216 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9b9af352702f480808cfc7cf8737cb81.pdf baee14a6a0aa63930e7a0c90e038676d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Prediction of Solved Homicides Using Classification Method Author Author Lamija Zukić, Samed Jukić Abstract A summary of the resource. Homicide rates are still high in the world and they are the worst crime in human existence. Despite all the technological advances and usage of information by various agencies, the number of homicides is not decreasing. Homicide prediction in certain countries should notably be the number one priority, which can help the government to easily identify the kind of profile they are looking for, or even help them prevent those cases. This paper compares different Machine Learning Techniques classifications of homicide prediction. Random Forest (RF), Random Tree, J48, Naive Bayes and k-Nearest-Neighbor (KNN) were tested to determine which method provides the best results in homicide prediction classification. The results of sample accuracy for all algorithms were around 99%, which clearly shows that all algorithms give great results. However, J48 is the best technique applied on the dataset, as it classified all instances correctly. Keywords Keywords. Classification, data analysis, homicide, machine learning, prediction. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706/JONSAE2021324 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Language A language of the resource English language Type The nature or genre of the resource Original research https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2be086ebd527b95bd4a2f3c3f47cd5d1.pdf 744ced70ce4f51e612f57151c316406c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Master's Theses Description An account of the resource IT Master's Thesis collection features master's theses authored by graduate students in the Department of Information Technology. Each thesis reflects a significant research effort, combining theoretical knowledge with practical application to address complex challenges in the IT domain. These works demonstrate students’ advanced understanding of information systems, software engineering, data science, cybersecurity, and emerging technologies. The theses serve as a testament to the students' capability to conduct independent research, propose innovative solutions, and contribute to the advancement of the IT field. Subject The topic of the resource IT Master's Thesis Language A language of the resource English Language Author Author IT Department Master’s Students Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Predictive Modeling for Diabetes: A Comprehensive Analysis Author Author Amina Kodžaga Abstract A summary of the resource. <p>Diabetes is a growing global health issue, and early prediction is key to preventing its effects. This thesis develops predictive models for diabetes using various machine learning methods, including Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and XGBoost, using the Diabetes Health Indicators dataset, which covers clinical, lifestyle, and demographic factors. Feature selection identifies the most important diabetic predictors, and model performance is evaluated using macro average and weighted average metrics, accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and error metrics (MSE and RMSE) to provide a thorough evaluation of model performance across the classes. Both SVM and Random Forest performed best overall, with an accuracy of 0.86. They also performed exceptionally well in weighted average and macro average measures, with overall recall and F1-scores of 0.86. SVM has the highest precision performance at 0.88, with Random Forest achieving the next best score of 0.87. These models are very dependable for diabetes prediction tasks because of their remarkable balance while handling both classes. SVM and Random Forest offer more dependable performance on a range of metrics, as evidenced by the weaker outcomes of Decision Tree, KNN, XGBoost, and Logistic Regression.</p> Keywords Keywords. Diabetes prediction, Machine learning techniques, Predictive modeling accuracy, Healthcare analytics, Classification performance Classification performance Diabetes prediction Healthcare analytics Machine learning techniques master's thesis Predictive modeling accuracy https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/447a7f298e81cfbf4fc8925f0ac4002d.docx 18970764f2c7c8194bfd735029da6e13 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bf0ba883afc07060aa06e8d6b90295b6.pdf e3274d6e24eee8ae0904395c90ec72e3 PDF Text Text Preference of Indirect Answers by High School Students M.Yavuz Konca & Ayse Korkmaz Ataturk University/ Cumhuriyet University/ Turkey Key words: Politeness, Second language acquisition,Indirectness, Conventionally Indirect Answers, Tendency to select ABSTRACT This paper, based on a qualitative study conducted among high school students, investigates the tendency to select non-conventionally indirect answers by high school students while performing basic speech acts.The instrument used in the study was a discourse completion test (DCT), which has ten multiple-choice questions. In this instrument, the subjects were given five request, two offer and two invitation situations. The survey included twenty-five ninth-year students learning English at a government high school.According to the findings of the study, the majority of subjects preferred to give conventionally indirect (CI) answers in request situations. As for the offer and invitation situations, the results showed that the percentage of selecting non-conventionally indirect (NCI) answers was higher than the others for rejecting an offer or an invitation. Finally, some suggestions have been developed for further research. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2088 Title A name given to the resource Preference of Indirect Answers by High School Students Author Author KONCA, M.Yavuz KORKMAZ, Ayse Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Politeness, Second language acquisition,Indirectness, Conventionally Indirect Answers, Tendency to select ABSTRACT This paper, based on a qualitative study conducted among high school students, investigates the tendency to select non-conventionally indirect answers by high school students while performing basic speech acts.The instrument used in the study was a discourse completion test (DCT), which has ten multiple-choice questions. In this instrument, the subjects were given five request, two offer and two invitation situations. The survey included twenty-five ninth-year students learning English at a government high school.According to the findings of the study, the majority of subjects preferred to give conventionally indirect (CI) answers in request situations. As for the offer and invitation situations, the results showed that the percentage of selecting non-conventionally indirect (NCI) answers was higher than the others for rejecting an offer or an invitation. Finally, some suggestions have been developed for further research. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5c368ad0db56788d3cc13ac3f94514f5.pdf cf074daae247c14438b881a69746df92 PDF Text Text Preferences of Irrigation Methods by Sugar Beet Producers, Their Age and Educational Levels for Konya - Çumra Region of Turkey Assist.Prof.Dr. Muhittin Çelebi Selçuk University Çumra MYO –Konya/Turkey mcelebi@selcuk.edu.tr Prof.Dr. Nizamettin Çiftçi Selçuk University Agricultural Faculty –Konya/Turkey nciftci@selcuk.edu.tr Assist.Prof.Dr. Bilal Acar Selçuk University Agricultural Faculty –Konya/Turkey biacar@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: Agriculture is one of the most important strategic sectors in terms of the social and economic ways for Turkey. Approximately 35% of the population has lived in rural areas and there is a huge inactive labor force in such regions. Success and sustainability of agricultural activities depends on the education and social structures of farmers. Irrigation and irrigation technologies are possibly the most important inputs in agricultural activities. This study was conducted in Konya where it has the greatest agricultural land of Turkey with 25% of the total sugar beet production of Turkey. The preferences of irrigation methods by sugar beet producers, age distributions, education status, and number of person in family were researched by face to face technique. The percentages of farmers in 20-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60 years old were 18.2% , 22.7%, 35.2% and 23.9%, respectively. The education levels of those farmers graduated from university, high, and primary schools were determined as 12.5%, 23.3%, and 64.2%, respectively. The number of person in most family varied from 5 to 8. The 95% of the farmers have preferred sprinkler irrigation method. The preference of drip irrigation method was 4.7% for high school graduated farmers. The 89.3% of the farmers defined that irrigation charges were expensive. The overall result of the study showed that increasing the education level in farmers contributed sensitivity of farmers for the water saving irrigation technologies Keywords: Agriculture, Education, Sugar Beet Producers, Irrigation Method. Introduction The utilization of water resources and studies about these subjects are as old as human history. In the past, development of the society was in the areas where the fresh water resources were plenty. Water is the prime element for life on earth but, it is not exist in desired place, amount and time on earth. It is the strategic natural resource and will be also very important in future affected to the whole human life due to the limiting source. Agriculture is the most important top strategic sector in respect to the socially and economy in Turkey. The almost 35% of population has lived in urban in Turkey and there is a huge amount of inactive labor force in such areas. The success of activities and their sustainability depend upon the education level and social structures of farmers. The most important inputs in agriculture are irrigation and irrigation technologies. The availability of water resources, presence of much amount of agricultural areas and good facilities of 162 �crop growth in Turkey has contributed the sustainable agricultural potential. Turkey has 78 million ha surface area and 28 million of this is suitable for agriculture with 5.1 million ha of land are being irrigated at present (Anonymous 2008). In general, the climate is arid and semi-arid in Turkey but, climate change is different in seasons and regions. The total annual consumable water potential of Turkey is 110 km3 (Çiftçi & Kutlar 2007; Çiftçi et al. 2009a; Çiftçi et al. 2009b). According to 2009 records, the population is almost 72.5 million in Turkey. The annual per capita water potential is 2500 m3 and consumable of 1517 m3. Agriculture has used about 70-75% of total fresh water resources in Turkey. It has been estimated that available water resources of 75 km3 will be used in agriculture in next 20 years. Education has very important role to play in efficient use of resources, performing accurate political selection, overcoming well management, obtaining qualified human for employment. It is also effective tool for obtaining well decision and development in democracy. The importance of education has increased gradually in whole our life as well as in agriculture in developed and changing world. The increase of the agriculture production is not only important in meeting the food supply of the nations but, high quality production is also very important. To success this, experienced agriculture trainers as well as skillful producers or farmers are needed. Productivity is the base of the agricultural development and the base of the productivity is education. One of the most important problems, therefore, in Turkey is agricultural education. Although agricultural education is unique, it can be divided into two forms: -Theoretical scientific, and practical - training educations. Under no or insufficient rainfall conditions, crop water requirement is not met by natural rainfall. Under such conditions, soil moisture deficit is met by applying water artificially and this is defined as irrigation. However, every random water applications have not accepted as irrigation. The main purpose of the irrigation is to meet the crop water requirement. By succeeding this goal, crop yield increases. Irrigation networks and systems are constructed to overcome this purpose. Water resources are fairly scant in Konya basin of Turkey. Water scarcity is very serious in region especially summer season. Wheat, barley and sugar beet are very common field crops in this region. The most important problem in region is inefficient use of water resources. The losses are very high in irrigation due to the excess water applications. Konya has share of 25% sugar beet production in Turkey and Konya-Çumra plain has one of the most intensively irrigated lands. Sugar beet is the highest water consuming crop in region so, it is the main target that irrigation water should be applied with minimum loss in sugar beet production. Sprinkler irrigation method has been commonly used and subsidized for many years due to the high irrigation efficiency and easy in labor uses in sugar beet irrigation. The farmers who have the great technical and theoretical information deal with sugar beet farming. In present study, education level, their age, number of family member and irrigation methods preferences of sugar beet producers in Konya-Çumra Plain Turkey was researched by face to face survey technique. Material and Methods This study was conducted Çumra Plain of Konya-Turkey. Konya has the greatest agricultural land with 25% of total sugar beet production in Turkey. In study, preferences of irrigation methods, age distributions, education level, family number of sugar beet producers were researched by using the face to face technique. Konya, in Central Anatolia Peninsula, is located at South of Central Anatolia Region. It has the greatest surface area in Turkey with an average 1016m above the sea level. Soils in plain are mainly heavy, medium in some parts and light in very little parts. It has the rich of lime content and uniform topography as 0-1% land slope. The least rainfall of 326 mm has observed in Konya plain of Turkey. Annual average temperature is 11.5ºC. Konya has steppe climate so irrigation is vital important in crop growth period due to the insufficient rainfall. Irrigation water is obtained from both surface and groundwater resources. Groundwater is received from General Directorate of Sate Hydraulic Works (GDSHW), irrigation cooperatives and wells constructed by farmers. The surface water resources are Beyşehir Lake and Çarşamba Stream (Çiftçi & Kutlar 2007). Konya plain is one of the government irrigation regions in near history. Konya has the almost 163 �2 million population with 1870000 ha arable and 1644000 ha irrigable lands. It has the shares of 11%, 13.7% and 25% in wheat, barley and sugar beet in Turkey, respectively. The land opened to the irrigation in Konya is 377000 ha (Çiftçi et al. 2010). Results and Discussion Age and Education of Farmers Share of agriculture has decreased in national income while the importance of agriculture in the economy has remained. On the other hand, active population and employment ratios are high in agriculture. Average income of human rises when the ages increased under different education levels. Conventional agricultural structure is very common in agricultural activities of Turkey and those activities have continued by family farms. In recently, there is acceleration in education level in rural areas of Turkey. The age of farmers is more than medium in Turkey. The reason is that the highest-aged farmer is the leader in agriculture. The ages and education levels of farmers in our research are presented in Table 1. Education Level University High School Elementary School Total Number % Number % Number % Number % 20-30 Age Ranges 31-40 41-50 51-60 10 45.5 9 22.0 13 11.5 32 18.2 7 31.8 12 29.2 21 18.6 40 22.7 0 0 5 12.2 37 32.7 42 23.9 5 22.7 15 36.6 42 37.2 62 35.5 Total Number % 22 12.5 100 41 23.3 100 113 64.2 100 176 100 Table 1. Ages and Education Levels of Sugar Beet Producers It can be seen from Table 1 that percentages of farmers were determined as 18.2%, 22.7%, 35.5% and 23.9% in 20-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60 age ranges, respectively. The young population, 20-30 years old, was lowest and percentage of over the medium-aged (41-60 years old) farmers was 59.4%. Increase of the age resulted in improvement of experiences and qualifications. Accordingly, age of farmers in sugar beet production was observed mostly in 41-60 years old. Education has very important role to obtain the qualified labor forces for meeting economic and social requirements as well as for the population who are healthy and ready to work. Education is the human right and is necessary for sustainable development. The education levels of farmers were elementary school in 64.5%, high school in 23.3% and university in 12.5%, (Table 1). Most farmers were graduated from the elementary school accordingly. This indicates that education levels of farmers were found lower than the expectation. Education level is also important for training of farmers about irrigation innovations. It is also vital important for learning the irrigation technologies as well as soilcrop-water relationships. The age was between 20-30 years in most university graduated farmers (45.5%) and all of them were younger than 40 years old. This shows that farmers have noticed the importance of university in agriculture. Marital Status and Number of Family Members In Turkey as well as in the world, population density can be described as the dividing population of farmers who deal with crop and animal production to agricultural land size. The population density varies in different regions and cities. It is highly influenced by the elevation such as mountainous or plain as well as number of the active farmers. It is high in mountainous areas while it is low in large plains. The active 164 �population ratio was lower by comparison to developed countries while unemployment is fairly high in Turkey. The distributions of marital status and family member numbers of farmers in respect to education levels are given in Table 2. Education Level University High School Elementary School Total Marital Status Number % Number % Number % Number % Number of Family Population Married Single Total 1-4 5-8 <8 Total 17 77.3 39 95.1 109 96.5 165 93.8 5 22.7 2 4.9 4 3.5 11 6.2 22 100 41 100 113 100 176 100 8 47.1 14 35.9 26 24.5 49 29.7 9 52.9 25 64.1 72 67.9 107 64.8 0 0 0 0 8 7.6 9 5.5 17 100 39 100 106 100 165 100 Table 2. Distributions of Marital Status and Family Member Number of Farmers The percentages of farmers with married and single were determined as 93.8% and 6.2%, respectively. The percentages of university, high school and elementary school graduated farmers were 77.3%, 95.1% and 96.5%, respectively. Most farmers were married and this indicated that agricultural farms were family farms. The percentages of farmers in family as 1-4, 5-8 and <8 were found as 29.7%, 64.5% and 5.5%, respectively. The highest family number of farmers was obtained from 5-8 as 64.8%. The number of farmers more than 8 was observed in only elementary graduations. The family number of 1-4 was only observed in university graduated farmers and those were also young. The Reason in Sugar Beet Production Preferences of Farmers In Turkey, sugar has been produced by sugar beet that is a very important fundamental food in whole human life. Sugar beet is also very important rotation crop. The yield and income obtained from unit area are good enough. In Turkey, about 400000 or 450000 farmers have obtained their incomes from sugar beet farming (Anonymous 2010). Konya city has the 25% total Turkey sugar beet production and irrigation is necessary prerequisite for sugar beet growth. In examine the crop patterns, sugar beet is highly water consuming crop in region so water saving should be done in sugar beet farming. However, water resources are fairly scant and insufficient. The one of the highest sugar beet production centers of Konya is Çumra province. The Reasons in Sugar Beet Production preferences of farmers and production areas are presented in Table 3. Farmers Number % Sugar Beet Production Preferences Low Easy Market Addiction income growth Guarantees of other crops 9 140 20 7 5.1 79.5 11.4 4.0 Sugar Beet Production Area (ha) Total 20> 20-50 50-100 100< Total 176 20 80 48 28 176 100 11.4 45.4 27.3 15.9 100 Table 3. The Reason in Sugar Beet Production Preferences of Farmers and Production Areas 165 �As seen from the Table 3, 79.5% of the farmers have preferred sugar beet production due to the market guarantees while 20% and 5.1% of them have preferred due to the addiction and easy growth, respectively. As sugar beet production has been performed contraction with the farmers as quotas in the region, and Pankobirlik (General Directorate, representative and senior organization of Beet Cooperatives, which are performing supply, distribution, supervision and coordination of all kinds of inputs, which are being used during the agricultural activities of its partners with the capitals, formed by its members’ efforts) guarantee of the production has been the most important reason for preference. Like the all over the world as well as in Turkey, preference of crop production has affected mainly from the market guarantee in Turkey. The sizes of sugar beet production areas of 2, 2-5, 5-10 and <10 ha were 11.4%, 45.4%, 27.3% and 15.9%, respectively. In general, land size of sugar beet production varied from 2 to 5 ha (45.4%). Irrigation Method Preferences of Farmers Application form of water through the crop root zone may be defined as irrigation method. Irrigation water is brought to the irrigation area by conveyance and distribution Networks. The aim of the irrigation is to apply right amount water uniformly within the root zone depth. For success this, irrigation method is very important. The suitability of the various irrigation methods, i.e. surface, sprinkler or drip irrigation, depends mainly on the following factors (Kara 2005); - natural conditions such as soil type, slope, climate, water quality and availability,- type of crop, -type of technology, -previous experience with irrigation, -required labor inputs, and -costs and benefits. Pressurized irrigation methods can be defined as conveying irrigation water to the crops by closed pipes with a certain pressure. The most widely used pressurized irrigation system is sprinkler irrigation in Çumra Plain of Konya. To use this method, farmers should know the system accurately and have the proper information. The irrigation method preferences of farmers in region are presented in Table 4. The percentages of irrigation methods preferences were 95.0 % and 1.1% in sprinkler and drip irrigation, respectively. The sprinkler irrigation is the most suitable method in respect to the cost, management and irrigation technique. It was preferred as 95.1%, 90.6% and 96.6% for university, high school and elementary graduated farmers. Education Level University High School Elementar y School Total Numbe r % Numbe r % Numbe r % Numbe r % Irrigation Methods Surfac Sprinkle Dri e r p Tota l Which is the most Suitable Irrigation Method in Sugar Beet? Surfac Sprinkle Dri No Tota e r p Ide l a 0 18 2 0 20 1 19 0 20 5.0 2 95 39 0 2 100 43 0 0 90 42 10 2 0 2 100 46 4.7 4 90.6 112 4.7 0 100 116 0 0 91.4 97 4.3 9 4.3 4 100 110 3.4 7 96.6 170 0 2 100 179 0 0 88.2 157 8.2 13 3.6 6 100 176 3.9 95.0 1.1 100 0 89.2 7.4 3.4 100 Table 4. Irrigation methods Preferred in Sugar Beet The highest preference of sprinkler irrigation method as 95% in region shows that farmers have great experiences about this method. Surface irrigation method, highest irrigation water losses, has been preferred the lowest as 3.9%. Although water application efficiency is high in drip irrigation method, it was 166 �preferred low as 1.1%. The disadvantage of such irrigation method is high management cost. Most farmers preferred drip irrigation method were graduated from the high school. Technical qualifications as well as irrigation management cost are very important in water management. This is evidence that most farmers were chosen sprinkler irrigation. The percentages of farmers about the suitable irrigation method for sugar beet were found as 89.2% for sprinkler irrigation, 7.4% for drip irrigation and 3.4% for no idea. None farmers have chosen the surface irrigation as a suitable method. In examine the education level, university graduated farmers were accepted sprinkler irrigation as 90% and drip irrigation as 10%, as a suitable irrigation method. The 91.4% and 4.3% of farmers preferred sprinkler and drip irrigation methods, in high school graduation, respectively. These were 88.2% and 8.2% in sprinkler and drip irrigation methods for elementary education, respectively. Improvement of education level resulted in increase for the use of technological systems as well as capability of accurate irrigation management. Education level is not only needed for successful use of irrigation technologies, but also experiences of farmers are very important. Sugar beet producers, therefore, have considered low water losses and small management cost by preferences irrigation methods. Conclusions Education is very important for all sectors in a changing world especially in agriculture. Agriculture is strategic sector and should be improved in Turkey. The increase of the income in such sector like the central residential areas is necessary prerequisite. To obtain the goal, necessary policies should be performed and applied permanently. Irrigation water is the most important input in agriculture and is the highest share of water resources as 70-75% in Turkey. It is very important to reduce the water losses and minimize the irrigation costs for sustainable water resources. It can be achieved by selection of suitable irrigation method. This method should be high technical characteristics with low irrigation management cost. However, sometimes high technological methods are not preferred by farmers due to some difficulties and great management costs. The base of agricultural production is productivity and education is the base of the productivity. Improvement of education levels of farmers will contribute proper training and accurate management of irrigation Technologies. References Anonymous. (2008) . General Directorate of Sate Hydraulic Works (GDSHW) http://www.dsi.gov.tr/ (in Turkish). Anonymous. (2010). Konya Şeker A.Ş. http://www.konyaseker.com.tr/ (in Turkish). Çiftçi, N & Kutlar, Đ. (2007). Water potential and water resources of Konya Plain. Journal of Konya Ticaret Borsası, 24, 34-37 (in Turkish). Çiftçi, N., Acar, B., Şahin, M., Yaylalı, I., & Yavuz, D. (2009a). Land and Water Potentials of Turkey and Major Problems in Irrigated Agriculture, Proceedings International Conference on Lakes and Nutrient Loads, 2009, Pocradec. 305-310. Çiftçi, N., Acar, B., Yaylalı, I & Çivicioğlu, N. (2009b). Groundwater Potential Usage and Contamination Problems in Turkey under Global Warming Period, Proceedings International Conference on Lakes and Nutrient Loads, 2009, Pocradec. 456-462. Çiftçi, N., Topak, R & Çelebi, M. (2010). Water potential and water use in agriculture. Journal of Konya Ticaret Borsası, 36, 40-44 (in Turkish). Kara, M. (2005). Irrigation and irrigation systems. Selçuk University. Agricultural Faculty, ISBN 975-448-177-6: Konya-Turkey (in Turkish). 167 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 358 Title A name given to the resource Preferences of Irrigation Methods by Sugar Beet Producers, Their Age and Educational Levels for Konya - Çumra Region of Turkey Author Author Çelebi, Muhittin Çiftçi, Nizamettin Acar, Bilal Abstract A summary of the resource. Agriculture is one of the most important strategic sectors in terms of the social and economic ways for Turkey. Approximately 35% of the population has lived in rural areas and there is a huge inactive labor force in such regions. Success and sustainability of agricultural activities depends on the education and social structures of farmers. Irrigation and irrigation technologies are possibly the most important inputs in agricultural activities. This study was conducted in Konya where it has the greatest agricultural land of Turkey with 25% of the total sugar beet production of Turkey. The preferences of irrigation methods by sugar beet producers, age distributions, education status, and number of person in family were researched by face to face technique. The percentages of farmers in 20-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60 years old were 18.2% , 22.7%, 35.2% and 23.9%, respectively. The education levels of those farmers graduated from university, high, and primary schools were determined as 12.5%, 23.3%, and 64.2%, respectively. The number of person in most family varied from 5 to 8. The 95% of the farmers have preferred sprinkler irrigation method. The preference of drip irrigation method was 4.7% for high school graduated farmers. The 89.3% of the farmers defined that irrigation charges were expensive. The overall result of the study showed that increasing the education level in farmers contributed sensitivity of farmers for the water saving irrigation technologies Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/093a50d4062347a75cbcef035491d06a.pdf 5716ebbe842cf43666204df32f6604b3 PDF Text Text ����������������   ���      �               �    � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3294 Title A name given to the resource Prepayment of Loan Under the Financial Services Consumer Protection Law of FBH and Law on Banks of the Republic of Srpska Author Author Bajrić, Senad Abstract A summary of the resource. Summary: The article analyzes the main determinants and the specifics of the borrower right to prepay the loan defined by the financial services consumer protection law of FBH and Law on banks of the Republic of Srpska,ie legislation which is in the national legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the entity regulations) transposed Directive 2008/48 / EC on credit agreements for consumers. As a result of inconsistent and non-systematic transposition of EU directives into the BiH legal system, in addition to the above regulations, the right of early repayment of the loan is regulated by the Consumer Protection Act of BiH which have taken scarce solutions of"old" directive on consumer credit (Directive 87/102/EEC on consumer credit). In this way, in Bosnia and Herzegovina both old and new solutions in consumer Directive exist at the same time (although the entry into force of Directive 2008/48/EC terminated Directive 87/102/ EEC), thereby and those related to consumer’s right, the borrower right to early repayment of loans. And given the subsidiary application of the provisions of the ZOO on the loan agreement, it is clear that the fragmentation of legislation in these areas often leads to confusion and the various problems related to adequate and complete use of the aforementioned rights. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-04-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4fca2c17a0ef98630250c3989a50fe06.pdf a9b794907008026b8915c374783c406b PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Presence of Andragogical Principles in English Language Teaching Practice Ervin KovaĦeviĤ English Language and Literature Program International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ekovacevic@ius.edu.ba Abstract: The contemporary market demand implies that the institutions training English teachers need to equip them with the knowledge of teaching approaches and techniques to be used in compulsory and non – compulsory educational settings with the learner profiles ranging from preschool students to retirees. Malcolm S. Knowles in his The Adult Learner (2005; 1973), while contrasting the pedagogical and andragogical educational models, concludes: the pedagogical model excludes the andragogical assumptions; the andragogical model includes the pedagogical assumptions; and, an ideological andragogue should be able to use or apply the model whose assumptions are more realistic in a given situation. One of the implications is that the effective foreign language teachers are supposed to master both the models if they are to teach adult learners. The second one is that the teaching styles will oscillate on the continuum between highly teacher-centered and highly learnercentered one due to the teachers‘ abilities and willingness to draw from both the andragogical and pedagogical educational models. The assumptions have been tested through a survey revealing that the teaching styles of the majority of the English teachers of the language schools tend towards the teacher-centered pole, thus the pedagogical model. Key Words: Teaching Styles, Andragogy, Pedagogy. Introduction Since all adult learners are at different points on the different continua, due to all the physiological, psychosocial and other distinguishing variables among them, a group of adult learners is never completely homogenous (Knowles, 1990; Long, 1990; Merriam and Caffarella, 1999; Quinnan, 1997; Rogers, 1996; Wlodkowski, 1999). Hypothetically, the degree in heterogeneity of a group of adult learners might be decreased by placing the learners of the similar needs, goals, or characteristics together, but it can never be zero as there are no totally same adult learner profiles to be put together in the same group. Thus, a separate approach to every individual learner and every group of adult learners in both compulsory and non-compulsory educational settings might be needed if any teaching process is to be marked as maximally effective. This approach is based on the andragogical educational model which accounts for the necessity of including the uniqueness of every learner profile into the teaching – learning exchange context and answering it through both the andragogical and pedagogical educational perspectives which are to be implemented according to the learner profiles taught (Knowles, 1990). While the andragogical perspective constantly tends to the inclusion of the learner‘s individual features into every aspect of the teaching-learning exchange process (planning, delivery and assessment), the pedagogical model does not necessarily do so. If a group of adults is to be taught, andragogically speaking, maximizing teaching effect requires a deliberate and constant attempt to seek for a perfect overlapping match of at least three factors: learners‘ features, which make each adult learner so unique, teacher‘s intended outcomes, prescribed to teachers by their teaching domain and their personal educational philosophy, and teaching-learning exchange context, where a teacher is expected to fulfill his/her professional roles (Heimlich and Norland, 2002; Rogers, 1996). In order to maximize the overlapping match, the fields of adult education and foreign language teaching recognize and prescribe a number of teachers‘ roles, yet it is the context of an educational event and the teachers‘ beliefs about education based on their life philosophy and background by which the teachers interpret various educational contexts and engage in different roles through which they display a teaching style and create a certain atmosphere where the teaching-learning exchange occurs (Brown, 2001; Conti, 2004; Pratt, 2002; Rogers, 1996; Zinn, 2004). Eventually, a maximally effective teaching style relies on fully correct interpretation of any teaching – learning exchange context, which is followed by a proper set of consequent responses that include both teaching decisions and behaviors, and a constantly ongoing interrelatedness between the two in order to keep learners‘ features, teacher‘s intended outcomes and teaching-learning exchange context perfectly overlapping. To ensure that the overlapping is maximized, therefore, the maximally effective teaching style has to constantly oscillate between 433 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo the poles of extremely teacher-centered and extremely learner-centered one, as it is trying to answer the varying needs of the learner profiles and the uniqueness of the context where the teaching-learning exchange is occurring. If the starting point in designing a teaching – learning exchange experience, delivering and pacing the instruction, assessing the outcomes, and making any proceeding educational decisions are learners‘ temporary physiological and psychosocial characteristics, including their already possessed and currently gained knowledge or experience, their goals and expectations, and their learning pace or momentum, then the teaching style in charge is the highly learner – centered one, and it is driven by personal educational philosophy of the highly andragogical nature. Eventually, if the learner is capable and willing to be in charge of the teaching – learning exchange experience, an andragogue will agree and respond accordingly. If the learner is entering a new field, the andragogue will shape the educational process as much as he/she has to while trying to include the learners‘ personal traits as much as possible. An opposite teaching style, one that disregards the uniqueness of adult learner profile and operates under the ‗one size for all‘ approach, is defined as highly – teacher centered one and is run by highly pedagogical philosophy. The pedagogue will exclude the andragogical perspective and use his/her own educational reasoning in making any educational decisions. Any oscillations fall in between. The aim of this study is to place the teaching styles English language teachers display while teaching adults in non-compulsory language schools onto the continuum between highly pedagogical and highly andragogical poles, thus attempt to point out the qualities a contemporary English teacher might have to be extra equipped with in order to answer the current demands of the language learning market. Method of the Study After the literature review, which heavily focused on the literature produced in the fields of Philosophy of Education, Adult Education, and English Language Teaching, the survey specifically designed to place teaching styles on the continuum between teacher-centered and learner-centered poles (Conti, 2004) was carried out with seventy (70) English teachers teaching adults in the non – compulsory language schools. The results were compared and contrasted to the andragogical principles derived from the literature under the scope providing both quantitative and qualitative features grounded in the overall interpretation and conclusions (KovaĦeviĤ, 2007). Sampling Seventy (70) English Teachers of different language schools (Istanbul) were asked to respond to fiftytwo questions; eight of the questions related to their personal profiles, and forty-four questions were taken from a survey designed by Conti (2004). Thirty four (34) of the respondents were of male and thirty six (36) of female gender; fifty nine (59) of the respondents had a teaching degree and eleven (11) of them did not; thirty four (34) of the respondents were between twenty and twenty nine years old, twenty five (25) of them were between thirty and thirty nine years old, eight (8) of the respondents were in the forties, and three (3) of them in the fifties; five (5) of the respondents had been teaching adults for less than a year, thirty eight (38) of them had been teaching adults for between one and five years, fourteen (14) of them had been teaching adults for between six and 10 years, and thirteen (13) of the respondents had been teaching adults for more than ten years; fifty eight (58) of them were of Turkish and twelve (12) of them were of other nationalities (British, American, Australian, Indian) (KovaĦeviĤ, 2007). Data Analysis Processes The data was primarily analyzed according to the formulas suggested by the survey designer (Conti, 2004), which interpreted the results within the categories defining any teaching style; Learner-Centered Activities, Personalizing Instruction, Relating to Experience, Assessing Student Needs,Climate Building, Participation in the Learning Process, and Flexibility for Personal Development. However, there have been eight (8) other questions included to help in diagnosing the teaching profiles whose teaching styles have been placed on the continua between teacher-centered and learner-centered poles across all the categories. All the results were compared and contrasted to the principles derived from the referred literature revealing both matching and mismatching points. Yet, the analysis presented in this article has tried to broaden the previously arrived conclusions (KovaĦeviĤ, 2007) by adding two new dimensions: the arrived results have been projected onto the continuum between pedagogical and andragogical teaching style poles; and, there has been an attempt to outline the implications for the contemporary English teacher training programs. 434 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Findings and Discussion The majority of the English Teachers questioned expressed tendency or favourism towards encouragment of dialogue and interaction among the students. Calling upon literature used in this research, this fact might be evaluated as one of the matching points between literature on adult education and the practice. Learning a foregin language requires setting the different contexts for using the learned language as a mean in communication. By encouraging the learners to communicate among themselves a real – life context is provided. In addition to this, the majority of respondents expressed that they arrange the classroom in the way to facilitate the communication among the learners, and that they tolerate errors by which they encourage risk – taking and secure learners‘ self – esteem. Either if the learners are just stimulated to communicate with each other, despite of the language used, there are numerous positive consequences; the cohesiveness of the group is strengthened, thus the atmosphere is less threatening and more supportive, for example, or, the experiences and different perspectives are shared, therefore, the context for experiential or unintended learning is provided (Burden, 1995). Even through the tolerance of those short chats or dialogues that are not excatly related to the topic learned at a certain moment during the class, the teachers foster friendly atmosphere where learning is enjoyed and fun. The majority expressed that they also encourage competition; the competition might be considered perhaps motivating as it is usually driven by inner needs to win, however, if it results into some hurt feelings and thus being threatened and feeling insecure in the learning environment, the idea of encouraging it might be reconsidered. In other words, if it is percieved as fun, each of the learner should be having fun, and not only those with characteristics which help ‗winning‘. However, not all the teachers think that learning should be fun. The majority of the respondents prefers well – disciplined classroom. Of course, it might be claimed that both disciplined and fun class could be possible. Some brainstorming would lead to an assumption that goal – oriented learners could actually have fun (or perhaps feel excitment) while being surrounded by an environment where the process of learning – teaching exchange is well emphasized and all the unrelated acts or factors are evaluted as threatening thus desired to be kept out of the process. This assumption views goal – oriented learners as blind to everything else but their goals. If the majority of the questioned teachers favors well – disciplined classes, perhaps it might be logical to expect the same majority to favor quiet desk – work and disciplinary actions. A scene of the first one is an excellent example of a silent working class where ‗everything is under control and in progress‘. The last sentence does have a negative connotation about the quiet desk – work, however, many of the contemporary English language teaching adult course books often ask learner to read an article or fill in the gaps with a suitable word (Cunningham, Moor and Carr, 2005; Dubicka and O‘Keefe, 2004; Redston, 2005; Richards, Hull and Proctor, 2005;) and this requires quiet desk – work, or does it not? Perhaps the silence could be broken by some music playing while the students are doing their work or by an occasional comment or chat that could make others laugh, because laughing and music might provide a happy teaching climate, which is needed if the continuity of a group is aimed or desired. In the same light, the concept of a disciplinary action could be examined. The necessity of disciplinary actions might perhaps be clarified in a compulsory adult educational context, however, it is difficult to clarify it in a non – compulsory setting as, firstly, the learners are there mostly on their free will, and secondly, they are adults, thus are responsible for their actions and are not types of students that could and should be disciplined. Even, if the majority of the respondents expressed that they apply disciplinary actions when they are needed, the researcher assumes that what they meant could be some of the maneuvers that classroom management requires when there is a certain problem or conflict to be solved. The biggest gaps between the literature on adult education and the practice of the majority of the questioned language teachers teaching adults English at language schools are found in the facts that they prefer determining the objectives for the learners at the beginning of a program and prefer sticking to them, use the same materials with different students, assign the same tasks to all the learners, practice lecturing, and that they apply formal testing and rely on it. ‗One size for all‘ approach is based on the idea that two or more adult learners might be taught the same way at the same time, and this is what founds the base of the teacher – centered approach in the teaching practice, or vice versa; the teacher centered approach is an approach expressed in ‗one size for all‘. While defining the concept of ‗adult‘ Long (1990) illustrates the perspective: 435 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo For example, a research report may state the mean income level of a particular population segment as being $15,333. In reality it is possible that no individual actually has such an income. The mean fails to communicate either the modal, or most frequent income, or the income range in the population. For example, given a sample of six individuals whose incomes are as follows: $25,000, $24,000, $21,000, $10,000, $6,000, $6,000. The total income of the six individuals is $92,00. The range is from $6,000 to $25,000. The mean is $15,333 and the modal income is $6,000. This reveals how the $15,333 mean income is rather low when compared with the three highest incomes and is equally high compared with the three lowest incomes. Although even the adult learners might be highly dependent on their educators at certain stages while progressing in a certain domain, this fact does not imply that all of them should be treated or approached the same way; rather , all of their individual profiles should be examined and matched with certain teaching strategies, styles, techniques, tasks and materials. Yet, the majority of the respondents is, it seems so, ignorant of the profile differences by offering them all ‗the same‘. Their ignorance is so big that they even expressed that they prefer not to spend a certain amount of effort in order to find what each learner wants and needs to know, and that they prefer not to allow older students more time to complete assignments when they need it. The majority of the English language teachers questioned is not following the andragogical principal of desired stimulated independency as they prefer not to support a collaborative mode and practice behaviors that provide the learners with the opportunities to initiate actions and encourage them to be responsible for their own learning, not to let the adult learners participate in deciding what topics are to be covered during the lessons, not to let the adult learners take part in developing criteria for evaluating their performance. In this way, adult educators are ignorant towards the learners‘ self – concepts, their experiences, in other words the learners‘ already going on personal lives which actually get the learners into an educational setting, and motivate them to learn. Can the learners be expected to remain a part of the educational setting where their experience is not integrated into the learning progress and where they might be learning something that they believe would not help them perform their life – tasks? On the other hand, the majority of the teachers questioned states that they apply different teaching methods with learners of different learning styles, take into account their students previous experiences and encourage relating of the new ones to the already existing, and have students identify their own problems to be solved. Compared to the so far presented indications of the survey this might sound contradictory. An answer to the contradiction might be found in the assumptions that the teachers questioned respect the learners‘ personalities and provide them opportunities to express them (but not always as the majority stated that they prefer to avoid giving students opportunity to express value judgments), and that they know or think that all the learners are different. However, they might be limiting all the differences in the learners‘ profiles by distinguishing only their learning styles. To sum up, the majority of the questioned teachers has been found as teacher – centered oriented. Would inviting them to adopt a learner – centered approach be too enthusiastic? According to Daley (2003), changing an approach requires changes in the way the teachers think. This research does not ask the majority to switch to the opposite approach, yet asks them to always: create a climate of respect, encourage active participation, build on experience, employ collaborative inquiry, provide the contexts for immediately applying the taught/learned, and empower the learners. These are, according to Lawer (2003), the six principles ―grounded in the literature and practice of adult education‖. So, the teachers are not invited to change the way they think, but to change the way they teach. Conclusions and Recommendations If they are to be summarized, then the following conclusions are to be underlined. To start with, the teaching styles of the majority of the English teachers of the language schools tend towards teacher – centered pole. Therefore, it might be assumed that the teachers are practicing the teaching styles which are mainly grounded into the pedagogical educational philosophy. Consequently, the first implication for the contemporary English teacher training programs is to make sure that the novice teachers are equipped with the andragogical principles apart from the pedagogical ones. The majority of the teachers have a teacher – centered approach when it comes to providing aids for learner – centered activities, personalizing of instruction, assessing students‘ needs, providing them participation in the learning process, and stimulating their personal growth. Restated, the majority of the respondents tend to 436 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo rely on the educational perspective which might be more appropriate with the non-adult or young learners, thus pedagogical one. Eventually, the second implication for the English teacher training programs is to make sure that their program outcomes account for the ability of the novice teachers to oscillate between the andragogical and pedagogical educational models according to the target group being taught. When it comes to relating the taught to the already existing experience of learners, the results showed that half of the teachers are learner – centered oriented. This conclusion is found to be parallel to the desired andragogical reasoning, thus the implication is that this aspect of teacher training practice is to be reinforced. One of the teachers‘ profiles does not necessarily always tend to one of the teaching poles in all the aspects of learning – teaching exchange to the same extent; the teacher‘s tendency to one of the poles vary according to the actions or the aspects in question. So, the teachers oscillate between the highly andragogical and highly pedagogical based styles. Yet, the implication would be to aim at sculpting the novice teachers who would be able to oscillate deliberately and to the extents that the teaching – learning exchange contexts require. The teachers mostly apply what the English Language Methodology prescribes; however, the majority of them do not provide the circumstances for the collaborative mode prescribed by the principles of andragogy. One may argue that adult learners attending the language schools might just want to be taught, thus they might not ask for collaboration during the course. Yet, neglecting their needs, experience, or inner drives for being self – directing, creates a conflict within them. Therefore, the English teacher training programs are to make sure that the novice teachers are familiar with the drawbacks of the misapplied educational models. Besides, the research revealed that the high percentage of teachers questioned applies teaching styles tending towards teacher – centered pole, a certain percentage of the teachers is either strongly or extremely teacher – centered oriented, a certain percentage tends towards learner – centered pole, and no teachers are strongly or extremely learner – centered oriented. Rephrased, this means that either the teaching style grounded into the andragogical perspective is impossible to be applied with the learner profiles of the teachers under the scope, or that the teachers do not know how to implement one. More pessimistic conclusion would be that the pedagogical educational model is prevailing as the result of the number of English teacher training programs which are fostering pedagogical educational philosophy and disregarding the andragogical one. Then, the last implication for the English teacher training programs would be to make sure that their novice teachers are exposed to both the models to the equal extents and trained to implement the both according to the educational context they are teaching in; it has to be ensured that they do not teach through the educational philosophy that they favor but through one that is more effective. The results presented here could be compared to the results got from the teachers teaching adults either different contents in similar settings, or the same content in different settings. Another topic that could be considered would be the educational philosophies of the English teachers teaching adults either at language schools, in order to get more explanatory facts for the results and conclusions reached here, or across some other educational settings so that the educational philosophies of the English teachers teaching adults could be better understood. The further step could be investigating the English teachers‘ life philosophies, thus diagnosing the personal values that could be determinants in the professional preferences between andragogical and pedagogical educational reasoning. 437 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Brown, D. H. (2001). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy, San Francisco: Longman. Burden, P. R. (1995). Classroom Management and Discipline, New York: Longman. Conti, G. J. (2004). Identifying Your Teaching Style, Galbraith, M. W. (Ed.). Adult Learning Methods: A Guide for Effective Instruction. Malabar: Krieger Publishing Company.75-91. Cunningham, S. and Moor, P. and Carr, J. C. (2005). Cutting Edge, Harlow Essex: Longman. Daley, B. J. (2003). A Case for Learner - Centered Teaching and Learning, Ross-Gordon, J. M. (Ed.). New Perspectives on Designing and Implementing Professional Development of Teachers of Adults, New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 98, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 23-30. Dubicka, I. and O‘Keefe, M. (2004). English for International Tourism, Harlow Essex: Longman. Galbraith, M. W. (2004). Adult Learning Methods: A Guide for Effective Instruction, Malabar: Krieger Publishing Company. Heimlich, J. E. and Norland, E. (2002). Teaching Style: Where Are We Now?, Ross-Gordon, J. M. (Ed.). Contemporary Viewpoints on Teaching Adults Effectively, New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 93, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 17-25. KovaĦeviĤ, E. (2007). Elements of Teaching – Learning Modes As Reflected in Teaching Adults English: A Turkish Case. Istanbul: Istanbul University. Knowles, M. (1990). The Adult Learner A Neglected Species, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company. Lawler, P. A. (2003). Teachers as Adult Learners: A New Perspective, Ross-Gordon, J. M. (Ed.). New Perspectives on Designing and Implementing Professional Development of Teachers of Adults, New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 98, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 15-22. Long, H. (1990). Understanding Adult Learners, Galbraith, M. W (Ed.) Adult Learning Methods: A Guide for Effective Instruction, Malabar: Krieger Publishing Company, 28-35. Merriam, S. B. and Caffarella, R. S. (1999). Learning in Adulthood, San Francisco: Jossey – Bass. Pratt, D. D. (2002). Good Teaching: One Size Fits All?, Ross-Gordon, J. M. (Ed.). Contemporary Viewpoints on Teaching Adults Effectively, New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 93, San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 5-15. Quinnan, T. W. (1997). Adult Students ―At – Risk‖, Westport: Bergin and Garvey. Redston, C. and Cunnigham, G. (2005). Face 2 Face, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Richards, J. C. and Hull, J. and Proctor, S. (2005). Interchange, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rogers, A. (1996). Teaching Adults, Buckingham: Open University Press. Wlodkowski, R. J. (1999). Enhancing Adult Motivation to Learn, San Francisco: Jossey – Bass. Zinn, L. M. (2004). Exploring Your Philosophical Orientation, Galbraith, M. W. (Ed.). Adult Learning Methods: A Guide for Effective Instruction, Malabar: Krieger Publishing Company, 39-74. 438 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 64 Title A name given to the resource Presence of Andragogical Principles in English Language Teaching Practice Author Author Kovačević, Ervin Abstract A summary of the resource. The contemporary market demand implies that the institutions training English teachers need to equip them with the knowledge of teaching approaches and techniques to be used in compulsory and non – compulsory educational settings with the learner profiles ranging from preschool students to retirees. Malcolm S. Knowles in his The Adult Learner (2005; 1973), while contrasting the pedagogical and andragogical educational models, concludes: the pedagogical model excludes the andragogical assumptions; the andragogical model includes the pedagogical assumptions; and, an ideological andragogue should be able to use or apply the model whose assumptions are more realistic in a given situation. One of the implications is that the effective foreign language teachers are supposed to master both the models if they are to teach adult learners. The second one is that the teaching styles will oscillate on the continuum between highly teacher-centered and highly learnercentered one due to the teachers‘ abilities and willingness to draw from both the andragogical and pedagogical educational models. The assumptions have been tested through a survey revealing that the teaching styles of the majority of the English teachers of the language schools tend towards the teacher-centered pole, thus the pedagogical model. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 871 Title A name given to the resource Preservice Teachers’ Reflectivity on Pre- Learning Vocabulary in A Second Language Television Program Author Author Dankic, Izabela Abstract A summary of the resource. Television may be a useful L2 resource particularly in an English as a foreign language (EFL) context because it provides authentic L2 input in an environment with limited L2 input. Research has shown that L2 learners can incidentally learn L2 vocabulary through watching television and those who watch more L2 television are likely to have higher incidental vocabulary learning gains than those who watch it less. One suggested method of improving comprehension of television is to pre-learn unknown topic related words that are found in the program to be viewed. Since there is limited research investigating pedagogical implications of relationship between vocabulary knowledge and television, we have decided to examine the proposed method of improving comprehension observing the principles of Exploratory Practice in a microteaching setting at the Mostar University, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Students are asked to reflect on their experience teaching and being taught a lesson based on an American comedy episode with or without pre-learning the 10 most frequently occurring low-frequency vocabulary units (determined with the RANGE software using the transcript of the episode). Reflections suggested the advantage of pre-learning episode related vocabulary, although some students who pre-learned vocabulary found it challenging to understand the episode without additional background knowledge. The findings of this study suggest that pre-learning unknown topic-related words should include cultural background information to improve vocabulary incidental learning when watching television. Pre-learning in television programs may help learner’s comprehension of authentic L2 aural input and give them the confidence to use television for language learning outside of the classroom as well as within it. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/159cf5c1fa7f997010eac3af1bd557e9.pdf e3a179bb860ad4bdbb799b4e0603013f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Prevalence of rs2108622 (CYP4F2*3) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism – A Review Author Author Selma Žiga, Hana Efendić, Larisa Bešić Abstract A summary of the resource. Cardiovascular diseases are known to be treated with anticoagulants lifelong. Warfarin is one of the most commonly used medications for anticoagulation despite causing serious side effects in some patients. Different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have a role in the cytochrome P450 system can also affect the metabolism, as well as dosing, of warfarin. The purpose of this review is to look into the prevalence of this SNP in the past research and screen for possible correlations with age, place of origin, family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, or other medical conditions possibly present in various populations. In total, 20 scientific articles falling under the inclusion criteria were reviewed and found usable, and the rest of the cases will be highly beneficial in the upcoming years to determine the role of the recently discovered CYP4F2 rs2108622 variant, as well as the previously known CYP2C9 and VKORC1 SNPs, in the variance of warfarin dose requirement. These findings may also point researchers in the right direction for qualifying and validating these genetic variants for use as GBs (genomic biomarkers) in the clinical and medical practice of treatment with warfarin. Keywords Keywords. SNP, rs210862 (CYP4F2*3) SNP, warfarin, vitamin K, cardiovascular disease, anticoagulation, INR. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706/JONSAE2021328 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Language A language of the resource English language Type The nature or genre of the resource Literature review https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/00166fa5f41a327975a516f86afbe875.docx 614633e164641b3e00cf002fc4e19f2f https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/08975ef43e5c19735db5ff4e01d30681.pdf b69d15b3a5f347a49a44ef0708b5904e PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Price Discrimination Approach on the Example of UniCredit Bank dd Mostar Nađa Dreca International University of Sarajevo nadja_n88@hotmail.com Abstract The aim of this study is to clarify the concept of the price discrimination and to show how this concept is used in banking business on the example of the UniCredit Bank dd Mostar. Price discrimination refers to any no uniform pricing policy used by a firm with market power to maximize its profit. Price Discrimination leads to change in both, quantity and price. So it is also called no uniform pricing, charging customers different prices for the same product or charging the single customer a price that varies depending how many units the customer buys. There are 3 degrees of Price Discrimination. :1st degree is different prices for both consumers and units, 2nd degree is different prices for different units and 3rd degree is different prices to different consumers. UniCredit Bank d.d. was the first bank in Bosnia and Herzegovina that introduced a new, unique approach to client service model. The basic characteristic of the whole business of the Bank was actually based on the segmentation of clients (existing and new-potential) with complex business lines. The business lines included meeting the needs of clients and facing in accordance with their capabilities and needs. Characteristics of the business model UniCredit Bank dd was the segmental approach to the client, so that the clusters of customers would fit similar characteristics, preferences and market position, and assign them a special service model defined by each business line. JES! Package account is present on the market since 2006 in the form of 4 different models adapted to the needs of the client and used by more than 50,000 customers. JES! Account package is available in several different models - Optimum, Expert, Student and Senior. Account package is also practical, useful, stylish and affordable. Keywords:Price Discrimination, Different Customers,Profit, UniCredit Bank, Banking Products, client service model Introduction Instead of setting a single price some firms can use the no uniform pricing, which means charging consumers different prices for the same product or charging single customer a price that depends on the number of units the customers buy. By replacing a single price with no uniform pricing the firm raises its profits .Price discrimination refers to any no uniform pricing policy used by a firm with market power to maximize its profit. Price Discrimination 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A monopoly that uses no uniform prices can capture some or all of the customer surplus and deadweight loss that results if the monopoly sets a single price. For almost any good or service, some customers are willing to pay more than others. A firm that sets a single price faces a trade-off between charging customers who really want the good as much as they are willing to pay and charging a low enough price that the firm does not lose the sales to less enthusiastic customers. A firm can earn a higher profit by price discrimination than from setting single price. For customers who are willing to pay more, the firm sets higher price and capture some or all consumer surplus, and firm sells to some people who were not willing to pay as much as the uniform price. In order to perform price discrimination firms must satisfy certain conditions: 1. A firm must have some market power; 2. The firm must be able to identify whom to charge the higher price-elasticity of demand; 3. Prevent or limit resale. There are three main degrees of Price Discrimination. 1st degree is different prices for both consumers and units 2nd degree is different prices for different units 3rd degree is different prices to different consumers First degree (perfect) price discrimination occurs when firm sells each unit at the maximum amount any customer is willing to pay for it, so the prices differ across customers and a given customer may pay more for some units than for others. In this case a monopoly is able to charge the maximum each consumer is willing to pay for each unit of product. A firm with market power could collect the entire consumer surplus if it could charge each customer exactly the price that that customer was willing and able to pay (reservation price). Second degree (quantity) price discrimination is when the firm charges different price for large quantities than for small quantities, so the price paid by a buyer can vary with the quantity demanded by the buyer, but all customers face the same price schedule. Third degree (multimarket) price discrimination occurs when firm charges consumers in different groups different unit prices. Price paid by buyers in a given group is the same for all units purchased, but price may differ across buyer groups ( Perloff, 2009). About the UniCredit Bank UniCredit Bank was created by the merger of UniCredit Zagrebacka Bank and HVB Central Profit Bank, 04.03.2008.year. With total assets of over 3.5 billion KM, capital of 350 million KM, and over 850,000 clients, the Bank operates through a network of 96 branches covering the whole territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. UniCredit Bank d.d. was the first bank in Bosnia and Herzegovina that introduced a new, unique approach to client service model. The basic characteristic of the whole business of the Bank was actually based on the segmentation of clients (existing and new-potential) with complex business lines. The business lines included meeting the needs of clients and facing in accordance with their capabilities and needs. Characteristics of the business model UniCredit Bank dd was the segmental approach to the client, so that the clusters of customers would fit similar characteristics, preferences and market position, and assign them a special service model defined by each business line. This would be with 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo particularly educated and assigned personal bankers or the head of a business relationship. With this organization and education of employees, UniCredit Bank is able to identify needs and meet the expectations of its clients, as legal persons and citizens. Bank customers, according to its flow into an account and savings are classified into a number of categories: lower mass, mass, mass and upper income affluent clients. According to this classification they are assigned to their family or personal banker. ( UniCredit Bank) Price Discrimination Example The example of price discrimination in the selected bank is represented by the type of banking product they sell. JES! Package account is present on the market since 2006 in the form of 4 different models adapted to the needs of the client and used by more than 100,000 customers. JES! Account package is also practical, useful, stylish and affordable. This way of the price discrimination represents all three degree of price discrimination, as well as price discrimination done by bundling or Tie-In Sales .Besides banking products and services, the JES Package as an anchor product of the Bank also provides a range of non-banking services and facilities thereby enriching and facilitating the everyday lives and businesses of clients which so far have been recognized by over 100.000 satisfied users. This type of banking products is described by the following characteristics: Convenient to the clients- banking products and services are offered in the one package account, together with numerous non-banking privileges, also with better price than buying each product individually. Saves time and money - certain services within the selected model can be used by owners and family members Lower-cost -services purchased in the package of product are significantly cheaper than the purchase of individual products Modern –client operates with the Bank in a simple, modern and fast way using direct channels such as e-service ba-internet banking for citizens, services, m-ba-a mobile banking service for citizens and SMS services. Monthly fee-determined price of use of products and services is distributed evenly throughout the year Universal package account JES! Represents a new way of transparent operations with the Bank and its models are adapted to specific needs in different life periods and situations. JES! - Universal package is a product designed according to modern European standards and tailored to your needs. Use according to own preferences and needs. JES! account package is available in several different models - Optimum, Support, Student and Senior. As a user specified model is identified by a specially designed VISA Electron card, which is the primary card to your JES! Package - the account. JES user! Package includes all banking and non-bank products and services model that you selected. At the same time, their business with the Bank will perform in a modern way, using the advantages of new technology. Banking facilities 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo       e-banking, m-banking services Visa Classic Card MasterCard with a series of compensation standing order discount for approval of certain bank credit products Non-banking benefits   discounts in the shopping-service network of partner banks, services Mondial Assistance Center-home help in the territory of BiH, on the road, and medical and travel services JES! account package is available in several different models - Optimum, Support, Student and Senior. The complete contents of a particular model can be found in the tables below. It represents the unique sets of the services in which all banking services and products are combined into one single UniCredit banking product, JES! Package. It does not only include banking but also non-banking products, with lower total price than the single price of each product. The benefits that JES! Package brings include:      All banking products and services, together with non-banking facilities are combined into one single package with lower price than the single price of each product Variety of included products that can be according to the needs Total cost is equally distributed over monthly price of selected JES! Package Unique assistance at home and on the road within Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as abroad, in cooperation with Monidal Assistance, and medical service Family members can use some of the facilities of the selected JES! Package JES! account package is available in several different models - Optimum, Support, Student and Senior Figure 1: JES! Models Source: UniCredit Bank Student JES! Package (Table 1) is offer intended for student population and shaped as a package of products. It is intended for both full time and part-time students, B&H citizens studying either in Bosnia and Herzegovina or abroad. Student package includes the following products and services which help to students to deal with financial matters on a 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 24/7 basis. This package is tailored according to the student population needs as well as by price affordable for this population. Table 1: Student JES! Package JES! Student Banking Products and services included in package Non-banking products included into package Product Name Student Account Included in Model YES Maestro Card YES SMS YES Mobile Banking (m-ba) Standing Order 1,00 KM YES 24 PLUS savings -higher interest rates up to 24months YES Mondial assistance Services: Access to Mondial assistance network provider YES Assistance at home - services in B&H; Service of specials in emergency interventions up to 200 KM Visits of a doctor in the case of accident Visits of a nurse in the case of accident Home care after leaving hospital Information about medical facilities and services Information in the case of disability up to 150 KM up to 100 KM up to 100 KM YES YES Information about medicines and pharmacies Help on the road for passenger car Repairs on the spot or two vehicles Services Abroad YES Medical expenses coverage up to 2.000,00 EUR Medical transportation in B&H No Limit Transportation of the deceased in B&H up to 3.000,00 EUR Children Return Relatives transportation organisation and transport costs coverage up to 150 EUR Accommodation of relatives up to 150 EUR Legal Assistance up to 1.000 EUR Baggage Delay up to 20 EUR Information prior to travel YES Information about B&H agencies Abroad YES Information in the case of documents YES Emergency message YES Help on the road for passenger car Abroad Repairs on the spot or two vehicles up to 150 EUR Advantage of Better Quality of life with Mondial Assistance Services Student Model Monthly price of the Student JES! Package up to 300 KM 1,50 KM Source: UniCredit Bank dd Senior package (Figure 2) is made for the senior population with retirement income. According to the products and services included it is attractive to this customer category. It 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo provides SMS service, especially useful for this old age category. The product very interesting to those customers is included Visa Classic Card, with deferred payment. The price is determined according to the financial position of the seniors. Table 2: Senior JES! Package Senior Banking Products and services included in package Nonbanking products included into package Product Name Current Account Included in Model YES Maestro Card YES Visa Classic Card YES SMS YES Mobile Banking (m-ba) 1,00 KM Standing Order YES Allowed Limit up to 1.500,00 KM 24 PLUS savings -higher interest rates up to 24months Mondial assistance Services: Access to Mondial assistance network provider Assistance at home - services in B&H; YES Service of specials in emergency interventions Visits of a doctor in the case of accident Visits of a nurse in the case of accident Home care after leaving hospital Information about medical facilities and services Information in the case of disability up to 150 KM up to 150 KM up to 100 KM up to 65 KM YES YES Information about medicines and pharmacies Help on the road for passenger car Repairs on the spot or tow vehicles Services Abroad YES Medical transportation in B&H No Limits Information prior to travel YES Help on the road for passenger car Abroad Repairs on the spot or tow vehicles up to 150 EUR YES up to 250 KM Advantage Better Quality of life with Mondial Assistance Services of Expert Model Monthly price of the Senior JES! Package 3,00 KM Source: UniCredit Bank dd Optimum package, represented in Figure 3, is intended to satisfy the needs of majority of the clients by providing the services and products that they use often. Most of the users of this model are employed persons with middle income and for them the products included represents the way to afford themselves better possibilities and better quality of life. EBanking provides them opportunities to deal with its financial needs with less time for transaction and lower costs. Table 3: Optimum JES! Package 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Optimum Product Name Included in Model Banking Products and services included in package Current Account YES Maestro Card YES Visa Classic Card YES SMS YES Internet Banking ( e-ba) YES Mobile Banking (m-ba) For Optimum users - 1,50 KM Standing Order YES Allowed Limit up to 2.500,00 KM 24 PLUS savings -higher interest rates up to 24months Mondial assistance Services: Access to Mondial assistance network provider Assistance at home - services in B&H; Service of specials in emergency interventions Visits of a doctor in the case of accident Visits of a nurse in the case of accident Home care after leaving hospital YES Information about medical facilities and services Information in the case of disability YES YES Information about medicines and pharmacies Help on the road for passenger car YES Repairs on the spot or tow vehicles up to 300 KM Non banking products included into package YES up to 200 KM up to 150 KM up to 100 KM up to 100 KM Services Abroad Medical expenses coverage up to 2.000 EUR Medical transportation in B&H No Limit Medication Delivery in emergency case up to 3.000 EUR Transportation of the deceased in B&H Children Return organisation and transport costs coverage up to 150 EUR Relatives transportation up to 150 EUR Accommodation of relatives up to 1.000 EUR Information prior to travel YES Information about B&H agencies Abroad YES Information in the case of documents Help on the road for passenger car Abroad Repairs on the spot or tow vehicles YES Advantage of Visa Classic Card costs lower Optimum Model Monthly price of the Optimum JES! Package up to 150 EUR 6,00 KM Source: UniCredit Bank dd Expert package is tailored for smaller population of the customers with high income level and higher financial needs. This represents the widest set of the products offered by the bank with the intention to satisfy the large needs of the selected population. The products included and the price is set according to the preferences, and needs and customer profile. (Figure 4). Table 4: Expert JES! Package 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Expert Product Name Included in Model Banking Products and services included in package Current Account YES Maestro Card YES Visa Classic Card YES MasterCard Revolving YES SMS YES Internet Banking ( e-ba) YES Mobile Banking (m-ba) YES Standing Order YES Allowed Limit up to 5.000,00 KM Provision for mortgage and cash loans 30% Discount 24 PLUS savings -higher interest rates up to 24months Mondial assistance Sevices: YES Access to Mondial assistance network provider Assistance at home - services in B&H; YES Service of specials in emergency interventions Visits of a doctor in the case of accident up to 300 KM up to 200 KM Visits of a nurse in the case of accident up to 110 KM Medication Delivery in emergency case organization and delivery costs covered Home care after leaving hospital up to 60 KM Information about medical facilities and services Information in the case of disability YES YES Information about medicines and pharmacies Help on the road for passenger car Repairs on the spot or tow vehicles YES Organization of the substitute car YES AccomoYEStion up to 100 KM Continuation of the journey up to 300 KM Non banking producst included into package up to 200 KM up to 350 KM Services Abroad Medical expenses coverage up to 4.500 EUR Medical transportation in B&H No limit Medication Delivery in emergency case up to 30 EUR Transportation of the deceased in B&H up to 3.000,00 EUR Children Return Relatives transportation organidation and transport costs coverage up to 300 EUR Accomodation of relatives up to 300 EUR Information prior to travel YES Information about B&H agencies Abroad YES Information in the case of dotocuments YES Emergency message YES Continuation of the journey up to 150 EUR Baggage Delay- cost coverage up to 50 EUR Legal Assistance up to 1.200,00 EUR Help on the road for passenger car Abroad Repairs on the spot or tow vehicles up to 200 EUR 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Organization of the substitute car YES AccomoYEStion up to 85 EUR Continuation of the journey up to 150 EUR Advantage of Better Quality of life with Mondial Assistance Services Expert Model Monthly price of the Expert JES! Package 10,00 KM Source: UniCredit Bank dd Conclusion The aim of this study is to clarify the concept of the price discrimination and to show how this concept is used in banking business on the example of the UniCredit Bank dd Mostar. UniCredit Bank d.d. was the first bank in Bosnia and Herzegovina that introduced a new, unique approach to client service model. The basic characteristic of the whole business of the Bank was actually based on the segmentation of clients (existing and new-potential) with complex business lines. The business lines included meeting the needs of clients and facing in accordance with their capabilities and needs. Characteristics of the business model UniCredit Bank dd was the segmental approach to the client, so that the clusters of customers would fit similar characteristics, preferences and market position, and assign them a special service model defined by each business line. JES! account package is available in several different models - Optimum, Expert, Student and Senior. Account package is also practical, useful, stylish and affordable. This way of the price discrimination represents all three degree of price discrimination, as well as price discrimination done by bundling or Tie-In Sales .Besides banking products and services, the JES Package as an anchor product of the Bank also provides a range of non-banking services and facilities thereby enriching and facilitating the everyday lives and businesses of clients which so far have been recognized by over 100.000 satisfied users. It represents the unique sets of the services in which all banking services and products are combined into one single UniCredit banking product, JES! Package. It does not only include banking but also non-banking products, with lower total price than the single price of each product. Each of this model with the products included is specially designed for the certain and targeted clients. Based on this segmentation the price of the model is determined. The intention behind is that each customer pay his reservation price and that all consumer surplus is caught. References Perloff, J.M. (2009) Microeconomics, 5th Edition, Boston, USA, Pearson Education UniCredit Bank http://www.unicreditbank.ba/home/wps/wcm/connect/ucb_ba/utils/index/ Last Access 22nd April 2013 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1630 Title A name given to the resource Price Discrimination Approach on the Example of UniCredit Bank dd Mostar Author Author DRECA, Nađa Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this study is to clarify the concept of the price discrimination and to show how this concept is used in banking business on the example of the UniCredit Bank dd Mostar. Price discrimination refers to any no uniform pricing policy used by a firm with market power to maximize its profit. Price Discrimination leads to change in both, quantity and price. So it is also called no uniform pricing, charging customers different prices for the same product or charging the single customer a price that varies depending how many units the customer buys. There are 3 degrees of Price Discrimination. : 1st degree is different prices for both consumers and units, 2nd degree is different prices for different units and 3rd degree is different prices to different consumers. UniCredit Bank d.d. was the first bank in Bosnia and Herzegovina that introduced a new, unique approach to client service model. The basic characteristic of the whole business of the Bank was actually based on the segmentation of clients (existing and new-potential) with complex business lines. The business lines included meeting the needs of clients and facing in accordance with their capabilities and needs. Characteristics of the business model UniCredit Bank dd was the segmental approach to the client, so that the clusters of customers would fit similar characteristics, preferences and market position, and assign them a special service model defined by each business line. JES! Package account is present on the market since 2006 in the form of 4 different models adapted to the needs of the client and used by more than 50,000 customers. JES! account package is available in several different models - Optimum, Expert, Student and Senior. Account package is also practical, useful, stylish and affordable. Keywords: Price Discrimination, Different Customers, Profit, UniCredit Bank, Banking Products, client service model. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ef2e2437e02392a5c6c0bf9a35579aa1.pdf b6f9fe84279cdbac0b3a653dbf958706 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Price Related Constructs’ Effects on Daily Deal Buying Behavior in Turkey i Hilal Asil Fatih University Istanbul,Turkey hilalasil@fatih.edu.tr Hilal Özen Istanbul University Istanbul, Turkey hilaloz@istanbul.edu.tr Abstract: Daily deal sites have become so popular in Turkey just as they have in many other countries. Heavy discounted offers for products or services attract most of the people to these new marketplaces. Glancing over the offers before starting to work became a habit for some of the people. However, some others do not have any interest to daily deals. So, it can be said that behavioral differences are unavoidable among customers. There are different forces that initiate the buying process. In this study, factors that affect buying behaviors of people from daily deal sites are investigated. The effect of buying behavior on satisfaction is also examined. Price related constructs (price consciousness, price mavenism, sale proneness and coupon proneness) and impulse buying tendencies of customers are taken as predictors of buying behavior from daily deal sites. Results suggest that price mavenism and coupon proneness are positively related with buying behaviors from online daily deal sites. On the other hand satisfaction come about to be a positive result of buying behavior. Even though the focus of this study is specific to a limited group, it is envisaged that the results will provide insights for both academics and e-tailers. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 Keywords: Daily Deal Sites; Online Shopping; Turkey; Structural Equation Modeling. JEL Classification: M31, M10 Article History Submitted: 10 February 2014 Resubmitted: 30 May 2014 Accepted: 12 August 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JE OCSS11514 201 �Hilal Asil, Hilal Özen Introduction The rapid change in information and communication technologies today made consumers begin to spend much more time on the Internet. Hence, the number of the consumers’ online shopping activities is increasing day by day. According to the Interbank Card Center (BKM) data, e-commerce in Turkey has grown 14% in 2013 compared to the same period in 2012 (BKM, 2013). On the other side, this Internet revolution has also forced organizations to adapt their marketing, sales, and distribution and promotion efforts to the online environment. For retailers, these platforms represent a new marketing channel to promote their products and services and to attract new customers (Krasnova et al., 2013). In parallel with the developments in e-commerce, daily deal sites have become the latest Internet enthusiasm, providing discounted offers to customers for various items. Moreover, they have contributed to the transformation of online shopping. This new concept is growing as a subset of online shopping, which has been also named as “private shopping” or “exclusive shopping”. It is really like a closed loop at which only members can take the advantage of deep discounts and high-end brands (Baybars and Ustundagli, 2011). Membership is free, but in some cases to become a member to one of the deal sites, a person needs to be invited by another member. Daily deal sites have some advantages, as well as some disadvantages, both for the service providers and the customer. While the service providers get new customers and increase their popularity, in the meantime they can give some damage to their relations with their old customers. On the other side, customers get massive discounts by this way and get to know more places. But, they are sometimes discriminated and mistreated in some places to which they go using the discount coupons (Dang, 2013). Regardless of the problems that both side face, there are also a number of daily deal websites where users have to sign up to be able to buy products at high discounts in Turkey. In 2008 private shopping began to grow in Turkey. Markafoni was the first website which applied the daily deal model in this country. Trendyol and Limango were the followers in the Turkish online market. After those three firms, the number and variety of daily deal sites had increased continuously (Ekonomist, 2011). Unnado, Vipdukkan, Morhipo, Daybuyday, Markareyon and Perabulvarı were the most known private shopping sites after the first ones. In the beginning, the daily deal sites in Turkey were only accepting consumers that they had invited via an 202 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Price Related Constructs’ Effects on Daily Deal Buying Behavior in Turkey invitation letter. But, after 2009 most of them had changed their operations and opened their system to all Turkish Internet users (Eticaretmag, 2013a). Despite the rapid development of the private shopping industry, research in this area appears to be insufficient. Thus, this paper represents an attempt to find out factors affecting consumers’ shopping behaviors and their satisfaction from daily deal sites. Literature review The usage of coupons and the promotions in purchasing products, are widely studied by academics in the literature, but limited research exists about daily deal sites which is also a new form of price promotion (Kimes and Dholakia, 2011). Several concepts from the promotions literature are relevant to the study of daily deals. Among these, consumers’ price consciousness, price mavenism, sale proneness, coupon proneness which are price related constructs and impulse buying tendency are examined in the context of this study. Price Consciousness Price consciousness is "the degree to which the consumer focuses exclusively on paying low prices" (Lichtenstein et al., 1993, p. 235). Brown et al. (2003) describe price conscious consumers as people who are more concerned with purchasing products and services at the lowest price or trying to get the best possible value for the money they spend. The Internet itself is a very convenient channel for price conscious consumers; as it diminishes the search costs by providing rapid and easy access to information about products and services (Girard et al., 2003). Daily deal sites also provide low price opportunities to customers. Price conscious consumers have a tendency to find cheaper items and reduce their search costs. So, they may be more willing to shop from daily deal sites. Therefore, in this study it is expected that price consciousness has a positive effect on buying behaviors of online consumers. H1: Price consciousness is positively associated with buying behavior from online daily deal sites. Price Mavenism Some of the consumers may have a desire to be perceived as a "price maven" in their social environment (Lichtenstein et al., 1993). By the definition provided by Yu Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 203 �Hilal Asil, Hilal Özen (2008, p. 67), price mavenism is explained as “the degree to which an individual is a source for price information for many kinds of products and places to shop for the lowest prices”. Price mavenism concept could be accepted as the narrow interpretation of the market mavenism concept (Moore et al., 2003) because, where market mavens are known as market experts, price mavens are only focused on price information in a market. Price mavens are mostly concerned with low price information in the market so that s/he could share this with others. So, in a similar vein with price consciousness, price maven consumers could be more willing to shop from daily deal sites that are mostly popular with low prices. It is expected in this study that price mavenism will have a positive effect on buying behaviors of online consumers. H2: Price mavenism is positively associated with buying behavior from online daily deal sites. Impulse Buying Tendency According to consumer decision process, consumers pass through numerous stages when they decide to purchase a service or product. After recognizing the need, they begin to search for information, evaluate alternatives and at the end decide to purchase. But, impulse buyers are feeling an urge to buy immediately, so they either pass this stages without thinking or they find themselves at the purchase stage without searching for information and looking for alternatives. On the other hand, this way of behavior is more common in the online environment. Consumers are acting more impulsively while making online purchasing (Verhagen and Dolen, 2011). From this point of view, one can assume that, when consumers see an offer in a daily deal site they could buy the item without thinking. In a study held by Sharma and Khattri (2013) they found that most of the online daily deals are taking place on impulse. The limited time period for a product in a daily deal site could make consumers more impulsive buyers (Liu et al., 2013). So, the shopping made from daily deal sites may be strongly related to impulse buying tendencies of consumers. This study is also expecting a high relationship between those two constructs. H3: Impulse buying tendency is positively associated with buying behavior from online daily deal sites. 204 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Price Related Constructs’ Effects on Daily Deal Buying Behavior in Turkey Sale Proneness Being on sale could be sometimes the foremost important reason for a consumer in order to decide to buy a product. Yu (2008, p. 67) defined sale proneness as “an increased propensity to respond to a purchase offer when the price is presented in a discounted form”. Lichtenstein, Ridgway and Netemeyer (1993) stated in their study that people perceive sale prices more valuable than an equivalent price that is not presented in sale form. The buying intentions of consumers and being sale prone was found to be positively correlated in the literature (Alford and Biswas, 2002). In this study, it is also expected that sale proneness will have a positive effect on buying behaviors of online consumers. H4: Sale proneness is positively associated with buying behavior from online daily deal sites. Coupon Proneness Coupons are important promotional tools in some product categories (Swaminathan and Bawa, 2005). They are also being used in daily deal sites in order to attract consumers. When they are offered a discount coupon after entering the website, they become prone to use this coupon. So, consumers who respond to coupon offers are called as “coupon prone” consumers (Lichtenstein et al., 1990). Coupon proneness is a very similar concept with sale proneness and suggests that the perception of the price cue may also be related to the form in which it is presented (Lichtenstein et al., 1993, p. 235). Coupon proneness is consistent with the negative role of price which means that higher prices result in lower purchases (Alford and Biswas, 2002). Lichtenstein et al. (1990) define coupon proneness as “increased propensity to respond to a purchase offer because the coupon form of the offer positively affects purchase evaluations”. This study claims that coupon proneness will also have a positive effect on buying behavior. H5: Coupon proneness is positively associated with buying behavior from online daily deal sites. Satisfaction The satisfaction concept has an important position in marketing practice (Ho and Wu, 1999). Satisfaction from a retailer refers to consumers’ overall evaluation of the organization, based on their experiences with the organization (Park and Kim, 2003, Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 205 �Hilal Asil, Hilal Özen p.18). When the consumers are dissatisfied after a purchase behavior, they generally do not want to try the same experience again from the same retailer or e-tailer. So, it can be said that satisfaction is a key component for designing an online retail store (Liu et al., 2008). In order to make customers repeat the purchase behavior e-tailers should try to satisfy them. So, it is expected in this study that buying behavior will have a positive effect on satisfaction. H6: Buying behavior is positively associated with satisfaction from online daily deal sites. Figure 1 shows all of the hypothesized relationships. Figure 1: Research Model Price Consciousness Price Mavenism Impulse Buying Tendency Buying Behavior from Daily Deal Sites Satisfaction from Daily Deal Sites Sale Proneness Coupon Proneness Research Methodology Research Objectives This study attempts to analyze the effects of price related constructs (price consciousness, price mavenism, sale proneness and coupon proneness) and impulse buying tendencies of online consumers on their buying behaviors from daily deal 206 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Price Related Constructs’ Effects on Daily Deal Buying Behavior in Turkey sites in Turkey. Besides, the effect of buying behavior on satisfaction is also investigated. Sample In order to test the research model, an online survey was conducted. The survey was conducted from April 30 to May, 14, 2013. Respondents of the survey were online consumers in Turkey who have bought a service or a product from an online daily deal site in Turkey within the last three months. An e-mail was sent to the people who were thought to shop from online daily deal sites in order to announce the survey. They were also asked to forward the e-mail to whom they think that were also using daily deal sites for shopping. In the e-mail, a link to the address was provided with instructions to start the questionnaire. At the end, the online questionnaire was administered to a set of 245 respondents. Respondents were the existing customers of the Turkish online deal sites. The demographic characteristics of the survey sample are summarized in Table 1. The sample comprised of 138 (56.3%) women and 107 men (43.7%). The respondents’ ages ranged from 18 to over 58 years. Most of the respondents were between the age group of 26-33 (38.4%) and it was followed by the age group of 3441 (25.3%). High School and lower grade respondents comprised only the 11.4%, university and over grade respondents comprised the 88.6% of the sample. Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of the Sample Age 18-25 n 60 % 24.5 26-33 34-41 42-49 50- 57 58+ Total 94 62 17 9 3 245 38.4 25.3 6.9 3.7 1.2 100.0 Education Have not completed High School High School University MS/Doctorate Total n 1 % 0.4 Gender Female n 138 % 56.3 27 138 79 245 11.0 56.3 32.2 100.0 Male Total 107 245 43.7 100.0 The respondents were also asked to indicate which of the daily deal sites they used more in the last three months. Markafoni had by far the largest share of 24.5%, which was the most preferred site in this study. This outcome was a surprise since Markafoni is the pioneer of this industry in Turkey (Özmen, 2011). Trendyol (20.0%) was the second mostly preferred daily deal site. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 207 �Hilal Asil, Hilal Özen Measures The price related constructs, which are price consciousnesses, price mavenism, sale proneness and coupon proneness, were measured using multiple items, five-point, Likert scales ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Similarly impulse buying tendency and satisfaction from online daily deal sites were measured by multiple items. Buying behavior from online daily deal sites were measured by asking the number of purchases made from an online daily deal site in the last three months. For all of the constructs initial scale items were adapted from previously validated measures. The items were adapted from the scales initially developed by Lichtenstein et al. (1993), Dholakia and Kimes (2011), Lichtenstein et al. (1990), and Liu et al. (2008). Price consciousness was measured by three items; price mavenism and sale proneness were each measured by five items, which were all derived from Lichtenstein et al. (1993). Coupon proneness was measured by four items and was adapted from Dholakia and Kimes (2011) and Lichtenstein et al. (1990). Impulse buying tendency was measured by five items and was adapted from Dholakia and Kimes (2011). Lastly, satisfaction from daily deal sites has four items and which was derived from the study of Liu et al. (2008). Results After collecting the data, validities and reliabilities of the scales were analyzed. The validity of the obtained data was tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). CFA is known as a more strict interpretation of dimensionality of the scales (Gerbing and Anderson, 1988). In the initial test, the measurement model needed some revisions. So, the model was consequently refined by eliminating one item that has the largest error variance (Broekhuizen, 2006). After eliminating this item, the test of the final measurement model showed a good fit between the data and the proposed measurement model. One of the goodness of fit index measures is the relative/normed chi-square (χ2/df). Although there exists still some conflict regarding the acceptable ratio for this statistic, the cutoff point was taken as 3 (Hair et al., 2006). The ratio of the chi square value relative to degrees of freedom for the measurement model was calculated to be 1.663. Besides, comparative fit index (CFI), the goodness of fit index (GFI), the normed fit index (NFI), adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI), Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were also taken in order to test the goodness of fit 208 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Price Related Constructs’ Effects on Daily Deal Buying Behavior in Turkey of the measurement model. For CFI, NFI and GFI the recommended threshold for good fit is 0.90, and this was nearly met for most of the fit indexes (Hair et al., 2006; Kline, 2011; Raykov and Marcoulides, 2006). Also, RMSEA, in which a value less than 0.08 is considered a good fit, was also met (Browne and Cudeck, 1993). The results of CFA for the dataset are given in Table 2. Table 2: Goodness of Fit Statistics for the Measurement Model 1.66 0.879 0.951 0.887 AGFI 0.844 < 3.00 > 0.90 > 0.90 > 0.90 > 0.90 X2/sd Goodness of Fit Measures Recommended Levels GFI CFI NFI TLI 0,941 RMSEA > 0.90 < 0.08 0.052 In addition to the goodness of fit measures, reliabilities of the constructs were also considered. In order to test the reliabilities of the measures, cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used. According to Hair et al. (2006), Cronbach’s alpha values should be above 0.70 in order to establish scale reliability. Cronbach’s alpha scores assessing internal consistency of all research constructs were above 0.70, indicating good reliabilities of measures. Structural Model After testing the validity and reliabilities of the items, the causal relationships between them were tested. This study used structural equation modeling in order to test the hypothesized relationships between the constructs. At first, the fit between the data of this study and the proposed model was analyzed. To assess the model fit, χ2/df statistic, goodness of fit index (GFI), comparative fit index (CFI), normed fit index (NFI) and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were used. All of the goodness of fit measures was between the recommended levels, so the model had a good fit. Table 3: Model Fit for the Structural Model Goodness of Fit Measures Recommended Levels X2/sd GFI CFI NFI 0.883 0.956 0.891 AGFI 0.851 TLI 0.948 RMSEA 1.58 < 3.00 > 0.90 > 0.90 > 0.90 > 0.90 > 0.90 < 0.08 0.049 Looking at the results for the model, three of the hypotheses were supported. The positive effect of price mavenism (H2) and coupon proneness on buying behavior (H5), and again the positive effect of buying behavior on satisfaction (H6) were all Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 209 �Hilal Asil, Hilal Özen supported. However, there was no support for H1, H3 and H4. Table 4 summarizes the standardized path coefficients and t-values. Table 4: Parameter Estimates for the Structural Model Price ConsciousnessBuying Behavior Price MavenismBuying Behavior Impulse Buying TendencyBuying Behavior Sale PronenessBuying Behavior Coupon PronenessBuying Behavior Buying BehaviorSatisfaction Parameter Estimates t-values 0.036 0.465 0.170 2.335* 0.060 0.817 -0.129 -1.260 0.229 0.260 2.515* 3.996* Hypothesis Not Supported Supported Not Supported Not Supported Supported Supported *p<0.05 As the results indicate, being a price maven and a coupon prone customer was found to be important for deciding to buy from online daily deal sites. Also, if a consumer bought from daily deal sites, this behavior was correlated with his/her satisfaction from those sites. But, price consciousness, sale proneness and impulse buying tendency were the constructs that were not related with buying behaviors from the online daily deal sites in Turkey. Conclusion Internet became a popular way for shopping throughout the world. Turkey, in this sense, is still a developing country with its 21.8% online shopping rate (TUIK, 2012). This rate could be interpreted as only one of the five internet consumers uses it for shopping purposes currently. Besides, a new way of online shopping called “private shopping” brought some changes to online shopping. In this new way of shopping “daily deal sites” which are offering many kinds of discounted products to their members, have contributed to the transformation of online shopping experience in Turkey as well (Pelenk et al., 2011). In this paper, the factors that predict a consumer’s online buying behavior from daily deal sites were attempted to be investigated. Those constructs were price consciousness, price mavenism, impulse buying tendency, sale proneness and coupon proneness. Besides the main objective, the effect of buying behavior on satisfaction 210 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Price Related Constructs’ Effects on Daily Deal Buying Behavior in Turkey from online daily deal sites was also investigated. Primary data was collected from an online survey of national Internet users. Results of the study showed that some of the price related factors have significant effects on buying behavior from daily deal sites, while some do not have any effect. The hypothesis which claimed that there is a positive correlation between price mavenism and buying behavior was found to be significant. The shopper’s price maven trait is a positive predictor of their daily deal site usage, suggesting that a key motivator for daily deal purchase is being a good source of price information and making suggestions about price issues to friends. Respondents who see themselves as price maven are more prone to buying from daily deal sites. Those type of people mostly follow the discounts. On the other hand, daily deal sites claim to have the best prices. So, it could be said that the objectives of the consumers overlap with the purposes of the daily deal sites. Coupons have been in use throughout the world for many years to get discounts while buying something. Especially in the US, businesses took notice of the coupons and made millions of consumers use coupons (Horne, 2013). However, this habit is not widespread among Turkish retailers. Nevertheless, in Turkey, with the great success of daily deal sites, most of the people began to use this channel. So, the popularity of discount coupons is on rise. In this study, coupon proneness is found to be a positive predictor of buying behavior. This increases the possibility that consumers use daily deal sites because of the promotions made for the services and products. Similar with this study, Dholakia and Kimes (2011) tried to examine the effects of the six psychological factors of daily deal site use in their study. They found market mavenism and coupon proneness as positive predictors of online daily deal site usage. Finally, buying behavior has a positive effect on satisfaction from online daily deal sites. This means that when the number of purchases made from daily deal sites increases, the level of satisfaction increases. On the other hand, price consciousness, sale proneness and impulse buying tendency were not found to be predictors of buying behavior from daily deal sites. This suggests that daily deals do not appear to be attractive for price conscious and sale prone consumers to greater degrees. Interestingly, respondents who have tendency for buying impulse are not willing to buy from daily deal sites. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 211 �Hilal Asil, Hilal Özen Implications Why do consumers choose to buy from daily deal sites? Is this because they are impulsive buyers or do they love to hunt for bargains? Does coupon matter for them? Do mostly price conscious buyers choose this way of shopping? The results of the present study give answers to these questions for Turkish online consumers. There are some interesting findings of this study. At first glance, one can think that the logic behind daily deal sites is the low prices that they offer. This means that, online consumers use this way of shopping, because they think they are paying less compared to other online stores and even physical stores. But, price consciousness and sale proneness were not found to be related with buying behavior from daily deal sites. This could be interpreted as people who are searching for low prices are not always willing to buy from daily deal sites. Turkey is not in introductory stage for this way of shopping. The Turkish daily deal market could be claimed to be in the maturity stage, since in the first years, the market grew so fast and after 2014 this growth began to decline (Eticaretmag, 2013b; Atakan et. al., 2013). The big players mostly survive in the market, but even so there are still numerous daily deal sites and consumers are purchasing from those types of sites. They do not see daily deal sites as outlet stores offering low prices, which was the viewpoint at the beginning, because in some of the daily deal sites (especially in the leading sites such as markafoni.com) some luxury and high-priced brands are being sold. Prices of those products are same with these brands’ official web stores. In this case, consumers may choose buying from the daily deal site due to ease of access to luxury brands with limited distribution rather than price advantages. Besides, the inventory levels of the suppliers that are providing the products to daily deal sites began to drop off (Yavuz, 2012). This could be also a reason behind the moderate price levels. At the beginning the inventory level was high and the number of daily deal sites was low. So, they were utilizing from the situation and were offering lower prices to online customers. But later, this advantage disappeared. On the other hand, the most advantageous feature of online stores is their 7/24 accessibility. Consumers have the chance to buy what they want at the time their need emerges. This feature may increase the number of sudden purchases made from the internet which is directly related to impulse buying tendency. A recently conducted study by Liu et al. (2013) in China emphasized the importance of impulsiveness in online group shopping and recommended online retailers to pay attention to impulse purchases. Also, a study held by Martinez and Kim (2012) in 212 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Price Related Constructs’ Effects on Daily Deal Buying Behavior in Turkey the US found a positive significant relationship between impulse buying behavior and intention to purchase from a private sales site. But, in our study which is conducted in Turkey, the story is not the same. Consumers having tendency for impulsive buying are not eager to buy from online daily deal sites. The e-tailers of daily deal sites should be aware of their customers, because they are not buying products/services without thinking. Therefore putting effort for attracting impulsive buyers does not seem a good idea for daily deal site retailers. Giving a limited time offer for the consumers in order to make them buy things quickly will not work. For this reason, they could extend the time period they offered to consumers for discounts. Being price maven and using coupons are the supporting criteria for using daily deal sites. Consumers who are consulted for price information are more eager to buy from daily deal sites. The reason behind this may because they want to give the impression to others that they follow daily offers. The perception of other people could be important for them. So, getting price information as early as possible is an important criterion for those type of consumers. Daily deal sites e-mail their subscribers every day. The e-tailers of daily deal sites may increase the frequencies of those alerts to consumers who are using their sites more often. Because the possibility of being a price maven for the people using daily deal sites more often could be high. According to the results of this study, using coupons encourages online consumers to shop from daily deal sites more frequently. Consumers who are prone to use coupons also use daily deal sites more often as compared to others. Coupon usage is normally not so widespread in Turkey for physical stores, but in online shopping, especially for daily deal sites’ coupons became popular. People are getting used to coupons. Some of them are sent by e-mail to consumers, some of them are active for one hour when they enter to the website. These coupons motivate online consumers for buying more products/services. E-tailers should consider this effect. In addition, the research findings of this study do provide some insights for Turkish e-retailers of daily deal sites in designing managerial implications on how to improve their performance in order to increase the level of customer satisfaction. They should consider the effects of those two constructs. Because, they have an effect on buying behaviors of online consumers and buying behavior is directly related to customer satisfaction. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 213 �Hilal Asil, Hilal Özen Limitations and Future Research Even though the research findings provide some new insights to researchers, as of prior studies this study has also some limitations. Firstly, even this study has a diverse sample that covers a wide range of demographic characteristics; the method for this is convenience sampling. The data were obtained from online consumers by emailing and asking them to submit to the questionnaire. So, the study could not present the entire Turkish online consumers. More diversified samples would provide more valuable results. Second, this study investigated the effects of price related factors and impulse buying tendency on buying behavior from daily deal sites. Some other constructs may have also any effect on buying behavior. In the future, those factors could be included and the effects may be retested. References Alford, B. L., & Biswas, A. (2002). The effects of discount level, price consciousness and sale proneness on consumers’ price perception and behavioral intentions. Journal of Business Research, 55, 775-783. Atakan, S., Jular, J. S. & Kirezli, Ö. (2013). Internetten grup satın alma davranışı: Fırsat sitelerinden alışveriş yapan tuketicilerin tutum ve davranışlarını anlamaya yonelik bir calışma. 18. Ulusal Pazarlama Kongresi Bildiri Kitabi, 384-392. Baybars, M., & Ustundagli, E. (2011). Attitudes toward online shopping from the aspects of personal characteristics and shopping motive through a developing concept: Private shopping. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 3(2), 201-210. BKM, (2013). E-commerce transactions. The Interbank Card Center Report. Retrieved September 10, 2013, from http://www.bkm.com.tr/bkmen/istatistik/sanal_pos_ile_yapilan _eticaret_islemleri.asp Broekhuizen, T. (2006). Understanding channel purchase intentions: Measuring online and offline shopping value perceptions (1st ed.). Labyrinth Publications. Brown, M., Pope, N., & Voges, K. (2003). Buying or browsing? An exploration of shopping orientations and online purchase intention. European Journal of Marketing, 214 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Price Related Constructs’ Effects on Daily Deal Buying Behavior in Turkey 37(11/12), 1666-1684. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S., (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Ltd. Dang, L. (2013). E-Commerce strategies of group buying websites, Case study: Groupon Inc. Unpublished thesis in International Business, Lahti University of Applied Sciences, Finland. Dholakia, U. M., & Kimes, S. E. (2011). Daily deal fatigue or unabated enthusiasm? A study of consumer perceptions of daily deal promotions. SSRN eLibrary. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1925865 Eticaretmag, (2013a). Özel Alışveriş Sitelerinin Dünden Bugüne Gelişimi, Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://eticaretmag.com/ozel-alisveris-kuluplerinin-tarihi/ Eticaretmag, (2013b). Grup Satın Alma ve Fırsat Sektörünün Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Gelişimi, Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://eticaretmag.com/grup-satin-alma-vefirsat-sektorunun-turkiye-ve-dunyadaki-gelisimi/ E-ticarette yeni trend tek ürüne odaklanmak. (2011, March). Ekonomist. Retrieved from http://www.ekonomist.com.tr/eticarette-yeni-trend-tek-urune-odaklanmakhaberler/2491. aspx Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 15, 186-192. Girard, T., Korgaonkar, P., & Silverblatt, R. (2003). Relationship of type of product, shopping orientations, and demographics with preference for shopping on the internet. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18(1), 101-120. Hair, J. F., Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Ho, C. F., & Wu, W. H. (1999, January). Antecedents of customer satisfaction on the internet: An empirical study of online shopping. In Systems Sciences, 1999. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 215 �Hilal Asil, Hilal Özen HICSS-32. Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii Annual International Conference on (pp. 9-pp). IEEE. Horne, M. (2013). A history of coupons and daily deals: Thought they were fizzling out? Think again. Daily Deal Media. Retrieved September 9, 2013, from http://www.dailydealmedia.com/359a-history-of-coupons-and-daily-deals-thoughtthey-were-fizzling-uut-think-again/ Kimes, S. E., & Dholakia, U. M. (2011). Customer response to restaurant daily deals. SSRN eLibrary. Retrieved September 15, 2013, from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1925932 Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Guilford press. Krasnova, H., Veltri, N. F., Spengler, K., & Günther, O. (2013). “Deal of the Day” platforms: What drives consumer loyalty?. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 5(3), 165-177. Lichtenstein, D. R., Netemeyer, R. G., & Burton, S. (1990). Distinguishing coupon proneness from value consciousness: An acquisition-transaction utility theory perspective. Journal of Marketing, 54, 54-67. Lichtenstein, D. R., Ridgway, N. M., & Netemeyer, R. G. (1993). Price perceptions and consumer shopping behavior: A field study. Journal of Marketing Research, 30, 234-45. Liu, X., He, M., Gao, F., & Xie, P. (2008). An empirical study of online shopping customer satisfaction in China: A holistic perspective. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 36(11), 919-940. Liu, Y., Li, H., & Hu, F. (2013). Website attributes in urging online impulse purchase: An empirical investigation on consumer perceptions. Decision Support Systems, 55(3), 829–837. Martinez, B., & Kim, S. (2012). Predicting purchase intention for private sale sites. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 16(3), 342-365. 216 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Price Related Constructs’ Effects on Daily Deal Buying Behavior in Turkey Moore, M., Kennedy, K. McG., & Fairhurst, A. (2003). Cross-cultural equivalence of price perceptions between US and Polish consumers. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 31(5), 268–279. Özmen, T. (2011). History of online private shopping & private shopping in Turkey. Retrieved August 6, 2013, from http://tutkuozmen.com/2011/01/15/master-thesis6%E2% 80%93-history-ofonline-private-shopping-private-shopping-in-turkey/ Park, C. H., & Kim, Y. G. (2003). Identifying key factors affecting consumer purchase behavior in an online shopping context. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 31(1), 16-29. Pelenk, A., Velioğlu, Ö., & Değirmencioğlu, G. (2011). The new focus of consumption: An analysis on private shopping. Academic Journal of Information Technology. Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2006). A First Course in Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Sharma, N. V., & Khattri, V. (2013). Study of online shopping behavior and its impact on online deal websites. Asian Journal of Management Research, 3(2), 394405. Swaminathan, S., & Bawa, K. (2005). Category-specific coupon proneness: The impact of individual characteristics and category-specific variables. Journal of Retailing, 81(3), 205-214. TUIK, (2012). Household information technology usage study results. Turkish Statistical Institute News Bulletin. Retrieved July 18, 2013, from http://tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=10880 Verhagen, T., & Dolen, W. D. (2011). The influence of online store beliefs on consumer online impulse buying: A model and empirical application, Information & Management, 48(8), 320-327. Yu, S. F. (2008). Price perception of online airline ticket shoppers. Journal of Air Transport Management, 14, 66-69. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 217 �Hilal Asil, Hilal Özen Yavuz, Ö. (2012). Özel Alışveriş Siteleri Satacak Mal Bulamıyor Mu?. Ekonomist, 39. i This paper is an improved version of the study named “Factors Influencing Buying Behavior on Daily Deal Sites in Turkey” which was partly presented in ICESoS 2013 Conference. 218 Journal of Economic and Social Studies � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2736 Title A name given to the resource Price Related Constructs’ Effects on Daily Deal Buying Behavior in Turkey Author Author ASIL, Hilal OZEN, Hilal Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Daily deal sites have become so popular in Turkey just as they have in many other countries. Heavy discounted offers for products or services attract most of the people to these new marketplaces. Glancing over the offers before starting to work became a habit for some of the people. However, some others do not have any interest to daily deals. So, it can be said that behavioral differences are unavoidable among customers. There are different forces that initiate the buying process. In this study, factors that affect buying behaviors of people from daily deal sites are investigated. The effect of buying behavior on satisfaction is also examined. Price related constructs (price consciousness, price mavenism, sale proneness and coupon proneness) and impulse buying tendencies of customers are taken as predictors of buying behavior from daily deal sites. Results suggest that price mavenism and coupon proneness are positively related with buying behaviors from online daily deal sites. On the other hand satisfaction come about to be a positive result of buying behavior. Even though the focus of this study is specific to a limited group, it is envisaged that the results will provide insights for both academics and e-tailers. Keywords: Daily Deal Sites, Online Shopping, Turkey, Structural Equation Modeling. JEL Classifications: M31, M10 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-01-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed HG Finance