222 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f58b35e8a7210776e674d7a7ed5166d5.pdf a89995abd6839c8e0f3623e4e403d800 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/discussionpapers/2008/en_GB/dp2008-01/_files/78805634425684379/default/dp2008-01.pdf Narula, R. & Marin, A. (2005). Exploring the relationship between direct and indirect spillovers from FDI in Argentina, Research Memoranda 024, Maastricht : MERIT, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology, http://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/umamer/2005024.html Parto, S. (2008).Innovation and Economic Activity: An Institutional Analysis of the Role of Clusters in Industrializing Economies,Journal of Economic Issues, Available at http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-36151980_ITM. Porter, M. E. (1990), The Competitive Advantages of Nations, Harvard Business Review, March-April, No:2 Porter, M. (2000). Location, Competition and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy, Economic Development Quarterley, 14 (1), 15-34 Raco, Mike (1999). Competition, Collaboration and the New Industrial Districts: Examining the Institutional Turn in Local Economic Development, Urban Studies, 36 (5-6): 951-968. Comparison of linear regression and neural network models forecasting tourist arrivals to Turkey Selcuk Cankurt, Abdulhamit Subasi International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, Francuske Revolucije bb. Ilidza, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mail:asubasi@ibu.edu.ba Abstract This paper develops statistical and machine learning methods for estimating tourist arrivals which is one of the donnée for planning the sustainable tourism development. Tourism is arguably one of the world's largest and fastest growing industries. Sustainable tourism 304 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo development is one of the most promising generators of the sustainable economic development. Realistic tourism projections based on accurate tourism forecasting contribute much for the sustainable tourism development. The challenge of the planning and developing sustainable tourism is to see as the complex paradigm but one of the starting points is the accurate forecasting tourist arrivals. In this study, linear regression and neural network multilayer perceptron (MLP) implementations are considered to make multivariate tourism forecasting for Turkey. Comparison of forecasting performances in terms of correlation coefficient (R), relative absolute error (RAE) and root relative squared error (RRSE) measurements shows that MLP model for regression gives a better performance. Keywords: Tourism forecasting; Tourism demand modelling; Time series; Linear regression; Neural networks; Multilayer perceptron; Multivariate tourism forecasting. 1.INTRODUCTION Tourism demand forecasts are of great economic value both for the public and private sector. Tourism products, such as unfilled airline seats, unoccupied hotel rooms, and unused facilities, cannot be stocked because of their perishable nature (Archer, 1987). Therefore, accurately forecasting tourism demand has great importance to the sectors concerned with tourism, in order to accurate and efficient plans (Petropoulos, Nikolopoulos, & V., 2005; Pai & Hong, 2005). According to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), travel and tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Since 1992 tourism sector is the largest industry and has the largest employer in the world (Aslan, Alper, Kaplan, Muhittin, Kula, & Ferit, 2008). Turkey's economy grew an average of 6.0% per year in last decade. Currently Turkey is in 16th place on the list of the largest economies of the world and the fastest growing economy among members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The new goals of Turkish tourism were to establish an efficient tourism sector with high international competitiveness while preserving and enhancing of the country’s natural and historical environment and cultural heritage in a sustainable manner (Ministry of Culture, 2007). The statistical methods such as linear regression are suitable for data having seasonal or trend patterns, while artificial neural techniques are also efficient for data which are influenced by the special case, like promotion or extreme crisis (Efendigil, Önüt, & Kahraman, 2009). One major application area of ANNs is forecasting (Gooijer & J., 2006); see (Zhang, Patuwo, & Hu, 1998) and (Hippert, Pedreira, & Souza, 2001). Generally the ANNs are increasingly used to forecast demands for tourism (Law & Au, 1999; Law R. , 2000). (Pattie & Snyder, 1996) used a back-propagation neural network model with two hidden layers to forecast 305 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo monthly overnight stays in US national park systems. (Law & Au, 1999) presented a feedforward neural network with six input and one output nodes to forecast arrivals in Hong Kong. For more application area of ANN, see (Al-Saba & El-Amin, 1999), (Beccali, Cellura, Lo Brano, & Marvuglia, 2004), (Hobbs, Helman, Jitprapaikulsarn, Konda, & Maratukulam, 1998), (Sozen, Arcaklioglu, & Ozkaymak, 2005), (Sabuncuoglu, 1998), (Vellido, Lisboa, & Vaughan, 1999), (Wong, Lai, & Lam, 2000), (Ayata, Cam, & Yıldız, 2007), (Efendigil, Önüt, & Kahraman, 2009). According to the brief review of literature especially related to tourism demands approaches, this study attempts to develop a multivariate linear regression model and a general regression neural network model for forecasting the number of the tourists coming to Turkey. 2.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1.Linear regression Multiple linear regression (MLR) attempts to model the linear relationship called the regression function between a dependent variable and more than one independent variables as different from simple linear models with one independent variable. The dependent variable is sometimes also called the predictand, and the independent variables is called the predictors. The model for multiple linear regression, given n observations, is for i = 1,2, ... n. value of predictor, coefficient on the the intercept, also known as the bias in machine learning, predictor, total number of predictors, predictand, error. 2.2 MLP Approach Artificial neural networks (ANNs) (also usually preferred Neural Networks NNs) are computing structures inspired from the biological neural networks. A neural network is made of the interconnected processing units (usually called neurons). They have the ability of learning by adjusting the strength of the interconnections which can be achieved by altering the values called weights through the input data (Haykin S. , 1999). Neuron sums the weighted inputs and conveys the net input through an activation function in order to normalize and produce a result (Jones, 2008). 306 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The multilayer network architecture consists of an input layer, two or more hidden layers, and one output layer. Activation function is used for both the hidden and output nodes. While the sigmoid function can be used to squash the output of the neuron to in the hidden layer in order to introduce the non-linearity to NN, linear activation function must use in output layer to predict the numerical values in the regression problems. MLP is trained with supervised learning include the Perceptron learning algorithm, Least-Mean-Squares learning, and Backpropagation. Backpropagation is one of the most popular approximation approaches for training the multilayer feedforward neural networks based on the Widrow–Hoff training rule (Bishop, 1995; Haykin S. , 1999; Aslanargun, Mammadov, Yazici, & Yolacan, 2007). 3.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A total of 31 models were obtained on the basis of two regression models and their corresponding parameter selection which are three of them belong to linear regression models and remaining 28 ones belong to MLP models. Those models were evaluated with the validation data through three forecasting accuracy measures: correlation coefficient (R), relative absolute error (RAE), root relative squared error (RRSE). Three linear regression models were examined on the basis of attribute selection parameter: none, M5 and greedy methods. It has been shown that the linear regression model with greedy attribute selection parameter has the best accuracy when you compare with the other linear regression models but also the worst when you compare with MLP regression models. According to result of our linear regression model: 25 attributes don’t affect the results — WEKA builds the regression function by considering the attributes which only statistically contribute to the accuracy of the model (measured in ). It will not consider the attributes that don't contribute the regression equation. So this regression model is telling us that whole sale price of Turkey, consumer prize index of Canada, Denmark, Spain, Russia, number of German, France, Syrian, Poland, Romanian, Norwegian, Switzerlandian visitors, Exchange rate of Russia, Canada, Switzerland don’t affect the arrivals to Turkey. Estimated positive values (coefficients) tell us as value of those attributes increase number of the total visitors. Estimated negative values (coefficients) reduce the result — linear regression model is telling us that the bigger negative value is, the lower the total coming tourist. This can be seen by the negative coefficient in front of the variables. Table 1 Overall performance of linear regression and MLP methods Model Correlation coefficient Relative Root relative absolute error squared error Linear Regression 0.978 18.73% 307 20.70% �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo MLP Regression 0.9874 14.17% 15.86% Figure 1 Comparison of MLP and linear regression methods Among the MLP regression models presented, the best forecasting accuracy was the MLP model composed of three hidden layers with the neuron numbers of 30, 15 and 10 (abbreviated as 30-15-10). In this model the learning rate 0.03, momentum 0.8, epoch 500 values are used and backpropagation training algorithm, sigmoid activation function for hidden nodes and unthresholded linear activation function for output node are employed. It showed R 0.9874, RAE 14.17% and RRSE 15.86% accuracy results. Results obtained from the experiments in this study, support the discussions in the literature reviews topic of this paper. As seen in the table (1) apparently, machine learning MLP regression model have better performance than statistical linear regression model. 4.CONCLUSIONS This study presents a multivariate time-series forecasting to predict the tourism demand to Turkey by employing linear regression and multilayer perceptron methods. The real data sets respect to Turkey and its top ranked 24 tourism clients of the countries are used to compare 308 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the performance of the those methods and to find out the achievement of them on forecasting tourism demand to Turkey. Comparison of the experimental results among linear regression and MLP demonstrated that the MLP method had better forecasting accuracy. Experimental results showed that the MLP model can produce lower prediction error and higher prediction accuracy and outperformed the linear regression model. According to the experiments, it can be concluded that the tuned MLP method with the multivariate time series has enough satisfactory to forecast the tourism demand to Turkey. In this study, linear regression model with greedy attributes selection method and MLP (30:15:10) models have shown better performance when compared with other corresponding models in forecasting the number of monthly tourist arrivals to Turkey owing to the RAE and the RRSE measures. Unfortunately, there is no certain or systematic method to select the appropriate model. Our studies showed that among the methods mentioned above MLP regression has better performance but still we need numerous experiments to evaluate and find out the most suitable MLP regression model which can be employed on the multivariate time series forecasting. REFERENCES Al-Saba, T., & El-Amin, I. (1999). Artificial neural networks as applied to long-term demand forecasting. Artificial Intelligence in Engineering. Archer, B. (1987). Demand Forecasting and Estimation. Travel, tourism, and hospitality research. A handbook for managers and researchers pp. 77-85 . Aslan, Alper, Kaplan, Muhittin, Kula, & Ferit. (2008). Approach, International Tourism Demand for Turkey: A Dynamic Panel Data. Munich Personal RePEc Archive MPRA Paper No. 10601. Aslanargun, A., Mammadov, M., Yazici, B., & Yolacan, S. (2007). Comparison of ARIMA, neural networks and hybrid models in time series: tourist arrival forecasting. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation Vol. 77, No. 1, January , 29–53. Ayata, T., Cam, E., & Yıldız, O. (2007). Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) application to investigate potential use of natural ventilation in new building designs in Turkey. Energy Conversion and Management, 48, 1472–1479. Beccali, M., Cellura, M., Lo Brano, V., & Marvuglia, A. (2004). Forecasting daily urban electric load profiles using artificial neural networks. Energy Conversion and Management. Bishop, C. (1995). Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition. 309 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Choy, K. L., Lee, W. B., & Lo, V. (2003). Design of an intelligent supplier relationship management system: A hybrid case based neural network approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 24, 225–237. Efendigil, T., Önüt, S., & Kahraman, C. (2009). A decision support system for demand forecasting with artificial neural networks and neuro-fuzzy models: A comparative analysis. Expert Systems with Applications 36 6697–6707. Gooijer, J. G., & J., R. (2006). 25 years of time series forecasting. Hyndman International Journal of Forecasting 22 (2006) 443– 473. H.Witten, I., & Frank, E. (2005). Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Second b.). New York: Elsevier. Haykin, S. (1999). Neural Networks: a comprehensive foundation. (Second Edition b.). Prentice Hall. Hippert, H. S., Pedreira, C. E., & Souza, R. C. (2001). Neural networks for short-term load forecasting: A review and evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 16, 44–55. Hobbs, B. F., Helman, U., Jitprapaikulsarn, S., Konda, S., & Maratukulam, D. (1998). Artificial neural networks for short-term energy forecasting: Accuracy and economic value. Neurocomputing, 23, 71–84. Jones, M. T. (2008). Artificial Intelligence: A Systems Approach. INFINITY SCIENCE PRESS LLC. Law, R. (2000). Back-propagation learning in improving the accuracy of neural networkbased tourism demand forecasting. Law, R., & Au, N. (1999). A Neural Network Model to Forecast Japanese Demand for Travel to Hong Kong. Tourism Management. Mark Hall, E. F., Pfahringer, B., Reutemann, P., & Witten, I. H. (2009). The WEKA Data Mining Software: An Update; SIGKDD Explorations. 11(1). Ministry of Culture, T. (2007). Tourism strategy of Turkey – 2023. Ankara: Republic of Turkey of Ministry of Culture & Tourism. Pai, P.-F., & Hong, W.-C. (2005). An Improved Neural Network Model in Forecasting Arrivals. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 1138–1141, Elsevier. Palmer, A., Montano, J. J., & Sese, A. (2006). Designing an artificial neural network for forecasting tourism time series. Tourism Management 27 781–790. Pattie, D., & Snyder, J. (1996). Using a Neural Network to Forecast Visitor Behavior. Annals of Tourism Research. Petropoulos, C., Nikolopoulos, K., & V., A. P. (2005). A technical analysis approach to tourism demand forecasting. Applied Economics Letters 12, 327–333. 310 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Reinsel, G. C. (2003). Elements of multivariate time series analysis. Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., & Williams, R. J. (1986). Learning internal representations by error propagation. Parallel distributed processing (pp. 318–362). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Sabuncuoglu, I. (1998). Scheduling with neural networks: A review of the literature and new research directions. Production Planning and Control, 9(1), 2–12. Sozen, A., Arcaklioglu, E., & Ozkaymak, M. (2005). Turkey’s net energy consumption. Applied Energy, 81(2), 209–221. . Vellido, A., Lisboa, P. J., & Vaughan, J. (1999). Neural networks in business: A survey of applications (1992–1998). Expert Systems with Applications, 17, 51–70. Witt, S. F., & Witt, C. A. (1995, 3). Forecasting tourism demand: a review of empirical research, International Journal of Forecasting. Wong, B. K., Lai, S. V., & Lam, J. (2000). A bibliography of neural network business applications research: 1994–1998. Computers & Operations Research 27,1045–1076. Zhang, G., Patuwo, B. E., & Hu, M. Y. (1998). Forecasting with artificial networks: The state of the art. International Journal of Forecasting, 14, 35– 62. Informatisation of the Judiciary in BiH: Success Factors Nedim Fisekovic, Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract Informatisation of the judicial system covers all aspects of information and communication technology (ICT), including: equipping the courts with modern information technology equipment (desktop computers, servers, and printers), setting up a local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN), establishing a system of electronic mail for the judicial institutions, developing a system for case management system (CMS and TCMS), developing and establishing judicial web sites (web portal), computer education of all employees in the courts and prosecution offices, internet access for all users in the judiciary and many more. 311 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1179 Title A name given to the resource Comparison of linear regression and neural network models forecasting tourist arrivals to Turkey Author Author Selcuk , Cankurt Subasi, Abdulhamit Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper develops statistical and machine learning methods for estimating tourist arrivals which is one of the donnée for planning the sustainable tourism development. Tourism is arguably one of the world's largest and fastest growing industries. Sustainable tourism development is one of the most promising generators of the sustainable economic development. Realistic tourism projections based on accurate tourism forecasting contribute much for the sustainable tourism development. The challenge of the planning and developing sustainable tourism is to see as the complex paradigm but one of the starting points is the accurate forecasting tourist arrivals. In this study, linear regression and neural network multilayer perceptron (MLP) implementations are considered to make multivariate tourism forecasting for Turkey. Comparison of forecasting performances in terms of correlation coefficient (R), relative absolute error (RAE) and root relative squared error (RRSE) measurements shows that MLP model for regression gives a better performance. Keywords: Tourism forecasting; Tourism demand modelling; Time series; Linear regression; Neural networks; Multilayer perceptron; Multivariate tourism forecasting. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fa40907a135dc737b8b1e3c4ccda9652.pdf dd61e12bada1fbcabd8ed4b67e3beac4 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TERZIOVSI, M., SOHAL, A., MOSS, S.,(1999) “Longitudinal Analysis Of Quality Management Practices in Australian Organizations”, Total Quality Management, Vol:10, NO:6, s.915-926. YANMAZ, Ö., (2005). ‘‘Hastane İşletmelerinde Kalite Fonksiyon Göçerimi’’, Ahmet Yesei Üniversitesi, İşletme Yüksek Lisans Tezi, YÜKSEL, F., SADAKLIOĞLU, H. (2007). “Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Kalite ve Yerel Yönetimler”,Uluslararası Sağlık ve Hastane Yönetimi Kongresi, 01-03 Haziran 2007 Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Lefkoşa Kıbrıs ZERENLER, M., Öğüt, A., (2007). "Sağlık Sektöründe Algılanan Hizmet Kalitesi ve Hastane Tercih Nedenleri Araştırması: Konya Örneği", Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı:18, s.35-40. Sustainable Security: The Role of Promoting Democracy and Protecting Human Rights Selim Kanat1, Bahadır Eser2 1Vise Chairman of Dept. of International Relations. Suleyman Demirel University. I.I.B.F Oda no. 210 Isparta/Turkey 2Dept of Public Administration Suleyman Demirel University. I.I.B.F Oda no. 209 Isparta/Turkey Abstract Today’s security threats are more complex than traditional ones, such as HIV, climate change, human rights violations, anti-democratic laws and measures forced us to think about the definition and the context of security again. With the effect of these new threats, sustainable security concept emerged from a post- Cold War multi-disciplinary understanding of security. Sustainable security redefines how we think about national security in today's shifting, after Cold War era. Struggling with these new threats, especially struggling with 52 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo terrorism requires new approaches to security. The traditional understanding which predicts balancing human rights and security measures is not valid anymore. In today’s security understanding promoting democracy and protecting human rights are not causes of insecurity, contrarily terrorism, which considered as the greatest threat to world security after Sept 11, wants to create a “police state” to find support their own ideology. Further more terrorism aiming to demolish democracy and human rights in society; with this, life become insecure, state become more totalitarian and terrorist acts become more reasonable. For this characteristic, terrorism called the “disease of democracies”. For this reason promoting democracy and protecting human rights are the key elements of sustainable security especially in struggling terrorism Keywords: Sustainable Security, Human Security, Terrorism, Sept. 11, Human Rights, Democracy. 1.Traditional Approaches towards Security. From traditional view, national security effectively can maintain only with military means. Protecting boarder lines via strong and destructive armies is typical way of ensuring security. Traditional approaches to national or international security are dominated by political realism in practical level, but also traditional approaches to security find its philosophical basis in Hobbes’ minds. For Hobbes maintaining security is the basic reason of formation of the state (Hobbes, 1651, pp. 103-107). Because, state of nature is insecure and anarchical for individuals. Every men gives up his some basic freedoms, and rights which he has naturally in the state of nature, simultaneously and permanently to being secure under the rule of commonwealth (Kanat, 2011, p. 124-125). So in traditional approaches if a one want being in secure, he should give up some basic freedoms and rights which he already has. For this understanding security and freedoms are two controversial concepts which have to be balanced. This philosophical opinions, found its modern application basis after the The Peace of Westphalia. Under the logic of Westphalia system the security of the state is “being secure of border, territory and the sovereignty of the state and for this holding the military capacity and political power of the state in the possible highest level” (Bislev, 2004, p. 282). State has a central position about security issues in traditional understanding. (Bilgin, 2002, 102). Ensuring the security of the state is the primary goal of the government. For this, some rights of the individuals can be sacrificed. After the World War II traditional approaches toward security has adopted by political realism, and security studies began as an independent field of study, but was absorbed as a sub-field of international relations (Buzan & Hansen, 2009, p. 1). Similarly ensuring the security of the state should be the primary goal of a government. In international level, security can be maintained by military force and “balance of power” politics. Also in realist thought, balance of power is the key element of traditional approaches towards international 53 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo security during the Cold War era. Kenneth Waltz, a major contributor to neorealism underlines the importance of “balance of power” approach. He expressed in his book, "Theory of International Politics" that "if there is any distinctively political theory of international politics, balance-of-power theory is it."(Waltz, 1979, pp.13-16) According to Morgenthau, who is regularly identified as the father of modern realism, and the precursor of neoclassical realism, within a balance of power system, a state may choose to engage in either balancing or bandwagoning behavior. (Morgenthau,1948, pp. 125-134). In a time of war, also in an anarchical structure of the relations between states, the decision to balance or to bandwagon may well determine the survival and the security of the state. For traditional view every state should behave individually to maintain own security, because in an anarchical nature, everyone is an enemy for everyone and a state or a man can’t trust to another. This situation is a result of mercenary and selfish character of human nature. (Neacsu, 2009, pp. 54-56) Morgenthau points to the limitless character of humans’ lust for/will to power: while man’s vital needs ‘are capable of satisfaction’, the lust for power ‘would be satisfied only if the last man became an object of his domination, there being nobody above or beside him, that is, if he became like God’ (Morgenthau, 1948, p. 165). As Morgenthau maintains, ‘the selfishness of man has limits; his will to power has none’ (Morgenthau, 1948, p. 165) For the anarchical structure of international relations, threats towards security are usually generated by enemy states or enemy groups like terrorist organizations or criminals in domestic level, from traditional view. Every state must be powerful and ready to being in a possible war every time. Because everyone and every state has a “will to power” (Jütersonke, 2007, p. 101). We can see this understanding in maintaining security in Cold War era. States generally maintain their security via strong armies, establishing or joining alliances and conventional-nuclear weapons in international level. Traditional security relied on the anarchistic balance of power, a military build-up between the two superpowers, and on the absolute sovereignty of the nation state. (Owen, 2004, p. 16). Under the “balance of terror” and nuclear deterrence, states takes the security of the state as a prior issue and push some freedoms and rights like right to live in a clean environment which people have against state, in to the background. Because, during the Cold War, the issues about national security have seen as “high politics” (Waltz, 1970, p.212) and the politics which aims to improve welfare and wealth in cooperation have seen as “low politics” (Gürkaynak & Yalçıner, 2009, p. 78). But with the end of Cold War old type of security threats lose their importance in ensuring national security. World have faced new threats which endanger human life, like climate change, and this new threats can be solved in cooperation. So, states forced to expand the scope of security. Ensuring welfare and wealth, protecting human life and right became an element of national security, and also “high politics” 2.Emerge of Sustainable Security Concept. Sustainable security redefines how we think about national security in today's shifting, after Cold War era. Also this post-Cold War debate about security has been the issue of 54 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo broadening the concept from its Cold War norms. One harbinger of this, from within neorealist International Relations, was Barry Buzan’s People, States and Fear, written in the early 1980s (Booth, 1997, p. 86). Buzan emphasis that although the military-oriented approaches to the security, during the 1970’s economic and environmental concerns started to rising up (Buzan, 1991, p. 4). With the finish of the Cold War era, traditional security understanding has been started to be questioned. The opportunity for a new global order, based on protecting humans rather than states, presented new hope.( Bedeski, 2007, p. X). With the collapse of Soviet Union and Eastern Block, the old type of enemies has been collapsed simultaneously all over world. Rapid change of international system, the globalization process, the reduced threat of nuclear war between superpowers and the emerge of complex new threats such as HIV, climate change, human rights violations, antidemocratic laws and measures forced us to think about the definition and the context of security again (Mcrae, 2001, p.22.). With the effect of these new threats, we can say that sustainable security concept emerged from a post- Cold War multi-disciplinary understanding of security. Sustainable security focuses on the interconnected, long-term causes of insecurity around the world. We can say climate change, competition over resources, marginalization of the majority world, global militarization as threats for sustainable security. Sustainable security promotes a comprehensive, systemic approach to maintain the safety of the entire world people. It also places particular attention on how the current behaviour of international actors and western governments is contributing to, rather than reducing, insecurity. The politics of the states, which has described according to national interests, creates insecurity rather than security. Sustainable security goes beyond analysis of threats to the development of a framework for new security policies. From this perspective, sustainable security concept also refers to human security understanding as well. Because sustainability in security, can not be achieved with pushing people and their minds into the background. States can not be secure notwithstanding insecurity of its people. Also, if we think about origins of state, all we should agree that human security is the primary purpose of organizing a state in the beginning as Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau concluded (Owen, 2004, p. 16- 17). Human security offers much to this vibrant field of sustainable development. Most notably, human security—like human development—highlights the social dimension of sustainable development’s three pillars: environment, economy, society (Khagram &Clarck &Raad, 2003, p. 290) If we mention about sustainability in security we have follow the foresights of human security understanding. Human security derives from the traditional concept of security from military threats to the safety of people and communities.(Tadjbakhsh & Chenoy, 2007, p. 81, 228). Because the nature of the conflicts has been changed. During the Cold War, in conflict analyses, there was no room for people. But in recent decades, this trend has been changing. Take for example the armed conflicts of Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan, East Timor, Macedonia, Kosovo, Bosnia, and the international terror organizations that target the western world. (Gough, 2002, p. 145) 55 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo For “Human Development Report” of United Nations human security is an extension of mere existence (survival) to well-being and dignity of human beings. 1994 Human Development Report of United Nations Development Programme can be considered milestone publication about human security and also sustainable security. Report defines security as “freedom from fear” and “freedom from want”( Human Development Report 1994). As a result of this almost everything which endangers human life and standards can be consider a threat in this understanding. For this reason there is no single definition of human security, and also there is no single and constant definition of threats to security. Today global warming and climate change can be consider as a threat, but tomorrow the greatest threat would be lack of clean water sources. But we can say that the definition varies from a narrow term of prevention of violence to a broad comprehensive view that proposes development, human rights and traditional security together. Human security argues that the core target of national security should be individual rather than state. Human security is the life-safety of individuals. In other words human security put the human in the center of security debates (Thakur, 2003, p. 347). In this context it has a human-centered view of security, that necessary for national, regional and global stability and peace in today’s world. With a general discourse, human security offers a critique of and advocates an alternative to the traditional state-based conception of security. Essentially, it argues that the proper referent for security is the individual and that state practices should reflect this rather than primarily focusing on securing borders through unilateral military action. Because the threats to human well-being are undoubtedly greater in number and scope today than when the United Nations system came into being in 1945. The scale of security challenges has ‘‘blown out’’ as a consequence of rapid population growth and the increased sophistication of communications and weapons technologies, which in turn has quickened the pace at which security threats can be transmitted within and across national boundaries ( Battersby & Siracusa, 2009, p. 9) Furthermore some threats which endanger individual security can and also should be solved in cooperation. Because, sometimes the nature of the threat requires this. For instance climate change, environmental pollution are global security problems, and all states should struggle them in cooperation. For this reason, the human security approach is said to be that the traditional conception of security is no longer appropriate or effective in the highly interconnected and interdependent modern world in which global threats such as poverty, environmental degradation, and especially terrorism supersede the traditional security threats of interstate attack and warfare. 3.New Security Threats: Terrorism and Sustainable Security With the end of Cold War, old types of treats have lost their importance in maintenance national security. Because world was not divided any more and enemy states faced simultaneously new same treats. For example climate change began to be seen as the mother of all security problems (Brown & Hammill & McLemman, 2007, 1141). Like that; environmental pollution, failed states, international piracy become more important than 56 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo before. But as an international threat, terrorism has the biggest effect on security after the Cold War. Especially after Sept. 11 terrorism became the major threat to international security. But actually terrorism isn’t a new type of treat. This type of violence has been used for ages. We can see first samples of modern terrorism in first-century Palestine. The history of terrorism back almost 2000 years ago when the Jewish resistance group known as SicariiZealots (AD 66–72) “carried out terrorist campaigns to force insurrection against the Romans in Judea.(Garrison, 2003, p. 44) The Zealot sect was one of the very first groups to practice systematic terror of which we possess a written account (Chaliand & Blin, 2007, p.55). The Zealot sect, also known in Latin as Sicarii, use terrorism to create terror in their enemies’ minds. They murdered their enemies and even innocent victims to achieve their own political aims with creating terror and fear. Their acts were symbolic to give messages to public. Sicarii’s can be accepted first group which use terrorism toward authority. After Zealots, we can mention Assasins, which use violence as a weapon for their political aims too. The Assassins were an order of Nizari Ismailis, particularly those of Persia and Syria that formed around 1092. Posing a strong military threat to Sunni Saljuq authority within the Persian territories, the Nizari Ismailis captured and inhabited many mountain fortresses under the leadership of Hassan-i Sabbah (Combs & Slann, 2007, pp 47-48). We can increase the number of pre-examples but all these are in the same side of violence: towards to authority. However the first case study of “state terror” have seen after the French Revolution, with Robespierre administration. Robespierre use terror to maintain administrative stability after the revolution. He used terror to defeat probable opposite revolution. The historical study of terrorism largely focused on the French Revolution and the reaction to it. The “Reign of Terror” and the activities of the Committee of Public Safety provided the foundation for the study of modern terrorism with the emphasis on how states engaged in “terrorism from above,” “regime terrorism” and “state terrorism”(Sloan, 2008, pp.4-5). But at that time Robespierre sees terrorism as a rational and virtuous policy, and as necessity to protect revolution and state. He said that “virtue without which terror is fatal, terror without which virtue is impotent” (Herbst, 2003, p. 164). Before the next evolution of the concept, we mention World War II and Cold War period, world have testified Nazis’ and Fascists’ state terrorism. Mussolini and Hitler use terrorism to suppress opposition and strengthen their authority (Kanat, 2011, p.87). Historians estimated that five- six million Jews were tortured and killed during the Hitler’s administration, also named Third Reich (Laqueur & Baumel, 2001, p.xiv). After the World War II, states gathered around two super power and world dived as West and East. During the Cold War, with the effect of nuclear deterrence, super powers both fear from engaged to a possible hot war. Especially after the Cuban Missile and U2 Crisis super powers realize that a possible nuclear war could be the end of the humanity and world. During this period, terrorism becomes a tool in struggling with enemy states which were in the opposite block. Eastern states gave support to terrorist groups which were harmful for western states. We can say that during the 1960s, opposition to the Vietnam War produced a 57 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo wave of "New Left" terrorism, as radical groups in Europe, Latin America and the United States, undertook campaigns of political kidnappings, assassinations and bombings in furtherance of vague Marxist-Leninist-Maoist political agendas and woolly headed demands for "social justice" (Shughart, 2006, p. 21). Also Hoffman agreed that at the height of the cold war, the majority of terrorist groups were left-wing revolutionary Marxist Leninist ideological organizations. (Hoffman, 2006, p.85) At the same time Western states condoned anti-democratic measures of their own allies in struggling with terrorist groups. Worldwide, 74% of countries that used torture on an administrative basis were U.S. client states, receiving military and other support to retain power. They concluded that the global rise in state terror was a result of U.S. foreign policy (Sluka, 1999, p.8). With the end of Cold War, terrorism began to have seen the primary threat to international security. The last and most significant change in terrorism concept happened with the end of Cold War. This significant change creates a “new” terrorism. 1993 World Trade Center attack, Tokyo subway attacks, Oklahoma city bombing and so many incidents showed to us and also states, terrorism became a very important threat for security than ever (Weinberg& Eubank, 2006, p. 1-3).If we look the motivations behind the attacks we can easily say that ideological motivation in terrorism has mostly ended by the end of Cold War. As a result of this, terrorism became more independent and more imponderable. We can easily say that terrorism today is a worldwide phenomenon (Garrison, 2003, p. 39). The logic of terrorist attacks have changed in the new terrorism. Formerly terrorist not aimed to kill so many people in their attacks. The symbolic characteristic of the attacks in terrorism is primary. Terrorist organizations didn’t aim to kill so many innocents in their attacks. But in new terrorism, besides the symbolic characteristic, killing so many people is becoming an aim of the attacks. For example IRA (Irish Republican Army) have killed 2618 people in its attacks between the years 1969-1987, but only the Sept 11 attack there are 2823 people have died ( Eriş, p. 361-362). In the new terrorism the success of the attack began to describe with the number of people who died in the attack. Besides this fact, terrorism start to use high technology in explosives, weapons and communication, information technologies. This reality makes terrorism a global, unpredictable, very close and important threat. It’s important because, it has “double effect” on sustainability of security. First, terrorism aims to take people life to achieve its own political goals. Yes it’s true that the main aim of attacks is not killing people, the real aim is create terror in people’ mind. But it’s obvious and clear that terrorism endangers security in individual and public level both. This is the direct effect of terrorism on security. Second, terrorism has an indirect effect on security. When a terrorist campaign launched in one state, that state usually strengthened its security measures. For this states occasionally suspend and even scarify some basic rights and freedoms of citizens in struggling with terrorism. But this tendency of states generally doesn’t maintain the security in public. Ironically precautions which have taken to maintain the security become the one of the source of terrorism in time. Because while the state behaving to innocent civilians as a terrorist, no one feels himself secure. This situation endangers the security in life. Because of this, one can easily liken terrorism to a double edges sword (Friedland & Merari, 1985, p. 592-595). A life bereft of democracy and filled with human 58 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo right violations can not be secure. Sustainability in security requires promoting democracy and protecting human rights. 4.The Role of Promoting Democracy and Protecting Human Rights. After Sept. 11 attacks terrorism became the prior threat to world security. Almost every state and international organization start dealing with the question of how international terrorism can be stopped? For instance, United States adopt the PATRIOT Act (PATRIOT Act http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf) immediately, so was Canada hastily enacted the Anti- Terrorism Act (ATA) and as an international organization NATO invoked Article 5 of the Washington Treaty for the first time in its history following the Sept.11 terrorist attacks against the United States (Brown, 2006, pp. 2732) and almost every state around the world started to review its own domestic anti-terrorist laws and measures. But in reviewing the general tendency is reducing human rights standards for ensuring security in struggling with terrorism. For instance the PATRIOT Act gives federal officials greater authority to track and intercept communications, both for law enforcement and foreign intelligence gathering purposes. It seeks to further close United States borders to foreign terrorists and to detain and remove those within our borders by behaving especially Middle Eastern or Muslim foreigners like potential terrorist. It creates new crimes, new penalties, and new procedural short-cuts for use against domestic and international terrorists (Doyle, 2002, p. 1) In the wake of numerous changes made in U.S. law and that of many other countries following the September 11 terrorist attack, civil libertarians, libertarians, and many others have raised concerns that the nations involved are sacrificing their liberty to enhance their safety. Likewise Canadian Anti- Terrorism Act (ATA), deeply impacts human rights and civil liberties. After the Sept. 11 Canada choose scarifying civil liberties in the name of protecting the nation from terrorism threat. With the changes to the Canadian Evidence Act; the establishment of INSET (Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams), cross-border anti terrorism police force; the draconian provisions within the ATA, and also changes to Security of Information Act, Canada has systematically and secretively undermined core democratic national values such as human rights, civil liberties and national sovereignty (Lott, 2006, p. 2). Examples can be increased, England, Spain even Australia and Thailand (Kocher, 2007, p. 25-42) , but the common matter is almost every state have a tendency that reducing human rights and democracy in struggling terrorism. In another words in the presence of political, ethnic, or religious strife, governments appear to be more likely to adopt broad counterterrorism policies and commit human rights abuses. (Omelicheva, 2007, p. 188) Especially Muslim communities around the world have been victims of violence and discriminately denied their rights: and governmenet have been able to justify the suppression of groups and organizations that oppose them (Kocher, p. 43). In addition to spurring a global proliferation of aggres.sive counter terrorism measures, the United States has at times 59 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo actively undermined judicial authority in nations whose court systems are just beginning to mature. In one such instance, Bosnian authorities transferred six Algerian men into U.S. custody at the request of U.S. officials, in violation of that nation’s domestic law. The Bosnian police bad arrested the men, five of whom also had Bosnian citizenship, in October 2001 on suspicion that they bad links with al Qaeda. In January 2002, the Bosnian Supreme Court ordered them released for lack of evidence. But instead of releasing them, Bosnian authorities banded them over to U.S. troops serving with NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization]-led peacekeepers. Despite an injunction from the Human Rights Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina expressly ordering that four of the men remain in the country for further proceedings, the men were shortly thereafter transported to the detention camp at Guantanamo. (Posner, 2005, p. 222) But it is obvious that this method of ensuring security is not sustainable. Actually this way is what terrorism wants. But one want sustainability in security, especially in struggling with terrorism, should behave in respect to human rights. We shouldn’t forget that in the post-Cold War 1990s, human rights values and institutions played greater role in establishing stability in the global order and ensuring more democratic forms of political and economic participation at the local level. We can easily say those years global security have maintained through human rights. (Wilson, 2005, p. 3-6). For sustainability in ensuring the security of individuals "fighting the symptoms" will not work, you must instead "cure the disease". Granting fundamental rights and promoting democratic principles makes society more secure. We should not forget that extremist movements always fed from corrupted democratic structures. Totalitarian and antidemocratic policies in democracies create extremist also terrorist structuring. This is why terrorism named as “the disease of the democracies”. In this way security and human rightsdemocratic principles are not two controversial concepts which have to be balanced. Contrarily they are complementary concepts. With respecting fundamental rights and freedoms one source of nutrition would be eradicated. Terrorist organizations couldn’t be found supporters to their ideas or actions any more, and with promoting democracy extremist ideas can be found a discharge area, and this aggressions be solved in peaceful manner. REFERENCES Battersby, P & Siracusa, J. M. (2009), Globalization and Human Security, Maryland, USA, Rowman& Littlefield Publishers. Bedeski, R. E. (2007), Human Security and the Chinese State, New York, NY, Routledge Bilgin, P. (2002) “Beyond Statism in Security Studies? Human Agency and Security in the Middle East”, Review of International Affairs, Vol. 2, Issue. 1. Bislev, S. (2004) “Globalization, State Transformation and Public Security”, International Political Science Review, Vol. 25, No. 3, s. 282. 60 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Booth, K. (1997) “Security and Self: Reflections of a Fallen Realist”, Critical Security Studies, (Ed. Keith Krausse, Michael C. Williams), Minnesota, USA, University of Minnesota Press. Brown, D. (2006), “The War on Terrorism would not be Possible without NATO: A Critique”, Where is NATO Going?, London and New York, Eng, NY, Routledge. Brown, O.& Hammill, A. & McLeman, (2007), P. “Climate change as the ‘new’ security threat: implications for Africa”, International Affairs, No. 83: Blackwell Publishing Buzan, B. & Hansen, L. (2009), New York, USA, The Evolution of International Security Studies, Cambridge University Press. Buzan, B. (1991), People States & Fear, Colorado, USA, Lynne Rienner Publishing. Chaliand. G., Blin, A., (2007). “Zealots and Assassins”, The History of Terrorism From Antiquity to Al-Qaeda, Berlley & L.A, CA, University of California Press. Combs, C. C & Slann, M.(2007). Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition. New York, NY, Infobase Publishing. Doyle, C., (2002), “The USA PATRIOT Act: A Legal Analysis”, CRS Report for Congress. Eriş, H. E. (2000), IRA(İrlanda Cumhuriyet Ordusu), Terörizm İncelemeleri Teori, Örgütler, Olaylar, Ankara, Turkey, Avrasya Stratejik Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları. Friedland, N. & Merari, A.(1985), “The Psychological Impact of Terrorism: A Double-Edged Sword”, Political Psychology,Vol. 6, No. 4. Garrison, A. H. (2003), “Terrorism: The Nature of Its History”, Criminal Justice Studies, Vol. 16(1). Gough, M. (2002), “Human Security: The Individual in the Security Question - The Case of Bosnia”, Contemporary Security Policy,Vol. 23 No.3 Gürkaynak, M. & Yalçıner, S. (2009) “Uluslararası Politikada Karşılıklı Bağımlılık ve Küreselleşme Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 6, Sayı 23. Herbst. P., (2003), Talking Terrorism A Dictionary of the Loaded of Political Violence, London, Eng, Greenwood Press, Hobbes, T. (1651), Leviathan, London, Eng, Printed for Andrew Crooke. Hoffman, B. (2006), Inside Terrorism, New York, NY, Colombian University Press. Jütersonke, O. (2007), “The Image of Law in Politics Among Nations”, Realism Reconsidered, New York, US, Oxford University Press. Kanat. S. (2011), Transformation of Terrorism Security and NATO under the Context of Realism, Isparta, Turkey, Unpublished Phd Thesis. Khagram, S. & Clark, W. C. & Raad, D. F. (2003), “From the Environment and Human Security to Sustainable Security and Development”, Journal of Human Development, Vol. 4, No. 2. 61 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Kocher, L., The Impact of Terrorism on Human Rights: Consequences of War on Terror, London, Eng, Unpublished MAB Thesis. Laqueur, W. & Baumel, J. T., (2001), The Holocaust Encyclopedia, London, Eng, Yale University Press, Lott, J. A. (2006), Anti- Terrorism in Canada: Select Impact to Civil Liberties and Human Security, Toronto, Can, Unpublished MBA Thesis Mcrae, R. (2001). “Human Security in a Globalized World”, Human Security and the New Diplomacy Protecting People, Promoting Peace, (Ed. Rob Mcrae, Don Hubert), Canada, Mcgill-Queen’s University Pres. Morgenthau, J. H.(1948), Politics Among Nations, Struggle for Power and Peace, New York, NY, Alfred A. Knopf Inc. Neacsu, M. (2009), Hans J. Morgenthau’s Theory of International Relations, London, GB, Palgrave Macmillan. Omelicheva, M. Y. (2007), Counterterrorism and Human Rights: Explaining Differences in the Scope and Brutality of States’ Responses to Terrorism, West Lafayette, IN, Unpublished PhD Thesis. Owen, T. (2004). “Challenges and Opportunities for Defining and Measuring Human Security”, Human Rights, Human Security and Disarmament, Disarmament Forum. 3. PATRIOT Act of USA. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW107publ56.pdf> 22. 04. 2012. Posner, M. (2005), “Human Rights First”, Congressional Digest. Shughart, W. F. II. (2006) “An Analytical History of Terrorism, 1945-2000”, Public Choice, Vol. 128, No. ½,. Sloan. S.,(2008). The Evolution of Terrorism as a Global Test of Wills: A Personal Assessment and Perspective, Oklohoma City, USA, MIPT Publishing. Sluka,, J. A., editor (1999). Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror. University of Pennsylvania Press Tadjbakhsh, S. & Chenoy, A. M. (2007). Human Security-Concepts and Implications, New York, NY, Routledge. Thakur, R. (2003) “A Political World View”, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 24, No. 1. United Nations Human Development Report <http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1994/chapters/> 29.04.2012 1994, Waltz, K. N. (1970). “The Myth of National Interdependence”, The International Corporation: A Symposium, Charles P. Kindelberger (Ed.), Cambridge, MIT Press, Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York. NY, Random House. 62 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Weinberg, L. Eubank, W. L. (2006), The Roots of Terrorism, What is Terrorism, Reno, Nevada, Chelsea House Publishers. Wilson, R. A. (2005), “Human Rights in the ‘War on Terror’”, Human Rights in the ‘War on Terror’, New York, NY, Cambridge University Press Business Diplomacy Management As A Key Role In The Sustainable Development And Stakeholder Management In The Multinational Corporations: Daimlerchrysler Case Dinç, Mehmet,Kaygisiz, Ümmühan Suleyman Demirel University Vocational School of Isparta Isparta Turkey E-mails: mehmetdinc@sdu.edu.tr, ummuhankaygisiz@sdu.edu.tr Abstract In the last two decades a dramatic shifts within the business community have been occurred. Globalization has offered business opportunities to companies around the world and has led to the development of a multitude of standards that govern business behavior. It is no longer sufficient to know the business and legal conditions of a multinational companies’ headquarters country and some of the countries where it operates foreign subsidiaries. Multilateral and intergovernmental organizations are increasingly defining industry standards that become mandatory for multinational companies. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), operate at multiple levels ranging from national civil society issues like environmental protection to observation and investigation of possible human rights violations of multinational companies or foreign states. They often operate at national, regional and transnational levels focusing on economic, social and political issues. In addition, growing internationalization has became increasingly complex, civil society organizations have exerted increasing pressure on MNCs, especially the concept of sustainable development has expanded to include the simultaneous consideration of economic growth, environmental protection and social equity. Thus, in response to these kind of shifts, many have made a commitment to apply the principles of sustainable development to their activities. To meet and to handle these commitments, MNCs have required a multitude of policies and new business competencies. One important factor contributing to the sustained success of MNCs’ operations in foreign markets in the competent use of business diplomacy. Business Diplomacy Management (BDM) refers to the ability of MNCs to effectively interact with non-business stakeholders wherever the MNCs have business interests, be they in the form of local production, distribution channels or sales offices. 63 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1098 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Security: The Role of Promoting Democracy and Protecting Human Rights Author Author Selim, Kanat Abstract A summary of the resource. Today’s security threats are more complex than traditional ones, such as HIV, climate change, human rights violations, anti-democratic laws and measures forced us to think about the definition and the context of security again. With the effect of these new threats, sustainable security concept emerged from a post- Cold War multi-disciplinary understanding of security. Sustainable security redefines how we think about national security in today's shifting, after Cold War era. Struggling with these new threats, especially struggling with terrorism requires new approaches to security. The traditional understanding which predicts balancing human rights and security measures is not valid anymore. In today’s security understanding promoting democracy and protecting human rights are not causes of insecurity, contrarily terrorism, which considered as the greatest threat to world security after Sept 11, wants to create a “police state” to find support their own ideology. Further more terrorism aiming to demolish democracy and human rights in society; with this, life become insecure, state become more totalitarian and terrorist acts become more reasonable. For this characteristic, terrorism called the “disease of democracies”. For this reason promoting democracy and protecting human rights are the key elements of sustainable security especially in struggling terrorism Keywords: Sustainable Security, Human Security, Terrorism, Sept. 11, Human Rights, Democracy. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5350f703b28bb8058bc2df15ef561ead.pdf 599ff1882bf9d1cf5aafec29e7116094 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ackerman T., Söder, L., An Overvief of Wind Energy - Rewiews Status 2002, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rewiews, Vol. 6, 67-128 p.,2002. AWS Scientific Inc., Wind resource assessment handbook, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1997. Aydın, İ., Yılmaz, S.S., The determination of dominant wind speed to increase efficiency of wind energy in Manisa province, 1st International Conference on Architecture and Urban Design, 19-21 April., Tirana-Albania, 2012. Environmental Welding: The Friction Stir Welding Selim Sarper Yilmaz1, Bekir Sadık Ünlü2, İbrahim Aydin2 1Celal Bayar University, Vocational High School, Department of Machinery, 45020, Manisa, Turkey 2Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, 45040, Manisa, Turkey E-mails: selim.yilmaz@cbu.edu.tr, bekir.unlu@cbu.edu.tr, ibrahim.aydin@cbu.edu.tr Abstract In this study, microstructural and mechanical properties of pure aluminum joined by friction stir weldingusing different parameters were investigated. Hardness, tensile, bending and impact mechanics tests were applied to the welded samples.In addition, optical and SEM tests were carried out. The effects of the welding progress rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated in these materials.Then, the optimal conditions for friction stir welding were determined for pure aluminum. Keywords:Friction stir welding, aluminum alloy, microstructure, mechanical properties. 1. INTRODUCTION Aluminum metal and its alloys are economical and attractive material due to their superior mechanical properties. These features include the appearance, lightness, ease of production, physical and mechanical properties and corrosion strength. Aluminum is known for two mechanical properties; namely, lightness and corrosion resistance. The weight of aluminium is approximately a third of the same volume steel, aluminum, copper or brass and its specific gravity is 2.7 g/cm3. Aluminum has an excellent atmosphere, water, salt water, oil 6 corrosion resistance against and many chemicals. the In �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo addition, electrical and thermal conductivity of aluminum is superior. In addition, the strengths of some aluminum alloys are higher than strength of structural steels (ASM Metals Handbook, 1979). Friction stir welding (CCT) is a solid-state welding technique developed bythe Welding Institute (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 1991 and is used for the combination of the non-ferrous metals and alloys. Although friction stir welding can be used to combine a large number of materials, the first studies and the industrial interest have focused on the combination of aluminum alloys. Friction stir welding has become an important and rapidly developing welding technique in combining these alloys (Boz and Kurt, 2004; Fonda, Bingert and Colligan, 2004; Somasekharan and Murr, 2004; Meran, 2006) In friction stir welding, tools which are cylindrical, rotating, inexhaustible, and hard, has got a tip in thecenter and is composed of a shoulder. The tip of the tools is firmly immersed in between the two workpieces to be welded and brought forehead to forehead firmly. During the welding, while the tip is going forward in a rotational movement, the shoulder moves towards the welding in contact with the upper surface (Meran, 2006; Ericsson, 2005; Smith, Hinrichs; Crusan and Leverett 2003; Butlerworth-Heinemann,2001; Staron,Koçak, Williams and Wescott, 2004). Friction stir welding of welding connections found in the welding region is a typical form of onion rings and weld metal, as the format consists of many variables. This format depends on the type of alloy being welded and the parameters of welding process (Özsoy and Kaluç, 2002). The position of the half-circles on the surface of the tool during rotation and forward movement provides necessary heat for the welding and pushes hot metal on the surface and appears to stay on the surface. The continuous nature of welding provides the consistency of semi-circular rings and the distance between the rings is equal to the distance the tool travels during one rotation. The material is pushed towards the sides and back in a semicircular ring during each rotation of the tool. There is more mixing near the upper surface. All these results lead the researchers to the idea that the process mentioned is an extrusion process (Mert and Kaluç2003). Although the main material or the material resistant to heat is far from the welding point, they are affected by the thermal cycle of the process. But this does not affect the microstructural or mechanical properties(http://tech.plymouth.ac.uk/sme/UoA30/ Weld_Microstructure.PDF). The objectives of this study are to investigate mechanical properties of pure Al, to study the hardenability of welding region and the region under the heat effect, to further investigate internal structures of these regions and the resistance value of welded parts. 2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES Plates of 5 mm x 110 mm x 300 mm size were processed using an universal milling machine. Afterwards, 8 mm thick base material was placed on the milling table. After clamping the plates to be joined on the metal sheet base, the material 7 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo was ready for welding process. The mechanical characteristics of the materials used in the experiments are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Mechanical properties of materials used in the experiments Material Pure Tensile Strength (MPa) Break Elongation (%) R0.2 Yield Strength 105 40 25 Hardness (HV) (MPa) 20 In the experiments, tip geometry of the material and revolution per minute was kept constant, but, travelling speed of the tip was varied (Table 2). Table 2. Friction stir welding parameters Material Pure Spindle Speed (rpm) 1250 Traveling Speed (mm/min) 20 40 63 After cleaning the surface ofthe plates to be joined with the help of bind mold head to head, friction stir welding was successfully realized. There was neither distortion nor deformation ofwelded plates after joining process. Tensile tests were applied to determine the maximum stress values of plates of welded joints. The tensile samples prepared in accordance with DIN 50109 as shown in Figure 1 were processed perpendicularly to the welding direction of the sheets in a CNC milling machine. The tensile tests were carried out at across head speed of 2 mm/min using an Universal Testing Machine (AG- 50kNG Shimadzu Autograph, Japan). True stress and strain curves were determined by computer connected to the device. Threepoint bend tests at 180° were conducted at a bending speed of 10 mm/min. 8 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig.1. Samples prepared for tensile test and subsequent measurements For optical microscope examinations, samples from the base material and welding region were taken out, before and after welding process. Samples measuring 10 x 20 x 5 mm were cut. The surfaces of the samples were polished by means of abrasives having a 220, 400, 600, 800 and 1200 grid, respectively. After the process ofthe last polishing the materials with 10 micron alumina polish, the sample surfaces were etched in Keller solution with 2 ml hydrofluoric acid (HF), 10 ml nitric acid (HN03) and 88 ml water immersion for 12 seconds. Henceforth, the structural changes occurring in the junction area were determined. In the analysis of samples, an optical microscope (Nikon Eclipse U50, Japan) was used. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3. 1. Mechanical Properties Figure 2 shows the microhardness results of pure aluminum groups. 70 60 50 40 1-I 30 1-II 20 1-III 10 0 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fig.2. Microhardness distribution of pure aluminum When hardness of all samples was examined, four different regions of hardness distribution were found to change significantly. Hardness values of the samples joined by friction stir welding were higher than those of the base material. 9 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The samples broke in the HAZ (heat affected zone) region adjacent to the weld seam, as the tensile tests were applied to the welds. This region was identified as the thermo-mechanically formed region under the influence of the welding heat. Maximum Tensile Strength (N/mm2) The results of the tensile tests are given in Figure 3. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 Traveling Speed (mm/min) Fig.3. Maximum tensile strength distributions for pure aluminum The tensile strength of pure aluminumdecreased with an increase in welding speed. The reason was that low heat input of HAZ due to increasing travelling speed caused largedecreases in the HAZ width, the samples experienced fewer necks which could cause decreases in tensile strength. This was not the case for pure aluminum. The highest tensile strength for pure aluminum was observed at the 20 mm/min travelling speed. Maximum Bending Strength (N/mm2) As a result of bending tests, no failure occurred in the weld region. The results of bending test are given in Figure 4. 195 190 185 180 175 170 165 160 20 63 40 1 2 3 Traveling Speed (mm/min) Fig.4. Aluminum bending test results for pure aluminum Charpy test results of pure aluminum welds are given in Figure 5. 10 �Notch Impact Strength (Joule) 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 50 40 30 20 10 0 1-I 1-II 1-III Traveling Speed (mm/min) Figure 5. Charpy test results for pure aluminium For the Charpy notch impact test, a standard test device with a capacity of 300 Joule was used. A 2 mm deep notch with a 450 angle was opened in the middle of the specimens which measured 55 x 10 x 5 mm due to the dimensions of the friction stir welded plates. 3. 2. Microstructure Properties The schematic cross-section of a typical friction stir weld shows four distinct zones which are illustrated in Figure 6, as reproduced from another study. Friction stir welding is a solid state welding method which produces joints below the melting temperature. Friction stir welding produces a very narrow he at affected zone compared to other welding methods, because not very high temperatures are involved in this process. RCR HAZ BM TMAZ Fig. 6Macrostructure of the friction stir welding These areas are the dynamical recrystallized region (RCR), the thermomechanical affected zone (TMAZ), the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the base material (BM). The following four different regions were thus determined throughout the experiments: A: base material B: he at affected zone (HAZ) C: thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) D: dynamically recrystallized zone (DXZ) 11 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In the DXZ, the grains become smailer as a result of severe deformation and extrusion, whereas in thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ), the grains were observed to grow gradually. The fine-grained structure of the dynamical recrystallized zone (DXZ) contributed to strength and hardness improvement after welding. The cause of changes in the structures of grain is associated with the heat of friction. When the number of revolutions was kept constant and the traveling speed was increased, in the buffer zone, the widths of the mix of bands gradually increased. This case can be related to the amount of material transported per unit time and increasing travelling speed. This region of intense plastic deformation and high friction temperature is called as "dynamical recrystallized zone" or "welding center". Dislocation density is lower and thinner in this region and it is composed of oriented grains. In the friction stir welding applications of similar types of alloys, this region resembles a pool of onion rings. The TMAZ zones are shown in the Figures 7, 8. Fig.7. The microstructural zones of pure aluminium after welding Fig. 10. Fracture surfaces pure aluminium 12 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions can be drawn from the present investigations ofpure aluminiumtypes: Micro-structural analysis indicated an expansion in the size of the heat affected zone with reduced travelling speed. In the dynamical recrystallized zone, the grains became smaller as a result of severe deformation and extrusion while in the thermo-mechanical affected zone, the grains were observed to grow gradually. The travelling speed of 40 mm/min produced the best microhardness, bending, tensile and Charpy test results for all the samples studied, and thus, has to be regarded as the optimum travelling speed. After complete bending, no microcracks were observed in the weld zones REFERENCES ASM Metals Handbook(1979). Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals, American Society for Metals, Metals park, Ohio. BozA.,KurtA.(2004). The influence of stirrer geometry on bonding and mechanical properties in friction stir welding process.Materials and Design(25), 343–347. FondaR. W.,BingertJ. F., ColliganK. J.(2004). Development of grain structure during friction stir welding. Scripta Materialia(51), 243–248. SomasekharanA. C.,MurrL. E.(2004). Microstructures in friction-stir welded dissimilar magnesium alloys and magnesium alloys to 606l-T6 aluminum alloy.Materials Characterization(52)49–64. MeranC.(2006). The joint properties of brass plates by friction stir welding.Materials and Design(27)719–726. Ericsson M.(2005). Fatigue strength of friction stir welded joints in aluminum.Ph.D Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology. Sweden. SmithC. B.,HinrichsJ. F., CrusanW. Leverett(2003). FSW stirs up welding process competition.Forming & Fabricating(2)25–31. David J. E.,(2001). Ship Construction, 5th Edition, Butlerworth-Heinemann, India StaronP.,KoçakM., WilliamsS., WescottA(2004).Residual stress in friction stirwelded Al sheets, Physica B(350) 491-493. ÖzsoyM.,KaluçE.(2002). Sürtünen eleman ile birleştirme kaynağının esasları, Mühendis ve Makine Dergisi (513)21-35 (in Turkish). 13 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo MertS.,KaluçE. (2003). Sürtünme karıştırma kaynağında kullanılan takımlardaki gelişmeler.TMMOB Makine Mühendisleri Odası Kaynak Teknolojisi IV.Ulusal Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 103-ll5 (in Turkish) http://tech.plymouth.ac.uk/sme/UoA30/ Weld_Microstructure.PDF Investigation Of Fracture Toughness Of Calcium Phosphate Coating Treated Onto Ti6A14V Substrate İbrahim Aydın1, Hakan Cetinel2, Ahmet Pasinli3 1Celal Bayar University, Vocational Collage, Machine Programme Manisa, Turkey 2Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Manisa, Turkey 3Ege University, Vocational Collage, Machine Programme İzmir, Turkey E-mails: ibrahim.aydin@bayar.edu.tr, hakan.cetinel@bayar.edu.tr, ahmet.pasinli@ege.edu.tr Abstract In this study, we aimed to investigate the fracture toughness of the calcium phosphate (CaP) coating, that was formed with Vickers indentation method, by the new method with the new patent. The activation process was done with NaOH + H2O2 on the Ti6Al4V material surface. Elasticity module, hardness values and coating thickness of the CaP coating that is formed by activation process was calculated. SEM micrographs and EDS analysis were gathered of the coating. Fracture toughness was determined by Vickers indentation. At the end of this study, fracture toughness (K1C) value for the CaP coating on Ti6A14V that was activated by NaOH+ H2O2 was found to be 0.43 MPa m1/2. Keywords: Calcium phosphate, coating, vickers indentation, fracture toughness Ti6Al4V. 1. INTRODUCTION Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) hip prosthesis is a material used in orthopedic implant production just as widely as bone plates and bone screws (Hench, 1991). Hydroxiapatite (HA) coatings are used in Ti6Al4V alloys in implant materials in 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1221 Title A name given to the resource Environmental Welding: The Friction Stir Welding Author Author Selim , Sarper Yilmaz Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, microstructural and mechanical properties of pure aluminum joined by friction stir weldingusing different parameters were investigated. Hardness, tensile, bending and impact mechanics tests were applied to the welded samples.In addition, optical and SEM tests were carried out. The effects of the welding progress rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated in these materials.Then, the optimal conditions for friction stir welding were determined for pure aluminum. Keywords:Friction stir welding, aluminum alloy, microstructure, mechanical properties. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/87ae668b8213705c77579a4b0ab9de0d.pdf 5b4d119401ae1c0d0a6aed07af5e1cc4 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gropp, Reint, Jukka Vesela, (2004), “Deposit Insurance, Moral Hazard and Market Monitoring”, European Central Bank, Working Paper Series, No. 302. Ioannidou, Vasso, P., M.F. Penas (2010), “Deposit Insurance and Bank Risk Taking: Evidence from Internal Loan Ratings”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 19, 95-115. Keeley, M.C., (1990), “Deposit Insurance, Risk and Market Power in Banking”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 80, No. 5, 1183-1200. Leaven, L., R. Levine, (2008), “Bank Governance, Regulation and Risk Taking”, NBER Working Paper Series, No: 14113. Ng, Tuan Hock, Lim, Y.S., Tan N. L., (2010), “Deposit Insurance and Bank Risks: The Case of Malaysia”, European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, Issue 18, 19-27. Ninimaki, J-P., (2000), “The Effects of Competition on Banks’ Risk Taking with and without Deposit Insurance”, Bank of Finland Discussion Papers, No. 21. Şıklar, İ, (2004), Finansal Ekonomi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Ya., No. 1588, Eskişehir. Silva, Nancy (2008), “Deposit Insurance, Moral Hazard and The Risk of Runs”, Central Bank of Chile Working Papers No. 478. Wu, R-J, C-P, Chi, (2006), “Competition, Deposit Insurance and Bank Risk Taking”, http://centerforpbbefr.rutgers.edu/2006/Paper%202006/16AS02-056-Chien-Ping%20Chi.pdf. www.dpt.gov.tr www.tbb.org.tr Control of a chaotic finance system with passive control Selçuk Emiroğlu, Yılmaz Uyaroğlu, Etem Köklükaya Sakarya University, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Turkey E-mails: selcukemiroglu@sakaryaedu.tr, uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, ekaya@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract In this paper, complicated dynamical behavior of a finance system is investigated. The change in behavior of finance system from stable behavior to chaotic behavior is shown with varying some system parameters. In addition, chaotic finance system with passive control is considered and the stability of the controlled system is investigated. In order to control the chaos in finance system, the controller is designed based on passive control technique. Designed controller is applied to the chaotic finance system for stabilization of system. After controller is added to the system, the change in behavior of finance system from chaotic behavior to stable behavior is shown with passive control. Keywords: Chaotic finance system, chaos control, passive control 125 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1. INTRODUCTION In 1963, Lorenz found the first chaotic attractor, which is named as Lorenz chaotic system, in a three dimensional autonomous system when he studied atmospheric convection (Lorenz, 1963). After Lorenz, many different chaotic systems are proposed in the past few decades such as Rössler system (OE, 1976), Chen system (G. Chen, 1999), Lü system (C.X. Liu, 2004) and finance chaotic system (Guoliang Cai, 2007). However, when chaotic behavior is sometimes undesirable, the chaotic behavior of system should be controlled. So, many methods and techniques have been developed to control the chaotic systems such as OGY method (E. Ott, 1990), sliding mode control (K. Konishi, 1998), adaptive control (Y.Zeng, 1997), and passive control (Yu, 1999; X. Chen, 2010; S. Emiroğlu, 2010). In this paper, we study the complicated dynamic behavior and control of chaos in a nonlinear finance chaotic system which was investigated by reference (Guoliang Cai, 2007). The state equations of chaotic finance system are written below Eq 1. (Guoliang Cai, 2007) x  z  ( y  a) x y  1  by  x 2 (1) z   x  cz where variable x represents the interest rate in the model; variable y represents the investment demand and variable z is the price exponent. The parameter a is the saving. b is the perinvestment cost. c is the elasticity of demands of commercials. And they are positive constants. Mathematical model of a finance system is constructed by using Matlab-Simulink program as shown in Figure 1. u 2 x z y 1 1 s 1 s x z 1 s a b c y Figure 13 Matlab-Simulink model of finance system By using Matlab - Simulink model of finance system, chaotic time series and phase portraits of the system is shown in Figure 2. 126 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 14 Phase portraits of the system 2. THE THEORY OF PASSIVE CONTROL Consider a nonlinear system (2) modelled by ordinary differential equation with input vector u(t) and output vector y(t) (Yu, 1999),  x  f ( x)  g ( x)u,   y  h( x), (2) m n m where the state variable x   , the input u   and the output y   . f(x) and g(x) are smooth vector fields. h(x) is a smooth mapping. We suppose that the vector field f has at least one equilibrium point and without loss of the generality, we assume the equilibrium point x=0. Definition 1. System (2) is a minimum phase system if Lgh(0) is nonsingular and x=0 is one of the asymptotically stabilized equilibrium points of f(x). Definition 2. System (2) is passive if the following two conditions are satisfied: (1) f(x) and g(x) exist and are smooth vector fields, h(x) is also a smooth mapping. (2) For any , there is a real value β that satisfies the inequality 127 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo t u T ( ) y( )d   , (3) 0 or there are real values β and t t 0 0 that satisfy the inequality T T  u ( ) y( )d     y ( ) y( )d , (4) When we let z  (x) system (2) can be changed into the following generalized form  z  f 0 ( z )  p( z, y) y,   y  b( z, y)  a( z, y )u, (5) where a( z, y) is nonsingular for any (z, y). If system (2) has relative degree [1,1, ...] at x = 0 and system (1) is a minimum phase system, then system (5) will be equivalent to a passive system and will be asymptotically stable at equilibrium points through the local feedback control as follows: u  a( z, y) 1[b T ( z, y)  W ( z ) p( z, y)  y  v] z f ( z) where W (z ) is the Lyapunov function of 0 , signal which is connected to the reference input. (6) is a positive real value, and is an external 3. CHAOS CONTROL OF CHAOTIC FINANCE SYSTEM In this section, the control of chaotic system (7) is achieved using passive control theory. The controlled model given by x  z  ( y  a) x y  1  by  x 2  u (7) z   x  cz The controller is designed based on passive control theory (Yu, 1999). The controller is shown in Eq. 8 and also controlled system is written in Eq. 7. u  1  y(b   )  v (8) Time series of system and controlled system are shown in Fig. 3. After the controller is activated at t=300s, the system converges to zero equilibrium point as shown in Fig. 3. 128 �4 4 2 2 0 0 x x 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo -2 -2 -4 -4 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 4 4 2 2 0 0 400 500 300 400 500 300 400 500 -2 -2 -4 -4 0 100 200 300 400 0 500 100 200 t(s) t(s) 2 2 1 1 0 0 z z 300 t(s) y y t(s) -1 -1 -2 -2 0 100 200 300 400 0 500 100 200 t(s) t(s) (a) (b) Figure 15 x, y and z time series of (a) system, (b) controlled system Figure 16 x, y and z time series of (a) system, (b) controlled system 4. CONCLUSION We investigate chaos control of a 3D chaotic finance system via passive control method in this paper. Based on the passive system theory, passive controller is proposed to realize the global asymptotical stability of the 3D chaotic finance system. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to verify the theoretical analysis and also show that the proposed method works effectively. REFERENCES C.X. Liu, e. a. (2004). A new chaotic attractor. Chaos, Solitons &Fractals, Vol.22, No.5 , 1031–1038. E. Ott, C. G. (1990). Controlling chaos. Phys.Rev.Lett.,vol.64 , pp.1196-1199. G. Chen, T. U. (1999). Yet another chaotic attractor. Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos, Vol.9, No.7 , 1465-1466. Guoliang Cai, J. H. (2007). A New Finance Chaotic Attractor. International Journal of Nonlinear Science Vol. 3 (2007) No. 3 , pp. 213-220. 129 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo K. Konishi, M. H. (1998). Sliding mode control for a class of chaotic systems. Phys. Lett. A, vo1.245 , pp.511-517. Lorenz, E. ( 1963). Deterministic non-periodic flows. J. Atmos.Sci., Vol.20, No.1 , 130–141. OE, R. (1976). An equation for continuous chaos. Phys. Lett. A,;57 , 397–398. S. Emiroğlu, Y. U. (2010). Passivity based Chaos Control of the T System,. IMS 2010 (s. 118-125). Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina: International University of Sarajevo. X. Chen, C. L. (2010). Passive control on a unified chaotic system. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications 11 , 683-687. Y.Zeng, S. N. (1997). Adaptive control of chaos in Lorenz system. Dynamic Contr., vol. 7 , pp 143 - 154. Yu, W. (1999). Passive equivalence of chaos in Lorenz system. IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst. I, vo1.46, no.7 , pp.876-878. Synchronization of a chaotic finance system via active control Zekeriya Özdemir, Selçuk Emiroğlu, Yılmaz Uyaroğlu Sakarya University, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Turkey E-mails: zozdemir@sakarya.edu.tr, selcukemiroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract This paper discusses chaos synchronization of the three dimensional finance system based on active control technique. Using active control theory, chaos synchronization of three dimensional chaotic finance system is realized with three input. The designed controllers ensure the stability of error dynamical system between two identical chaotic finance systems. Also, the controllers provide that the error dynamical system converges to zero equilibrium. Numerical simulations show that the proposed method is effective for chaotic finance system. Keywords: Chaotic finance system, chaos synchronization, active control 1. INTRODUCTION Since the control of chaotic systems is firstly proposed by Ott, Grebogi and Yorke, chaos control has become one of the much interesting research subject. Also, chaos synchronization has received a huge increasing interest and has been studied in the past two decades, after Pecora and Carroll introduced the synchronization method. Recently, many control methods are proposed to the control and the synchronization of the chaotic systems. The control strategies applied to control and synchronization of chaos such as OGY method (E. Ott, C. G. 1990), linear feedback control (A.E. Matouk, 2008), passive control (S. Emiroğlu and Y. Uyaroğlu, 2010; X. Chen, C. L. 2010), active control (S. Emiroğlu, Y. Uyaroğlu, 2011) etc.. 130 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1287 Title A name given to the resource Control of a chaotic finance system with passive control Author Author Selçuk , Emiroğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. In this paper, complicated dynamical behavior of a finance system is investigated. The change in behavior of finance system from stable behavior to chaotic behavior is shown with varying some system parameters. In addition, chaotic finance system with passive control is considered and the stability of the controlled system is investigated. In order to control the chaos in finance system, the controller is designed based on passive control technique. Designed controller is applied to the chaotic finance system for stabilization of system. After controller is added to the system, the change in behavior of finance system from chaotic behavior to stable behavior is shown with passive control. Keywords: Chaotic finance system, chaos control, passive control Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/23225cb72277bf88a2099c006ed8ecf0.pdf fa99ba19841264b99575d064a5f786de PDF Text Text Using Microphyte-Macrophyte Species As Bioindicators For The Determination And Phytoremediation Of Heavy Metal Accumulation In The Aquatic Ecosystems Serkan Doğan1 Sulejman Redzic2 Şenol Doğan3 1 Bosna Sema Educational Institutions 2 Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo 3 Faculty of Information Technology, International Burch University Abstract Heavy metal accumulation and contamination have become a serious problem in recent years. Therefore, it is crucial to take a closer look at the microphytes and macrophytes species. These two elements are recommended for the determination and phytoremediation of the heavy metals in the contaminated aquatic ecosystems. It is clear that, the excess amount of heavy metals can have negative impacts on the environment and these influents can be weak, strong, long lasting and short lasting, and they can also be present in different levels such as global, regional or local. Moreover, heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments is a serious environmental problem, which threatens aquatic ecosystems, agriculture, and human health. The goal of this study is to understand the importance of microphytes and macrophytes in accumulation of toxic metals and suggest some effective measurements for the preservation and restoration of the aquatic ecosystems. Thus, in order to protect our living ecosystems, it is necessary to study the sources, level and quantity of contamination of heavy metals. Different treatment methods have been developed for the elimination of these metals from water including coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange and other chemical and biological processes. However, these methods are expensive and require major investments in equipment and facilities and they also introduce various chemicals which can have a harmful impact on our environment. In contrast, this study verifies that phytoremediation is an efficient and cheap technology for the treatment of water polluted by heavy metals. Furthermore, it is suggested a new model called wetland construction, which is an expansion on a river bed and it serves as a water purification system as well, in order to enable easy collection and replacement. After the collection, the biomass obtained would be processed to obtain biogas, biofertilizers, animal food and recycled heavy metals. As a result, the macrophyte and microphyte communities of the Miljacka River area need to be protected and restored on a priority basis. To demonstrate a model for ecological determination and phytoremediation of heavy metal accumulation by using microphytes-macrophytes as bioindicators, structure and dynamics of aquatic ecosystems were studied at more sites and sides of the Miljacka River (central Bosnia and Herzegovina). All in all, this study shows that the aquatic microphytes and macrophytes play a very significant role in removing the different metals from the aquatic environments and they can both be used as bioindicators of heavy metals and other toxic substances in a given area. Keywords: Microphytes; Macrophytes; Toxic metals; Accumulation; Phytoremediation; Miljacka River; 349 �1.INTRODUCTION Water is one of the essentials that support all forms of plant and animal life (Vanloon and Duffy, 2005) and it is generally obtained from two principal natural sources. Surface water such as fresh water lakes, rivers, streams, etc. and ground water such as borehole water and well water (McMurry and Fay, 2004; Mendie, 2005). that observing of residues of these metals and their chemical compounds in different systems is crucial, first of all from the aspect of human health protection, as well as from the aspect of protection of entire flora and fauna and human environment. For a successful implementation of protection of humans, animals and plants from any harmful heavy metals, it is necessary to study the source, degree and extent of the pollution. 2.MATERIALS & METHODS The Human Development Report (2006) of UNDP has focused on the global water crisis as one of the most serious problems facing by the humanity today. In many Asian countries and elsewhere the demand for potable water doubles every 10–15 years, not only because of the rising domestic consumption but also due to the increasing needs of industry. The usable portion of water convenient for human use is less than 1% of all freshwater and only 0.01% of all water on Earth. Water quality problems can often be as severe as those of water availability but less attention has been paid to them, particularly in developing countries. Many countries do not have sufficient water supplies to meet demand, as a result of which, aquifer depletion due to over exploitation is common. Moreover, the scarcity of water is accompanied by deterioration in the quality of available water due to heavy pollution load and environmental degradation (Srivastava, Gupta and Chandra 2008). Nowadays, at the beginning of the third millennium, everyone should be aware of the fact that we have reached the ecological limit of endangering the life and survival beyond which we cannot go anymore. Lately, great importance has been given to studying of the concentration and impact of heavy metal effects to flora and fauna. The researches in this area show 350 As a first step in the field investigation part we had to determine the investigation areas. These are as follows: Kozija Cuprija locality, Bentbasa locality, Otoka locality and Vrelo Bosne locality. All these are found in the area of Sarajevo which is the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. First three investigated rivers are located on the Miljacka River and the last one ids located on the Bosnia river. From these areas we have observed microphytes such as Cladophora glomerata, and macrophytes such as Rumex sp., Ranunculus sp., Veronica sp., Willow Salix, Equisetum palustre and Mentha sp.After the collection process these plants went through various treatments in which we have used: hand mortar and pestle , nitric acid, perchloric acid,flasks ,electrical plates,filters and, Ultra-pure water. The research was conducted in order to obtain the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb which are all heavy metals found in observed microphytes and macrophytes. 3.STUDY AREAS Bosnia and Herzegovina, often referred to in the West as simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on �the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for 26 kilometres (16 miles) of Adriatic Sea coastline, centered on the town of Neum. According to its geographical position if is found on the intersection of various biogeographical influents and roads. The interior of the country is mountainous centrally and to the south, hilly in the northwest, and flatland in the northeast. Out of its total area 5% makes up valleys, 24% hills, 42% mountains and 29% makes up karsts. Medium altitude is about 500 m and the highest peak is Maglic, 2386m. Around 41% of area is covered by woods. Inland is the larger geographic region with a moderate continental climate, marked by hot summers and cold, snowy winters. 4.RESULTS 4.1.Macrophyte Analysis Results show the concetrations of Lead, Copper, Iron and Zinc in the localities where the investigation was conducted on the macrophyte species which are Mentha sp., Equisetum palustre, Veronica sp., Ranunculus sp., Rumex sp. and Willow salix. The obtained valuesshow that heavy metal contamination is present in a very high level. The results are given below; Table 3.1: Results obtained from macrophyte analysis Graph 3.1: Pb absorption by macrophyte species 351 �Graph 3.2: Cu absorption by macrophyte species Graph 3.3: Fe absorption by macrophyte species Graph 3.4: Zn absorption by macrophyte species 352 �According to the measurements, the highest concentration of Zn, 430.61mg/kg, is detected in Ranunculus sp. in locality 4 (Vrelo Bosne) and the lowest concentration of Zn was obtained from the locality 1 (Kozija Cuprija), by Equisetum palustre, where the value was 24.96 mg/kg. The medium value is 98.709 mg/kg.Rumex sp. shows the highest Fe concentration, 6,477.27 mg/kg, in locality 3 (Otoka) and Equisetum palustre shows the lowest value of 324.38 mg/kg in locality 1 (Kozija Cuprija) if we don‘t take in consideration Willow salix found in the same locality where iron wasn‘t detected at all. The medium absorption level is 3790.58 mg/kg.The highest result for Cu, 22.37mg/kg, is detected in Menta sp. in locality 2 (Bentbaša) and the lowest, 2.49 mg/kg, in Equisetum palustre in locality 1 (Kozija Cuprija). The average value obtained for copper is 10.795 mg/kg.Menta sp. also shows the highest concentration of Pb, 32.18 mg/kg, in locality 1 (Kozija šuprija). The lowest value detected is 29.79 mg/kg in the locality 2 (Bentbasa) by Mentha sp. The values of Pb that could be detected had very heterogeneous values on 353 each locality and the average of those values is 31.49 mg/kg. In most of the samples Pb couldn‘t be detected probably because the measurements were done in mg/kg but not µg/g and lead is supposed to be detected as trace element.The higest Pb concentration measured by Chlorophyta sp., 52.72 mg/kg, is detected in locality 3 (Otoka) and the lowest one, 24.72 mg/kg, in locality 1 (Kozija Cuprija). The average value is 40.73 mg/kg.The higest value of Cu, 45.70 mg/kg, was obtained in locality 3 (Otoka) and the lowest value, 11.94mg/kg, in the locality 1 (Kozija Cuprija). Cu average value is 24.18 mg/kg. Fe is the element with highest detection, 9,001.42 mg/kg,by Chlorophyta sp. in locality 3 (Otoka). On the other hand the lowest detection of iron, 3078.68 mg/kg, was obtained from locality 4 (Vrelo Bosne). The average value obtained for Fe is 6310.04 mg/kg. As our last listed metal, Zn highest concentration, 256.21 mg/kg, in Chlorophyta sp. was detected in locality 4 (Vrelo Bosne). Zn lowest concentration was obtained from locality 1 (Kozija Cuprija) which is 53.40 mg/kg. Zn average concentration level was 126.74mg/kg. �Table 4.1: Results obtained from microphyte analysis Localities 1 Kozija L.1.1.1. Šuprija 2 Kozija L.1.1.2. Šuprija 3 Kozija L.1.1.3. Šuprija 4 Kozija L.1.1.4. Šuprija 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 354 Bentbaša L.2.1.1. Bentbaša L.2.1.2. Bentbaša L.2.1.3. Bentbaša L.2.1.4. Otoka L.3.1.1. Otoka L.3.1.2. Otoka L.3.1.3. Otoka L.3.1.4. Vrelo Bosne L.4.1.1. Pb Cu Fe Zn (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) 27.27 13.02 7,588.28 50.67 30.56 13.38 4,499.53 39.29 18.29 12.09 2,922.73 48.26 25.30 10.11 5,715.24 40.22 25.40 20.13 7,736.33 106.42 31.84 17.15 9,487.16 71.51 49.76 20.11 3,900.61 60.97 26.59 7.14 4,745.73 132.8 50.33 44.37 8,920.73 105.31 35.56 38.97 7,619.46 78.81 43.23 42.96 7,490.07 112.04 81.74 56.48 11,975.41 121.68 40.20 30.88 286.12 74.18 �14 15 16 Vrelo Bosne L.4.1.2. Vrelo Bosne L.4.1.3. Vrelo Bosne L.4.1.4. 101.74 25.96 9,406.15 638.45 27.8 15.10 1,689.63 179.62 38.51 19.81 932.8 132.60 4.2.Descriptive analysis In the first step, descriptive analysis was performed and the results are reported in Graphs 1,2,3,4. Graph 4.1:Empirical analysis of Cu Graph 4.2:Empirical analysis of Fe 355 �Graph 4.3:Empirical analysis of Pb Graph 356 4.4:Empirical analysis of Zn �5. CONCLUSION Results indicate significant variation of element concentrations in different macrophyte and microphyte species. Since concentration of a substance in a plant is the result of the physical and chemical properties of the compound, environmental characteristics and plant characteristics these results are reasonable. Some species turned to be more successful bioaccumulators for certain elements therefore showing high potential in possible use as environment phytoremediators. As the most successful from the macrophytes Ranunculus sp., Menta sp., and Rumex sp. had promising potential for heavy metal removal according to our studies. Also, the high bioaccumulation abilities of Chlorophyta species for selected metals were confirmed by obtained results. They turned to be very successful in iron absorption which is very useful since too high values are rather lethal. Cladophora glomerata turned to be a microphyte with enormous potential for heavy metal absorption and in this way a phytoremediator. This plant could be grown in river, stream, and mining drainage or grown in clean water systems initially and then can be transferred to the polluted water to remove metals from aquatic systems.The goal of this study was to prove that macrophytes and microphytes can have a great impact in heavy metals accumulation in aquatic ecosystems. Results show that the hypothesis was correct because both macrophytes and microphytes turned to be very efficient as heavy metals accumulators and bioindicators. In this way microphytes and macrophytes work as an excellent team in the maintenance of natural homeostasis. Considering the scientific articles we can also say that they are very cheap phytoremediators with high efficiency. At the same time this research offers a complete solution for heavy metal removal from aquatic ecosystems by introducing wetlands that enable easy handling and replacement of macrophytes and microphytes.While phytoremediation can occur naturally, it is more effective when good design, planting, and site management processes are carried out properly. Successful phytoremediation requires and integrated approach for each specific site, which must consider plant selection, genetic engineering, and soil and water management. Also, the empirical analysis has showed that there is no significant relationship between Fe and other metals. Moreover, no significant relationship is seen between Fe and Cu and a significant positive relationship between Pb and Zn are found; however, there exists a significant negative relationship between Zn and Cu as well. Taking these results into consideration, one can obviously see that these metals affect each other in a way. Therefore, phytoremediation types need to be identified and applied, and from time to time the microphytes and macrophytes used for phytoremediation should be change. Another way for increasing the efficiency of heavy metal absorption is genetic modification. Genetic engineering in macrophytes and microphytes for enhanced heavy metal accumulation is still in embryonic stage and needs more attention in this area. A multidisciplinary research effort that integrates the work of plant biologists, soil chemists, microbiologists, and environmental engineers is essential for greater success of phytoremediation as a viable water cleanup technique. Therefore, it is clear that the utilization of the remarkable potential of green plants to accumulate environmental pollutants and to perform biochemical transformation is becoming a new frontier in environmental science and technology. In view of the increasing aquatic pollution, the initial survey should be undertaken to acquire an estimation of the range of variability in accumulation of heavy metals in the aquatic plants from the Miljacka River. By interpreting these data, it could be a better way to figure out which species seem to be the best for which heavy metal remediation. To determine and evaluate the occurrence, the distribution and the effects of heavy metals, and to prevent them to pass into rivers, lakes and ground water bodies represents an urgent 357 �task for applied environmental issues. From the observations and investigations, macrophytes of river systems need protection and municipalities should stimulate researchers to improve the phytoremediation techniques and to demonstrate their reliability to the public. Obviously, macrophytes and microphytes could be a remedial solution for heavy metal reduction in aquatic systems. However, together with all heavy metals that they had absorbed, macrophytes and microphytes, could be periodically eliminated by municipalities. Restoration and elimination of macrophytes and microphytes should be achieved within a proper and good harmony and in accordance because nature is very subtle and sensitive to any external manipulation. As mentioned before, wetlands are an excellent solution that enables easy replacement and further processing and metal recycling. REFERENCES McMurry, J. and R.C. Fay, 2004.Hydrogen, Oxygen andWater. In: McMurry Fay Chemistry. K.P. Hamann,(Ed.). 4th Edn. New Jersey: Pearson Education,pp: 575-599. Memon A R, Schroder P (2009) Implications of metal accumulation mechanism to phytoremediation. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2009) 16:162-175 Srivastav, R.K, Gupta, S.K., Nigam, K.D.P., Vasudevan, P., 1994. Treatment of chromium and nichel in waste-water by using aquatic plants. Water Research 28, 1631-1638. Vanloon, G.W. and S.J. Duffy, 2005.The Hydrosphere.In: Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective.2nd Edn. New York: Oxford University Press, pp: 197-211. Seed Micromorphological Investigations On 7 New Taxa Of Crocus Chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert From Turkey Feyza Candan Biology Dept, Botany Section, Faculty of Arts and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey Abstract This Investigation is made to determine seed micromorphological properties of four subspecies and tree varieties of Crocus chrysanthus have been distinguished:Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. chrysanthus with 3 varieties (var. chrysanthus, var. bicoloroceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay, and var. atrovioloceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay), Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. punctatus F. Candan & N. Özhatay, Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. kesercioglui F. Candan & N. Özhatay and Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. sipyleus F. Candan & N. Özhatay. Scanning electron microscope was used to determine micromorphological features as regards mature seeds of all taxa. 358 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1267 Title A name given to the resource Using Microphyte-Macrophyte Species As Bioindicators For The Determination And Phytoremediation Of Heavy Metal Accumulation In The Aquatic Ecosystems Author Author Serkan, Doğan Abstract A summary of the resource. Heavy metal accumulation and contamination have become a serious problem in recent years. Therefore, it is crucial to take a closer look at the microphytes and macrophytes species. These two elements are recommended for the determination and phytoremediation of the heavy metals in the contaminated aquatic ecosystems. It is clear that, the excess amount of heavy metals can have negative impacts on the environment and these influents can be weak, strong, long lasting and short lasting, and they can also be present in different levels such as global, regional or local. Moreover, heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments is a serious environmental problem, which threatens aquatic ecosystems, agriculture, and human health. The goal of this study is to understand the importance of microphytes and macrophytes in accumulation of toxic metals and suggest some effective measurements for the preservation and restoration of the aquatic ecosystems. Thus, in order to protect our living ecosystems, it is necessary to study the sources, level and quantity of contamination of heavy metals. Different treatment methods have been developed for the elimination of these metals from water including coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange and other chemical and biological processes. However, these methods are expensive and require major investments in equipment and facilities and they also introduce various chemicals which can have a harmful impact on our environment. In contrast, this study verifies that phytoremediation is an efficient and cheap technology for the treatment of water polluted by heavy metals. Furthermore, it is suggested a new model called wetland construction, which is an expansion on a river bed and it serves as a water purification system as well, in order to enable easy collection and replacement. After the collection, the biomass obtained would be processed to obtain biogas, biofertilizers, animal food and recycled heavy metals. As a result, the macrophyte and microphyte communities of the Miljacka River area need to be protected and restored on a priority basis. To demonstrate a model for ecological determination and phytoremediation of heavy metal accumulation by using microphytes-macrophytes as bioindicators, structure and dynamics of aquatic ecosystems were studied at more sites and sides of the Miljacka River (central Bosnia and Herzegovina). All in all, this study shows that the aquatic microphytes and macrophytes play a very significant role in removing the different metals from the aquatic environments and they can both be used as bioindicators of heavy metals and other toxic substances in a given area. Keywords: Microphytes; Macrophytes; Toxic metals; Accumulation; Phytoremediation; Miljacka River; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/642c5034218a32f1bdaa92876dc8353c.pdf c600e455e56ab1cda630cb1bda03f835 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Frazelle E. (2002) Supply Chain Strategy: The Logistics of Supply Chain Management, McGraw-Hill, New York. Kleindorfer, P.R., Singhal, K. and Van Wassenhove, L.N. (2005) Sustainable operations management, Production and Operations Management, 14(4), 482–492. Li, G., Yamaguchi D. and Nagai M. (2007) A grey-based decision-making approach to the supplier selection problem, Mathematical and Computer Modeling, 46, 573-571. Linton, J.D., Klassen, R. and Jayaraman, V. (2007) Sustainable supply chains: an introduction, Journal of Operations Management, 25 (6), 1075-1082. Sharma, R.R.K., and Sharma, K. D. (2000) A new dual based procedure for the transportation problem, European Journal of Operational Research, 122 (3), 611-624. Sharma, R.R.K., and Berry, V. (2007) Developing new formulations and relaxations of single stage capacitated warehouse location problem: Empirical investigation for assessing relative strengths and computational effort, European Journal of Operational Research, 177 (2), 803-812. Tan, K.S., Ahmed, M.D. and Sundaram, D. (2010) Sustainable enterprise modeling and simulation in a warehousing context, Business Process Management Journal, 16 (5), 871-886. Vlachopoulou, M., Silleos, G., and Manthou, V. (2001) Geographic information systems in warehouse site selection decisions, International Journal of Production Economics, 71 (1), 205-212. The Role Of Internal Auditing In Sustainable Development And Corporate Social Reporting Serpil Senal, Gaye Atilla, Burcu Aslantaş Ateş Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails:serduz@mynet.com, burcuatesaslantas@msn.com, gaisan@hotmail.com Abstract Sustainability means a lot more than just the economic, environmental, and social challenges an organization faces in its everyday and future operations: it means the ethics in these operations, touching on all the lives of those in the organization, its stakeholders, and the planet. The objectives of all sustainable development programs must be measured, and the 390 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo results are to be reported in and outside the organization. Stakeholders and society need to be assured independently in that such measures are recorded accurately and in timely fashion before being reported. There are opportunities for internal auditing to contribute to its independent and objective assurance services as an auditor as well as a consultant and teacher. Such a contribution can take best-practice internal auditing to a high level of added value. The internal auditor is a vital conduit to the creation of trust. The internal auditor contributes to a number of corporate social reporting (CSR) and sustainability issues by keeping management updated on the aspects of operational and compliance issues, which is part of their core function, as well as brand management audits and through participation in the stakeholder dialogue process. Furthermore, the increasing importance of CSR and sustainability and its impact on risk management bring additional challenges involving the control environment, including the provision and installation of effective management and reporting systems, which will provide clarity and transparency, and therefore trust. The internal auditor has an integral role in determining the materiality of the content of the CSR and sustainability report. This is a responsibility that can only increase with the burgeoning of CSR and sustainability reports, both in volume and size of content. Today, internal audit function that is the most important factor in creating sustainable value to improve the value of the company and firm performance is important to correct implementation and to be sustainable. Therefore, enterprises should assign enough importance to internal auditing and should pay attention to create a sustainable audit system. The aim of this study is to investigate the system of sustainable internal audit which is the essential element for sustainable development and corporate social reporting. Keywords: Corporate Social Reporting, Internal Auditing, Sustainable Development, Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Management Systems. 1.INTRODUCTION Sustainable development process drawing attention of both public sector and private sector for decades have brought forward the concept of corporate sustainability. Particularly the belief that the sustainable development process cannot be achieved without the support of the entities has necessitated the consideration of sustainability process in the entities. In this regard, sustainable policy and strategies have been developed via sustainable management systems. Variation of management policies and strategies has led to variation in the risk areas that the entity will come across during its activities. Relevant variation have also created differences in the roles and responsibilities of internal auditing that supports (COSO, 2006) the designation of policies, procedures and strategies by the management and gives assistance to the management, board of directors and audit committee responsible for the operation of this 391 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo process with respect to review, assessment, reporting and increasing the effectiveness and adequacy of corporate risk management processes. In this study, the role and responsibilities of internal audit in corporate sustainability have been reviewed. In this perspective, particularly internal auditing and current structure of internal auditing has been reviewed and then new roles and responsibilities of internal auditing in the corporate sustainability have been searched. 2.Internal Auditing Internal auditing is an independent and objective activity of assurance and consulting aimed to develop the activities of an entity and add value to these activities (D. Pehlivanlı, 2010, 7). The purpose of internal auditing is to remedy each process to mitigate risks in the entity and increase operating income (M.A. Yousuf, 2010). Internal auditing is aimed to give assistance to the management, board of directors and audit committee in reviewing, assessing, reporting and increasing the effectiveness and adequacy of corporate risk management processes (COSO, 2006). A fair internal auditing process must be relevant to both management and application performance of the entity and auditing financial and operational risks of the entity. For this reason, internal auditing is an important instrument of the firm in maintaining its operations in a successful fashion. What is important is to use this instrument as required and in an efficient manner so that the results are reflected on the activities of the entity (G.Aras,2012,2). According to the Standard 2130 of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), internal audit contributes to the progress of the entities in following dimensions (The Standard 2130 of IIA): _ Designation of organizational values and objectives and communication of these objectives and values to staff, _ Supervision of whether the objectives are achieved, _ Maintenance of accountability, _ Protection of organizational values. Reasons necessitating the existence of internal auditing can be enumerated as follows (D. Pehlivanlı, 2010, 19). _ Responsibility and accountability: Obligatory transfer of authority and responsibility due to the growth of enterprise; the need to search the effectiveness of the staff and the compliance of senior management with policies, 392 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo _ Agency theory: The need to employ salaried executives as a result of professionalism and growth of the entities and to determine to what extent these executives fulfill their responsibilities, _ Consulting and assistance to the management: The objective of internal auditing is not only to discover the errors and deceits but also to provide consulting in areas where the entity management needs advice. _ Savings need: Today, since costs are minimized in every field in order to survive intensive competition conditions, internal auditing units also help in finding areas to maintain savings for entities. _ Need to oppose fraudulent transactions: Internal audit is responsible for discovering fraudulent acts of entity owners, executives or staff. Internal audit also has roles and responsibilities for the corporate management which is the assurance of sustainability and a process assisting the entity in working efficiently, drawing human capital and financial capital and earning profits for all shareholders by balancing their interests (M. Ertuğrul, M. Sarıkaya, A.A. Özdemir, M. Kılıç, S. Yılmaz, 2009, 9) to operate efficiently. Within this framework, risk management, control and corporate management processes as well as independent and unbiased assurance and consulting activities of the entities and corporations are also under the responsibility of internal auditing. Making significant contributions to the establishment of administrative accountability process in entities, internal auditing creates added value for the entities with its opinions and recommendations about appropriate performance of the activities as well as the performance of appropriate activities (A.K. Uzun, 2012). 3. Corporate Sustainability Sustainable development is the process of preventing waste of resources and directing investments, technological innovations and industrial improvements in order to meet the needs and requests of persons today and in future (Brundland Commission, 1987). Everincreasing roles of the entities in society have resulted in the consideration of sustainable development concept more in business environment. As companies represent the productive sources of the economy today, it is accepted that the society cannot achieve sustainable development without the support of the companies. Therefore, private sector companies must work actively to create economic values and to mitigate environmental and social problems emerging from their activities as well as producing goods and services increasing living standards (M. Sarıkaya, F.Z. Kara, 2007, 225). This situation introduced the concept of corporate sustainability. Corporate sustainability is to satisfy the needs of direct and indirect shareholders of an entity without making concessions from the facilities in order to meet the requirements of future shareholders (M. Ertuğrul, M. Sarıkaya, A.A. Özdemir, M. Kılıç, S. Yılmaz, 2009, 9). 393 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. Role of Internal Audit in Corporate Sustainability Sustainability with environmental, social an economical dimensions necessitated the formation of consumer behaviors and other market dynamics within the framework of sustainability and designation of a sustainable management system by the companies. For this reason, risks and opportunities to emerge with respect to this process have also been inserted among the priorities that the companies must take into consideration (IMKB, 2011, 4-6). New function of the internal auditing is to define and understand the risks and opportunities created by the sustainability process as well as to determine how these opportunities and risks will affect the entity; to assess and report sustainability indicators and results of climate changes.( www.deloitte.com/.../Role%20of%20Int%2). Sustainable development has a very strong link with ethics. Companies must gain the trust of others not only for the financial resources, but also for all resources used in the organization in order to create value. Trust can be established only with transparency. In order to render the risks of company founders or management consistent and balanced, to supervise that the company comprehends the business field and competition conditions well and takes balanced decisions and to ensure sustainability of the company, internal audit assessments must be made in a prudential, fair and value increasing manner in line with ethical principles (http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-Turkey/Local%20Assets/Documents/turkeytr_fbs_kurumsallasma_051110.pdf). Corporate sustainability necessitated the designation of sustainable management systems. The advantage of the relevant management system is that the system is an auditable structure covering economic, environmental and social assumptions with a systematic, transparent, consistent and reliable understanding manner (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 37). Internal audit is responsible for providing advisory services in this field with the senior management and must follow up the entire process related to sustainability in the organization (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 49-66). Sustainable management process is consisted of (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 37): _ Determination of sustainable policies and strategies, _ Information risk management and planning, _ Improvement and application, _ Control and correction, _ Management review and continuous improvement. Objective Traditional Management Understanding Sustainable Management Understanding Economic Growth and profitability Sustainability and standard of living Welfare of the shareholders Welfare of the stakeholders Products 394 Design based on function, style and price Design appropriate to the environment �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Environment Operating Functions Single use package product Packaging friendly to the environment Dominance on the environment In harmony with nature Air pollution and wastes are accepted as exteriority. Elimination and management of air pollution and wastes Financing for profit maximization in short term Financing for sustainable growth in long term Accounting for traditional costs Accounting focused on environmental costs Human resources management for labor force effectiveness Performance Measure Financial results Human resources management aimed to make the business meaningful and protect security and health in the work place Financial, economic, social and environmental results Figure 1: Differences in Management Understanding (N. Tökgöz, S. Önce, 2009, 253). As it is obvious from Figure 1, first step of sustainable management system is to issue sustainable policies. Internal auditing must review sustainable policies determined and determination process of these policies on a periodical basis. On the other hand, it is also responsible for reviewing whether sustainable policies are in compliance with strategic plans and other organizational policies. Furthermore, internal auditing must monitor and search all relevant laws, regulations, protocols and industrial standards (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 49-66). For the sustainable management process to reach its objectives and targets, job descriptions of the staff should be made appropriately. Duties, roles and responsibilities of the staff must be clearly defined and it must be ensured that the staff has access to necessary sources in order to fulfill their duties and responsibilities. The role of internal auditing at this stage is to determine whether the staff appointed to the relevant duty is appropriate to the related job description. In this regard, internal audit may resort to personnel files as well as survey application. Another step of sustainable management process is risk management. Internal auditing assumes a key role in this field. Internal auditor must develop a risk management system covering sustainable perspective. In this process, internal auditor must give assistance to the management for improvement, consideration and identification of risk management methodologies by taking over a consultant’s role and collect evidence substantiating whether risk management process has achieved its objectives (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 49-66). Corporate scandals unveiled in recent years, higher levels of information and awareness of investors, environmental, ethical and social performances of the enterprises which have become more important and sustainable development process have created differentiations in the role of internal auditing. Particularly the fact that traditional internal auditing does not represent risks related to sustainability process has been one of the essential factors affecting the role of internal auditing in the enterprise. ( http://www.cipfa.org.). 395 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The risks which sustainable management system shall be exposed to may refer to environmental, health and security risks in addition to the risks which each enterprise may be exposed to. Nevertheless (H.Niveuwlands, 2006, 49-66), _ Organizational reporting structure, _ The possibility of causing environmental losses or fines, _ The possibility of causing injuries and deaths, _ The possibility of encountering adverse propaganda, _ Loss of reputation or image can also be described as the risk areas that the enterprises may come across in this process. From this perspective, International Professional Practices Framework (IPPF) Issued by International Institute of Auditors (IIA) enlists the risks related to the sustainability process (http://www.theia.org). 1. Strategic risk: Enterprises may go through changes in areas such as market placement, consumer preferences, strategic investments (such as renewable energy) and stakeholder communications along with sustainability and climate change. Therefore, senior management or board of directors of the enterprise must determine how they can make use of these changes in order to derive competition advantages. For example, manufacturing environment sensitive products (green products). 2. Compliance risk: Together with climate changes and sustainable development, regulations in many areas such as national, international and regional areas have become a current issue. The biggest risk in this field is related to the measurement of the results concerning regulations. The fact that the applications are in different fields which are health, security, human rights, labor acts, anti-bribery and environmental; and both their results and measurements of these results show variance are among the key risks that the enterprises experience. For instance, while environmental risks have direct impacts such as emission costs, they have also indirect impacts such as the increase in energy prices. 3. Financial risk: Climate changes and changes related to sustainable development may directly or indirectly affect share certificate values of the enterprises. For example, compliance to this process not only leads to new costs, but also new market losses. Furthermore, corporate ratings given at the end of sustainability performance may cause the enterprises to lose value in the eyes of the investors. All these developments may also be end up with customer losses in addition to market losses. 4. Reputation risk: Corporate reputation is a collective concept covering the opinions of all stakeholders about corporate reputation, internal identity and particularly the opinions of the customers about the corporation as well as external image. A strong reputation ensures sustainable competition advantage. Reputation risk is described as potential negative reputation about the business practices of corporations. It increases social and environmental roles of the sustainable enterprises. For this reason, failure in fulfilling these responsibilities increases reputation risk of the enterprise (E.Uzunoğlu,B.Öksüz,2008,114-116). 396 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Due to this process, most of the enterprises prepare and issue sustainability reports, in other words, corporate social responsibility reports today for the following purposes (A.B. Başar, M. Başar, 2006, 216): _ To increase the possibility of monitoring process towards certain targets and facilitate the application of environmental strategies, _ To increase more awareness about environmental issues within the enterprise, _ To express enterprise message explicitly within and outside the enterprise, _ To increase credit rating due to transparency, to ensure increase in cost savings and efficiency, _ To increase the spirits of the staff, reputation of the enterprise and business development opportunities. Social responsibility or sustainability reporting is reporting of the activities and results of the activities that an enterprise conducts within the framework of the obligations emerging from its social responsibility (U. Kaya, A. Karakaya, 2008, 154). Together with this process, internal audit has assumed the obligation of creating opportunities to ripen sustainability program of the enterprise, maintaining reliability and appropriateness of integrated reporting process and control reports of this process in addition to giving assurance for operation activities. The biggest expectation of the enterprises from sustainable development and social reporting is satisfaction of their basic requirements. Internal auditing is responsible for transferring the objective, yield and risks of sustainability program causing an additional cost for the enterprises to the business management or board of directors. Enterprises generally think that this process brings nothing, but additional costs and show a proactive approach against the risks imposed by the process. In this respect, internal audit must state the importance of these risks to the enterprises and create certain plans in order to remove the risks. On the other hand, it must be ensured that senior management or board of directors also participate in the sustainability process (www.deloitte.com/.../Role%20of%20Int%2). Internal audit must be informed about the risks of corporate social responsibility process discussed together with sustainability process. Nevertheless, internal auditors must have sufficient information and capabilities in order to fully understand this process (J. Ridley, K. D’Silva, M. Szombathelyi, 2011, 482). Internal auditors must answer the following questions in order to turn the corporate social responsibility and sustainability process into an opportunity (J. Ridley, K. D’Silva, M. Szombathelyi, 2011, 483): _ Why should we pay attention to corporate social responsibility as an enterprise? _ What is corporate social responsibility and where are we in this corporate social responsibility? 397 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo _ Who are the interest groups of the enterprise and what are the needs of these groups? _ What are the enablers? _ What is triple bottom line? _ Which enterprises are close to sustainable development? _ Which managers report the results in the enterprise and give assurance to the report results? _ What is the role of internal audit in this process? The reporting system of the sustainable management system must issue the report related to environmental audit. However, the report must be issued in time and cover all results related to the enterprise. Internal audit must be held responsible for the control of this process. 5.CONCLUSION Internal auditing covering various audit activities such as compliance audit, activity audit and information systems audit has been one of the indispensable activities of the enterprises particularly with its function and scope for the reliability of financial reporting system in companies and institutions, compliance with laws and regulations, protection of operating assets, maintenance of economic, effective and efficient conditions of the activities, security and reliability of information systems (S. Selimoğlu, 2011). The differences emerging in the role of internal audit together with the corporate sustainability process defined (M. Ertuğrul, M. Sarıkaya, A.A. Özdemir, M. Kılıç, S. Yılmaz, 2009, 9) as the sustainability of an enterprise as a whole in terms of economic, ecological and social perspectives can be summarized as follows (The IIARF- Sustainability and Internal Audit): _ _ To design and improve sustainable management system, To raise awareness about the sustainability with the help of training programs organized for the staff, _ To coordinate audit activities of external auditors, _ To make suggestions related to the determination of external evaluators. _ To assure that the objectives of the enterprise are fulfilled on condition that all negative impacts related to all interest groups are minimized and the conditions to affect interest groups positively are maximized, _ To ensure compliance with rules and regulations related to the values with a sense of responsibility, _ To ensure that the resources are used at maximum level with a sense of responsibility and reliable records are kept for all interest groups including shareholders and staff of the enterprise, _ To preserve both internal assets of the enterprise and external assets (air, energy, nature etc.). 398 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES A. Banu BAŞAR, Mehmet BAŞAR, “Sosyal Sorumluluk Raporlaması ve Türkiye’deki Durumu”, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı:2, 2006. Ali Kemal UZUN, Kurumsal Yönetim http://www.icdenetim.net/denetim-komitesi ve İç Denetimin Rolü, Auditing In Emerging Markets”, Corporate Governance, Vol: 11, No: 4, 2011. COSO Kurumsal Risk Yönetimi Raporu, 2006, http://www.coso.org Davut PEHLİVANLI, Modern İç Denetim, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010. Ebru UZUNOĞLU, Burcu ÖKSÜZ, “Kurumsal İtibar Riski Yönetimi Halkla İlişkilerin Rolü”, Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, Vol: 5, No: 3,2008. Güler Aras, “İşletmelerde Sürdürülebilir Değer Yaratma ve İç Denetim”.p.2, http://www.denetimnet.net/UserFiles/Documents/isletmelerde%20Surdurulebilir%20Deger% 20Yaratma%20ve%20Ic%20Denetim.pdf. (15.03.2012). Hans NIVEUWLANDS, CIA, CCSA, CGAP, RA, Sustainability and Internal Auditing, The IIA Research Foundation, Florida, 2006. http://www.theia.org/guidance/standards-and-guidence/ippf/definition-of-internal-auditig Internal Audit Role, http://www.cipfa.org.Uk/regions/mid/dowland/An%20audit%20framework%20for%20CSR %20(CATS).ppt, ,(12.03.2012) ve İç Denetim Enstitüsü (The IIARF- Sustainability and Internal Audit). Jeffrey RIDLEY, Kenneth D’SILVA, Marta SZOMBATHELYI, “Sustainability Assurance and Internal. Mohammed Alamin YOUSUF, “The Role of Internal Auditor in Sustainable Development and Social Reporting”, Internal Audit Conference, 2010, www.aloulafas.com/en/.../d.m.elameen.pdf 399 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Muammer SARIKAYA, F.Zişan KARA, “Sürdürülebilir Gelişmede İşletmenin Rolü: Kurumsal Vatandaşlık”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İ.İB.F Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, Cilt: 14, Sayı: 2, 2007. Murat ERTUĞRUL, Muammer SARIKAYA, Aytül Ayşe ÖZDEMİR, Metin KILIÇ, Sinan YILMAZ, Kurumsal Sürdürülebilirlik, Beta Yayınları, 2009. Nuray TÖKGÖZ, Saime ÖNCE, “Şirket Sürdürülebilirliği: Geleneksel Yönetim Anlayışına Alternatif”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, C.XI, S.I, 2009. Seval SELİMOĞLU, Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanununda İç Kontrol ve İç Denetim, www.ankara.ymmo.org.tr/.../17.12.2011%20Seval%20SELİMOGLU. Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA),Performance, Standard (2130), Control. Sürdürülebilir Gelişme İçin Kurumsallaşma, http://www.deloitte.com/assets/DcomTurkey/Local%20Assets/Documents/turkey-tr_fbs_kurumsallasma_051110.pdf The Role Internal Audit www.deloitte.com/.../Role%20of%20Int%2 İn Integrated Reporting , Türkiye İş Dünyasında Sürdürülebilirlik Uygulamaları Değerlendirme Raporu, İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası, Eylül 2011. Uğur KAYA, Aykut KARAKAYA, “Sosyal Raporlama Anlayışının Muhasebe Meslek Mensupları Tarafından Algılanması Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, Muhasebe Denetime Bakış, Yıl: 7, Sayı:24, Ocak,2008. World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundland Commission), 1987. 400 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1135 Title A name given to the resource The Role Of Internal Auditing In Sustainable Development And Corporate Social Reporting Author Author Serpil, Senal Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainability means a lot more than just the economic, environmental, and social challenges an organization faces in its everyday and future operations: it means the ethics in these operations, touching on all the lives of those in the organization, its stakeholders, and the planet. The objectives of all sustainable development programs must be measured, and the results are to be reported in and outside the organization. Stakeholders and society need to be assured independently in that such measures are recorded accurately and in timely fashion before being reported. There are opportunities for internal auditing to contribute to its independent and objective assurance services as an auditor as well as a consultant and teacher. Such a contribution can take best-practice internal auditing to a high level of added value. The internal auditor is a vital conduit to the creation of trust. The internal auditor contributes to a number of corporate social reporting (CSR) and sustainability issues by keeping management updated on the aspects of operational and compliance issues, which is part of their core function, as well as brand management audits and through participation in the stakeholder dialogue process. Furthermore, the increasing importance of CSR and sustainability and its impact on risk management bring additional challenges involving the control environment, including the provision and installation of effective management and reporting systems, which will provide clarity and transparency, and therefore trust. The internal auditor has an integral role in determining the materiality of the content of the CSR and sustainability report. This is a responsibility that can only increase with the burgeoning of CSR and sustainability reports, both in volume and size of content. Today, internal audit function that is the most important factor in creating sustainable value to improve the value of the company and firm performance is important to correct implementation and to be sustainable. Therefore, enterprises should assign enough importance to internal auditing and should pay attention to create a sustainable audit system. The aim of this study is to investigate the system of sustainable internal audit which is the essential element for sustainable development and corporate social reporting. Keywords: Corporate Social Reporting, Internal Auditing, Sustainable Development, Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Management Systems. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3669d0bc42754bc5d5fe5a9500c4dd96.pdf 9fe74df41c2d912c5be1af160c3d3b6d PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Export Exceptional Application In Means Of Value Added Tax: The Example Of Antalya Serpil Ağcakaya1, Hidayet Şal2 1 Public Accountants and Financial Advisers for Antalya Room 1 In order to save space, the results from the panel unit root tests are not reported here, but available upon request. Abstract Purpose of this study is constituted by the exceptional VAT applied in export activities and the lineal and rudiments related to the rejection mechanism process. The exception included into this study, the one concerned with the exception are initially those real and legal persons involved in export activities in domestic borders and abroad, secondly the accountants of these persons, Public Accountant Members and finally the public closely related to the subject. Therefore; Value Added. Tax (VAT) is of great importance in means of tax collection in the Turkish Tax Structure. The 11th and 12th articles within the relative Law subjecting to the “export exceptions” and the 32nd article subjecting the discount applied to the process related to the exceptions are of great importance within the scope of the VAT. In the final division of the study there is a survey applied to the companies that realize export in Antalya in order to gain general information about the companies and the issues faced related to the reject mechanism of VAT that rise from the export realized by these companies. In general; it is noticed that most of the exporting companies in Antalya constitute of Small and Medium Size Enterprises and that they are generally complaining about the mass of official procedures and about the processes realized very slow. Keywords: Export Realized in Antalya, The Application of Exceptions in Export, Value Added Tax, Export Survey 1.INTRODUCTION Limitations in the commercial exchange of goods and services are disappeared with commerce agreements between countries created commerce and economic system that associations, and labor, customer, and capital are circulated in worldwide were settled. Dynamics such as the political changes all over the world, raising gap between rich countries and poor countries triggered international commerce. Being the world market such a large and its accessibility directed countries and companies to sell products that are not consumed in internal market to foreign market. The reason of that the new world pattern countries drag competition based on export is to expand bracket per country as an element of international development level. The purpose of this research is to examine export exemption and refund implementations since 1985 about refunding VAT to the exporter for goods and services that will export. VAT export exceptions, analysis of our country and the world export will be discussed, then, 201 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo a survey about refunding, implemented to exporters in Antalya, arising from the general export status and exceptions in export VAT will be involved. 2.IMPORTANCE OF VAT IN TURKISH TAX SYSTEM There have been many definitions of the tax until today. Tax, as a word, means “Impot” in France, and mainly is a Turkish term. It means generally gifted, disinterested given value. However, they are values as participation shares to public spending given by taxpayers to the government (SAYAR; Nihad Public Finance - Public Expenditure and Income Principles I-II, Sermet Printing House, Istanbul, 1970, pg.77) in financial meaning. Taxis defined with money today although, in financial meaning, it is actually the meaning of material values paid with money and goods. VAT, known as sales tax in tax system, is an impersonal, multi-stage, general turnover tax that grasps of every phase by the time that every stage of the production-consumption and import chain reach the final customer, received from the sale of the goods, and based on the increase in value by allow tax cuts. According to first item of TAX legislation numbered 3065, delivery of goods and services fulfillments in the framework of commercial, industrial, agricultural activities and independent business activities in Turkey are subjected to be implemented under all kinds of imports of goods and services, and other proceedings. As follows, the sum of VAT shown in documents are deducted from the sum of VAT shown in documents like bill etc. that are issued by that firm due to good sales or service fulfillment during the same period, because of goods and services bought by a firm with documents like bill etc. from another firms during the taxation period. Affirmative spread between these will be paid until the evening of 26th of the following month by declared to relevant tax authority until the evening of 24th of the following month. Negative spread between these will be transferred to the next period and the sum of VAT shown in documents like bill etc. that are issued by that firm due to goods or services during the taxation period will be added on the memorandum in this period. The essence of VAT is implemented in every stages from production or importation to consumption of goods and services, that tax value added in each stage. (YILDIRIM; Muhsin, BAĞRIAÇIK; Atila, Implemented VAT in Foreign Commerce Operations and Accounting , Science and Technology Publishing House, İstanbul 2000, page:1). In our country, principle adopted for international circulation of goods and services is “arrival country” principle. In other words, it is essential that Turkey is taxed by the countries where international movement of goods and services originating from Turkey arrived (consumed), is not taxed by countries where they emanate (produced). The two main methods, mainly taxation, are implemented in the Turkish Tax System. First of them is direct taxation group subjected under the name of income during the investigation of income. Second is indirect taxation group subjected under the name of tax conditions during spending income. (Essentials of refunding and VAT in import, İGEME – İSO, Joint Publication, İstanbul 2010, page:1). The biggest factor crowning The VAT, as an indirect tax, is the mechanism of reduction feature. The final customer, not the taxpayers who law is not mentioned as, undertake tax burden of goods or services by means of this reduction system. The cumulative tax receipt and the additional tax burden on goods and service will be prevented. 202 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.EXPORT EXCEPTION IN VAT It is necessary requirement that goods and services relating to export don’t burden VAT. On the other hand, competitive chance in international markets of these goods and services will be reduced. (MAÇ; Mehmet, VAT Implementation Electronic Book, 11th item, page: 3). Countries tent to sell goods and service to the abroad. In order to ease and increase doing this, they prepare essential substructure. Exportation are exempted in our country like all the countries where VAT is implemented. About exception of exportation, with the 11th item of VAT, exportation transactions will be subjected to a full exemption; in following 12th item, transactions which would meet the conditions will be exported. In the following 32th item, it is provisioned that taxpayers will offsetting VAT that they paid in used certificates from VAT counted (payable), but if this counted VAT is less than deductible VAT, VAT that we couldn’t deduct will be refunded to taxpayer within the framework conditions determined by the Ministry of Finance. Therefore, goods and services subjected to the exportation will disburden of VAT and be vested in the final customer. Exportation is exempted in countries where VAT is implemented. In our country, parallel with EU mandates, some principles are adopted during the harmonization process of common tax system in the unity. One of them is a destination principle (taxation in the country of destination), adopted by every country where VAT is implemented, goods and services are subjected to VAT in the countries where they are consumed and used. Importation of every goods and service is taxed in Turkey when exportation of every goods and services that will consumed in the abroad is extended. Therefore, competitiveness in international markets for goods and services can be increased and it is prevented that taxpayers and administration do the same thing twice by solving the double taxing problem. VAT refund system, refunding of burdens in goods production and procuration, was an important to international competitive and finance of exporters. Reason of this is that VAT rates differ between countries so that exportation are extended for VAT is based on this principle. According to destination principle, VAT burden on goods that were bought by tourists from Turkey to their countries and will be consumed in their countries should be vanished. Because, goods that are bought in such a way in Turkey, and received to abroad should be appraised as exportations, and this way in literature as a term is named as “retail exportation”(ÜNALAN;Sedat,http://www.yaklasim.com/mevzuat/dergi/makaleler/199508588 .htm). Parallel with the international implementation, in our country, (http://www.gib.gov.tr/index.php?id=1028);       Refunding of VAT that was paid to exported goods. (VAT , 32th ) Making arrangement to provide exporter buy goods without paying VAT(VAT, 11th/1) Not computing VAT in refunding relating to exportation (VAT, 11th / 1-a) With them, exempting exported goods from VAT completely, that means, provisions providing exceptional implementation are involved in VAT. Therefore, goods and services exempted from VAT will be subjected to VAT in arrival country. On the other hand, according to 11th /11-c item of VAT, It is provided in some conditions that exporter can get goods without paying VAT, and get rid of having deal with tax refunding. It is enabled that importer can get VAT that he couldn’t get from exporter from tax office, and get rid of finance burden by means of billing with VAT and showing this in his memorandum, and postponing VAT debts with interest free, in fact, offsetting to 203 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  the other tax debts or in cash this money if he does not pay the debt or the money is less than probation. (http://www.divandenetim.com.tr/Makaleler/Details.aspx?MakId=69f68255-0afb4ef4-9564-eb490b78aa1). 4.EXPORTATION ANALYSES IN OUR COUNTRY Sectors of commodities that are subjected to foreign-trade; agriculture, industry, and mining. In 2011, the sum of exportation in Turkey have reached 134.571.338 Thousands of USD , the maximum exportation is in 111.537.870 Thousands of USD in industry sector, second is 17.887.224 Thousands of USD in agriculture sector, and the last is 3.876.383 Thousands of USD in mining sector. (http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html). The maximum contribution to being the maximum exportation sector of Industry is industry products. In this subtitle, automotive industry has 15,16% of exportation in our country. (http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html). All sector figures that we get is comprised of 13 Exporter Associations General Secretaries and 61 Exporter Associations in General Secretariats. Each General Secretariat has different business segment; and it has total 24 different business segments. Exporter Associations which its members are exporters service as institutions connected with Turkish Republic Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade. According to information in 2011, association that has maximum exportation in Exporter Unions is Istanbul Mine and Metal Exporters' Association with 37.711.868 Thousands of USD that has 1/3 of the whole exportation, and association that has minimum exportation is Antalya Exporters Association with 1.073.591 thousands of USD and 0.8% contribution and it is the last of the list.(http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html). According to information about geographic area in 2011, we exported mostly to Europe. This found seems to be on the basis of the countries we export mostly. As follows, the first four countries that we export mostly are the countries that have the largest economy of Europe. We export mostly to Germany with 13.882.788 thousands of USD, 10.41%, and respectively UK, Italy and France. At the sum, Turkish products are exported to 229 different countries, pieces of land not declaring independence, or island communities.(http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracatihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html). Any other numerical information that should not be overlooked is increase variety of sector and country in exportation. This increase is very important to exhibit stable export performance with decreasing problems that may be in external demands. When looking at contribution of the first ten exported sectors, there is an increasing variety of products. In fact; contribution of the first ten sectors of 66 sub sectors in the exportation is 73.8% in 1996, but it is 65.6% in 2011. In addition, the another method is to look at equivalent sector number in order to observe change in sectoral variety. Equivalent sector number gives the number of the main sectors with equivalent contribution to the whole exportation by excluding unimportant sectors with minor contribution to the exportation. Equivalent sector number is 11 in 2000, but it is 18 in 2011. (http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Start.do). After the 2001 crisis, there was reduction in equivalent sector number, and after 2008 global crisis, there was increase in variety of our exportation. (ÖZLALE; Ümit, CUNEDİOĞLU; H. Ekrem, Turket Exportation Performance 2: Variety of the basis of sector, Competitiveness and Adaptation, Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV), Ankara 2011). 204 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5.SAMPLE OF ANTALYA CITY It can be understood that Antalya is not only a tourism city when information in Table 1 is examined. In addition to tourism, there are mainly fruit, vegetable and cut flower crops; industry products mainly cement and iron; mining. To sum up, in addition to city center and tourism, agriculture and industry was also developed. TABLE-1: Exportation in Antalya City on the Basis of Sectors (2011) SECTOR EXPORTATION (USD) Wood and Forest Products 77.264.878,18 Cement and Soil Products 15.461.467,49 Valuable Mine and Jewelry 9.311.771,28 Iron and Steel Products 18.225.319,94 Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals 19.671.854,44 Leather and Leather Products 23.887.470,28 Other Industrial Products 2.933.431,84 Electricity – Electronics 8.806.940,64 Hazelnut and Products 18.255,59 Ship and Yacht 2.808.782,75 Carpet 242.045,68 Clothing and Apparel 18.577.734,26 Cereals, Pulses, Oil Seeds and Products 21.697.295,84 Chemicals and Chemical Products 88.393.127,25 Dried Fruits and Products 312.435,76 Mining and Metals 154.697.026,55 Machinery and Parts 25.303.093,17 Fruit and Vegetable Products 22.475.160,48 Fisheries and Livestock Products 12.095.172,50 Ornamental Plants and Products 31.501.890,84 Automotive Parts and Supply Industry 7.254.041,52 205 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Textile and Raw Materials 43.977.145,17 Fresh Fruits and Vegetables 403.389.262,78 Olive and Olive Oil 444.394,38 TOTAL EXPORTS IN ANTALYA 1.008.749.998,61 SOURCE: http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html According to information in 2011, total exportation is 133.301.459.479,77 USD. Istanbul has the maximum exportation with 59.048.557 thousands of USD in the basis of the cities, and respectively Bursa and Kocaeli. Antalya, area where research was made at the end of the survey, has 1.008.749 Thousands of USD and it is 16th city in exportation. (http://www.aib.org.tr/html/). 5.1.SURVEY The purpose of this survey is to evaluate exportations and problems in duration of exportation in Antalya that contributed to exportation in our country by operating at the large area from the mining products to service exportation; agricultural products to industry. During the study, the main questions of sought answers are towards the intended targets. • What are the qualifications who carry out export activities? • What are the characteristics of firms that carry out export activities? • What do firms care except the financial income when firms export cares what? • What problems are seen frequently in the process of export? • What obstacles firms encounter the collection of export exemption arising from the VAT refund? • What aspects of Antalya are the advantages and disadvantages for export? In order to answer these questions, this survey was prepared and exportations in Antalya were tried to examine. 34 questions were directed to the exporters. This survey was sent to the 2.083 subjects (universe) via electronic message and 115 of them turned back (sample). Interpretation was prepared from these information to general. These participants were not chosen random, and it was tried to reach all the exportation firms. (simple random sampling) Here, it is wanted to help to get electronic mail of firms from professional chambers and associations. It should not be underestimated that attendance of exportation firms’ owners, their shareholders or employees is 5.52%. Time period that survey was done is the period when implementation of Some of the Restructuring of the Public Debt, and Social Insurance and the other General Health Insurance Law on Amendments to Some Laws and Decree Law. When this arrangement that a lot of companies benefit from is considered to make workload difficult, it can be said that this rate is too much and it is enough to induct. 5.1.1.SURVEY RESULTS Increase in exportation in our country since integrating European Customs Union in 1996 affected positively exportation in Antalya. Total exportation was increased 315% in the last 206 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 10 years, and exportation in Antalya was increased 706% so it gained acceleration 2 times higher than total exportation in the country. TABLE-2: Last 10 Year Analysis of Antalya and Turkey Exportations (Million USD) YEARS 2002 2 2003 2 2004 2 2005 2 2006 2 2007 6.059 3 7.252 4 3.167 6 3.476 7 5.534 8 1 1 1 1 1 07.271 32.027 02.135 13.682 30.769 60 1 22 2 56 2 89 3 39 4 48 TURKEY ANTALYA 2 2008 6 90 2 2009 8 13 2 2010 8 .130 2 2011 1 .009 2 1 SOURCE: Turkey Exporters Assembly (www.tim.org.tr) As the table suggests; hypothesis of “A couple of exportation enterprise in Antalya are the special exporters in first Mediterranean Sea, then Turkey, and then World in the immediate future by getting rid of structural problems; or with human capital, organizational capital, external capital, and exportation performances.” is realistic. As the same, being 500 billions of USD of our total exportation of TİM in 2023 is not a dream. 6.RESULT AND EVALUATION These findings are gotten by comparing 34 questions in survey to exportation firms with each other.Because 66% of attendants in survey says that 500 billions of USD goal is difficult reach under these current conditions, entrepreneur to export the administrative authority should be encouraged like free of charge in accommodation. In survey, being 54% of rate of firm without gadgets in foreign language is because of that 54% of them is comprised from enterprises that like KOBİ (Small and Medium Sized Enterprises) enterprises providing interim good to large companies rather than exporting their own brand. Another consequential result is 59% of real and legal persons dealing with exportations in Antalya are not interested in the relating activities. In this case, firms can’t know developments relating to their fields and Ar-Ge (R&D), and if they are going to behave like that, unavoidable results will appear day after day. However, attending enterprises with their own sectors and activities related to exportation will affect positively in a city with Expo exhibition and convention area. In the survey results, enterprises with exportation activities are mostly KOBİs. A lot of KOBİs begin to export because they emulate the other KOBİs or the foreign customer wants to goods from them. In this case, KOBİs are not completely related to scientifical facts of exportation. Most of KOBİs don’t know their rivals, how much rivals they have, whether they have any rival or not. In the results of the survey, 60% of attendants complain about plenty of bureaucratic processes and its loginess in refunding of VAT. In order to solve this problem, number of physical controls should be decreased in the custom gates, information technologies should be benefited more, number of qualified servant should be increased and recommended that they should work more efficiently. Encouragement implementations like encouragement models in developed countries should be insurance, guarantee, Ar-Ge, quality control and credit instead of financial encouragements 207 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo because directly given government supports make exporters lazy. However, encouragements integrated to the various stages of exportation may direct them to new pursuits. It is recommended that certificate system carried out by the authorities of EU countries is going to be on the electronic system after 2017(TİM, December Europe Agenda, 2010, page:18). Therefore, it is expected that decreasing bureaucracy that exporters always complain and saving time and labor. As a result, exportation enterprises in Antalya are enterprises that are not professional, and can’t stand on its own legs; but have potential for the future. BİBLİOGRAPHY İGEME Essentials of refunding and VAT in import– İSO, Joint Publication, İstanbul 2010, page:1 MAÇ; Mehmet, VAT Implementation Electronic Book, 11th item, page: 3 ÖZLALE; Ümit, CUNEDİOĞLU; H. Ekrem, Turket Exportation Performance 2: Variety of the basis of sector, Competitiveness and Adaptation, Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV), Ankara 2011 SAYAR; Nihad Public Finance - Public Expenditure and Income Principles I-II, Sermet Printing House, Istanbul, 1970, pg.77 TİM, December Europe Agenda, 2010, page:18 ÜNALAN Sedat, http://www.yaklasim.com/mevzuat/dergi/makaleler/199508588.htm YILDIRIM; Muhsin, BAĞRIAÇIK; Atila, Implemented VAT in Foreign Commerce Operations and Accounting , Science and Technology Publishing House, İstanbul 2000, page:1 http://www.gib.gov.tr/index.php?id=1028 http://www.divandenetim.com.tr/Makaleler/Details.aspx?MakId=69f68255-0afb-4ef4-9564eb490b78aa1 http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Start.do http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/ihracat-ihracat-rakamlari-tablolar.html http://www.aib.org.tr/html/ 208 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1296 Title A name given to the resource The Export Exceptional Application In Means Of Value Added Tax: The Example Of Antalya Author Author Serpil Ağcakaya, Ağcakaya Abstract A summary of the resource. Purpose of this study is constituted by the exceptional VAT applied in export activities and the lineal and rudiments related to the rejection mechanism process. The exception included into this study, the one concerned with the exception are initially those real and legal persons involved in export activities in domestic borders and abroad, secondly the accountants of these persons, Public Accountant Members and finally the public closely related to the subject. Therefore; Value Added. Tax (VAT) is of great importance in means of tax collection in the Turkish Tax Structure. The 11th and 12th articles within the relative Law subjecting to the “export exceptions” and the 32nd article subjecting the discount applied to the process related to the exceptions are of great importance within the scope of the VAT. In the final division of the study there is a survey applied to the companies that realize export in Antalya in order to gain general information about the companies and the issues faced related to the reject mechanism of VAT that rise from the export realized by these companies. In general; it is noticed that most of the exporting companies in Antalya constitute of Small and Medium Size Enterprises and that they are generally complaining about the mass of official procedures and about the processes realized very slow. Keywords: Export Realized in Antalya, The Application of Exceptions in Export, Value Added Tax, Export Survey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5524cbda2a21a0aa197cf3d77d9a6a17.pdf 31a5f4f36c3cdbb793da132da6d90ff9 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ölmez, F.N. (2006) Isparta İlinde El Dokuması Halı Üretiminin Sektörel Analizi ve Geleneksel Isparta Halısında Bazı Modifikasyonların Uygulanması, (SDÜ BAP) Projesi, Isparta. Sakarya, O.(1992) “Isparta Halıcılığının Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği”, Isparta’nın Dünü Bugünü ve Yarını Sempozyumu, Isparta İli Kalkındırma Derneği, Ankara.539-551. Ulusal Kümelenme Politikasının Geliştirilmesi Projesi Basın Bilgi Notu, http://www.bodto.org.tr/images/other/kumelenme_kapanis_etkinligi_basin_%20bilgi_%20not u.pdf.(21.04.2012) Temurçin, K., (2004) “Isparta İlinde Sanayinin Gelişimi Ve Yapısı”, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2 DOI: 10.1501/Cogbil_0000000044 ,s.79-95. http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/33/825/10468.pdf (12.04.2012) Türeli, E., Özaltın, N.F., Yurteri, F.Y., Işık K., (2006), “Desenlerle Isparta Halıları”, 2. Türk Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Kongresi, Isparta. Yumuk, G., İnan, H.İ. (2005) “Trakya Bölgesindeki İmalat Sanayi İşletmelerinin Kalite Maliyetlerinin SWOT Analizi İle Değerlendirilmesi”, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2),177-188. Measurement Of The Competitiveness Of Turkey : Eu Countries, 1980-2010 Period Comparison Sevgi Sezer1, Mehmet Mercan2 1Uludağ University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science 2Hakkari University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science E –mails: sevgis700@hotmail.com,mmercan48@gmail.com; mehmetmercan@hakkari.edu.tr Abstract Today, in the new world order caused by economic glabalization, technologic and political changes in world economy result in changes in the competitiveness of the countries. Everyday, countries intensify their effort to gain, develop and protect their power to compete with other countries. Today, even the most developed countries are trying to strengthen their competitiveness in order to enlarge their share in the world economy. Turkey desires to increase its competitiveness in all sectors in order to rise the welfare level of its people and to speed up its economic growth. Turkey endeavors to increase its competitiveness against EU, who is one of the most important economic partners of Turkey, in all sectors. In this study, the period of 1970-2011 to measure the competitiveness of Turkey towards the EU countries and aims to achieve predictions for the future, and the watermark. Keywords : Competitiveness, Turkey, EU, International Trade, JEL Classification: F12, F14, F15 129 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.INTRODUCTION The common objective for all the countries in the changing world order is to provide competition conditions and increase the prosperity.However,competition is a multidimensional fact. Competitiveness of the countries and companies is depended on various factors. The importance of competitiveness has increased after the rapid change and development with the globalization in every sense. Studies about competition and competitiveness in countries also have increased. Since competition and competitiveness are handled by various discipline in various aspects, there is no a common definition or measurement technique. However, if we want to classify in general,there are two points of view in the measurement of compititiveness. The first one is the studies carried out in micro (business and industry) level.The second one is the macro (country) point of view. While the competition among businesses inside the country and the effects of this competition on national and international market is emphasized in micro level approach, the status of the country in international competition is emphasized in macro approach. Competitiveness means that while countries try to increase the incomes of their citizens under the conditions of free and established market, at the same time they can present their products and services to the international markets and become successful. The definition mostly attributed in macro approach is this one. We can put in order the three basic characteristics of competitiveness according to the study results like this:The first one is that the main objective of having competitiveness is to provide an increase the living standards in the country and the prosperity of the citizens.This prosperity increases can be provided by paying attention to the activities like investment and production,increasing the cooperation between all institutions and paving the way for specialization.The second one is that the country should focus on its specific features,abilities and potentials in order to catch the opponent countries in producing the products and services and distributing them.The third one is that numerous indicators are used to analyze the competitiveness of the country. For instance, international market share,trade balance of the country,production,employment,openness.i.e. The competitiveness of Turkey with 15 basic countries of EU between 1980 and 2010 periods was tried to be measured by the globalization index measuring the competitiveness. It was aimed to make predictions for the future according to the upcoming results. This study consists of four sections. In the first section literature scaning was carried out.In the second section data set and method was presented and explained. In the third section there are analysis results.In the fourth section a general evaluation will be carried out and recommendations will be made. 1.1.LITERATURE REVIEW Theoretical foundations of international competitiveness date back to classical economics. There are several numbers of approaches such as the Theory of Competitive Advantage Approach,Double Diamond Approach, Nine Factors Model Approach for international competitiveness.The issues such as the definition of international competitiveness concept, assessment, explaining the determiners for this concept and stating the economic relations of it ranges according to the chosen approach.So there is no generally accepted approach for international competitiveness.(Kibritçioğlu, 1996:112). In theoritical context, there is no 130 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo certain consensus about international competitiveness and the factors affecting it and also it is not possible to say that the explanations are complementory each other. The concept of international competitiveness is one of the significant facts of the globalization process. The concept of international competitiveness in literature is handled and tried to be defined in three different ways as in firm,sector and international level. (Kesbiç ve Ürüt, 2004: 56-59). Neither there is a generally accepted approach for the definition of the concept of international competitiveness,nor there is an approach for assessment and determining the factors affecting it. In international economy literature, macroeconomical,microeconomical and commercial approaches are generally used in order to assess the competitiveness in internatinal trade. Among these approaches, the commercial approach is based on the theory of international foreign trade and it searches the foreign trade performance of sector/country.As a part of commercial approach, international competitiveness can be calculated via the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index which was built up by Balassa in 1965. (Wziatek-Kubiak, 2003: 2-4). In order to assess international competitiveness many indices are also used in literature such as The Relative Export Advantage Index, The Relative Import Influence Index, The Relative Trade Advantage Index, Intra-industry Trade Index,Specialization in Export Index,Similarity in Export Index,Relative Competition Advantage Index,i.e. (Altay ve Gürpınar, 2008: 262-267). When we deal with the factors affecting the international competitiveness, many factors are used such as micro and macro economical, price and out of price, within firm and nonfirm,structural,qualitative,social and political,i.e.In economy literature, many qualitative and quantitative factor affecting the competitiveness are handled,but price- oriented factors are usually emphasized for the ease of finding data and assessment. In other words, in the factors affecting the international competitiveness and its assessment issues there are versatile studies in economy literature.However, depending on the time, as a result that developing countries began to compete more than with developed countries, studies on the efficiency of the factors affecting the international competitiveness began to increase.In this sense, many economic variables were handled and labor cost, foreign exchange rate, market volume(GDP) and openness were mostly used variables. So we can collect the studies in four main titles (Yapraklı, 2011: 377-379) : First group studies searched the relationship between the labor costs and competitiveness. As a determiner for competitiveness labor cost is the contraversial field.Studies about the effect of the cost of labour on the international competitiveness was performed by Fagerberg (1988), Jorgenson and Kuroda (1991), Guerrieri and Mecliciani (2005). As a result of these studies, it was found out that the high price level in the labor costs meant high productivity and qualified labour employment.This result is the indicator of the efficient source usage and productivitycost advantage and it affects the international competitiveness positively. On the other hand, Agrawal (1995), Wang (2002), Omel and Varnik (2009) and Du Toit (2010) found out in their studies that high labor costs had a negative effect on the competitiveness.As a conclusion, we can not say that there is a certain consensus about the effect of labor cost on the international competitiveness. Another variable used to measure the factors affecting the international competitiveness was intended for assessing the relationship between market volume and international competitiveness. The common view about this issue is that: Expansion of market volume increases the competitiveness. Studies about this issue was carried out by Fagerber (1988), Kim and Mirion (1997), Esterhuizen (2006), Mu and Zhang (2010) and Feinberg and 131 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Weymouth (2011). As a conclusion of these studies it was identified that Gross Domestic Products of the countries was a significant factor for international competitiveness. Also the expansion of market volume increases the international competitiveness by benefiting from scale economies and providing efficient source usage. However, it was found out that GDP was not enough to explain the international competitiveness in the studies on developed and developing countries by Cho, Moon and Kim (2008). An another variable used to measure international competitiveness was foreign exchange rate. In the studies measuring the effect of foreign exchange rate on international competitiveness by Yoshitomi (1996), Zawalinska (2005) it was identified that the increase in the exchange rate affected the international competitiveness positively. However, in the studies by Safin and Rajtar (1997), Du Toit (2010) it was identified that the increase in the exchange rate affected the international competitiveness negatively. As a result, it is necessary to present the certain effect of the foreign exchange rates about increasing or decreasing the competitiveness.If the positive effect is bigger than the negative effect,the increase in foreign exchange rates affects the competitiveness positively; if the nagative effect is bigger than the positive effect,it affects the international competitiveness negatively. Also in some studies measuring the international competitiveness openness was used. Openness degreee of a country is usually measured by the proportion of its GDP to its foreign trade volume(export+import) (Kazgan, 1988: 116). In the studies by Fagerberg (1988), Feinberg and Weymouth (2011) and Egbetokun (2011), it was found out that there was a positive effect between openness and international competitiveness. This result was obtained by the country’s becoming more competitive due to the reasons such as efficient resource distribution,production increase and technology transfer while the openness degree increased. Globalization Index in our study is based on the method used in the build of Human Development Index of United Nations Development Plan (UNDP). (Çoban ve Çoban, 2004: 167). In the study by Çoban and Çoban (2004), competitiveness of Turkey and European Countries between 1970 and 2010 periods was analyzed by GI(Globalization Index) developed by A.T.Kearney Consulting Company. Even when country experiences took into consideration, it was found in the study that competitiveness of Turkey increased remarkably and accession to the EU would affect this process positively. 2. DATA SET AND METHOD In this study a comperative competitiveness of Turkey with EU countries between 1980 and 2010 periods was to be expressed with the help of GI(export + import / GDP) , globalization index in goods and services. The data set in the analyses which was consisted of total export,total import, foreign direct investments,population, the number of incoming and outgoing tourists to the country, domestic loan volume, the number of internet users and GDP series in terms of countries was collected from the World Bank database. (www.worldbank.org). The issues such as economic integration, political links,technology and personal communication which are considered to be an a factor for the globalization can be expressed parametrically with the help of globalization index called shortly as KFP and used to measure the international competitiveness of the countries. With the use of globalization index the issues such as international affairs and policies, commercial and financial movements, human 132 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo mobility, thougts and international data flow can also be embodied.So competitiveness can be explained more significantly.(A.T. Kearney, 2001). Globalization Index is originally based on the method used in the build of UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) Human Development Index. At first step the variables to be used in the index are identified and then quantitative measurements of the variables involved are carried out. The obtained quantitative values after these two steps are normalized to clear the problems which can be seen in various variables identifeid with different modules.16. For example, before normalizing the two variables such as avarage life span(year) and GDP in human development index, the second one approaches nearly one hundred times of the first one.At last,the aggravated sum of normalized variables which gives a numerical result for each country is checked out. In the globalization index consisting of 11 variables17 the weights of variables used in index calculations are drown up in Table-1 (Lockwood, 2001: 5). Category Tablo-1: The Variables in Globalization Index Variable Name Variable Definition Weights Globalization in Commerce goods and Convergence services (Export +Import) / GDP 1 GDP according to Nominal GDP/PPP* 1 Financial Globalization Income (Loans + Depths) / GDP 1 Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) (Incoming FDI + Outgoing FDI)/ GDP 2 Portfolio Invetments (PI) (Incoming PI + Outgoing PI) / GDP 2 Globalization in Tourism Personal Communication s Telephone Internet Connections (Personal connections) (Incoming Tourists Number + Outgoing Tourist Number) / Total Population 1 International phone call to and for per individuals(Minute) 2 Transfer payments (Loans + Depths) / GDP 1 İnternet Users Internet Users/ Total Population 2/3 İnternet Sites Number of servers for each one million people 2/3 16 Normalization (standardization) is the operation of changing the scale of any varibales,in other words,transforming the measurement units of the involved variable to standartd Z (Z variable with zero avarage , one variant and normal range) units .(Koutsoyiannis, 1989: 548-549). 17 Vide infra for the involved variables: http://www.atkearney.com (03.09.2003). 133 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Security Servers Number of security servers for each 2/3 one million people *PPP: Perchasing Power Parity When Table-1 is observed, we can see that globalization index was calculated by considering four categories as globalization in goods and services,financial globalization, globalization in personal communication and internet connection.The degree of economic integration is calculated by combining the data about international trade, foreign direct investments and capital flows, wages for foreign workers and workers exchange rates in globalization index.Also the index embodies the international technological communication by regarding the number of internet users,internet sites and security servers. 3. ANALYSIS RESULTS Competativeness of Turkey with EU countries was comperatively analyzed via globalization index developed by A.T.Kearney Consulting Company in this study. Index values calculated by us and given in Appendix-1 were also displayed in Figure-1 and Figure-2 with a summary like approach reflecting the globalization trend in terms of competitiveness. There are periodical avarages of globalization values of the countries between 1980-2000 and 2001-2010 periods in Figure-1 indicating the development of globalization index in terms of periods. When Figure-1 is observed, we can see that Denmark is in the first in both periods in EU countries.Sweden is the second in both periods,too. Considering the periods of 1980 and 2000 Luxemburg,Holland and Belgium follow Denmark ve Sweden in turn.In the studies by Çoban ve Çoban’ın (2004); Austria holds its fourth place in both of the periods between 1970-1985 and 1986-2001. According to the periods of 1970 and 1985 Denmark,Sweden,Finland,Germany,England,Greece and Italy receded for a row in the period of 1986 and 2001. The ninth country of the period between 1970 and 1986 and the full member of EU in 1986 Portugal showed a significant development and it climbed up to the fifth place. The twelfth country of the period of 1970 and 1985 France climbed up to tenth place in the periods of 1986 and 2001. Figure- 1: Development of Globalization Index in Terms of Periods 134 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In the studies by Çoban and Çoban (2004) again, we can see that Denmark is again the first in the periods of 1970 and 2001. Ireland,Holland,Austria and Denmark followed this country in turn.In the periods involved the countries having important roles in EU such as Germany,England,France and Italy were quitely in back rows. Also when the avarages are taken into consideration, EU countries avarages are 3.55 in the periods of 1970 and 1985,4,23 in the periods of 1986 and 2001 and 3.89 in the periods of 1970 and 2001. Turkey,which is in the developing countries category and the arguments about EU membership has increased recently, was in the last place in all three periods.However,when the figure in Appendix-2 is observed,we can an increase trend in globalization index of Turkey since 1996 when Customs Union happened. This means that accession of Customs Union affected the competitiveness of Turkey positively. The changing of index values indicated on Figure-1 in terms of periods are as in Figure 2. Figure 2: Change of Index Values In Terms of Periods (%) According to Figure-2 the changing rate avarages of the periods of 1980 - 2000 and 2001 2010 is 0.99 in EU countries and this means that globalization index of EU countries increased in the rate of %99 in the periods involved. When the change in terms of periods in globalization index for Turkey is observed, it was found remarkable increases.The involved change rate was 1.72 between 1980-2000 and 2001-2010 periods.This means that globalization index of Turkey has increased in the rate of %172 form 1980 to 2010.These increase rates are above the avarages of both EU and EU countries and they indicate that competitiveness of Turkey has remarkable increased in time. 4. GENERAL EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Competativeness of Turkey with EU countries was comperatively analyzed via globalization index developed by A.T.Kearney Consulting Company in this study as the periods of 1980 and 2010 are considered. 135 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Periodical avarages of index values in the period of 1980-2000 and 2001-2010 are taken by the globalization index. As a result, it is observed that Denmark is the first country in both periods. Sweden is the second in both periods,too. Considering the periods of 1980 and 2000 Luxemburg,Holland and Belgium follow Denmark ve Sweden in turn. Turkey,which is in the developing countries category and the arguments about EU membership has increased recently, was in the last place in all three periods. However,when the figure in Appendix-2 is observed,we can an increase trend in globalization index of Turkey since 1996 when Customs Union happened. This means that accession of Customs Union affected the competitiveness of Turkey positively. When we observe the changing rate avarages of the periods of 1980 - 2000 and 2001 - 2010 is 0.99 in EU countries and this means that globalization index of EU countries increased in the rate of %99 in the periods involved. When the change in terms of periods in globalization index for Turkey is observed, it was found remarkable increases.The involved change rate was 1.72 between 1980-2000 and 2001-2010 periods.This means that globalization index of Turkey has increased in the rate of %172 form 1980 to 2010.These increase rates are above the avarages of both EU and EU countries and they indicate that competitiveness of Turkey has remarkable increased in time. Çoban and Çoban (2004)’s studies contains the periods of 1970 and 2000 and our study contains the periods of 1980 and 2010.When Çoban and Çoban (2004)’s study and ours are evaluated together, it can be said that competitiveness of Turkey has remarkably increased in the periods used in the analysis and the accession in EU would affect this process positively as the experiences of the countries considered. Accoriding to the results of both studies, we can say that Turkey which has a young and active population is in a good position in terms of international competitiveness and follow right policies in its foreign trade and it increases its competitiveness every year The only recommendation can be focusing on the production and export of the capital-intensive products and products with high foreign trade incomes in the increasing competitiveness. REFERENCES Altay, B. and Gürpınar, K. (2008) “Revealed Comperative Advantages and Some Competitiveness Indices: A Practice on Turkish Furniture Industry”, Afyon Kocatepe University, İ.İ.B.F. Magazine, X(5), ss. 257-274. Kesbiç, C.Y., Baldemir, E. and Doğan, S. (2005) “Measurement of Competitiveness and its Importance: An Analysis for Turkish Agricultural Sector”, 1-20, http://www.ekonometridernegi.org/bildiriler/o10s3.pdf, (09.04.2012). Kibritçioğlu A. (1996) “A Conceptual Approach to International Competitiveness”, MPM, Productivity Magazine , 96(3), ss. 109-122. 136 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Wziatek-Kubiak, A. (2003) “Critical Synthesis, Review of the Main Findings, Methodologies and Current Thought on Competitiveness of Accession Countries.Mapping of Competence”, Center for Socail and Economic Research, http://www.case.com.pl, (30.03.2012). Yapraklı, S. (2011) “Makroeconomic Factors Affecting International Competitiveness : A Practice on Turkish Production Industry”, Selçuk University İİBF. Social ve Economic Researces Magazine, Vol.16, Num..22., pages.-373-403. Kazgan, G (1988), Openness Growth in Economy, 2. Press, Altın Kitaplar, İstanbul. Çoban, O. and Çoban, S. (2004) “The Measurement of Competitiveness of Turkey by Globalization İndex: A Comparison with EU Countries, 1970-2001”, Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas University Social Sciences Magazine, 10,163-174. The Effect Of Financial Development On Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis Mehmet Mercan1, İsmet Göçer2, Osman Peker2, Şahin Bulut2 1Hakkari University, FEAS, Department of Economy, 2 Adnan Menderes University, FEAS, Department of Economy E –mials: mercan48@gmail.com,ismetgocer@gmail.com, ottopeker@gmail.com, sbulut@adu.edu.tr Abstract In this study, the effect of financial development on economic growth was searched for the most rapidly developing countries(emerging markets)(Brazil,Russia,India,China and Turkey,BRIC-T) via panel data analysis by using the annual data of the period from 1989 to 2010. Foreign direct investments and trade openness which were thought to have effects on the growth were included in the analysis.According to empirical evidence derived from the study made with panel data analysis it was found that the effect of financial development on economic growth was positive and statistically significant in line with theoretical expectations.The evidence thateven foreign direct investments and openness contributed to the growth positively was also found. Keywords:Financial Development, Economic Growth, BRIC-T, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness. Jel Codes: E49, F19, G29 1.INTRODUCTION An increase in financial instruments and becoming of these instruments more commonly available in a country is defined as a financial development.In other words, financial growth 137 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1320 Title A name given to the resource Measurement Of The Competitiveness Of Turkey : Eu Countries, 1980-2010 Period Comparison Author Author Sevgi , Sezer Abstract A summary of the resource. Today, in the new world order caused by economic glabalization, technologic and political changes in world economy result in changes in the competitiveness of the countries. Everyday, countries intensify their effort to gain, develop and protect their power to compete with other countries. Today, even the most developed countries are trying to strengthen their competitiveness in order to enlarge their share in the world economy. Turkey desires to increase its competitiveness in all sectors in order to rise the welfare level of its people and to speed up its economic growth. Turkey endeavors to increase its competitiveness against EU, who is one of the most important economic partners of Turkey, in all sectors. In this study, the period of 1970-2011 to measure the competitiveness of Turkey towards the EU countries and aims to achieve predictions for the future, and the watermark. Keywords : Competitiveness, Turkey, EU, International Trade, JEL Classification: F12, F14, F15 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5414e54edfb48b9e3421bbca378286c5.pdf 797f89d3115fb36bcec959d6023e00ab PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Investigating Patient-Doctor Communication And Perceived Health Service Quality Sezgin Irmak1, Mehmet Özer Demir2 1Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya/Antalya, Turkey 2Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Engineering, Alanya/Antalya, Turkey E-mails: sezgin@akdeniz.edu.tr, mozerdemir@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Despite medical technologies developed for diagnosis and treatment, medical care still depends on effective communication between the patient and the doctor that the doctor and the patient exchange information amongst. Effective patient–doctor communication is recognized as essential by health care providers and the patients for high quality medical care. Patient-doctor communication has been shown to be linked to improved patient outcomes. This paper researches the differences between the perceptions of patients and doctors about their communication and health care services. The research may determine the communication needs both from patients and the doctors. Examining differences between the perceptions of patients and doctors about their communication could lead to improve quality of health care services. As the focus of today’s health system is the patient, patient-doctor communication should be researched for improved health care outcomes. Communication in the delivery of health care services occurs between health care service providers and the patients, but this study is limited to patient-doctor communication. Keywords: health care sector, communication, health service quality, patient, doctor 1.INTRODUCTION Patient-doctor communication is an important subject for researchers because it is expected that effective patient-doctor communication leads to desired patient outcomes and fewer complaints from patients (Weiner et al., 2005). It is obvious that effective communication is essential in health care services as communication provides the primary means for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, the treatment of the illness, and the prevention of many health problems (Wasserman and Inui, 1983). The whole health care system revolves around the communication between the patient and the doctor, without it, any health system will not work. Communication is the start kick of all the health services. Moreover, patientdoctor communication ties both parties by building a relationship. Patient’s problems can be identified more easily with clear and precise interaction between the doctor and the patient. Patient-doctor communication is a two-way communication problem; doctor’s working under time pressure and insufficient communication skills on the one hand, patients with low 77 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo awareness and education levels and status gap between the doctor and the patient on the other hand may cause miscommunication practices. It may be the goal of any doctor to serve the highest number of patient, however patients may demand favorable interpersonal relationship with the doctor. That is another aspect of patient-doctor communication which makes it an important element in health care. For the doctor, effective communication is necessary for diagnoses and treatment; for the patient, effective communication provides understanding of his/her health status which may reduce uncertainty, anxiety, and resulting in improvement in health status (Weiner et al., 2005). It is a common patient complaint that they do not understand the doctors. Doctors work under time pressure meanwhile they have to meet expectations of patients such as explaining the diagnosis and educating the patient about therapeutic procedures. The importance of patientdoctor communication is recognized by the doctors themselves; as it is shown to be linked to improved patient outcomes, ranging from blood pressure control, medication adherence and patients’ mental health scores, to diabetes management and lower rates of malpractice suits (Davis, 2010). Good communication may be the best medicine, however patients still report dissatisfaction with the patient-doctor communication quality. 2.PATIENT-DOCTOR COMMUNICATION In many studies, doctors and patients are studied as if living in separate worlds (Kenny et al., 2010). Previous studies researching patient-doctor communication mostly approached the communication process from the doctors’ point of view, and have sought to discover patients’ views of doctor communication behaviors. Often, such examination has focused on four major doctor behaviors (Leckie et al., 2006). Technical behavior (for example, information giving), Affective behaviors which may be related to personal attributes of particular doctors (for example, non-verbal behavior and friendly verbal utterances), High controlling doctor behavior (for example, biomedical talk only), Low controlling doctor behavior (for example, where patients are encouraged to ask questions). Most of the studies only consider service givers’ (doctors, nurses, staff etc.) point of view (Franz, 2000). However, many patients prefer encounters that their participation is involved (Leckie et al., 2006). Researchers stated that doctor–patient relationships can be problematic, with negative consequences for patients including higher levels of anxiety, distrust of medical providers, dissatisfaction with healthcare and lower quality of life, meanwhile, effective doctor–patient interaction has been shown to be related to patient satisfaction with medical care, favorable attitudes towards doctors, recall and understanding of information, compliance with recommendations, adherence to treatment, improved emotional state, and overall health status (Allen et al. 2001). 78 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sanchez (2001) researched communication between doctors and patients and stated that communication education should be given to the doctors to improve their communication skills. Communication skills are an essential component of medical competence. Moreover, good doctor–patient communication can lead to lower utilization of health care resources (Veldhuijzen et al., 2007). Clever et al. (2008) studied the relationship between doctors’ communication behaviors and patients’ overall satisfaction with hospital care and found a significant positive relationship between overall satisfaction and overall communication quality. Other authors studied health literacy in doctor-patient communication (Koch-Weser et al., 2010), communication processes in the primary care (Weiner et al., 2005) and culture’s role on patient-doctor communication (Kim et al., 2000). Effective doctor patient communication is shown to be highly correlated with patient satisfaction. The key elements of patient satisfaction include doctors to be friendly, concerned, and to spend time for questions and explanations. Patients tend to be more satisfied with their medical care when they communicate with doctors (Bertakis et al., 1991). 3.METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH 3.1. Research Instrument Research data collection tool is developed using previous studies on patient-doctor communication (Leckie et al., 2006; Street et al. 2007; Campbell, 2007; Kenny et al. 2010; Davis, 2010), however because of cultural differences items are adopted. The items are asked both to the patients and to the doctors in such a way that they reflect both parties viewpoint on the same subject. The final questionnaire consists of 21 Likert Type items and 12 questions for demographics. The research took place in Antalya, in October 2011. A total of 89 questionnaires are collected; 48 doctors and 41 patients are involved in the study. Analysis and the Results This study aims to determine the differences between the perceptions of the patients and the doctors about their communication and the quality of health care services. Thus, independent samples t-test is considered to be the most appropriate statistical analysis method. Items measuring the perceptions about patient-doctor communication are taken as test variables and the doctor-patient status is taken as the grouping variable. Results of the independent samples t-test are given in Table 1. Statically significant results are marked with one or two stars according to their significance levels. Patients are found to perceive more communication problems, complaining that doctors regard patients as customers and feel need to consult another doctor. However, doctors claim on the contrary. Meanwhile, doctors claim that they spend enough time for the patients, support required health care information, and claim themselves as sensitive to patients’ culture, religious beliefs and traditional beliefs, patients viewpoint are quite the opposite. 79 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The common points both the doctors and the patients agree are the existence of communication problem between the doctors and the patients, feeling uncomfortable using a third person in doctor-patient communication, existence/absence of informative brochures, health care systems disability to cover patients’ culture, religious beliefs and traditional beliefs, trust towards overall health care system, trust towards doctors, and doctors do not make discrimination among the patients. Table 1: Independent Samples t-test Results Questionnaire Items Mean S.d. D1. I am having communication problem with the patient 2.11 1.165 P1. I am having communication problem with the doctor 2.73 1.517 D2. It is disturbing to communicate with the patient via third person 3.13 1.196 P2. It is disturbing to communicate with the doctor via third person 3.03 1.530 D3. I allocate enough time for diagnosis even if the patient communicates via third person 3.65 1.062 P3. Doctor allocates enough time for diagnosis even if I communicate via third person 3.07 1.439 D4. I allocate enough time to explain the diagnosis and tests even if the patient has problems in understanding 3.77 .994 P4. Doctor allocates enough time to explain the diagnosis and tests even if I have problems in understanding 2.78 1.250 D5. I am having problems in explaining about the patient’s health status 2.69 1.345 P5. Doctor is having problems in explaining about my health status 2.36 1.367 D6. I allocate enough time to explain treatment, medicines, and potential risks 3.58 1.182 P6. Doctor allocates enough time to explain about my treatment, medicines, and potential risks 2.70 1.344 D7. The patient has an easy access to written and visual materials about their health in the hospital 3.40 1.245 P7. I have an easy access to written and visual materials about their health in the hospital 2.80 1.244 D8. The patient can easily understand various brochures on health 3.11 1.233 80 t P -2.183 .032* .340 .735 2.156 .034* 4.055 .000** 1.113 .269 3.280 .001** 2.256 .027* .484 .630 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo P8. I can easily understand various brochures on health 2.98 1.332 D9. Health system is designed in convenience to the patient’s beliefs, culture, religion, and traditions 2.98 1.207 P9. Health system is designed in convenience to my beliefs, culture, religion, and traditions 2.49 1.075 D10. Health system does not consider the patient’s beliefs 2.52 1.260 P10. Health system does not consider my beliefs 2.82 1.485 D11. I show respect that different patients may have different cultures when providing health care services 2.83 1.310 P11. Doctors show respect that different patients may have different cultures when providing health care services 2.54 .996 D12. I meet my patients’ expectations related to their culture and traditions 3.54 1.129 P12. Doctors meet my expectations related to my culture and traditions 2.21 .864 D13. I take my patients’ religious beliefs into consideration 3.56 1.165 P13. Doctors meet my religious beliefs into consideration 2.65 1.231 D14. I am worried that my patients may not consider the scientific diagnosis and treatment 2.79 1.148 P14. I don’t consider the doctors’ diagnosis and treatment advices at all 2.53 1.350 D15. I regard the patients as customers 2.06 1.295 P15. Doctors regard the patients as customers 3.61 1.001 D16. I don’t make any discrimination among my patients 3.45 1.501 P16. Doctors don’t make any discrimination among the patients 3.30 1.392 D17. Overall health care services in my town are satisfactory 3.35 1.101 P17. Overall health care services in my town are satisfactory 3.23 1.349 D18. In general, doctors in this town are qualified 3.21 .944 P18. In general, doctors in my town are qualified 81 3.27 1.323 2.002 .048* -1.004 .318 3.588 .001** 6.084 .000** 3.565 .001** .985 .328 -5.960 .000** .468 .641 .495 .622 -.249 .804 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo D19. There is no need for the patients who consulted a doctor in this town, to consult another doctor elsewhere 3.04 P19. There is no need for me to consult another doctor elsewhere after I consulted a doctor in my town 3.63 1.157 D20. Overall health care services in Turkey is satisfactory 3.58 1.028 P20. Overall health care services in Turkey is satisfactory 3.61 1.202 D21. Doctors in Turkey are qualified in general 3.80 1.079 P21. Doctors in Turkey are qualified in general 3.59 1.360 1.202 -2.358 .021* -.112 .911 .814 .418 * Statistically significant at P < 0.05, ** statistically significant at P < 0.01 4.CONCLUSION Communication between the doctor and the patient which they exchange information is the start of the health care services. Effective patient–doctor communication is recognized as essential by healthcare providers and patients for high quality medical care. Patient-doctor communication has been shown to be linked to improved patient outcomes (Davis, 2010). Exploratory in nature, this paper researches patient-doctor communication and aims to determine the differences between the perceptions of patients and doctors about their communication and the quality of health care services, hoping that reduced communication gap may lead to improve the overall quality of health care services. This research exhibits that there are differences between the perceptions of patients and doctors about their communication and the quality of health care services. The problematic areas are highlighted in the study. Patients perceive more communication problem, complaining that doctors regard patients as customers and feel that they need to consult another doctor. Meanwhile, doctors claim that they spend enough time for the patients, support required health care information, and claim themselves as sensitive to patients’ culture, religious beliefs and traditional beliefs. In practice, the results of this research exhibit the need for improved communication skills for doctors. Thus, communication skills should be considered as an important element in medicine education. Although communication may be the medicine itself, doctor-patient communication in education of medicine seems to be insufficient. Communication lectures should be included in health education programs in order to improve the communication skills of the health care service providers. Also, communication skills can be used as an essential component in competition when providing health care services. As the communication skills cannot be easily copied, doctors with communication skills can provide sustainable competitive advantage in health care organizations. 82 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The study has several limitations. First, as the study took place in Antalya, the sample should be broadened in the future studies in order to support generalization. Second, patient-doctor communication requires mutual relationships between the patient and the doctor; however there are other parties involved in health care services. Third, patient-doctor communication and perceived overall health care quality may be effected by other variables not examined in this study including the patient’s psychological and health status, doctors’ specialty, and health care facility itself. REFERENCES Allen, S. M., Petrisek A. C., & Laliberte, L. L. (2001). Problems in doctor–patient communication: the case of younger women with breast cancer. Critical Public Health 11(1). Bertakis, Roter, D. L. & Putnam, S. (1991). Interview style and patient satisfaction. The Journal of Family Practice, Vol 32(2), 175-181. Campbell, C., Lockyer, J., Laidlaw, T. & MacLeod, H. (2007). Assessment of a matched-pair instrument to examine doctor)patient communication skills in practising doctors. Medical Education 41: 123–129. Clever, S.L., Jin, L., Levinson, W. & Meltzer, D.O. (2008). Does Doctor–Patient Communication Affect Patient Satisfaction with Hospital Care? Results of an Analysis with a Novel Instrumental Variable. HSR: Health Services Research 43:5. Davis, D.L. (2009). Simple but not always easy: Improving doctor–patient communication. Journal of Communication in Healthcare Vol. 3, No: 3-4, 240-245. Davis, D.L. (2010). Simple but not always easy: Improving doctor–patient communication. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, Vol. 3, No: 3-4. Franz, P., (2000). Language Barriers in Vienna Hospitals. Ethnicity & Health Vol. 5, Issue 2, 113-119. Kenny, D.A., Veldhuijzen, W., van der Weijden, T., LeBlanc, A., Lockyer, J., Le´gare´, F. & Campbell, C. (2010). Interpersonal perception in the context of doctor–patient relationships: A dyadic analysis of doctor–patient communication. Social Science & Medicine 70, 763–768. Kenny, D.A., Veldhuijzen, W., van der Weijden, T., LeBlanc, A., Lockyer J., Le´gare, F. & Campbel, C., (2010). Interpersonal perception in the context of doctor–patient relationships: A dyadic analysis of doctor–patient communication. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 763– 768. Kim, M., Klingle R.S., Sharkey W.F., Park, H.S., Smith, D.H. & Cai, D. (2000). A test of a cultural model of patients’ motivation for verbal communication in patient-doctor interactions. Communication Monographs Vol. 67, No: 3, 262-283. Koch-Weser, S,. Rima E., Rudd, R.E. & Dejong, W. (2010). Quantifying Word Use to Study Health Literacy in Doctor–Patient Communication, Journal of Health Communication, 15:590–602. 83 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Leckie , J. Bull, R. & Vrij, A. (2006). The development of a scale to discover outpatients’ perceptions of the relative desirability of different elements of doctors’communication behaviours. Patient Education and Counseling 64, 69–77. Leckie, J., Bull, R. & Vrij A., (2006). The development of a scale to discover outpatients’ perceptions of the relative desirability of different elements of doctors’ communication behaviors. Patient Education and Counseling, 64, 69–77. Sanchez, M.M. (2001). Effects of assertive communication between doctors and patients in public health outpatient surgeries in the city of Seville (Spain). Social Behavior and Personality 29 (1), 63-70. Street, R.L. Jr., Gordon, H. & Haidet, P. (2007). Physicians’ communication and perceptions of patients: Is it how they look, how they talk, or is it just the doctor? Social Science & Medicine 65, 586–598. Veldhuijzen, W., Ram, P.M., van der Weijden, T., Wassink, M.R. & Van der Vleuten, C.P.M. (2007). Much variety and little evidence: a description of guidelines for doctor-patient communication. Medical Education 41, 138–145. Weiner, S.J., Barnet, B., Cheng, T.L. & Daaleman, T.P. (2005). Processes for Effective Communication in Primary Care. Annals of Internal Medicine Vol. 142, No: 8. Within The Concept Of Sustainable Tourism, Certification And Eco-Labelling Systems In Accommodation Management: The Case Of Alanya/Manavgat Özyurt Paşa Mustafa1, Üngüren Engin1, Kalipçi Mehmet Bahadır2, Guclü, Caner1 1Faculty of Business, Alanya, Turkey 2Manavgat Vocational School Abstract Tourism sector which has started to increase in size since the second half the 19th century has become an important industry in the world due to its economic and social effects.Tourism’s economic profits have caused to not only management support but also local and national support in promoting tourism’s development and investments. However, this fast and planless growth has caused to bad results. The attention has been drawn to the fact that natural sources are being using up fast and that has brought new tourism terms and alternative tourism types which are compatible with nature. Under the roof of sustainable tourism, tourism which is sensitive to environment and local cultures has predicted that all tourism types can be sustainable if the specific rules are followed. Sustainable tourism’s essential 84 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1100 Title A name given to the resource Investigating Patient-Doctor Communication And Perceived Health Service Quality Author Author Sezgin, Irmak Abstract A summary of the resource. Despite medical technologies developed for diagnosis and treatment, medical care still depends on effective communication between the patient and the doctor that the doctor and the patient exchange information amongst. Effective patient–doctor communication is recognized as essential by health care providers and the patients for high quality medical care. Patient-doctor communication has been shown to be linked to improved patient outcomes. This paper researches the differences between the perceptions of patients and doctors about their communication and health care services. The research may determine the communication needs both from patients and the doctors. Examining differences between the perceptions of patients and doctors about their communication could lead to improve quality of health care services. As the focus of today’s health system is the patient, patient-doctor communication should be researched for improved health care outcomes. Communication in the delivery of health care services occurs between health care service providers and the patients, but this study is limited to patient-doctor communication. Keywords: health care sector, communication, health service quality, patient, doctor Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/83705c838deeadb9132877dbc0b90171.pdf f050ad05c52467feada986f4142ff618 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Role Of Innovation In The Development Of South Korea Sibel Yegül, Ayse Durgun, Dilek Memisoglu Abstract In recent years, innovation and innovative science have completely become a manufacturing factor. Countries which comprehended the importance of innovation activities earlier than others and which developed their policies accordingly are now among developed countries. And, South Korea has become one of the most important ones of these countries. The subject of this study covers the South Korean economy, the role of innovation in the development of South Korea and development processes of innovation in South Korea. Keywords: Innovation, South Korea, Development, Development Processes 1.INTRODUCTION Economic growth can be achieved in long term mainly through information and innovation of new technologies. Today, countries with high technology levels are on their way to gain total control of all economic areas, starting with the industry. In brief, technology has become the single and the most important determinant of competitive advantage among countries. Therefore, countries with a technological superiority play a determining role on an international level not only in the increase of social welfare and life standards but also in the distribution of World's limited resources. Innovation has a huge place in the economy and development of South Korea which took its place among G20 countries. South Korea has understood the importance of innovation at a very early stage and built its development exclusively on innovation and change processes. 1.1. SOUTH KOREA ECONOMY After World War II, Paris Peace Treaties were signed as a result of Paris Peace Conference in 1945. Upon the recommendation of Truman, powerless countries were given the chance to determine their own future. With this decision, South Korea gained its independence like tens of others. Between the years 1945 and 1953, Korea had a very weak economy and an unsatisfactory industrial structure. In the course of these years, the most apparent feature of the Korean economy is the exportation of primary products and importation of manufacturing products. In this period, almost the whole exportation activity of Korea consisted of agricultural products and raw materials. (Sung, 1992:77). Between 1953 and 1962, various economic policies were implemented in order to restructure the Korean economy, initiate rapid development and eliminate economic stagnation. Despite political instability and increasing inflation which appeared at that time, targeted economic policies were 453 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo applied. Syngman Rhee left his mark on the period between 1945 and 1961 by carrying out ultranationalist policies throughout his mandate. (Koo and Kim, 1992:123) South Korea led its economic development in accordance with five year-development plans. The first of such plans came into effect in 1962. Initially, the State made common cause with private sector and gave particular importance to big private sector companies. In the beginning, development of big companies was facilitated in order to improve foreign trade and then, the attention was redirected to the development of small and medium enterprises within the framework of implemented policies. (Karabiber, 1997:2) When Korea decided to prioritize exportation-oriented industrialization in 1960, companies which were supposed to do it adapted their organization to these new strategies under the conditions of that period. In addition to this, adequately trained, highly motivated and wellprepared workforce took its place in this rapid development, too. In 1960, the State tried to build its economic policies and choices on five principals. These principals included development of highly qualified workforce, stable and regular marcoeconomic policies, creation of efficient and secure financial markets, minimization of price fluctuations, development of agricultural sector and importation of foreign technologies. Intervening measures determined by the State for the success of economic policies include export promotion, control of financial markets, causerelated direct credits, discriminative and different supporting stimulus measures. Furthermore, the success of basic economic policies had depended on such different factors as protection of technicians and bureaucrats from political abuse by selection and employment of well-trained professionals, restructuring of the State organization, continuous follow-up of objectives predefined within the State's basic economic policies and industrialization strategy as well as timely and appropriate realization of corrections (TÜSİAD (Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association), Görüş Dergisi (Görüş Magazine), 1996: 32-36). Years Billion Korean Wons Billion $ Per Capita Growth Rate Income in $ 454 1993 265,517 330 7,484 5.8 1994 303,772 378 8,467 8.6 1995 348,979 452 10,037 9.0 1996 386,640 480 10,548 6.9 1997 450,853 437 9,511 4.9 1998 443,127 316 6,823 -5.8 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1999 483,800 406 8,581 10.7 Table 1: General Economic Conditions (1993-1999) Source: Turkish Embassy of Seoul, Trade Consultancy Office,http://www.musavirlikler.gov.tr Access Date, January 25, 2012) Table 1 displays general economic conditions of South Korea between the years 1993-1999. While the growth rate in 1993 is 5.8%, it progressively increased and reached 9.0% in 1995. Even though a certain decrease can be observed in 1995, this rate climbed to 10.7% in 1999. 2. THE ROLE OF INNOVATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH KOREA South Korea can be seen as the most striking example in the subject of "keeping up with the state-of-the-art technology". Korea is one of the eight Asian countries which were indicated by the World Bank (1993) to experience a "miraculous" growth between 1965 and 1990 and particularly, the electronics industry had seen a major advancement within these 25 years. R&D activities have been highly privileged in South Korea. 'They have built research centres, technology parks and zones where industry and technology come together since 1960' (Kozlu, 1995:29) 2.1. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF INNOVATION IN SOUTH KOREA Innovation activities which have played an important role in the development of South Korea are analysed under 2 main categories as follows; R&D Activities Miraculous economic growth of South Korea and its superior ability in scientific and technological fields require even more developed and dynamic research and development activities because the rate of development and growth is very high since 1980. In 1980s, the government shifted its focus from industrial policies to technological policies. This shift resulted in a significant increase of R&D expenditure, particularly in the private sector. The share of private sector in total R&D expenditure increased from 32% in 1971 to 80% in 1987 (Hassink, 2001:8). South Korea's investments in the field of technology increased twenty times from $480 Million in 1980 to $10 Billion in 2000 while at the same time, the rate of technological investment per domestic product increased from 0.84% to 2.68%. Even in the middle of foreign currency crises occurred in 1997-98 and successive economic crises, South Korea had achieved to increase its R&D investments to USD3.85 billion in 2002, in other words, from 3.6% to 4.7% of total government budget. The number of scientific and technological experts increased from 18,500 in 1980 to 160,000 in 2000 (South Korea Guide: 16) 455 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Years Research and High-technology Researchers in Technicians in development Expenditure exports (current billion R&D (per million R&D (per (% of GDP) US$) people) million people) 1996 2.42 27,416.00 2,209.32 635.47 1997 2.48 31,182.00 2,262.26 581.43 1998 2.34 30,645.00 2,022.51 534.23 1999 2.25 41,080.00 2,173.24 567.33 2000 2.30 53,950.00 2,334.09 456.65 2001 2.47 40,042.00 2,919.01 456.34 2002 2.40 46,600.00 3,022.83 499.02 2003 2.49 57,160.00 3,206.99 570.90 2004 2.68 75,742.00 3,298.11 585.35 2005 2.79 83,526.00 3,780.23 552.31 2006 3.01 92,944.00 4,186.86 586.94 2007 3.21 110,633.00 4,627.16 719.93 Table 2: R&D Indicators between 1996-2007 Source: The World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org/ , Access Date: January 25, 2012) As can be seen from Table 2, R&D expenditure/GDP rate of South Korea in 1996 was 2.42% while this rate reaches 3.21% in 2007. High technology exportation amounts to 27 billion Dollars in 1996 while this amount is 110 billion Dollars in 2007. Private companies called "Chaebol" contributed to the South Korean economy at a large scale since they dominate the economy. Especially, 5 big Chaebols possessed the majority of Korean patents in 1990. Along with the positive influence of R&D on yield, big enterprises planned out a special management and tended to make expansions in this matter. In 2000, 4 big Chaebols, Samsung, LG, Hyundai and SK, spent 4,731 billion Korean Wons for R&D activities and this trend continued in 2001, as well. While private companies made a R&D expansion of 20% in 2000, this rate is only 9% in laboratories, institutes and universities controlled by the government (Luthria and Maskus: 144) In 1997, South Korean private sector made the 77% of R&D expenditure of the country and this trend has persisted afterwards. High-end technology was the main subject of increasingly popular 456 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo R&D investments and a great deal of effort was put into attracting South Korean engineers working in American companies. Engineers who agreed to return have played a key role in the learning process and have had positive influences on the yield of research activities of Korean companies. On the other hand, Korean government contributed to these activities, too, by following an adequate policy (Luthria and Maskus: 145-146). 2.2.Scientific and Technological Activities: South Korea is one of the OECD countries which allocate the largest share to R&D from GNP. But the role of government in the resources allocated to R&D is rather low. Accordingly, finance and performance are mostly under the control of private sector. It has been observed that universities put a lot of effort into R&D activities. The number of R&D employees within universities is at the same level as the European average. Korea takes the fifth position regarding total patent numbers with a global percentage of 5%. This great number of patents is mostly the contribution of Chaebols, notably Samsung. Patent percentages; Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. (40%) Daewoo Electronics (9.7%) LG Semiconductor Co. Ltd (7.2%) LG Electronics Inc. (6.6%) Hyundai Electronics Ind. Co. Ltd. (6.5%) Patent numbers have the foregoing distribution within the country. (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Report, 1998: 75). The government founded in April 1999 the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) in order to reinforce the coordination of national scientific and technological policies. The reasons of foundation of the NSTC include the recent decrease in the number of young people who choose to build a career on a science or technology-related subject in comparison with previous years as well as the increase of concern for yield due to high amount of investments in science and technology. Having the main objective to coordinate essential policies targeting scientific and technological advancement, to broaden investments in science and technology and to define the priorities of national R&D programmes, the NSTC targets at the same time to increase the yield of expansion-oriented R&D activities related to information technology, bioengineering, nanotechnology, environmental technology, cultural technology and space science. The NSTC is composed of 19 cabinet members working in the field of science and technology. The president chairs the council. The government planned to establish a National Research Scholarship System in order to increase the motivation of scientists and engineers. Thus, researchers who dedicate themselves to their work will be rewarded with prizes of the president and will have access to the benefits of a pension fund thanks to research funds. In addition, the government actively tries to internationalize the R&D activities of South Korea in terms of the competition among global R&D networks and currents. As a result of this, Korea incrementally opened its R&D projects to foreign institutes in order to form a quality research environment for leading foreign investors and local scientists. 457 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The government increased basic research investments budget from 19% in 2002 to 25% in 2006 and encouraged 400,000 experts in six nationally strategic fields in 2005 in order to support basic research activities and highly capable, creative researchers and scientists. These nationally strategic fields are information technology, bioengineering, nanotechnology and space science as well as environmental and cultural technologies. This has also permitted to take numerous steps towards the augmentation of women talents in technological development. Some measures taken with regard to this subject include women employment, a quota system and positive discrimination towards women concerning employment in scientific and technological fields. (Foreign Information Service of Korea, South Korea Guide: 16). 3.CONCLUSION Innovation stands for the implementation of new methods and practices within cultural, social and administrative environments. Innovation can be achieved in all fields. South Korea succeeded in accomplishing a striking development of innovation and attracting high levels of attention thanks to its economic development. In 1980s, South Korea saw a rapid technological development in addition to a significant growth and advancement. Growth and advancement were attained as a result of innovative undertakings as well as the importance given to education, skills development, human resources and workforce. The secret to this success consists mostly of their R&D activities, the importance given to the technology, prioritization of innovation and acceleration of education and advancement. They have taken important steps in the path of competing with developed countries and experienced various change processes. The prominent factor of these change processes is the development of innovation and making a government policy out of it. South Korea's investments in the field of technology and innovation increased twenty times from $480 Million in 1980 to $10 Billion in 2000 while at the same time, the rate of technological investment per domestic product increased from 0.84% to 2.68%. In 1997, private sector raised its R&D expenditure and initiated investments in high-end technology. When engineers working in American companies agreed to return, they played a key role and contributed to the yield of Korean companies. Korean government contributed to this development by implementing adequate policies, too. In conclusion, South Korea has built its development strategy upon innovation. And to that end, it followed other countries like the United States who achieved their development in a similar way. They have accomplished the learning and development processes thanks to innovation. Big private business enterprises called Chaebols have gained more and more importance in the economy, and the State and the private sector have acted in concert with regard to the development strategy. South Korea is now among those countries which have developed though innovation. REFERENCES Amabile T.; Conti R., Coon H. (1996), et al, "Assessing the Workplace for Creativity", Academy of Management. 458 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cabral R., (1998)"Refining the Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm", Int. J. Technology Management, Vol.16. Donald W. M. & Bruckner C. (2003), The Ultimate Competitive Advantage: Secrets of Continually Developing a More Profitable Business Model, Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Foreign Information Service of Korea, "South Korea Guide". Görüş Dergisi (Görüş Magazine), (September-October 1996)TÜSİAD (Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association). Hassink R., “Towards Regionally embedded Innovation Support Systems in South Korea?”, Urban Studies, 00420980, Vol.38, Issue.8, Jul.2001. Karabiber M. (1997), “Kore Kalkınmasının Temelleri ve Türk-Kore İlişkileri” (Foundations of the Korean Development and Turkish-Korean Relations), Undersecretariat of Treasury of the Turkish Prime Ministry, Directorate General of Economic Researches, Koo H. and Kim E. M. (1992), “The Developmental State and Capital accumulation in South Korea”, States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim, London: Sage Publications. Kozlu, C. (1995), Türkiye Mucizesi İçin Vizyon Arayışları ve Asya Modelleri (Seeking Vision for Turkish Miracle and Asian Models), İş Bankası Yayınları (Eds.) Luthria M., Maskus K., “Protecting Industrial Inventions, Authors’ Rights, and Traditional Knowledge: Relevance, Lessons, and Unresolved Issues”, the World Bank and University of Colorado at Bouldert. Osterwalder A.( 2012), http://www.businessmodelalchemist.com/, Sung M. P., “Korea Leading Developing Nations: Economy, Democracy, and Welfare", University Press of America, 1992. The World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org/ , (Access Date: January 25, 2012) Turkish Embassy of Seoul, Trade Consultancy Office, "General Economic Conditions of the Republic of Korea and its Economic and Commercial Relations with Turkey", June 2010, Seoul. Turkish Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade, http://www.musavirlikler.gov.tr, (Access Date: January 25, 2012). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Report, 1998. 459 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1353 Title A name given to the resource The Role Of Innovation In The Development Of South Korea Author Author Sibel , Yegül Abstract A summary of the resource. In recent years, innovation and innovative science have completely become a manufacturing factor. Countries which comprehended the importance of innovation activities earlier than others and which developed their policies accordingly are now among developed countries. And, South Korea has become one of the most important ones of these countries. The subject of this study covers the South Korean economy, the role of innovation in the development of South Korea and development processes of innovation in South Korea. Keywords: Innovation, South Korea, Development, Development Processes Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance