerce And Industry, 3Baskent University Alanya Hospital, E-mails: enginunguren@akdeniz.edu.tr, mourhorse@gmail.com, altso@altso.org.tr,kerimek@hotmail.com Abstract The purpose of this paper is to monitor how the destination image of Alanya is perceived by tourists as well as by local people and to examine the relationship of the findings with the principles of sustainable tourism. Alanya is one of the most mature touristic destination in Turkey and although it is relatively small district with a population of 250.000 people, hosts 6,5 % of the total foreign arrivals of Turkey which is over 31 Million in 2011. Particularly, the priority of the economic dimension of sustainability of a destination like Alanya, heavily dependent on tourism, is continuity rather than growth. This paper aims to contribute to tourism literature since there is no past research to measure destination image of Alanya has been conducted. Keywords: Sustainable tourism, destination image, Alanya, sustainable development, sustainability. 1. INTRODUCTION Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in the global economy considering especially last two decades. The major difference of tourism compared to other sectors is that tourism has been steadily growing regardless to general economic conditions with the exception of periods of security crisis and natural disasters. Therefore, although the economic crisis which started in 2008 particularly in EU and USA and its effects still continue, the international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts of Turkey have shown uninterrupted growth. Countries and even different destinations of the same country are in a severe competition in order to take a bigger share from 920 billion USD tourism expenditures worldwide realized in 2010. Destination image, quality, perceived value and the level of satisfaction of the expectations are gaining importance in the competition. Number of academic studies on tourism have also been increasing in line with these developments and as conclusion the conceptualization of sustainable tourism, destination, carrying capacity, destination life cycle have been added into the tourism literature. 112 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2. ALANYA AS A TOURISM DESTINATION Alanya is a resort in Antalya, and it’s situated in the 135 km east coast of Antalya Gulf on the Anatolian Peninsula. Apart from the beach and the sea, there are a number of caves of interest to visitors. Following the arrivals of Germans in the late 1950s, Alanya met with tourism (Aktas et al., 2007). Today, Alanya has become one of the most important tourism destinations of Turkey with its 6.5% share in total, approximately 150.000 beds in 668 hotels and annual tourism receipts exceeding $1 billion in 2009. Moreover, there is a steady increase in tourist number of Alanya, Antalya and Turkey, except 2006 and 2009. Due to global crisis, Antalya met with a decrease of 3,55% in tourist numbers. At present, Germans, Russians, Dutch, Swedish and Ukranian are some of the largest groups visited Antalya and Alanya. Contrary to Germans, there is a steady increase in the number of Russians visiting Antalya and Alanya for last five years (Doğan et al., 2010; Directorate of Antalya Culture and Tourism, 2009; Economics Report of Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 2008). Moreover, some tourists from different countries have bought real estate, after that, get residence permits in the Alanya. Therefore, Alanya is one of the famous destinations for the European tourists. 3. DESTINATION IMAGE AND SUSTANAIBLE TOURISM By simplest saying, destination image concept is the individual’s cognitive / perceptual and affective evaluation of a place positively or negatively. (Baloglu and McClearly, 1999). As commonly agreed, psychological factors, such as values, motivations, personality, demographic factors and stimulus factors such as organic and induced information sources and previous experience influence the image formation. Destination image is not only the key factor in previsit destination selection process but also influence after-visit tourist behavior like recommending the place or willingness to revisit. Sustainable tourism contains three main principles of its parental concept; sustainable development that affects mechanism of global economy and changes behavioral forms, customs and perceptions of individuals since worldwide awareness of the concept has grew by the report called ‘’Our Common Future’’ prepared by WCED and released in 1987. These principles can be summarized as the planning and realization of economic development can only be achieved by taking environmental and socio-cultural factors into account dynamically. However, some important differences especially in priorities may arise between sustainable tourism and sustainable development. Particularly, the priority of the economic dimension of sustainability of a destination like Alanya, heavily dependent on tourism, is continuity rather than growth. 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The purpose of this paper is to monitor how the destination image of Alanya is perceived by tourists as well as by local people and to examine the relationship of the findings with the principles of sustainable tourism. In this study, the image of Alanya has been analyzed from the 113 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo point of view of local people and examined the relationship between sustainable tourism and the image of Alanya. In this study, the pilot survey results are given which is done on the local communities. This study is going to continue on both local residents and tourists until end of the year. This paper aims to contribute to tourism literature since there is no past research to measure destination image of Alanya has been conducted and also to determine the conjunction of destination image perceived both locals and tourists. The importance of the latest is that, as the perceived image is the identity of a brand, the finding may play a key role as a component of a sustainable marketing mix by destination marketers. Following to literature review, it was decided to apply a structured and unstructured survey in the pilot test since the destination image consists of two main component which are attribute based and holistic. The data were collected through a questionnaire designed by the authors (Ilban, 2007; Cakici ve Aksu, 2007; Guzel, 2007;) and 40 questionnaires were answered in the face to face survey. The data analysis utilizes the 40 usable surveys from the study. Demographic survey part of the questionnaire is composed of 6 variables. On the second part of the questionnaire, there are 33 variables to measure the destination image of Alanya. And finally one unstructured questions were asked. The instrument consisted of the perceptions of image of Alanya questions answered on a 1-5 likert scales labeled “strongly disagree” (1) and “strongly agree” (5). SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. Frequency and percentage analyzes were used. In order to determine the the dimensions of image of a destination, the data, has been applied factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis). 5. RESEARCH FINDINGS 60 questionnaires were analyzed with using SPSS program. Table 1 presents characteristics of the sample. Among 60 respondents, 28,3% were Female, 71,7% were male. The participants were examined according to marital status and almost equal distribution (% 53,3 married, % 46,7 single) is observed. As to the monthly regular income, the majority of respondents is clustered in the second group which may be considered poor living standards. Education level of pilot test respondents are mainly high school and university (51% and 31,7 % in a row). The relation of their employment with the tourism is distrusted equally as directly related to tourism sectors 33 %, indirectly related to tourism is 31.7 % and not related at all is 35 %. Table 1: Demographic Findings 114 Gender n % Marital Status n % Female 17 28,3 Maried 32 53,3 Male 43 71,7 Single 28 46,7 Total 60 100,0 Total 60 100,0 Age n % Education n % �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 18-25 years 11 18,3 Primary education 7 11,7 26-32 years 18 30,0 High school 31 51,7 33-40 years 20 33,3 University 19 31,7 41 years and over 11 18,3 Master’s Degree 3 5,0 Income n % Status of working in the tourism sector n % Minimum wage 14 23,3 To direct 20 33,3 751-1500 TL 24 40,0 To indirectly 19 31,7 1501-2500 TL 17 28,3 Diffrent sectors 21 35,0 2501 TL and over 5 8,3 Unstructured part of the survey is to define Alanya with 3 words. Alanya is most identified with the sea, tourism and sun by participants. 3S (sea, sand and sun) constitute the basic components of mass tourism. In this context, it could be said that natural attributes is the mainstream of tourism in Alanya. Table 2: Mentioned in Alanya comes first thing to mind 115 Statements N % Sea 17 28,3 Tourism 12 20,0 Sun 8 13,3 Antalya Castle 4 6,7 Banana 3 5,0 Natural Beauties 2 3,3 Entertainment 2 3,3 History 2 3,3 Other 10 16,8 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo According to vast majority of respondents, Alanya has developed through tourism as indicated in table 3. On the hand, 43,4 % of respondents has no idea or disagree that the total income generated through tourism is fairly distributed in the society. According to sustainable tourism principles, tourism income shall serve to develop totally the welfare of the host people. Another missing point from sustainability point of view is the consideration of society and all stakeholders while realization of tourism planning. 50 % of respondents (30 % disagree and 30% no idea) indicates that only a part of the stakeholders define the planning of tourism activities and the concerns and ideas of the others are not taken into account. On the other hand, 60% of participants responded as tourists are satisfied and their expectations from Alanya visit are fulfilled. This finding is also in line with another survey conducted in 2010 (Doğan vd. 2010) that indicates 62 % of German and 35% of Russian tourists have visited Alanya more than one time for touristic purposes. Participants of the survey believe that tourists who visit to Alanya belong to low income group and the total expenditure realized by tourists is low compared to what is offered. Table 3: Reflections of Tourism Phenomenon to Alanya: From the point of view of Local People Disagree Undecided Agree Statements n % n % n % 1. Alanya has developed through tourism. 2 3,3 2 3,3 56 93,4 2. The revenue of all segments of the population has increased through tourism. 22 36,7 4 6,7 34 56,6 3. Alanya meets holiday expectations of tourists. 15 25,0 9 15,0 36 60,0 4. Tourists are satisfied with their destination choice. 12 20,0 12 20,0 36 60,0 5. Spending of tourists which come to Alanya is high.. 36 60,0 11 18,3 13 21,7 6. High income earning tourists come to Alanya. 40 66,7 12 20,0 8 13,3 7. The tourism strategies is generated by taking ideas of all stakeholders into account. 30 50,0 12 20,0 18 30,0 8. Alanya reflects its cultural characteristics on the tourism 19 31,7 14 23,3 27 45,0 116 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In order to determine the the dimensions of image of a destination, the data, has been applied factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis). Thus, the data reduction was provided. The principle component analysis was performed to identify the dimention of destination. The 25 destination image statements were subjected to factor analyzed with varimax rotation. It has been decided that factor analysis is interpreted by looking of KMO and Bartlett's test results. The minimum item loading of 0,35 was selected to interpret variables considered significant. After the application of factor analysis, six factors was identified. These factors were named as follows. Tourist Facilities and Infrastructure (Factor 1), Natural Environment and Its Protection (Factor 2), Destination Identity (Factor 3), Local People (Factor 4), Social and Physical Security (Factor 5) and Cultural Enrichment (Factor 6). Table 4: Dimensions/Attributes Determining the Perceived Destination Image Factors Disagree Undecided n % n % n % Accommodation facilites of Alanya are sufficient. 5 8,3 8 13,3 47 78,3 There are a variety and quality entertainment facilities in Alanya. 8 13,3 11 18,3 41 68,3 Transportation facilities within the city of Alanya is sufficient. 11 18,3 10 16,7 39 65,0 Alanya has a rich and quality leisure facilities. 10 16,7 13 21,7 37 61,7 Shopping facilities of Alanya is sufficient. 17 28,3 10 16,7 33 55,0 Infrastructure of Alanya is sufficient. 18 30,0 17 28,3 25 41,7 n % n % n % Alanya has an unexcelled natural beauty. 7 11,7 7 11,7 46 76,7 The environment of Alanya is orderly, clean and hygienic. 12 20,0 14 23,3 34 56,7 In Alanya, Sea and beaches are well protected 29 48,3 10 16,7 21 35,0 In Alanya, natural environment is protected in a good way. 26 43,3 14 23,3 20 33,3 Alanya has a pristine and original nature. 33 55,0 9 15,0 18 30,0 n % n % n % Vacation in Alanya is relaxing 7 11,7 9 15,0 44 73,3 Alanya is a global brand in tourism. 14 23,3 8 13,3 38 63,3 Alanya is a cheap region 16 26,7 14 23,3 30 50,0 Tourist Facilities and Infrastructure Natural Environment and Its Protection Destination Identity 117 Agree �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Tourism in Alanya is well planned. 24 40,0 16 26,7 20 33,3 n % n % n % Locals of Alanya are helpful and hospitable 12 20,0 13 21,7 35 58,3 Locals welcome tourists in good manner. 12 20,0 14 23,3 34 56,7 Alanya has well educated and skilled population. 24 40,0 13 21,7 23 38,3 n % n % n % Alanya is a safe town. 6 10,0 13 21,7 41 68,3 Shops in Alanya are trustful and offers good quality products 22 36,7 16 26,7 22 36,7 Tradespeople of Alanya are customer oriented 24 40,0 18 30,0 18 30,0 Cultural Enrichment n % n % n % Alanya offers historical and cultural attractiveness. 5 8,3 6 10,0 49 81,7 Alanya has a wide variety of local food and beverage 12 20,0 11 18,3 37 61,7 Local People Social and Physical Security The determinants of destination image is surveyed by having categorized in six dimensions. According to the findings indicated in table 4, majority of participants believe that accommodation and entertainment facilities are sufficient in Alanya. The local transportation is also found satisfactory although general infrastructure is not considered sufficient. Shopping facilities is one of the weakest point in the tourist facilities and infrastructure dimension. As the confirmation of the unstructured part of the survey, participants believe that Alanya has a natural beauty but this is not well protected. The locals perceive Alanya as a clean place as well as relaxing place but the problem in tourism planning subject is re-confirmed by the participants. Although it is agreed by 58,3 %, we may consider this number low in a touristic destination. Another threat to sustainable tourism is the lack of educated and skilled population. 6. CONCLUSION The early findings indicate that, the core elements of tourism in Alanya which are sea and beaches must be well preserved and further plans and politics of tourism shall focus on this issue rather than expansion. Shopping facilities, quality of products in the shops and manners of retailers shall also improve. Perceived manners of local people towards tourista are not in line with the past researches, it may be caused of the participants are from low income group and does not benefit from tourism so this point shall be re-measured. 118 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Aktas, A., Cevirgen, A, and Toker, B. (2009), “Assessing Holiday Satisfaction of German and Russian Tourists Visiting Alanya”, Tourism and Hospitality Management 15 (1): 1-12. Baloglu, S., McClearly K. (1999), “Model of Destination Image Formation” Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 868-897. Cakici, A. C. and Aksu, M. (2007). “Investigating Group Influence on Destination Choice: a Study on Domestic Visitors” (In Turkish), Anatolia: Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), pp.183194. Directorate of Antalya Culture and Tourism (2009) Retrieved from http://www.kultur.gov.tr/ on March 23, 2011. Doğan, H., Barutçu, S., Üngüren, E. (2010) “Russian and German Tourist Potential and Satisfaction in Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Alanya Destination”, 6th International Strategic Management Conference, Proceeding, July 8-10, St-Petersburg, Russian Federation, 997-1006. Economics Report of Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2008) Retrieved from http://www.altso.org.tr on March 23, 2011 Guzel, F.O. (2007). “The Role Of Professional Tourist Guides On Developing The Image Of Turkey (A Study On German Tourists)”, Master Thesis, (In Turkish), Tourism Management and Hotel Hospitality Department, Balıkesir. Ilban, M.O. (2007). “Brand Image In Destination Marketing And Study On Travel Agents”, Ph.D. Thesis (In Turkish), Tourism and Hotel Management Department, Balıkesir. The Role Of Tourism In Regional Development Oğuztürk Bekir Sami1, Şeker Hilal2, Ertan Adnan1 1Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences 2Vocational School of Amasya University. E-mails: bekiroguzturk@sdu.edu.tr ,hilalyanik05hotmail.com ,adnanertan@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Along with the acceleration of the globalization phenomenon, the level of development among the countries has been showing substantial differences. Developed countries have performed their development levels because they have a number of economic advantages and they have slightly minimized the imbalance between the regions. One of the most important problems of developing countries involves the development and underdevelopment. One of the ways to cope with this problem is to identify the priority sector for development of these countries. Performing the 119 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1370 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship of Destination Image with the Principle of Sustainable Tourism: A Case of Alanya Author Author Unguren, Engin Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this paper is to monitor how the destination image of Alanya is perceived by tourists as well as by local people and to examine the relationship of the findings with the principles of sustainable tourism. Alanya is one of the most mature touristic destination in Turkey and although it is relatively small district with a population of 250.000 people, hosts 6,5 % of the total foreign arrivals of Turkey which is over 31 Million in 2011. Particularly, the priority of the economic dimension of sustainability of a destination like Alanya, heavily dependent on tourism, is continuity rather than growth. This paper aims to contribute to tourism literature since there is no past research to measure destination image of Alanya has been conducted. Keywords: Sustainable tourism, destination image, Alanya, sustainable development, sustainability. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ab00011413b3fc509dcd7d0e55f4dfd7.pdf 9ecca4963d6e7800c939ab13956f4ba4 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Importance Of Training Aimed At Production In Businesses: Educational Studies Carried Out By The Turkish Private Sector Gökhan Ofluoğlu1, Sibel Buzkan2, Sadık Kiliç3 1Zonguldak Karaelmas University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences,Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations İncivez – Zonguldak, Tel: (0372) 2574010 2Zonguldak Karaelmas University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences,Department of Business Administration İncivez – Zonguldak,Tel: (0372) 2574010 3Zonguldak Karaelmas University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences,Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations İncivez – Zonguldak, Tel: (0372) 2574010 – 1669 Emails: kilicsadik80@gmail.com,gofluoglu@yahoo.com,sibelbuzkan@yahoo.com Abstract There are basically three kinds of educational activities in the World and in Turkey. These are formal/organized education, non-formal education, and informal education. In this age the importance of informal education is increasing. This is due to the inadequacy of formal education and its complementary, non-formal education, for the postfordist contexture of production. In Turkey, businesses do not play a part in any of these three kinds of educational activities. However, their active output are getting larger and larger from formal to informal education. While there is an indirect participation of the businesses on this issue in formal and non-formal education, in informal education there is direct participation. Actually, the core of informal education constitutes the learnings experienced in the work place. In this study, within the training aimed at production in the businesses, apprenticeship workshops which are implemented within the frame of formal education and vocational training which is the extension of formal education, as well as various educational activities and informal education which are implemented within the formal education are discussed. The necessity of informal education and its further connection to productivity is emphasized. Keywords: Productivity, Formal Education, Non-Formal Education, Informal Education. 1.INTRODUCTION There have been studies on the issue of the importance of education beyond measure. Most of these studies emphasized the importance and necessity of education. Indeed, when education is handled efficiently a lot of important development, including productivity follow. In this 13 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo study, educational activities in Turkey are argued. Not the full extent of the educational activities, but only the activities which the businesses participate in in the process of education are dealt with. However, educational issues, as they pose an integrated lot, have occasionally been excluded. In the study, it is assumed that there is a closer relation between informal education and productivity and with a presupposition the relation between education and productivity is often assumed to be positive. Assessment and evaluation is one of the leading issues of economic requirements of our time. Above all, assessment provides focusing and scrutinizing in case there is a problem. Various productivity assessments are made. The assessment applied is shaped according to the goal pursued and data provided. In this manner, classification related to productivity assessment can be made according to its extent, its field of application, and according to the scientific discipline. (Akçay, 2011:37-44). Productivity assessments according to their extent are divided into two as follows: with a single factor and with multiple factors. In single factor measurements, not only labor productivity but also capital productivity is assessed. In productivity assessments with multiple factors, on the other hand, input is evaluated as a whole. At this point, labor and capital are evaluated simultaneously and sometimes inputs such as energy and supplies are also attached(OECD, 2001:12). Speaking of productivity, in essence, we comprehend the input-output ratio. Labour productivity analysis at macro level is calculated either as amount of productivity or value of yield per laborer or work done per hour. Instead of productivity value, sometimes wage level can be applied in productivity analysis. However, research has been done indicating that sometimes the wage level and productivity level are not the same(Dearden, Reed, Reenen, 2005:22). In Turkey, since 2005, apart from the first quarter of 2009, labour productivity has displayed a steady increase (General Directorate For Productivity, 2012:1). Table 1: Productivity Charts Country/Disctrict Name Work Done Per Hour GDP Per capita (USA=100) Annual Labour Productivity Rate of Increase 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Turkey 44,7 5 4.6 4.7 -0.9 -4.4 3.1 Germany 90,7 1.2 3.6 1.7 -0.1 -2.5 1.4 France 97,7 1.5 2.8 0.3 -1.7 -0.2 1.7 England 78,3 1.2 2.2 1.8 -0.5 -2.1 0.9 USA 100 1.5 0.8 1.2 0.7 2.1 3 OECD Total 75,3 1.5 1.7 1.6 -0.1 -0.3 2.2 G7 Countries 87,6 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.1 0.2 2.4 Source: (online), http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LEVEL, and (Online), http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=PDYGTH, 2012. 14 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In reference to Table 1, Turkey is considerably behind the other countries and regions with regard to productivity of workforce per working hour while sharp increases and decreases are perceived at productivity growth. This calculation is favourable when we consider labour productivity as input-output ratio . Yet, when we try to focus on reasons of increase and decrease of labour productivity we do not have much data because there are a lot of elements effecting labour productivity. Although some of these may be dependent on other factor productivities such as capital and provisions they may also be independent of them. A business or an economy are each an open system. Labour productivity both at macro economic level and management level are effected by environmental factors extensively. Thereby, the fluctuation of labour productivity takes form by the influence of intermediary factors. At that point it becomes difficult to clarify labour productivity. Multi-factor productivity analyses are developed to overcome this drawback. Moreover calculations are made to indicate which factor is higher (Triplett, Bosworth, 2003:27). However, these are also far from taking environmental factors into consideration. A lot of internal and external environmental factors such as the structure of industrial relations, competition, the international openness of the market and Research and Development activities effects productivity (Dawkins, Rogers, 1998:196). “Micro economic reforms” implemented in Australia since 1980 are leading sample cases on this issue. For, these reforms are an effective insidence of environmental factors. Privatizations, repealing or reducing the protective taxes against international trade, labour market deregulation, lifting the impediments in getting into the markets are some of these reforms (Borland, 2012). It is argued that these reforms have positive effects on productivity in many researches made in Australia (Mckenzie, 2005). The allegations in these researches are also supported by ampirical data. Consequently, there are tens of factors that affect labour productivity. Yet, there is such a fact that uneducated society is unskilled at the same time. In this respect, the impact of education on productivity, though it is not possible to prove empirically, has a positive effect. Education in the World and in Turkey can basically be divided into three. These are formal, non-formal and informal education. Formal education (with diploma); is the term given to the kind of education classified traditionally as pre-school, primary education, secondary education and higher education. Non-formal education (certificated) is qualified as the supplementary of formal education and apprenticeship and vocational training in Turkey can be evaluated in this context. As for informal education, it encompasses the education beyond the two denoted education types above and rather related to educational activities performed by private sector. These educational activities are set up to make up some shortcomings. There is usually no diploma or certificate; even if there is a certificate it does not have much formal value. The core of informal education constitute the kind of training, commonly, denoted by the expression “uncertificated” which refers to on-the-job-training. Nonetheless, educational activities arranged to supply with the interests and requirements of the workers of a business are in the range of informal education (İSO, 2012). Besides, an educational activity sometimes goes under more than one category. Particularly, non-formal and informal education may be confused. Hence, certificate is awarded at some kinds of informal education. Human Capital Theory also seperates general (formal) and private (informal) education from one another. Formal education is not an education studied solely for a particular employer or work place or work. Throughout an individual’s life formal education has the quality of being used in various jobs. However, non-formal education comprises some special gains and in general these gains cannot be transfered from one workplace to another(Viele, 2010:584). 15 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Formal education which is agreeable with the Fordist production structure and its complementary non-formal education cannot be satisfying enough for today’s markets. For, postfordist production structure requires keeping the current workforce appropriate to the volatile market conditions. Similarly, replacement of centralized planning by the market oriented economic system emerged in 1980s corroborated this course. In this context, the sample case presented by Lechener (1999:74) for East Germany is basically feasible to a large extent for the other countries as well. That is; in place of formal and non-formal education funded by state, informal education funding of which is undertaken by those who need the education and private sector organization becomes widespread. There is a common belief that there is a linear and positive connection between education and productivity. Moreover, economists perceive the widespreading of education as the crucial element of economic growth(Vinovskis, 1970:550). A lot of writers, such as Schultz, declare that productivity will rise with the rise of the qualities of workforce(Arrow, 1962:172). As educational level increases, possibility of easy adaptation to the changes that occur and structure that is more suitable to technological developments is constituted. Hence it is a known fact that education also generates a lot of positive externality(Nelson, Phels, 1965:75). The common belief that relation between formal education and productivity is positive is one of the fundamental hypothesis of Human Capital Theory. Arrow considers the method of learning named “learning by doing”, substituted by the concept of experience, important in many aspects. In view of Arrow, it is not possible not to observe the importance of experimentation in the growth of productivity (1965:156). Romer (1986:1002) articulated that, in long term growth, instead of falling marginal productivity of the classical theory, rising marginal productivity should be debated on the issue of “knowledge”. According to Romer, when a company’s or an individual’s knowledge increases this situation cannot be restored by the company or the individual and the knowledge spreads. On the issue of decreasing productivities law, which creates indecision, asserting that laborcapital correlation can be positively sloped, there is emphasis on the importance of education, knowledge and learning on the basis of approaches which weakens the basic assumptions of the classical theory. The internal development model elements consist of surge of knowledge, public expenditures and impact of human capital, constitute the models that are developed as an alternative to classical theory. In this respect, Kar and Ağır (2006) who examined the years between 1926 – 1994 reached the finding that spending on education increased growth. At another study researched between the years 1969 – 2001, it is observed that the impact of human capital on growth is more explicitly highlighed (Taban, Kar, 2006:175). In the same manner, yet in another study researched between the years 1960 – 2004, it is observed that growth and education influence one another mutually(Şimşek, Kadılar, 2010:115). Similar findings are reached in the studies researched between 1950 - 2000(Serel, Masatçı, 2005) and between 1923 – 2005 (Özsoy, 2009). The impact of formal education on productivity is realized in an adjournment. The return of today’s formal education investments are gained after quite a long time. The situation on non-formal and informal education is a little different. In these educational types, as there is the question of supplying certain necessities, the impact on productivity is expected at a much earlier time. We must also take into consideration that education that is not befitting for the necessities, may lessen productivity instead of enhancing it. In essence there are two kinds of education aimed at productivity: the first one is standard (knowledge) and the second one is flexible (aimed at outcome). Today’s educational activities tends rather towards the second one. Some of the causes of this are: structural changes such 16 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo as: privatization, deregulation, decentralization and authorization; for the companies becoming more international; labour market becoming more flexible, quality and productivity becoming a strategic instrument in engendering a new market; strategic management becoming more valuable than hierarchical management; human resources and human skills being conceived as the most important productivity factor gradually and others (Prokopenko, North, 1997:A-3). In education – productivity corrolation, without doubt, the gainings of education related to work ( the informal education) emerges in a shorter time and it has more direct effect (Dearden vd, 2005:23). But, the acquisition provided after any educational investment and its impact on the productivity is quite difficult to assess. Moreover, assessing solely the production encompasses crucial complications. Labour productivity, on the whole, denotes output coinciding employment per hour. To find this output in service sector is even more difficult(Bolino, 1981:5). Service industry is the sector which has the broadest area of the present day. The business evaluations in this sector are more compelling and evaluation outputs less precise.The difficulties endured at performance evaluation in this sector are also valid at productivity evaluation. In this context, Lee’s categoric division between businesses can be taken into account. Lee divides businesses into two as those that can be evaluated definitely and those that cannot be evaluated definitely(1985:324). It is possible to make precise and trustworthy evaluations with works that we can come to a conclusion and count substantially. The second one is the works that we are trying to evaluate the transformation process between input and output or means-end relations. The target is whether the organization is progressing or not and whether it is effective and efficient or not for which the process requires a variety of behaviours to reach the means-end. The expansion of the service sector has increased the number of businesses the evaluation of which is difficult to make. In a research it is found out that education given to industrial sector provided a rate of increase of productivity more than the education given in services sectors(Maglen, Hopkins, Burke, 2001). Undoubtedly, every country has some educational problems. However, when we compare Turkey with countries such as Germany, France and England, we observe that the problems in Turkey is at a larger dimension. Table 2: Principal Indicators In Education Educational Expenditures As GDP Percentage Participation Of Age Range 1824 In Education Rate of Participation Of Age Range 25-64 In Education(Lifelong Learning) Number of students per teacher (2009) Turkey 2,82 (2006) 26,4 2,5 21,1 England 5,40 (2008) 45,4 19,4 15,8 Germany 4,55 (2008) 55,9 7,7 16,6 France 5,58 (2008) 55,3 5 14,6 Europe 15 4,97 (2008) 53,4 10,4 - Name of Country Source: data compiled from EUROstat . (Online) http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/themes, 2012. 17 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In the context of both formal and non-formal education, it can be observed that with compare to other European countries Turkey has quite unfavourable indicators. Particularly with indicators related to participation to education and educational expenditures there is a distinct difference. When the fact that the population of Turkey is comperatively young is considered, the importance of these negative indicators are doubled. Further additions can be made to Table 2. The rate of illiterate population, the rate of schooling, ranged from preschool to higher education, financial troubles, crowded classes despite excess supply of teaching staff applicants are some of them. To sum up, Turkey’s educational problems are structural. EU membership is a favourable aim at overcoming these problems. Whether full membership to EU is actualized or not it is essential for Turkey to take measures on the issue of education(Gediklioğlu, 2005:70). 2.Participation To Educational Activities In Businesses Turkish private sector administrations participate in educational activities within the frame of some exceptional applications of formal education, the workplace applications of non-formal education and informal education. Contribution to formal and non-formal education shows up in indirect ways whereas informal education is a matter of direct contribution. 3.Formal Education Businesses participate in formal educational activities in connection with apprenticeship applications within the scope of vocational high schools and vocational colleges of higher education. In this respect, it will be more precise to confine the subject matter to vocational high schools and vocational colleges of higher education. However, not only apprenticeship applications are taken into consideration about this issue, but also the common problems of vocational education is dealth with. For, these issues are interlocking issues and their solution requires an integrated point of view. There are a lot of vocational highschools in service. These are basically divided into two; vocational schools like : industrial vocational highschools, trade vocational high schools, islamic vocational high schools, vocational schools for girls, vocational schools of justice and vocational schools of health constitute the first division and the second division constitutes the technical high schools. There is a relatively negative structure in question from the scope of vocational education when compared to economically developed countries according to the percentage of vocational and technical highschools in secondary education. Table 3: The Percentage of Vocational and Technical Highschools Within Secondary Education in Turkey Percentage of Vocational and Technical Highschools Within Secondary Education 1996-97 1999-00 2002-03 2005-06 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 %45,8 %39,56 %32,59 %36,2 %40,7 %42,9 %44 Source : TÜİK, “Educational Statistics”, (Online), www.tuik.gov.tr, 2012. As seen on Table 3, the percentage of vocational and technical highschools from 1996-1999 school years of 45,8% continuously decreased until school year 2002-03 reaching the bottom 18 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo line of 32,59 % . The percentages that are already behind a lot of western countries diminished lesser and lesser, until it turned to rising trend from 2004 on, coming closer to the level of 1996. During this process vocational schools have lost a lot of respectability in the public eye. Without doubt, the changes on the coefficient applied at university entrance exams is the main reason why this process is endured (Şahin, Fındık, 2008:79). The circumstances gave rise to qualitative losses so much so that it overshadowed the quantitative losses that arose in this respect. Vocational highschools, became the primary educational institutions preferred by the students who fell below the level of avarage. Therefore, even if the coefficient comes up to balance today, it will not be able to solve the problem automatically. German Vocational Educational System could be an agreeable target to enhance the labour productivity of vocational highschools because Germany holds one of the most successful educational systems in the World. In this system named The Dual System, predominantly, the age groups of 15 – 22 get education. 3 – 4 days a week is spent in workplace and 1-2 days a week at school. Two-thirds (2/3) of the time spent at school is filled by vocational subjects (BMBF, 2003:34). Those who graduate from this system may also carry on with the university education. Approximately 2/3 of the age group is involved in The Dual System (ibid:7). Companies contribute in financing directly, and completely set an example of good corporatism. A large majority of students who graduate take place in working life, gaining the status of being “skilled”. German dual system virtually displays non-formal educational characteristic. But, majority of vocational education -leaving apprenticeship education aside- materializes within the scope of formal education. When German system is targeted, 1 we can easily affirm that we are far behind this aim. German dual system is also presented as a leading example model by The World Bank. Hence, this model is even suggested for those countries which are specified as “developed” . It is frequently disclosed that this model also provides a significant amount of cost advantage. Herein, Bennell ve Segerstrom (1998:280)’s comments should be given heed. In their view, German dual system depicts a unique characteristic. Between employers and their uppermost organizations, workers and labour unions and the government an intrinsic corporatism is in question and the roots of this characteristic is extended even to middle ages. It is, in essence, absurd to determine corporatism as a target because corporatism (the democratic corporatism) is a social structure that occurs spontaneously and is generally related to culture. However, some of the technical characteristics of German dual system may be determined as target. The application side of apprenticeship of formal education in Turkish vocational educational system remains quite primitive with compare to the German dual system. Training period, summer applications of vocational highschools of health the duration is as long as it is determined in their programs and it is stipulated 300 hours in other vocational highschools and between 30 work-days (240 hours) and 60 work-days in vocational colleges in universities. (Vocational Education Regulations, art.59). One can easily reach to the conclusion that on the whole the implementation applied as two days of school and three days of workshop at workplace is important and necessary in the evaluation with regard to productivity in the final year of vocational schools. Hence, by this 1 See Esin Özdemir, “The Role of German Vocational Education System and Inferences on Vocational Education in Our Country and Chamber System” for further information on determining the German system as an aim and why this system is determined, TOBB European Cooperation Board, (online). www.tobb.org.tr 2012 19 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo means the students have a chance to get to know the work environment. But with regard to the length of time it can easily be suggested that it is not sufficient. At the same time, there is grave distrust on the way this short period is put to use. Principally, the best method of learning is learning by practice (Karcı, 2009:101). Turkey must absolutely move vocational education to workplaces in steady paces. At workplace also, it must definitely be operative and forceful. To attain this, both students’ and employers’ awareness must be raised. Broad responsibilities are conferred upon universities, chambers of industry and commerce and local authorities on this issue. The concerns of vocational education is not solely confined to secondary education. In higher education (tertiary education) similar problems exist. It is a known fact that two years spent in higher education is insufficient, besides, this period is spent with theoretical subjects. Again if we take the implementations in Germany into consiredation, in Germany at higher education institutions equivalent to vocational colleges that take 7 semesters, minimum 2 semesters of apprenticeship training is stipulated. Before training starts, minimum 12 weeks workplace apprenticeship is stipulated as well. Besides, the students who succeed in graduating are entitled a diploma as engineers (Karcı, 2009:104). 4.Non-formal Education The non-formal education is constituted by Apprenticeship Training Centers (MEM), Community Colleges (HEM) and other non-formal educational establishments in Turkey. There are totally 392 MEM ( Apprenticeship Training Centers) in Turkey, nearly 300 thousand students take courses in these centers. There are three formal levels which are respectively apprenticeship, journeymanship and workmanship as a result of which students are granted a workmanship certificate and are allowed to open their own workplace. HEM, on the other hand, arranges three kinds of courses. These are: reading and writing courses, vocational technical courses and social cultural courses. Among these only vocational technical courses are directly related to labour market. Yet, it is observed that even these courses are generally aimed at people outside labour or employment (especially the unemployed are considered). Hence within the body of HEM there are 3,4 million trainees (Turkish Statistical Institute : TUİK, 2010:2). Within the category of other elements various schools, centers and institutes exist. Advanced Technical Schools For Girls, Applied School of Art and Craft For Girls, Applied Industrial Apprenticeship Schools, Adults Technical Training Center, Adult Training Center of Hotel Management and Tourism, Open Education Vocational – Technical School, Tourism Training Centers are some of them(Kenar, 2009). In view of Kenar (2009), the most important component of non-formal education is apprenticeship training. Apprenticeship training is a part of vocational education. There nearly 300 thousand participants receiving apprenticeship education, the number of which corresponds to 10 % of the total vocational education. The programs of apprenticeship education that vary between 2 to 4 years is decided by the boards of “provincial employment and vocational education”. Educational activities done by İş-Kur, The Turkish Employment Organization is within the range of non-formal education. By the establishment of unemployment insurance fund, at the educational activities of the Turkish Employment Organization a huge amount of increase occurred within active employment policies. Hence, in the body of labour training courses, while there was 130 courses and 3868 participants, the amount rose up to 1888 courses and 32 206 participants in 2008 (İş-Kur :The Turkish Employment Organization, 2012). The number of participants reached 224 thousand between January and November in 2011 (General 20 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Management Of The Turkish Employment Organization, 2011). Specialized Vocational Course Centers UMEM Skills’10 project and (apprenticeship) or on-the-job training covers quite reformist practices and it is related to our subject more closely. The project of Specialized Vocational Course Centers, consists of educational activities which are set up to overcome the existing structural unemployment. However, as the activities implemented lead to acquiring a more qualified workforce, it should be expected to effect productivity. The project of Specialized Vocational Course Centers: UMEM commenced by signing a protocol between TOBB (Turkish Union of Chamber and Commodity Exchanges, Ministry of Labor And Social Security, Ministry of Education, TOBB (Turkish Union of Chamber and Commodity Exchanges University of Economy and Technology and for the time being it is spread to 81 provinces. In this sense, it displays a good public-private sector cooperation. The components of the project is consist of strenghtening the foundation of education, analysis of labour market requirements, matching/replacing implementation (selection of course trainee, placing to apprenticeship and job replacement of the successful participants) and the application of the newly envisaged courses. The target aimed as a consequence of the project is to employ the course trainee in the particular workplace (UMEM Skills’10 project, 2012). The number of course trainees within the context of Specialized Vocational Course Centers Project rose up to 35 thousand between January – November 2011. 20 TL pocket money is given to the course trainees daily. Another reformist activity by İş-Kur, The Turkish Employment Organization is on-the-job training (apprenticeship). In 2011 5209 participants practiced on this rather new implementation of training, which is very few in number. However, by the objective set by the Ministry Of Labour And Socail Security (MOLSS), deputy under secretary, it is aimed at rising this amount to 400 thousand until 2015 (Tan, 2011:10). There is no doubt that in case this figure is reached, a considerable amount of distance will be covered. Is-Kur provides the participants’ financial support (20 TL daily) for on-the-job training which lasts 6 months. Besides, in the context of “Operation to Promote Young Employment”, encouraging on-thejob training is planned, again, by the support of İş-Kur :The Turkish Employment Organization (İş-Kur :The Turkish Employment Organization, 2011:92). These are pivotal activities because we believe that on-the-job training is the kind of education that has the biggest impact on productivity. This should not come to mean that theoretical education should be totally disregarded. The necessity of certain basic theoretical study is an undeniable reality. Thus, we should avoid making a generalization for all occupational groups because in some occupational groups, intensive theoretical discussions are necessary. In this generalization rather the professions in the context of the occupational education is emphasized. 4.Informal Education The significance of informal education is increasingly better understood in Turkey,like in the World. Informal education comes out with two of its aspects. The first one is a completely informal education (i.e. uncertified), where there is no setup of any kind for education. All sorts of knowledge and skills a worker in any workplace learns on his/her own is in this coverage. The second one is not totally informal. In case of resolving the educational demand of some or all of the workers of a business on any subject, the education acquired by means of purchasing a service is also informal education. This is because in the end of the training, on the whole, either a certificate that may not be transfered to another business is given or else, no certificate of the sort is given at all. 21 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo For the informal education to have a positive effect on productivity, before all, this education has to be productive, itself. The minimum terms for this kind of education to be productive are as follows: a) Need-base education analysis: An educational activity done when there is no need to do it may cause the fall of productivity. what is targeted in analysis is to determine the absence of any of the three characteristics of an employee. These are knowledge, skills, and attitute. There is no need for education if there is no inadequacy with any of these characteristics. b) Instructional design: In line with the specified necessities, first the present situation is examined. At this point, the matter of circumstances concerning what to learn and by whom and the learning medium and its limitations (such as time and money) are important. These are called educational conditions. The present situation as well as other circumstances are related to the motivation of the participants and the desired output. After these conditions are assessed, a method of teaching is selected and practiced (Reigeluth, 1999:9). c) The evaluation of the results: Undoubtedly the most complicated stage is this one. Business managers and their co-workers wish to know the impact of the educational investment on productivity. An investment has costs. These costs are consist of direct and indirect costs. Educators’ pay, cost of organisation are direct costs. On the other hand, as the worker is away from work for that period of time, this causes a loss of labour. Besides, an opportunity cost also arises at this point. Managers make educational investment with the expectation that these costs will be covered by means of a productivity increase. When faced with the difficulty of calculating the productivity increase, with their intuition, they perceive whether the cost is covered or is not covered. The way to bring this beyond a thought is to activate the process which is known as chain of impact. After an educational investment the following stages must be evaluated respectively (Philips, 1997:5-6): - - - - - Reaction: Whether the anticipation of participation to an educational program is met or not, is a concern of the satisfaction gained from the program. The level of satisfaction is usually assessed by a post educational survey. However, in the end of this survey whether new knowledge or skill is acquired or not cannot be determined. Learning: It is the study of the evaluation of what the participants gained by the end of the program. The evaluation, although other methods are also used, is assessed by an examination by the end of the program. Yet, the result achieved does not reveal any information about the application of the acquired knowledge about on-the-job practice. Job applications: The skills learned must be practiced on the job. At this stage, it has to be evaluated whether the acquired skill is applicable on the job or not by various methods. Commonly, this is actualized in a few months period after the program. The outcome of this stage, is a significant assessment that reveals the success of the program. Still, this also does not give a clue whether the job application of the skills contributes to organizational success. Business impact: At this stage, whether the organizational objectives are achieved or not is scrutinized. For instance, customer satisfaction, quality, outputs and costs are some of those. However, these also do not reveal information about the amount of the cost of the program. Return on investment: This is the final stage of the assessment. In this, the financial profit is tried to be calculated. That is, answer to the question: “ Does the program meet the costs?” is searched. The other name for this assessment is cost-benefit analysis. 22 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In the book that Philips wrote in 1994 there were only four levels (1994:7). In 1997, by the addition of “business impact” the levels rose up to five. As it is summed up on Table 4, the value of the knowledge acquired at the assessments increase by the rise of the level. Similarly, the power of displaying the actual results and the difficulty of evaluation is growing. But the rate of usage diminishes. Table 4: Chain Of Impact Chain of Impact Level 1 Value Knowledge of Power of Exposing The Results The least Valueable Rate of Usage The least powerful Difficulty of Evaluation Too Frequent Easy (Reaction) Level 2 (Learning) Level 3 (Behavior) Level 4 (Results) The Most Valuable The Most Powerful Very Rare Difficult Source, 1994: 7) Human Resources managers or experts assume significant responsibility in informal education as the unit that determines the educational requirement of the employers are Human Resources Managements. The duty of Human Resources management is to keep the staff in the required number and the qualification available for the business. To this purpose providing workers outside the workplace may be in question as well as the preparation of the present workers to prospective positions by being trained. The latter is more recognized and a more preferred alternative. In respect to this, education is one of the primary duties of the human resources management. The in-house trainings that are implemented in businesses and educational activities that they materialize by the method of purchasing services from private educational institutions play an important role in informal education in Turkey. But besides this, it is known that they contribute in the process with seminars, conferences and many other educational activities at universities by the collaboration of universities and the industry. Apart from this, it is viewed that institutions such as Small and Medium Industry Development Organization (KOSGEB) also take part in informal education . Hence, KOSGEB (Small and Medium Industry Development Organization) provides financial support for the firms that require education and these educational activities are appraised within informal education. Findings in the research named “Occupational Education In Enterprises Research Results” made by The Turkish Statistical Institute (TUİK) in 2007 have significance from the 23 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo perspective of our subject. In this research, it is possible to get an idea about the rate of informal education in Turkey. But there are no completely informal, that is, unplanned educations here. Unplanned informal education is continuously effective anytime anywhere. Table 5: Rate of Businesses That Provide Training For Their Employees Among All Businesses, 2007 Case of Producing Occupational Training Kind Of Occupational Training Activity The Size Of Workplace Group The Rate of Enterprises Providing No Occupational Education Activities The Rate of Enterprises Providing Occupational Education Activities The Rate of Enterprises Providing Occupational Education Courses The Rate of Enterprises Providing Other Forms Of Occupational Education Total 68,0 32,0 17,1 23,7 10-49 70,6 29,4 14,7 21,7 50-249 59,7 40,3 23,7 30,0 250+ 53,4 46,6 35,6 34,2 Source: TUİK (The Turkish Statistical Institute). When Table 5 is studied, as the the size of workplace grows, it is seen that the rate of providing occupational education increases. It is a known fact that The Human Resources Management units in larger, more corporate firms are more effective. Yet, it is seen that, including even half of those whose workplace is over 250 employees and 32% of the total businesses organize educational activity. Graph 1: The Rate of Enterprises Providing Occupational Education According to Course Types, 2007 Source: TUİK(The Turkish Statistical Institute). The educational activities of (TUİK) The Turkish Statistical Institute are extended to two divisions, as “courses” and “others”. Courses can be provided internally, organized by the businesses as well as externally, by paying for the services. The other activities are on-the-job guided training, rotation and exchange in offices, employment visits, quality and learning 24 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo circles, self-directed learning, participating in conferances, workshops, commercial fairs, seminars etc. All these are typical examples of informal education. On Graph 1, the provision of education according to course types and the size ofworkplace is outlined. It is observed that in Turkey providing an external course is preferred rather than the others. As the workplace gets larger, especially when the number of employees it holds becomes more than 250, it is seen providing internal courses is preferred close to 70%. By and large, the rates commonly indicate that informal education in Turkey is yet at the phase of development. Without doubt, informal education compared to other education types has a more effective potential for productivity. This potential has to be used as productively as possible. Educational need analyses are held in informal education in Turkey. Generally, educational activities are initiated according to the analyses results. It is gradually understood better that when the issue of education, which brings out substantial costs for the businesses that operate by the rules of market economy is governed effectively it has a beneficial potential that exceeds the costs. By the information obtained from Chamber of Industry In Istanbul2 , as to whether businesses provide the education in their own organizations or get external education, educational need-base analyses are held. No information has been received on educational planning. However, as an educational activity cannot be implemented without planning, this has to be initially reconciled. That is, no matter what kind of education is talked about at a certain rate a well-designed educational planning is made. The last stage of informal education is evaluation. In Turkey, just like in the world we are confronted with the same chart (Table 4). In the end of the interview with Istanbul Chamber of Industry, a finding of impact assessment after all of the types of education organized is reached. After the impact assessment , the findings show that transition to learning level is fifty percent less. It is concluded that the third level (job application) is rarely a matter and no data are reached in the fifth level application. In essence, it is natural that chain of impact process works in this manner. Hence, each stage of chain of impact process, although carries on complementing one another, adds some cost. In this respect, the calculation of the return of informal education is a concern of academics rather that firms. To conclude, the calculation of investment return seems to remain as an academic activity-area for some more time to come. By means of some research, it is proved that this return is at quite a high level. (McLinden, Davis, Sheriff, 1994:140). Life-long education in particular is a concept which covers formal, non-formal as well as informal education within its scope. By concept, it is indicated that rather informal education is emphasized. In accordance with the law no. 5544 issued in 2006, Vocational Qualification Authority is established. The aim of this institution is to determine the fundamentals of competence in national technical and vocational areas by taking national and international occupational standarts as a base, and to establish and administer the national competence system necessary to implement assessment and evaluation, and to inform and certify related activities. The professions that require minimum bachelor’s degree are excluded by this law (Law No.5544, article. 1). 2 Istanbul Chamber of Industry Expert Hakan Çoban is interviewed. We are obliged to extend our thanks to Hakan Çoban, Expert and to İSO, the biggest chamber of Industry in Turkey for the invaluable information given on informal education. 25 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo One of the most important functions of Vocational Qualification Authority(Professional Competency Board) is to award professional competence certificate. Definitions of all existing professions, standards of duty, operation and success, competence related to the instruments used, knowledge and skills requirements, manner and behavior requirements and finally assessment and evaluation criteria are presented in detail. Although completing these impressive studies in a short time is difficult, its progress is known to be rapid. Professional competence certificate is awarded to the labourers who could achieve these standarts. All of these are formed within the framework of national competency. The congruence of National competencies to European Qualifications Framework (AYÇ) still continues. European Qualifications Framework is made up of 8 stages and certification is awarded by these stages. These certifications mean legalizing informal and non-formal education. Via the life-long learning process, a rough calculation is made for an individual who goes through all stages of formal education and is included in the nonformal education regularly every year and is found that the time spent for formal and nonformal education remains 15% and 85% of the time is spent in informal education (Borat, 2009:12). Endeavours for the extention and legalization of this sort of education of no-cost to the public result in noteworthy developments. 5.CONCLUSION Although the interdependence of productivity-education is subject to debate, the impact of education on productivity is an undeniable reality. In Turkey, formal education has multidimentional structural problems. Problems concerning vocational education constitute one of the central problems of formal education. The rate of vocational education is comperatively lower. Apprenticeship application is inadequate quantitavely and is undetermined qualitatively. Within the scope of non-formal education, apprenticeship education and a lot of certificate awarding educational activities are conducted. Apprenticeship education is the most effectively administered area of on-the-job training, which is the best way of learning. Yet, it has been aimed at a comperatively restricted area and a comperatively restricted amount of people. İş-Kur, The Turkish Employment Organization, increased its efficiency by using unemployment insurance fund, which produced significant outcomes for nonformal education. The project of Specialized Vocational Course Centers, UMEM, and on-the-job training practices are recognized as extremely successful projects. 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Performance Based Payment (PBP) in University Hospitals Vahit Yiğit1, Ramazan Erdem2, Mehmet Dinç3 1Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta Vocational School , Health Management, Isparta 2Süleyman Demirel University, The Faculty of Economics and Adm. Sciences –Health Management, ,Isparta, 3Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta Vocational School , Isparta E-mails: yigitv@hotmail.com, vahityigit@sdu.edu.tr, ramazanerdem@sdu.edu.tr, mehmetdinc@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the performance-based payment system in university hospital and to determine the potential problems with their solutions. The 29 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1277 Title A name given to the resource Performance Based Payment (PBP) in University Hospitals Author Author Vahit , Yiğit Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the performance-based payment system in university hospital and to determine the potential problems with their solutions. The research was carried out at university hospitals in Turkey. In this research, qualitative research method was used. The content of the survey data, qualitative research method, which is the most commonly used technique, has been obtained by interview technique. The results of the analysis has revealed that advantages of this system include; effective and efficient management of resources, a accessibility to healthcare services, increased patient satisfaction, ease of patients’ to reach healthcare services, more accurate and correct medical records. The disadvantages of this system are as follows: left the job of specialist physicians, prohibition of private health care work of specialist physicians, be a source of conflict among the staff, misallocation and wasteful expenditure of resources, unnecessary tests, admissions, interventions, increased unethical behaviors, decrease in the will to work and co operate with co-workers. Keywords: Health Policy and Management, Performance, Payment, Motivation, Hospital Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance