220 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/993fa499e5e0613156b7182d3120b786.pdf 673a028204898e5d2c82c08ed413c07f PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo KHAN, M.S. and KNIGHT, M.D. (1983), “Determinants of Current Account Balances of Non-Oil Developing Countries in the 1970s An Empirical Analysis”. International Monetary Fund, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 819-842. KUMAR, V., LEONA, R.P. and GASKING, J.N. (1995), “Aggregate and Disaggregate Sector Forecasting Using Consumer Confidence Measures”, International Journal of Forecasting. MILESI-FERRETTI, G. M. and RAZIN, A. (1996), “Sustainability of Persistent Current Account Deficits”, NBER, WP, 5467. PEKER, O. (2009), “Türkiye’de Cari Açık Sürdürülebilir mi? Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 17, 1, 164-174 PEKER, O. and HOTUNLUOĞLU, H (22009), “Türkiye´de Cari Açığın Nedenlerinin Ekonometrik Analizi”. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 3, 221-237 PHILLIPS, P.C.B. and PERRON, P. (1988) "Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression", Biometrika, 75,335–346. OKTAR, S. and DALYANCI, L. (2011), “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Para Politikasının Cari İşlemler Dengesi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi”. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi cilt.3, sayı.1 ss.1-22 ÖZMEN, E. (2005), “Macroeconomic and institutional determinants of current account deficits”, Applied Economics Letters, 12, 557-560. TELATAR, E. (2011), “Türkiye’de Cari Açık Belirleyicileri ve Cari Açık-Krediler İlişkisi”, Bankacılar Dergisi, Sayı 78. UYGUR, E. (2004), “Cari Açık Tartışmaları”, İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 19(222): 5-20. YAMAK, R. and KORKMAZ, A. (2007), “Türk Cari İşlemler Açığı Sürdürülebilir mi? Ekonometrik Bir Yaklaşım”, Bankacılar Dergisi, 60. Earning Isparta Carpet Business To The Local Economy Again And Ensuring Its Sustainibility By Revising It Nesrin Şalvarci Türeli, Erhan Türeli Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: nesrintureli@sdu.edu.tr, erhantureli@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Hand-woven carpet, one of the symbols of Isparta has lost its popularity in the sense of business, employment, socio-cultural and economic aspects. In 1960s the carpet industry which provided a great amount of income especially in local areas, and then in the overall city 122 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo was pushed out of the market by failing to compete due to prevailing of machine-woven carpets and their being much more cheaper. Isparta hand-woven carpet is known as winter-time carpets in respect of its technical properties. Among the patterns of the Isparta hand-woven carpet whose weaving woof and warp thread are made of cotton and loops are made of wool, plant motifs stand out. Moreover, weaving thickness (weaving quality) is low because wool knits are thick; that is, the number of loops in each decimeter is limited. Motifs include rougher details, so figures cannot be understood. It is necessary to renew the Isparta hand-made carpets that are needed to be revised in the sense of materials (using tinsel strings made of wool, golden and silver) and figures in order to have the business regained the Isparta hand-woven carpet industry. In this study, the revitalization of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry and its sustainability have been handled. SWOT analysis was done regarding this purpose. As a result of SWOT analysis, the strong and poor sides, and the opportunities and threatening factors of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry have been found out. Keywords: Hand-woven carpets, Sustainable development, SWOT analysis. 1.INTRODUCTION Isparta has been an important carpet production centre from the past till present. In Isparta, usually family facilities or people that weave carpets as a source of income usually conduct hand-woven carpet manufacture. Today, it is rather hard to gain healthy data about the employment rate and production amount of hand-woven carpet sector in Isparta. To what extent the current data reflects the truth is also unknown. Isparta hand-woven carpet business is facing serious problems and a risk of disappearing in recent years. Production has decreased and nearly come to a halt. The fact that the enterprises have maintained a production concept, which is closed to the demand in the world, has been influential in coming to this point. Especially not keeping pace with the fashion trends concerning carpet designs and quality, not indulging in innovation or advertisement activities or not sparing enough afford for them, lack of coordination and cooperation among the business enterprises that make up the sector have lead the sector to its current troublesome situation. In our point of view, Isparta hand-woven carpet sector, which has a deeply rooted infrastructure, can be handled and organized again in the frame of sustainable development plans. As a result, several carpet looms, which are not in use currently, can start operating again for production, knowledge accumulation on carpet art which is about to be forgotten would be brought into use and transformed to future generations (Barışta,1994: 53). The purpose of this study is determining the recent problems of the sector, providing recommendations about the work that should be done in order to increase the competitive capacity in the national and international levels and revisions. While conducting the study, secondary sources relating to Isparta hand-woven carpet tradition were examined, face-to-face interviews with the representatives of the sector were organized and the problems were detected. As an outcome of the interviews, there was a consensus on the fact that the sector is declining and production is about to stop. Solutions were recommended together. 123 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.HISTORICAL DEVELOPEMENT OF ISPARTA HAND-WOVEN CARPETS “Carpet and rug are handicrafts that are integrated with Turkish history and culture and they enable people to reflect their emotions, souls, thoughts and inner worlds to the designs and colors (Bilgin, Demir, 2008:63). Carpet and rug have an important place in the lives on Turkish communities since the nomadic period. Hand-woven carpet sector has flourished during the Seljuk era, the period of principalities and Ottoman Empire and reached the top point in 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. (Türeli et al., 2006). Turkmen clans residing in and around Isparta are known for their delicate carpet weaving. The carpets weaved during the period of Yamut (Hamitoğulları) principality belonging to Oghuz Tribes which migrated to Anatolia from the Seljuk Oghuz territories and settled to Isparta and around are named Yamut carpets. Thus, we may say that Yamutoğulları principality is the first group to have a broad knowledge of carpet weaving and develop this sector in and around Isparta with the name of Yamut carpets (Sakarya, 1992:540). Between the years 1872–1875, during the period in which Eyüplü Ali Rıza Efendi was the governor of Isparta, first Girls High School (Isaprta Kız Rüştiyesi) was established in 1872, and weaving trainings started in the additional building in front of the Girls High School after bringing master trainers from Manisa (Küçükerman, 1990:133). Those years were definitely important years for the emergence of Isparta carpets. We see that the British monopolized the carpet sector in 1880s on every level from the manufacture of the carpet yarn to the exportation of the carpets. Those incidents have prepared the base for the East Carpets Campaign on the following years (Türeli, et al., 2006). Thanks to the company which was founded between the years 1890-1891, during the period of Governor Zihni Pasha, carpet weaving expanded to villages (Böcüzade, 1983:252). During this period carpet weaving was thought to women in Isparta Girls High School and the number of women willing to learn this art increased (Küçükerman, 1990: 135). Dr. Badosaki and Etreli Zade Mehmet Efendi founded special looms, design and dye houses and carried this art forward (Böcüzade,1983: 252). During 1908, Isparta hand-woven carpets were considered among the most quality carpets. Isparta carpet was weaved by tying 22x28 knots per dm2 and 24x32 knots per dm2 and was in demand of European Market (Temurçin, 2004:82). The years 1912–1918 are quite important for Isparta carpet sector. Previously the carpet was weaved by Turkish women but traded by Greeks and during those years attempts to help Turkish people to make them trade their carpets started. “The fact that there were more than 10.000 carpet looms in Isparta city center shows that in nearly every household there was at least one carpet loom.” (Kayıpmaz, 2002). In 1926 first worst factory was established is Isparta to meet the carpet yarn demand of the district. In 1943 the factory joined the Sümerbank Foundation under the name of ‘Isparta Worst and Carpet Weaving Facility. In 1989 it was renamed as Sümerbank Holding A.Ş. Sümerhalı, Halıcılık El Sanatları ve Ticaret A.Ş. (Sümerbank Holding Inc. Sumercarpet, Carpet weaving Handicrafts and Trade Inc.) (Sakarya, 1992: 544). Sümerhalı has been the leader of hand-woven carpet production in the region for long years and determined the carpet production and trade. Until 1980s, the most important activity in the workshops or households was carpet weaving. In the following years, in spite of the establishment of the biggest and only carpet market (bazaar), the economical value and thereby the market value of the hand-weaved carpets  Melli, Sarıkeçili, Saçıkaralı, Karahacılı, Horzumlu, Tüngüşlü, Eskiyörük, Honamlı, Karakoyunlu, Fettahlı 124 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo decreased and machine-woven carpets slowly started taking their place. As a consequence of this, there was a substantial decrease both in hand-weaved carpet sector and in the number of people performing this art. 3.CHARACTERISTICS OF ISPARTA HAND-WOVEN CARPETS Isparta hand-woven carpet is a kind of carpet, which has a low weaving density, and wool weft, warp, cotton and knots. Its designs are in herbal forms. As the weaving density quality is low, they have indelicate details. Their colors are in pastel shades. Concerning the designs of Isparta hand-woven carpets, usually herbal motives such as rose, bouquet, sprig, flower and leaf are placed in corner-centre and scatter styles. These designs are named according to their composition styles such as Çelenkli (Chaplet), Saksılı (Vase), Kandahar, Balçiçek (Honey flower), Beşir, Şamdanlı (Candelabra), Kıvrımlı (Wiggly), Goncalı (Rosebud), Goblen, Elvan (Coloured), Davraz, Köşegöbek (centre-cornered), Üzümlü (Grape), Köşegöbek Zemin (Centre-cornered ground), Serpmeli (Scattered), Köşegöbek Serpmeli (Centre-corner scattered), Süpürgeli (Whisk), Saat Kapağı (Clock Lid), Karpuzlu (Water Melon), Kuşlu (Bird) Gülistan (Rose Garden), Güllü (Roze). Apart from these some special designs for the wall rugs are also available. Those design compositions include the scenes (Istanbul Bosporus, city walls, Venice etc), mosques (with five minarets, four minarets), writings (Hat examples), animal figures (partridge, peacock, lion) and coins. Those designs are colored in navy blue, copper, pink, yellow, green, beige, white, brown, musk, glass-green blue, black and their shades. Isparta carpets have been certified by TSE as 26x33 Isparta Super, 25x31 Isparta I, 24x30 Isparta II, 24x28 Isparta III, and 38x38 Isparta thin. For those carpets, Iranian knotting is used which is locally known as single knot or open knot. Carpets have been named differently according to their sizes: paspas (door mat) (40x40) (50x50), seccade (prayer rug) (80x120), divan (sofa cloth) (50x150), karyola (bed cloth) (120x220), yolluk (hall rug) (85x235), kelle (head) (200x300), taban (floor). 4.SWOT ANALYSIS OF ISPARTA HAND-WOVEN CARPETS “SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis is a procedure which includes analyzing the facilities in terms of the external factors (opportunities, threats: OT) and internal factors (strengths, weaknesses: SW) of their current conditions.”(Yumuk, İnan, 2005:181). In this section of the study a SWOT analysis of Isparta hand-woven carpet sector was conducted. By SWOT analysis we tried to manifest the strong sides (external opportunities and advantages); weak sides (technology, finance and market based elements that prevent reaching the targets); opportunities (advantageous terms offered to the sector by external environment, environmental developments) and threats (environmental problems that emerge in reaching the targets) of Isparta hand-woven carpet sector. Strong Sides of Isparta Hand-woven Carpet Sector: Knowledge accumulation in hand-woven carpet production (the number of manufacturing companies is 31.) (Ölmez, 2006:22).  125 Easy raw material supply. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo         Existence of factories which can start production (there are 4 worst factories) (Ölmez, 2006:23). Existence of qualified work force and its eligibility. (According to 1996 Chamber of Commerce data, the number of weavers is 35.000) (Ölmez,2006) High number of looms (According to 1996 Chamber of Commerce data, the number of looms is 20.000) (Ölmez, 2006:12). Existence of a carpet bazaar. Isparta hand-woven carpet has no hazardous effects on the human health as it is produced using natural material. Hand-woven carpet production causes no pollution. Incombustibility feature as wool does not catch fire easily. It absorbs the electricity on the human body due to the fact that wool prevents static electricity. Weak Sides of Isparta Hand-woven Carpet Sector:                 Carpet weaving is not seen as a profession (it is considered by many as an activity of women which provides additional income) Lack of adequate information about the External Market. Exportation is rather limited. Facilities do not possess ISO 9000 quality certificate. The carpets produced are not fashionable. There is no effort for manufacturing quality products. Facilities do not constantly indulge in quality improvement activities. The desired quality cannot be managed with the production in households, standardization cannot be maintained and the quality cannot be controlled Small-scaled facilities form the majority and their costs are quite high. Absence of workshop-type manufacture. Facilities operate with minimum labor force and employees complain about this issue. Lack of mass production Lack of team work and cooperation Lack of a sectoral unity. Lack of an authorized body to coordinate the corporations in carpet sector ‘Isparta Rose Carpet Culture and Tourism Festival’ organized in the Isparta city centre every year is rather in a street fair mood which is quite far from the expectations. Threats of Isparta Hand-woven carpet sector:          126 A strong competition. High prices of hand-woven carpets compared to machine-made ones. Machine-made carpets are cheap and there are various design alternatives. Decrease in the sales both to local and foreign tourists. No brandization. Manufacturers usually have to supply the raw-materials and semi-finished products from uncertified (not possessing ISO 9000 certificate) facilities. Change in the consumer preferences. Internal market narrows continuously, and machine-made carpets are in demand. The negative public opinion about Isparta hand-woven carpets in terms of their high fluff length and indelicate appearance. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo   They do not fit the modern furniture designs. House workshops are forced to close down as apartment buildings increase. Opportunities of Isparta Hand-woven Carpet Sector:        There is expertise customs in Isparta. There are villages manufacturing carpets in the region. There is an airport. There is railway. There are Carpet, Rug and Old Fabrics Designs- Handicraft Programs in Süleyman Demirel University It is close to touristic regions. Products manufactured using natural materials are in higher demand nowadays. 5.CONCLUSION Isparta is an important centre of Turkish hand-woven carpet art. However, in recent years, Isparta hand-woven carpet sector has declined considerably. The pace of this decline could not be decreased although there is adequate substructure and knowledge accumulation in Isparta about hand-woven carpets. Isparta hand-woven carpet business has to increase the quality of the manufactured carpets and decrease the cost in order to be able to operate and compete in the local and international sectors. People who are in the hand-woven carpet sector in Isparta should see the cost factors they need to deal with in order to reach high quality. This assessment would show them their opportunities and make them more powerful in the sector they are operating. There is a need for revision in carpet designs and quality as well as determination of the substructure policies. In this regard, carpet manufacturers in the region should be brought together with an aggregation project and KOSGEB’s support should be taken at this point. The units15, which form this aggregation, should complement each other and operate in a harmony. What’s more, the units of the aggregation can be brought together under one single facility and this can be helpful in sharing the facility costs and controlling the production costs. A selected leader corporation should intervene in the problems that may occur or have already occurred on time. Consultancy services should be provided to the units, which form the aggregation, consciousness concerning designs, patenting and brandization should be developed, innovative designs should be adopted and applied. A supply chain and cooperative structure should be formed (Craftsman’s Association Report, 2008:166). It must be ensured that consumers purchase carpets consciously and gain high benefit from the carpets they have purchased. Touristic identities (carpet, rose) of Isparta and the surrounding region should be demonstrated and a local and provincial advertising and 15 Aggregation, is an organization model in which enterprises that operate in the same region, business line and value chain, having a cooperation with each other but also a competition among each other, and having a commercial relation and the Corporations that support them (universities, public institutions, research institutions, Professional unions, technology and innovation centers, banks, insurance companies, logistics firms etc) league together. 127 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo marketing understanding should be adopted. Carpet workshops and villages should be opened for tourism; this way, tourists can participate in the designing and weaving processes and this may encourage them to purchase the carpets as well as forming an emotional connection and ensuring remembrance. Isparta should be brought forward by its hand-woven carpets, tourism and advertisement, and the city should become a brand with its carpets. Just as the consolidation of Paris with love, Rio with entertainment, and New York with energy (Atesoglu et al. 2009:731), Isparta can consolidate with carpet. In order to manage this, Isparta hand-woven carpet should be advertised and accepted to the world. The carpets should also be enriched in inimitable characteristics. Isparta Museum should be brought to the agenda for re-organizing it as Isparta Carpet Museum. Carpet enterprises should possess ISO 9000 certificate. “As ISO 9000 certified enterprises, they should follow-up with the developments on quality and apply quality cost reportage and quality cost system, which is the figural reflected dimensions of the quality activities, in order to survive in the dense competition (Yumuk, İnan, 2005:184).” An ecological carpet bazaar can be established. An international carpet fair can be organized. Isparta can be made an attraction centre by advertising its cultural characteristics and the natural products manufactured in the city. A business centre in which old carpets are repaired can be established. This way, hand-woven carpet manufacturers may have a chance to increase their market shares over time upon managing an increase in the quality and modernizing. In order to ensure sustainable development on the local level, human health friendly production should be maintained and continued and knowledge about healthy natural products should be transmitted to future generations. Society should be made more aware concerning the production and consumption of natural products. REFERENCES Ateşoğlu, İ., Adıgüzel, O., Çetintürk, İ., Selman, A.(2009) “Uluslar Arası Destinasyon Markası Oluşturma Stratejileri Isparta Örneği”, Uluslararası Davraz Kongresi,24-27 eylül, 729-738. BARIŞTA, H. Örcün., (1994) “Isparta Halıcılığı Üzerine”, Kamu ve Özel Kuruluşlarla, Orta Öğretim ve Üniversitelerde El Sanatlarına Yaklaşım ve Sorunları Sempozyumu Bildirileri, Kültür Bakanlığı Halk Kültürlerini Araştırma ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü, Ankara,53-66. Bilgin, M.H., Demir, E.(2008) Türkiye El Halıcılığı Sektör Araştırması, İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları, Sektörel Yayınları,Yayın No:2008-82. Böcüzade, S. S.(1983) Dünden Bugüne kadar Isparta Tarihi, Serenler Yayını, İstanbul. Esnaf ve Sanatkar Raporu (2008) Mevcut Durum Sorunlar Öneriler, Türkiye Esnaf Ve Sanatkarları Konfederasyonu, Ankara. http://www.tesk.org.tr/tr/yayin/esnafraporu.pdf (03.03.2012). Kayıpmaz, N.(2002) “Yeniden Tanzim ve Teşhiri yapılan Isparta Müzesi Halı-Kilim Seksiyonundaki Isparta Çevresi Geleneksel Düz ve Düğümlü Dokuma Yaygıları ile Şark Halı Dönemi Isparta Halıları Analizi”, 8. El sanatları Sempozyumu 13-15 Kasım, Bildiriler Kitabı, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir, 258-262. Küçükerman, Ö.( 1990) İzmir Limanı ve Isparta Halı Fabrikası, Sümer Halı, Ankara. 128 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ölmez, F.N. (2006) Isparta İlinde El Dokuması Halı Üretiminin Sektörel Analizi ve Geleneksel Isparta Halısında Bazı Modifikasyonların Uygulanması, (SDÜ BAP) Projesi, Isparta. Sakarya, O.(1992) “Isparta Halıcılığının Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği”, Isparta’nın Dünü Bugünü ve Yarını Sempozyumu, Isparta İli Kalkındırma Derneği, Ankara.539-551. Ulusal Kümelenme Politikasının Geliştirilmesi Projesi Basın Bilgi Notu, http://www.bodto.org.tr/images/other/kumelenme_kapanis_etkinligi_basin_%20bilgi_%20not u.pdf.(21.04.2012) Temurçin, K., (2004) “Isparta İlinde Sanayinin Gelişimi Ve Yapısı”, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2 DOI: 10.1501/Cogbil_0000000044 ,s.79-95. http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/33/825/10468.pdf (12.04.2012) Türeli, E., Özaltın, N.F., Yurteri, F.Y., Işık K., (2006), “Desenlerle Isparta Halıları”, 2. Türk Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Kongresi, Isparta. Yumuk, G., İnan, H.İ. (2005) “Trakya Bölgesindeki İmalat Sanayi İşletmelerinin Kalite Maliyetlerinin SWOT Analizi İle Değerlendirilmesi”, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2),177-188. Measurement Of The Competitiveness Of Turkey : Eu Countries, 1980-2010 Period Comparison Sevgi Sezer1, Mehmet Mercan2 1Uludağ University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science 2Hakkari University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science E –mails: sevgis700@hotmail.com,mmercan48@gmail.com; mehmetmercan@hakkari.edu.tr Abstract Today, in the new world order caused by economic glabalization, technologic and political changes in world economy result in changes in the competitiveness of the countries. Everyday, countries intensify their effort to gain, develop and protect their power to compete with other countries. Today, even the most developed countries are trying to strengthen their competitiveness in order to enlarge their share in the world economy. Turkey desires to increase its competitiveness in all sectors in order to rise the welfare level of its people and to speed up its economic growth. Turkey endeavors to increase its competitiveness against EU, who is one of the most important economic partners of Turkey, in all sectors. In this study, the period of 1970-2011 to measure the competitiveness of Turkey towards the EU countries and aims to achieve predictions for the future, and the watermark. Keywords : Competitiveness, Turkey, EU, International Trade, JEL Classification: F12, F14, F15 129 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1319 Title A name given to the resource Earning Isparta Carpet Business To The Local Economy Again And Ensuring Its Sustainibility By Revising It Author Author Nesrin , Şalvarci Türeli Abstract A summary of the resource. Hand-woven carpet, one of the symbols of Isparta has lost its popularity in the sense of business, employment, socio-cultural and economic aspects. In 1960s the carpet industry which provided a great amount of income especially in local areas, and then in the overall citywas pushed out of the market by failing to compete due to prevailing of machine-woven carpets and their being much more cheaper. Isparta hand-woven carpet is known as winter-time carpets in respect of its technical properties. Among the patterns of the Isparta hand-woven carpet whose weaving woof and warp thread are made of cotton and loops are made of wool, plant motifs stand out. Moreover, weaving thickness (weaving quality) is low because wool knits are thick; that is, the number of loops in each decimeter is limited. Motifs include rougher details, so figures cannot be understood. It is necessary to renew the Isparta hand-made carpets that are needed to be revised in the sense of materials (using tinsel strings made of wool, golden and silver) and figures in order to have the business regained the Isparta hand-woven carpet industry. In this study, the revitalization of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry and its sustainability have been handled. SWOT analysis was done regarding this purpose. As a result of SWOT analysis, the strong and poor sides, and the opportunities and threatening factors of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry have been found out. Keywords: Hand-woven carpets, Sustainable development, SWOT analysis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/952e2d43a594933729c858396e1cf13c.pdf 1e7c324a40b09a10bc793e3b43e3c042 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Nonis, S. A., Philhours, M. J. & Hudson, G. I. (2006). Where Does the Time Go? A Diary Approach to Business and Marketing Students’ Time Use. Journal of Marketing Education, 28, 121-134. Mattila, J. Peter, 1982 “Determinants of Male School Enrollments: A time Series Analysis.” Review of Economics and Statistics. 64, 242, 51. Ministry of Higher Education, 2009.( http://www.mohe.gov.my/educationmsia/index.php? article=mohe ) Green Economy-Green Sustainability-Green Ethics Nilgün Dolmaci, Nurdan Kuşat Süleyman Demirel Üniversity, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: nilgundolmaci@sdu.edu.tr, nurdankusat@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Although the concept ‘environment’ is perceived as a space where people live, it narrates an ecosystem in the broad sense. Ecosystem is described as a raw material store which fulfills the physical and biological needs. However, considering that the resources are scarce and the needs of people are limitless, it is clearly seen that the environmental resources are scarce as well. Within this content, efficient use of environmental resources has a great importance for sustainable development. Green economy approach brings a new perspective for the sustainable development. Since the degeneration in economic, cultural and historical environment led to development problems, green economy is an important instrument achieving sustainability in environmental values. In this study, green economy and green sustainability is handled from the point of decreasing the damage that environment and ecosystem are exposed. When it comes to solve the paradox between economic development and environment, the study touches on the green ethics perception which can be defined as getting and adopting the information, attitude and behavior that will preserve the living space and living quality of human beings both individually and globally. Keywords: Green Economy, Sustainable Development, Green Sustainability, Green Ethics 1. INTRODUCTION The words ‘green’ and ‘sustainability’ are usually used together. While the word ‘green’ represents the environment, ‘sustainability’ refers to convection of current resources to the next generation without any loss. Sustainable development, which is one of the most popular 313 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo development models in the last years, comes to the forefront as an environmental development model. In this regard, sustainable development can be defined as green sustainability. The aim of sustainability is to improve our living standards without harming the resources that we need to survive. By this way, the green economy will enable to develop environment friendly products and processes and environmental problems will be kept in sight to a large extent. Besides the fast growing world population, the increasing level of welfare in the countries and increasing world commerce due to the globalization and many other formations have increased the production and correspondingly the resource consumption. This situation has created great problems about resources which are hard to remediate. According to Otegbulu (2011:240), unless we preserve the natural, physical and chemical system of the world, it will be impossible to meet the needs of human beings. At this point, it is claimed that mankind has less time than hundreds of years to bring the environmental problems under control and abstain from social and ecologic retrogressive situation (Foster, 2008: 12-13). On the other hand, Des Jardin (2006:581) admits that environmental issues must be dealt besides ethic and economic problems while planning and effective social and political future and offers an initiation regarding the issue. After all this initiation will be an important step to determine the direction of future. This study aims to develop a perspective in green economy, green sustainability and green ethics. Most of all this study searches solutions for the paradox between economic development and environment. 2. GREEN SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN ECONOMY This concept, which has taken its place in economy literature as economic sustainability, has reached to its current value as a significant element of competitive power. WTO (1998:20) defines the sustainable development as a development model which enables to fulfill the needs of current generation without jeopardizing the needs of next generations in the Brundtland report. This report mentions about not only the maximum economic growth through the sustainable development but also activating a fair and equitable economic development (Garrod and Fyall, 1998:200) Starting with the first and second industrial revolution and gained a pace with globalization, the transition period from an agricultural society to an industrial society led to more consumption to be more industrialized. However, the greediness of countries to produce and have a great competitive power triggered environmental crisis. In our day, while the industrialized countries take some precautions to lessen environmental disasters and not to experience environmental problems thanks to their technologic superiority, developing countries are lack of these regulations. The reason of this is generally economic or politic. The low education level of these countries triggers these problems as well. In Brundlant report, where it is emphasized that sustainable development inheres a period of change, one of the aims of sustainable development is stated as integrating environment and economy during the decision-making (TÇSV, 1991:78). In fact, other aims also have some features serving to this aim. The over-capitalist policy implementations leading a mass exploitation of environment have confronted great reaction and criticism. The Deep Ecology approach is acquired currency 314 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo owing to these reactions. According to this approach likewise the sustainable development approach, not only the mankind must be preserved but also the whole ecosystem. According to Meltzner (1994:28), the main idea of deep ecology is to meet the needs of living creatures other than mankind and develop their life quality. As to Luke (2002:180) the equality on the ecosystem is extremely important and all living creature have to have fair and equal opportunities. Therefore, in order to reach the sustainable development to green sustainability, we should pay attention to the main philosophy of deep ecologic approach. Ecosystem represents the whole with living and non-living things. Instead of particularizing the whole and attribute different values to every part, talking about green sustainability and green economy would be more rational. Though the environment is described as the space where we live, it refers to a great ecosystem. This ecosystem offers us many opportunities to meet our physical and biological needs. Economic environment is the main structure providing every kind of resource which is necessary for the production process. It is a raw material store in short. It is the main source of production. Considering that resources are scarce, we can easily say that environmental resources are scarce as well and must be used efficiently. We can say that this is a must for sustainable development. The new economic order displayed that classic economy theories are not enough for the sustainable development. Within this point, ecologic economy approach came into agenda and tried to fill the gap. As to Daly (2007:86), who is acknowledged as one of the trailblazers of ecologic economy, it is not always possible that the production processes are environment friendly and create positive exteriorities. More importantly, the cost of negative exteriorities due to the production process must not be more than the renovation capacity for the consumed ecosystem resources. Cultural and historical environment also play an important role on the sustainable development besides the economic environment. Unfortunately, the degeneration in cultural and historical values of the countries leads to irretrievable development problems. Because reparation of loss of the values conveyed from past to present is impossible. And this will lead that the next generations will not know their past and deal with some problems in future. As to Uslu (1997:43), to provide sustainable development is a must for all economies. However, putting economy into ecologic frames would be more logical rather than assessing the ecologic structure as a component in the economic frame (Uslu, 1997:43). According to Kumar and Kumar (2011:961) ‘Green Economy’ is an instrument to achieve a sustainable environmental development. It defines a structure where a sustainable economic development is achieved without giving any harm to the ecosystem. Kumar and Kumar (2011:961) also states that the success of green economy idea depends on the politic reforms. The politic reforms must provide a sustainable economic richness, must ease the issues and enable optimum usage of natural resources. In short, state policy primarily has to aim developing improved technologies to provide clean and recyclable energy. Barbier (2011:234-236), on the other hand, has a different point of view about green economy. Barbier emphasize that there are two difficulties in front of the green economy. One of them is sustainability and the other is financing. The need for a constant production by consuming resources, which are the components of environment, to provide a sustainable development is a great problem. High costs of precautions that will be taken to preserve the environment are the second dimension of the issue. 315 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In order to remove the deadlock between economic growth and environmental sustainability, the character of the growth must be changed. Therefore, some restrictions must be put into use in order not to use nonrenewable resources and to terminate the use of resource and technologies that lead to environmental pollution (Ertürk, 2011: 161) 3. GREEN ETHICS FOR GREEN SUSTAINABILITY History shows that the societies are in war with environment for long years and treat nature as if it is a waste grave. It is known that the exploitation of nature sometimes led to the collapse of civilizations. Considering these historical facts, it is claimed that mankind has less time than hundreds of years to bring the environmental problems under control and abstain from social and ecologic retrogressive situation (Foster, 2008: 12-13) In order not to run short of environmental resources and not to give harm to the environment during production and consumption process, both the companies and individuals must have a green consciousness. Green consciousness refers to environment ethics and consciousness. Green consciousness means that every individual must feel responsible to create a livable environment and to sustain it (Çepel, 2006: 25). The reasons of environmental problems and environmental pollution are the ignorant ideas and attitudes of societies rose from their social and economic activities to achieve an utmost welfare level (Ertürk, 2011: 244). Though sustainable development idea is put forward due to the future concerns, it has gradually turned into a comprehensive and complete ethical approach (Kılıç, 2008: 217).Ethical principles are really important in terms of identification of environmental issues and the remedy of polluted and damaged environment. (http://www.etik.gov.tr/makaleler/abdulkadir_mahmutoglu.pdf). Green ethics displays the individuals how to relate with nature or in a more comprehensive approach with the outer world. And it emphasizes the moral aspect of human-nature relations. It indicates that mankind must improve responsibility for the natural environment and other living things (http://www.guncelonkal.com/PDF/cevre_etigi_maddesi.pdf). With another expression, green ethics can be defined as the systemic examination of moral relation between mankind and nature (Des Jardins, 2006: 46) and the responsibilities of individuals (Kılıç, 2008: 32). Green ethics and ecological responsibility target is directly related with each other. The main idea is that natural resources must be used without being consumed completely and destructively and the sustainability of these resources for the next generations must be enabled (Mutlu, 2008: 97). In this regard, green ethics is an approach aiming to preserve all the values and aspects of nature. In order to realize the improvement and admission of environment oriented green ethics approach and adopt the organic world understanding, which is based on the idea that the nature is a living organism, the education for environment must be widespread (Ertürk, 2011: 144). Green ethics and sustainability intersects in many points. Environmental dimension of sustainability states that the societies must preserve the natural resources and ecosystems. The self-renewing capacity of ecosystems is limited; therefore, everybody must be conscious about the usage of natural resources such as earth, air and water (Nemli, 2004: 26). In line with this responsibility, the green ethics aims to have mankind adopt the information, attitude and behavior that will preserve the living space and living quality of mankind at individual, social and global level. 316 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. CONCLUSION Sustainable growth has a great significance for all economies. However, what is more important for the developing countries is sustainable development. Considering that the concept of development has many more aspects than the concept of growth, it can be said that developing countries are in a much more difficult situation. Moreover it can be said that sustainable development is related with environment and green economy and it depends on the implementation of green ethics. Green economy and green sustainability is only possible when the green ethics is properly implemented and adopted by all parts of the society. We can outline what can be done within this concept: Expectations from the State: Green consciousness can be achieved with a comprehensive education system in all parts of the society. Changes in education system must be seen as a direct state policy and never be belonged to a mere government. Otherwise it would not be possible to provide a green sustainability. Expectations from the Companies: It is really important for companies to reach the green ethics consciousness. Especially, environmental friendly resources that are used in the production will decrease negative exteriority after production. In this regard, corporate companies must set a model and support the idea with social responsibility projects to gain positive results. Moreover, these companies must support the innovative operations with R&D projects about green ethics and green sustainability. Expectations from the International Institutions: Implementation of green ethics values at a national level will provide a regional effect. For this reason, green ethics implementations must be spread to the whole world. In this regard, environmentalist institutions and companies shaping the economy and commerce must be in solidarity and international institutions that will work for the green sustainability are needed. However, in order to be more successful, power of sanction of these institutions must also be at the highest level. Last but not least, world trade and world economy under an intense globalization are in need of green production and nature conservation. REFERENCES Barbier, E. (2011) The Policy Challenges for Green Economy and Sustainable Economic Development, Natural Resources Forum 35, pp. 233–245 Çepel, N. (2006), Ekoloji, Doğal Yaşam Dünyaları ve İnsan, Palme Yayıncılık, Ankara. Daly,H.E. (2007) Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development: Selected Essaysof Herman Daly. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing Des Jardins, J.R., (2006). Çevre Etiği- Çevre Felsefesine Giriş, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara. Ertürk, Hasan, (2011). Çevre Politikası, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa. Foster, J.B., (2008). Savunmasız Gezegen: Çevrenin Kısa Ekonomik Tarihi, Epos Yayınları, Ankara. 317 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Garrod,B. Ve Fyall,A. (1998) “Beyond the Rhetoric of Sustainable Tourism?”, Tourism Management, Vol:19, No:3, pp.213-224 Kılıç, S., (2008). Çevre Etiği: Ortaya Çıkışı, Gelişimi ve Sonuçları, Orion Kitabevi, Ankara. Kumar,B. Ve Kumar,P. (2011), Green Economy: Policy Framework for Sustainable Development, Current Science, Vol. 100, No. 7, 10 April 2011, pp.960-962 Luke, T.W. (2002) Deep Ecology: Living As If Nature Mattered, Organization & Environmet, Volume 15, Issue 2, pp. 178-186 Metzner;R. (1994) Ekoloji Çağı, Derleyen Günseli Tamkoç, Derin Ekoloji, Ege Yayıncılık, İzmir Mutlu, A., (2008). Ekoloji ve Yönetim: Toplumsal Ekoloji ve Sürdürülebilir Gelişmenin Karşılaştırılması, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara. Nemli, E., (2004). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma: Şirketlerin Çevresel ve Sosyal Yaklaşımları, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul. Otegbulu, A.C. (2011) Economics of Green Design and Environmental Sustainability, Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 4, No. 2; April 2011, pp.240-248 Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı (1991) Ortak Geleceğimiz, TÇSV Yayınları, Ankara Uslu, O. (1997) Ekonomik ve Ekolojik Uygulamalarda Sürüdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Yeri, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Uygulaması, TÇV, Aralık WTO (1998) Guide for Local Authorities on Developing Sustainable Tourism, World Tourism Organization, Madrid http://www.guncelonkal.com/PDF/cevre_etigi_maddesi.pdf http://www.etik.gov.tr/makaleler/abdulkadir_mahmutoglu.pdf The Effect Of Religion On The Process Of Sustainable Development Economy (In Terms Of Thrift) Mehmet Masum Ocak1, Mehmet Günay2, Gülenaz Selçuk1 1Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Education Lecturer, Manisa. Turkey, 2Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science-Literature, Asst. Prof. Dr , Manisa, Turkey, Emails: masumocak@hotmail.com, mehmetgunay2006@hotmail.com, gselcuk@hotmail.com “We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children.” An Indian proverb. Abstract In this study, we have tried to emphasize that from the perspective of sustainable development economy, the factor of religion affects communal incidents in our social life. 318 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1339 Title A name given to the resource Green Economy-Green Sustainability-Green Ethics Author Author Nilgün , Dolmaci Abstract A summary of the resource. Although the concept ‘environment’ is perceived as a space where people live, it narrates an ecosystem in the broad sense. Ecosystem is described as a raw material store which fulfills the physical and biological needs. However, considering that the resources are scarce and the needs of people are limitless, it is clearly seen that the environmental resources are scarce as well. Within this content, efficient use of environmental resources has a great importance for sustainable development. Green economy approach brings a new perspective for the sustainable development. Since the degeneration in economic, cultural and historical environment led to development problems, green economy is an important instrument achieving sustainability in environmental values. In this study, green economy and green sustainability is handled from the point of decreasing the damage that environment and ecosystem are exposed. When it comes to solve the paradox between economic development and environment, the study touches on the green ethics perception which can be defined as getting and adopting the information, attitude and behavior that will preserve the living space and living quality of human beings both individually and globally. Keywords: Green Economy, Sustainable Development, Green Sustainability, Green Ethics Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/867a22ea793f2d11108a8503b3d36bd7.pdf 628c02647f59308b8ca01476ca79ab16 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ethical Issues Related Advertising Nina Kustura , Teoman Duman International Burch University, Faculty Management, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: ninakustura@hotmail.com Abstract Advertisement is used to draw attention to a product or service in a special and unique way to increase sales. Promotions are a major driver of a firm’s integration to impel sales. In a competitive environment, advertisement can be a leading technique to sell if it is distinctive and attractive to consumers. The firms must provide customers with a product or services that stands up to the covenants of the firm’s product or service. Ethical issues in advertising are allied to all businesses and customers. Prominent scholars have premeditated these issues for years. The purpose of this paper is to explain the ethical issues pertaining the messages, the products or services and the target customers. It also explains the main ethical issues in truth of advertising, advertising to children, harmful products, and tactics. Keywords: Advertising ethics, marketing ethics, legal issues, moral values, message, target audience, marketers, and advertisers 1. INTRODUCTION Ethical issues have increased related to marketing. Marketing has always been open to criticisms about unethical practices. (Nill and Schibrowsky, 2007.) The marketing function of business is noted most for ethical abuse and almost every aspect of marketing has been criticized (Murphy and Laczniak, 2006). Businesses are interesting in making money and advertising helps a great deal to sell products, but can be just as harmful. Advertising is a form of communication that attempts to influence customers to purchase or consume more of a particular product or service. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including radio, television, magazines, newspapers, Internet and billboards. In terms of ethical standards, advertising has been rated the lowest on 14 ethical dimensions in the functional areas of business (Burnett and Pettijohn, 2003). There is a difference between moral values and ethics and how both affect the behaviors and decisions of people. These same reasons apply to business organizations that should follow an advertising policy. Firstly, moral values are basic beliefs and knowledge about what is wrong and what is right. People obtain moral value from their religious background, beliefs, 227 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo culture and training. Secondly, ethics are ways of acting appropriate to one’s moral values. People develop moral values from their cultures and apply these values in daily decisions to know the difference between wrong and right. Applying both moral values and ethics, people make a plan to act and behave in an ethical manner. Moral values and ethics affect the decision and behavior in the workplace. These principles should be applied into businesses and marketing, to create an advertising policy that is created based on moral values and ethics. The figure below summarizes these principles into creating an advertizing policy that is honest, distinct, and socially and environmentally respectful. Figure 1. Moral Values and Ethics Applied to Advertising (Source: Based on Suggestions by Greenberg Jerald, 2005; see page 48) There are numerous benefits to advertising through economic, political, cultural, moral and religious perspectives. Through an economic perspective advertising is a toll used for sustaining honest competition by informing people of the availability of new products and services and the improvements in existing ones. Politically, it helps avoid monopolization of power by informing people of ideas and policies of other candidates. From a cultural perspective, it can give positive influence on improving society. To encourage and inspire people to behave in way that benefit themselves and others. Finally, from a moral and religious view, advertisement can communicate messages of faith, patriotism, charity, health and education through tasteful and entertaining advertisement. At the same time, there are disadvantages of advertisement from the same points of view. Firstly, from an economic perspective, it can misrepresent and without relevant facts. 228 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Secondly, from a political view, the costs of advertising can limit campaigns to only wealthy candidates, and be abused to misrepresent view of other candidates. From a cultural view, it can damage culture and values. From a moral and religious view it can harm religion with vulgar and morally degrading advertising. It is important for organizations to understand the basic knowledge of moral values and ethics and how to apply them to their advertising campaigns. Advertisement has an affect on the entire environment, from politics, economy, culture, and religion. Advertising ethics has sustained itself a towering lightning rod for controversy; perhaps, because it is the most visible tool today, exposing the public to thousands of messages each day, which are sometimes more than questionable (Coyne and Traflet 2008). The issue arises because there are no benchmarks for ethical practices as yet, forcing advertisers to adapt more traditional notions of what constitutes appropriate conduct as long as no legal issues are tampered with as those would stand to be prosecuted (Belch and Belch, 2007). However, there are companies that neglect their ethical responsibility by continually producing and airing unethical advertisements (Polonsky and Hyman, 2007). The ethical issues in advertising apply to companies globally and all consumers. The consumers should not be misled about the products or services that are being promoted. The purpose of this paper is to outline the ethical breaches that are brought on by advertising. The paper is divided into three major ethical issues concerning advertising. Those are, the infringement of the messages, the target audience, and the product or service. 2. MAJOR ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO ADVERTISING 2.1 The Message The message in the public notice is the most crucial component of the advertising strategy. It is inside the message that advertisers can form various representation of the message and insert a hidden meaning. The message of the commercial can be broken down into two different groups in which it communicates. Misleading statements and attractiveness are ways of communicating to viewers. Misleading statements are messages that are presented to viewers and the advertiser discloses their identity. Deception or misleading in advertising leaves viewers with other than reasonable knowledge, which is required to make a purchasing decision, about the product (Caron et al 1985). These messages give consumers incorrect information about products or service, which persuade them to buy it. Organizations are in a business to make sales, and providing false information to consumers to make sales is a risk that they are willing to take. Deceptive claims include advertisements of cigarettes and alcohol for example. Even though, there are many legal restrictions concerning the promotion of cigarettes and alcohol, 229 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo marketers still find a way to exploit these products deceptively. For example, cigarette ads in magazines and billboards represent joy of life instead of death. Alcohol represents a good evening instead of health problems. Advertisers are very skillful to be able to portray these products as healthy and life enduring even though they are not. This is because in these ads and commercials, people are never seen smoking a cigarette or drinking an alcoholic beverage. This is a deceptive claim and does not make the advertisement ethical. Also, honesty is something that these advertisers do not exactly follow. Advertisers are using words like “finest” and “number one,” which are incomparable and untruthful. These kinds of ads are directly affecting consumers and changing their purchase decisions. Representations that are exotic, sexist, or racist endure the potential to damage the reputation of the represented group, and associated group members, as the audience creates meaning and subjective interpretations of such ads which are believed to construct reality as part of the lived experience (Hughes, 2000). The issue occurs when these groups or individuals feel offended as to how they’re being portrayed in the advertisements. As mentioned before, advertisement is changing the way people portray society, culture, and individual self. Stereotyping in advertisement includes the misinterpretation of how women, religious groups, and children function in society. The ethical issue in this is, these advertisements include idealized people performing or using products, which creates uncertainty to the audience and have caused many health effects. For example, anorexia and bulimia has increased because artificial images of actors set up implausible standards of living beyond reach of the regular population (Elliot and Elliot, 2005). It is unethical to advertise such non-natural images of certain people performing or using certain products that offend and insult groups and individuals. The message of advertising is the most important element in the communication process from businesses to consumers. The message holds the most glitches pertaining ethical values and is the most criticized. 2.2 Target Audience Marketing strategies include certain products and service to pertain to a specified target audience. Ethical issues exist amongst advertisements to certain target audiences. These include children, women and senior citizens or the elderly. Many statistical studies have proven that children watch the most commercials on television. This allows advertisers to strategically place commercials on television for children’s products. Targeting children is seen as profitable since children have an effect on families. Advertising to children through television commercials, magazines, and Internet is a concern for parents and society, because children to not have judgments abilities and are vulnerable to 230 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo stray influences (Preston, 2004). Children should not be misled and advertisers should not misrepresent products advertised to children. When targeting women, there is an enormous ethical issue. Women are used in ads mostly as things and sex objects. Models are portrayed flawless and perfection of the physical appearance is strongly suggested. Women do find these ads insulting, but continue to buy the products. Although, the ads cause no harm immediately, but after time with continuous ads of women is portrayed as sex object, it has affected all of society. These ads have caused much health and decrease is self-esteem. Health problems include eating disorders, stress, and abusive use of certain beauty products. Also, with such low self-esteem, more and more women are getting plastic surgery to achieve a flawless physical appearance. Women should be portrayed through their natural beauty. Senior citizens or in other words the elderly are vulnerable consumers to pharmaceutical products. Advertisers use abusive and fear-inductive ads that make the elderly anxious, and tense. It is unethical to promote pharmaceutical products in such an unpleasant manner. The elderly should not be persuaded to purchase products or services through shocking advertisements. 2.3 The Product or Service The ethical issues related to products or services can very immensely depending on cultures. For example, in some eastern cultures advertisements for women’s under garments, contraceptives and sexually related products are found to be offensive and inappropriate. These countries do not advertise such sensitive and personal products publically. While in other liberal cultures in western countries do not find such advertisements insulting. Whether the society accepts such products; it should be in line with the law. Ethical issues arise in all societies liberal or conservative depending on how graphic and arousing this advertisements can be. It is unethical to have billboards in public places that can make people feel sexually aroused or offended and uncomfortable. Advertisements for cigarettes and alcohol are very controversial at the same time. These products are targeted towards young adults, through persuasive advertisements, leading teenagers to believe it is in trend to smoke and drink. New public policies have changed the way tobacco and alcoholic beverages are to be advertised. Advertisements for alcohol include a message to drink responsibly. Cigarettes have new laws to include and specify health risks faced with smoking. Even though laws have been enforced concerning these two controversial products, it does not solve the problems. Teenagers are continually picking up the horrible and unhealthy habit 231 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of smoking. Drunk driving accidents statistics are increasing and young teenagers are victims of such accidents. Drinking and smoking are advertised to be appealing and fashionable, and young adults are persuaded to use the products. 3. CONCLSION This paper has addressed three areas of ethical issues in advertising related to the message, the product or service and the target audience. Although, ethical issues in advertising are different form country to country, depending on culture, tradition, customs and religion. These three issues are most common in unethical advertising. Governments did impose restrictions and rules in the marketing industry, but advertisers still find ways to use unethical advertising without tampering with legal issues. Firms need to decrease their ethical violations in advertising. Firms have to be more aware of ethical issues and put more effort in becoming more respectful to their consumers. Firms should monitor and police the extent of ethical violations deemed plausible for business, and they can let the market be aware of the manner in which they control their advertising ethics stature as a signal of their endeavor toward action and commitment of their corporate social responsibility perspective. (Boddewyn, 1985). It is important for advertisers to fully understand and follow an ethical way of promoting products or services. Promotions are to be conducted in a way not to persuade the audience to do something. The message in an advertisement should be honest and not deceptive. An ad should serve to simply promote a new product or service to be used for the sole purpose of it. The target audience should not be misleading in certain ways that apply to them. Children, teenagers and women should be appropriately targeted with advertisements that are not aimed at their inabilities to make the right decision. Marketers/advertisers must stop indulging in unethical practices and start respecting local moral values and ethics. The public needs to be aware of unethical advertising and take concern in protecting the children, women and elderly of the society. REFERENCES Belch, G. E. & Belch, M. A. (2007). Advertising and Promotion. 1. Ed. Boston: McGrawHill. Bingham, F. G., Gomes, R. & Knowles, P. Business Marketing. (2006). 3. Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 232 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Boddewyn, J. J. (1985). Advertising Self-Regulation: Private Government and Agent of Public Policy. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 129.141. Burnett, M. Keith, N., & Pettijohn, C. (2003). An Empirical Analysis of Factors Influencing Student Reactions to Ethical Advertising Dilemmas: Educational Experience, Work Experience, Ethical Philosophy, and Demographics. Marketing Education Review, 33-46. Carson, T. L., Wokutch, R. E., & Cox Jr., J. E. (1985). An Ethical Analysis of Deception in Advertising. Journal of Business Ethics, 93-104. Coyne, M. & Traflet, J. (2008). Ethical Issues Related to the Mass Marketing of Securities. Journal of Business Ethics, 193-198. Elliot, R. & Elliot, C. (2005). Idealized Images of the Male Body in Advertising: A readerresponse Exploration. Journal of Marketing Communications, 3-19. Greenberg, Jerald. (2005). Managing Behavior in Organizations. 4. Ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Hughes, D. M. (2000). The Internet and Sex Industries: Partners in Global Sexual Exploitation. Technology and Society Magazine, 35-42. Murphy, P.E. & Laczniak, G.R. (2006). Marketing Ethics. 1. Ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Nill, A. L. & Schibrowsky J.A. (2007). Research in Marketing Ethics: A systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Macromarketing. 256-273. Polonsky, M. J. & Hyman, M. R. (2007). A Multiple Stakeholder Perspective on Responsibility in Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 5-13. Preston, C. (2004). Children’s Advertising: The Ethics of Economic Socialization. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 364-370. 233 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Velasquez, M.G. (2006). Business Ethics Concepts & Cases. 6. Ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Transformation Of The Institutional Structure Of Western Balkan Countries Şermin Şenturan1, Samir Husić2 1Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak/Turkey 2International University of Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina E- mails: senturansermin@gmail.com, samirhusic@gmail.com Abstract Transformation of the institutional structure affects economic development both from the cost of transactions aspect and the operating costs. In development theory it is usual to define development as economic growth plus structural change. But in the framework of institutional economic theory development could be defined as economic growth plus appropriate institutional change, meaning institutional changes which facilitate further economic growth.There are several factors influencing reforms in the Western Balkan countries. Those countries prove that institutions can successfully change at the time of crisis. Although the general rule shows strong correlations among the many reform measures, some institutions develop independently of other measures of institutional or organizational reform. As it is emphasized on the role of institutions in growth and development, it should be also recognized that institutions can change regardless of undesirable environmental factors. Keywords : institutional change, economic transition, Western Balkan Countries 1.INTRODUCTION Transformation of the institutions in a new market economies have been mostly radical in an astonished and unpredictable direction. Numerous factor influenced reforms that followed in liberalization of prices, privatization, opening of economy to the foreign investments, liberalization of the foreign exchange market, and the reduction of foreign trade restrictions. The main dimensions along which various national capitalist systems can be placed are the corporate governance and macroeconomic institutional environment (Cernat, 2001). Corporate governance and business-state relations influenced choice and path that economies in transition undertaken. Regardless of strong efforts, disintegration of these economies suffered severe contraction due to collapse of export demand from former trading partners, while domestic demand declined. 234 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1118 Title A name given to the resource Ethical Issues Related Advertising Author Author Nina, Kustura DUMAN, Teoman Abstract A summary of the resource. Advertisement is used to draw attention to a product or service in a special and unique way to increase sales. Promotions are a major driver of a firm’s integration to impel sales. In a competitive environment, advertisement can be a leading technique to sell if it is distinctive and attractive to consumers. The firms must provide customers with a product or services that stands up to the covenants of the firm’s product or service. Ethical issues in advertising are allied to all businesses and customers. Prominent scholars have premeditated these issues for years. The purpose of this paper is to explain the ethical issues pertaining the messages, the products or services and the target customers. It also explains the main ethical issues in truth of advertising, advertising to children, harmful products, and tactics. Keywords: Advertising ethics, marketing ethics, legal issues, moral values, message, target audience, marketers, and advertisers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/60c01fdf5bf1103960081b6b67084fc1.pdf da5f72a22b600d8854a74d46d01eb3c8 PDF Text Text [11] Mohammad Hossein Morowvat, Sara Rasoul-Amini, Younes Ghasemi. Chlamydomonas as a ‗‗new‖ organism for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 2059– 2062. The Development of the Clean Technology Industry: A Conceptual Framework Nir Kshetri The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Abstract The evolutionofanindustrychanges the competitive climate faced by individual firms as well as nations. Many analysts consider the clean technology (CT)industry as a game changer for businesses‘ and nations‘ competitiveness in the 21st century.From a theoretical standpoint, the CT industry contains many idiosyncraticfeatures, which affect the natures of entrepreneurial opportunities and roles in this industry. The issues of the evolution of the clean technology industry and nations‘ competitive advantages in this industry area critical but little-examined problem in the social science research. We contributetofilling this research gap with an analysis of the entrepreneurship in the global CT industry. Specifically, this paper proposes a framework to examine the development of the CT industry and assesses some major economies in terms of the major dimensions in the framework. We also present a case study of entrepreneurship in the Chinese CT industry. Keywords: Clean technology, disruptive innovations, solar cells, China, venture capital, externality mechanisms 1. INTRODUCTION The evolutionofanindustrychanges the competitive climate faced by individual firms as well as nations (Utterback 1996). The rapidly evolving clean technology(CT) industry is toutedasapotential source to bring changes in businesses strategic orientation as well as significant changesintheglobaleconomic and political power structures. Despite their current small size, some CT sectors such as solar and wind energy are the fastest growing forms of electric power (Kennard 2008). Facing the trend toward CT, some companies have developed new competences and capabilities that have the potential of being clean and sustainable. To take an example, DuPont has shifted its portfolio away from its traditional core competencies and is developing new internal competences and capabilities compatible with therecent global greenmovement(Hart 2005). 217 �One can present convincingargumentsto show that the current universal drive toward CT1 is likely to be a long-term trendratherthan a fad or hype2. Reflective pieces from the popular press as well as academic articles have illustrated influential arguments regarding the CT industry‘s likely powerful impacts. Many observers in the U.S., for instance, think that despite the Silicon Valley‘s leadership in technology, it is doubtful that it will be a CT leader (Wadhwa 2010). Additionally, part of the fascinating character of CT is that compared to other industries, innovation per se is likely to make a smaller, independent contributionto success in this industry. For one thing, the CT industry inherently requires the whole new systems instead of merely developing individual technologies (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). For instance, while Japan has been a global epicenter for the advanced CT innovations, analysts have forcefully argued that the innovations alone may not be sufficient to develop the CT industry (Dickie 2010). The all-encompassingnature of the CT industry has created new opportunities as well as threats for organizations in diverse industries and settings.Managersmaybenefit from ensuring that they redefine their actionstobetter reflect the global trends towards the CT industry. Hart (2005) argues that being more innovative in the long-term requires companies to develop internal capabilities and resources to address the trend toward CT and eco-effectiveness. There are several indications that policymakershavebeen persuaded by the economic, environmental, and national security arguments. Governments worldwide are competing to develop CT industries. French finance minister, Christine Lagarde noted: ―[CT] is a race and whoever wins that race will dominate economic development. The emerging markets are well-placed‖ (Bennhold 2010). In April 2009, U.S. President Obama warned: ―The nation that leads the world in 21st-century clean energy will be the nation that leads in the 21st-century global economy‖. In February 2010, he further noted: "Countries like China are moving even faster. . . . I'm not going to settle for a situation where the United States comes in second place or third place or fourth place in what will be the most important economic engine in the future" (cf. Mufson and Pomfret 2010). From a theoretical standpoint, the CT industry contains many unusual and idiosyncraticfeatures.The issues of the evolution of entrepreneurship in the CT industry and nations‘ competitive advantages in this industry are a critical but little-examined problem in the social science research. Gibbs (2009) notes: ―…the concept of a sustainable entrepreneur may remain as much of a ‗black box‘ as sustainable development itself‖ (p. 65). We contributetofilling this research gap with an analysis of the global CT industry. Specifically, this paper proposes a framework to examine the development of the CT industryandassesses the world‘s major economies in terms of the important elements in the framework. We also present a case study of the Chinese CT industry. In the remainder of the paper, we first provide a review of the CT industry. Then, we discuss our proposed model to examine the development of the CT industry. Next, we classify major economies in the world in terms of the framework. The final section provides discussion and implications. 1In the U.S., CT was the only sector that received more VC in 2009 compared to 2008, which experienced a 52% increase to $2.7 billion (Zaborowski2009). 2 While the CT market has been growing since the 1970s (solar panels and wind energy have had a small but loyal consumer), investment in this sector is taking off in recent years (Gangemi2007). 218 �2. A note on the CT industry One of the most striking features of the CT industry is its all-encompassingnature, which touches diverse industries and settings. CT requires re-engineering an economy that has run on fossil fuels since the Industrial Age. The transportation infrastructure, for example, encompasses comprehensive network of energy production and distribution that have been shaped by a century of investment and innovation in oil drills, pipelines, tankers, refineries and gas stations (Harris 2010; Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). Parker and Youngman (2009) haverightly pointed out: ―[C]leantech is not a sector in the traditional sense (like IT or biotech), more a theme‖. Most innovations developed by biotechnology ventures are typically disruptive in nature (ThomassinandCloutier 2001). Despite initial inferior performance, disruptive innovations tend to be ―cheaper, simpler, smaller, and more convenient to use ―(Christensen, Raynor and Anthony 2003). They either create new markets by targeting non-consumers or compete in the low end of an established market. While some innovations in the CT industry might have disruption potential (Parker and Youngman 2009), they might not be so in the same way as in other industries. As noted above, most disruptive innovations tend to be cheaper (Christensen, Raynor and Anthony 2003).To the contrary, while the costs of solar and wind energy have reduced significantly, they remain more expensive than coal-generated electricity (Walet 2010). The CT industry is thus unlikely to follow Moore's Law3 of cost-improvement curve (Karlgaard 2010). Instead of focusing on a particular economic sector, CT entails the development, manufacturing, deployment, and sustainment of technologies that help improve the economic productivity and environmental performance of many sectors of the economy and improves national security (Ernst & Young2007; Parker and Youngman 2009). The development of the CT industries depends upon reducing the costs of products based on existing technologies instead of creating new low-cost products. CT‘s development depends upon emotionalratherthan rational behaviors of consumers and businesses. CT industry‘s success thus requires a fundamental shift in behaviors of consumers and businesses. Likewise, companies‘ responses to the global trends toward CT are also functions of factors such as contribution to international/ nationalsecurityandenvironmental protection in addition toprofit maximization. Some CT leaders, for instance, are likely to be consumer companies that are ―de-materializing‖ and are seeking to improve resource efficiency (Parker and Youngman 2009). Green capitalism is not likely to work in the same manner as in traditional industries. Wallis (2010, p. 33) notes: ―At a conceptual level, it is clear that ―green capitalism‖ seeks to bind together two antagonistic notions. To be green means to prioritize the health of the ecosphere, with all that this entails in terms of curbing greenhouse gases and preserving biodiversity. To promote capitalism, by contrast, is to foster growth and accumulation, treating both the 3 The well-known Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months, driving exponential growth rate of computing power. Over the past 40 years, Moore's Law has been found to be remarkably accurate. For instance, the number of transistors on a single chip increased from 2,300 on the 4004 chip developed in 1971 to 42 million on the Pentium IV processor developed in 2000 (Hamilton, 2001). Moore (2001) was confident that his law 'will be true for another 20 years'. A corollary of Moore's Law is that the cost of computing declines by about 35% every year (Palem 2001). 219 �workforce and the natural environment as mere inputs‖. Acorollaryoftheabove observation is that the traditional venture capital (VC) model that worked for IT may not work for theCT industry. A BusinessWeek article quotes a VC attorney, a CT specialist: " The scale and the risks are much greater". For this reason, some advocates of CT industry maintain that the government needs to act as a source of patient capital. 3. A proposed framework to examine the development of the CT industry The development of the CT industry in an economy can be understood in terms of three main building blocks (Figure 1)4. In this section, we briefly discuss the elements of the building blocks. Figure 1 about here 3.1.Impacts ofCT Impacts ofCT reflect the national welfare created by the CT industry and are the ultimate objectives that policy makers want toaccomplish (Ahmad and Hoffmann 2008). The reason perhaps most often cited for policymakers‘ preference for CT development concerns the shift towards a new form of ―capitalist development‖ that can address concerns related to negative environmental impacts such as global warming and climate change (Gibbs 2009). In addition, CT may also contribute to the economic and national security. In the U.S., for instance, in addition to climate change related concerns, factors such as increasing oil prices, growth of emerging markets and perceived national security implications of energy dependence on foreign countries have been major drivers of the CT industry (Ernst & Young2007). 3.2.Performance of the CT industry Performance indicators are CT related actions that are instrumental in delivering the desired impacts.Put differently, target indicators used in measuring CT performance tellthe progress towards achieving the ultimate objectives. Various indicators related to the development of the CT industrycan be used to measure the performance.Businesses‘ and consumers‘ CT awareness, attitude and preferences are tightly linked to the CT industry‘s performance. It is argued that companies in Japan have a ―non-political, long-term view‖ of energy (San Miguel 2010). In some countries, consumer perceptions are often the biggest roadblock for the development of the CT industry. For instance, due to efficiency and cost-effectiveness of conventional energy in the U.S., consumers have failed to see the benefits of CT (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009; Wadhwa 2010). Production of CT and CT adoption levels of businesses and consumers are also important performance indicators. The width of CT adoption or the number of different uses of CT, and the depth of CT adoption or the amount of usage of a particular CT can also be used to assess a country‘s CT performance. Other indicators include entrepreneurship and emergence of competitive local firms in the CT sector, export of CT related products and CT related innovations. 3.3.Determinants of CT development 4 This framework draws upon Ahmad and Hoffmann (2008). 220 �Determinants of CT development arethe factors that affect CT performance. The left box in Figure 1 presents interdependent and mutually reinforcing elements that determine the development of the CT industry. Government incentives, supports and strategic regulations that favor the local CT industry As is the case of any industry, the development of the CT industry is a function of the level of priority and focus of national industrial and technological policies on fostering and strengthening the industry (National Academy of Science 1985). Trade policy and other strategic regulations also affect the CT industry‘s growth (Tilton 1971). Strategicregulations provide frameworks and processes required for CT related actions that may lead to the planned and targeted results (Medley 1994). Some argue that the market mechanisms do not work perfectly and are associated with various imperfections and impurities. Prior research indicates that the government can take various measures to overcome businesses‘ myopia, greed, and economic power (Hart 1998). Governmentintervention isthus necessary to correct the failure of the market forces (Dahlman 1979). Indeed, some go even further to argue that governmentinterventionmay be desirable (Hvistendahl 2009). Different theoretical contributions and various empirical studies have led to the accepted view that the government can attack barriers to the development of an industry such as those related to skills, information, market and infrastructures by legal and non-legal influences. Scholars examining the development of information and communications technology (ICT) industry have identified these influences in the form of new laws, investment incentives, foreign technology transfer, and other supply-push and demand-pull forces (King et al. 1994; Montealegre 1999). For instance, Singapore has developed itself as an ICT hub of Asia by providing attractive infrastructure, skilled workers and a stable labor environment which attracted a large number of ICT firms to locate there (Kraemer et al. 1992; Wong 1998). Similarly, strong university-industry linkages and a large pool of highly trained scientists and engineers have driven the development of ICT industries in Israel (Porter and Stern 2001). In most cases, CT products such as solar power tend to be more expensive than conventional alternatives (Galbraith 2009). CT startups often need to make huge investments in R&D and wait for a long time to develop a business plan. Developing expensive production facilities and scaling them up may prove to be a challenge of another magnitude (Wadhwa 2010). A consultant noted that a CT company could take up to nine years to become profitable (Gangemi2007). Moreover, some CT sectors such as solar panel manufacturers are facing dropping profits. During 2007-2009, the price of solar panels reduced by more than half (Asiamoney 2009). The CTindustry thus facesnon-price barriers. One way to overcome such barriers would be to increase public sector investments and provide substantial subsidies or other incentives, which is likely to play a key role in stimulating entrepreneurship in such technologies. In sum, government incentives are more important for CT industry compared to other industries. 3.4.R&D and innovation profile An observation is that deployment rather than scientific breakthroughs is critical in the development of the CT industry (LaMonica 2010). However, there may be equally compellingarguments regarding the importance of innovations in the CT industry. Innovation undoubtedly contributes to national competitiveness in CT (NSF 2010). Innovation is especially important in the high-endsegments of the CT industry. For instance, consider 221 �China‘s showcase of high-tech renewable energy in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia. Due to a lack of local high quality photovoltaic installations manufacturers, China is importing photovoltaic panels from U.S.-based First Solar for a 2,000-megawatt power plant in Ordos (Mufson and Pomfret 2010). 3.5.Adverse environmental and health impacts of conventional energy sources Relative advantage is perceived benefits of a technology over previous technologies and the extent to which it is better than the idea it supersedes(Rogers 1962 1983 1995). In this regard, adverse environmental and health impacts of conventional energy sources would lead to a perception of higher relative advantage of CT and encourage its adoption. 3.6.Forward and backward linkages Of special interest is the development of related and supporting industries (Porter 1990). Efficient channels for forward and backward linkages, labor mobilityandstimulation of knowledge and technology transfer affect the development of the CT industry (Markusen and Venables 1999). 3.7.Market size and economies of scale Market size and economies of scaleaffect an industry‘s growth (Tilton 1971). Economies of scale are more important for the CT industry than most other industries.Some analysts argued that even the world‘s biggest markets such as China and the U.S. lack the scale required to succeed in the CT industries (Woetzel 2009). 3.8.Availability of CT related skills, and labor and natural resources The diffusion of a technology is influenced by the nature of inputs (Linder 1961; Vernon 1966). In this regard, CTrelated skills, and labor and natural resourcesarecriticalingredientsforthe success of this industry. 4. Determinants and drivers of the CT industry: Assessing major global economies For accelerating the growth of CT industry, Johnson and Suskewicz (2009) have proposed a framework with four elements: (a) an enabling technology,(b) an innovative business model, (c) a careful market-adoption strategy, and (d) a favorable government policy. A close reading of the literature suggests that the development of enabling technologyand government policy are probably the most important factors affecting entrepreneurial performance and national competitiveness in the CT industry. The OECD/EUROSTAT framework for entrepreneurship indicators, for instance,has six categories of determinants:Regulatory Framework (related to (a)), Market Conditions, Access to Finance, R&D and Technology (related to (d)), Entrepreneurial Capabilities and Culture (Ahmad and Hoffmann 2008). Indeed, the government‘s involvement is critical in discovering an appropriate business model and a market-adoption strategy (b and c in Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). We would thus argue that government policy and development of enabling technologyinfluence international heterogeneity in entrepreneurial performance and national competitiveness in the CT industry. Figure 2 provides a 2 x 2 matrix that classifies major economies in the world on these two dimensions and illustrates how they are positioned to benefit from the global trend towards CT. Figure 2 about here 222 �Dimension 1: Government incentives, supports and strategic regulations that favor the local CT industry Solomon (2009) noted the emergence of two primary strategies in the CT arena: a top-down approach, which involves the government imposing regulations that force companies to embrace CT and a bottom-up approach in which CT entrepreneurs come up with solutions for the marketplace (Solomon 2009). Because of the all-encompassing nature of CT and the importance of the development of a whole system, the latter approach is less likely to be effective in the CT industry. As noted above, government incentives matterin stimulating entrepreneurship in the CT industry (Hvistendahl 2009). In this regard, a 2009 study by Deutsche Bank (DB) ‗Global Climate Change Policy Tracker: An Investor's Assessment‘, which ranked 109 countries, Germany, China and Japan present the lowest risks for green investors and CT firms (PRLog 2009).In particular, there have been direct and targeted public investments in Asia's "clean technology tigers"—China, Japan and South Korea. Substantial and well-targeted incentives and greater public investments have attracted private capital flows in these. These three countries are projected to invest a US$509 billion in CT during 2009-2013 compared to the U.S. investment of US$172 billion (Issues in Science andTechnology 2010). Likewise, German government policies have made the country a CT leader (Altman 2010). The United Arab Emirates(UAE) is another high profile example of an economy which is characterized by government incentives, supports and strategic regulations in the CT industry. Masdar City set up the Abu Dhabi government will run entirely on CT(Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). TheUS$22 billion zero-emission, zero-waste city was launched in 2006 and is scheduled to be completed by 2016 (Singh 2010). In this paper‘s context, strategicregulations are regulations that are developed and applied strategically to provide a framework or process for actions that lead to planned CT results. It is worth noting that the literature is often plagued with claims and counter claims regarding the potential benefits to firms from environmental regulations. Porter and van der Linde (1995) observed that environmental regulations foster innovations andthus benefit firms. Palmer, Oates, and Portney ‗s (1995) models, on the other hand, demonstrated that regulations impose costs on firms, and firms can offset only a portion of those costs through innovation. Mohr and Saha (2008) provide various theoretical examples that are consistent with the Porter and van der Linde‘s assertion. They consider various possiblescenarios associated withenvironmental regulations and discuss some mechanisms by which firms may benefit from environmental regulations. Specifically, they argue that under some conditions, regulations impose costs that can be fully offset via induced innovation (Mohr and Saha 2008). In addition, Mohr and Saha (2008) also point out the possibility that a regulation itself is beneficial even without innovation. Firms may get additional benefit from innovation. It is quite possible that that the cost of regulation is passed along to the consumer in the form of a higher price. Dimension 2: Innovation and R&D profile As discussed earlier, innovation per se is likely to make a smaller contributionto success in the CT industry (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). Innovations, however, undoubtedly contribute to national competitiveness in CT (NSF 2010). For instance, Masdar City is planning to use 100% renewable energy and most of the innovations will be generated on-site (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). Ourseconddimension is thus the degree of innovations in the industry. Table 1 presents some important indicators related R&D and innovations profiles of some major economies in the world. 223 �Table 1 about here One way to understand inventive entrepreneurial activity around the world would be to look at the distribution of patents awarded to inventors in the U.S. Traditionally inventors in the U.S., the European Union (EU) and Japan produced most patents. According to the U.S. National Science Foundation, Taiwan and South Korea have intensified patenting activities in the U.S. in recent years. Chinese and Indian inventors‘ patenting activities, on the other hand, remain modest (NSF 2010). According to The European Patent Office (EPO), the number of CT patents increased significantly after the Kyoto Agreement. Germany, Japan, the UK, the U.S., South Korea and France have been the countries with the most CT patenting activities (cpaglobal.com 2009). Classifying some major economies in terms of the two dimensions We assess some of the major economies intermsof thetwodimensions discussed above. Cell I: South Korea In 2008, South Korean government set ―green growth‖ as the national vision. In 2009, it announced that US$31 billion of its US$38 billion stimulus package would be spent in the CT industry. The package was second only to China in terms of percentage of 2008 GDP (3.4 %) and the world‘s largest as a percentage of the stimulus package (81 %) (Morrison and Yoshida 2009). The package covered various economic sectors and was expected to create about 1 million green jobs. In 2009, a five-year plan was also announced, which aims to spend 2 % of its GDP in the development of environmentally friendly businesses and projects. In July 2009, an additional US$85 billion stimulus was announced for CT industries, which is expected to create about 1.81 million jobs in five years (Morrison and Yoshida 2009). In January 2010, the president signed the Basic Act on Low Carbon Green Growth. The law mandates the government to establish a national strategy for green growth and set national and corporate targets for carbon emissions. The law also provides legal grounds for state investment in CT (Jang-jin 2010). The country‘s presidential committee selected 10 green technologies to promote as new growth engine businesses for 2010. By 2012, the country will add 28,000 environment-friendly buses and provide incentives to reduce food waste by 20 % (Jang-jin 2010). It has set an explicit goal of increasing South Korean companies' share of the global CT export market by 8 % points (Atkinson 2010). As noted above, South Korea has intensified patenting activities in the U.S. in recent years. South Korea is also among the top 6 countries in the world for CT patenting activities (cpaglobal.com 2009). Cell I: Japan The Japanese government announced in the early 2010 that it would provide US$33 billion incentives for the CT industry. The targeted deployment would be in solar, hybrid-electric vehicles, and energy-efficiency technologies. The government also announced plans to spend an additional US$30 billion by 2015 on achieving price and performance improvements of the CT industry (Atkinson 2010). Japan‘s innovationprofile in CT is advanced. Japan leads the world in CT patents (Parker and Youngman 2009). Between 2002 and 2006, Japan applied for 60,261 patents for environmental technology compared to 25,047 applied by the U.S. (Fuller 2010). For cleancoal technology, the top six holders of patents are Japanese. Cell II: The U.S. and the U.K. 224 �The U.S. and the U.K. historically were the most popular destinations for global private CT investors (Atkinson, 2010). From 2000 to 2008, the U.K. and the U.S. attracted high levels of green capital investment --$17 billion and $52.1 billion respectively (PR Log 2009). In 2008,however, China overtook the U.S. in CT related private investments. In 2009, China gained in its global share of VC in CT, while North America lost its share. North America's share of global CT VC funding declined from 72 % in 2008 to 62 % in 2009 (Red Herring 2010). According to the Deutsche Bank mentioned earlier, the U.K. and U.S. have a high risk policy and CT investment environment (PR Log 2009). According to the report,the U.S. primarily relies on "volatile market incentive approach ".The recent trend of private investment reveals adecliningconfidence in the U.S. CT industry. Critics blame the U.S. for ―wavering policies, complex permitting, and a skittish financial community‖ (LaMonica 2010). The American Clean Energy and Security Act was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives in 2009. The Act arguably includes too few proactive policy initiatives and allocates relatively little funding to support R&D, commercialization and production of clean-energy technologies (Atkinson, 2010). Current U.S. energy and climate policies focus on stimulating domestic demand primarily through indirect demandside incentives and regulations. Analysts argue that the proposed U.S. climate and energy legislation may not close the CT investment gap. Some analysts argue that one of the biggest problems facing the U.S. CT concerns a political system. Powerful interest groups and the society arguably have acted as barriers to CT friendly policies (Parker and Youngman 2009). Wadhwa (2010) noted: ―The Valley may develop some breakthrough technologies, but without government help these are unlikely to translate into global leadership‖. While the U.S. has a R&D and innovation profile, the country overall lags behind Japan on CT patents. However, U.S. firms lead in some clean tech sectors. For instance, U.S. firms hold two-thirds of the patents on carbon-capture technology. While the U.S. runs a CT trade deficit of over $6 billion (Gerwin 2010), some U.S. companies such as First Solar are exporting high-end CT products. Cell III: China CT sectors that were prioritizedbythegovernment actions have experienced rapid growth (Parker and Youngman 2009). David Sandalow, a U.S. assistant secretary of energy for policy and international affairs—a CT expert recently put the issue this way: ―China‘s investment in clean energy is extraordinary. Unless the U.S. makes investments, we are not competitive in the CT sector in the years and decades to come‖ (Lean 2010). China is behind the U.S. and other industrialized countries in terms of CT innovations. According to Chatham House, no Chinese companies is among the top CT patent holders. For instance, there is no Chinese company among the top 20 holders of patents for clean-coal technology. Most Chinese players are concentrated in the low end of the CT industry. For instance, while China has a large number of players in the solar devices sector, most focus on low-tech rooftop water-heaters or cheap, low-efficiency photovoltaic panels (Mufson and Pomfret 2010). Likewise, quality levels of China‘s wind-turbine manufacturers lag far behind those of General Electric, Vestas and Siemens (Mufson and Pomfret 2010). Cell IV: India In June 2009, the Indian National Solar Mission announced that it had set a target to reach 20 GW installed solar capacity by 2020, which was more than the entire world‘s solar generation 225 �capacity for 2009. India, however, expects to pay for the US$20 billion plan primarily through international financing (Peace 2009). As of July 2009, India‘s total fiscal stimulus was US$6.5 billion (0.5 % of GDP) compared to China‘s US$586 billion (Fuller 2009). According to Chatham House, no Indian company is among the top CT patent holders. In general, India‘s innovation and R&D profile has been low (Table 1). 5. Discussion and conclusion This article disentangled the mechanisms behind the development of the CT industry.Disruptive innovations are quite possible in the CT industry, especially when there is a sizable segment of the population adopting this technology. As in other disruptive innovations, the incumbents (e.g., the industrialized nations-based firms) may lack the ability to play the new game in the field of CT (Christensen, Raynor and Anthony 2003). As noted above, companies such as DuPont have entered into a completely new game of CT (Hart 2005). Chinese CT firms‘ internationalization activities may be the latest sign to suggest that Chinese firms mayemergeaswinners in the global CT race. The case study presented in this paper also suggested that the Chinese CT industry is more sophisticated than first meets the eye. The government is playing an influential role to drive the Chinese CT industry.The Chinese government is counting on the CT to enhance its image. The Communist Party expects that a richer and greener economy might help increase respect for it. There has already been some results. In recent years, air quality has improved in some Chinese cities (Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs 2007). While the Chinese CT industry performs well in the government‘s incentives and support as well as strategic regulation, its R&D and innovation profile has been low. To achieve various objectives related toeconomic, environmental and national security (impacts of CT), China needs to slip into a higher gear. Lampton (2005) noted that ―China can be weak and strong simultaneously‖. And so can its CT industry. China continues to gain strength in CT industries. Government‘s measures are the key to China's success. Of particular interest are the proposed regulatory measures, which are further likely to drive the growth of this industry. More than a decade ago, Koo (1998) noted that the ―progress in China has been scarcely noted in the Western media and overshadowed by the focus on the human rights abuses as perceived by the West‖. This observation remains generally true today as well. Several analystshavewarnedthat Western managers may have underestimated the innovation taking place in China (Rein 2010). The Western media have neglected to pay enough attention to transformations undergoing the Chinese CTindustry. Brian Fan, senior director of research at the Cleantech Group noted: "A lot of people underestimate how focused China is on becoming a global leader in CT" (Mufson 2009). Some analysts argue that neither China nor the U.S. has the scale required to succeed in the CT industries (Woetzel 2009). The above discussion indicates that China can achieve better economiesofscale and has various mechanisms to build it.However, China and the U.S. have complementary characteristics. 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Table 1: R&D and innovations profiles of some major economies in the world Patents Receipts Research Researchers granted to of royalties and in R&D residents and license development (per million (per million fees (R&D) people) 1900–05 People) 2000–05 (US$ per person) 2005 Expenditures 2000–05 Japan 857 138.0 3.1 5,287 The U.K. 62 220.8 1.9 2,706 The U.S. 244 191.5 2.7 4,605 South Korea 1,113 38.2 2.6 3,187 China 16 0.1 1.4 708 India 1 0 0.8 119 Source: UNDP (2008) 231 �Figure 1: A framework for understanding CT related Indicators Determinants and drivers of the CT industry Government incentives, supports and strategic regulations that favor the local CT industry R&D and innovation profile CT related performances Consumers’ CT awareness, attitude and preferences Production of CT and CT adoption levels of businesses/consumers Adverse environmental and health impacts of conventional energy sources Entrepreneurship and emergence of competitive local firms in the CT sector Forward and backward linkages Market size and economies of scale Export of CT related products Availability of externality mechanisms CT related innovations Availability of CT related natural resources, skills and labor resources Figure 2: Assessing major world economies in terms of some determinants of CT development Degree of government incentives and support Degree of R&D and High innovation High Low [I] [II] Japan The U.S. South Korea The U.K. Germany Low [III] [IV] 232 �China India The UAE Notes: In the U.S., CT was the only sector that received more VC in 2009 compared to 2008, which experienced a 52% increase to $2.7 billion (Zaborowski2009). 5ii While the CT market has been growing since the 1970s (solar panels and wind energy have had a small but loyal consumer), investment in this sector is taking off in recent years (Gangemi2007). iii The well-known Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months, driving exponential growth rate of computing power. Over the past 40 years, Moore's Law has been found to be remarkably accurate. For instance, the number of transistors on a single chip increased from 2,300 on the 4004 chip developed in 1971 to 42 million on the Pentium IV processor developed in 2000 (Hamilton, 2001). Moore (2001) was confident that his law 'will be true for another 20 years'. A corollary of Moore's Law is that the cost of computing declines by about 35% every year (Palem 2001). iv This framework draws upon Ahmad and Hoffmann (2008). Unit Root Properties Of Energy Consumption And Production In Turkey Özgür Polata1,Enes E. Uslub2, Hüseyin Kalyoncuc3 1Department of Economics, Dicle University, Diyarbakır/Turkey. 2Turkstat Expert, Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, Turkey Necatibey c. Yucetepe m. No:114 Ankara, Turkey 3 Department of International Trade, Meliksah University, Kayseri/Turkey E-mails: opolat@dicle.edu.tr , enesuslu@tuik.gov.tr, hkalyoncu@meliksah.edu.tr Abstract In this study, unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using unit root tests based on LM considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of the unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is 5 Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Finance 233 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1249 Title A name given to the resource The Development of the Clean Technology Industry: A Conceptual Framework Author Author Nir , Kshetri Abstract A summary of the resource. The evolutionofanindustrychanges the competitive climate faced by individual firms as well as nations. Many analysts consider the clean technology (CT)industry as a game changer for businesses‘ and nations‘ competitiveness in the 21st century.From a theoretical standpoint, the CT industry contains many idiosyncraticfeatures, which affect the natures of entrepreneurial opportunities and roles in this industry. The issues of the evolution of the clean technology industry and nations‘ competitive advantages in this industry area critical but little-examined problem in the social science research. We contributetofilling this research gap with an analysis of the entrepreneurship in the global CT industry. Specifically, this paper proposes a framework to examine the development of the CT industry and assesses some major economies in terms of the major dimensions in the framework. We also present a case study of entrepreneurship in the Chinese CT industry. Keywords: Clean technology, disruptive innovations, solar cells, China, venture capital, externality mechanisms Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/024934274e36bf7ce1ccc0f8dc327daa.pdf 51fcea96ba8d8d07370a621073fdf2e9 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Universities Branding Process about Creating Value through Integrated Marketing Communications Omer Kursad Tufekci1, Nezihe Tufekci2 1Suleyman Demirel University Egirdir Vocational School, Isparta, Turkey, 2Mehmet AkifErsoy University Aglasun Vocational School, Burdur, Turkey, E-mails: omertufekci@sdu.edu.tr, nezihetufekci@mehmetakif.edu.tr Abstract Integrated marketing communication has been widely accepted by businesses around the world. This is a marketing communications system that allows organizations to beter manage their brand images. Integrated marketing communication strategies are aimed at combining or integrating the elements of the communication mix, such as advertising and public relations in order to create a balanced and consistent marketing communications massage thet strengthens the brand. Integrated marketing communication, if managed correctly gives an organization a competitive advantage because of its cost effectiveness and its ability to maximize the impact of its product and services development and the communication of the organization’s massages within the marketplace. The market environment in higher education is extremely competitive. Universities need to become beter with the coordination of their marketing communication programs. So universities create a strong emotional bond with their markets in order to be perceived as a relevant choice in their target markets’ minds. Many universities experience difficulties coordinating their marketing communications programs and could benefit by integrating their marketing communication efforts to realize greater productivity within their recruitment, retention and development efforts. Keywords:Universities, Integrated Marketing Sustainability Competitive Advantage Communication, Branding, Marketing, 1. INTRODUCTION The emergence of integrated marketing communications (IMC) has become one of the most significant example of development in the marketing discipline (Kitchen and Schultz, 1999). Nowadays the market environment in universities are very extremely competitive (Daves and Brown, 2002; Mount and Belanger, 2004). Universities need to become better with the coordination of their marketing communication programs and create a strong emotional bond with their markets in order to be perceived as a relevant choice in their target markets’ mind (Rosen, Curran and Greenlee, 1998; Armstrong and Lumsden, 1999; Mount and Belanger, 2004). Many universities experience difficulties coordinating their marketing communication efforts to 56 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo realize greater productivity within their recruitment, retention and development efforts (Sands and Smith, 1999). The problem addressed in this study is the challenge that universities face in coordinating all their marketing communication efforts to better achieve their institutional marketing goals and therefore they need a management system to integrate all of their marketing communication efforts. 2. INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION (IMC) Integrated marketing communications has been widely accepted by business around the world as a marketing communications system that allows organizations to better manage their brand images (Kitchen etall., 2004; Sheehan and Doherty, 2001). IMC, if managed correctly gives an organization a competitive advantage because of its cost effectiveness and its ability to maximize the impact of its product and services development and the communication of the organization’s messages within the marketplace (Belch and Belch, 2001; Ireland, 2002; Low, 2000; Varey and White, 2000). IMC was related to the different definitions in the literature. American Association of Advertising Agencies (1989) stated that “a concept of marketing communications planning that recognizes the added value in a program that integrates a variety of strategic disciplines, e.g. general advertising, direct response, sales promotion and public relations – and combines these disciplines to provide clarity, consistency and maximum communication impact”. Schultz (1991) said that “the process of managing all sources of information about a product/service to which a customer or prospect is exposed, which behaviorally moves the customer toward a sale and maintains customer loyalty. Keegan, Moriarty and Duncan (1992) explained that “the strategic coordination of all messages and media used by an organization to collectively influence its perceived brand value”. Kotler et al. (1999) suggested that “IMC is the concept under which a company carefully integrates and coordinates its many communications channels to deliver a clear, consistent and compelling message about the organization and its products”. Gould (2000: 22) suggested that “IMC as a major strategic concept is not much different from other marketing or management concepts, methodologies or strategies that have arisen (e.g. the marketing concept, the product lifecycle, brand equity, or total quality management). All have an evolutionary, discursive and behavioral history in which the particular concept is defined and redefined, often many times. Never is there complete agreement on the meaning or value of any single concept.” Duncan (2002) noted that “a cross-functional process for creating and nourishing profitable relationships with customers and other stakeholders by strategically controlling or influencing all messages sent to these groups and encouraging data-driven purposeful dialogue with them”. Schultz and Schultz (2004) reported that “IMC is a strategic business process used to plan, develop, execute and evaluate coordinated, measurable, persuasive brand communication programs over time with consumers, customers, prospects, and other targeted, relevant external and internal audiences”. Kliatcho (2005) announced that “IMC is the concept and process of strategically managing audience-focused, channel-centered, and results-driven brand communication programs over time”. 57 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo If we use a more limited definition we could say that marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and freely exchanging products and services of value with others (Kotler, 2003: 9). Smith et al. (1999) have defined IMC. They distinguish three definitions: (1) Management and control of all market communications. (2) Ensuring that the brand positioning, personality and messages are delivered synergistically across every element of communication and are delivered from a single consistent strategy. (3) The strategic analysis, choice, implementation and control of all elements of marketing communications which efficiently (best use of resources), economically (minimum costs) and effectively (maximum results) influence transactions between an organization and its existing and potential customers, consumers and clients. Thus IMC has become a strategic issue and should, therefore, be treated in accordance with the nature of strategy and strategic decisions. The characteristics commonly associated with the concept of strategy and strategic decisions are, first, that strategy is concerned with the long-term direction of an organization or a company. Second, strategic decisions are likely about to gain some competitive advantage. Third, strategic decisions are concerned with the scope of the organization’s activities. It is to do with what owners and managements want the organization to be like and to be about. This could and should include important decisions about visions, product range, withdrawal from or entering markets (Holm, 2006: 26). For purposes of this research, the assumed definition of IMC will be “a strategic business process used to plan, develop, execute, and evaluate coordinated, measurable, persuasive brand communication programs over time with consumers, prospects, and other targeted, relevant external and internal audiences” (Schultz and Schultz, 2004: 20). 3. IMC AND BRANDING Severalauthorshaveoutlined how integrated marketing communicationsplays an important role in buildingandmaintainingbothcustomerrelationshipsandbrandequity (Ambler et al., 2002; DuncanandMoriarty, 1998; JonesandBlair, 1996; Keller, 2003; Madhavaram et al., 2005; Naikand Raman, 2003; Rust et al., 2004a; Schultz et al., 1994). Low’s (2000)andReid et al.’s (2001)studiesoutlinethepositiveaffectgreaterintegration of marketingcommunications can have on brandperformance.Insubsequentresearch, Reid (2003: 245) highlighted “a positiverelationshipbetweenbrand-related (sales, brandstrength, customerloyalty) performanceand IMC”. Thispoint is supportedbylaterresearch (Reid, 2005: 47) whichillustrated how “therewas a strong main effectindicating a positiverelationshipbetweenthe IMC processandbrandoutcomes” withbrandoutcomesbeingdefined as (relative) salesperformance, customersatisfactionandbrandadvantage (awareness, premiumpriceandchannelsupportoffered).Todatetherehavebeen a limitednumber of empiricalstudieswhichsupporttheviewthat a greaterlevel of integrationwithrespecttomarketingcommunicationspositivelyeffectsorganisational/brandperforma nce (Cornelissen, 2000; Low, 2000). 58 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. IMC AND UNIVERSITIES Nowadaysthe market environment in universitiesarehighlycompetitive (Dawesand Brown, 2002; MountandBelanger, 2004; Selingo, 2005). Technology is narrowingthevisibilitygap, rankinguniversitiesaregrowing in numbers, publicfunding is contracting, potantialstudentsaremoresophisticatedandinternationalstudentsareincreasinglylooking at othercountries as an alternative (Klassen, 2000; McCormack, 2005). Universitiesneedtobecomebetter at tellingtheirstoryandcreating an emotionalbondwiththeirmarkets (Armstrong andLumsden, 1999; MountandBelanger, 2004). Studiesindicatesthat IMC is a potentialandimportant model foruniversities but has yet to be widelyimplemented in theuniversitiesfieldoradequatelyresearched in theacademicliterature. Universitiesfield has been in thecommercialmarketplacelongerthanmostacademicsliketoacknowledge. As privateandpublicfundingsourcesfluctuate in theirgenerosity, universitiesareincreasinglycompetitive in attractingnewstudentsandfacultywho in theirverynatureareconstantlythinkingaboutnewideasandprograms (Bok, 2003; Horrigan, 2007). Inthisstudyweproposethe model shownbelowwithuniversitiesbrandingprocessaboutcreatingvaluethroughintegratedmarketingcom munications (seeFigure 1). Organizational Resistance Brand Development Message Consistency Strategic Planning Integrated Marketing Communicatio ns Brand Performan ce Universitie s Branding Staff Development (IMC) Figure 1: UniversitiesBrandingProcess Wesuggestedthatuniversitiesbrandingwith an integratedmarketingcommunicationsaredepend on fivevariables as shown in Figure 1. Thesevariablesweredetermined as organizationalresistance, branddevelopment, messageconsistency, strategicplanningandstaffdevelopment. 4.1. Organizational Resistance In recent years, universities slowly adopt the concepts of branding and integrated marketing communications, and in turn, reconsider skill sets needed to manage these new strategies (Mount and Belanger, 2004). Brand development and IMC programs are difficult and sometimes painful discussion to have within the walls of universities (Jugenheimer, 1995; Ruch, 2001). It is easier fort he academy to speak in terms of reputation and prestige that are built through investment over time (Brewer et al., 2006). 59 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Maringe (2006: 469) desribes that positioning thus involves three elements of devolopingan corporate brand or image, deciding on the market segments to serve and developing a communication strategy that accentuates the corporate capability to deliver to this market. Understanding choice and decision making of applicants feeds into this corporate positioning strategy through a clear identification of both the reasons for purchase behaviour of applicants. The ultimate image measurement for Brewer et al. (2006) regarding how effective an corporate has been with the development and communication of their service offerings is how prestigious the corporate is in the consumers mind. In fact, Temple (2006) suggests that what is referred to as university branding is actually corporate reputation and image (Horrigan, 2007). 4.2. Brand Development Marketing research to universities are very important. Especially marketing research to inform their marketing communications strategies are important (Hemsley-Brown and Oplatka, 2006). Gatfield (2000)’s study on student’s perception of quality showed a cultural difference between university market segments and recommended that corporates consider these differences when developing their communications strategy. The need to design messages differently to different market segments while communicating a consistent and relevant meaning fort he brand is important for an corporate’s brand development (Farr, 2003; Moore, 2004). Gutman and Miaoulis (2003: 105) explain that “an effective theme, consistent with the image the corporate is trying to project, ultimately allows fort he creation and management of ‘brand image’. A positive brand image can be a powerful influence in the decision to attend a university”. They suggests that the brand represents all the cognitive and emotional factors that help define the corporate and that these associations need to be managed to develop a strategic marketing comminications program. Hemsley-Brown and Oplatka (2006: 333) state that although there have been a number of studies that examined image and reputation, the notion of branding has barely made its mark in university marketing. There are a number of concepts associated with branding that have still to be explored (Horrigan, 2007). 4.3. Message Consistency Universities must develop consistent messages and images (Sevier, 2001). Consistency is a complex process. The parts are equal to the sum of the whole and indicators are needed to measure this complexity to inform strategic planning (Morrill, 2000). A marketing communications program should consider how to implement corporate standarts while allowing for individual areas to create their own identity under a corporate umbrella (Sevier and Johnson, 1999; Kotler and Fox, 1985). Marketing communication efforts that create consistency and eventually strength in the brands over time (Mount and Belanger, 2004). Karrh (2000) suggests that the difference in beliefs held between market segments makes it more difficult to create synergy in an corporate image. The nature of the relationship between a university and its many and diverse constituencies and the care a corporate must take to manage a meaningful and consistent brand (McAlexander and Koenig, 2001). A consistent and meaningful brand image is critical in the current competitive university market continuously flooded with images and messages. To achieve consistency through an integrated corporate effort, university must have a 60 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo strong management team to coordinate the marketing and communications effort (Ramsden, 1998; Horrigan, 2007). 4.4. Strategic Planning Strategic planning is vital for organizations. Because strategic planning eliminates the uncertainty of the future.Therefore, the strategic importance of internal audit. An internal audit will also allow the corporate to identify common marketing communications efforts as well as needed specialized activities (Liu, 1998). The audit should be used to inform the internal audience of the corporate’s goals and receive feedback on its ideas. It takes an inclusive and persistent corporate effort to convince internal constituents that investment in universities and departments other than their own will also benefit them. The initial information gathered through the audit should be used to consider how groups can work together for individual and organizational goals (Liu, 1998; Sands and Smith, 1999; Horrigan, 2007). 4.5. Staff Development Much of the strategic planning is directly by people elevated into positions of responsibility that typically have had little to no formal training in marketing or communications (Kittle, 2000). Many administrators climbed the academic ladder over time and their knowledge base is rooted in their academic discipline rather than a marketing communications background (Jugenheimer, 1995). Professional expertise in integrated marketing communications is needed in order for organizations to harness the strength of their organizations and effectively communicate with their markets (Maddox, 2005; Meister-Scheytt and Scheytt, 2005). Therefore, a cultural change is needed at universities before a strategic marketing communications program can be developed (Budros, 2002; Kempner, 2003). Today’s current shrinking and competitive market has made ir easier fort he academy to accept the need for more aggresive marketing, but the debate continues to what type of marketing and communications is appropriate for an universities (Horrigan, 2007). 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY In this study, the framework areas are organizational resistance, brand development, message consistency, strategic planning and staff development. These areas of study can be approached independently or combined in ways left to the researcher’s conceptual design. A larger research scope may be applied for studying the sophistication level of the field’s integrated marketing communications efforts. A quantitative analysis via surveying the universities landscape may offer insight into how the size of an corporate affects the policy decisions discussed. Recommendations for further research would contribute significant findings to applied studies.. 61 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Ambler, T.,Bhattacharya, J. E., Keller, K. L., Lemon, K. N. andMittal, V. (2002). RelatingBrandandCustomerPerspectives on Marketing Management. Journal of Service Research, 5, 13-25. Armstrong, J. andLumsden, D. (1999), Impact of Universities’ PromotionalMaterials on CollegeChoice, Journal of Marketing forHigherEducation, 9 (2), 83-91. Belch, G. andBelch, M. (2001), AdvertisingandPromotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, McGraw-HillIrwin, NY. Bok, D. 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(2007), Integrated Marketing Communications in HigherEducation, University of Connecticut, PhdDissertations. Ireland, L. (2002), Channel Integration Strategies, Target Marketing, 25 (9), 34-36. 62 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Jones, J. P. andBlair, M. H. (1996). Examining 'ConventionalWisdoms' AboutAdvertisingEffectswithEvidenceFromIndependentStores. Journal of AdvertisingResearch, 36, 37-60. Jugenheimer, D. (1995), AdvertisingtheUniversity: A Professional ApproachtoAdvertisingtheUniversity, Journal of Marketing forHigherEducation, 6 (1), 1-22. Karrh, J. (2000), EvaluatingBeliefStrengthandConsistency in theAssessment of University Image, Journal of Marketing forHigherEducation, 10 (2), 1-9. Keegan, W.,Moriarty, S. andDuncan, T. (1992), Marketing, Prentice-Hall, EnglewoodCliffs, NJ. Keller, K. L. (2003). Strategic Brand Management: MeasuringandManagingBrandEquity, UpperSaddleRiver, New Jersey, PrenticeHall. 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(2005), ExpertstoColleges: Market Ourselves, TheChronicle of HigherEducation, 51 (41), A21. 64 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sevier, R. (2001), Brand as Relevance, Journal of Marketing forHigherEducation, 10 (3), 77-96. Sevier, R. and Johnson, R. (1999), Integrated Marketing Communication: A Practical Guide toDevelopingComprehensiveCommunicationStrategies, Case Books. Sheehan, K. andDoherty, B. (2001), Re-wearingthe web: IntegratingPrintand Online Communications, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 15 (2), 47-59. Smith, P.R.,Berry, C. andPulford, A. (1999), Strategic Marketing Communications, KoganPage, London. Temple, P. (2006), BrandingHigherEducation: IllısionorReality?,Perspectives, 10 (1), 15-19. Varey, R. and White, J. (2000), TheCorporateCommunicationSystem of Managing, Corporate Communications, 5 (1), 5-11. Residents’ Perceptions towards Sustainable Tourism Development: The Case of Alanya Aydin Cevirgen, Furkan Baltaci, Onur Oku Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Tourism Administration, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: acevirgen@akdeniz.edu.tr, fbaltaci@akdeniz.edu.tr, onuroku@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Sustainable development approach is of utmost importance for the future existence of tourism destinations. Therefore, enabling tourism development based on sustainability principles economically, socially and environmentally is considered to be a necessity. All stakeholders of the tourism sector have important roles in this development process. Especially, the inclusion of residents to this process and their involvement in decision-making mechanisms represent a focal point in sustainable tourism development. Any tourism development that does not take into consideration the needs and expectations of residents does not have much chance for success. There have been many studies made about residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism and tourism development in tourism literature. However, only a few studies use sustainable development perspective in order to determine residents’ perceptions towards tourism development. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the residents’ perceptions towards sustainable tourism development in Alanya, an important tourism destination of Turkey and Mediterranean region. Data gathered from 134 residents in Alanya were analyzed using factor and correlation analysis, t-tests and ANOVA. Results presented a four-factor perceived sustainable tourism development measurement scale: environmental sustainability; perceived social costs; maximizing community participation; and perceived economic benefits. Findings have shown that there is a significant correlation between perceived economic benefits and two of the other three factors, which are environmental sustainability and maximizing community participation. Another main finding of the study is that residents are not fully aware of nor have 65 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1364 Title A name given to the resource Universities Branding Process about Creating Value through Integrated Marketing Communications Author Author Omer , Kursad Tufekci Abstract A summary of the resource. Integrated marketing communication has been widely accepted by businesses around the world. This is a marketing communications system that allows organizations to beter manage their brand images. Integrated marketing communication strategies are aimed at combining or integrating the elements of the communication mix, such as advertising and public relations in order to create a balanced and consistent marketing communications massage thet strengthens the brand. Integrated marketing communication, if managed correctly gives an organization a competitive advantage because of its cost effectiveness and its ability to maximize the impact of its product and services development and the communication of the organization’s massages within the marketplace. The market environment in higher education is extremely competitive. Universities need to become beter with the coordination of their marketing communication programs. So universities create a strong emotional bond with their markets in order to be perceived as a relevant choice in their target markets’ minds. Many universities experience difficulties coordinating their marketing communications programs and could benefit by integrating their marketing communication efforts to realize greater productivity within their recruitment, retention and development efforts. Keywords:Universities, Integrated Marketing Communication, Branding, Marketing, Sustainability Competitive Advantage Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cd18470d18746ace799f76f8ac019758.pdf ed9bda21b877f39320a75dea3eafe3d3 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TANIŞ, Veyis Naci (1999), Faaliyete Dayalı Maliyet Yönteminin Anlamı, Önemi ve Faydaları, Hacettepe Üniv. İ.İ.B.F Dergisi Sayı:2 YUAN, Fong Ching (2007), The Use of a Fuzzy Logic Based System in Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Under Uncertainty, www.sciencedirect.com Leadership Traits Of Managers In Health Sector: Sample Of Isparta Orhan Adigüzel, Nurittin Arikan2, Seher Derya2, Belma Keklik1 1Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Health Administration, Turkey 2Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Business Administration, Turkey E-mails: orhanadiguzel@gmail.com,nurittin_arikan@hotmail.com, seherderya@gmail.com, belmakeklik@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Leadership is a process that affect the activities of people who gathered around the goals and objectives. Leader is a person who directing the behavior of group members in the group’s purposes. In this sense, the business leaders exhibit different behaviors when they leading others to perform the jobs and activities. These different behaviors which are exhibited by the leader is his/her management style. Management style is depend on manager’s personality, company’s sector, organizational structure and members of organization can changeable. The health sector is a developing with techonological innovations and scientific researches day by day. Behaviors of managers and leaders in this sector also attracted the attention of social scientists and executives. In this project, behaviors of managers in health sector will be examined and which leadership styles trend is maximum and this trend how change related to the sex, age, the year of work in the company will be analyzed. Thus, the output of our project will help managers to know their behaviors and academicians for new studies. Keywords: Manegers, Leadership, Leadership styles, Health sector 1.INTRODUCTION Management concept started very long time ago. Human being beginning from their existence was always the part of this management concept. Even in a small and primitive community management could be said to exist. This concept always affected the life of the people, communities and socities deeply and this concept was always current for the socities 166 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo and individuals. People make organizations in order to make their life easier and more stable,they want to reach to their goals and aims with the help of these organizations, and they want to make use of this organizations to succeed the things they could not as individuals.Organizations life, persistance, activity and efficiency are all going to be possible with rational,current, and such a management concept that would satisfy the desires of the organization members and its applications. At that point, it could be claimed that management concept had been one of the most important activity for human being and it would continue being like that in the future. 2.LEADER AND VE LEADERSHIP CONCEPTIONS Leaders are the people whom the followers follow by their desires. Leaders are the people who have confidence and trust on the followers. Dictionary meaning of leader requires the power, authority, giving order, awarding, and having followers. (Doğan, 2007: 32-33) Researhers make the definitions of the leadership using their own personal perspective and the conceptions that they value. Together with the leadership research which was common in 1950s, many definitions started to take place. (Zel, 2001: 90-91). Leadership is the action of affecting the people`s and the organized group`s behaviours within the reason of realizing their aim.(Haas ve Tamarkin, 2000: 6). Leadership is the art of affecting the people`s actions and behaviors. Leadership is the ability to make the other people to accept the leader`s desires and and will by gaining the other people`s respect trust and loyalty. (Garih, 2004: 249). In 20 th century, leadership has been one of the dominant topics which was having deep scientific work included. In this century, in different fields, not only theoretician but also implementers worked hard to analyse the leadership. (Erçetin, 1998: 5). 2.1. LEADERSHIP FORMS If leaders are to be classified according to their understanding and behaviour, there are dictator, authoritarian, exact freedom provider, and democratic leaders, in addition to these according to their behaviours, there are charismatic, humanist, autocratic, natural, and transactional, transformational and promotional leaders, and more variety of leaders could be classified. It would be convenient to clearify having the different types of leaders in both sense of behaviours and understanding, the positive and negative effects of these variety of leader types with their general properties. 3. RESEARCH 3.1. Objective and Content of the Research Objective of this research; to determine the leader properties of the managers in available health associations in Isparta It is stated that what properties, the people such as city health adminitrator in manager position, his assistants, govenrmental and private hospital administrators and their assistants, head doctors, and assistants in health sector in example city Isparta, show when they lead 167 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo their teams. There are 133 manager as being administrator, assistant to administrators, department administrators, hospital managers , assistants, head doctors and their assistants, head nurse and head nurse assistants, in 12 associations such as City Health Directorship, Isparta Governmental Hospital, Gulkent Governmental Hospital, Gynecology and Pediatry Hospital, Dr. Sadik Yagci Mouth and Teeth Health Center, S.D.U Medicine Faculty Hospital, Private şifa Hospital, Private Davraz Yasam Hospital, Private Isparta Hospital, Private Kariyer Eye Hospital, Private Atanur Eye Hospital, Private Incident Dental Hospital.In this research, questionnaires were done with 108 managers and 25 managers could not be included in these questionnaires. 81% of the managers of the management position were reached and 19 % of them could not be reached. 3.2. Research Findings 108 managers joined in this work to evaluate the leadership properties of managers in the health sector in Isparta. 65 % of the 108 people who had this sample generated, is male. Almost all of them ( 92%) is married. %58 of them between 25 and 40 years old. Among these 108 people who had this sample formed, there had not been any people who claimed that being highschool graduate or being less then 25 years old. It is observed that half ( 53 %) of the participants are bachelor degree and half (%54) of them is working in the available position for a period of 1- 4 years. 32% of 108 people who has formed this sample have the working period of 16-20 years in management position. 3.2.1. Confindence Analyze Confidence of this questionnaire form which was done about the leadership properties of managers in health sector was tested. According to this test, 34 questions scale, confidence coefficient comes out to be as alfa=0,915. That confidence is high enough level confident scale. In the scale, the average of the questions is 4.281. The average variation range is found as 1.213 (3,546 – 4,759). The difference between the question averages, Hoteling Test and in order to measure the difference that destroy the integrity, the Between Items value in variance analyze werechecked out. According to Hotelling test (P=0,000), averages variances are different and it was observed that there are some differences destroying the integrity of questions. (P=0.000). At that point, in order to determine the position of every single question in general scale Item- Total correlation should be checked. These correlations are observed to have the range between -0,239 and 0,679 Item –Total correlation constants should not be negative, in fact they should be greater than 0,30. This could destroy the scale addition property. Likewise, in the questions, additive property is mostly destroyed. (Nonadditivity P=0,000). In this case, the questions which do not obey the rule are advised to taken out of the scale. But that is not definite rule. With deleting the questions, change in alpha and averave should be checked out. 168 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo With taking the questions that have negative correlation coefficients out, (i provide the regulation on my business, i have a consistent form, i have a clear and honest management, i am reassuring, i always know who is responsible with what, i give orders clearly, i respect juniors, i examine the events and i decide with thinking, i am fair to juniors, i am very keen on inspection of business, i give importance to rules and principals, i do plans carefully, my aims are clearified, i defend juniors, i insist on the plans which are being applied) alpha value has become 0,922. This value shows that scale is highly confident. After this point, if we were to repeat the values which we checked in the beginning; average of the questions in the scale is 4,099. The range of the change in the averages is found as 0,833(3,546 – 4,759). In this case, it is seen that there are differences between question averages but there are not big differences that destroy the integrity of the questions. In this case, when we checked out the Item-Total correlation, it is seen that correlations are changing in between 0,104 and 0,679. When we took the questions that have negative correlation value out, new additive value is determined as (Nonadditivity P=0,998). This value shows that in this work questions having the additive property is provided. According to this, ,analyze was conducted with remained 19 definitions from stated 34 definitions . 3.2.2. Factor Analyze While factor analyze was being used in this work, it was available that the easy evaluation of the meaningfull common structures related to original datas by using varimax rotation Before starting the factor analyze, KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure) test was done to understand if this sample convenient and with Bartlett test, factors were tested whether they are dependant to others or not. According to this, KMO= 0,895 was found. This shows us that it has a good sample magnitude to use the factor analyze. Bartlett Test of Sphericity was found as 0,000(Bartlett Test of Sphericity=0,000) . This shows that there is meaningfull difference between factors in factor analyze which was done. That means factors are independant. That also confirms the varimax rotation that was used in factor analyze. According to this, result of the factor analyze was shown as below(to see total results, please look at appendix 9 table) Table 1:Rotational Scores 169 Eigenvalue Variance Cumulative Variance 1 3,701 19,480 19,480 2 3,688 19,408 38,888 3 3,135 16,497 55,386 4 1,685 8,871 64,257 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo According to this, definitions are gathered in 4 groups (factors). Total variance which these 4 factors clearifies is found as %64,257. The variance which Factor 1 explains is %19,480, the variance which Factor 2 explains is %19,408, the variance which Factor3 explains is %16,497, the variance which Factor 4 explains is %8,871, and these were found. 3.2.3. Regression Analyze To determine the variables that affect the each factor, regression analyze was done. For Factor 1; The regression analyze of the model that is created by the variables that affect Factor 1 was done and it is determined as relevant as being complete considering ANOVA test. (F=50,413, p=0,000). In addition it is seen that these variables explain the factor 1 with a ratio of 75 %.(R Square= 0,750). The results of the regression analyze of the dependant and independant variables in the model are shown in the table below. Table 2: Results of Regression B St Hata Fixed -5.786 .359 I promote new ideas .042 .085 I am open to critics .392 I like to discuss new ideas I am open to change I promote development improvement I am open to innovation and β t p -16.138 .000 .035 .494 .622 .074 .334 5.277 .000 .285 .084 .239 3.371 .001 .428 .115 .289 3.730 .000 .041 .100 .029 .406 .686 .200 .104 .141 1.923 .057 In the table, parameters which are obtained and related t values are shown. From the t values of parameters and the variables which was included in the model such as ``I am open to critics, I like to discuss new ideas, I am open to change`` are shown as meaningfull ( %5 significance level). The variable `` I am open to critics `` has the effect of 0,392 to factor 1. The variable `` I like to discuss new ideas `` has the effect of 0,285. The variable `` I am open to change`` has the effect of 0,428. According to this, mostly the variable `` I am open to change`` with highest, 0,428 effect, describes factor 1. For Factor 2; The regression analyze of the model that is created by the variables that affect Factor 2 was done and it is determined as relevant as being complete considering ANOVA test. (F=62,021, p=0,000) (BKZ. Ek.13). In addition it is seen that these variables explain the factor 2 with a ratio of 79 %.(R Square= 0,787). 170 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The results of the regression analyze of the dependant and independant variables in the model are shown in the table below. Table 3: Results of Regression B St Hata Fixed -6.562 .345 I give juniors the right to speak when i decide. .210 .077 I appreciate the good works .166 I care about the others thoughts β t p -19.027 .000 .164 2.721 .008 .088 .120 1.871 .064 .712 .109 .459 6.517 .000 I trust to juniors .034 .068 .029 .495 .622 I provide a friendly and unargued environment .162 .072 .130 2.249 .027 I listen to others` ideas and advices .267 .097 .188 2.756 .007 In the table, parameters which are obtained and related t values are shown. From the t values of parameters and the variables which was included in the model such as `` I give juniors the right to speak when i decide, I care about the others thoughts, I provide a friendly and unargued environment , I listen to others` ideas and advices `` are shown as meaningfull ( %5 significance level). The variable `` I give juniors the right to speak when i decide `` has the effect of 0,210 to factor 2. The variable `` I care about the others thoughts `` has the effect of 0,712. The variable `` I provide a friendly and unargued environment `` has the effect of 0,162. The variable `` , I listen to others` ideas and advices `` has the effect of 0,267 .According to this, mostly the variable `` I care about the others thoughts `` with highest, 0,712 effect, describes factor 2. For Factor 3; The regression analyze of the model that is created by the variables that affect Factor 3 was done and it is determined as relevant as being complete considering ANOVA test. (F=117,247, p=0,000) (BKZ. Ek.15). In addition it is seen that these variables explain the factor 3 with a ratio of 85 %.(R Square= 0,852). The results of the regression analyze of the dependant and independant variables in the model are shown in the table below. Table 4: Results of Regression 171 B St Hata Fixed -5.860 .248 I dont avoid taking risk while making a desicion .174 .042 I make plans about future .237 I produce new and different ideas about the application of works When needed i take quick desicions β t p -23.650 .000 .182 4.144 .000 .056 .197 4.212 .000 .435 .084 .312 5.176 .000 .366 .060 .287 6.153 .000 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo I produce new projects .283 .068 .228 4.156 .000 In the table, parameters which are obtained and related t values are shown. From the t values of parameters and the variables which was included in the model, each of variables seperately are shown as meaningfull ( %5 significance level). The variable `` I dont avoid taking risk while making a desicion `` has the effect of 0,174 to factor 3. The variable `` I make plans about future `` has the effect of 0,237. The variable `` I produce new and different ideas about the application of works `` has the effect of 0,435. The variable `` When needed i take quick desicions `` has the effect of 0,366 .The variable `` I produce new projects `` has the effect of 0,283 .According to this, mostly the variable `` I produce new and different ideas about the application of works `` with highest, 0,435 effect, describes factor 3. For Factor 4; The regression analyze of the model that is created by the variables that affect Factor 4 was done and it is determined as relevant as being complete considering ANOVA test. (F=130,743, p=0,000). In addition it is seen that these variables explain the factor 4 with a ratio of 71 %.(R Square= 0,713). The results of the regression analyze of the dependant and independant variables in the model are shown in the table below. Table 5: Results of Regression Fixed I produce possibilities eliminate conflictions I have a friendly character that they B St Hata -6.513 .406 1.231 .100 .329 .072 β t p -16.033 .000 .703 12.290 .000 .262 4.581 .000 In the table, parameters which are obtained and related t values are shown. From the t values of parameters and the variables which was included in the model, each of variables seperately are shown as meaningfull ( %5 significance level). The variable `` I have a friendly character `` has the effect of 0,329 to factor 4. The variable `` I produce possibilities that they eliminate conflictions `` has the effect of 1,231...According to this, mostly the variable `` I produce possibilities that they eliminate conflictions `` with highest, 1,231 effect, describes factor 4. The questionnaire which has 34 questions was completed with 19 questions at the end of confidence analyze. According to this, when factor analyze was done, remaining 19 questions are classified in 4 groups (factors). Each of the factor variables effect was determined with regression analyze. Before factor analyze, according to literature variables are collected in 4 groups. These are promoter, redirector leader, success focused leader, contributor leader. On the other hand, at the end of factor analyze,when the variables which forms the groups are examined, it is seen 172 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo that different leader properties are collected in each factor. According to this, considering the regression result, it is named as the variables having the highest effect on factors. In this case factor names; Factor 1: promoter and redirector leader, Factor 2: Success Focused and promoter leader, Factor 3: redirector and success focused leader Factor 4: redirector leader were determined. 3.2.4. One Sided Variance Analyze In order to determine the differences between group averages according to each demographic questions, One Sided Variance Analayze (ANOVA) was done to each demographic question. Before carrying out the One Sided Variance Analyze, homogenity test was done to see whether variances of the variables are equal or not. According to this,p value of the variable of the promoter and redirector leader is 0.722. P value of the variable of the Success Focused and promoter leader is 0.230. P value of the variable of the redirector and success focused leader is 0.148. P value of the variable of the redirector leader is 0.935. Since all these values are greater than 0,05 ,it is concluded that these all variables are homogen. Table 6: ANOVA Sum Squares df Mean Square F Sig. (p) ,037 1 ,037 ,037 ,848 106,963 106 1,009 107,000 107 Between Groups Success Focused and Within Groups Promoter Leader Total ,131 1 ,131 ,130 ,719 106,869 106 1,008 107,000 107 Between Groups and Focused Within Groups ,002 1 ,002 ,002 ,968 106,998 106 1,009 Total 107,000 107 Between Groups ,539 1 ,539 ,536 ,466 Within Groups 106,461 106 1,004 Total 107,000 107 Between Groups Promoter and Within Groups Redirector Leader Total Redirector Success Leader Redirector Leader of Regarding to the analyze, in 95% confidence level, when we consider according to any of the leaders` property, every p values comes out to be greater than 0,05. In this case,it is concluded that leadership properties which determined according to gender does not change. . 173 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 7: ANOVA Sum Squares of df Mean Square F Sig. 3,506 ,064 ,779 ,379 2,312 ,131 ,014 ,907 Between Groups Promoter and Within Groups Redirector Leader Total 3,426 1 3,426 103,574 106 ,977 107,000 107 Between Groups Success Focused and Within Groups Promoter Leader Total ,781 1 ,781 106,219 106 1,002 107,000 107 2,284 1 2,284 104,716 106 ,988 Total 107,000 107 Between Groups ,014 1 ,014 Within Groups 106,986 106 1,009 Total 107,000 107 Redirector Success Leader Between Groups and Focused Within Groups Redirector Leader Regarding to the analyze, in 95% confidence level, when we consider according to any of the leaders` property, every p values comes out to be greater than 0,05. In this case, it is concluded that leadership properties which determined according to marital status does not change. Table 8: ANOVA Sum Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1,262 1 1,262 1,265 ,263 105,738 106 ,998 107,000 107 Between Groups Success Focused and Within Groups Promoter Leader Total 2,946 1 2,946 3,001 ,086 104,054 106 ,982 107,000 107 Between Groups Redirector and Success Within Groups Focused Leader Total ,196 1 ,196 ,195 ,660 106,804 106 1,008 107,000 107 Between Groups 8,055 1 8,055 8,629 ,004 Within Groups 98,945 106 ,933 Total 107,000 107 Between Groups Promoter and Within Groups Redirector Leader Total Redirector Leader 174 of �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Regarding to the analyze, in 95% confidence level, when we look at the each leadership properties, only the p value of Redirector Leader is less than 0,05. (p=0,004). In this case only Redirector Leader properties shows a change with respect to age groups. Table 9: ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 10,650 3 3,550 3,832 ,012 96,350 104 ,926 107,000 107 Between Groups Success Focused and Within Groups Promoter Leader Total 1,965 3 ,655 ,648 ,586 105,035 104 1,010 107,000 107 Between Groups and Focused Within Groups 1,308 3 ,436 ,429 ,733 105,692 104 1,016 Total 107,000 107 Between Groups ,229 3 ,076 ,074 ,974 Within Groups 106,771 104 1,027 Total 107,000 107 Between Groups Promoter and Within Groups Redirector Leader Total Redirector Success Leader Redirector Leader Regarding to the anaylze, in 95 % confidence level, when we consider each leader properties, p value of the Promoter and Redirector Leader is less than 0,05 (p=0,012) only. In this case, only Promoter and Redirector Leaders properties change with respect to eduation groups. It was claimed that Promoter and Redirector Leader property changes with respect education groups. It can be seen from the below table that what age group is the origin to this. According to this table, highschool graduates are more likely to be Promoter and Redirector Leader. (p=0,28) Table 10: Multiple Comparisons and Promoter Redirector Leader Dependent Variable 175 Tukey HSD (I) Education Level (J) Education Level Mean Difference (IJ) Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound ,46077023 ,319 -,4107547 1,9954419 Undergradu 1,16880080* ate ,41311019 ,028 ,0901457 2,2474559 Postgraduat ,67185064 e ,43168612 ,408 -,4553073 1,7990086 High School Associate degree ,79234362 Sig. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Associate degree High School -,79234362 ,46077023 ,319 -1,9954419 ,4107547 Undergradu ,37645718 ate ,27231571 ,513 -,3345752 1,0874896 Postgraduat -,12049298 e ,29974776 ,978 -,9031521 ,6621662 Undergradu High School -1,16880080* ,41311019 ,028 ate Associate -,37645718 ,27231571 ,513 degree -2,2474559 -,0901457 -1,0874896 ,3345752 Postgraduat -,49695016 e ,21954396 ,113 -1,0701924 ,0762921 Postgraduat High School -,67185064 e Associate ,12049298 degree ,43168612 ,408 -1,7990086 ,4553073 ,29974776 ,978 -,6621662 ,9031521 ,21954396 ,113 -,0762921 1,0701924 Undergradu ,49695016 ate Table 11: ANOVA Sum Squares of df Mean Square F Sig. 1,216 ,308 2,823 ,045 ,546 ,652 4,592 ,005 Between Groups Promoter and Within Groups Redirector Leader Total 3,626 3 1,209 103,374 104 ,994 107,000 107 Between Groups 8,057 3 2,686 Within Groups 98,943 104 ,951 Total 107,000 107 1,660 3 ,553 105,340 104 1,013 107,000 107 Between Groups 12,516 3 4,172 Within Groups 94,484 104 ,908 Total 107,000 107 Success Focused Promoter Leader and Between Groups Redirector and Within Groups Success Focused Leader Total Redirector Leader According to analyze, in 95 % confidence level, when we consider all leadership properties, only p value of the redirector leader is less than 0,05.(p=0,005). In this case only redirector leader properties changes with respect to working years groups. 176 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo It was claimed that redirector leader property changes with respect to working years. It can be seen in the below table from which part of the study group this was originated. According to this people who work 21 years and more are having more redirector properties with respect to 11- 15 years working period. (p=0,04) Tablo 12: Multiple Comparisons Redirector Leader Redirector Leader (I) For how long have you been working? Tukey HSD 6-10 11-15 16-20 (J) For how long have you Mean Difference been working (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound 11-15 ,71930425 ,28132426 ,057 -,0152500 1,4538585 16-20 ,12141650 ,27161167 ,970 -,5877776 ,8306106 21 ve -,18634199 üzeri ,29009611 ,918 -,9438001 ,5711161 6-10 -,71930425 ,28132426 ,057 -1,4538585 ,0152500 16-20 -,59788775 ,23934223 ,066 -1,2228245 ,0270490 21 ve -,90564624* üzeri ,26012988 ,004 -1,5848607 -,2264317 6-10 -,12141650 ,27161167 ,970 -,8306106 ,5877776 11-15 ,59788775 ,23934223 ,066 -,0270490 1,2228245 ,24959390 ,607 -,9594629 ,3439459 21 and -,30775849 more 95% Confidence Interval 21 and 6-10 more 11-15 ,18634199 ,29009611 ,918 -,5711161 ,9438001 ,90564624* ,26012988 ,004 ,2264317 1,5848607 16-20 ,30775849 ,24959390 ,607 -,3439459 ,9594629 Tablo 13: ANOVA Sum Squares of df Mean Square F Sig. ,717 ,544 ,389 ,761 Between Groups Promoter and Within Groups Redirector Leader Total 2,168 3 ,723 104,832 104 1,008 107,000 107 Between Groups 1,189 3 ,396 105,811 104 1,017 107,000 107 Success Focused and Within Groups Promoter Leader Total 177 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Redirector Success Leader Between Groups and Focused Within Groups Redirector Leader ,798 3 ,266 106,202 104 1,021 Total 107,000 107 Between Groups 3,447 3 1,149 Within Groups 103,553 104 ,996 Total 107,000 107 ,260 ,854 1,154 ,331 With respect to analyze, considering 95% confidence level, when we look at the all leadership properties, all of the p values are greater than 0,05. In conlusion in available position leadership properties doesnt change with respect to working hours. 4.CONCLUSION Results of this work which was meant to research the leadership properties of managers in health sector, are given below. Sample was totally 108 people and 65% of this sample group were males. Almost all of them (92%) is marrried. 58 % of these 108 people is between 25 to 40 years old. . Among these 108 people who had this sample formed, there had not been any people who claimed that being highschool graduate or being less then 25 years old.It is observed that half ( 53 %) of the participants are bachelor degree and half (%54) of them is working in the available position for a period of 1- 4 years. 32% of 108 people who has formed this sample have the working period of 16-20 years in management position.. According to this, remaining questions are collected under groups by making factor analyze. At the end of regression analyze,these groups are named with respect to the highest factor affecting. These names are `` Promoter and Redirector Leader``, ``Success Focused and Promoter Leader``, ``Redirector and Success Focused Leader``, ``Redirector Leader``. The variables that they collect under in the these leadership groups are shown below. With respect to demographic properties, the leaderships that take over are determined. According to this, there is not any leaders property that take over in gender, in marital status and in working years in available position However , people who have 41 years and more and 21 years and more working years are having redirector leadership properties taking over the other leadership properties , among high school graduates, Promoter and Redirector Leaders` property are making more difference with respect to other groups. REFERENCES Akat, İ., Gönül Budak ve Gülay Budak (1999), İşletme Yönetimi, Barış Yayınları, İzmir, 178 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Akdemir, A. (2004), İşletmeciliğin Temel Bilgileri, İstanbul Alpugan, O., Oktav, Mete, Demir, Hulusi ve Üner, Nurel (1993), İşletme Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi, Beta Yayın No:393, 3. Basım, İstanbul Barner, J. B. ve Grıffın, R. W. (1992), Organization, Stragecy, Structure, Behavior, Hougton Mıfflin Company, Boston, Toronto Doğan, S. (2007), Vizyona Dayalı Liderlik, Kare Yayınları, İstanbul Dougherty, R. M. and F. J. Heinritz. (1985). “Scientific management of library operations”, Management strategies for libraries in (17-23). Ed. Beverly P. Lynch. Newyork: NealSchuman Publishers Inc. Drucker, P. F. (1985), “Management”, Harper&Row, Canada, USA Drucker, P. F. (2000), 21. Yüzyıl. İçin Yönetim Tartışmaları, Çev: Bahçıvangil, İrfan ve Gorbon, Gülenay, Epilson, 2. Baskı, İstanbul Erçetin, Şule (1998), Lider Sarmalında Vizyon, Kasım Eren, E. (1990), İşletmelerde Stratejik Planlama ve Yönetim, 3. Baskı, İşletme Fakültesi Yayın No:234, İstanbul Garih, Ü. (2004), Yönetim İlkeleri, Hayat Yayıncılık, İstanbul Gordon,T. (1999), Etkili Liderlik Eğitimi, Sistem Yayıncılık Maxwell, J. C.( 1998), Türkçesi: Liderlik Nitelikleri, İbrahim Şener, Reddedilemez 21 Liderlik Niteliği, Beyaz Yayınları, İstanbul Tekin, M. (2004), Girişimcilik ve Küçük İşletme Yöneticiliği, 4. Baskı, Ankara Zel, U. (2001), Kişilik ve Liderlik, Seçkin Yayıncılık San. ve Tic. A.Ş, Ankara Democratic Party Period In Local And Central Administration Relations For A Sustainable Development – The Sample Of Burdur City- Kadir Şeker Mehmet Akif Ersoy University,Education Faculty Burdur/Turkey kseker @mehmetakif.edu.tr Abstract An understanding of central administration had been adopted by Republican People’s Party (CHP) which governed from the found of the republic to the 1946’s accepted as the 179 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1111 Title A name given to the resource Leadership Traits Of Managers In Health Sector: Sample Of Isparta Author Author Orhan, Adigüzel Abstract A summary of the resource. Leadership is a process that affect the activities of people who gathered around the goals and objectives. Leader is a person who directing the behavior of group members in the group’s purposes. In this sense, the business leaders exhibit different behaviors when they leading others to perform the jobs and activities. These different behaviors which are exhibited by the leader is his/her management style. Management style is depend on manager’s personality, company’s sector, organizational structure and members of organization can changeable. The health sector is a developing with techonological innovations and scientific researches day by day. Behaviors of managers and leaders in this sector also attracted the attention of social scientists and executives. In this project, behaviors of managers in health sector will be examined and which leadership styles trend is maximum and this trend how change related to the sex, age, the year of work in the company will be analyzed. Thus, the output of our project will help managers to know their behaviors and academicians for new studies. Keywords: Manegers, Leadership, Leadership styles, Health sector Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/883750f4e4b647804d311cb55027e7f1.pdf 7df23f18ad838fc4a35d038dffde8d5b PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gasson, S. and Shelfer, K. M. (2007). IT-based knowledge management to support organizational learning: Visa application screening at the INS. Information Technology & People, 20(4), pp.376 - 399 Handzic, M., & Zhou, A. Z. (2005). Knowledge Management: An Integrative Approach, Chandos Publishing, Oxford, UK. Meso, P., Troutt, M. D. and Rudnicka, J. (2002). A review of naturalistic decision making research with some implications for knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(1), pp.63 – 73 Mills, A.M. and Smith, T.A. (2011). Knowledge management and organizational performance: a decomposed view. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(1), pp. 156-171. Rizzi, C., Ponte, D. and Bonifacio, M. (2009). A new institutional reading of knowledge management technology adoption. Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(4), pp.75 – 85 E-commerce in Bosnia &Herzegovina Ozlen Serife, Obralic Merdzana, Cickusic Emir, Ejupi Dzenis, Dzaferovic Emir International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E –mails: serifeozlen@hotmail.com, mobralic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract With the rising of e-commerce in the past few years, distinct buying patterns and preferences have emerged for specific groups and other demographics. Since e-commerce is still a relatively new phenomenon in B&H, our goal was to collect enough information and measure those patterns in order to understand how consumers connect with the new technology. This paper lays the foundation with brief introduction to definition of e-commerce, followed by history timeline of e-commerce evolution and some important trends and factors which are generally known to have influence on people’s attitude toward online shopping. This is then followed by their general perceptions and preferences of online shopping including product and payment option selection. Each of these e-commerce “generalities” is compared to the information achieved as a result of collected surveys whose respondents are from different regions of Bosnia & Herzegovina. Furthermore, it will also investigate the favorable as well as negative website characteristics 259 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo and sum up the positive elements into a description of an e-commerce website that would be suitable to the group being most present as an online buyer. Keywords: E-commerce, online shopping, E-business 1.INTRODUCTION A single physical marketplace used to be positioned in a geographical region has transformed into a borderless marketplace including national and international markets. Through empowering e-commerce, businesses can now reach people all around the world. Consequentially, all e-commerce businesses have become virtual multinational corporations. Electronic commerce or e-commerce can be defined as an extensive range of online business activities in order to provide products and services. E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any transaction involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through a computer-mediated network instead of physical exchanges or direct physical contact (Thomas, 1999). Though popular, this definition is not inclusive enough to describe contemporary developments in this new and radical business phenomenon. A more complete definition can be given as: “E-commerce is the use of electronic communications and digital information processing technology in business transactions to create, transform, and redefine relationships for value creation between or among organizations, and between organizations and individuals” (Andam, 2003). 1.1.Literature review Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina may be a synonymous with the Yugoslav wars that was destroyed in the Balkan region in the 1990s. The country is still struggling with the legacy of this, having a fractured infrastructure and a countryside that remains littered with mines in some regions. Bosnia and Herzegovina was before one of the six federal units of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, gained its independence during the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. Bosnia and Herzegovina can be described as a federal democratic republic that is transforming its economy into a market-oriented system, and it is a potential candidate for the European Union and NATO membership. Additionally, Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a member of the Council of Europe since April 24, 2002 and a founding member of the Mediterranean Union despite its establishment on July 13, 2008 (Imamović, 2008) . 260 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.2.History of E-commerce The predecessor of Electronic Commerce (e-Commerce) was Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). EDI was first introduced in the 1960's and consisted of a set of rules enhancing large businesses to conduct a method of electronic transaction and to exchange useful information. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee developed the first web browser, Worldwide Web, using a NeXT computer. The next fundamental step was the introduction of Mosaic web-browser was further named as Netscape in 1992. This was a huge step in the evolution of e-Commerce (Kaushik, 2010). In 1992, J.H. Snider and Terra Ziporyn published the book “Future Shop: How New Technologies Will Change the Way We Shop and What We Buy” which discuss the reasons of spending huge amount of money on consumer information. The book also identified why people believe this situation can and will change if they can only continue to build an information infrastructure which revolutionizes the economics of providing consumer information (Snider & Ziporyn, 1992). When Future Shop was written, online sales were represented less than .01% of retail sales and the World Wide Web hadn’t even been invented. A significant number of businesses all over the world have developed their web sites. In the dot com period, electronic commerce has included activities which are called "Web commerce" or the purchase of goods and services over the World Wide Web through secure connections with e-shopping carts and with electronic payment services such as credit card payment authorizations (Dunhill, 2008). Finally, Solorzano (2011) reported that US ecommerce and Online Retail sales projected to reach $197 billion, an increase of 12 percent over 2010. 1.3.Weaknesses of online shopping Waiting for the pages to load is one may be sometimes slower than standing in line on the phone or driving to the store. This happens due to poor web design of the page, bad hosting providers and other technical difficulties. It’s not often, but it’s something that prevents a lot of people from buying online. Another reason is insufficient, incomprehensible, or just plain wrong information for making a buying decision. And one of the main reasons is that people feel insecure and are not confident typing in their credit card number on a website, in fear somebody might steal it and commit some kind of forgery (Tognazzini, 2004). 1.4.E-commerce is taking off Despite the mentioned weaknesses, consumers through the world are increasingly changing crowded stores for one-click convenience, as online shopping becomes increasingly safe and popular alternative. According to a global survey by The Nielsen Company More than 85 percent of online population in the world has used the Internet to make a purchase and more 261 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo than a half of Internet users are regular online buyers, making online purchases at least once a month (Niesel, 2007). 1.5.Main reasons for utilizing online shopping According to Nielsen Online survey, being able to shop 24 hours a day was identified to be one of the main factors. The next factor is saving time. Also 65% said that they shop online in order to avoid the crowds and waiting in offline local stores. According to 59%, it saves gas for not having to use car to drive to local stores. 55% buy online because they are regularly searching for bargains and discounts which are often offered by online stores. 53% buy online because of lower prices for products. And 37% do so because ordered items are always in stock (Nielsen, 2008). 1.6.What do people buy online? Many internet users (65%) have paid to download or access some kind of online content from the internet including music, software, and apps as the most popular contents. For the methods of online content access, the majority of the internet users pay for subscription services (23%), versus downloading an individual file (16%), or accessing streaming content (8%) (Jansen, 2010). 1.7.The impact of E-commerce The marketplace has been transformed by Electronic commerce by changing the way of business such as developing new products and markets, replacing traditional in-between functions, creating new and much closer relationships between businesses and consumers, and transforming the organization of work. The consequences may be the requirement for more flexibility and adaptability, new channels of knowledge circulation and human interactivity in the workplace, and redefinition of worker functions and skills (Wyckoff & Colecchia, 1999). 1.8.Mobile trend involved in E-commerce (m-commerce) There are over 3 billion mobile phones worldwide meaning that over 40% of the world’s population, far more than those who use a computer or have access to the internet. In many developed countries, mobile phone penetration is above 90% and developing countries are catching up fast. Closer and more personalized relationships between businesses and consumers are possible via mobile phones. Existing business issues (such as inefficient couponing) can be resolved by effectively using mobile technology. These improvements that could be implemented using mobile devices for e-commerce show how much potential there 262 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo is, and that’s why m-commerce is one of the biggest rising trends in recent years, and it will continue to be so in years to come (GS1 Mobile, 2008). 2.Research Methodology Due to timeliness, low cost and convenience factors, survey-based research method was preferred in this study in order to collect enough information and measure the patterns in order to understand how consumers connect with the new technology. The survey questions were set to find out general information about participants; on the net, how important are the factors such as the photo or graphic of the item that was presented, the price, the explanation of the item and its features, which influence their decision to purchase items and etc. All questionnaire items used to measure these constructs were adapted from prior studies and had proven validity and reliability. The questionnaire consisted of a mixture of closed and open-ended questions. Seven open-ended questions were used to acquire basic demographic information (age, sex, position, education level) and additional textual comments on any aspects of interest. The survey was designed to allow anonymity so that the subjects could freely express their thoughts and feelings. Subjects for this study were people from different parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A total of 350 people participated in the current study. Surveys were reserved for 300 Bosnian people, done in Bosnian language, and 50 for other nationalities, done in English. It took between 10 and 15 minutes to answer all survey questions. Then, the participants’ responses were collected, encoded, entered into the computer file and analyzed using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program. The results of the analyses performed are presented in the following section. 3. Results and findings Out of all people (350) who participated in this survey, 110 said they have bought online at least once. As opposed to the other 240 people who said they have never used websites to order products, or to sell them. Therefore 31% of people surveyed have bought online at least once (Figure 1). Figure 1 263 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Out of total 350 survey respondents, 195 were male. Out of those 195 male, there were 75 of them who said they bought online at least once. As opposed to 120 who said they have never used online sites in such manner. 38% of surveyed males bought online at least once (Figure 2). Figure 2 Out of all 350 respondents, 155 were females. Out of those 155 females, 34 of them said they have bought online at least once. Whereas the other 121 said they have never utilized online shopping (Figure 3). Figure 3 We also found what the items that are most often bought are. And we saw that they differ when it comes to males (Figure 4 and 5). Figure 4 and 5 264 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As it can be seen above, the items that males usually tend to buy, in order of the biggest to the smallest quantity are books, software, clothing, travel (airline tickets, hotel reservations), computer hardware and then others were approximately evenly distributed. Whereas females tend to buy mainly clothing items online, with some responses of books and magazines, as well as travel (airline tickets and hotel reservations). Correlation between age and percent of people who buy online As we observed from the sample of respondents, there was really strong correlation between age of a person, and whether that person is likely to buy online or not (Figure 6). Figure 6 People in earlier years (19 – 23), were the biggest portion of those who said they bought online at least once. Correlation of this group age related to their likeliness to buy online is very strongly positive (0.937). Those who had 24 years or more are less likely to be online customers as shown by the survey. The negative correlation is as strong as -0.99253 (Figure 7). Figure 7 265 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Do people search for a specific item online, or they buy what they come across? We asked the respondents who bought online at least once, whether they were specifically searching for an item they intended to buy, or they came across it on some of the online stores or through other website ads. Out of total 110 people who said they bought online at least once, 34 of them said they have specifically searched for an item (31%), as opposed to the other 76 who have said they came across it and liked it, so they bought it (69%) (Figure 8). Figure 8 How important is the look of photo or graphic of the item that is being sold? We asked respondents to rate with 1 to 5 on how they feel about given factors that influence their decision to buy. Their ratings were then summed up and we’ve got the following results, from highest to lowest.Price, the photo or graphic of the item that was presented, the “ease” of finding the specific item, the explanation of the item and its features, the convenience of shopping online, and the lowest of these was the general quality of website (Figure 9). Figure 9 266 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo What do users like the most when it comes to online buying? It happens often that people can’t make their mind about whether they should buy a specific product or not. The following factors help people prevail into making the decision to buy. By summing up the 1-5 ratings of each option, we found that discounts were the highest on the list of the things that people like when it comes to online buying. Discounts were then followed by Money-Back Guarantee option; free delivery, customer reviews of the product offered, and the lowest one were different options of payment (Figure 10). Figure 10 People, who buy online often, usually use PayPal. Out of those who said they buy online, 75% of those who bought four times or more said they use PayPal as a service for paying the products they buy online, as opposed to users who bought less than 4 times online, out of which 21% uses PayPal as a payment service (Figure 11). Figure 11 267 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo What are the reasons for people who don’t buy online? Among the main reasons, as stated by respondents, were those of fear that someone might steal their credit card number? Followed by prices, complexity of returning items bought online, wanting to see things in person, and the lowest was finding the whole buying process complicated and hard to understand. Figure 12 Social networks do not affect customers purchasing decision. Even though social networks are widely used in Bosnia and Herzegovina, they do not affect customers purchasing decision. Those who have bought online at least once, 92% of those people said that social networks like Facebook never affect their purchasing decision, as opposed to 8% who said social networks influence their decision sometimes or always (Figure 13). Figure 13 268 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo When we talk about mobile e-commerce in Bosina and Herzegovina we got that 77% of all respondents said that they would never use mobile devices for shopping online. Main reasons, as stated by them, are expensive mobile internet service cost followed by security, small screen size and unavailability of products (Figure 14). Figure 14 4.CONCLUSION Aim of our research was to find out what people in Bosnia & Herzegovina are thinking about the e-commerce and what should be done in B&H to bring more customers to online shops. Needed technologies for online shops are available in Bosnia and such shops do exist, but customers are not used to shopping online. Our research helped us to find out what are the reasons that are keeping customers away from shopping online and what are some of the most important features that every online store should have in order to get as many online customers as possible. Mobile devices are the newest tools for doing business online but are not yet used as much in Bosnia and Herzegovina as in other, more developed countries, mainly because of high mobile internet service price. E-commerce is new way of doing business in B&H, but will soon become the standard as new generations, that are using internet more and are keen to shop online, are coming. Shops that offer different discounts, product images and descriptions, simpler but safer paying mechanism and variety of guarantees will get more customers, as they are requesting such features. Younger population is more likely to shop online as they can easily buy things with their favorite toy, computer, without the need for moving from “the warmth of home”, therefore the products that are sold online should be the ones that are demanded by younger customers, mainly students and younger workers. We were able to gather necessary information, which could be useful to local companies who plan to implement E-commerce as a part of their business in Bosnia & Herzegovina. 269 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Allemann, A. (2007). R.H. Donnelley acquires business.com for $345m. Retrieved from http://domainnamewire.com/2007/07/26/rh-donnelley-acquires-businesscom-for-345m/ Andam, Z. (2003). An introduction to ecommerce. E Primer. Bausch, S. (2007). Convenience, not price, drives online holiday shopping. Retrieved from http://www.nielsen-online.com/pr/pr_071120.pdf Buscher, V. (2009). Urban information architecture from digital to smart cities. Proceedings of the Cud conference May 2009 (pp. 5-6). Colecchia, A., & Wyckoff, A. (1999). The economic and social impact of electronic commerce. Paris: OECD. Dunhill, A. (2008). Electronic commerce aka e-commerce history. Retrieved from http://ecommerce-journal.com/articles/electronic_commerce_aka_e_commerce_history Greenwood, T. (2010). Amazon.com to acquire Diapers.com and Soap.com. Retrieved from http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20101108005786/en/Amazon.com-AcquireDiapers.com-Soap.com GS1 Mobile Com. (2008). Mobile commerce: opportunities and challenges. Retrieved from http://www.gs1.org/docs/mobile/GS1_Mobile_Com_Whitepaper.pdf Imamović, M., (2008). Historija Bosnjaka. Bošnjačka zajednica kulture Preporod, Matični odbor, Sarajevo. Jansen, J. (2010). 65% of internet users have paid for online content. Washington, D.C: Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Kaushik, P. (2010). History of e-commerce. Retrieved from http://www.suite101.com/conte nt/history -of-e-commerce-a259972 Lacy, S. (2009). Amazon buys Zappos; the price is $928m., not $847m. Retrieved from http://techcrunch.com/2009/07/22/amazon-buys-zappos/ MSNBC, (2010). Groupon rejects $6 billion offer from Google. Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40499923/ns/business-us_business/t/groupon-rejects-billionoffer-google/ Snider , J.H., &Ziporyn, T. (2003). Future shop: how new technologies will change the way we shop and what we buy. St Martins Pr. Solorzano, R. (2011). Forecast of ecommerce sales in 2011 and beyond. Retrieved from http://www.fortune3.com/blog/2011/01/ecommerce-sales-2011/ 270 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Nielsen Global, (2007). Trends in online shopping: a global Nielsen consumer report. Retrieved from http://de.nielsen.com/pubs/documents/GlobalOnlineShoppingReportFeb08.pdf Thomas, L. (1999). Measuring electronic business: definitions, underlying concepts, and measurement plans. Tognazzini, B. (2004). Top 10 reasons to not shop on line. Retrieved from http://www.asktog.com/columns/062top10ReasonsToNotShop.html [Press Release] eBay to acquire paypal. (2002). Retrieved from http://investor.ebay.com/relea sedetail.cfm?releaseid=84142 Appendix E-Commerce in BiH Survey Instructions for completing the questionnaire     Please answer all questions For the questions with a numeric scale circle only one number for each scale Read the specific instructions under each section where applicable This survey is expected to be completed in 10 minutes. E-Commerce: Buying and selling of products and services via internet. It reduces cost and time and has potential to expand business into wider geographical locations. I. Demographics a. Name of your department/unit: b. Your position/role: c. Your education level: e. Gender: d. Time in Position: g. City/Canton f. Age: II. General Background of a Client. 1. a) b) 2. Have you ever purchased a product from a company via the Internet? Yes No If yes, was your purchase(s) for an item that you specifically were searching for, or was it an item that you came across while Internet shopping and decided to buy? a) N/A - Never purchased anything online 271 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo b) c) 3. d) e) f) g) h) i) 4. 5. 6. a) b) 7. a) b) c) d) 8. a) b) c) I was specifically looking for the item. I came across it and liked it, so I bought it. How many times have you made online purchases? Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-15 times More than 15 How do you pay for online purchases? a) Via credit card b) PayPal c) Mailed a check or money order via postal service d) Other (please state the method): ____________ What type of products have you purchased online? (Circle all that apply)  Software  Books or magazines  Computer hardware  Music, CDs, recordings  Videos, DVDs  Home Electronics  Travel (airlines, car rentals, hotels)  Clothing  Tickets (concert, movies, etc.)  Services (insurance, legal)  Other items In general, do you like the idea of online, computerized shopping? Yes No If available in BiH would you prefer using mobile phones for shopping online? Never Sometimes Often Almost always Do social networks affect your purchasing decision? Never Sometimes Always III. On the net, how important are the following factors which influence your 272 Unimportan Very �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo decision to purchase items (not relating to the product, but to its presentation)? t Important a. The photo or graphic of the item that was presented. 1 2 3 4 5 b. The price. 1 2 3 4 5 c. The explanation of the item and its features. 1 2 3 4 5 d. The general quality of the website. 1 2 3 4 5 e. The convenience of shopping online. 1 2 3 4 5 f. The ‘ease’ of finding the specific item. 1 2 3 4 5 IV. Related to online and local shopping, how these statements best describe you? Not at all like me Just like me a. I like the help & friendliness I can get at local stores. 1 2 3 4 5 b. I think Internet shopping would avoid the hassle of local shopping. 1 2 3 4 5 c. I find the Internet ordering process is hard to understand & use. 1 2 3 4 5 d. I like it that no car is necessary when shopping on the Internet. 1 2 3 4 5 e. I think Internet shopping offers better selection than local stores. 1 2 3 4 5 f. I want to see things in person before I buy. 1 2 3 4 5 g. It would be a real hassle to return merchandise bought on-line. 1 2 3 4 5 h. I worry about my credit card number being stolen on the Internet. 1 2 3 4 5 Not at all V. Related to prices, how these statements best describe you? Just like me like me a. I would shop on the Internet (more) if the prices were lower. 1 2 3 4 5 b. I think the Internet offers lower prices than local stores. 1 2 3 4 5 c. Internet stores have more discounts than local stores. 1 2 3 4 5 d. I dislike the idea of shipping charges when buying on the Internet. 1 2 3 4 5 273 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Not at all VI. Related to shipping service, how these statements best describe you? Just like me like me a. I dislike the delivery problems & backorder of Internet buying. 1 2 3 4 5 b. I like having products delivered to me at home. 1 2 3 4 5 c. I don’t like having to wait for products to arrive in the mail. 1 2 3 4 5 VII. Do you agree that following statements are the problems when It comes to shopping online with mobile devices? Disagree Agree a. Small screen size. 1 2 3 4 5 b. Security of mobile websites. 1 2 3 4 5 c. Unavailability of products. 1 2 3 4 5 d. Expensive mobile internet service cost. 1 2 3 4 5 VIII. How important are the following features on the online stores? Unimportant Very Important a. Free shipping offers. 1 2 3 4 5 b. Discount coupons. 1 2 3 4 5 c. Money back guarantee. 1 2 3 4 5 d. Different payment options. 1 2 3 4 5 e. Customer reviews of products. 1 2 3 4 5 Part IX: Please add here any positive /negative comments regarding E-commerce implementation in BiH Thank you for participating in this study. 274 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1175 Title A name given to the resource E-commerce in Bosnia &Herzegovina Author Author Ozlen, Serife CICKUSIC, Emir Abstract A summary of the resource. With the rising of e-commerce in the past few years, distinct buying patterns and preferences have emerged for specific groups and other demographics. Since e-commerce is still a relatively new phenomenon in B&H, our goal was to collect enough information and measure those patterns in order to understand how consumers connect with the new technology. This paper lays the foundation with brief introduction to definition of e-commerce, followed by history timeline of e-commerce evolution and some important trends and factors which are generally known to have influence on people’s attitude toward online shopping. This is then followed by their general perceptions and preferences of online shopping including product and payment option selection. Each of these e-commerce “generalities” is compared to the information achieved as a result of collected surveys whose respondents are from different regions of Bosnia & Herzegovina. Furthermore, it will also investigate the favorable as well as negative website characteristics and sum up the positive elements into a description of an e-commerce website that would be suitable to the group being most present as an online buyer. Keywords: E-commerce, online shopping, E-business Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/47d08e6714c538308cacae64aaf957b0.pdf 0dd6ae3c093b2931d56af2cd215fa509 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Lea, S., Webley, P. (2005). Money as tool, money as drug: The biological psychology of a strong incentive. The Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, University of Cambridge, pp. 5-7. Marx, K. (1890). Das Kapital: Kritik der Politichen Oekonomie, Verlag von Otto Meissner, Hamburg, p. 645 Mises, L. (2006). The Causes of Economic Crises: And Other Essays Before and After the Great Depression. Ludwig von Misses Institute, pp. 39-41 Mishkin, F. (2010). The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets (9th Edition). Pearson Education Inc., Boston, p. 56, 433, 434, 437 Rothbard, M. (2008). The Mystery of Banking (2nd Edition). Ludwig von Misses Alabama, p. 4 Institute., Shah, A. (2007).Third World Debt Undermines Development: Causes of the Debt Crisis. Retrieved December 20 2007. http://www.globalissues.org/ TradeRelated /Debt/ causes.asp Soto, J. (2009). Money, Bank Credit and Economic Cycles (2nd Edition). Ludwig von Misses Institute., Alabama, pp. 115-119 Taylor, A., Taylor, M. (2004). The Purchasing Power Parity Debate. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume18, no. 4, pp. 135-158 Taylor, J., (2001). The Role of the Exchange Rate in Monetary-Policy Rules." American Economic Review, Vol. 2: p. 67 IT role on proper Financial Statement Analysis Ozlen Serife, Duric Adnan, Ergun Ugur, Kevro International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: serifeozlen@hotmail.com,duric_adnan@hotmail.com, uergun@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Financial statements are prepared reports to quantitatively describe the current financial situation of a company. Therefore, proper financial statement analysis is important for the managers to be able to observe the organization and make financial decisions as a result of achieving the right information about the company on time. Hence the company can obtain some benefits. The tools used in the analysis and the staff motivation who performs the analysis are assumed in this research as the key variables to develop proper financial statements and therefore the analysis. 109 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The paper’s objective is to describe the current situation about the issue. Therefore, a developed survey was conducted on accounting department staff within several BiH companies. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and the results were discussed accordingly. The limitations and implications of the research are described and some further research points were identified. Keywords: Financial Reporting, Survey, Information Systems 1.INTRODUCTION A financial statement is a written report in order to quantitatively describe the financial health of a company including an income statement and a balance sheet, and also a cash flow statement. They are usually prepared on a quarterly and annually. According to the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 1 issued in 1978, the purpose of financial reporting is providing information that is useful in making business and economic decisions. Most financial reports were before insufficient, unreliable and confusing because of lack of rules having no precise terminology and not providing comparison of years and enterprises (Sinnett and Laing, 2009). Information systems (IS) productivity has always been considered in academia and industry. There have been observed productivity of capital studies; however there is little research on the communication of the productivity of corporate information-creation and - consumption that is helpful to business executives in assessing, planning and budgeting (Shu and Strassman, 2003). According to Thottan’s (2004) definition, "Knowledge workers" produce, analyze, manipulate, and distribute information about business activities. Therefore, Bagranoff et al. (2005) considered accountants as knowledge workers and accounting information as important. The users can perform financial statement analyses by using developed software programs to produce interactive statements in order to be used in mining the data. The statements which are included in the general ledger model are used to allow the user create the desired analyses independently. These applications help the users to identify and correct the possible problems and errors. The paper has been organized into five sections. In the second part, the literature was reviewed. In the third part, the research methodology was presented. In the fourth part, the results were discussed. And finally, the paper was concluded in the last section. 2.Literature Review A financial statement (or financial report) is prepared as a standardised record of the financial activities of a business, person, or other entity. For a business enterprise financial statements is used to refer all the relevant financial information which is presented in a structured and easy to understand form. Financial statements include four fundamental financial statements with a management discussion and analysis. Investors and company analysts use financial statements in order to obtain information about a business' financial situation. Financial statements may not provide them enough information to make reliable decisions because of 110 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo inconsistency in format, lack of continuous information from one statement to another, and grouping dissimilar items. For large companies, financial statements are generally complex and may include some extensive notes about the financial statements and explanation of financial policies and management discussions and analyses describing each item on the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement in detail. Notes to financial statements are considered an integral part of the financial statements. Financial statements should be prepared as understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable. Reported information is directly associated with the organizational financial position. Financial statements may be evaluated from different perspectives and for different objectives. Stakeholders need financial statements to make important business decisions about its operations. The next step is performed through financial analyses on them to understand deeply. Financial statements can also be considered as a management annual report to the stockholders. For also employees these reports are necessary to make agreements with the management while discussing the compensation, promotion and rankings. Financial analyses are often preferred by investors and prepared by financial analysts in order to provide them reliable information for investment decisions. Financial institutions use financial statements to evaluate for financing the company. Government needs financial statements to make determination about the propriety and accuracy of taxes and other announced and paid responsibilities. Vendors use financial statements to evaluate the creditworthiness of the business. 3.Proper Financial Statements Accountants are responsible from the measurement on financial reporting to incorporate fair values into proper financial statements by recognizing an increased obligation to help investors in predicting future firm performance. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have found together certain weaknesses of the previous guidelines and the boards are striving to improve the usefulness of financial information through the financial statement presentation project by considering many user concerns from different perspectives and aiming to establish a common standard to address and improve how information is organized and presented in the financial statements. ICT aims to enable accountants to perform effectively in their positions by (1) making accountants happy in preparing financial statements, (2) training them by necessary basic information and communication technology tools, (3) providing them with the required accounting and technical skills, (4) training the participants with presentation skills. Bawaneh (2011) suggested that IS and accounting studies should be integrated in order to increase the students’ accounting information evaluation capability accurately and timely. Alsos et al. (2006) suggested financial resources as key resources for gaining and configuring other resources. The literature highlighted the importance financial resources acquisition from investors. However, remaining financial management activities have received little consideration. Entrepreneurial financial management reduced the acquisition of external financing, while other important areas of financial management are ignored. According to Brinckmann et al. (2008), Delmar and Shane (2003) and Gruber (2007), planning-related competencies such as strategic financial competence and financial controlling are important in a broader sense. 111 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Financial resources are accepted as the fundamental resources in order to obtain and configure other resources. Brinckmann et al. (2011) wanted to show the resources used to analyze the role of related financial management for firm growth. According to them, it is hard to get resources due to information asymmetry between entrepreneurs and external stakeholders. Gilbert et al. (1999) and Glynn (1997) suggested IT in today’s competitive constantly increasing marketplace as a distribution channel and interaction medium. Howcroft and Durkin (2000) questioned if IT can fully replace interpersonal relationships in financial services. Larpsiri and Speece (2004) aimed to examine perceptions of SFA in the context of life assurance in Thailand by conducting a qualitative exploratory research. They concluded that understanding customer response to SFA is the challenge in order to effectively integrate technology-based sales applications into the selling process. Xiao and Sangster (1996) examined the role of IT in supporting relationship among customers and suppliers in the industry of financial service, interrelationship among sectors in the industry such as: Brokerage houses, retail banks, institutional banks, mutual funds and others. Furthermore, the role of IT and electronic service in creating and supporting interorganizational integration across sector boundaries is important. The researchers aimed to help in the financial services to analyze opportunities and assets risks of building relationship between their customers and through electronic commerce. They preferred wide range interviews as the research methodology to identify the role of IT in supporting relationship among customers and suppliers in the financial services. Each questionnaire presented on their own prospective from supplier and customers for expanding this relationship with electronic commerce. Their results showed that the participants have some processes such as process of thought, planning process and implementation process. Therefore, they have grouped the results into five categories: (1) How IT supports currently existing relationships among customers and suppliers, (2) The opportunities to expand these relationships, (3) The threat to expand these relationships, (4) Drivers of change, and (5) Managers' envision. Xiao and Sangster (1996) stated that the literature reported a large number of investigations about the impact of IT on accounting. Accordingly, it has impact on the accountants. They suggested that the studies focused too much on accountants, but users of accounting information and corporate financial reporting are not considered. Information asymmetry between corporate managers and external stakeholders has been accepted as a fundamental issue in economics and accounting resulting problems such as moral hazard and adverse selection. Therefore, they suggested the use of IT in order to complicate these issues. They concluded that IT use is necessary for accounting in order to identify asymmetry. Mulligan and Gordon (2002) studied the role of IT in the customer and suppliers relationship in the financial service industry. According to Laitinen (2005), analyzing financial assets, interest expenses and revenues, taxation and dividends presents the financial behavior of the company. EVA is considered as the best method for evaluating the performance of the firm. Adjustments of accounting items are commonly used in order to manage earnings (Lee et al., 2008). Lee et al. (2008) suggested that firms were inconsistent when applying traditional accounting measures and therefore there is a relationship between IT investment and increased wealth creation. They reported after analyses that not all financial firm performance measures correlate positively with IT spending. Furthermore, their results show that all financial performance is significantly correlated to IT spending except ROI and ROA. Finally, the relationship with the ROS is found to be negative. 112 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Senik and Broad (2011) examined the results of factors which are perceived to mitigate educators from integrated IT skills on three main categories of barriers: academic staff, environmental, and student. Sohn et al. (2007) in their study proposed a structural equation model and commented that technology evaluation is worthy when the result can be related to financial performances of the recipient of credit funds. They developed a FPI (financial performance index) and analyzed relationship between technology evaluation factors and financial performances. They proposed enterprise FPI and suggested some strategies to improve financial performance. 4.Research Methodology The prepared survey with a 7-point Likert scale was distributed and the data was collected from accounting firms and accounting offices in schools in one month period. The respondents are all from accounting departments. The data then was analysed by the help of SPSS program. The following section consists of the demographic information of the respondents including the position, education, gender and city and the descriptive examination of the survey questions. The male and female responses are almost equal (Table 1). Table 1 Respondents’ Gender The respondents are mainly accounting managers and the others were accountants (Table 2). Table 2 Positions of the Respondents There is a well educated sample space that the study achieved (Table 3). Table 3 Education Level of the Respondents 113 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The respondents are mainly from Sarajevo (Table 4) and the companies are located at four different regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Table 4 Company Locations 5.Findings The respondents believe that the used accounting software program was satisfactory and helpful in improving their accounting work. Furthermore, they believe that the expensive programs will help more (Table 5). Table 5 IT Support for Accounting Work Financial statements analysis is necessary in order to see the financial health of the organisation. Small firms do not usually prepare financial statements regularly and therefore employ analyses on them. Accordingly they may lose the control of the financial activities. The respondents are quite agreeing with this statement. On the other hand, they believe that the preparation of financial statements for small firms is easy. Moreover, the task for bigger organisations is believed to be more complex (Table 6). 114 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 6 Beliefs about the Size of the Organization and Financial Statements The companies seem to have software programs in order to prepare financial statements and it is helpful and satisfactory in doing their work. They agree the importance of dates for financial statements. They agree on the statement that financial statement information is both important in order to see and compare the performance of the company with and among the others. However, they also think that the accountants make mistakes on purpose. Finally, they agree that proper financial statements and their analyses are obtained as a result of teamwork (Table 7). Table 7 Proper Financial Statement Analysis 6.Discussion The research achieved a considerable number of respondents in BiH firms. It can be accepted as a representative picture of BiH scenario since the respondents are from five different regions of BiH and more than half were managers. They observed to be extremely agreed on the survey questions which were developed to measure whether the companies in BiH have software programs to prepare financial statements, believe the necessity of preparing financial 115 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo statements for small and big enterprises and the role of IT on this issue. As reported in earlier section, the study firstly identified that the companies have and use the program for the preparation of financial statements. Additionally, they are satisfied with the installed system. 7.Conclusion First of all, it should be stated that the research on the identification of IT role on financial statement analysis are observed to be quite weak in the literature. The developed survey questions for further studies can be evaluated again by considering the current results. The results may be analysed through different statistical techniques and the strength of the statements should be increased. For practice, the importance of information systems in every aspect of the life is increasing more and more. Therefore, the companies should leave the old and slow financial statement analysis and prefer some quicker and more accurate ways in order to be aware of the most current situation within and outside the company and therefore stay competitive in today’s fast changing business environment. REFERENCES Alsos, G.A., Isaksen, E.J., & Ljunggren, E. (2006). New venture financing and subsequent business growth in men- and women-led businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 667–686. Bagranoff, N.A., Simkin, M.G. and Norman, C.S. (2005). Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Bawaneh, S. (2011). Information Technology, Accounting Information System and their effects on the Quality of Accounting University Education: an empirical research applied on Jordanian Financial Institutions. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(2), pp. 1815-1840 Brinckman, J., Salomo, S., and Gemunden, H. (2011). Financial Management Competence of Founding Teams and Growth of New Technology-Based Firms. Enterpreneurship Theory and Practice, pp. 217-243 Brinckmann, J., Grichnik, D., & Kapsa, D. (2008). Should entrepreneurs plan or just storm the castle? A meta-analysis on contextual factors impacting the business planning– performance relationship in small firms. Journal of Business Venturing, doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.10.007. Delmar, F. & Shane, S. (2003). Does business planning facilitate the development of new ventures? Strategic Management Journal, 24(12), 1165–1185. Gilbert, C.D., Powell-Perry, J. and Widijoso, S. (1999). Approach by hotels to the use of the Internet as a relationship marketing tool. Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 21-38. Glynn, J. (1997). Building future relationships: compatible interactive service systems will combat digital distancing. Marketing Management, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 34-7. Gruber, M. (2007). Uncovering the value of planning in new venture creation: A process and contingency perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(6), 782–807. 116 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Howcroft, B. and Durkin, M. (2000). Reflections on bank-customer interactions in the new millennium. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 9-20. Laitinen, E. (2005). Financial statement data in assessing the future potential of a technology firm: The case of Nokia. International review of Financial Analysis, 15, pp. 256-286 Larpsiri, R. and Speece, M. (2004). Technology integration Perceptions of sales force automation in Thailand’s life assurance industry. Marketing inteligence and planning, Emeralg group limited publishing. 22(4). Pp. 392-406. Lee, Y., Sutton, S., and Chan, S., (2008). Wealth creation from information technology investments using EVA. Journal of Computer Information Systems, pp. 42-48 Mulligan, P. and Gordon, S. (2002). Impact of IT on customer and supplier relationship in the financial services. International Journal Service Industry Management, 13(1), pp. 29-46 Senik, R. and Broad, M. (2011). Information Technology Skills Development for Accounting. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 4.(2) pp. 105-110. Shu, W. and Strassman, P. (2003). Does information technology provide banks with profit? Journal of Information & management, Elsevier (42) pp. 781-787 Sinnett, W. M. and Laing, R. L. (2009). Financial Reporting's Eternal Questô What Do Users Want/Need? Financial Executive research foundations, pp. 38-42 Sohn, Y., Kim, H., and Moon, T. (2007). Predicting the financial performance index of technology fund for SME using structural equation model. Expert System with Applications, 32, pp. 890-898. Thottan, J. (2004). Inside Business: What can America make. Time Magazine, (January 12), p. 77 ff. Xiao, Z. and Sangster, A. (1996). The relationship between information technology and corporate financial reporting. Information technology & people, Vol.10, pp. 11-30 Financial Statements Survey Instructions for completing the questionnaire   Please answer all questions For the questions with a numeric scale 1: Strongly disagree, 2: Moderately disagree, 3: Slightly disagree, 4: Neutral, 5: Slightly agree, 6: Moderately agree, 7: Strongly agree, circle the number that best describes the factor being judged.    Circle only one number for each scale Read the specific instructions under each section where applicable This survey is expected to be completed in 10 minutes. I. Demographics a. Name of your department/unit: b. Your position/role: c. Your education level: e. 117 Gender: f. Age: �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo d. ID number: g. City/Canto n IT Support a. Information technologies (IT) helps my accountant do his work more effectively and efficiently. It helps him find major mistakes and helps correct them. b. I have an accounting program at my work, I am very satisfied with it. c. The more expensive the program is, the more effective it will be. Disagree Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Size of the Organization a. Many small businesses fail because the owner loses a grip on the firm's financial position. b. It is easier for a smaller company to prepare financial statements. c. Big organizations have extremely large beliefs, traditions, rules and regulations Disagree Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Staff Motivation a. When the staff is satisfied with their work and very excited about coming to work, the properness of the work increases. b. The more support and space managers give you, the better motivation you will have in order to do your work more properly. c. When the employees work together as a team, it increases revenues and it decreases mistakes in financial statements. Disagree Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Organizational Culture a. Organizational culture consists of shared beliefs and values established by the organization’s leaders and then communicated and reinforced through various methods, ultimately shaping employee perceptions, behaviors and understanding. b. The efficiency and effectiveness of the employees depends on the way the organization is set up. The stronger the culture of the organization is the more motivation the employees will have. c. The bigger the company is, the more organizational culture there is, When there is more organizational culture, employees are more likely to do their job with more motivation. Disagree Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Proper Financial Statement Analysis Disagree Agree a. I have a specific program I use to do Financial statements. It 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 helps my accountant do work more properly. b. Dates are very important on Financial Statements. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 118 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo c. Managers analyze Financial Statements to capture a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 company's financial position for a given period. This allows users of financial information to analyze and compare the health of one company to another. d. I am satisfied at how my system is set up at this time. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 e. Sometimes it happens that accountants make mistakes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 purposely, the only solution for this is termination. Thank you for your participation. The link between deposit insurance And banks’ risk taking Göçmen Yağcilar Gamze, Demir Yusuf, Kalkan Gürkan Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: gamzeyagcilar@sdu.edu.tr, yusufdemir@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Deposit insurance is an insurance system that guarantees bank deposits of people in case of bank failure or a run on the bank. The system is first introduced in 1933 for Turkey and taken its final form with regulations in 2004. Deposit insurance in Turkey is handled by Savings Deposit Fund Insurance and according to the latest regulations compensation limit covers a maximum of 50,000 TL per depositor per member institution. Deposit insurance system which is adopted in most countries has various advantages for both individuals and banks. However academic debates commonly focus on whether this system encourages banks to take excessive risk. In this context the purpose of this study is to analyze the link between deposit insurance and bank risk taking. For this purpose, a panel regression analysis is applied to the ratio of deposits under insurance to total deposits and basic risk measures of banks operating in Turkey during 2004-2010. Keywords: Deposit insurance, bank risk taking, panel data regression. 1. INTRODUCTION Banking sector is special with its nature of financing long term investments with relatively short term deposits. This feature makes banks vulnerable to various types of risks both from market and from themselves. One of the threats towards banking system is the sudden withdrawals of large amount of deposits which is known as bank runs. This brings the need of applying some regulatory techniques to maintain “safety and soundness” of banks. Deposit insurance system is used as a regulatory tool in most countries for many years. The aim of such a system is to provide banking sector’s stability preventing banks from being subject to runs. Carapella and DiGiorgio (2004:77) define this system as: 119 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1285 Title A name given to the resource IT role on proper Financial Statement Analysis Author Author Ozlen Serife, Serife Abstract A summary of the resource. Financial statements are prepared reports to quantitatively describe the current financial situation of a company. Therefore, proper financial statement analysis is important for the managers to be able to observe the organization and make financial decisions as a result of achieving the right information about the company on time. Hence the company can obtain some benefits. The tools used in the analysis and the staff motivation who performs the analysis are assumed in this research as the key variables to develop proper financial statements and therefore the analysis.The paper’s objective is to describe the current situation about the issue. Therefore, a developed survey was conducted on accounting department staff within several BiH companies. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and the results were discussed accordingly. The limitations and implications of the research are described and some further research points were identified. Keywords: Financial Reporting, Survey, Information Systems Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c112b829da7109c671f699fe3701d15b.pdf db70607673c628b75c89c8f28e1aeff0 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Aktas, A., Cevirgen, A, and Toker, B. (2009), “Assessing Holiday Satisfaction of German and Russian Tourists Visiting Alanya”, Tourism and Hospitality Management 15 (1): 1-12. Baloglu, S., McClearly K. (1999), “Model of Destination Image Formation” Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 868-897. Cakici, A. C. and Aksu, M. (2007). “Investigating Group Influence on Destination Choice: a Study on Domestic Visitors” (In Turkish), Anatolia: Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), pp.183194. Directorate of Antalya Culture and Tourism (2009) Retrieved from http://www.kultur.gov.tr/ on March 23, 2011. Doğan, H., Barutçu, S., Üngüren, E. (2010) “Russian and German Tourist Potential and Satisfaction in Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Alanya Destination”, 6th International Strategic Management Conference, Proceeding, July 8-10, St-Petersburg, Russian Federation, 997-1006. Economics Report of Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2008) Retrieved from http://www.altso.org.tr on March 23, 2011 Guzel, F.O. (2007). “The Role Of Professional Tourist Guides On Developing The Image Of Turkey (A Study On German Tourists)”, Master Thesis, (In Turkish), Tourism Management and Hotel Hospitality Department, Balıkesir. Ilban, M.O. (2007). “Brand Image In Destination Marketing And Study On Travel Agents”, Ph.D. Thesis (In Turkish), Tourism and Hotel Management Department, Balıkesir. The Role Of Tourism In Regional Development Oğuztürk Bekir Sami1, Şeker Hilal2, Ertan Adnan1 1Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences 2Vocational School of Amasya University. E-mails: bekiroguzturk@sdu.edu.tr ,hilalyanik05hotmail.com ,adnanertan@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Along with the acceleration of the globalization phenomenon, the level of development among the countries has been showing substantial differences. Developed countries have performed their development levels because they have a number of economic advantages and they have slightly minimized the imbalance between the regions. One of the most important problems of developing countries involves the development and underdevelopment. One of the ways to cope with this problem is to identify the priority sector for development of these countries. Performing the 119 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo development in developing countries is merely possible by evaluating the potential of their tourist supply. The tourism sector plays significant role on regional development and the efficient use of local tourism resources. In this respect, the purpose of the research is to investigate the role of tourism along with development policies to resolve interregional imbalance. Therefore, it is intended to figure out the importance of tourism in regional development and focused regional development instruments. As a result, it is aimed to examine the role of tourism in developing regions on their development processes. Keywords: Regional development, Tourism, Alternative Tourism 1.THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 1.1. The Concept of Region Content and definition of the concept of region which is a multi-dimensional, ambiguous concept, originated from the Latin word “regio” and its boundaries are very difficult to draw, vary from period to period. The concept of region which has begun to be used with the defining of areas which have similar soil properties, climatic conditions and topography with specific names by farmers, is generally used to specify the differences of a piece of land from the others. There is not a common definition of the concept of region on which there is a consensus. The properties of a region differ from others may take their source from its geographical, economic, social and physical structure. For this reasons, various criteria are used in the classification of regions. The inclusion of legal, sociological, demographic, political and environmental disciplines in the analyses enhances the confusion on the concept (Gündüz, 2006:2). The dimension of space that is defined with the word of region, may differ by the used context (for example: planning) as may differ by economic, social, cultural aspects. From the economic point of view, it’s obvious that the region as a unit of planning and analysis corresponds to neither an area wider than a country’s area nor narrower than a city’s area (Şen, 2004:4; Ildırar, 2004:9). Region is defined as a unit which is existed by the spatial integrity of sidled local units and enclosed by the lands of a state and the boundaries of which are drawn under the control of a state in the national approach. Anyhow it is defined as a unit that directly come open to international relations and a unit of which boundaries are changeable. In generally, a part of a spatial integral which is homogeneous in point of specific properties is described as a region. 2. Interregional Differences and Regional Development All regions of a country do not begin to develop simultaneously. Some regions show faster development than others for that reason, differences of development level exist. All countries have differences of development level in its regions. Differences of development among regions are more in developing countries than developed countries. 120 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Regional disparities cause notable social problems. Main causes of regional disparities are as follows (Şen, 2004:7): Geographical factors: Location, climatic properties, natural resources, arability of a region are the properties that effect regional development. These properties are not dispersed equally between regions and they are not used rational. Economic factors: Macroeconomic instabilities and inhibition of mobility of the workforce are the economic factors cause regional disparities. The dispersion of production factors influences company decisions for choosing their locations of establishment. Social and cultural differences: Production of a region takes its shape from the socio cultural structure of the region. Especially, general social capital as health care, education services and infrastructure of industrial centres are notably higher than that of underdeveloped regions. Therefore migrations become from other region to developed regions with the purpose of reaching social services in higher quality. These migrations cause social imbalances. Interregional differences cause ineffective use of resources, social problems and even interregional conflicts. Compensating interregional differences is one of the main concerns of governments. Innovational development strategy is that governments must implement to achieve a sustainable regional development. Providing sustainable regional development by innovational development strategy is related to creating regional synergy, accumulation of human capital and knowledge generation. Basically, formulation of a sustainable regional development is exactly aimed at accumulation of human capital. Human capital directly accelerates rate of development and rate of growth, contributes to knowledge generation and knowledge stock of the region. Human capital stock works as a pool for existence of entrepreneurship (Oğuztürk, 2003: 74). 3. Importance of Tourism Sector in Regional Development Tourism sector has a great importance in regional development and efficient use of resources. Especially tourism sector may provide a development for regions that do not have agricultural and industrial development potential. The following factors must be considered for regional development by the improving tourism sector:       Cultural values and infrastructural condition of the region, Present touristic facilities and feasibility of new touristic facilities, Foundations that product services or goods directly or indirectly related to tourism in the region, Public investments in the region, International tourism demand for the region, Perception level of tourism of the locals, The efficiency of the tourism in the regional development could be substantially increased after analysing above mentioned factors realistically (Çeken, 2008: 299). Tourism has a positive influence on regional employment and income, but the magnitude of regional multiplier will vary according to the characteristics of each individual region. As tourism and regional development are closely linked, regions and local authorities play a key role in the formulation of policy and the organization and development of tourism and thus coordination 121 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo between local authorities increases the benefits of policies such as large scale infrastructure projects (Constantin, 2000). 4. Tourism Focused Regional Development Instruments 4.1. Centres of Conference/Exposition/Exhibition These centres provide an economic recovery and a dynamic image to regions. Their importance is increasing every each year and cities tend towards convention tourism to disperse the tourism activities interrupted in a year, through the year. Istanbul is making progress in convention tourism during the recent years. The area between Maçka and Harbiye is called Valley of Congresses in Istanbul that hosted important events such as Habitat, World Architecture Congress, and NATO congress. 4.2. Recreation (Entertainment) Parks Recreation and tourism are many times synonymous. Both bring enormous economic value to region throughout the country. In order to maximize the impact of recreation and tourism politically, specific goals and objectives should be included in the comprehensive plan for each region. In addition, strategic plans and budgets that facilitate the incorporation of parks, recreation and open space in tourism efforts need to be made at the regional level. Recreation (entertainment) parks may be run by private or public sector; they may be entertainment intensive as Euro-Disney or educational and scientific as future scope. Recreation (entertainment) parks are not only good instruments of tourism focused regional development, but also are essential to human well-being and liveability of a city. A city’s quality of life is greatly enhanced by extensive parks and open space areas. Parks and natural areas directly mitigate climate change by moderating temperatures from the urban heat island effect (Combs and Tindell, 2008). 4.3. Alternative Tourism Alternative tourism can be defined as ‘forms of tourism that set out to be consistent with natural, social and community values and which allow both hosts and guests to enjoy positive and worthwhile interaction and shared experiences’ (Wearing and Neil, 1999). Alternative tourism is used to describe the opposite of mass tourism, characterized by having a minimal impact of the environment, by being small in scale and by being locally based, ideally stimulating the local economy while preserving cultural identity. It is often referred to as rural tourism. Activities included under this definition include white-water rafting, scuba-diving, mountaineering and horseback riding (Cooper, 2004). Alternative tourism provides positive effects on employment, prolongation of tourism season, attraction and image of a region. 4.4. Regional Natural Parks A regional natural park is a territory of high natural, cultural and landscape value, whose culture, nature, social structure and local economy are part of a sustainable development project, in harmony with the aspirations of the population (Clivaz, Hauser & Michelet, 2004). They are suitable areas for many kinds of nature sports and attracting tourists who want to do nature sports 122 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo or have trips in nature. Aosta in Italy, Camargue in France are among the regions that use regional natural park instrument successfully. Regional parks may get support from structural funds. European Union provides meaningful supports to efforts for protection of regional natural areas. Odra Delta Natural Park Project in Poland is being realized from October 2002 by EUCCPoland in cooperation with EUCC-The Coastal Union International. 4.5. Cultural Centres Cultural centres are buildings in which cultural assets are reserved, evaluated and exhibited. They are generally designed for multi-purpose usage, to serve as cinema, theatre and exhibit space. Cultural centres host various cultural organisations as exhibitions, plays, concerts and attract tourists, thus they help regional economy and development. 4.6. Farms for Agricultural Tourism Due to gaining importance and a raising trend of agricultural tourism in recent decades, agricultural tourism could be used in cities and regions which are absent of historical, touristic values. Agricultural tourism is related with farms and agricultural activities. So tourists have different leisure experiences like picking fruits, attending rural festivals, participating rural daily life, milking animals, pruning trees and, they have authentic holidays thoroughly involved with rural life far from the stress and busyness of city life (Ertan and Güzel : 2009). 5.CONCLUSION Compensating of regional development disparities which cause several problems as ineffective use of resources, unbalanced distribution of population and migrations is an essential concern for providing sustainable development. For that reason, policies for development of undeveloped and less developed regions must be implemented to provide a sustainable development. One of the most effectives of those policies is enhancing tourism activities in undeveloped and less developed regions. Tourism investments in order to compensating regional disparities have advantages such as their lower requirement of founding capital by comparison with industry investments and their contributions to social and cultural infrastructures of the regions. Globalisation and improvements in information and transportation enable diversification of tourism activities and so tourism investments that compatible with region’s cultural, social and natural assets may be found for each region. For this purpose, tourism focused regional development instruments such as centres of conference/exhibition/exposition, recreation/entertainment parks, alternative tourism, regional natural parks, cultural centres; farms for agricultural tourism may be utilized. Types of tourism activities suitable, feasible and applicable for each region must be determined and these tourism activities must be promoted and supported in order to provide a sustainable regional development. 123 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Ertan A. and Güzel Ö. (2009) “Tarım Turizmi Kavramı ve Isparta’nın Tarım Turizmi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi (The Concept of Agricultural Tourism and the Evaluation of Isparta in terms of Agricultural Tourism)” Süleyman Demirel University Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences, Year 4, No 2008/1, Volume 7. Christophe C., Yves H. and Jacques M. (2004) “Tourism monitoring system based on the concept of carrying capacity – The case of the regional natural park Pfyn-Finges (Switzerland)” Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute Combs, J. L. and Tindell J. P., “City of Sacramento, CA Department of Parks & Recreation Sustainability Plan 2008-2015” Constantin, D., (2000) “Tourism and Environmentally Sustainable Regional Development: The Case of Romania” 40thCongress of the European Regional Science Association, 29 August-1 September 2000. Cooper, C. (2004) “Alternative Tourism as a Strategy for Sustainable Livelihood Diversification: The Case of Jalcomulco, Veracruz” Çeken, H. (2008) “Turizmin Bölgesel Kalkınmaya Etkisi Üzerine Teorik Bir İnceleme (A Theoretical Research on the Effects of Tourism on Regional Development)”, Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of FEAS, Volume 10. Gündüz, A. Y. (2006) “Bölgesel Kalkınma Politikası (Regional Development Policy)”, Ekin Bookstore, Ankara. Ildırar, M. (2004) Bölgesel Kalkınma ve Gelişme Stratejileri (Regional Development and Advancement Strategies), Nobel Publications, Ankara. Oğuztürk, B. S. (2003) Yenilikçilik ve Göller Bölgesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma (A Study on Innovativeness and Lakes Regions), İstanbul University Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Şen, Z. (2004) Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Adaylığı ve Katılma Öncesi Stratejisi Çerçevesinde Bölgesel Politika Alanında Uyum Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi (The Evaluation of the state of Harmonisation in the field of Regional Policy in the context of the Candidacy of Turkey to the European Union and Pre-Accession Strategy), Secretariat General for European Union Affairs, Dissertation Ankara. Wearing, S. and Neil, J. (1999) Ecotourism: Impacts, Potential and Possibilities. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford and Melbourne. 124 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1371 Title A name given to the resource The Role Of Tourism In Regional Development Author Author Oğuztürk , Bekir Sami Abstract A summary of the resource. Along with the acceleration of the globalization phenomenon, the level of development among the countries has been showing substantial differences. Developed countries have performed their development levels because they have a number of economic advantages and they have slightly minimized the imbalance between the regions. One of the most important problems of developing countries involves the development and underdevelopment. One of the ways to cope with this problem is to identify the priority sector for development of these countries. Performing the development in developing countries is merely possible by evaluating the potential of their tourist supply. The tourism sector plays significant role on regional development and the efficient use of local tourism resources. In this respect, the purpose of the research is to investigate the role of tourism along with development policies to resolve interregional imbalance. Therefore, it is intended to figure out the importance of tourism in regional development and focused regional development instruments. As a result, it is aimed to examine the role of tourism in developing regions on their development processes. Keywords: Regional development, Tourism, Alternative Tourism Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/882b749011c8120058f952709707b3aa.pdf b6c8526790aa24f99341186fb3309a36 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Evaluation of All Inclusive System with Respect to Sustainable Tourism Principles Pasa Mustafa Ozyurt, Onur Oku, Ali Riza Aktas Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Tourism Administration, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: ozyurt@akdeniz.edu.tr, onuroku@akdeniz.edu.tr, alirizaaktas@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the “all inclusive system”, an important marketing strategy of tourism enterprises, with respect to sustainable tourism principles. Following this purpose, all related academic studies and literature have been compiled and the subject was analyzed according to the collected information. Existing research suggests that the notion of sustainable tourism and the concept of all inclusive system may be far apart from each other in many ways. The quality of service and consequently guest satisfaction has been negatively affected from all inclusive system. Another negative aspect found is that the system stimulates unnecessary and excessive consumption, which is not beneficial both for the enterprise and for sustainability. Furthermore, since guests make most of their spending within the enterprise using the all inclusive system, local businesses find it harder to make profit and survive in the competition. Local community is a key factor in sustainability, so the system contradicts with sustainability in many ways. Some enterprises on the other hand defend the system since it creates economic activity somehow, yet they agree on the fact that this system should not be used in urban areas. Keywords: Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, Tourism Enterprises, Tourism Marketing, All Inclusive System. 1. INTRODUCTION Tourism is basically an economic activity and it has been growing rapidly especially after World War II. The extent of tourism and travel has increased tremendously in the last decades, both in terms of more travelers and of a vast choice of products on the market. From a historical perspective this can be explained by a number of factors such as the growing prosperity in society, vacations entitled by law, an increasing leisure time, new modes of communication, urbanization and a growing population (Nordin, 2005: 6). According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), international arrivals worldwide have more than doubled since 1990, rising from 435 million to 675 million in 2000, and to 940 million in 2010 (WTTC, 2011: 2). International tourist arrivals grew by over 4% in 2011 to 980 million. With growth expected to continue in 2012, at a somewhat slower rate, international tourist arrivals are on track to reach the milestone one billion mark later this year, 2012 (UNWTO, 2012: 1). Tourism investments worldwide have increased correspondingly, since tourism increases foreign exchange earnings, creates employment opportunities, and provides a boom to many other sectors by its multiplier effect. However, too many tourism investments caused surplus of supply in time. Furthermore, regional or global economic crisis, natural disasters or wars decreased demand in 77 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo tourism. At this point, tourism enterprises looked for new marketing strategies in order to attract more customers. They developed further strategies and used the all inclusive system, which was initially used starting from 1930s. Having the ability for travelers to plan their expenses in advance increased the popularity of the system. Along with the all inclusive system came out hotels with low profitability ratio profiles. Although the occupancy rates were high, hotels had to settle for cheaper prices because of the competition. In order to increase their profitability, tourism enterprises using this system felt the necessity of trying to decrease their costs by compromising service quality. 2. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM By the late 1980s, the governments of most countries as well as the United Nations noted the increase in global tourism and the industry’s deleterious effects to the environment and society of those countries in which it was most rapidly expanding (Bowman, 2010: 269). As a result of the global policies set forth in the 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development to the United Nations General Assembly's report "Our Common Future" (otherwise known as the Brundtland Report), and the subsequent United Nations Conference on Environment (popularly known as "The Earth Summit") in 1992, sustainability emerged as a key issue in development (Berno & Bricker, 2001: 3). Sustainable tourism shall be organically linked to development, in general, to environmental, social, economic and ethical balances, mainly aiming to offer qualitative stays that generates in return fair income to local population (Cianga & Patrascu, 2010: 33). Sustainable tourism concept arose when sustainable development idea was applied to the tourism industry. Main principle of sustainable tourism is protecting local cultures, natural resources, and the continuation of the economy, while ensuring the growth of tourism with planning and control. The notion of the continuity of the economy is not just for tourism enterprises, but it also means that the local people who live at the tourism destination joins tourism activities and gains economic profit from tourism. Sustainable tourism should integrate the natural, cultural and human environment. As shown in Figure 1, sustainable tourism management is an approach, which (ETE, 2009: 39): Minimizes the negative environmental, social and cultural impacts of tourism, Generates economic profit from tourism for local people and improves their quality of life, their working environment and their access to technology and information, Allows local people and other stakeholders to participate in decision making processes involving tourism development which could affect them, Informs all stakeholders of tourism development which could affect them, Contributes to natural and cultural preservation and conservation and promotes the importance of and protects biodiversity, Provides tourists with more meaningful tourism experiences, e.g. meeting, cooperating, communicating and working with local inhabitants etc. bringing the tourist closer to the culture of the destination, 78 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Enables visitors to observe and understand environmental and cultural relationships and contexts, Is sensitive to local people, as well as other stakeholders, their needs, rights and aspirations, Sees policy, planning and management as extremely important to combat the problems caused by non sustainable tourism, Emphasizes that there are limits to tourism development, Can be very frustrating because there are limits to how much can be achieved in the short and medium term. It is a slow process of development, Generally involves frequent conflicts between stakeholders over resources, implementation etc. Compromises may be necessary. Figure 1: Relationship Between the 12 Aims and the Pillars of Sustainability Source: UNEP, 2006. 79 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. ALL INCLUSIVE CONCEPT All Inclusive System is described as the application of a marketing and pricing system in which all services such as breakfast, lunch, dinner, room services, local and import drinks, sport activities are covered under a fixed price package (Ciftci et al., 2007: 269). This system emerged as an alternative to the other hotel rate systems such as bed & breakfast, half board or full pension. All inclusive services generally includes accommodation services, food & beverage services such as breakfast, lunch, dinner, local drinks and import drinks, and many other services that the tourist might need during their stay. The prices of all these services are fixed in advance (Otar, 2008: 9). In order to understand how all inclusive system works, a brief history of the package tours need to be discussed. First package tours were organized by Thomas Cook to England in 1841. Therefore, Cook is generally accepted as the first organized package tour operator. (Icoz, 2000: 169). The first examples of all inclusive concept date back to 1930’s at some vacation camps in England. Later on, a French swimmer made a vacation camp at Mallorca in 1950. Mallorca is a Spanish island and Spanish government decided the swimmer to pay one total price for all the accommodation, food & beverage and other spending activities. This incident sparked the foundation of all inclusive system and many entrepreneurs were influenced by the idea. Their investments are the founding stepping stone of today’s all inclusive system. (Otar, 2008: 15). All inclusive system spread around the world after the increasing power of mass tourism in 1960’s. As seen on other pricing systems like half board or full pension, all inclusive system does not have globally standard applications and rules. What is included differs from country to country, region to region, even hotel to hotel, because there are not any set of rules of laws defining the parameters of the system. Different applications of the system resulted in different titles for the system such as; Ultra Inclusive, Mega Inclusive, Imperial, High Class, Maximum Mega Ultra Inclusive, etc. (Gurkan, 2002: 53). 4. FINDINGS Accommodation companies started using all inclusive system in order to increase their occupancy rates and to market their products and services more easily. All inclusive system is an accepted and sought marketing tool by people who would like to find everything ready, use technology and prefer the easier methods all the time (Yurik, 2002: 291). Main reasons of why hotels prefer all inclusive system may be listed as follows:          80 Provides easier marketing, Increases sales in order to reach maximum profitability, Yields competitive advantage against competitors in tourism market, Presents customers different holiday options, Lower running costs and better planning of the services due to knowing the number of buyers and the services that will be provided in advance, Advertisement of the facility, Controlling of personnel, product and services costs, Better occupancy rates create better image for the company, Easier to sell for travel agencies and tour operators, �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo   Bulk purchasing is cheaper, Prepayments of all inclusive packages result in better financial planning for spending and investments. (Corbaci, 2004: 52). According to Valhouli (2003), the popularity of the all inclusive system relies on two basic reasons. These are time and value. Tourists do not wish to spear time calculating the likely cost of their vacations. At the same time, tourists expect the services provided with the all inclusive system to satisfy their expectations. Hence, the most attractive aspect of the all inclusive system is that is an application where the value of the service to be taken and how much money to be spent in the end are clearly specified. According to Suklum’s (2006) study on 354 tourists (50% Turkish, 23% German) who stayed at two vacation clubs with all inclusive concept in Bodrum, 35,2% of the questionnaire respondents prefer all inclusive system because of the lower extras. 18,9% of the tourists prefer the system because they don’t have to follow their spending, 14,4% because their vacation plans are ready in hand, 9,6% because they don’t have to worry about money exchange. Only 8,2% of the tourists said they prefer all inclusive system because they believe the quality of the services is better. Another important finding of the study is that 31,9% of the tourists noted they do not participate in any economic, social or other activity outside the hotel, saying basically one third of the tourists do not even go out of the hotel. Barak (2006) made a study with 131 enterprises in Bodrum in order to understand the effects of all inclusive system to the region. 27% of these enterprises were food & beverage, 25% gift shops, 12% bars or night clubs, 10% textile apparels, and 26% were from different sectors. According to the owners or general managers of these enterprises, “all inclusive system decreased the number of tourists visiting their shops”; “the main reason for decreasing tourism receipts is all inclusive system”; “tourists spend less because lower income tourists come for the system; and “all inclusive system does not increase the number of tourists to the region”. Otar’s (2008) study on employees’ job satisfaction on accommodation units suggested that employees working in other pension types are more satisfied from their jobs than employees serving in all inclusive system. The study was made on 422 employees working under all inclusive system, and 422 employees working under other pension systems. The employees of accommodation units using the other pension systems were also more satisfied from their jobs according to “manager behavior”, “wage policies” and “promotion possibilities” than the employees of all inclusive system hotels. Yayla’s (2011) study in Antalya on finding out the reasons for tourist’s preference of all inclusive system was applied at a total of 65 four or five star hotels with the participation of 387 tourists. The findings were that they prefer the system because (a) there are not many cancellations due to the low number of participants, (b) price of the vacation packages are affordable, (c) and many services are included in the price. 5. CONCLUSION Findings of the literature survey and the study suggest that there are some positive and negative aspects of all inclusive system. Cheaper prices for the tourists and higher occupancy rates for the hotels are the main positive reasons for the preference of the system. Planning is the other 81 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo important positive both for the tourist and the hotel. Tourists may easily plan their spending in advance while the hotels may plan their purchasing, marketing, and financial strategies ahead of time. When the principles of sustainability is taken into account, it has been observed by many studies that cheaper vacations for the tourists by the means of all inclusive tourism decrease the quality of service, customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and tourist spending. One third of tourists who prefer these packages do not even leave the hotel for shopping or other purposes, which is a big minus for social contribution of sustainable tourism to local society. As described above, sustainable tourism has socio-cultural, economic, environmental and community participation factors. Since the main purpose of sustainable tourism is protecting local cultures, natural resources, and the continuation of the economy, all inclusive system does not directly possess any positive affects towards these three purposes at the same time. There is not any strong evidence that the hotels using all inclusive system are using local products, which is another negative aspect for sustainability. Therefore, it is evident that all inclusive system does not directly help local community, does not increase job satisfaction of the local residents, and does not help the environment any better than hotels using other pension systems. Tourists over-consume because of fixed charges, and this is a burden to economic resources of the society. Over-competition between all inclusive hotels decreases the prices of rooms and thereby the tourism earnings decrease. It may be creating new jobs for the society, but since job satisfaction is lower than the other pension systems, work overload may be the case instead of hiring new staff. REFERENCES Barak, H. (2006). Turizm Sektöründe Uygulanan Herşey Dahil Tatil Sisteminin Bölgedeki İşletmeler Üzerindeki Etkisi Ve Bodrum Örneği. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Turizm İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dalı, İzmir. Berno, T., & Bricker, T. (2001). Sustainable Tourism Development: The Long Road From Theory to Practice. International Journal of Economic Development, 3 (3). Bowman, K. S. (2011). Sustainable Tourism Certification and State Capacity: Keep it Local, Simple and Fuzzy. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5 (3), 269-281. Cianga, N., & Patrascu, C. (2010). Sustainable Development-Concept and Present Trend in The Context Of The Globalization Of Tourism And Of Romania’s Accession In The European Union. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 3 (1), 29-43. Çiftçi, H., & Düzakın, E., & Önal, Y., B. (2007). All Inclusive System and Its Effects on The Turkish Tourism Sector. Problems and Perspective in Management, 5 (3), 269-285. Çorbacı, A. K. (2004). Hersey Dahil (All Inclusive) Sisteminin Destinasyon Bölgesine Olumlu ve Olumsuz Etkileri, Ekonomik ve Teknik Dergi Standard, 43 (511), 51-52. 82 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ETE, (2009). Sustainable Tourism, Training the Trainers Programme. Last Access: 25.04.2012 http://www.oete.de/tourism4nature/results/backdocs/ETE_2009_Sustainable_Tourism_Training.p df Gürkan, T. A. (2002). “Herşey Dahil” (All Inclusive) Sistemin Türk Turizmi Açısından İncelenmesi (Antalya-Kemer Örneği), Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Turizm İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dalı, Sakarya. İçöz, O. (2000). Seyahat Acenteleri ve Tur Operatörlüğü Yönetimi. 3.Baskı, Turhan Kitapevi, Ankara. Otar, H. (2008). Konaklama İşletmelerinde Uygulanan Herşey Dahil Sisteminin İşgörenlerin İş Tatmini Üzerindeki Etkisi. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Turizm İşletmeciliği Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı Ankara. Nordin, S. (2005). Tourism of Tomorrow, Travel Trends and Forces of Change. European Tourism Research Institute.2005,27 Süklüm, N. (2006). Türkiye’de Hizmet Sektöründeki Turizm İşletmelerinde Uygulanan “Her şey Dahil” Sisteminin Müşteri Memnuniyeti Üzerindeki Etkisinin Ölçümlenmesi ve Bir Alan Araştırması. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Aydın. UNEP, (2006). Making Tourism More Sustainable, A Guide For Policy Makers. Last Access: 18.04.2012 http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx0592xPA-TourismPolicyEN.pdf UNWTO, (2012). World Tourism http://mkt.unwto.org/en/barometer Barometer, Last Access: 22.04.2012 Valhouli, Christina, (2003). Best All-Inclusive Resorts, Last Access: 20.04.2012 http://www.forbes.com/2003/10/16/cx_cv_1016feat.html WTTC, (2011). Travel & Tourism 2011. London. Last Acces: http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/traveltourism2011.pdf 16.04.2012 Yayla, İ. (2011). Turistlerin Herşey Dahil Sistemini Tercih Etme Nedenleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Antalya Örneği. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Turizm İşletmeciliği Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Ankara. Yürik, E. Ö. (2002). Herşey Dahil (All Inclusive) Sistemi ve Sistemin Türk Turizm Sektörüne Etkileri. 2.Turizm Şurası Bildirileri, 1, T.C. Turizm Bakanlığı, 15-22 Nisan, Ankara. 83 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1366 Title A name given to the resource Evaluation of All Inclusive System with Respect to Sustainable Tourism Principles Author Author Pasa , Mustafa Ozyurt Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this study is to analyze the “all inclusive system”, an important marketing strategy of tourism enterprises, with respect to sustainable tourism principles. Following this purpose, all related academic studies and literature have been compiled and the subject was analyzed according to the collected information. Existing research suggests that the notion of sustainable tourism and the concept of all inclusive system may be far apart from each other in many ways. The quality of service and consequently guest satisfaction has been negatively affected from all inclusive system. Another negative aspect found is that the system stimulates unnecessary and excessive consumption, which is not beneficial both for the enterprise and for sustainability. Furthermore, since guests make most of their spending within the enterprise using the all inclusive system, local businesses find it harder to make profit and survive in the competition. Local community is a key factor in sustainability, so the system contradicts with sustainability in many ways. Some enterprises on the other hand defend the system since it creates economic activity somehow, yet they agree on the fact that this system should not be used in urban areas. Keywords: Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, Tourism Enterprises, Tourism Marketing, All Inclusive System. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General)