216 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c6fd64aab5fca2fb44f3769b418b2e1c.pdf e4427b526a4d01576e3dc371185ffe44 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A Comparison Of Futures Prices On Turkdex With Conventional Pricing Theory Kusakci Ali Osman, Kusakci,Sumeyye International University of Sarajevo, Ilidza, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: akusakci@ius.edu.ba,skusakci@ius.edu.ba Abstract Derivatives are very sophisticated financial innovations and require highly sophisticated financial markets before they are introduced successfully. The well-known arbitrage free pricing theory applied when pricing derivative securities is based on some assumptions, which may not be verified in many of the emerging markets. Therefore, the applicability of the conventional theory to the emerging markets must be studied in details. This paper questions conformity of conventional arbitrage free pricing theory for emerging markets and discusses efficiency on newly organized Turkish derivative exchange (TURKDEX). Based on the market data in Turkey a comparison will be made between daily market prices and theoretical prices of 43 futures contracts. The results show that currency futures in TURKDEX are evaluated by market players fairly but ISE-30 and ISE-100 contracts offer arbitrage opportunities. Additionally, this work shows that theory and market differences rely mainly on inexperienced market players and newly established market regulations. Conservative regulations on short-selling are another problem to be solved. Keywords: futures, TURKDEX, cost of carry, arbitrage theory, emerging markets, pricing 1.INTRODUCTION Forward and future contracts are two basic types of derivatives, where they referred in the literature as unconditional derivatives (Daniel Siegel & Diane Siegel 1990).While evaluating them, the basic pricing approach is “cost of carry” approach (CC). CC is derived from an arbitrage-free market theory, while an arbitrage-free market is characterized as follows (Rudolph & Schäfer 2010);     There is no taxes, transaction and information cost Short selling is allowed All market players have the same opportunities on the market A cash flow stream and a derivative instrument can be arbitrarily divided. However, the above mentioned assumptions are only valid for a well-developed market and can be justified only under the well-known efficient market hypothesis (EMH) according to which the current price of a stock fully reflects, at any time, available information exploited by traders. As new information becomes available, any imbalance is immediately detected and accounted for by a counteracting change in stock market price (Fama 1965). Thus, the prices follow random walk and there are no clear arbitrage opportunities on an efficient market (Malkiel 2003; Atsalakis & Valavanis 2009). This, however, requires high liquidity, sufficient depth and well informed market participants. On the other hand, emerging financial markets, like Turkish capital market, may exhibit a different profile and may suffer from low 250 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo liquidity and poor information dissemination which bears arbitrage changes and speculations on the market. After each financial crisis many researchers blamed derivatives and questioned their presence (Buckley 2011). Most developing countries are still skeptical of positive effects of the derivative markets on the financial markets as a whole and apply strict regulations, which complicate trading and discourage international investors. This paper questions conformity of conventional arbitrage free pricing theory for emerging markets and discusses efficiency of newly organized Turkish derivative exchange (TURKDEX). Based on the market data in Turkey a comparison will be made between daily market prices and theoretical prices of 43 futures contracts, which had been traded on TURKDEX in years 2005 and 2006. 2.RELATED WORK Although derivatives started to be traded on over-the-counter markets and on Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) in 2001, the TURKDEX formally became the only entity authorized by the Capital Markets Board (CMB) to offer financial derivatives in 2005 (Kusakci 2010). Clearing is handled by the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) Settlement and the Custody Bank Inc. (Takasbank) (Kasman 2009). Given its short history there are not many scientific work addressing TURKDEX and its effect on Turkish capital market. Bektaş et al. (2010) tested the price efficiency of TRYUSD and TRYEUR futures contracts and utilized a random walk model. Low level of coefficient of determination for TRY/$ and TRY/€ contracts supports the existence of random walk for TRY/€ contracts. They mentioned also that TRY/€ contracts are more volatile than TRY/$ contracts in TURKDEX. Thus, EMH cannot be falsified for TRY/$ and TRY/€ contracts. Thus, conventional pricing theory is applicable to these financial instruments. Avci and Çinko (2010) studied hedging effectiveness of the ISE-30 index futures contract and the effect of hedging period length on hedging effectiveness. The results of the study presented that the ISE-30 index futures contract is effective in hedging the risks associated with the Securities Investment Trusts (SITs) traded in ISE. Their study indicates that the weekly hedges are more effective than daily hedges (Avci & Çinko 2010). Kasman (2009) examined long memory property of the Turkish futures market. For modeling the volatility, the GARCH and FIGARCH models have been employed. The estimation results provide evidence supporting the FIGARCH models. The results of the FIGARCH model show that estimates of the long memory parameters are significantly different from zero, suggesting that volatility series are long memory processes in the Turkish futures market. Doğru and Bulut (2012) investigated relation between daily closing prices and trading volume of USD futures contracts in the TURKDEX. The results show no significant relation between prices and trading volume in the short run, but a clear price-volume relation in the long run. Their work showed that the data concerning trading volume affect prices. They conclude that the trading volume changes might be used in price forecasts and thus the futures market in Turkey is not efficient. We should point out that this study analysis only TRY/USD futures contracts from January 2, 2009 to December 30, 2011. Hence, the findings cannot be generalized to all derivative instruments traded on TURKDEX. Another question arising while analyzing derivative markets is how efficient they are as hedging tools during financial crisis. Kalayci and Zeynel (2009) addressed hedging 251 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo effectiveness through the index contracts in the Turkish Derivatives Exchange. The analysis employs a dynamic hedging at the short position against the risk of the fall in prices, and ISE30 Index contracts are found hedge effective. Yılmaz and Kurun (2007) presented empirical evidence from the Turkish capital market by investigating the risk perception of the companies and discussed the impact of derivatives on the financial stability in Turkish economy. They focused on non-financial companies that play a vital role in foreign trade operations and have close relations with the banking industry. The results showed that most of the companies give priority to currency risk, followed by commodity price risk. Surprisingly, they do not pay much attention to interest rate risk. Although the firms know derivative products traded on TURKDEX, most of them are reluctant to use them because of the lack of education and experience. 3.COST OF CARRY APPROACH Based on the aforementioned assumptions in introduction section, CC secures a simple evaluation idea, which equates price of a futures contract to cost of holding a spot market position on the underlying asset, as in (1). F0,T  S 0 e rT where S0 Spot price at time 0 F0,T Futures/Forward price at time 0 with a settlement at time T e rT Annual interest factor with interest rate of r for a time period of (0-T) (1) The arbitrage-free market, which is the underlying assumption in equation (1), rests upon a smoothly running market mechanism and foresees that each arbitrage opportunity will be detected and utilized. Two possible strategies, namely cash and carry and reverse cash and carry strategies, to take advantage of this arbitrage profits explains this market mechanism (Luenberger 1998). Under the assumption of an arbitrage free market the theoretical price of a futures contract paying dividends with a continuous rate of q can be calculated as (Hull 2008); Ft ,T  St e ( r q )(T t ) (2) where St Index value at time t Equation (2) relies on an implicit assumption that a stock basket representing perfectly the ISE-30 and ISE-100 Indices can be rebuilt and this stock basket is paying dividends (Rudolph & Schäfer 2010). The evaluation of currency futures relies on arbitrage opportunities when same money invested in the foreign currency. A TRY/$ or TRY/€ futures contract can be evaluated as follows; 252 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ft ,T  St e ( r r f )( T t ) (3) where Interest rate of the corresponding foreign country rf 4.EMPIRICAL STUDY ON FUTURES IN TURKDEX 4.1.Dataset and Methodology In this part an empirical analysis is conducted on the futures contracts written on ISE-30 and ISE-100 Indices and TRY/$ and TRY/€ exchange rates traded in TURKDEX in the years 2005 and 2006. This time period is selected because it covers developing phase, first two years, of the TURKDEX. The number of contracts covered in this period and number of dataset is given in Table 1. Here we will present only the results on annual basis due to the limited space of the paper. Number of contracts Number of dataset ISE-30 Index futures 12 1314 ISE-100 Index futures 7 747 TRY/$ Futures 12 1392 TRY/€ Futures 12 1392 Table 1: Dataset used in empirical study While pricing the contracts transaction costs are not considered. Additionally, no physical delivery of the underlying asset takes place. Dividend rate q is taken as 2% in 2005 and 1.8% in 2006 based on the interview made with the market makers on TURKDEX. The condition for efficiency of ISE-Index futures can be defined as follows: the expected value of and arbitrage profit following a Cash and Carry or Reverse Cash and Carry-strategy must be zero. Thus, the Null-Hypothesis and its alternative can be formulated as: H 0 :  f  r H1 :  f   r (4) f Expected value of fair price F r Expected value of market price P When the results are analyzed, the difference between fair price and market price increases in 2006 when compared with 2005. This indicates more volatile prices in 2006. Table 2 shows the market price, fair price and differences between both prices as well as the related statistics. As indicated by the given t-values of 4.653 and 7.801 for 2005 and 2006 respectively, the null hypothesis must be rejected. Thus, there exist arbitrage opportunities for ISE-30 contracts on 253 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TURKDEX. The results can be observed also for ISE-100 futures contracts based on the given values in Table 3. Mostly futures price at the market lies under the expected spot price for both types of contracts in TURKDEX. This phenomena is called Normal Backwardation (Hull 2008). The arbitrage opportunities on the market can be justified with following arguments: There is no practical way of short selling. Individual expectations are given more weight than theoretical analysis by market participants. As volatility of underlying asset increases, mispricing increases. US Dollar and Euro spot prices are quoted with a bid-ask spread. For cash and carry strategy ask-prices are taken spot prices. The expected value of arbitrage opportunity for the futures must be not positive. Thus, the null-hypothesis and its alternative for cash and carry read as; H 0 : E ( Ft ,r  Ft , f )  0 H1 : E ( Ft ,r  Ft , f )  0 (5) On the other hand the reverse cash and carry strategy requires a long position in the futures market. In order that there exists no arbitrage opportunities, the null-hypothesis and its alternative for reverse cash and carry read as; H 0 : E ( Ft , f  Ft ,r )  0 H1 : E ( Ft , f  Ft ,r )  0 (6) all F 2005 ISE-30 P St. Dev. 8,221 8,614 1,383 4,381 4,558 1,138 5,539 5,444 1,404 (n) 1314 1314 1314 566 Mean 43,500 45,294 1,795 36,065 37,302 1,237 49,127 51,341 2,214 Min 29,825 30,036 -1,574 29,825 30,036 -1,574 38,775 40,492 -1,167 Max 60,350 63,890 8,282 50,625 50,637 4,512 60,350 63,890 8,282 t-value F-P P F 2006 566 5,464 F-P 566 P 749 F 749 4,653 F-P 749 7,801 Table 2: Market price, fair price and difference of both prices with related t-statistics for ISE30 index futures all F 2005 ISE-100 P St. Dev. 4,056 4,082 1,521 2,151 1,793 0,489 4,094 4,092 1,545 (n) 747 747 F-P 747 P F 2006 41 254 41 F-P 41 P 706 F 706 F-P 706 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mean 39,149 40,691 1,542 36,636 37,318 0,682 39,295 40,887 1,592 Min 31,325 31,993 -4,163 32,025 33,445 -0,120 31,325 31,993 -4,163 Max 50,275 50,366 5,829 39,875 39,851 1,560 50,275 50,366 5,829 t-value 7,326 1,560 7,310 Table 3: Market price, fair price and difference of both prices with related t-statistics for ISE100 index futures Table 4 summarizes the results of the study for TRY/$ futures contracts. The average price differences are 0.002 and -0.009 for cash and carry and reverse cash and carry strategies respectively. This value is almost zero in 2005 while a slight increase is observable due to the highly volatile exchange rates in 2006. TRY/€ contracts give a similar picture as given in Table 5.The results indicate that there is practically no arbitrage opportunities to be exploited for both currency futures. 5.CONCLUSION For certain, the derivative products as one of the main triggers of deep recession we experienced must be examined more precisely, especially in developing economies like Turkey. Since their presence reflects not only huge potentials but also huge risks for an emerging market. This study compared the market prices on TURKDEX with theoretical fair prices under arbitrage-free market assumption. The results showed that the index futures on ISE-30 and ISE-100 are undervalued and exhibit reverse cash and carry arbitrage opportunities. However, this is not entirely feasible, as the market does not allow short-selling of ISE-30 and ISE-100 indices or any stock basket recreating the indices. The currency futures contracts, TRY/$ and TRY/€, do not offer any practical arbitrage profit as the market prices and fair prices are not moving beyond the arbitrage-free band. 255 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TRY/$ P Fask Fask- P Fbid Fbid- P P Fask Fask- P Fbid Fbid- P P Fask Fask- P Fbid Fbid- P St. Dev. 0.096 0.092 0.016 0.091 0.017 0.032 0.035 0.009 0.035 0.009 0.110 0.104 0.020 0.103 0.020 (n) 1392 1392 1392 Mean 1.430 1.428 0.002 1.421 -0.009 1.381 1.382 0.000 1.375 -0.006 1.464 1.461 0.003 1.454 -0.010 Min 1.284 1.284 -0.051 1.278 -0.152 1.284 1.284 -0.039 1.278 -0.037 1.313 1.318 -0.051 1.311 -0.152 Max 1.882 1.772 0.143 1.763 0.043 1.477 1.482 0.031 1.475 0.032 1.882 1.772 0.143 1.763 0.043 t-value 0.487 1392 1392 570 570 -2.421 570 570 -0.126 570 823 823 -3.203 823 823 0.587 823 -1.921 Table 4: Pricing of TRY/$ contracts for cash and carry and reverse cash and carry strategies and their comparison with market price. TRY/€ P FaskFask P Fbid Fbid- P P FaskFbidFask P Fbid P P FaskFask P Fbid Fbid- P St. Dev. 0.154 0.148 0.020 0.148 0.020 0.0740.076 0.013 0.076 0.013 0.179 0.172 0.023 0.171 0.024 (n) 1393 1393 1393 1393 1393 570 570 Mean 1.789 1.788 0.002 1.779 -0.010 1.7291.731 -0.002 1.723 -0.006 1.831 1.827 0.004 1.818 -0.013 Min 1.559 1.562 -0.062 1.554 -0.148 1.5951.598 -0.052 1.590 -0.051 1.559 1.562 -0.062 1.554 -0.148 Max 2.357 2.248 0.138 2.237 0.052 t-value 0.266 -1.767 570 570 570 823 823 823 823 823 1.9071.934 0.042 1.925 0.043 2.357 2.248 0.138 2.237 0.052 -0.503 -1.374 0.476 -1.492 Table 5: Pricing of TRY/€ contracts for cash and carry and reverse cash and carry strategies and their comparison with market price. 256 �REFERENCES Atsalakis, G.S. & Valavanis, K.P., 2009. Forecasting stock market short-term trends using a neuro-fuzzy based methodology. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(7), pp.10696-10707. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0957417409001948 [Accessed April 18, 2012]. Avci, E. & Çinko, M., 2010. THE HEDGE PERIOD LENGTH AND THE HEDGING EFFECTIVENESS : AN APPLICATION ON TURKDEX-ISE 30 INDEX FUTURES CONTRACTS. Journal of Yasar University, 18(5), pp.3081-3090. Bektaş, C., Karan, M.B. & Arslan, Ö., 2010. Price efficiency in option markets: An empirical study on Izmir derivatives exchange. The 6th International Scientific Conference “Business and Management 2010”. Selected papers, pp.9-14. Available at: http://www.vgtu.lt/leidiniai/leidykla/BUS_AND_MANA_2010/Finance_Engineering/002.htm l [Accessed April 22, 2012]. Buckley, A., 2011. Financial crisis: causes, context and consequenses 1st ed., Prentice Hall. Doğru, T. & Bulut, Ü., 2012. The Price-Volume Relation in the Turkish Derivatives Exchange. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(8), pp.313-318. Fama, E.F., 1965. The behavior of stock market prices. The Journal of Business, 38(1), pp.34105. Hull, J.C., 2008. Options, Futures and Other Derivatives 7th ed., Prentice Hall. Kalayci, Ş. & Zeynel, E., 2009. HEDGING IN FUTURES MARKETS : HEDGE RATIO AND HEDGING EFFECTIVENESS BASED ON THE USE OF TURKDEX-ISE 30 INDEX CONTRACTS. Suleyman Demirel University The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 14(3), pp.39-63. Kasman, A., 2009. Estimating Value-at-Risk for the Turkish Stock Index Futures in the Presence of Long Memory Volatility. Central Bank Review, pp.1-14. Kusakci, A.O., 2010. Bewertung von an TURKDEX gehandelten Futureskontrakten: Wie gut ist die konventionelle Bewertungstheorie am Türkischen Finanzmarkt anwendbar?, VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. Luenberger, D., 1998. Investment Science, New York: Oxford Unıversity Press. Malkiel, B.G., 2003. Passive Investment Strategies and Efficient Markets. European Financial Management, 9(1), pp.1-10. Rudolph, B. & Schäfer, K., 2010. Derivative Finanzmarktinstrumente - eine anwendungsbezogene Einführung in Märkte, Strategien und Bewertung 2nd ed., Berlin: Springer. Siegel, Daniel & Siegel, Diane, 1990. The Futures Markets -Arbitrage, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies, London: McGraw-Hill. Yılmaz, M. & Kurun, E., 2007. The Impact of Derivatives on Financial Stability in Turkish Economy Evidence from the Istanbul Stock Exchange and TurkDEX. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 9(9). 257 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1301 Title A name given to the resource A Comparison Of Futures Prices On Turkdex With Conventional Pricing Theory Author Author Kusakci , Ali Osman Abstract A summary of the resource. Derivatives are very sophisticated financial innovations and require highly sophisticated financial markets before they are introduced successfully. The well-known arbitrage free pricing theory applied when pricing derivative securities is based on some assumptions, which may not be verified in many of the emerging markets. Therefore, the applicability of the conventional theory to the emerging markets must be studied in details. This paper questions conformity of conventional arbitrage free pricing theory for emerging markets and discusses efficiency on newly organized Turkish derivative exchange (TURKDEX). Based on the market data in Turkey a comparison will be made between daily market prices and theoretical prices of 43 futures contracts. The results show that currency futures in TURKDEX are evaluated by market players fairly but ISE-30 and ISE-100 contracts offer arbitrage opportunities. Additionally, this work shows that theory and market differences rely mainly on inexperienced market players and newly established market regulations. Conservative regulations on short-selling are another problem to be solved. Keywords: futures, TURKDEX, cost of carry, arbitrage theory, emerging markets, pricing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ac11b20ff32bc6b57d4fbd1de8e9b6ce.pdf 28d9b66f18af0291bf5966b11fb54da9 PDF Text Text Heavy metal induced gene expression in Brassicaceae Lamija Subasic, Haris Gavranovic, Imer Muhovic and Abdul Razaque Memon* Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, International Burch University, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: armemon@ibu.edu.com Abstract Plants require at least 14 mineral elements for their nutrition. These include the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S) and the micronutrients boron (B), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo). These are generally obtained from the soil. Crop production is often limited by low bioavailability of essential mineral elements and/or the presence of excessive concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals, such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn and Al in the soil solution. In the past few years, responses of plants to heavy metals have received increasing attention. On one hand due to industrial activities, toxic heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb have been released into the biosphere and represent a widespread environmental pollution. High concentrations of heavy metals in the soil can inhibit plant growth and reduce crop yields, which can affect sustainable development severely. In order to study the molecular response of plants to heavy metals, the gene expression data of model crop plants especially in Brassicaceae family were analyzed by searching several databases available online. In the first part of this work the publicly available online resources for these plants from websites such as http://www.ncbi.nih.gov, http://www.tigr.org, http://www.brassica.info, and related sites were searched to collect nucleotide sequences that encode heavy metal ATPases and transporter protein homologues. The second part of this work focuses on the expression of these genes in plants grown at different concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cd. Real time PCR (RT-PCR) experiments will be carried out to analyze the expression of these genes in roots and shoots of B. nigra and B. juncea treated with different concentrations of metals. Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassicaceae, phylogenetic tree, Metal ATPases, phytoremediation 1.INTRODUCTION Phytoremediation uses green plants to clean up toxic amount of inorganic and organic pollutants from the environment. The rapid industrialization and urbanization of many developed and recently developing countries (for example China, India, Brazil etc) have increased heavy metal and organic pollution in the environment (Memon and Schroder, 2009). Hyperaccumulation as a phenomenon has attracted growing attention in the past decade. Exploiting hyperaccumulating plant species, and identifying metal accumulation 205 �genes is currently focal point for phytoremediation or phytomining (Ozturk et al 2012). Among limited number of plant species 400 are classified as heavy accumulator plants (Baker et al., 2000). Among them Arabidopsis hallari, Thlaspi, Brassica nigra, and Brassica juncea have been most studied (Memon and Schroder, 2009). Those plant species have the ability to accumulate extremely high amounts of heavy metals in their leaves (Brown et al., 1995). The plants absorb contaminants through the root system and store them in the root biomass and/or transport them up into the stems and/or leaves. A living plant may continue to absorb contaminants until it is harvested. After harvest, a lower level of the contaminant will remain in the soil, so the growth/harvest cycle must usually be repeated through several crops to achieve a significant cleanup. After the process, the cleaned soil can support other vegetation. Heavy metals that have been identified in the polluted environment include As, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Hg and Zn. Different sources of heavy metals are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Different sources of heavy metal contamination. Heavy metals Sources As preservatives, animal feed plants, herbicides, volcanoes, mining and smelting Cu biosolids Cd fossil fuel burning, phosphate fertilizers, sewage sludge Semiconductors, petroleum refining, wood additives, coal power, Electroplating industry, smelting and refining, mining Geogenic sources , anthropogenic activitie,s metal smelting and refining, application of Cr tanneries Electroplating industry, sludge, solid waste, Pb of leaded gasoline, wastes enriched in Pb, paints Mining and smelting of metalliferous ores, burning municipal sewage, industrial Hg industries producing caustic Volcano eruptions, forest fire, emissions from soda, coal, peat and wood burning 206 �Se fuels, glass manufacturing (e.g., varnish, pigment formulation) Coal mining, oil refining, combustion of fossil industry, chemical synthesis Ni bursting and gas exchange soils and geological materials Volcanic eruptions, land fill, forest fire, bubble in ocean, weathering of Zn mining, biosolids Electroplating industry, smelting and refining, Different approaches have been used or developed to mitigate the heavy metal polluted soils. The metal ion accumulated in the aerial parts that can be removed to dispose or burnt to recover metals. The results indicate that many Brasssica sp. such as B. juncea L., B. juncea L. Czern, B. napus L.and B. rapa L. exhibited moderately enhanced Zn and Cd accumulation. According to Brooks (1998) and Baker (2000) they were also found to be most effective in removing Zn from the contaminated soils. The plant species that have been identified for remediation of soil include either high biomass plants such as willow (Landberg and Greger, 1996) or those that have low biomass but high hyperaccumulating characteristics such as Thlaspi and Arabidopsis species (Memon et al 2000, Memon et al. 2008). The main objective of this study is to identify genes responsible for hyperaccumulation of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu and Cd in Brassicaceae family species, namely Brassica , do comparative phyletic analysis among different species and characterize metal induced gene expression. The present study aims at finding homologues of heavy metal ATPases among species mentioned that might possess same specific functional similarities. Moreover, this study aids to resolve many problems of soil pollution and enhance soil clean-up methods by using fast growing and high biomass accumulator plant species. The main components of this study are: i) retrieval of heavy metal ATPase nucleotide sequences from Brassicaceae family species, H.sapiens and S.cerevisiae by searching through all sequence databases; ii) multiple alignment of found sequences, iii) phyletical analysis of heavy metal ATPases genes, where the main gene source was A.thaliana, compared with Brassicaceae, H.sapiens and S.cerevisiae and other related organisms with the objective of finding motifs with high or identical functional similarity. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1.Retrieval of sequences In this study DNA sequences were retrieved from websites as a molecular evidence to classify organisms. Several publicly available online data resources were used including: http://arabidopsis.org/ (TIGR, The Institute for Genomic Research); http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (GenBank); http://plantgdb.org/ (PGD, Plant Genome Database), http://srs.ebi.ac.uk (EMBL-EBI). Homo sapiens and yeast sequences were acquired from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. and http://www.yeastgenome.org/ (SGD, Saccharomyces Genome Database), respectively. All the sequences were downloaded in FASTA format and all databases were screened for heavy metal ATPase gene homologues by 207 �employing the BLAST algorithm (Blastn and discontiguous megablast for nucleotide databases). Discontiguous megablast as a version of megablast is used to compare slightly diverged sequences, especially sequences from different organisms, which have alignments with low degree of identity. For the initial screening, Arabidopsis, human and yeast heavy metal ATPases nucleotide sequences were used and every database scanned for the E-value of sequences of <10-7. Phylogenetic tree was constructed from DNA sequences by using Java applet JalView. Firstly, genes responsible for hyperaccumulation of heavy metals, heavy metal ATPases were collected from www.arabidopsis.org. The sequence databases were also searched using keywords for heavy metal ATPases. In total seven of the gene nucleotide sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana were taken and put for further analyses. The identified genes from these databanks are: HMA1 (Heavy metal ATPase 1); copper-exporting ATPase, HMA2 (Heavy metal ATPase 2); cadmium-transporting ATPase, HMA3 (Heavy metal ATPase 3); ATPase, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, phosphorylative mechanism, HMA4 (Heavy metal ATPase 4); cadmium-transporting ATPase, HMA5 (HEAVY METAL ATPASE 5); ATPase, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, phosphorylative mechanism, PAA1 (metal-transporting P-type ATPase 1), PAA1 (metaltransporting P-type ATPase 1); ATPase, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, phosphorylative mechanism. Subsequently, based on those identified genes sequences, nucleotide sequences for other organisms such as Brassica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human were collected from http://srs.ebi.ac.uk and http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ for the purpose of finding homologue sequences. After the set of related sequences were obtained, we proceeded further by using BLAST tool form NCBI website to find regions of local similarity between sequences. 2.2. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic tree construction A total of 134 heavy metal ATPase sequences were multiply aligned by utilizing ClustalW program in order to construct phylogenetic tree. Construction of phylogenetic tree is the most convenient method to represent the significant relation among obtained sequences. The purpose of our research is to study the sequences of gene family where all sequences share the same common ancestor. Thus by implementing phylogenetic trees we will ensure that the heavy metal accumulator genes are orthologous to another well-characterized gene in another species. Two genes that are orthologous often have the same exact function (have similar roles) in the two different organisms they come from. In order to construct phylogenetic tree sequences of genes need to be aligned. In multiple sequence alignment the nucleotide sequences are being overlapped so similar features end up in the same column. The idea behind a multiple alignment is to put nucleotides or amino acids in the same column because they are very similar according to some criterion. There are four major criteria to build a multiple alignment of sequences that all have different properties. These four criteria are as follows: structural, evolutionary, functional and sequence similarity. While the first three criteria have a clear biological meaning, the fourth one does not. When the sequences are closely related, their structural, evolutionary, and functional similarities are equivalent to sequence similarity. The criterion observed in this research is that the sequences of different metal induced genes have functional and evolutionary similarities among species. Our hypothesis is that the functionally related sequences of the genes from different species or organisms will be having conserved pattern or motif which will be possibly related to hyperaccumulation of heavy metals. 208 �3.Results and Discussion 3.1.Heavy metal ATPase homologues Three phylogenetic trees were constructed for collected heavy metal ATPase nucleotide sequences. In Fig.1. a total of 27 gene nucleotide sequences were obtained from 2 different organism: 24 plants and 3 human species after scanning of major sequence databases. The majority of these sequences belonged to Arabidopsis thaliana. Mainly mRNA sequences were taken for multiple alignment and construction of phylogenetic tree by using Neigbour Joining method in Jalview software. Fig.1. Linear dendrogram presenting a phylogenetic tree for metal accumulating genes. In one study a total of 35 homologues gene nucleotide sequences were obtained from 19 different organisms: 2 plants (8 Arabidopsis thaliana and 3 Oryza sativa Japonica Group), 2 Mus Musculus, 2 Rattus norvegicus, Caenoharbditis elegans, 2 Canis lupus familiaris, Bos taurus, Gallus gallus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Macaca mulatta, Anopheles gambiae pest, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pan troglodytes, Homo sapiens, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Danio rerio, Neurospora crassa, Magnaporthe oryzae and Drosophila melanogaster after scanning of major sequence databases. The majority of heavy metal ATPase sequences belonged to Arabidopsis thaliana. Mainly mRNA sequences were taken for multiple alignment and construction of phylogenetic tree by using Neigbour Joining method in Jalview software. 209 �In another study a total of 72 homologues gene nucleotide sequences were obtained from 14 different organisms: plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Hordeum vulgare, Glycine max, Oryza sativa japonica, Oryza sativa indica, Noccaea caerulescens, Thlaspi caerulescens, Triticum aestivum, Sorghum bicolor, Populus trichocarpa, Medicago truncatula, Picea glauca, Solanum tuberosum, Hirchfeldia incana, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus ,Vitis vinifera, Zea mays, Thellungiella halophila, Physcomitrella patens ssp patens, Selaginella moellendorffii, Solanum lycopersicum, Brachypodium distachyum, Sedum alfredii, Ricinus communis ), Pan troglodytes, Pongo abelii, Macaca mulatta, Rattus norvegicus, Equus caballus, Bos taurus, Sparus aurata, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila erecta, Chlamydomonas reindhartii, Trichoplax adhaerens, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens after scanning of major sequence databases. The majority of heavy metal ATPase sequences belonged to Arabidopsis thaliana (8), and Medicago truncatula (6). Mainly mRNA sequences were taken for multiple alignment and construction of phylogenetic tree by using Neigbour Joining method in Jalview software. From the comparative analyses of phylogenetic trees orthologous heavy metal ATPase genes were identified from model crop plants in Brassicaceae family, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, Noccaea caerulescens and Thlaspi caerulescens. Phylogenetic tree is comprised of: leaves or OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units), nodes which represent an ancestral OUT, clade (a group of OTUs that includes several sequences and their common ancestor nodes), branch which defines the relation between a clade or an OTU and the rest of the tree and root which is the common ancestor of all the OTUs. Phylogenetic trees were built with distance methods by grouping OTUs according to overall similarity. These phylogenetic trees are unscaled, where branch length does not have any special meaning in terms of evolutionary time. On the other hand it indicates of orthologous heavy metal ATPase genes across different species. Conclusion Great efforts have been made in the last two decades to reduce pollution sources and remedy the polluted soil and water resources. Phytoremediation, being more cost-effective and fewer side effects than physical and chemical approaches, has gained increasing popularity in both academic and practical circles. Recent advances in biotechnology will play a promising role in the development of new hyperaccumulators by identifying a specific metal genes and transferring metal hyperaccumulating genes from low biomass wild species to the higher biomass producing cultivated species in the times to come. This can play a significant role in the extraction of heavy metals from the polluted soils and aid sustainable environmental development. Phytoextraction as a way of phytoremediation is environmental friendly, and causes no harm to soil quality. Moreover, it is less expensive than any other clean-up process. It takes more time than other clean-up techniques, but on the other hand its benefits certainly outweigh the time-consuming process, since it is related to plants. Although, investigations are needed to develop new methods for effective recovery of metals from the hyperaccumulator plant biomass. REFERENCES Memon, A.R. and Schröder, P. 2008. Implication of metal accumulation mechanisms to phytoremediation. Environ. Sci. Pol. Res. (ESPR). 16: 162-175. Ozturk, M., Memon, A. R. , Gucel, S. , and Dogan, Y. 2012. Brassicas in Turkey and their Possible Role in the Phytoremediation of Degraded Habitats. Springer-Verlag. 210 �Memon et al 2008. Metal accumulation in crops- Human health issues, In : Trace ElementsNutritional benefits, environmental contamination, and health implications, Ed. M. N. V. Prasad, John Wiley & Sons pp. 81-97 Memon, A. R., Aktoprakligıl, D., Özdemir, A., and Vertii, A. 2000. Gene expression of heavy metal stress protein in plants. Turkish J. Botany 25, 111-121 Memon, A. R., Yildizhann Y. and Keskin, B. C. Phytoremedıatıon of heavy metals from contamınated areas of Turkey. 4th European Bioremediation Conference, Sept 3-6, Chania, Crete, Greece, ID04 pp1-4, ISBN 978-960-8475-12-0. Baker, A.J.M., McGrath, S.P., Reeves, R.D., Smith, J.C.A. (2000). Metal Hyperaccumulator Plants: A Review of the Ecology and Physiology of a Biological Resource for Phytoremediation of Metal-Polluted Soils.In: Terry, N., Banuelos, G. Eds. Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils and Water. Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Brown, S.L., Chaney, R.L., Scott Angle, J. (1995). Zinc and cadmium uptake by hyperaccumulator thlaspi-caerulescens grown in nutrient solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 59: 125-133. Claverie,J.M. Cedric Notredame (2007). Bioinformatics For Dummies (2nd). Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Landberg, T., Greger, M. (1996). Differences in uptake and tolerance to heavy metals in Salix from unpolluted and polluted areas. Applied Geochem., 11(1-2):175-180. Brooks, R.R., 1998. Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals. CAN International, Wallington, p.379. Engineering of microalgae for biofuel production Recep Vatansever1, Sanija Cavar1,2, and Abdul Razaque Memon1 1Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, International Burch University, 71000 Sarajevo 2Department of Chemistry, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and herzegovina Abstract Increasing of the world population along with the economic wealth deepens the energy crises every day. Hence we need to find the new alternative energy sources that will satisfy the energy demand and concomitantly deliver no emission to the environment. In this particular situation, plants offer us a highly efficient and effective solutions. However use of higher plants for such purposes can cause several problems such as food competition, water shortage, arable land, fertilizer etc. Algae are tiny biological factories that use photosynthesis to transform carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy so efficiently that they can double their weight several times a day. As part of the photosynthesis process algae 211 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1247 Title A name given to the resource Heavy metal induced gene expression in Brassicaceae Author Author Lamija , Subasic Abstract A summary of the resource. Plants require at least 14 mineral elements for their nutrition. These include the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S) and the micronutrients boron (B), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo). These are generally obtained from the soil. Crop production is often limited by low bioavailability of essential mineral elements and/or the presence of excessive concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals, such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn and Al in the soil solution. In the past few years, responses of plants to heavy metals have received increasing attention. On one hand due to industrial activities, toxic heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb have been released into the biosphere and represent a widespread environmental pollution. High concentrations of heavy metals in the soil can inhibit plant growth and reduce crop yields, which can affect sustainable development severely. In order to study the molecular response of plants to heavy metals, the gene expression data of model crop plants especially in Brassicaceae family were analyzed by searching several databases available online. In the first part of this work the publicly available online resources for these plants from websites such as http://www.ncbi.nih.gov, http://www.tigr.org, http://www.brassica.info, and related sites were searched to collect nucleotide sequences that encode heavy metal ATPases and transporter protein homologues. The second part of this work focuses on the expression of these genes in plants grown at different concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cd. Real time PCR (RT-PCR) experiments will be carried out to analyze the expression of these genes in roots and shoots of B. nigra and B. juncea treated with different concentrations of metals. Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassicaceae, phylogenetic tree, Metal ATPases, phytoremediation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f23d7bdb7efc09f568961300d305ecb8.pdf 95d3cdc59e8a7c5fd32180dfe530ce11 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Consumer Oriented Marketing: Seafood Consumption Among Children M. TolgaTolon,DilekEmiroğlu Ege University Faculty of Fisheries, 35100, Izmir, Turkey Emails: tolga.tolon@ege.edu.tr, dilek.emiroglu@ege.edu.tr Abstract Parents’ dominance on determination of food consumption pattern of children has been changing in recent years by the effect of developing social communication via information technologies, improving education level and changing social status of the community. Increasing awareness of children on sustainable and healthy nutrition issues affects consumption habits of the modern families. Today, parents give more importance to the preference and proposals of their children for the food selection. In previous decade, adults were more health conscious and prefer healthy foods than the young ones but today an enormous amount of efforts has been launched to educate children about consuming healthy foods than never before. Families with the children are an important market segment for the seafood industry. However, children’sdislike of seafood or strong preferences for fast-food type consumption is the barriers to seafood marketing in many cases. Consequently, children are the preferential targets of seafood promotions and campaigns in most countries to gain more consumers today and in the future. In this study, seafood consumption pattern and preferences of the children in age group of 10-14 has been researched. Randomly selected 400 children were surveyed through a questionnaire with personal interviews. The surveys have been conducted in primary schools of two cities which localized as seaside and inland in west part of Turkey. Findings derived from the research have indicated that social interaction among children has strong impact on seafood consumption habit. Moreover, children would promote seafood consumption in their families. Besides education the forms of seafood specially cooked and packaged attractive to their age group and promotion campaigns lead most children to demand and consume more seafood. This paper provides sample clues for improving marketing strategy by focusing on children’s seafood consumption. The reasons of seafood resistance have to be identified clearly and continuouslyfor the consumer oriented marketing in seafood. Keywords: marketing, seafood, consumption, children, consumer oriented 1.INTRODUCTION The consumer-oriented marketing is a new model of marketing that company should view and organize its marketing activities from the consumer's point of view. Consumer-oriented marketing, which focuses on fine-tuning a business by determining its customer base, is an important development in the evolution of marketing. This process is defined by three functions within the consumer-oriented market model: analysis, modeling and planning. 105 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo When a product is marketed in a consumer orientated way there must be a lot of research needed to find out the facts about the consumer. This is something that can be done through surveys.Also knowing the habits of those markets and consumer needs can be profitable byutilizing that information ahead of time. The availability of customer information has grown exponentially, providing the raw material for more detailed analysis. Although this can be costly, the benefits of most consumer marketing campaigns do outweigh the initial research cost. Another benefit would be gained from the consumer oriented marketing is to target a certain consumer group by the right marketing tools or promotions as in the seafood consumption case. Families with the children are an important market segment for the seafood industry. As eating habits are formed in childhood, it is necessary that their determining factors be understood in order to establish effective educational and marketing processes that can change children’s eating behavior (Angelis, 1995). The literature on infant feeding shows that children’s eating behavior is firstly determined by their family and, in a second moment, by other psychosocial and cultural interactions (Maurem, 2000).Food consumption behavior, like any complex human behavior, will be influenced by many interrelating factors, like physical properties of the food (flavor, texture, odor), characteristics of the individual (personality, preferences, attitudes, perceptions, knowledge) or characteristics with the environment (availability, season, situation, culture) (Olsen, 2001). Innovative and sustainable marketing methods are essential to increase the per capita consumption in markets which the seafood is not present traditionally as Turkey. Inclusion of children into the seafood market would be possible by modern marketing methods as consumer oriented marketing. Therefore, children are the preferential targets of seafood promotions and campaigns in most countries to gain more consumers today and in the future. The main purpose of the present study was to provide sample clues for improving marketing strategy in context of consumer oriented marketing principles by focusing on children’s seafood consumption habits between 10-14 ages. The factors affecting seafood consumption behavior and reasons of seafood resistance were identified in sample case in order to be utilized in consumer oriented marketing strategyfor sustainable marketing efforts. 2.METHODOLOGY The subjects were students who are recruited from the primary schools of two cities, Muğla (agricultural city,20km from seaside) and İzmir (industrial city, near seaside) both located in west part of Turkey. Random selection of 400 children (203 girls, 197 boys) (stratified for age and town, 200 from each of the towns) ranging in age from 10 to 14 years was performed on the basis of local taxation registers in order to achieve an adequate variation of socio-economic factors. Although the detailed demographic data were not collected from any of the students who participated, it is known that families in this subject pool are in and below the Turkish median for income. None of the children in the present study had previously participated in anyseafood or economic survey. 106 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A questionnaire asking respondents about their attitudes and seafood consumption behavior was constructed and pre-tested.The questionnaire was developed on the basis of consumer oriented marketing strategies which include to reveal the clues about consumption pattern, knowledge background, social context related with seafood consumption of the target group. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test analysis were used to predict the relation between consumption behavior and other factors. All analyses were done with SPSS version 15, and a value of p≤0.05 was taken as the level of significance throughout. The p-values are reported only for the significant results. 3.RESULTS A total of 400 surveys were completed for this study during March 2012. Respondents surveyed can be sorted into one of four groups for purpose of data analysis (Table 1). Group 1 had 356 respondents (89%), which reported that they do eat fish or seafood regularly. Group 2 had 32 respondents who do not like the taste of fish and therefore not eating any fish or seafood. Group 3 had 8 respondents who are unable to buy or eat fish or seafood because of low financial situation. Group 4 had 4 respondents which reported that they had experienced health problems as poisoning and awn prick during fish consumption. Table 1. Grouping for survey respondents Number of children surveyed (N) Ratio (%) Groups 356 89 Group I – Eat fish regularly 32 8 Group II – Do not eat fish (Taste) 8 2 Group III – Do not eat fish (Financial) 4 1 Group IV – Do not eat fish (Health) The key points and seafood consumption pattern of target group were analyzed and summarized to develop a consumer oriented marketing strategy (Table 2). Table 2. Summary of the key points for consumer oriented marketing strategy in Group I. Question Frequency 107 Bi-weekly (42%) , Once in a month (26%), Every week (24%) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Place Home (91%), Restaurant (4,5 %) , Outdoor (4,5%) Respect to decision Sometimes (56%), Always (33%) , Never (11%) Species Anchovy (30%) ,Seabream (18%), Sea bass (9%) Other seafood Mollusk (48%), Canned tuna (43%) , calamari (30%) , fish finger (27%) Identify Yes (81%) , No (19%) Benefit Answer (95 %) , No answer (5%) Source of knowledge School (42%) , Social Media (39 %) , Family (19%) Ads interest Yes (76%) , No (24 %) Angling Yes (52%) , No (48 %) Friends consumption Yes (94%) , No (6%) Sibling Consumption Yes (76%) , No (24%) Consumption frequency in Group 1was reported as 42% bi-weekly, 26% once in a month and 24% every week. Questions focused on the employment status of the respondents’ family have showed that 92% of the fathers and 23% of the mothers are employed in a job. Only 21% of the students’ both parents are found to be employed. Parents are in the middle and lower income group according to their business types. The most popular fish species according to respondent’s preference were anchovy (30%), sea bream (18%) and sea bass (9%). The evaluation of deboned or prepared seafood consumption has showed that 48% of the respondents like the taste of mussels, 43% canned tuna fish, 30% calamari and 27% fish finger . Most children stated that they consume seafood at home (91%), 5% of them are consuming at the restaurants and 4% at the outdoor facilities as picnic. Participants reported that 33% of their gatekeepers “always” respecttheir food decisions,nearly half of them (56%) respect “sometimes” and 11% “never” ask their children’s food preferences. An important amount (89%) of the gatekeepers is respecting their children’s decision in preparing and serving food types. 108 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Totally 304 respondent (76%) from all groups reported that they are remembering at least one commercial ad about seafood or fish products. Even 73% of non-fish eating groups’ members (Group II,III,IV) arealso remembering at least one commercial ad about seafood and fishes. Most of the children (81%) had stated that they know or can identify the fish species that they eat. However, no significant relation has found between “fish eating”and “fish awareness”(p>0.05) A significant relation has been determined between “fish awareness” and “commercial fish ads” in all groups (p=0.028, p≤0.05). Seventy seven percent (77%) of the respondents which are remembering fish ads are also stating that they are aware of fish species. Although the seafood promotion activities in the schools were very rare, 88% of the respondents who witness a seafood promotion activity reported as they know or can identify the fish species. Also the fish consumption ratio within this group was 99%. There is a significant relation between the “fish promotion in schools” and “fish awareness” as well as “fish consumption” (p=0.021, p≤0.05) No significant relation can be found between the “aquarium hobby” and the “fish consumption”. The presence of aquarium and hobby breeding of fishes as pet do not affecting the fish consumption positive or negatively (p>0,05). Nearly all of the children (95%) had responded the “What are the benefits of fish consumption” question. The reported benefits of seafood were focused on eye wellness, intelligence development, bone and muscle development, growth, protein and omega-3 supply. Nearly half of the respondents (42%) stated that they learn such knowledge from lectures in schools, 39% from newspaper, magazines and internet, 19% from their parents and family members. The question asking that “have you ever been in a bait fishing activity?” was responded as “Yes” by 52% of the respondents. Almost all of the children (93%)thoseanswered this question positively were also stated as they are eating fish regularly. There is a significant relation between the “bait fishing” and “fish consumption habit” (p=0.02, p≤0.05). Greater than 94% of the respondents in all groups reported that their friends are eating fish regularly. This ratio was slightly higher in the Group I as 95%. Significant relation has been found between the “fish consumption” of the respondents and their “friend’s fish eating behavior” (p=0.016, p≤0.05) Sibling’s nutritional behavior also has impact on the respondent’s fish consumption pattern. The percentage of children reporting their sibling’s fish consumption behavior as positive was 76% in Group I. Sibling’s fish consumption behaviorhas a significant impact on respondent’s fish consumption habit (p=0.04 , p≤0.05). 4.DISCUSSION Companies should principally develop their strategies for their target groups in consumer oriented marketing applications. The strategy adopted in this study was to increase the amount and frequency of consumed seafood by product diversification and adaptation according the needs of target consumer group as children. The researched group that has high percentage of seafood consumer (Group I) is a preferential target for consumer oriented marketing strategy. However, 8% of the respondents (Group II), 109 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo who do not like the taste and therefore not consuming seafood, would also be included into the target group of marketing strategy. Psychosocially, eating behavior relies on parents’ active participation as nutritional educators through family interactions that affect children’s eating habits (Gillespie and Acterberg, 1989). The gatekeeper in the family is defined as the primary food decision maker and studies have shown that the gatekeeper's decisions are greatly influenced by other family members', food likes and dislikes (Wandel et al 1995). The high respect level (89%) of gatekeepers to the food decisions of their children and consumption of seafood intensively at home and with family members are the signs of a two-way interaction between children and parents on food consumption habits and decisions. In addition, the findings derived from the research had shown that proper knowledge about seafood is especially supplied by the teachers and followed by media sources as newspapers, internet and magazines.The nutritional facts about the seafood had been properly understood and adopted by almost all of the children researched. Although, children of such age group is not defined as a primary customer in context of economy, their consumption habits and demands are effectively forcing families to involve in seafood market as primary customers. Moreover, children would promote seafood consumption in their families. Social interaction among children has strong impact on seafood consumption behavior. It is an important clue in developing marketing strategy that social environment of children especially their friends have more impact than their families on consumption behavior. In this case, children do not eat only because of hunger feeling but also by suggestion of the environment and social context (Birch and Fisher, 1997). Children’s dislike of seafood or their strong preference for hedonic consumption are barriers to seafood consumption (Olsen, 2001). Children prefer fast food type deboned seafood varieties instead of fish meals that are cooked and served in classic styles. The demand of children for such type of seafood as mollusk, canned tuna fish, calamari, fish finger and fish balls is a strong sign for such preference. Analyzing the serving and eating styles of best preferred meals of the target group and serving seafood products in such forms has to be included in the marketing strategy which would promote effective consumption in the market. Children’s point of view to the seafood products is another important key point in planning consumer oriented marketing strategies. As the aquarium hobby do not affecting fish eating motivation of the children in positive or negative manner, but involving in activities such as bait fishing and fishing for nutritional aims would promote seafood consumption of the children strongly.Informative promotions that are emphasizing edibility of the aquatic organisms would increase the market effectiveness of seafood among the target consumers. Considering the memorable feature of seafood ads by the most of the children, suitable ads that conforms the interests of children would be published through interactive social media and TV’s as consumer oriented marketing strategy. Immediate and future campaigns can be then planned well so that it can create better impact to the consumer segment. 5.CONCLUSION There are a lot of other buying factors that consumers may have but children do not consider price over other factors. Children’s preferences are mainly driven by their hedonic needs. It’s important to take into consideration consumer’s habits, values, and all other factors that influence 110 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo their decisions. With these data at hand, any company can create strategies that can work around the individual needs of these customers. ACKNOWLEDGE Special thanks to primary school teachers Miss ÖzlemÇizmecigil and Mrs.DenizÇakıroğlu who collaborate in conducting surveys and collecting precious data. REFERENCES Alphanet Marketing (2012) Consumer Oriented Marketing Definition, URL http://www.alphanetmarketing.com/2010/12/consumer-oriented-marketing-definition.html Angelis R.C. Ped;13:126-7. (1995)Alimentaçãonainfânciavsconseqüênciasulterioresnasaúde. Rev Paul Birch L.L and Fisher J.A. (1997) The role of experience in the development of children’s eating behavior. Why we eat what we eat. The psychology of eating. 2nd ed. p. 113-41. Washington Brown A.J. (1998) Effective Customer-Oriented Marketing, URL http://www.informationmanagement.com/infodirect/19980401/932-1.html Gillespie A.H and Acterberg C.L. (1989) Comparison of family interaction patterns related to food and nutrition. J Am Diet Assoc ;89:509-12. Maurem R. and Lilian M.S. (2000) Development children’s eating behavior, Jornal de Pediatria Vol. 76, Supl.3, S229-S237 Mennell S, Murcott A, Otterloo AH. (1992) The sociology of food: Eating, diet and culture. Current Sociology. J Intern SocAssoc; 4O:l-147. Olsen S.O. (2001) Consumer involvement in seafood as family meals in Norway: an application of the expectancy-value approach, Journal of Appetite, Volume 36, Issue 2, Pages 173–186 Roininen K. Roininen, L. Lähteenmäki, H. Tuorila (1999) Quantification of consumer attitudes to health and hedonic characteristics of foods, Journal of Appetite, 33 (1999), pp. 71–88 Wandel M, Bugge A, SkoglundRamm J. (1995) Matvaneriendringogstabilitet (Change and stability in food habits). SIFO,:4. 111 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1369 Title A name given to the resource Consumer Oriented Marketing: Seafood Consumption Among Children Author Author M., TolgaTolon Abstract A summary of the resource. Parents’ dominance on determination of food consumption pattern of children has been changing in recent years by the effect of developing social communication via information technologies, improving education level and changing social status of the community. Increasing awareness of children on sustainable and healthy nutrition issues affects consumption habits of the modern families. Today, parents give more importance to the preference and proposals of their children for the food selection. In previous decade, adults were more health conscious and prefer healthy foods than the young ones but today an enormous amount of efforts has been launched to educate children about consuming healthy foods than never before. Families with the children are an important market segment for the seafood industry. However, children’sdislike of seafood or strong preferences for fast-food type consumption is the barriers to seafood marketing in many cases. Consequently, children are the preferential targets of seafood promotions and campaigns in most countries to gain more consumers today and in the future. In this study, seafood consumption pattern and preferences of the children in age group of 10-14 has been researched. Randomly selected 400 children were surveyed through a questionnaire with personal interviews. The surveys have been conducted in primary schools of two cities which localized as seaside and inland in west part of Turkey. Findings derived from the research have indicated that social interaction among children has strong impact on seafood consumption habit. Moreover, children would promote seafood consumption in their families. Besides education the forms of seafood specially cooked and packaged attractive to their age group and promotion campaigns lead most children to demand and consume more seafood. This paper provides sample clues for improving marketing strategy by focusing on children’s seafood consumption. The reasons of seafood resistance have to be identified clearly and continuouslyfor the consumer oriented marketing in seafood. Keywords: marketing, seafood, consumption, children, consumer oriented Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7860e6733cb5e67201eb4292c18e7d16.pdf 9d880239e334ccf3a063ee9c23c66d26 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Kaufman, R.K., Bradford, A., Belanger,L.H.,Mclaughlin,J.P. and Miki, Y.(2008) “Determinats of OPEC production: Implications for OPEC behavior”, Energy Economics, Vol.20, No.2, pp.333-351 McMillan, J.(1992) Games, Strategies and Managers, Oxford University press Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) www.opec.org Panayatou, T. “ OPEC as a model for cooper exporters: Potential gains and cartel Behavior Smith, J.L (2005) “Inscrutable OPEC: Behavioral Test of Cartel Hypothesis”, The Energy Journal, Vol.26, No.1, pp.51-82 Cooperation and competition in Information Technology Business: Case of ICT firms in Konya M. Atilla Aricioğlu1,Deniz Göktaş2, Birol Mercan2 1Department of Business Administration, Konya University,Konya, Turkey 2Department of Economics, Konya University, Konya, Turkey E –mails: maaricioglu@gmail.com, d.goktas@gmail.com, birolmercan@gmail.com Abstract The notion of clusters has been attracted increasing interest from academics and business practitioners for two decades. The theory and research emphasize their strong and positive influence in promoting industrial development, innovation, and competitiveness and economic growth. Thus clusters, become a useful policy instrument in regional innovation systems (RIS) aiming to promote sustainable regional growth. Related literature suggests that competitive clusters provide a fertile and conducive business environment for companies to collaborate with research institutions, suppliers, customers and competitors located in the same geographical area. They are becoming powerful engines of economic development and drivers. Not all industries can create opportunities for employment, but of which share knowledge and transfer technology both directly and through upstream and downstream linkages with other relevant sectors. Not only they move their production facilities, they also intend to transfer their research and development units from those favorable regions which have relatively higher stage of development than the others in terms of infrastructure facilities, education and training institutions, stable incentives, subsidiary potential, and the presence of other multinational enterprises. 296 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The informatics sector can provide a foundation for the growth of industrial activity in a developing economy. Therefore, as an example of high-tech clusters and potentially highvalue added sectors in developing countries, in-depth analysis of the informatics sector with its hardware suppliers as a whole can shed light on the question of how a developing country can structure its strategies to be able to upgrade and be competitive over time. In recent years, Turkey has made an effort as a major player in the global informatics sector. Owing to its skilled labor/brain force, rapid growth and market potential, Turkey has gained tremendous attention of the informatics sector since 1980s. According to a survey of a city of Konya sample, innovation attitudes the company managers operating in the IT sector has been measured. In line with this purpose survey of firms in Konya Teknokent has been conducted. Keywords: Cluster, Innovation, Konya, IT, Competition 1.INTRODUCTION In our age, globalization reshapes the social, economic and political sphere. In a changing world economic beliefs and paradigms are changing. One of the changing beliefs in business is the pattern of competition. Traditional cost oriented competition patterns replaced with quality and innovation based patterns. Until 1990’s cost oriented theories like comparative advantage, dominate the competition theory both in international context and inter firm level.Since 1990’s quality and innovation oriented theories has complemented the cost oriented models. Porter (1990)emphasizes geographical proximity as a key to gain competitive advantage through cost advantages. Geographic proximity provides several advantages for firms and industries. Firstly, geographical proximity means a face to face interaction among firms and between firms and organizations. Second it facilities the creation of social capital, common language and common culture. Thirdly, flow of information and exchange of tacit knowledge is easier under geographic proximity. In addition, diffusion of knowledge spill overs and academic research is easier when firms are close to academic organizations. Thus inter firm or inter organization cooperation is important besides the competition between them. In the proposed new competitive models, cooperation is seen productive than rivalry.Cluster theory which is coined to explain advantages of geographical proximity in case of collaboration and sufficient factor endowment. This study is an attempt to explore clustering trends of Konya ICT industry. 2.Cooperation and Cluster for Gaining Advantage Beyond possessing physical resources and assets, firms should manage the cooperative process in order to survive and operate in business sphere (Raco, Mike, 1999). In other words firms must learn cooperating while they are competing against each other. This kind of cooperation is strategic because it enables benefiting from main business activities, product lines and technological diversity (Garcia, Cristina Q. and Velasco, Carlos A. B., 2000). A vast of studies that were carried on competition literature attempted to explain pattern of 297 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo competition in micro, mezzo or macro level.Despite various applying methods and tools, there have been no consensuses on the concept of competition(Çivi, E. 2001). Clustering has been commonly accepted as a method, a tool and approach to competition since the beginning of 1990s. Although there are many definitions of clusters, most comprehensive one is Porter’s definition. Porter(2000) defines clusters: Clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions (e.g., universities, standards Agencies, trade associations) in a particular field that compete but also cooperate.(Porter, 2000:15) First point in this definition is geographic concentration of companies and their relations with each other and non-firm institutions. Firms have connections either horizontal (supplier and provider) or vertical (related industries and associated institutions.) Second emphasis is the cooperation of competing firms. Thirdly, companies in a particular field (specific market or industry) should concentrate. Studies on clustering mostly focus on qualified workforce, information providers, physical infrastructures and sustainability. They concluded that these components would attract international companies to the region and provide region a competitive advantage. (Avnimelech, G. & Schwartz, D. & Bar-El, R 2007, Haan, U. 2008, Parto, S. 2008, Brenner, T. &Gildner, A. ,2006., Lazonick, W. ,2008,. Narula, R. & Marin, A. 2005) In the clustering literature, Porter’s works shed light to other studies which emphasized on aspects above. It has been known that the coined approach was widely attracted attention in international context. 3.Porter’s Diamond Model Porter (2000) introduces four aspects that have influence on the competitive advantage for firms. These four aspects, (i) factor(input) conditions, (ii) demand conditions,(iii)context for firm’s strategy and rivalry (iv) relating and supporting industries are the four corners of diamond. Porter employed this model for determining which firms and industries have competitive advantage and role relating and supporting industries. This theory encourages the further exploration of clustering. The model givesan insight to detect which industries locate which regions. Chance 298 Context for Firm Strategy and Rivalry Demand Conditions Factor(Input) Conditions Related and Supporting Industries Figure.1. Porter’sDiamond Model Government �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Analysis of Konya ICT Sector in Clustering Level with Diamond Model A Survey on Firms in Konya Technopolis Konya techno polis is chosen for assessing the situation of ICT industry and for analyzing the competition in this industry. 4.Objectives and Methodology Objective of the study is exploring the competitive advantage of software firms and detecting their clustering level. In line with these objectives Porter’s Diamond Model is used as analytical tool. Great majority of the surveyed ICT firms operate in Konya techno polis. There are 62 software firms in the city, 53 of them are operating in technopolis. Sample of 34 firms surveyed by questionnaires which asks 20 Likert type questions based on Diamond theory. The level of clustering is measured by scale of 10. The questionnaire is derived from DTM methodology which is built up for clustering map of Turkey. 5.Results 5.1.Factor Conditions Location of Firms: Selchuk University Centre of Technology Advancement was established in TGB-1 and TGB-2 regions. The center has 332,000 meter square area. It locate besides the Selcuk University Campus, its distance from centrum is 20 km, 8 km from Industry district of Konya, 8 km from Konya Airport and 5 km from bus station. Elmas Blok (Diamond Block) in the Selçuk Campus which has 2000 meter square area has been in use since 2004. Surveyed ICT firms ranked 5th among 38 centers of Technology Advancement in Turkey. The techno polis is operating by a governance principle and it has been established by the cooperation of Selcuk University, Foundation of Selcuk University, Konya Chamber 299 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of Industries, Konya Chamber of Commerce, Konya Commerce Market and the Directorate of Konya Industrial District. It also supports the university-industry collaboration. Firms operating in tecnopolis have opportunity to improve their technology and outputs by utilizing infrastructure and knowledge base. Thus they are improving their competitiveness. There are 109 firms in technopolis of which 64 firms engage in software developing activities. Due to ICT firms locate in technopolis, they have geographical proximity to public institutions, university, R&D centers. Human Capital:Selcuk University is one of the great universities in Turkey, with having 21 faculties, 6 institutes, 23 vocational schools, 1 conservatory, 42,000 students and about 3,500 academic staff. Workforce of surveyed ICT firms composed of 77 % has undergraduate degrees, % 14 university students, and % 9 graduate students. It is found that employees have access to sufficient technical equipment, but there is a need for support for basic research. In marketing dimension, in domestic market and especially in foreign market, there is a lack of expertise. Physical Infrastructure: Firms use ICT infrastructure provided by techno polis. Besides they have high quality work place and office environments with meeting halls, social facilities. Firms can use university’s IT labs. Information Infrastructure: University campus has 21 applied research centers. IT organization BILMER provides information to the firms in the techno polis. Academic staff supports the firms by consulting them for whenever they need further information. Thus university-industry linkages are quite strong. In the information infrastructure university units have important role on producing, transferring information to private businesses. Social Facilities: Firms benefit from social amenities which have located in the university campus. Posting and banking services are adequate to reduce transaction costs. Social amenities in the campus are attractive for talent. There are recreational, societal, cattering and health service amenities. In line with survey results, the firms emphasize their demand for specialized talent, strategic information, assessing consumer preferences, technology transfer and financial resources. A Degree factor condition is observed medium level. Factor endowment is not adequate solely, to improve competitive advantage. Thus factor conditions are not main advantage of the surveyed firms. 5.2.Demand Conditions ICT clustering cases in the literature show that demand conditions in the home market can cause competitive power, if sophisticated home market buyers pressure firms to innovate faster and to create more advanced products than those of competitors. Therefore both public 300 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo organizations and private sector should demand more specialized and innovative services. For the case of Konya ICT, since public sector strategies are mostly administrated from Ankara, access into public sector is not easy to develop services and goods for meeting public demand. Thus there are frictions in public market. Private industry demand is not sufficiently to pressure to innovate. Private sector demand mostly comes from health industry and share of the manufacturing industries are low in market demand for software products. Because the share of the industry demand is low, the firms do not incentive to improve competitive advantage. Another disadvantage of the ICT cluster, it is organized to meet local demand so that it has not supply capacity to meet national and foreign demand. According the questionnaire results, demand conditions are sufficient in the regional dimension. ICT cluster has regional competitive advantage. However, in the home market the cluster is not an effective actor. This makes the firms disadvantageous in meeting global market and competition conditions. Moreover, firms are not sufficient to serve desired level for national auctions. Therefore demand conditions to gain competitive advantages can be said weak for Konya ICT firms. 5.3.Firm Strategy and Rivalry In the techno polis 89 % of firms are SME’s, remaining firms are branches of big software firms. Firms are developing software for mainly health, automotive supply industry, packaging industries which are regional industries. Firms get projects which are prepared in cooperation with regional entities or firms. This project based works divert ICT sector to work with regional industries. Some of the projects meet the national demands. Firms declared that after-sell services, human resource for basic research and collaborative work increase competition. In addition they believe that foreign investors will raise the total quality. The firms which collaborate foreign firms as solution partners , report that the local firms benefit from these kind of collaborating. When examining firms strategy, rivalryand cooperation, the firms assert that they attribute high importance on cooperation and collaboration. However in practice they practice medium level cooperation. Because they locate on a shared place like techno polis, they purchase services associatively and they are spatially proximate; they are expected to cooperate high level. Medium level cooperation is an handicap for the ICT firms. In a cluster high level of collaboration and high level of information sharing is crucial. Firms are aware of these benefits but in practice collaboration is not at desired level. Firms perception about collaboration supports the clustering thesis. 5.4.Related and Supporting Industries When the external relations of the firms are inquired, below results are reached: 301 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Due to university-industry partnership, university students, graduate students and academic staff have the opportunity to make applied research and this contributes to industry by helping problem solving. Although they attribute high value for university support in improving talent, technology transfer, contributing cluster development; the current situation shows medium level linkages about these functions. Academic staff is working techno polis via only the project based duties. Collaboration with the local university is inadequate and relations between universityindustry are not effective. Despite the fact that close spatial proximity between university and firms, academic staff could contribute in project based duties, so if the firm is not running on project based duties they do not get support from academia. In addition, firms assert that they do not benefit from brain power which is improved in university. Firms complain that the talented graduates do not prefer these firms because they expect higher wages and different career plans. According to them the talented workforce prefers other regions. They believe that low level of corporatization is another reason for this talent preference. 5.5.Public Institutions The relationship between ICT firms and public institutions are weaker than desired level. ICT firms revealed that public institutions do not recognize them to collaborate. In this case they feel lack of support of public and they are not defined in public administrative processes. This situation is closely related to absence of legal framework and regulations. For instance, support mechanism, subsidy conditions, and structural definition of the clusters are not elucidated in legal institutions. Consequently ambiguities emerge when developing strategies for clusters and creating relationships with public universities. ICT firms also face this kind of ambiguity. Due to their project based works they have relationships between (TÜBİTAK), TİGEM, TİDEP, Directorate of Improvement and Supporting SME’S (KOSGEB). Analysis reveals that firms believe that cooperation with public institutions are not effective. They believe that public-private partnership is highly important for gaining competitive advantage. This situation arise questions on how the firms are familiar with clustering and how do they involved in clustering efforts. 6.CONCLUSION Evaluations and expectations show that core competency, marketing and advertising activities rank first. Surveyed firms state that determining software activities as core competence would cause competitive advantage in home market and foreign markets. Their 302 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo job requires advertising and information sharing among the firms, but trust is reported a precondition for sharing information. Owners and managers of ICT firms state that beyond the adequacy of amount of firms, they think that financial support, planning, coordination are included in clustering attempts. They also point out the importance of relationships with foreign firms and foreign investments in the industry. They believe that high level of corporatization will contribute into cluster making. Current situation they have not enough employees and they work on demanded projects which have been seen irregular works. Members of the surveyed firms emphasize the high return of investing in human resources in their industry. They believe that if the level of collaboration increases, the efficiency of firms would also increase. It has been understood that the firms’ beliefs on cooperation are strong and their tendency to cooperate is high. REFERENCES Avnimelech, G. & Schwartz, D. & Bar-El, R (2007). Entrepreneurial High-tech Cluster Development: Israel’s Experience with Venture Capital and Technological Incubators, European Planning Studies, 1469-5944, Volume 15, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 1181 – 1198. Brenner, T. & Gildner, A. (2006). The Long-term Implications of Local Industrial Clusters, Papers on Economics and Evolution 2006-08, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Evolutionary Economics Group, European Planning Studies, Vol. 14, No. 9, October 2006, 1315-1328. Çivi, Emin, (2001).Rekabet Gücü: Literatür Araştırması”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, Yıl 2001, C 8, Sayı 2, s.21-38. Garcia, Cristina Q. and Velasco, Carlos A. B., 2002. Co-opetition and Performance: Evidence from European Biotechnology Industry, The European Academy of Management, 2nd. Annual Conference on Innovative Research in Management May 9-11, Track: Coopetition Strategy: Towards A New Kind of Interfirm Dynamics, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden. Haan, U. (2008). Looking for success factors in Israel’s high-Tech Clusters, Springer, Lazonick, W. (2008) Entrepreneurial Ventures and the Developmental State Lessons from the Advanced Economies, Discussion Paper No. 2008/01, 303 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/discussionpapers/2008/en_GB/dp2008-01/_files/78805634425684379/default/dp2008-01.pdf Narula, R. & Marin, A. (2005). Exploring the relationship between direct and indirect spillovers from FDI in Argentina, Research Memoranda 024, Maastricht : MERIT, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology, http://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/umamer/2005024.html Parto, S. (2008).Innovation and Economic Activity: An Institutional Analysis of the Role of Clusters in Industrializing Economies,Journal of Economic Issues, Available at http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-36151980_ITM. Porter, M. E. (1990), The Competitive Advantages of Nations, Harvard Business Review, March-April, No:2 Porter, M. (2000). Location, Competition and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy, Economic Development Quarterley, 14 (1), 15-34 Raco, Mike (1999). Competition, Collaboration and the New Industrial Districts: Examining the Institutional Turn in Local Economic Development, Urban Studies, 36 (5-6): 951-968. Comparison of linear regression and neural network models forecasting tourist arrivals to Turkey Selcuk Cankurt, Abdulhamit Subasi International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, Francuske Revolucije bb. Ilidza, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mail:asubasi@ibu.edu.ba Abstract This paper develops statistical and machine learning methods for estimating tourist arrivals which is one of the donnée for planning the sustainable tourism development. Tourism is arguably one of the world's largest and fastest growing industries. Sustainable tourism 304 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1178 Title A name given to the resource Cooperation and competition in Information Technology Business: Case of ICT firms in Konya Author Author M. Atilla , Aricioğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. The notion of clusters has been attracted increasing interest from academics and business practitioners for two decades. The theory and research emphasize their strong and positive influence in promoting industrial development, innovation, and competitiveness and economic growth. Thus clusters, become a useful policy instrument in regional innovation systems (RIS) aiming to promote sustainable regional growth. Related literature suggests that competitive clusters provide a fertile and conducive business environment for companies to collaborate with research institutions, suppliers, customers and competitors located in the same geographical area. They are becoming powerful engines of economic development and drivers. Not all industries can create opportunities for employment, but of which share knowledge and transfer technology both directly and through upstream and downstream linkages with other relevant sectors. Not only they move their production facilities, they also intend to transfer their research and development units from those favorable regions which have relatively higher stage of development than the others in terms of infrastructure facilities, education and training institutions, stable incentives, subsidiary potential, and the presence of other multinational enterprises. The informatics sector can provide a foundation for the growth of industrial activity in a developing economy. Therefore, as an example of high-tech clusters and potentially highvalue added sectors in developing countries, in-depth analysis of the informatics sector with its hardware suppliers as a whole can shed light on the question of how a developing country can structure its strategies to be able to upgrade and be competitive over time. In recent years, Turkey has made an effort as a major player in the global informatics sector. Owing to its skilled labor/brain force, rapid growth and market potential, Turkey has gained tremendous attention of the informatics sector since 1980s. According to a survey of a city of Konya sample, innovation attitudes the company managers operating in the IT sector has been measured. In line with this purpose survey of firms in Konya Teknokent has been conducted. Keywords: Cluster, Innovation, Konya, IT, Competition Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/faa640e764753698cc4d74d08038866d.pdf 47c90557b50c306b35a474516070933b PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Yavuz, G. and Serdaroğlu U. ( 2010) “Kalkınma ve Kadın (veya toplumsal cinsiyet) İlişkilendirilişinin Değişimindeki Kavşaklar” in U. Serdaroğlu (ed.) İktisat ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet, Efil Yayınevi, Ankara. Yumuş, A. (2011) Kalkınma Planları Çerçevesinde Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Anlayışının Ekonomik, Toplumsal ve Siyasal Boyutları, T.C. Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara. Determinants Of Turkey Current Account Deficit: An Econometric Analysis M. Metin Dam, İsmet Göçer,Şahin Bulut,Mehmet Mercan Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences Department of Economy Abstract The main causes of the current account deficit in Turkey; the foreign trade deficit, the high ratio of intermediate goods imports, high oil prices and Turkey's energy import dependence, lack of domestic savings, foreign direct investment and low tourism revenues. In this study, the causes of the current account deficit and current account deficit financing structure were examined. In addition, the determinanats of Turkey current account deficit wereanalyzed via VAR methods using the data of 2002-2011 monthly current account deficit, net export, interest on external debt, transfer payments and costs of tourism. As a result of the study, According to variance discrimination results obtained from VAR model composed under this roof, current account deficit is determined by its own shocks in the short term. In addition, current account deficit prediction error variance is determined by tourism expenditures and foreign debt interest rate as well as its own variables. Current account deficit is affected by export, foreign debt interest rate, transfer payments and shock given to tourism expenditures. Keywords: Current Account Deficit, Determinants, VAR, Turkey 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1.What is current account deficit? Current account deficit is the difference between the amount of foreign currency getting in and out a country. Export and tourism make up foreign currency income and import and foreign expenditure make up foreign currency expenditure. Current account deficit is reached: the foreign currency obtained from goods export, service export like tourism(e.g the wage income of those working abroad) and manufacture factors are added and the expenditures made in the same category (import, tourism expenditures, the transfer of the profit gained by 111 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo foreigners) are subtracted from total. İf the figures obtained show a value then it means that you have a current account deficit. The economic relations of a country with outsideworld is monitored in a balance-sheet called payment balance. This balance-sheet shows us how much foreign currency surplus or deficit occurred within the term mentioned demonstrating the foreign currency incomes and expenditures in a balanced approach. Payment balance is made up of two sections. Current deficit balance and capital account. Only current deficit balance will be clarified here. Current account balance consists of 4 subbalances. 1. 2. 3. 4. Goods balance Services balance Investment revenues balance Current account transfers Goods Balance: The difference between foreign currency incomes obtained from the sales abroad and foreign currency costs for goods purchased from abroad by a country. Services Balance: The difference between foreign currency incomes obtained from services such as transport, insurance, tourism and foreign currency costs paid for similar services. Investment Revenues Balance: The difference between the profits gained from the FDI, interest revenues from portfolio investments by a particular country etc. and foreigners’ profits from similar investments in that country and foreign currency revenues in foreign currencies. Currentc Account Transfers: The foreign currency input from workers abroad. Therefore, we can formulate current account balance as; Current Account Balance = Goods Balance + Services Balance + Investment Revenue Balance + Current Account Transfers. If the result of this total is minus(-), current account deficit exists. 1.2. What Are The Effect of Current Account on Economy? An economy whose current account is on the rise needs to grow its capital accounts as well. The foreign dependence of an economy whose capital accounts grow increases. One of the most debated issues in Turkish economy is current account deficit. Given that the final goal of macroeconomic policies is to provide an interior and exterior balance in the economy of a particular economy, an un acceptible and unsustainable current deficit will mean gradual deviation from exterior balance, therefore, in this case, the problem needs solving through economic policies. While the provision and maintenance of interior balance means, in general, price stability and exact employment, exterior balance means the payment balance between the total expenditure and revenues of a particular country. Current account deficit can be explained as a deviation related to exterior imbalances in this regard(Telatar, 2011). 1.3.What are the Objectives of this Study? The aim of this study is to analyse the determinants of current account deficit through 2002:M1-2011:M12 data. This issue needs to be discussed and suggestions for solution need 112 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo to be developed because of the fact that current account deficit reached its peak 2011. The study is important in this respect. The rest of the study consists of 6 main sections. In the primary sections are completed that it is introduction, second section determinants of current account deficit in Turkey, the third section up-to-date data regarding current account deficit in Turkey, the fourth section literature, the fifth section analysis and final section. 2.Determinants of Current Account Deficit in Turkey The determinants of current account deficits (CAD) are now at the centre of international macroeconomics with the recent experience of large imbalances of a number of countries including the USA. The empirical literature appears to focus on the determinants and sustainability of CAD in individual countries or the consequences in a cross-section of countries (Özmen, 2005). The determinants of current account balances are of considerable interest in open economy macroeconomics. Alternative theoretical models have different predictions about the factors underlying current account dynamics and about the sign and magnitude of the relationships between current account fluctuations and these determinants(Chinn and Prasad, 2000). Hence, empirical analysis of the sort undertaken in this paper could help discriminate among competing theories. The current account deficit (CA), we define as follows14: CAt = NXt + rtBt + TRt (1) In the equation (1) current account deficit; explained through trade in goods, interest payments on foreign debt and transfer payments. NX t ; net exports of goods and services, Bt ; bills, bonds, equities, loans and physical capital that exceed the net foreign assets (foreign debt of countries, external debt stock), rt ; international interest rate, rt Bt ; net return on net foreign assets (foreign debt of the countries, the interest on foreign debt) and TRt ; represents transfer payments net of public and private sector. NXt = Xt – Mt, part of CAt has the biggest share is the last period in Turkey. When the country is indebted to rt Bt and CAt is negative value adversely affected.Transfer payments are usually made out of small countries, since there is little outsiders, TRt positive affected CAt. According to this definition, the causes of the current account deficit, external debt and interest payments on trade in goods. 3.Up-to-date data regarding current account deficit in Turkey The republic of Turkey produced 57 billion dolar current account deficit from 1923 to 2002. The current account deficit, which was 48,5 billion dolars in 2010, rose to 77,1 billion dollars in late 2011. Figure 1. Current Account Balance (January 2000 - August 2010. GDP ratio,%) 14In this section, Uygur(2004)were the work of the reference analysis. 113 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Source: Central Bank President D. Yilmaz Submission of Plan and Budget Commission of the Parliament (October 2010). Mehmet Simsek, Turkish Finance Minister, points out that current account deficit is an issue that has both structural and cyclical aspects. He also added that domestic demand in Turkey has grown 8-10 times as fast as that of Europe, and surging oil prices and Arab spring in the region caused the current account deficit to rise to an unpredictably high levels. 4.Literature The studies in which current account deficit is analyzed through exterior balance approach was launched by Husted (1992), and he was followed by Milesi-Ferretti and Razin (1996), Fountas and Wu (1999) and Edwards (2001). Khan and Knight (1983), using pooled cross-section time-series analysis for a sample of 32 non-oil developing countries during the period 1973-80. The empirical results suggest the importance of exercising circumspection in attributing to any single cause the current account imbalances experienced by non-oil developing countries during the 1970s. When foreign Exchange rate falls down, export goods’ prices rise and export is badly influenced. And imported goods’ prices relatively fall down and import increases. (Peker Hotunluoğlu, 2009) Edwards (2005) examined the relation between US dolar and US current account deficit. It was pointed out in the analysis that foreign demand for dollars will lower current accoun deficit and in the near future US foreign deficit will decrease the rate of growth at a remarkable scale. Aristovnik (2006) reached the conclusion in his research on transition economies that, in case current account transactions deficit surpasses 5% of GDP, eonomies generally have trouble with foreign sustainability. Yamak and Korkmaz (2007), in his study in which he used a data set of 2001:04-2005:09 period and modern times series techniques, reached the conclusion that Turkish current account deficit is sustainable in weak form and there is a co-integration relation between export-import series. Peker (2009) analyzed the sustainability of current account transaction deficit in Turkey through co-integration method using 1992:01-2007:12 period monthly data. As a result of the survey, he found out that current account deficit can be sustained at alow level, though a longterm relation between export and import series exists, co-integration co-efficient is 0,8926 114 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo consequently, he concluded that foreign currency revenues are lower than foreign currency expenditures. Oktar and Dalyancı (2011) found out that the sustainability of Turkish economical growth depends on maintenance of current account deficit. He also examined the relation between monetary policies and current account transactions for Turkish economy through time series, and found out that there is no Granger causality between Central Bank of Turkish Republic policy interest rate and current account transactions balance in the short term and an adverse co-integration relation in the long-run. Erdil Sahin (2011) emphasized that current account deficit because of high rate growth depending on domestic demand and execessively valuable Turkish Lira should be recovered through new structural reform policies based on firm growth Fundamentals. He concluded that current account deficit financed by short-term capital entrances like in Turkey, however, is unsustainable due to capital exit risk, whatever size it is. Chen (2011) examined the sustainability of current account deficit on economy policy in G-7 countries through econometric methods and found out that while current account deficit is sustainable for Germany and Japan in the long run, he couldn’t reach positive results for Canada, France, Italy, UK and USA. Kim, Min, Hwang and Mcdonald (2009) concluded in the studies they conducted on the 19812003 period quarter data of far-east countries such as Indonesia, Korea, Malasia, the Phillippines and Thailand that those developing countries had a high growth rate and their current account deficit was sustainable. 5.ANALYSIS 5.1.Data Set 2002:M1-2011:M12 covering the period of this study, five variables were used. What variables stand for; (CAD), the level of current account deficit, (NX), net exports (FID), interest on external debt, (TP) transfer payments and (TE) represents the costs of tourism. Variables were obtained from Central Bank of Turkey Electronic Data Delivery System, balance of payments detailed presentation part. As a result of the analysis, which variable or variables were effective on the variables that detrmine the current account deficit was analyzed. Estimates for all the test and computer package Eviews 5.1 program was used. 5.2.Method Without any restrictions on the VAR models, structural models can be delivered between the dynamic relationships and for this reason, often used in time series (Keating, 1990:453 - 454). Since the VAR model which is most frequently used in Time series of economic studies does not require inernal-external distinction, in any way out of economic theory, it differs from simultaneous equation systems in this respect. Moreover, that lagged values of dependent variables are also included in VAR models makes strong predictions for the future possible. (Kumar, Leona, Gasking, 1995: 365). As a result of estimating VAR model, instead of interpreting the parameters obtained, comments can be made for the future by passing the analysis of residues obtained from the estimated result of the system. The effects of shocks that these are likely to ocur in error terms of the variables in the models are measured with Impulse-Response functionsas shown in 115 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Enders(1995: 305-311), the Variance Decomposition which is determined with the model prediction and measures the prediction error variance another technique is used in the analysis of residuals. It is mention that with technical assistance mentioned, the effects of statistical shocks on the variables will be observed. 5.3.Unit Root Test Static variables are checked in the methods used in time series analysis. A time series is stationary if its average and variance does not change over time and the covariance in a period is dependent on only the distance between two periods not the period the covariance is calculated (Gujarati, 1999: 713). Dickey and the problem of the estimated regression models are faced with a fake because of the (Granger and Newbold, 1974), the obtained results do not reflect the true relationship. In such a case, T and F statistics are lost. Therefore, meaningful and non-stationary time series regression analysis reflect real relationships, but this is a cointegration relationship between the time series is made possible by the presence of (Gujarati, 1999: 725-726). This level of stability study, the variables before Augmented Dickey-Fuller (1979) test was analyzed to compare the results of this test is then Phillips-Perron (1988) test was used. Variable CAD NX FID TE TP Table 1. ADF Unit Root Test ADF Test Level Value 1.Difference 2.Differece -2.758[0] -2.022[12]* -9.457[11]** -1.695[1] -14.142[0]* ---1.414 [6] -5.436 [5]* ---0.003[12] -4.90711]* ---7.736[0] ----- Critical Value (%1) -3.493 -3.489 -3.489 -3.492 -3.486 Note: ADF with Schwarz criterion were tested. Level for all variables in the test format and the intercept was used as the level value. The first difference variables (*) and the second difference (**) and the level values were used. The values in square brackets, variables, states that the length of SIC determined by the appropriate delay. NX CAD and the second by taking the difference of the variables, and TE FID has become stationary by taking first difference. TP was the model-level value. The level of each variable included in the model are stationary. VAR will be estimated prior to model, appropriate for the model determined the length of the delay. To do this, the following tests were used: Table 2. Corelation LM Test 116 Lags LM-Stat Prob 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 35.40355 33.27135 30.48034 47.77828 31.62167 23.02558 30.94912 17.11513 0.0812 0.1244 0.2068 0.0640 0.1693 0.5761 0.1907 0.8776 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 9 10 11 12 22.40669 16.95346 27.58093 20.79169 0.6122 0.8835 0.3275 0.7042 Table 3. VAR Lag Selection Criteria Endogenous Variables Lag LogL LR FPE AIC SC HQ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -8784.908 -8676.626 -8604.155 -8563.791 -8542.246 -8483.881 -8418.272 -8390.276 -8348.860 -8315.491 NA 204.6417 130.3155 68.87893 34.78816 88.88556 93.89887 37.49885 51.67573 38.57332* 7.62e+63 1.65e+63 6.94e+62 5.27e+62 5.70e+62 3.16e+62 1.55e+62 1.54e+62 1.22e+62 1.14e+62* 161.2827 159.7546 158.8836 158.6017 158.6651 158.0529 157.3077 157.2528 156.9516 156.7980* 161.4062 160.4954 160.2416* 160.5770 161.2576 161.2627 161.1349 161.6972 162.0133 162.4770 161.3328 160.0550 159.4343 159.4027 159.7164 159.3546 158.8598* 159.0552 159.0043 159.1010 * indicates lag order selected by the criterion LR: sequential modified LR test statistic (each test at 5% level) FPE: Final prediction error AIC: Akaike information criterion SC: Schwarz information criterion HQ: Hannan-Quinn information criterion Table 3 is examined, LR, FPE and AIC values are in the same direction, and 9 is the minimum value for the delay. Both aim to determine the level of consistent delay, and, due to lack of a very long time period covered nine-term delay, the delay level is determined as appropriate for the model. 5.4.Variances Decomposition To investigate the presence of structural breaks related to the variables, using the squares of residuals, and thus return the system investigating the CUSUM structural break related to the variables (Brown, Durbin and Evans, 1975:149-155) chart was used. Figure 2. CUSUM of variables 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 117 -40 03 04 05 06 CUSUM 07 08 09 10 5% Significance 11 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Equalities, we can say that the structural break related to other variables. Due to a fracture model variables were observed in the break out will be estimated using an artificial variable to express any. Table 4. Variance Decomposition Results Period S.E. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 84300967 1.49E+08 1.61E+08 1.63E+08 1.71E+08 1.71E+08 1.78E+08 1.94E+08 2.02E+08 2.04E+08 Period S.E. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 726.8696 822.0173 835.0815 875.3560 889.0531 904.9741 971.0690 1001.682 1016.415 1029.796 Period S.E. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6409819. 8578346. 8867969. 8929659. 9101219. 9537165. 10506134 11332499 11463066 11850968 Period 118 S.E. Variance Decomposition of DDCAD: DDCAD DNX DFID 100.0000 95.09178 90.33680 87.25829 81.11985 80.28052 77.81817 72.94288 69.33291 68.12074 0.000000 2.023950 2.747490 5.747876 7.289460 7.239189 6.709760 6.458122 6.572370 6.577430 0.000000 1.984184 4.052956 4.171563 3.938387 3.901067 5.361156 6.146644 7.840872 8.276226 Variance Decomposition of DNX: DDCAD DNX DFID 62.11543 60.45094 59.89074 61.66188 59.94052 58.08003 53.04461 52.55017 51.33369 50.83004 37.88457 31.35544 31.07529 28.68063 28.02536 28.67585 33.22206 31.41238 30.52297 29.86570 0.000000 0.956160 0.938940 1.468556 1.528729 3.093604 2.904349 3.676091 4.409506 4.308151 Variance Decomposition of DFID: DDCAD DNX DFID 0.960621 1.703198 1.816690 1.843917 1.913250 5.070666 4.620808 4.982647 5.196262 5.048882 3.561922 7.614193 9.815775 10.02791 10.74781 10.02298 8.634321 7.593771 9.053756 11.80834 95.47746 87.11718 82.08521 80.96368 78.29582 72.88628 76.81778 76.05110 74.52841 71.04702 Variance Decomposition of DTE: DDCAD DNX DFID DTE TP 0.000000 0.591259 2.412449 2.333944 7.201878 8.099975 7.610183 10.21749 12.30576 12.54971 0.000000 0.308826 0.450309 0.488322 0.450421 0.479254 2.500734 4.234860 3.948098 4.475894 DTE TP 0.000000 7.233698 7.125766 7.026169 9.333278 9.012475 8.086086 9.583833 9.308097 9.425688 0.000000 0.003761 0.969261 1.162764 1.172110 1.138039 2.742890 2.777520 4.425732 5.570417 DTE TP 0.000000 0.278227 2.768816 2.734430 4.769543 7.228628 5.978435 7.402783 7.297956 7.549994 0.000000 3.287206 3.513511 4.430063 4.273574 4.791440 3.948656 3.969697 3.923618 4.545765 DTE TP �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3664782. 4203964. 4559527. 4967974. 5040278. 5131554. 5398903. 5870845. 6065571. 6194207. 4.144082 9.252956 8.289357 7.025928 7.202990 8.425076 11.91116 11.86556 12.60093 14.69380 0.903425 0.705626 6.540827 9.021794 9.302489 9.819431 12.21158 17.82288 21.15931 20.81232 0.009031 3.328949 3.097522 5.351039 5.226973 6.159875 6.516126 10.86181 10.38818 10.05785 94.94346 86.21273 78.29637 69.75619 68.86394 66.43832 60.95210 52.02978 48.82419 47.10559 0.000000 0.499736 3.775922 8.845054 9.403608 9.157296 8.409036 7.419963 7.027386 7.330433 Variance Decomposition of TP: Period S.E. DDCAD DNX DFID DTE TP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5585095. 5933919. 6556542. 6756191. 7099558. 7377532. 7431274. 7561157. 7734123. 8063976. 10.32720 10.60821 9.127853 10.77251 13.86680 13.17017 14.08089 14.27852 13.79738 20.45568 0.065194 0.778084 1.108046 1.114342 1.179061 2.558330 2.533998 3.692998 3.539359 3.295772 1.202163 1.230677 6.006631 5.727087 7.423425 6.979129 6.881688 6.671441 10.22790 9.469962 0.198028 1.858145 8.924092 11.34185 10.38171 13.20643 13.29330 13.02000 12.45194 11.50355 88.20741 85.52488 74.83338 71.04422 67.14900 64.08594 63.21013 62.33704 59.98342 55.27503 Cholesky Ordering: DDCAD DNX DFID DTE TP Accordingly, the current account deficit is largely determined by its own shocks. Net exports are determined by its own shocks in the short term, and by tourism expenditure and external debt with interest in the long term. It looks that net exports are determined by current account deficit and tourism expenditures as well as its own shocks in the long run. Foreign debt interest rate results from supply shocks and net exports in the long term. Tourism expenditures are affected by net exports and current account deficit in the long term. Supply shocks of transfer payments result from itself in the short term and from tourism expenditures and foreign debt interest rate in the long term. That is, a negative increase in exports affects macroeconomic variables by triggering current account deficit. It is a challenge to take current account deficit that follows an unstable trend to a stable line. In other words, unless a regulation is made in order to break the trend of unrest result in the coninuation of current account deficit. This situation is among basic findings of the survey. One of the most significant consequences of variance decomposition is that current account deficit is determined again by itself. The results obtained are supported by the outcomes of impulse-response analysis. 119 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5.5.Impulse Response Function Analysis of basic situation arising as a result, net exports as the determinants of current account deficit, external debt interest, transfer payments and indirect effects of tourism expenditures affect the current account deficit. Response to Cholesky One S.D. Innovations Response of DDCAD to DDCAD Response of DDCAD to DNX Response of DDCAD to DFID Response of DDCAD to DT E Response of DDCAD to T P 1.20E+08 1.20E+08 1.20E+08 1.20E+08 1.20E+08 8.00E+07 8.00E+07 8.00E+07 8.00E+07 8.00E+07 4.00E+07 4.00E+07 4.00E+07 4.00E+07 4.00E+07 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -4.00E+07 -4.00E+07 -4.00E+07 -4.00E+07 -4.00E+07 -8.00E+07 -8.00E+07 -1.20E+08 -8.00E+07 -1.20E+08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -8.00E+07 -1.20E+08 1 2 Response of DNX to DDCAD 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -8.00E+07 -1.20E+08 1 2 Response of DNX to DNX 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -1.20E+08 1 2 Response of DNX to DFID 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Response of DNX to DT E 600 600 600 600 500 500 500 500 500 400 400 400 400 400 300 300 300 300 300 200 200 200 200 200 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100 -200 -200 -200 -200 -200 -300 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -300 1 2 Response of DFID to DDCAD 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Response of DFID to DNX 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Response of DFID to DFID 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 8000000 8000000 8000000 6000000 6000000 6000000 6000000 4000000 4000000 4000000 4000000 4000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 0 0 0 0 0 -2000000 -2000000 -2000000 -2000000 -2000000 -4000000 -4000000 -6000000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -4000000 -6000000 1 2 Response of DT E to DDCAD 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Response of DT E to DNX 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Response of DT E to DFID 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 4000000 4000000 4000000 3000000 3000000 3000000 3000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 -1000000 -1000000 -1000000 -1000000 -1000000 -2000000 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -2000000 1 2 Response of T P to DDCAD 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -2000000 1 2 Response of T P to DNX 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Response of T P to DFID 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 6000000 6000000 6000000 6000000 5000000 5000000 5000000 5000000 4000000 4000000 4000000 4000000 3000000 3000000 3000000 3000000 3000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 2000000 1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 -1000000 -1000000 -1000000 -1000000 -1000000 -2000000 -2000000 -2000000 -2000000 -2000000 -3000000 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -3000000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9 10 1000000 -3000000 1 3 Response of T P to T P 4000000 2 2 Response of T P to DT E 5000000 1 10 -2000000 1 6000000 -3000000 9 Response of DT E to T P 4000000 2 2 Response of DT E to DT E 3000000 1 8 -6000000 1 4000000 -2000000 7 -4000000 -6000000 1 6 Response of DFID to T P 8000000 1 2 Response of DFID to DT E 6000000 -6000000 5 -300 1 8000000 -4000000 4 100 -300 1 3 Response of DNX to T P 600 -300 2 -3000000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figure 3. Impuse-Response 6.Conclusion In this survey, which was conducted on the determinants of current account deficit, current account deficit, export, foreign debt interest rate, transfer payments and tourism expenditure were studied. The variables mentioned were subjected to VAR analysis for 2002:M12011:M12 period as a result of stationarity research as long as they are stationary. First, of the variables CAD and NX, the second difference taken, FID and TE the first difference taken, were made stationary. TP was involved in the model with its surface value. Each variable was involved in the model so long as they are stationary. The model’s time-lag length was determined as 9. According to variance discrimination results obtained from VAR model composed under this roof, current account deficit is determined by its own shocks in the short term. In addition, current account deficit prediction error variance is determined by tourism expenditures and foreign debt interest rate as well as its own variables. Current account deficit is affected by export, foreign debt interest rate, transfer payments and shock given to tourism expenditures. 120 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo It was observed that current account deficit is a potential problem in Turkey. It is thought that it can stimulate crisis unless kept under control. However, the precautions taken by the Central Bank of Turkish Republic recently are of great importance in terms of hindering current account deficit. Therefore, not only total demand will be intimidated but also national amount of savings will be raised. In this respect, increasing tourism revenues, keeping short term capital movements under control measures to decrease imports and increase exports could be taken into account. REFERENCE ARISTOVNIK, A. (2006), “Current Account Deficit Sustainability in Selected Transition Economies”. Zb. Rad. Ekon. Fak. Rij. Vol.24 sv.1.81-102 BROWN, R.L., DURBİN, J. and EVANS, J.M. (19759: “Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationhips Over Time”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B, 37, Issue 2. CHEN, S.W. (2011), “Are Current Account Deficits Really Sustainable in the G-7 Countries?” Japan and the World Economy 23, 190-201. CHINN, M. and PRASAD, E.S. (2000), “Medium-Term Determinants of Current Account in Industrial and Developing Countries: An Emrical Exploration”, NBER Working Paper, 7581. EDWARDS, S. (2001), “Does the Current Account Matter?”, NBER, WP, No:8275:1-71. EDWARTS, S. (2005), “Is the U.S. Current Account Deficit Sustainable? And if not, How Costly is Adjustment Likely to be?” Naber Working Paper Series 11541 ENDERS, W. (1995), Applied Econometric Time Series: Wiley Series in Probability and Mathemathical Statistics, New York, John Wiley Inc. ERDİL ŞAHİN, B. (2011), “Türkiye’nin Cari Açık Sorunu”. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, cilt.3, no.2, ISSN:1309-8020 FOUNTAS, S. and WU, J.L. (1999), “Are the U.S. Current Account Deficits Really Sustainable?”, International Economic Journal, 13(3). GRANGER, C.W.J., NEWBOLD, P. (1974). “Spurious regressions in econometrics”. Journal of Econometrics, 2 (2), pp. 111-120. GUJARATI, D. N. (1999). Basic Econometrics, McGraw Hill, Literatür Yayıncılık, 3 rd edition, İstanbul. HUSTED S. (1992), “The Emerging U.S. Current Account Deficit in the 1980s: A Cointegration Analysis,” The Review Of Economics & Statics, February, pp: 159-166. KEATING, J.W. (1990), “Identifying VAR Models Under Rational Expectations”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 25. KIM, B.H.,MIN, H.G.,HWANG, Y.S. and MCDONALD, J.A. (2009), “Are Asian countries’ current accounts sustainable? Deficits, Even When Associated With High Investment, Are Not Costless”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 31: 163–179. 121 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo KHAN, M.S. and KNIGHT, M.D. (1983), “Determinants of Current Account Balances of Non-Oil Developing Countries in the 1970s An Empirical Analysis”. International Monetary Fund, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 819-842. KUMAR, V., LEONA, R.P. and GASKING, J.N. (1995), “Aggregate and Disaggregate Sector Forecasting Using Consumer Confidence Measures”, International Journal of Forecasting. MILESI-FERRETTI, G. M. and RAZIN, A. (1996), “Sustainability of Persistent Current Account Deficits”, NBER, WP, 5467. PEKER, O. (2009), “Türkiye’de Cari Açık Sürdürülebilir mi? Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 17, 1, 164-174 PEKER, O. and HOTUNLUOĞLU, H (22009), “Türkiye´de Cari Açığın Nedenlerinin Ekonometrik Analizi”. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 3, 221-237 PHILLIPS, P.C.B. and PERRON, P. (1988) "Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression", Biometrika, 75,335–346. OKTAR, S. and DALYANCI, L. (2011), “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Para Politikasının Cari İşlemler Dengesi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi”. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi cilt.3, sayı.1 ss.1-22 ÖZMEN, E. (2005), “Macroeconomic and institutional determinants of current account deficits”, Applied Economics Letters, 12, 557-560. TELATAR, E. (2011), “Türkiye’de Cari Açık Belirleyicileri ve Cari Açık-Krediler İlişkisi”, Bankacılar Dergisi, Sayı 78. UYGUR, E. (2004), “Cari Açık Tartışmaları”, İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 19(222): 5-20. YAMAK, R. and KORKMAZ, A. (2007), “Türk Cari İşlemler Açığı Sürdürülebilir mi? Ekonometrik Bir Yaklaşım”, Bankacılar Dergisi, 60. Earning Isparta Carpet Business To The Local Economy Again And Ensuring Its Sustainibility By Revising It Nesrin Şalvarci Türeli, Erhan Türeli Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: nesrintureli@sdu.edu.tr, erhantureli@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Hand-woven carpet, one of the symbols of Isparta has lost its popularity in the sense of business, employment, socio-cultural and economic aspects. In 1960s the carpet industry which provided a great amount of income especially in local areas, and then in the overall city 122 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1318 Title A name given to the resource Determinants Of Turkey Current Account Deficit: An Econometric Analysis Author Author M. Metin Dam, Metin Dam Abstract A summary of the resource. The main causes of the current account deficit in Turkey; the foreign trade deficit, the high ratio of intermediate goods imports, high oil prices and Turkey's energy import dependence, lack of domestic savings, foreign direct investment and low tourism revenues. In this study, the causes of the current account deficit and current account deficit financing structure were examined. In addition, the determinanats of Turkey current account deficit wereanalyzed via VAR methods using the data of 2002-2011 monthly current account deficit, net export, interest on external debt, transfer payments and costs of tourism. As a result of the study, According to variance discrimination results obtained from VAR model composed under this roof, current account deficit is determined by its own shocks in the short term. In addition, current account deficit prediction error variance is determined by tourism expenditures and foreign debt interest rate as well as its own variables. Current account deficit is affected by export, foreign debt interest rate, transfer payments and shock given to tourism expenditures. Keywords: Current Account Deficit, Determinants, VAR, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/437945406692325f49e4468bfd348c79.pdf b54b6fc93a21c12dc78c4c8082da6209 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sanfey, P. (2010) South-Eastern Europe: Lessons from the Global Economic Crisis, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Working Paper No. 113. Sewel, J. (2011) The Balkan Economies: Regional Roadblocks, European Distractions and Global Crisis, NATO Parliamentary Assembly. Stiblar, F. (2009) The Impact of the Global Crisis on Montenegro and the Western Balkans, published by Central Bank of Montenegro. UN. (2009) The Global Financial Crisis: Impact and Response of the Regional Commissions The Importance Of Aphrodisias Ancient City In Sustainable Economical Development Matcicek Zekeriya1, Pajo Aykut2 1Adnan Menderes University,Aydın, 2Kırklareli University,Kırklareli E –mails: zekeriyamatcicek@adu.edu.tr,aykut.pajo@kirklareli.edu.tr Abstract Aphrodisias is an ancient city nearby Karacasu, Aydın. It was established by the name of Goddess Aphrodit. It is a big settlement from the Bronz Age to Bizans time. It has been found baths, agora, stadium, odeon, Aphrodit temple in arceologic excavations. Aphrodisias is known as an important sculpturing centre in first- era, was given sculpturing education in that term.Of all the ancient cities in Anatolia, The Stadium of Aphrodisias is one of the best preserved. Aphrodisias is an ancient city which is famous for its Aphrodit temple especially in Roman age. It is one of the most important archeological places of Turkey with its well-protected movement – buildings now. The excavations started by New York University in 1961 are being continued today, too. The new historical sites have been found in excavations that still last now. These historical sites have been presented in the museum of Aphrodisias. About 125.000 tourists visit Aphrodisias ancient city each year. The visitors come from America and European Countries mostly in spring and autumn. In other hot months, French, Italian and Spanish people visit and Brazilian tourists have visited ancienty city lately. Tourists who come in winter visit mostly for shopping and Aphrodisias ancient city is visited. The avarage age of visitors is quite high. It is preferred by only the participants of cultural tours because Aphrodisias Ancient city is visited according to cultural tourism. These tours reachmostly beginning from İstanbul to Bursa – Çanakkale – İzmir Efes – Kuşadası – Didim Milet and then Aphrodisias – Pamukkale Hierapolis and Antalya. In this research the variation of tourist which visit Aphrodisias ancient city have been determined and it has also been determined how tourists in this community spend their money. The effect of these spendings on economical sustainable development of Turkey and the region where ancient city is has beendetermined. 236 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords : Aphrodisias, Sculpturing education, Aphrodit temple, Karacasu, Ancient city 1.INTRODUCTION Today, negative factors such as excessive urbanization, difficulty in living conditions put big pressures on people who especially live in urban areas. Escape from these pressures reflect on tourism movements and tourism searches based mostly on natural environment replace with the usual concept of tourism which consist of the triangle of sea, sand and sun(Oral et al.1996; Gulez, 1998). Increase of interest to the natural and cultural places necessitates the protection and renewal of natural and cultural areas and the provision of ecological balance. Tourist prefer to goto regions whose original, natural and historical riches are protected, not modern structures, concrete pile soar a nature which has been destroyed. Sustainable tourism is a form of development that cultural integrity, ecological processes, biodiversity and systems which continue life have been sustained by being protected the environment where people are in interaction with without any damage or being chanced and that all resources have been managed to satisfy the economic, social and an esthetic needs of tourists and people who are in the region which has been visited and to provide the needs of future generations. The sustainable development of natural and cultural environment is possible with protection and development. A tourism development based on environmental protection will bring an environment which has developed in economical, social and physical way(Akten et al. 2011) The continuity of natural and cultural valves is of great importance for continuity of Karacasu’s economy in the future. In this study, the importance of Aphrodisias ancient city in sustainable economy and the reasons of continuity of country’s economy have been examined. 1.1.SUSTAINABILITY “Sustainability”, as meaning of word, expresses the situation of being continuity and seamlessness. The concept of livability has to be evaluated wits sustainability in ecosystem, management, services energy or area-transitivity, feelings and economy income (Buyukyegen, 2008). The concept of sustainability has firstly emerged at the Conference on human environment of United Nations in Stockholm in 1972(Newman et al. 1999). At this conference 113 countries have given an undertaking that they start to environmental cleaning and have decided that environmental problems won’t be able to be categorized not only as air pollution, water pollution and chemical contamination and it has also been revealed that the necessity of radioactive substances that affect everyone are not released everywhere(Aktas, 2007). Sustainability is to ensure to continue its existence non-stop without consuming by overuse or overload to main resources of the vital link, without deterioration or decay of function of a society, ecosystem or a system which has continuity. Sustainability is an essential 237 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo precondition for sustainable development in the use of potentials such as sail, water, surface and underground riches, flora as natural resource (Tozar, 2006). The sustainable development of natural and cultural environment is possible with protection and development. In general meaning, the protection of natural and cultural environment is the transfer of these values for future generations. The success of renewal integrated protection depends on the realization without causing social fragmentation and disrupts the health of social structure which contains. A health protection policy has to take historical, natural and cultural heritage into social life and integrate with it (Buyukyegen, 2008). The main purpose of development of sustainable tourism is the economic development and protection of environmental valves as a result of tourism activities. At this point(Gezici, 2008);        To develop environment, economy and tourism with an increasing importance as a part of each other. To increase the quality of the environment. To improve the life quality of local people. To ensure high quality - standards for tourists. To integrate tourism with other economic sectors. To ensure equality in development. A concept of sustainable tourism which includes very comprehensive targets such as to guarantee the protection of the environment for future generations. 2. SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY AND KARACASU 2.1. The Geographical Structure of Karacasu The County of Karacasu which is between Karıncalı Mountain in the west of it and Baba Mountain in the east of it located on approximately 40 km - long valley which has a mountains and hilly land. There are cities and countries such as Denizli – Babadağ in the east, Aydın – Bozdoğan in the west, Aydın – Kuyucak in the north, and Denizli – Tavas and Kale in the south of Karacasu located on 90 kilometers distance from the city center. The most important stream of county is Dandalaz which starts from Dedeler Village and pours into Big Menderes River. The altitude of country is 600 meters and the highest point is Karıncalı Mountain. The area of country is 782 km2. The central population of Karacasu is 6200 and it has a total population 21980 together with villages. The climate of country has the characteristics of Mediterian climate. But because the altitude is partially high, winter is colder; summer is cooler and more rainless than the other regions of Aydın. 2.2. Karacasu County’s Economy The country of Karacasu has a big tourism potential. Aphrodisias Museum and historical sites which located in Geyre, a 13 km distance to country is one of the most important museums and historical sites in the world and in Turkey. And it is visited by approximately 200.000 238 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo domestic and foreign tourists per year 159. 367 domestic and foreign tourists visited the museums and historical sites in 2008 and had an income of 187.546 TL. İt has been planned to make repair renovation in all exhibition areas except for Sevgi Gönül Sebsateion Hall for the purpose of performing exhibition layout which has been presented in. Aphrodisias Museum Sevgi Gönül Sebsateion which has entered service since May 2008 and having entirely a contemporary look of museum exhibition. There have already been 12 leather, 25 Ceramic and 7 Olive management in small or medium-sized. At the same time, the management of the olive has been made in the houses. Weaving is a field of endeavor which has been managed as traditionally. There are a great number of fully automatic weaving looms especially in villages of Ataköy, Işıklar, Yeniköy, Palamutçuk and Dikmen. In addition there are restaurant which has been operated by entrepreneurs in the country on the way to Karacasu - Aphrodisias. These restaurants take materials that they use in their foods or meals directly from the farmers can find opportunity of bazaar that they will be able to present their products. They have people of Karacasu work as worker in the excavations and studies made in Aphrodisias. Also they can find the restoration opportunity to employ in restaurants and sale points which have been established in the region. 2.3. The Aphrodisias Tourism The Aphrodisias antique city, which is located in the city of Geyre within Aydın’s Karacasu borough, was one of the most important architecture, arts, sculpture and worship centers of the antique age. The magnificent antique city which is 3 kilometers from Geyre, 13 kilometers from Karacasu and 98 kilometers Aydın city center of different values for ages. Aphrodisias was a rich and cultivated antique city which was famous for worshipping Aphrodite during the Roman era and today, it’s one of the most important archeological sites in Turkey with its well preserved monumental structures. In 1st century B.C. Roman Emperor Augustus put Aphrodisias under his personal protection. Today, the monuments that still stand were built 250 years after his reign. Two forums encircled with columns were planned around the theater and the temple. The most secure stadium in the antique era was located on the northern tip of the city. At the end of the 3rd century A.D. the city became the capitol of Caria, a state of the Roman Empire. The city was encircled by walls in the middle of the 4th century A.D. It started losing its importance at the beginning of the 6th century. The Temple of Aphrodite was turned into a church and the city was completely abandoned in the 12th century. During the digs at the Acropolis Hill Tumulus within the Aphrodisias historical sites, chalcolithic ceramics and obsidian tools that were dated back to 4600 B.C. were uncovered. A cult centered city During the Aphrodisias digs, Lydian style ceramic plates, archaic and classic era settlements were uncovered around the Acropolis Hill Tumulus and the Temple of Aphrodite. During 1st century B.C. in Aphrodisias, the most important antique city of the region, the nature and abundance themed Aphrodisias Aphrodite cult, which was an amalgamation of the Asian Minor goddes Ishtar, Anatolian based goddes Cybele and Greek based Goddes Aphrodite, started to grow and the city was tuned into a cult center after the establishment of the Temple of Aphrodite. During to Byzantium era the city was turned into the primacy of the Caria area. 239 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo According to Byzantium sources the area was conquered 4 times by the Seljuk Dynasty between 11-13th centuries. The lands of Karacasu were inhabited by Turcoman tribes. So the Menteşe Seigniory and later on Aydınoğulları ruled the area. In 1413 Murad II added the lands of Karacasu to the Ottoman Empire. In 1867, Karacasu became a borough of Aydın. The first researches at the antique city were undertaken by Laborde and Texier in 1835 on behalf of the “Society of Dilettanti”. The first digs were made by a French engineer and amateur archeologist by the name of Paul Gaudin between the years 1904-1905. In 1937 an Italian named Giulio Jacopi found the agora of Aphrodisias. During the digs established by Prof.Dr. Kenan Erim on behalf of NYU between the years 1961-1990, many of the artworks we see today have been unearthed and restored. Today, the excavation team headed by Prof.Dr. R.R. Roland Smith on behalf of NYU has been resuming research 1991. The city that was established with the Money of Zoilos In 1st or 2nd century B.C., streets with grilled plans were built in Aphrodisias. The building of the monumental statues that are located in the middle of the city began at the end of 1st century B.C. First expenses were paid by the city’s famous citizen Zoilos. In the first stage, the Temple of Aphrodite, North Agora and the Theater was built. In the beginning of 1st century A.D. the center of the city was expanded with a second forum that was built between old agora and the theatre. Also at the same time, a huge temple complex called Sebasteion that was dedicated to the Julia Claudius family was built to the north of the agora. At the end of the 1st and during the 2nd century many new buildings were established for public use. The most important of these are the Turkish baths that have been built on the west corner of the South agora and dedicated to Emperor Hadrian. We also have to mention the Bouleuterion (a building which housed the council of citizens) which was built on the northern corner of the North agora and the monumental door that leads to the holy space of Aphrodite. We see very few new structures in Aphrodisias between the 3rd and 5th centuries but we know that many of the buildings in the center of city were regularly used and repaired when necessary. The most important architectural Project of the late Roman era is the transformation of the Temple of Aphrodite into a Christian church in 500 A.D. Here are some of the monumental structures that have been unearthed after the digs in Aphrodisias: Temple of Aphrodite, Tetrapylon, Stadium, Odeon, The School of Philosophy, The Pontif Palace, Hadrian baths, The Tiberius Portico, Agora, Basilica, Theatre, Theatre baths, Peristyle and Emperor’s chambers, Sebasteion, Martyrion. The Aphrodisias Museum is the ultimate point of the excavations that have been going on since 1961. The construction of the museum which started in 1971-1972 and finished in 1977 was opened to public on July 21, 1979 with an official reception. The virtuosos of art The real purpose of the Aphrodisias Museum is not only to present its visitors with examples of rich archeological finds but at the same time to accentuate the excellence and variety of the statues that were made in the workshops during Roman and early Byzantium eras. From the quality and abundance of the artwork on display, we can easily conclude that Aphrodisias was once one of the major centers of sculpturing in Asia Minor and Roman Mediterranean. Surely, the existence of with and blue-gray colored marbles that are found on the skirts of Mount Baba on the northeastern part of the region played an important role in this. Between 1st century B.C. and 5th century B.C. the sculptors in Aphrodisias created masterpieces using techniques far more advanced than their time and shown that they were the virtuosos of this art. 240 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo They have produced great statues using Classic Greek and Hellenistics styles and also made extremely unique engravings and decorative reliefs on houses and formal buildings. The artworks of these masters not only reflect Greek or Hellenistic prototypes uniquely (unlike portraits of holy bodies), but they also display a complex approach by emphasizing the inclination of idealizing through realistic decorations. This inclination has become integrated with a unique style and even Baroque style that is clearly visible in the shininess of the body and also the way that the eyes, hands and clothes are sculptured. The master sculptors of Aphrodisias were also experts in architectural decoration, columns that included human and animal figures and acanthus reliefs, wallboard crests, panel busts, reliefs about mythological subjects and many elements that were used for thedecorations of buildings. The galleries of the museum are located around a central courtyard. Starting from the right of the entrance, the museum is toured counter clockwise. The artworks are displayed according to theme rather than chronologically. Each gallery is dedicated to one aspect of Aphrodisias sculpturing. In order, the glass case that displays prehistoric findings and the Tondo Gallery, The Empire Gallery, The Zoilos Wings, The Melpomene Gallery, Odeon Gallery, Unfinished Artworks Gallery, glass cased display gallery, Love Gallery (the additional building that was opened in 2008 which displays the bas reliefs of Sebasteion), the Penthesileia Gallery, the Aphrodite gallery, Rank Titles Wing and the inner courtyard are the parts of the museum(ACTM 2011). 3.THE RESEARCHES ON THE EFFECTS OF TOURISM TO THE ECONOMY IN KARACASU The number of visitors which come per year to Aphrodisias ancient city and historical sites and the amount of total income has been established in Table 1. YEAR FOREIGN VISITOR DOMESTIC VISITOR GENERAL TOTAL TOTAL INCOME 1997 192,789 21,457 214,246 71.717.00 TL 1998 180,585 25,945 206,530 128.970.00 TL 1999 64,991 18,609 83,600 93.510.00 TL 2000 111,729 20,195 131,924 306.710.00 TL 2001 143,196 27,168 170,364 665.825.00 TL 2002 120,500 10,360 130,860 968.150.00 TL 2003 80,500 10,495 90,995 622.022.00 TL 2004 92,934 19,918 112,856 448.830.00 TL 2005 118,035 10,508 128,541 337.137.00 TL 2006 69,827 11,432 81,495 202.564.00 TL 2007 97,809 16,255 114,084 141.546.00 TL 241 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2008 130,781 28,586 159,367 187.546.00 TL 2009 116,650 21,020 137,670 223.472.00 TL 2010 127,669 15,776 143,445 242.720.00 TL Table 1: The number of visitors which come per year to Aphrodisias ancient city and historical sites and the amount of total income While the museums and historical site were changing separately until the term of 2004, it was given up from this application as from 2004 and it has been ensured museums and historical site visit by one price. İt has been ensured museum and historical site visit by one price. It is the reason why income numbers were high before 2004. Since 2010 the entry visit of historical site has been customized and awarded to a firm. This firm has made the input control of historical site, security of it and the cleaning jobs. The people from Karacasu have been employed for these jobs. The people who work in store and cafeteria in Aphrodisias museum are also from Karacasu. Approximately %10 of tourists visiting prefer this store and cafeteria. %45 of tourists which do shopping from the store and cafeteria consist of Americans. Also %15 of tourist consist of Spanish, %15 Italian, %5 French, %5 German and the other %15 them consist of other European Countries. While tourists who are 50 years and over prefer Aphrodisias in winter, younger tourist prefer in summer. Tourists that come to Aphrodisias eat their lunch in the restaurants which have been managed on the way Aphrodisias – Karacasu. The tourists which eat in these restaurants consist %35 of Italian, %15 of Spanish, %5 of French, %5 of English, %5 of German, %5 of American and the rest %30 of other nations. Approximately 50 staffs have been employed in these restaurants. Also, ceramic products, textile products with hand weaving, souvenirs have been sold in these restaurants and in sale parts establish close to historical site. 4.RESULT It is clear that how much the economy of Karacasu depends on Aphrodisias historical site and museum. It has been understood that these economic facts which identify with Aphrodisias historical site will be exist in no way if Aphrodisias ancient city doesn’t exist. So it has been provided that Aphrodisias ancient city are widened and transferred for future generations by protecting its today’s state to be sustainable of these economic facts. As the Aphrodisias ancient city exist and its adverts reach to a lot of people, tourist potential will increase. Thus, the county economy will develop and will transfer for future generations as sustainable. REFERENCES Aktaş, E. D. (2007). The quality of life in sustainable development of cities, in the scope of current approaches, Example of Kocaeli. Gebze High-Tech-Institute, Institute of engineering and science, Master’s thesis, Gebze. 242 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Akten, M. & Akten, S. (2011). The sustainable concept of Tourism; Example of Sarıgöl 1. Symposium of National Sarıgöl country and values, Sarıgöl. Büyükyeğen, G. (2008). Edirne city center and it’s close environment. The evaluation of recreational resource values in the context of sustainability, Zonguldak Karaelmas University Institute of scierse, Department of land scape architecture, Master’s Thesis, Bartın. Gezici, F. (1998). The Impact of tourism actions fort he purpose of sustainable regional development. A comparative research on Turkey. ITU the Institute of Science, Departmentof urban and regional planning, Istanbul. Newman, P. & Kenworhy, J. (1999). Sustainability and cities; overcoming, automobile, Dependence. Oral, S. & Şenbük, U. (1996). Structural evaluation of tourist regions in terms of sustainable tourism. 19. World Town Planning Day, Colloqium proceedings, MSU Broadcast part of the city and regional planning, Istanbul. Tozar, T. (2006). Ecological Planning methods developed for sustinability of natural Resources, Master’s Thesis, Yildiz Technical University, Institute of science, Department of Urban and regional planning, Istanbul. ACTM- Aydın Culture & Tourism Magazine, 2011, 2, 40-48 Economic Dimension Of The Environmental Policies Applied In Turkey And Its Potential Effects On Sustainable Development Mevlüt Karabiçak, Serpil Ağcakaya Abstract The purpose of the paper is to analyse the economic dimension of environmental policies still being applied in Turkey and to research the potential effects of sustainable development. In 1987 Bruntland Report was published by UN World Commission on Environment and Development and attention on sustainable development was attracted. In the aforementioned report, against the ever deteriorating environmental problems, the necessities of establishing the vital bridge between environmental development and economic development and the sustainability of development are accepted. The first precaution coming to mind for preventing environmental destructions that causes crucial costs for national economies is the efficient and productive use of current resources and the establishment of an optimal equilibrium between current and future generations in terms of the use of resources. Being sensitive in terms of the principle of sustainable development in the formation of environmental policies is accepted to be an important approach for the prevention of environment. Although the sustainable development endeavours cause significant costs, it is observed that new policies are constantly formed in terms of environment. In the scope of the paper, the potential effects of environmental policies that aim to decrease the negative effects created by the destruction of environment and to turn the world into a more habitable area on sustainable development are analysed through national and international data. 243 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1329 Title A name given to the resource The Importance Of Aphrodisias Ancient City In Sustainable Economical Development Author Author Matcicek , Zekeriya Abstract A summary of the resource. Aphrodisias is an ancient city nearby Karacasu, Aydın. It was established by the name of Goddess Aphrodit. It is a big settlement from the Bronz Age to Bizans time. It has been found baths, agora, stadium, odeon, Aphrodit temple in arceologic excavations. Aphrodisias is known as an important sculpturing centre in first- era, was given sculpturing education in that term.Of all the ancient cities in Anatolia, The Stadium of Aphrodisias is one of the best preserved. Aphrodisias is an ancient city which is famous for its Aphrodit temple especially in Roman age. It is one of the most important archeological places of Turkey with its well-protected movement – buildings now. The excavations started by New York University in 1961 are being continued today, too. The new historical sites have been found in excavations that still last now. These historical sites have been presented in the museum of Aphrodisias. About 125.000 tourists visit Aphrodisias ancient city each year. The visitors come from America and European Countries mostly in spring and autumn. In other hot months, French, Italian and Spanish people visit and Brazilian tourists have visited ancienty city lately. Tourists who come in winter visit mostly for shopping and Aphrodisias ancient city is visited. The avarage age of visitors is quite high. It is preferred by only the participants of cultural tours because Aphrodisias Ancient city is visited according to cultural tourism. These tours reachmostly beginning from İstanbul to Bursa – Çanakkale – İzmir Efes – Kuşadası – Didim Milet and then Aphrodisias – Pamukkale Hierapolis and Antalya. In this research the variation of tourist which visit Aphrodisias ancient city have been determined and it has also been determined how tourists in this community spend their money. The effect of these spendings on economical sustainable development of Turkey and the region where ancient city is has beendetermined. Keywords : Aphrodisias, Sculpturing education, Aphrodit temple, Karacasu, Ancient city Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/86949f713759085f179d21413fc81082.pdf f0b66d5f7c2283996705021b6da41951 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo HBase web page - hbase.apache.org, Hadoop web page - hadoop.apache.org, Jxpath web page - commons.apache.org/jxpath, JacksonJSON web page - jackson.codehaus.org The investigation of optimum welding parameters in connecting high alloyed X53CrMnNiN219 and X45CrSi93 steels by friction welding Mehmet Uzkut1, Bekirsadik Ünlü, Selimsarper Yilmaz2, Mustafa Akdağ3 1Celal Bayar University, Vocational High School, Department of Machinery, 45400, Turgutlu,Manisa, Turkey 2Celal Bayar University, Vocational High School, Department of Machinery, 45020, Manisa, Turkey 3Gediz University,Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Menemen, Izmir, Turkey E-mails: mehmet.uzkut@bayar.edu.tr, bekir.unlu@bayar.edu.tr, selim.yilmaz@bayar.edu.tr, mustafa.akdag@gediz.edu.tr Abstract In this study, different welding parameters are applied to two different steels with high alloys and mechanical and metallographical investigations were performed. Thus, the optimum welding parameters were investigated for these materials and working conditions. 12.30 diameter steel bars made up of 1.4871 (X53CrMnNiN219) & 1.4718 (X45CrSi93) steel were used as experimental material. The material loss increased with increase in friction and rotating pressure. The highest hardness and fracture energy were obtained in B5 group. Keywords: Friction Welding, Welding Parameters, Microstructure. 1. INTRODUCTION Joining has increasingly been used in the material technology because materials having different mechanical properties need to be efficiently joined to increase material’s performance. The most suitable method of joiningtwo different alloyed steel is welding(Anık, 1983). After welding process, the properties of welding zone naturally becomedifferent from the properties of alloyed steels andthis difference maycause someproblems.The use melting welding methods, among many kinds of welding methods, has also increased these 29 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo problems(Yılmaz, 1993). Phase diagrams and properties of joining materials are important factors in determining welding properties (Bargel and Schulze, 1988). Some problems also arise because the materials to be joined are different alloys and some additionalcomponents are needed to effectively join them. Many different zonesappear in connecting zone depending on composition and material properties (Yılmaz, 1993). Deposite remain of the melting welding methods,welding faults of porosity and inside tightens of cooling are the important disadvantages of these methods and they reduce the strength of welding. Therefore,solid statewelding methods are more suitable sincemelting welding faults do not significantly occur there(Tülbentçi and Yılmaz, 1989). Vill(1962) has conducteda study to determine optimum conditions of friction welding parameters. He has determined that friction pressure coming from welding parameters are of great importance,the cycling number of turning component’s sensitivity is the least paramaterand it can be fixed in a wide space depending on the materials used. Moreover,Tyleotehas determined that friction pressure affects the heat of space surface and supplies the required moment.He has also determined that forging pressure and cycling number are the most important parameters (Tylecote, 1968). It can be said that low welding periods have supplied the best welding zone in low carbon steels,which requires applying forging pressure of one second as well as applying high forging pressure (Lucas, 1971). Low welding periods andhigh forging pressure values forma thinner grainular structure for low carbon steels (Duffin and Crossland, 1971).In notch impact test results, better mechanical propertieshave been obtained onhigh cycling numbers between 1200 and 4200 rpm according to other constant parameters (Voinov, 1972). A friction pressure of 30-65 MPa, and a forgingpressure of 75-140 MPamust be applied for low carbon steels and a friction pressure of 70-210 MPaand a forging pressure of 100-420 MPa for medium carbon steels (Welding Handbook, 1980). In another study, Ishibashi et al. (1993) determined that forging pressure value must be appliedtwice as much as that of friction pressure for stainless steels.Ina study on tool steels, it has been advised that the welding temperature and in turn friction pressure should be high enough so that no faults on welding zones will occur(Tanicheva, et al., 1989). Initally, conventional arc welding and then solid state joining methods were applied on welding processes of stainless steels (Gooch et al., 1996). Today, friction welding is one of the solid state joining techniques used widely for stainless steels. Bol’shokov et al.(1972) reported that friction welding on vacuum condition improved mechanical properties of joined materials. With the technological development in the valve manufacturing industry, the exhaust valves of normal and diesel engines are manufactured from two different types of steels. The “handling” parts of exhaust valves are manufactured from 1.4718 (X45CrSi93) steel which is tough, ductile and resistant against wearing due to friction while the “head “parts are manufactured from 1.4871 (X53CrMnNiN219) steel which shows a very good resistance against oxidation, and hot corrosion caused by lead oxide and other burning products. Today, this steel couple is joined by friction welding(Uzkut, 1999). Friction welding is one of the methods which have some considerable share among the other conventional welding methods. The most important parameters in friction welding are friction time, friction pressure, forging time, forging pressure and rotational speed (Uzkut, 1999; Şahin and Akata, 2003). Welding faults in the valve manufacturingmay occur due to thermal and mechanical stresses. Therefore, optimizing welding parameters are essential. The determination of optimum welding parameters and joining zones will minimize these faults on welded parts (Uzkut, 30 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1999). In this study, optimum welding parameters of high alloyed X53CrMnNiN219 and X45CrSi93 steels used in automotive industry were determined by joining friction welding and by doing tensile, notch impact, metallography and microhardness tests. 2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES X53CrMnNiN219 (1.4871) and X45CrSi93 (1.4718) high alloyed steels were used in the experiments. Standards of materials are shown in Table 1,chemical composition of materials in Table 2-3,standard measurements of welded tensile samples in Table 4, mechanical properties of materials in Table 5.Rotation number (n) and forging time (t2) werekept constant and friction time (t1), friction pressure (P1), and forging pressure (P2) had different levels. Constant parameters and values for 12.3 mm diameter were determined as follows: Constant parameters and values are as follows: experimental bar diameter is12.3 mm (H9), during welding process,rotation number of spining parts is 3000 rpm, during machining process,rotation number of spining parts is 1500 rpm, friction contact time is 0.4 s, brake delaying time is 0.1 s, forging delaying time is 0.8 s, forging time is 2 s, friction pressure rising time is 1 s, forging pressure rising timeis 1 s, and waiting time at the end of forging time is 1 s. The levels of studied parameters were as follows: friction time (2.70, 3.70, or 4.70 s), friction pressure (138, 207, or 276), and forging pressure (345, 414, or 480 MPa).The specimens subjected to friction pressureof 138 MPa is called group A, and friction pressure of 207 MPa group B, and friction pressure of 276 MPa group C. Tensile test, one of mechanical tests, was carried on by 5 tone capacity universal 1114 model, INSTRON type depending on TS-138 (Turkish Standard). Tensile velocity was taken as 1 mm/min at tensile test. Notch impact test was carried on at 25 0C depending on TS-269. Notch was opened on welding line as standart. Some suitable standart measurements were applied on specimen. 1.4871 materials were etched for 10 s and 1.4718 materials at 3 s by 5 % nital on optical tests. These tests were carried on in CARL ZEISS JENA type optical microscope atDokuzEylül University laboratories (Izmir, Turkey). A 1360 pyramide point Vickers type was used for microhardness tests. Microhardness tests were carriedout at distance of 10 µm to welding and parallel to welding cross-section on this study 80 g load was used for these tests; however, a load from 25 g to 100 gcould be applied on microhardness tester. Microhardness tests were carried out in CARL ZEISS JENA type microhardness tester at DokuzEylül University labaratories. SEM tests were carried out on by using JEOL JXA-733 type at DokuzEylül University laboratories (Izmir, Turkey). Table 1. Standards of materials. Material 31 DIN W.Nr AF NORM BS EURO NORM X53CrMnNiN 219 1,4871 Z52CMN2109 349S52 X53CrMnNiN219 X45CrSi93 1,4718 Z45CSİ10 401S45 X45CrSi8 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 2. Chemical composition of 1.4871 material. Chemical composition (% wt) Material C Si Mn Cr Ni N P S 1.4871(theor ical) 0.480.58  0.30 710 20 22 3.25 4.5 0.38 0.5 Max. 0.050 Max. 0.030 1.4871 (analysis) 0.50 0.27 8.1 9 20.11 3.90 0.4 0.025 0.001 Table 3. Chemical composition of 1.4718 material. Chemical composition (% wt) Material C Si Mn Cr P S 1.4718 (theorical) 0.40 - 0.50 2.70 3.30  0.80 8 - 10 Max. 0.040 Max. 0.030 1.4718 (analysis) 0.42 2.73 0.47 8.71 0.017 0.001 Table 4. Standard measurements of welded tensile samples. h (mm) d0 (mm) d1 (mm) 6 8 25 (l0 = 10 d0) l 0 (mm) l v (mm) l t (mm) 60 66 125 Table 5.Mechanical properties of 1.4871 and 1.4718 materials. Material Diamet er Lengt h 1.4871 (standard) (mm) 12.25812.300 (m) 3.54.0 32 Mechanical properties Circularr Surface y (mm) Roughness Max. 0.03 (m) Max. 0.8 Hardn Tensile ess Strength (HRC Max. ) 40 (MPa) 950-1250 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.4871 (test) 12.28012.290 4.0 0.0050.02 0.3-0.8 37-40 1120 1.4718 (standard) 12.25812.300 3.54.0 Max. 0.03 Max. 0.8 29-35 950-1125 1.4718 (test) 12.28012.290 4.0 0.0050.01 0.6-0.8 29-32 1030 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3. 1. Mechanical Properties When tensile tests results were examined, mechanical properties of group B were betterthan those of group A or C. The basicrepresentative property of groupB is that friction pressure is 207 MPa. Break out did not occurin welding zone on B4, B5, and B6. Common determining characteristic of this group is that friction pressure (P1) and forging pressure (P2)values were takenconstant whereas friction time is variable on these groups. Yield and tensile strength were similar. As a result, it can be seen that friction time is a determining parameter among these three groups. In determining optimum welding parameters,breaking point in tensile bar, the suitability of post-tensioning yield and tensile strength values for acceptable values of materials and percentage of extent quantity havesignificance.Fractures in 1.4871 materialoccurred out of welding zone in group B5. Yield strength was 854 MPa, tensile strength value was1081 MPa. When notch impact tests results are examined,it has been determined the energy quantities spent to break the samples of group B are more than those of the other two groups and the samples of B5 in group B spent the highest energy quantity. Based on microhardnessresuts,microhardness values did not increase ingroup B5 samples, but microhardness valuessignificantly increased 4 mmaway from centre. The microhardness value was 400 HV in outer cross section for 1.4871 materials,while it was 439 HV in centre. Microhardnesswas 483 HV in the centrewhile it was 439 HV in outer cross section for 1.4718 materials. The cooling was the slowestin the centre of materials. Consequently, element diffusion in materials centretakes much longer time. In addition, movement and mechanical orientationwere alsominimalin the center due to material deformation. Therefore, it is determined that the highest microhardness value is in the center of materials.The variations of microhardness values depending on distant are shown in Fig. 1.The hardnessdistributions were determined by using optical and scanning electron microscope. Fig.1. Variation of hardness of B5 sample in welding zone. 700 P1=207 MPa, P2=414 MPa, t1= 3.70 s 600 400 300 Welding interface 33 Hardness (HV 0.08) 500 200 1.4871 steel 100 0 -300 -200 -100 1.4718 steel 0 Distance from welding centre (μm) 100 200 300 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Total length shortening quantity (mm) Length shortening quantities on post welding and effects of parameters on length shortening are explained by graphics depending on parameter groups in Fig. 2. As seen in figures, variation on length shortenings depending on welding parameters is linear. A significant material loss due to burning occurs in 1.4718 materialson friction welding joints. Total material loss reaches the highest values in the parameter groups having the highest friction time. When we regard all these criteria; A9, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9, C4, C7 and C8, parameter groups differ from other groups according to the length shortening quantities. Efficient length shortening quantities can notbe obtained for 2.7 s friction time. By increasing friction pressure and forging pressure values it is determined that there is much more material loss in the groupssubjected to4.7 s friction time. Length shortening quantities could not be obtained at low friction time in group B samples. In the light of these results, group B5 can be considered ideal for length shortening. 16 14 12 P1=138 MPa 10 P1=207 MPa 8 P1=276 MPa 6 4 2 0 300 350 400 450 500 Forging pressure (MPa) Fig.2. Quantities of total length shortening depending on friction pressure for varry friction time (P2= 414 MPa). In joining A6061 alloy and SUS304 stainless steel by friction welding, it has been observed that high forging pressures affect the joining strength positively and tensile strength of notched samples increaseswith forging pressure and maximum effectiveness of joining is seen as 87-93 %percent (Ochi etal., 1996). In another study, energy absorption of normalized welding joining is rather more than a normalized one, and energy transition temperature has been determined at about 24 0C at normalized welding joining. This temperature is harmonious with temperature on fracture surface. Crack proceeding strength of normalized welding joining is higherthan that of a normalized one. Impact bending strength of normalized welding joining is almost the same as hot processed metal (Kato et al., 1996). Şahin et al.(1996)conducted tensile and microhardness tests, heat and SEM studiesin welding zone to determine heat affected zone (HAZ)metalurgical variations on Al-Al, Al-Steel, and steel-steel using different parameters of friction welding.They reported that welding parameters significantly affected yield, tensile and fracture strength and HAZ zone near the Al was wider on Al-steel joinings. Preperation measures of welding joining must be taken as 34 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1-10 mm per welding joining by considering length shorteningduring surface preperationin welded joints (Anık, 1983). Ogawa et al.(1993)reported high material lossin friction welding of S45C steel, so it has to be examinedfor its economical impact. In this study, low hardness thin grained ferrite, and pearlite layer occured on HAZ. Slope of hardness distribution on joining zone has been determined to be low at wider space. Şahin(2005)determined optimum welding parameters as follows: friction time (4 s), friction pressure (110 MPa) and tensile strength (600 MPa) on high-speed steel (HSS-S6) and medium carbon steel (AISI 1040). He determined hardness of welding zone as 700 HV. Şahin(2007) determined that optimum welding parameters as friction time 9 s, friction pressure 60 MPa and tensile strength 800 MPa on stainless steel (AISI 304). He determined hardness of welding zone as 200 HV. In these studies, the tensile strength of the joints increased with the friction time and pressure, and it raised a maximum, but it decreased for more friction time and pressure (Şahin, 2005; Şahin, 2007). Ateş et al. (2003) determined friction time as 6 s, friction pressure 70 MPa, and tensile strength 850 MPa on MA 956 ironbased superalloy. They determined hardness of welding zone as 700 HV. In this study, tensile strength increased with forging pressure and with friction pressure up to a certain value in HAZ. Özdemir(2005) and Özdemir et al. (2007)determined that hardness of welding zone as about 1000 HV on AISI 304 and AISI 4340 steel.In these studies, for excellent welding parameters “the friction time was held as short as possible, while the rotational speed, friction and forging pressure was chosen as high as possible. Satyanarayana et al.(2005)determined that hardness of welding zone as about 270 HV, and notch tensile strength 690 MPa on AISI 304 and AISI 430 steel.The differences in our results and those of other previous studies may be attributed to the fact that their materials and welding parameters were different from ours. 3. 2. Microstructure Properties When microstructure results are examined, it has been observed that friction time does not cause any noticeable differences in inner microstructure due to low friction pressure ingroup A samples. Heat affected zone (HAZ) is observed to be thicker ingroup C samples. These zones are seen to be much wider especially in the groups, belonging to the values of increasing forging pressure and friction time. Mechanical orientation and wider HAZ are observed on group C5 and 1.4871 materials. Mechanical orientation of grains is certainly seen from central to outer on grains. Certain microstructure and standart thickness HAZ were observed on group B samples (Fig. 3). 35 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig.3. Mechanical orientation and Fe2C carburs of B5 sample in welding central (x45). When forging pressure resuts are examined; in the inner structure of groups the high forging pressure values from central to outer mechanical orientation in grains, coming out due to deformation during welding is observed (Fig. 3). This orientation is possible for each of thetwo materials. Standart thickness and more obvious HAZ are seen ingroup B samples (Fig. 4). Fig.4. Grain flattening of B5 sample in HAZ of 1.4871 material (x450). When tensile and notch impact tests results are examined, better mechanical were obtained in group B5 samplesas compared with the other groups. When optical microscope images of group B5 are examined; martensitic microstructure of 1.4718 materials waspresent at a distant zone of welding. Austenitic microstructure of 1.4871 materials is seen at a zone way from welding. Black zones occured in microstructures are Fe2C carburs on austenit grain boundaries and some austenit grains. SEM image of 1.4718 and 1.4871 material microstructure in a zone away from welding was shown as 4000 times magnified in Fig. 24. SEM image of welding interface in two materials was shown as 4000 times magnified in Fig. 5. 36 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig.5. SEM image of welding interface in two materials (x4000). Şahin(2005; 2007), Ateş et al. (2007), Özdemir(2005) and Özdemir et al. (2007), and Satyanarayana et al. (2005)observed thin grained structure in welding zone, and observed grain orientation in HAZ in medium carbon steels, and stainless steels.Ateş et al. (2007) reported that HAZ and grain orientation in microstructure increased with increasing friction pressure. They reported that HAZ and grain orientation in microstructure decreased with increasing forging pressure. In our study, similar microstructure results were obtained. 4. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the optimum welding parameters were determined in materials during the connection of X53CrMnNiN219 and X45CrSi93 steels by friction welding.Based on the findings of this research, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Efficient length shortening quantities can not be obtained in the samples in which friction time is applied as 2.7 s. It has been determined that there has been more material loss with increased friction pressure and forging pressure in the groups where the highest friction time was 4.7 s. While the ideal length shortening is 7-10 mm, it is 8.85 mm for B5. 2. Break from welding zone is not observed on the samples of group B5 on tensile tests. For tensile properties, B5 parameter group has been determined as an ideal parameter group. 3. The highest fracture energy (toughness) on tensile tests was observed in group B5. 4. Profiles hardness of A group occured on near 1.4871 material of welding zone, and the highest value of hardness of these samples occured near 1.4718 material of welding zone. The slope of hardness profile on group B and C was much higher than that of group A in the welding zone. 5. Carbur formations were clearly observed along direction lines of HAZ and mechanical orientations on group B5 optical micrscope images. Austenitic structure occured on microstructure distant welding zone 1.4718 and martensitic structure occured on 1.4871 material on distant welding zone. Next to welding zone, gain shortening and grain flatness occured as perpendicular deformation in 1.4871 materials. 37 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6. Optimum welding parameters;friction time(t1) was determined as 3.7 s, friction pressure (P1) was determined as 207 MPa, forging pressure (P2) was determined 414 MPa on B5 group and joining by friction welding 1.4871 and 1.4718 materials. REFERENCES Anık, S., 1983, Welding Technology, (in Turkish), İstanbul, 259-69. Ateş, H., Türker, M., Kurt, A., 2007, Effect of friction pressure on the properties of friction welded MA956 iron-based superalloy, Materials and Design, 28: 948-53. Bargel, H. J., Schulze, G., (Güleç, Ş., Aran, A.), 1988, Materials, (in Turkish), Gebze. Bol’shokov, M. V., 1972, The vacuum friction welding of high – melting and high – temperature alloys, Auto Welding; 60-2. Duffin, F. D., Crossland, B., 1971, Friction welding with sudden relase of the fixed component, Advances in welding processes, Solid phase joining processes, proceeding of the conference, The welding Institute, Abington Hall, Cambridge, 25-33. Gooch, T. G., Jones, R. L., Woolin, P., 1996, Welding processes for stainless steels, Sheet Metal Industrial n Supplies, 5. Ishibashi, A., Ezde, S., Tanaka, S., 1983, Studies on fricton welding of carbon and alloy stells, Bulletin of the JSME, 26: 1080-87. Kato, M., Kagaya, C., Kawaguchi, Y., Tokisue, H., 1996, Influence of normalization on impact fracture behavior of friction welded joints, Society Mechanical Engineering, 62: 22-36. Lucas, W., 1971, Process parameters and friction welds, Met. Const. and British, Welding Journal, 7: 293- 97. Ochi, H., Ogawa, K., Yamamoto, Y., Hashinaga, S., Suga, Y., Ohnishi, T., 1996, Static strength of friction welded joint of 6061 aluminium alloy to SUS 304 stainless stell, Journal of Japan Institute of Light Met, 46: 500-04. Ogawa, K., Yamaguchi, H., Kaga, S., Sakaguchi, K., 1993, Optimization of friction welding condition for S45C carbon stell using a statistical technique, Transaction of the Japan Welding Society, 24: 47-3. Özdemir, N., 2005, Investigation of the mechanical properties of friction welded joints between AISI 304 and AISI 4340 steel as a function rotational speed, Materials Letters, 59: 2504-509. Özdemir, N., Sarsılmaz, F., Hasçalık, A., 2007, Effect of rotational speed the interface properties of friction welded AISI 304 to 4340 steel, Materials and Design, 28: 301-07. 38 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Satyanarayana, V. V., Reddy, G. M., Mohandas, T., 2005, Dissimilar metal friction welding of austenitic-ferritic stainless steels, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 169: 12837. Şahin, M., Akata, H. E., 2003, Joining with friction welding of plastically deformed steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 142: 239-246. Şahin, A. Z., Yilbas, B. S., Al-Garni, A. Z., 1996, Friction welding of Al-Al, Al-stell, and stell samples, Journal of Materials Engineering Performance, 5: 89-9. Şahin, M., 2005, Joining with friction welding of high-speed steel and medium-carbon steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 168: 202-10. Şahin, M., 2007, Evaluation of the joint-interface properties of austenitic-stainless steels (AISI 304) joined by friction welding, Materials and Design, 28: 2244-250. Tanicheva, O. N., Orlova, N. E., Kyun, L. A., 1989, Nature of the defect “bright ring” forming in friction welding of tool stell, Materials Science and Heat Treatment, 3: 200-02. Tülbentçi, K., Yılmaz, M., 1989, Solid state welding of different tool, II. Symposium of welding”, (in Turkish), Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul, 303-14. Tylecote, R. Y., 1968, The solid phase welding of metals, Edward Arnold Ltd., London. Uzkut, M., 1999, The determination of optimum welding parameters of high alloyed two different steels on joining by friction welding, PhD Thesis, (in Turkish), Manisa. Vill, V. I., 1962, Friction Welding of Metals, AWS, Newyork. Voinov, V. P., 1972, Fatique strength of friction – welded joints between steels 20 and 40Kh, Welding Prod., 7: 51-4. Welding Handbook, 1980, Resistance and solid state welding and other joining processes, AWS, Miami, 58-76: 239-62. Yılmaz, M., 1993, Investigation of welding zone different tool steels on friction welding, PhD Thesis, (in Turkish), Y.T.Ü., İstanbul, 1-55. 39 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1146 Title A name given to the resource The investigation of optimum welding parameters in connecting high alloyed X53CrMnNiN219 and X45CrSi93 steels by friction welding Author Author Mehmet, Uzkut Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, different welding parameters are applied to two different steels with high alloys and mechanical and metallographical investigations were performed. Thus, the optimum welding parameters were investigated for these materials and working conditions. 12.30 diameter steel bars made up of 1.4871 (X53CrMnNiN219) & 1.4718 (X45CrSi93) steel were used as experimental material. The material loss increased with increase in friction and rotating pressure. The highest hardness and fracture energy were obtained in B5 group. Keywords: Friction Welding, Welding Parameters, Microstructure. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/216264cd581d275582a04cd40c938aa5.pdf d4710d198e222477129ca716d769ba7f PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo http://fuarlar.tobb.org.tr/ihtisasfuari-new.pdf (01.02.2012) Koldaş, A. N. (2004) Ticari Fuarların Satış Geliştirmeye Etkisi ve Bir Uygulama, T.C. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsütüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı Yayınlanmamış Yükseklisans Tezi, Ankara. Okay A. (2000) Kurum Kimliği, Mediacat, İstanbul. Philip K. (1994) Marketing Management, Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control, Prentice Hall Int. Ed., New Jersey. Sülün U. (2004) İhracatta Yeni Pazarlama Stratejisi Olarak Fuarlar ve İzmir Uygulamaları, İzmir Ticaret Odası, Yayın No: 38, İzmir. Can Product Placement be Used for Advertising Purposes in Turkish Series: Case of “Aşk-I Memnu” Necklace (Testing a Measurement Instrument) Mehmet Özer Demir, Zuhal Gök Demir Akdeniz University, Alanya Engineering Faculty, Alanya/Antalya Akdeniz University, Communication Faculty, Antalya, Emails: mozerdemir@akdeniz.edu.tr, zuhalgok@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Product placement has become an important promotional mix element in recent years in Turkey. Since audiences are skeptical towards commercials, advertisers have begun to turn to a variety of alternative advertising channels in order to reach customers. One of the channels they have begun to use more frequently in recent years is product placement, the placing of branded products in movies and television programs alike. The aim of the study is testing a research instrument appropriate for measuring product placement formation. The study proposes existence of relationship between connectedness to the series and attitude towards product placements in the series, and researches connectedness dimensions having effect on product placement. Research is carried out in Antalya in 2011 with convenience sampling of 300 respondents. The questionnaire form is an adopted version of connectedness scale developed by Russell et al. (2004). Keywords: Product Placement, Brand Placement, Advertising, Promotion Mix, Soap Operas, TV Series. 1.INTRODUCTION Product placement has become an important promotion mix element in recent years. Since audiences are skeptical towards commercials, marketers have begun to turn to a variety of 40 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo alternative advertising channels in order to reach customers. One of the channels used in the last two decades is product placement, the placing/usage of branded products in movies and television programs alike. The strategy of placing branded products in entertainment media is not a new concept as product placement can be dated to 1890s, where Lever Brothers secured the placement of their branded soaps in some of the earliest films made (Hudson and Hudson, 2006). Historically, starting in the 1930s, consumer product manufacturers invested in the production of radio programs to reach their target audiences. This phenomenon was particularly visible in the "soap opera" genre. When soaps moved to television in the 1950s, product placements became part of TV shows and series. Product placement is an estimated $3.4 billion dollar industry and constitutes a part of the marketing mix of over 1,000 brands in the United States (Russell and Belch, 2005). Product placement strategies have evolved from the just showing the can approach to become increasingly sophisticated formats, and are generally classified into three main types; 1. Implicit product placement; Implicit product placement refers to the placement of a branded product within a television programme without being formally expressed. The placement of a product can be as simple as a product being used in one scene. It plays a passive and contextual role. 2. Integrated explicit product placement; A branded product that is formally expressed within a television programme is defined as an integrated explicit product placement, it plays an active role. In this type of product placement the benefits and attributes of the product are clearly demonstrated. A brand being mentioned by a character in the story, or a logo visible in the background of a frame. 3. Non-integrated explicit product placement; at the other extreme, a product placement can be a critical and integral part of the movie (McCarty, 2004, p.47). In this type of placement, a brand or product becomes a part of the plot or takes a major place in the storyline. The subtlety of the connection between brand reference and plot is important. Current wisdom when handling brand placement in movies is that the portrayal of the brand must ‘tell a story’ because simply ‘showing the can’ does not offer a sufficiently powerful narrative context to enhance the brand identity (Hackley, 2003). There has been an increasing interest towards product placement in the last two decades. Previous studies in the area of product placement have generally related to three topic areas: its’ effects on audiences’ brand recall (Ong and Meri, 1994), recognition (Babin and Carder, 1996) and attitudes (Vollmers and Mizerski, 1994), and the level of acceptance of product placement in general (Gupta and Gould, 1997; d’Astous and Seguin, 1999; Russell, 2002). Although the effectiveness of product placements in terms of how well they are remembered is measured by most of the empirical studies, a limited number of research on understanding the psychological processes that relate to product placement in relation to variables that will help researchers understand how product placements works remains insufficient (McCary, 2004, p.57). Researches show that brand placement was not related to behavior or brand evaluations. This means that, although viewers do not remember that they saw a brand in a program or movie, they do show more positive brand evaluations and more preference for the placed brand than viewers who did not see the brand placement. This implies that explicit measures, such as recall, can 41 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo show low scores, but at the same time, implicit effect measures can show high scores (van Reijmersdal et al, 2009). Russell (2002) states that memory is influenced by depth of processing such that more elaborate processing facilitates the subsequent recall of information, that is, memory is greater when the stimulus is spoken than when it is only visually presented. In addition the relationship between memory and attitude is not straightforward: merely because a person remembers seeing or hearing a brand in a show does not mean that his or her attitude toward that brand will change. The congruency/incongruency literature provides insights into this nonlinear attitude-memory relationship: when a brand's modality of presentation is not congruent with its level of plot connection, viewers tend to think about the reason for the brand's presence in the show and raise their cognitive defenses (Friestad and Wright 1995). When the modality and plot connection match, the placement seems more natural and less effort is spent on analyzing why it is there, thereby making access to persuasion knowledge less likely (Campbell and Kirmani, 2000). Also the effects of involvement levels with the medium vehicle in which brands are placed are mainly positive (Reijmersdal et al, 2009). There are three theories that explain effects of brand placement. 1. Intentional exposure theory predicts the effects of commerciality of the placement on attention and memory. This theory states that audiences primarily expose themselves to media for the editorial content rather than for the advertising (Gupta and Lord, 1998; Van Reijmersdal et al., 2005). When brands are integrated into editorial content, they profit from the attention that is paid to the editorial content. As a consequence, brand placements in editorial formats, as opposed to more commercial formats, gain more attention and are better remembered (Cameron and Curtin, 1995; Lord and Putrevu, 1998; Van Reijmersdal et al., 2005). 2. Source-credibility theory proposes that placements that are more editorial than commercial are perceived as more credible. On the one hand, commercial content is not perceived as credible because audiences know that advertisers have the aim to persuade and to increase sales. This perception makes audiences more skeptical about commercials than about editorial content, resulting in more negative attitudes to placements that are commercial, and to less positive brand-related behavioral intentions (Becker-Olsen, 2003; Lord and Putrevu, 1998). 3. Persuasion knowledge theory explains effects of brand placement prominence. Prominence has positive effects on some outcomes but negative effects on others. On the one hand, prominent placements lead to better memory than subtle placements (e.g., Babin and Carder, 1996; I. Brennan et al., 1999; Schneider and Corn-well, 2005). Furthermore, the audience starts thinking about the reasons for the brand's presence when brands are prominently placed (Matthes et al., 2007; Russell, 2002), which can activate the audience's knowledge about persuasion techniques and influence attempts. People's persuasion knowledge can make them realize that the brand is placed for commercial reasons. This might lead to counter-arguing and skeptical attitudes toward the placement (Balasubramanian et al., 2006; Matthes et al., 2007). Similarly, the effect of placement length is predicted to be negative; when placements are too long, they are perceived as intrusive and distracting from the media experience (Herandez et al., 2004).” 42 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.Research Method 2.1.Research Model The study researches a branded product (a necklace) placed in a popular TV series (Aşk-ı Memnu). The necklace is placed as an integrated explicit product placement strategy. The study proposes existence of relationship between connectedness (Russell et al, 2004) to the series and attitude towards product placements in the series, and researches connectedness dimensions having effect on product placement. Russell et al. (2004, p.152) define connectedness “as the level of intensity of the relationship(s) that a viewer develops with the characters and contextual settings of a program in the parasocial television environment”. The original connectedness scale captures 6 dimensions; Escape, Fashion, Imitation, Modelling, Aspiration and Paraphernalia. Connectedness is assumed to have effect on product placement, and higher the connectedness level the higher the positive attitude towards product placement is expected (Russell et al., 2004). However, in this study, we hypothesize that not all connectedness dimension have equal effect on attitudes towards product placement, and research the relationships between connectedness dimensions and product placement. We conduct correlation analysis and linear regression equation in order to demonstrate the relationships. Thus, we hypothesize; H1: Audiences connected to the TV series are more moderate to product placement. H2: Connectedness dimension have different levels of effect on product placement. 2.2.Research Method The research is carried out in Antalya in 2011 with convenience sampling of 328 respondents. The questionnaire form is an adopted version of connectedness scale developed by Russell et al. (2004). Attitudes towards product placement are measured with four items (Garza 2003). The questionnaire form also contains items regarding demographics. Original connectedness scale and attitude towards product placement scale are given in Table 1. Table 1: The Data Collection Tool Escape: Watching ___ is an escape for me ___ helps me forget about the day’s problems. If I am in a bad mood, watching ___ puts me in a better mood. Fashion: I like the clothes they wear on ___. I like the hairstyles on ___. I often buy clothing styles that I’ve seen in ___. Imitation: I imitate the gestures and facial expressions from the characters in ___. 43 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo I find myself saying phrases from ___ when I interact with other people. I try to speak like the characters in ___. Modeling: I learn how to handle real life situations by watching ___. I get ideas from ___ about how to interact in my own life. I relate what happens in ___ to my own life. Aspiration: I would love to be an actor in ___. I would love to meet the characters of ___. Paraphernalia: I have objects that relate to ___ (badge, book, picture, etc.). I read books if they are related to ___. Attitudes Towards Product Placement I mind if brand-name products appear in movies? I mind if movie producers receive money or other compensation from advertisers for placing their brands in movies? I think it is unethical for movie producers to attempt to influence the audience by including brand-name products in their movies? I think that seeing the brand-name product in a movie makes the experience more realistic? 3.ANALYSIS 3.1.Validity and Reliability of the Research Scale In order to test reliability of the research scale Cronbach’s alpha is calculated both for connectedness scale and attitudes towards product placement scale (Table 2). Cronbach’s alpha value calculated for connectedness scale is 0,857, representing high reliability (the Cronbahc’a alpha value calculated for the original connectedness scale is 0.84 (Russell et al. 2004, p.152)). Cronbach’s alpha value calculated for connectedness scale is 0,527. However it represents low level of reliability, it is still acceptable. Table 2. Cronbach’s alpha values for Connectedness and Attitudes Towards Product Placement Scales. 44 Cronbach's Alpha for Connectedness N of Items ,857 16 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cronbach's Alpha for Att. Prod. Plc. N of Items ,527 4 In order to ensure validity of the scale, previously validated scales are used (Russell et al. 2004; Garza, 203). To test construct validity of the connectedness scale we have conducted exploratory factor analysis. Rotated component matrix with varimax rotation is given in Table 3. Connectedness scale items are collected under 5 factors/dimensions. Five dimensions explain %69,8 of the total variance. Results of factor analysis are as expected; all the items are collected under expected dimensions except aspiration and paraphemalla. Items of aspiration and paraphemalla are collected under one unique dimension. Instead of separating these two dimensions, analysis are continued with this factor structure. Table 3. Rotated Factor Loadings Matrix with Varimax Rotation for Connectedness Scale Factors IMITATION I try to speak like the characters in ___. I find myself saying phrases from ___ when I interact with other people. I imitate the gestures and facial expressions from the characters in ___. I would love to meet the characters of ___. I would love to be an actor in ___. I read books if they are related to ___. I have objects that relate to ___ (badge, book, picture, etc.). I like the hairstyles on ___. I like the clothes they wear on ___. I often buy clothing styles that I’ve seen in ___. Watching ___ is an escape for me. If I am in a bad mood, watching ___ puts me in a better mood. ___ helps me forget about the day’s problems. I relate what happens in ___ to my own life. I get ideas from ___ about how to interact in my own life. I learn how to handle real life situations by watching ___. Variance explained by each dimension (%) Total variance explained (%) ASPIRATION/ PARAPHEMALLA FASHION ESCAPE MODELLING ,832 ,811 ,757 ,834 ,805 ,695 ,540 ,833 ,789 ,694 ,835 ,826 ,797 ,824 ,765 ,739 32,577 13,309 9,822 7,473 6,624 69,804 3.2.Analysis and Results Using the exploratory factor analysis results, 16 items are collected under 5 dimensions; Imitation, Aspiration/Paraphemalla, Fashion, Escape and Modelling. Arithmetic mean for each dimension is calculated to be the representatives for the dimensions. Correlation and regression analysis depend on these arithmetic means. 45 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In order to test H1, we have conducted correlation analysis (Table 4). Results of correlation analysis show that all the dimensions (Fashion (0,227, p<0,001), Imitation (0,136, p<0,05), Modelling (0,175, p<0,01), Escape (0,118, p<0,05) and Aspiration/Paraphemalla (0,286, p<0,001)) are correlated with attitude towards product placement. However correlations are found to be very weak. Thus H1 is accepted, which means, there is a correlation between connectedness dimensions and attitude towards product placement, however the relationships are weak. Table 4: Correlations between Attitude Towards Product Placement and Connectedness Scale Dimensions PLACEMENT Pearson Correlation Sig. (2tailed) FASHION IMITATION MODELLING ESCAPE ,227 ,136 ,175 ,118 ASPIRATION/ PARAPHEMALLA ,286 ,000 ,019 ,002 ,039 ,000 In order to test H2, we have conducted linear regression with enter method. Results of regression analysis show that R2, which represents the explained variation, is calculated as 0,097. Thus, 9,7% of the variation in attitudes toward product placement can be explained by connectedness dimensions. This is very low level of variation explained. Although R2 value is very low, regression equation is found to be statistically significant (p<0,001), which means that our model is statistically significant. Upon inspection of regression equation, it is understood that the only statistically significant relationship found is between aspiration/paraphemalla dimension and product placement. Although statistically not significant, imitation and escape dimension have negative effects on attitudes towards product placement, and fashion and modelling dimension have positive effects. Aspiration/Paraphemalla dimension is found to positively affect attitudes towards product placement; however it is weak (0,172). Results of regression analysis results support H2, that is, connectedness dimensions have different levels of effect on attitudes towards product placement. However, connectedness scale cannot be used to explain product placement as the variation explained (R2) is very low. Product Placement= 2,146 + (,056) Fashion +( -,007) Imitation + (,086) Modelling +( -,003) Escape + (,172) Aspiration/Parahemalla (,000) (,321) (,900) (,120) (,002) Table 5. Determination Coefficient 46 Model R 1 ,312 R Square Adjusted R Square ,097 ,080 Std. Error of the Estimate ,79429 (,949) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 6. Regression Analysis Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Regressi on 17,928 5 3,586 Residual 166,557 264 ,631 Total 184,485 269 Sig. ,000b 5,683 Table 7. Regression Coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients B 1 Std. Error (Constant) 2,146 ,198 FASHION ,056 ,056 -,007 IMITATION MODELLING ESCAPE ASPIRATION/PA RAPHEMALLA Standardiz ed Coefficient s t Sig. Beta 10,858 ,000 ,075 ,995 ,321 ,057 -,009 -,126 ,900 ,086 ,055 ,107 1,558 ,120 -,003 ,046 -,004 -,064 ,949 ,172 ,055 ,219 3,117 ,002 4.CONCLUSION Product placement offers alternative promotion mix tools for the advertisers. Although it is not a new concept, it is new to Turkish producers and advertisers. Product placement is an estimated $3.4 billion dollar industry in the United States (Russell and Belch, 2005). It is expected that product placement practices in Turkey may increase in the near future. The aim of the study is to test a research tool that can increase our knowledge about formation of attitudes towards product placement. It is assumed that connectedness level to the series is related to attitudes towards product placement. We have tested our hypothesis using correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Although analysis are significant, correlation levels and variance explained are found to be very low. Thus, we suggest that connectedness level has a weak but statistically significant effect on attitudes toward product placement. Relationship level 47 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo is so low that, it may be inappropriate to use connectedness scale researching attitudes towards product placement. REFERENCES Babin, L.A. and Carder, S.T. (1996). Viewers’ recognition of brands placed within a film. International Journal of Advertising 15, 140–151. Balasubramanian, S.K., Karrh, J.A., and Patwardhan, H. (2006), Audience response to product placements, Journal of Advertising, Vol. 35, Iss. 3, pp. 115-141. Becker-Olsen, K. L. (2003). And Now a Word from Our Sponsor: A Look at Effects of Sponsored Content and Banner Advertising. Journal of Advertising 32, 2, 17-32. Brennan, I. and Babin, L.A. (2004). Brand Placement Recognition: The Influence of Presentation Mode and Brand Familiarity in Handbook of Product Placement in the Mass Media: New Strategies in Marketing Theory, Practice, Trends and Ethics. Haworth Press Mary-Lou Galician Editor Cameron, G.T., and Curtin. P.A. (1995). Tracing Sources of Information Pollution: A Survey and Experimental Test of Print Media's Labeling Policy for Feature Advertising. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 72, 1, 178-189. Campbell, M.C. and Kirmani, A. (2000). Consumers’ Use of Persuasion Knowledge: The Effects of Accessibility and Cognitive Capacity on Perceptions of an Influence Agent. Journal of Consumer Research, 27 ( June), 69–83. d’Astous, A. and Seguin, N. (1999). Consumer reactions to product placement strategies in television sponsorship. European Journal of Marketing, 33(9/10), 896–910. Friestad, M. and Wright, P. (1995). The Persuasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts. Journal of Consumer Research. 22 (June). 62-74. Garza, S.D. (2003). The Influence of Movie Genre on Audience Reaction to Product Placement, Unpublished Master Thesis, Texas Tech University. Gupta, P.B. and Gould, S.J. (1997). Consumers’ perceptions of the ethics and acceptability of product placements in movies: product category and individual differences. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 19 (1), pp. 37–50. Gupta, P.B. and Lord. K.R. (1998). Product Placements in Movies: the Effect of Prominence and Mode on Audience Recall. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 20, 1, 47-59. Hackley, C. (2003) IMC and Hollywood - What Brand Managers Need to Know. Admap 38 (10). pp. 44-47. Hernandez, M.N., Chapa, S. Minor, M.S. and Barranzuela, F. (2004). Hispanic Attitudes toward Advergames: A Proposed Model of their Antecedents. Journal of Iteractive Advertising Vol. 5, No: 1. Hudson, S. and Hudson, D. (2006). Branded Entertainment: A New Advertising Technique or Product Placement in Disguise? Journal of Marketing Management 22, 489-504 48 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Lord, K.R., and Putrevu, S. (1998). Communicating in Print: A Comparison of Consumer Responses to Different Promotional Formats. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 20, 2, 1-18. Matthes, J., Schemer, C. and Wirth, W. (2007) More than meets the eye –investigating the hidden impact of brand placements in television magazines. International Journal of Advertising, 26(4), pp. 477–503. McCarty, J.A., (2004). Product Placement: The Nature of the Practice and Potential Avenues of Inquiry, The Psychology of Entertainment Media: Blurring the Lines Between Entertainment and Persuasion, Edited by L. J. Shrum, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey, London. Ong, B.S., and Meri, D. (1994). Should product placement in movies be banned? Journal of Promotion Management 2(3–4), 159–175. Russell, A.C., Norman A.T. and Heckler, S.E., (2004). The Consumption of Television Programming: Development and Validation of the Connectedness Scale. Journal of Consumer Research Vol. 31, June 2004. Russell, C.A. (2002). Investigating the effectiveness of product placements in television shows: the role of modality and plot connection congruence on brand memory and attitude. Journal of Consumer Research 29 (3), pp. 306–319. Russell, C.A. and Belch, M. (2005) A Managerial Investigation into the Product Placement Industry. Journal of Advertising Research 45, pp 73-92. Schneider, L.P. and Cornwell, T.B (2005). Cashing in on Crashes via Brand Placement in Computer Games. International Journal of Advertising 24(3), 321–343. van Reîjmersdal, E., Neijens, P.C. and Smit, E.G. (2005). Readers' Reactions to Mixtures of Advertising and Editorial Content in Magazines. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 27, 2, 39-53. van Reijmersdal, E.A, Neijens, P.C. and Smit, E.G. (2009). A New Branch of Advertising Reviewing Factors That Influence Reactions to Product Placement Journal of Advertising Research Vol. 49, No: 4, p.429. Vollmers, S., and Mizerski, R. (1994). A review and investigation into the effectiveness of product placements in films. In K. W. King (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1994 conference of the American Academy of Advertising (pp. 97–102). Athens, GA: American Academy of Advertising. 49 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1362 Title A name given to the resource Can Product Placement be Used for Advertising Purposes in Turkish Series: Case of “Aşk-I Memnu” Necklace (Testing a Measurement Instrument) Author Author Mehmet, Özer Demir Abstract A summary of the resource. Product placement has become an important promotional mix element in recent years in Turkey. Since audiences are skeptical towards commercials, advertisers have begun to turn to a variety of alternative advertising channels in order to reach customers. One of the channels they have begun to use more frequently in recent years is product placement, the placing of branded products in movies and television programs alike. The aim of the study is testing a research instrument appropriate for measuring product placement formation. The study proposes existence of relationship between connectedness to the series and attitude towards product placements in the series, and researches connectedness dimensions having effect on product placement. Research is carried out in Antalya in 2011 with convenience sampling of 300 respondents. The questionnaire form is an adopted version of connectedness scale developed by Russell et al. (2004). Keywords: Product Placement, Brand Placement, Advertising, Promotion Mix, Soap Operas, TV Series. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/998eec87b9ec4c1310385f628f491150.pdf 88863acfccea4aba8d51f8fe1ec5c6de PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo “From Transition to Transformation: Sustainable and Inclusive Development in Europe and Central Asia”, report, 2011 Web: http://www.mckinsey.com/Features/Resource_revolution http://www.clickgreen.org.uk/research/trends/123462-biodiversity-loss-is-as-damaging-asclimate-change-and-pollution.html http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_598a.pdf http://www.ipcc.ch/news_and_events/docs/srex/SREX_slide_deck.pdf http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/publications/oes/RIO_20_Web_Interactif.pdf www.undp.org.me www.mek.gov.me www.energetska-efikasnost.me Situation Of The Dikili Gulf Fishes For Sustainable Fisheries Mehmet İkiz1, Hatice Koç Torcu 2, Fatih Güleç1 1- Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 35080 İzmir 2- Balikesir University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Balikesir-Turkey E-mails: mikiz@mynet.com, htorcukoc@hotmail.com, mc305@live.com Abstract Conservation fish stocks in the aquatic ecosystem is important for sustainable fish production. Continuation of the fish species generations in a habitat is affected by environmental conditions and hunting pressure. For the sustainability of the reproductive abilities of fishes, it is essential to know interactions with the the other species that live in habitat. In this way the production models, that encourage the fish to grow in its natural habitat, can be developed. In this study, the fish species that live in Dikili Bay of Izmir City and their economic features were investigated. Fish species that live in Dikili Bay were examined systematically and biologically; also identification keys of the species were formed. Morphometric and meristic characters of obtained species were identified. In the examination, 70 species belonging to 39 families were identified. 9 species of these belong to chondrichythyes and 61 to osteichtyes. 31 of these species are economically important species and are hunted. 2 of them (Sea bream and sea bass) are farmed in Turkey, also. As a result of inadequate protection measures and mindless hunting, it was observed 31 economically important and identified species, that live 146 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo in the Dikili bay, began to extinction day by day. Due to the sea bottom is sandy, it provides appropriate conditions to trawl fishing. By hunting with this method leads to deterioration of marine ecosystems. Unlike the other surface fishnets, the trawling disrupts the fish shelters and nests and makes them irreversible. In this context, placement of an artificial fish shelters, both will form habitat for fish and with this way trawling can be prevented partially. In addition, to protect the natural balances of the economically important fish species, stock enhancement programs, that used for terrestrial water resources, are able to apply for local marine fish species. By the stock enhancement programs, the natural fish stocks will increase and the sustainable fisheries will be provided in the natural environment. Keywords: Dikili Bay, Sustainable Fisheries, fish stocks, stock enhancement, trawling. 1.INTRODUCTION People used to use seas for two aims; fishing and trade since first ages. It is accepted by everyone that seas contain a lot of biological sources which can be effective in all kinds of lives of increasing world population. That's why the countries which have coasts to these seas and their scientists have begun working on getting to know, introducing and saving those seas which can be life savers and the biological sources in them, intensively. (Geldiay & Kocatas, 2005) Nowadays food and nutrition are the two main problems of people of the fast growing world population. All studies and technologies are centered (intensified) on producing healthy food sources and saving natural food sources. Especailly today, instead of breeding special kinds (species), saving and retaining genetic variety in natural sources have special importance besides aquacultural studies. The increase of endemic kind population which is important especially in terms of biological variety and making them profitable financially have great importance. On our unstabil earth, studies the continuity of the kinds (species) in natural stocks (reserves) which have genetic composition with high variable adaptation ability will provide a basis for the future studies. At the same time, saving biological variety will provide a basis in gaining alternative kinds of fish to the economy of our country in addition to existing cultivation. Fish pricing with a wide inference (meaning), is improving (cultivating) the existing natural source by artificial interference to the echosystem from outside. Commercially, fish pricing is described (named) as increasing stocks of all kinds of water sources (like; river, lake, fishery, dam, etc). Today escpecially in fishing, an important amount of product is gained from fish pricing as a third way besides other two which are hunting and breeding from the natural sources (Sezgin, 2006) Sea pollution and the demand for water products have caused an excessive decrease of fish stocks to meet the increase of pretein need with the growth of world population potential, and biological variety in natural stocks has also been affected negatively. In this study, the variety of fish, their place in systematic and biological features in Dikili Bay are examined (searched) and the assingment key has been formed (created). 147 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.Materials and methods Providing material (obtaining material) The research has been carried out in about 12-month period, in Dikili Bay from August 2001 to September 2002. Collecting samples involved 15-day periods or monthly periods according to the weather conditions. Material has been provided by communicating (contacting) with trawl net and haul seine boats which come to the fishing ports in the towns in Dikili, Izmir and the hunters hunting for sports. Deep trawl net has been used for fishing demersal fish. The depth of fishing places have been detected with sonar and echo-sounder devices. 28 meter long, 820-HP-motor, 22 mm aperture size and 800 mesh, deep trawl, Reis Boat, which has been registered to Trabzon Harbour and tied to Dikili was used. 2.1.Evaluating the samples Collected samples have been washed immediately and got through %70 alcohol or %4 formaldeyde solution. The ones taken out from the sea have been recorded and photographed before the process because of the colour corruption of the types (kinds) put in alcohol and formaldeyde. In the recognition of the samples in the studies morfometric and meristic characters have been used. For measuring the types' morphometric characters 0.5 mm sensitivity vernier has been used. For detecting meristic characters binocular has been used. As metric characters; total length (TL), body height (BH), Head length (HL), eye diameter (ED), in addition to those for the fish which has disc shaped body with cartilage, disc width (DW), and disc length (DL) have been measured. As disc width, the distance between the tips of pectoral fins, and as disc length, the distance between the tips of muzo and pectoral fins are measured. As meristic characters dorsal, anal, ventral and pectoral fin beams, dorsal and anal pinules, pilork cheka, gill spines, lateral line, and lateral cycle (serial) scales have been counted according to the types (kinds). Simple (spine) beams have been indicated (shown) in Roman numerals, soft (branched) beams have been indicatged (shown) in normal numerals. For the ones that have 5 or more samples body ratio is measured about %95. Determining the morphologic characters Whitehead and ark.(1984-86) have been used. In the research mostly the fish type which has been taken out with deep trawl exist. In systematic order of the types from Dikili Bay GOLANI (1996) and for naming those types Whitehead, ark.(1984-86), Fischer and ark.(1987), Wheeler (1992) have been based on. 2.2.Land Information This study has taken place in the inner part of the line which connects Adatepe Cape and Madra Stream which are between 39 10' 00'' N-30 02' 30'' N latitude and 26 46' 00'' E-26 48' 48'' E. 148 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Dikili Bay is surrounded by Candarli Bay in south, Midilli Island in west and Edremit Bay in north. It has a sandy ground. There is pebble and sand in the shallow parts and mud in the deep. There are limnetic exists undersea. The study area is under the effect of coastal and deep impure, local drifts, waves, topography of land, sea morphology and the materials that rivers carry to the sea. (Eryilmaz & Eryilmaz, 2007) According to the morpholigical features Eagean Sea is divided into three different regions; Northern part, Middle Part and Southern Part. The average depth of Northern Part is about 120-200m. (Tokac, et al. 2010) 2.3.Features of water It has been observed that the heat of the water mass in Eastern Eagean sea is 9-26 degrees and the amount of oxygen is 4-10 ml/l. (Artüz, 1970; Benli and Kucuksezgin, 1988; Ergin and others, 1933a) Bay is affected by the cold surface water coming from the Dardanelles and Marmara which belongs Black Sea originally. 6-7 degrees difference exists between Norhtern Eagean and Southern Eagean in winter. In summer there is no notable difference. The heat of the surface water is 14-15 degrees under 200 m whereas it is variable (chageable). (Culha, 1994) Saltiness is affected by Black Sea flows, it is less common than other regions of Eagean Sea. (‰ 33) (Culha, 1994) In accordance with nutritious salts it is seen that Northern Eagean is richer Black Sea and Marmara. If we study the the vertical distribution of the nutritious salts, we see that the concentration up to 200 m is low whereas in deeper parts which is more than 200 m, the values of nitrate, phosphate and silicate increase. (Frilligos, 1981) 149 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 150 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. Discussion and result In this study (research) the types of fish in Dikili Bay have been observed in the basis of bio variability. In our country in 2003 463.074 tons of fish from the seas and 44.698 tons fish from inland water were caught. In same year 79.943 tons of fish were bred. Breeding fish in seas and inland waters has shown an increasing tendency until 2000 whereas has shown a decreasing tendency in following years. The amount of fish bred by hunting has shown fluctuation according to the years. Turkey imports noncultivated fish and exports cultivated fish, mollusuc and shelled. The %70-80 of export ıs to EU countries like France, Germany and Belgium and Japan is the second. In recent years the export to China has been increasing. But first we should take caution to prevent environmental pollution and lessening the fish stocks to take the potential of sea and inland water into consideration. Besides these, it is necessary to introduce and encourage the methods (ways) of fish breeding in inlands and reservoirs, developing economical fish types, to adapt the non-existing economic types in a way which they won't harm fauna. (Karakas & Turkoglu, 2005) In the study in Bay the place of existing types has been appointed (signified) in systematic, they have been observed biologically and the key of significance. In the study mostly the types of fish which hunted by using deep trawl (deep troll) has been given place and totally 70 types of fish which belong to 47 class (breed) in 38 families have been assigned. 9 types of those belong to the type of fish which are chondrinus and other 61 are bony. According to the data of Dikili fishing association, the target types of fish which are assigned as economical by the fishermen in Dikili are; sardine (Sardina pilchardus), atlantic bonito (or skipjack tuna) (sarda sarda), red mullet (mullus barbatus), striped red mullet (mullus surmuletus), pickerel (spicara smaris), bogue (boops boops), horse mackerel (trachurus brachurus) and bluefish (pomatomus saltatrix) (Tokac, et al., 2010). Only atlantic bonito (or skipjack tuna) (sarda sarda) hasn't been seen in this study. Hunted types are demersal ones which pelagic and economical commonly hunted ones are mainly sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and others are; Gilt-head bream (sparus aurata), red sea bream (pagellus erythrinus), red mullet (mullus barbatus), striped red mullet (mullus surmuletus), chub (mugil spp.), pickerel (spicara smaris), bogue (boops boops), horse mackerel (trachurus brachurus) (Hossucu, et al., 2001) With the suitable ones which will be chosen in Dikili Bay natural stock can be enriched. It has been observed that the methods that applied up to now for restocking programmes are mostly for the types which immigrate locally for short terms especially commercial types related to benthic and demersal and half benthic environments successfully. It has been said that for assigning the hunting strategies immigration in the enriching stock programmes is one of the essential factors (Salvanes, 2001). In fishing projects immigration is important for the chance of hunting again by the fishermen. The Turbot (Psetta maxima) have been chosen for stock enriching programmes and experimental studies in North Atlantic coastal region, Spain and Denmark and also in Turkey Black Sea region (Bergstad and Folkvord, 1997), (Zengin vd, 2005). Other important thing in the study of fishing is the chosen material and local place. The result of taking the exotic and unfamiliar types to the natural environment afterwards and their interaction and possible problems which may arise, can give harm to the balance of ecosystem. For Turkey the most common example is the negative effect of population of zander (pike-perch) (Stizostedion luciopreca) which was stocked in Egridir Lake, on other 151 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo fish fauna and this has caused the lessening of local fish fauna in lake ecosystem for long years (Anonim, 1991) That's why for hunting in those areas should be banned during the season or should be limited until it reaches to its minimum level. In addition to that minimum hunting level should be processed in accordance with bio-economic value in hunting period. If necessary in this area artificial reef should be built. On the other hand in fishing, the fishermen who help (contribute) this project, can be given the right to fish and for the control of this a legal and administrational regulation should be planned. In this area the most improved (developed) model is Japan’s (Blankenship and Leber, 1995; Sato, 2001). Since there is no study on the subject in Dikili, in which our studies take place, the morphometric and meristic characters of the types haven't been compared. REFERENCES Çulha, M., 1994. Ege Denizinde Kültüre Alınabilecek Alternatif Balık Türleri. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Deniz Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı. Eryılmaz, M. & Eryılmaz, F. Y., 2007. Dikili Kanalı-Çandarlı Körfezi-Midilli Adası Arasının (Ege Denizi) Güncel Çökel Dağılım Haritası. Ankara, 60. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı. Friligos, N., 1981. Seasonal Variation of Nutrient Salts(N,P,Si), Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorophyll-a in Thermaikos Gulf. Jugoslavia: s.n. Tokaç, A. et al., 2010. Ege Denizi Balıkçılığı. 1. Baskı dü. İzmir: IMEAK Deniz Ticaret Odası İzmir Şubesi Yayınları. Geldiay, R. & Kocataş, A., 2005. Deniz Biyolojisine Giriş. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi. Sezgin, M., 2006. Balıklandırmanın Genel Kriterleri Ve Dünyada Ve Ülkemizdeki Stoklama Deneyimleri. Antalya, Akdeniz Su Ürünleri Araştırma Üretim ve Eğitim Enstitüsü Yayınları. Hoşsucu, H. et al., 2001. Balıkçılık Sektörünün İzmir İli İçindeki İşleyişi ve Güncel Sorunları. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 18(3-4), pp. 437-444. Karakaş, H. & Türkoğlu, H., 2005. Su Ürünlerinin Dünyada ve Türkiye' deki Durumu. Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(3), pp. 21-28. Tokaç, A. et al., 2010. Ege Denizi Balıkçılığı. 1. Baskı dü. İzmir: IMEAK Deniz Ticaret Odası İzmir Şubesi Yayınları. Usage Of Clove Oil In Aquarium Fish (Pangasius Pangasius Hamilton, 1822) 152 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1239 Title A name given to the resource Situation Of The Dikili Gulf Fishes For Sustainable Fisheries Author Author Mehmet, İkiz Abstract A summary of the resource. Conservation fish stocks in the aquatic ecosystem is important for sustainable fish production. Continuation of the fish species generations in a habitat is affected by environmental conditions and hunting pressure. For the sustainability of the reproductive abilities of fishes, it is essential to know interactions with the the other species that live in habitat. In this way the production models, that encourage the fish to grow in its natural habitat, can be developed. In this study, the fish species that live in Dikili Bay of Izmir City and their economic features were investigated. Fish species that live in Dikili Bay were examined systematically and biologically; also identification keys of the species were formed. Morphometric and meristic characters of obtained species were identified. In the examination, 70 species belonging to 39 families were identified. 9 species of these belong to chondrichythyes and 61 to osteichtyes. 31 of these species are economically important species and are hunted. 2 of them (Sea bream and sea bass) are farmed in Turkey, also. As a result of inadequate protection measures and mindless hunting, it was observed 31 economically important and identified species, that live in the Dikili bay, began to extinction day by day. Due to the sea bottom is sandy, it provides appropriate conditions to trawl fishing. By hunting with this method leads to deterioration of marine ecosystems. Unlike the other surface fishnets, the trawling disrupts the fish shelters and nests and makes them irreversible. In this context, placement of an artificial fish shelters, both will form habitat for fish and with this way trawling can be prevented partially. In addition, to protect the natural balances of the economically important fish species, stock enhancement programs, that used for terrestrial water resources, are able to apply for local marine fish species. By the stock enhancement programs, the natural fish stocks will increase and the sustainable fisheries will be provided in the natural environment. Keywords: Dikili Bay, Sustainable Fisheries, fish stocks, stock enhancement, trawling. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8cd10ab8ba25d34c43d85242e395714f.pdf 64489f6f0866fb352b5d02f021ce7b8c PDF Text Text El-zaeems, S.Y. 2004. Alteration of the productive performance characteristics of Orechromis niloticus and Tilapia Zillii under the effect of foreign DNA injection. Egypt J. Aquat. Boil. Fish. 8(1): 261-278. El-Zaeem, S.Y., Aseem, S.S. 2004. Application of biotechnology in fish breeding: 1 – production of highly immune genetically modified Nile, tilapia Orechromis niloticus with accelerated growth by direct injection of Shark FAO. 2007. The role of aquaculture in sustainable development. Thirty-fourth Session. 17-24 November 2007, C 2007/INF/16 Rome. FAO. 10 pp. FAO. 2010. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome. 197 pp. Fletcher, G. L., Hobbs, R. S., Evans, R. P., Shears, M. A., Hahn, A. L., Hew, C. L. 2011. Lysozyme transgenic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture Research, 42: 427–440. Hew CL, Davies PL, Fletcher G. 1992. Antifreeze protein gene transfer in Atlantic salmon. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 1(4-5):309-17. Hew, C.L., Fletcher, G.L. 2001. The role of aquatic biotechnology in aquaculture. Aquaculture 197, 191-204. Snow, A.A, Andersen, B, Jørgensen, R. 1999. Costs of transgenic herbicide resistance introgressed from Brassica napus into weedy B. rapa. Molecular Ecology 8:605–615. Soltanian, S., Stuyven, E., Cox, E., Sorgeloos, P., Bossier, P. 2009. Beta-glucans as immunostimulant in vertebrates and invertebrates. Critical Reviews in Microbiology , 35: 109–138. Subasinghe, R.P. 2007. Aquaculture: Status and Prospects. In ―Role of Aquaculture in Sustainable Development. FAO Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Rome, Italy. Subasinghe, R., Soto, D., Jia, J. 2009. Global aquaculture and its role in sustainable development. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1: 2–9. Tepfer, M. 2002. Risk assessment of virus-resistant transgenic plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 40, 467-491. Environmental Impact of Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) and Fishways Mehmet Kocabaş1, Nadir Başçinar2, Filiz Kutluyer3, Önder Aksu3 1 Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Wildlife Ecology & Management, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey 2Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, 61530, Trabzon, Turkey 3Tunceli University, Fisheries Faculty, 62000, Tunceli Abstract Hydroelectric power plants (HPP), which are not cause environment pollution relatively and renewable, inexpensive, has increased importance. However, there are positive and negative impacts on the ecological balance of these systems. One of the main environmental impact of hydropower development is related to fish passage both upstream and downstream. 190 �Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) adversely impact both fish biodiversity and local fishing communities. Ecosystem change destroys feeding as well as breeding grounds, with a resultant loss of fish species. Where the movement of migratory fish up and down river is affected by hydropower development, fish hatcheries near the dam sites or fish ladders for fish movement should be considered as mitigation options. Local user groups and other stakeholders should be involved in decision-making, to keep good relations concerning peoples‘ livelihoods and the sustainability of aquatic resources. The fish maintain the existence with feeding and reproduction migration of fish, a sufficient amount of water flows in the stream bed and with proper planning of fish ways. Depending on aquatic habitat and fish movement corridor values and other site characteristics, use of culvert fishways may preclude the need to adopt over-conservative and unnecessarily expensive designs using bridges. The suitability of culvert fishway facilities in meeting fish passage and other multipurpose design requirements can be demonstrated for numerous waterway types and structure configurations, and particularly for retrofit facilities. Recognising the need for ongoing design development and evaluation of fish passage facilities for road crossings and other waterway structures and for innovative solutions to address aquatic fauna connectivity barriers. The remaining water in the line of river, life line support will allow to the presence of fish in streams continue. Transverse structures to do with the river flow as well as standing water and thus fish would have the opportunity. The development and increase the number of aquatic species, fish would be affected positively by increase the feeding. Keywords: Hydroelectric power plants, fish way, ecosystem. 1. INTRODUCTION Environmental problems, which are eventuated during production and the use of energy, is one of the main reasons to be disuse of old technologies. Coal, oil and natural gas power plants threatens the world. The plants damages areas where they are established. Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and dust, which are released into the atmosphere, pollute the environment and cause to deaths when fossil fuels are burned. In addition, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases cause to global climate change (Uyar, 2001). Today, world population growth, water conservation and energy requirement is made a current issue to construction of new dams and HEPP. The importance of dam and HEPP gradually increase due to be cheap and renewable (Akkaya et al., 2009; Kocabaş et al. 2011). Although, there are benefits use of water for renewable electricity generation, interactions carry with the environment (Aksungur et al., 2011). The effects of hydroelectric power plants is quite varied and HEPP cause to significant impacts on the area as physical, biological and on human beings. Damages to natural life, destruction of local cultures and historic sites, changes in water quality occurring in the river bed are some of adverse effects. Hydroelectric power plants affect to aquatic life. Especially, fish are negatively affected from the structures due to prevent migration of fish. Fishways are the most frequently used systems in the world. In review, environmental impact of hydroelectric power plants (HEPP) and importance and design of fishways are presented. 191 �2. HYDROELECTRİC POWER PLANTS (HEPP) Hydroelectric power plants (HEPP), which are not cause environment pollution relatively and renewable, inexpensive, has increased importance. Hydroelectric powerplants do not use up resources to create electricity nor do they pollute the air, land, or water, as other powerplants may. Hydroelectric power has played an important part in the development of electric power industry. Growing populations and modern technologies require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding. In the 1920's, hydroelectric plants supplied as much as 40 percent of the electric energy produced. Hydropower is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its ability to respond quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot accommodate. 3. ENVİRONMENTAL AND SOCİAL IMPACTS OF HYDROELECTRİC POWER PLANTS (HEPP) Effects on animal populations (fauna) vegetation (flora) and the human, social and economic problems, physical, biological impacts, problems of energy transmission lines are major problems. 3.1. Effects on land Physical environment is substantially affected by the construction of hydroelectric power plants. Both the river and the surrounding ecosystem will change with beginning of the construction studies. The changes can be listed as the topography changes, loss of farmland, forest land, settlement and cultural field. Water will begin to accumulate in reservoir with construction of barriers. Areas, which are used for agriculture, forestry and other purposes, become unavaliable. 3.2. Ecological impacts Ecological impacts can be listed as loss of fauna and flora (biotopes / biomass), habitat loss, climate change, effects on water resources, groundwater and thermal effects, surface water impacts, the soil and agricultural production, metals and other fossil resources, socioeconomic environment, landscape and recreation areas, noise, vibration impacts (work tools, and blasting), ecosystem degradation, geological and soil impact, division of highway, railway, waterway routes (Satılmış, 2009). HEPPs have various effects on vegetation, especially during the construction phase. Negative effects on vegetation such as direct destruction of vegetation, fragmentation of forests and other natural ecosystems, destroying of aluvial / riperian vegetation occur during the operation phase of the plants (Kurdoğlu and Özalp, 2010). Forests are important to the continuity of water resources. The destruction of forests and fragmentation of valleys cause to landslides and changes in flow rates of water. Destruction of feeding and breeding areas, intraspecific and interspecific competition, deterioration of habitats of wild animals, decreases in the number of rare species are adverse effects on fauna. In addition, ongoing construction, blasting, construction equipment, a high amount of dust in construction sites, noise and vibration cause to escape of wild animals to other areas (Kurdoğlu and Özalp, 2010; Kocabaş et al., 2011). To be inhibit of water flow in river will affect the amount and diversity of fish species. Similarly, changes in mineral levels will adversely affect to aquatic productivity as a one192 �sided. Hydroelectric power plants affect to aquatic systems. Especially, fish are negatively affected from the structures due to prevent migration of fish. Excavation, which are spilled to river beds, cause to turbidity, temperature change of water and destruction of aquatic organisms. Destruction of spawning areas, changes in water flow rate due to drought, the oxygen depletion as a result of high temperature cause to death of adult and juvenile fish. Fish have to do short- long distance migration for feeding or reproduction depending on the season. The migrations are a natural phenomenon for fish. Changes in hydrology of estuary and flow rate of water because of water collection ponds cause to changes in diversity of phytoplankton depending on changes in water quality. Distrupting of food chain negatively affected to feeding of fish. Life line support is another problem resulting from construction of hydroelectric power plants. Life line support should be available in sufficient amount for the maintenance of natural life, drinking and irrigation water and fish farms (Kurdoğlu and Özalp, 2010). Construction of energy transmission lines for transmission of produced energy, destruction of forests and distruption of ecosystems because of energy transmission lines are important problem. Energy transmission lines cause adverse effects on human health because of high voltage and currents, low frequency electromagnetic fields (Muluk et al. 2009). 3.3. Effects of hydroelectric power plants on fish and fishways Fish have instinct to migrate long or short distances in streams due to feeding, reproduction and sudden changes in the water quality (sudden rainfall, snow melting, etc.). Spawning migration is the most important of these migrations. The migrations is very important for their life cycle and the cycle should be maintain by fish. Catadromous species such as Blacksea trout (Salmo trutta labrax), sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), pearl mullet (Chalcalburnus tarichii) are hatched at sea but spends much of its adult life in freshwater streams. By contrast, anadromous species such as salmon, eel fish (Anguilla anguilla), hatched upstream in a freshwater environment but spend their adult lives at sea in the salt water. Some species such as Capoeta sp., Barbus sp. migrate to water resource in the river for reproduction. Water in small-scale hydroelectric power plants transport from river bed through the tunnels or channels in order to provide adequate water downfall. Water completely remove from the river bed. In this way, remaining as dry of river bed affect of these migrations. Serious changes on the quality and quantity of water occur depending on seasonal, day, annual climate change. Fishways are facilitating structures to fish migration. Effectiveness of fishways and collectors is tried to enhance due to prevent of fish migration of the structures. For this reason, studies have been performed related to species-specific fishways for many years. Recently, developed methods and monitoring systems are used to be maintain behaviour and migration of fish (Aksungur et al., 2011). The use of artificial channels has also been the object of recent development. Fish ladders technically can be built in such a way that mimic to nature. In addition, there are technical solutions such as bypass channels and fish ramps, fish elevators and transverse structures. 193 �4. CONCLUSIONS Fish populations and the ecosystems of rivers and streams negatively affected from the structures because of changes in the flow and quality of water. Lower levels of oxygen in the water can present a threat to animal and plant life. However, these issues can be addressed if fish ladders are put in place to ensure safe passage around the area, and the water is aerated on a regular basis to maintain adequate oxygen levels safe for animal and plant life. The flow of water should be monitored closely to prevent the ecological dangers associated with overstressing bodies of water. These dangers can easily be avoided by shutting down pumping operations temporarily to allow balance to return to damaged ecosystems. The suitability of culvert fishway facilities in meeting fish passage and other multipurpose design requirements can be demonstrated for numerous waterway types and structure configurations, and particularly for retrofit facilities. Recognising the need for ongoing design development and evaluation of fish passage facilities for road crossings and other waterway structures and for innovative solutions to address aquatic fauna connectivity barriers. The remaining water in the line of river, life line support will allow to the presence of fish in streams continue. Transverse structures to do with the river flow as well as standing water and thus fish would have the opportunity. The development and increase the number of aquatic species, fish would be affected positively by increase the feeding. REFERENCES Akkaya, U., Gültekin, A. B., Dikmen, Ç. B. & Durmuş, G. (2009). Baraj ve Hidroelektrik Santrallerinin (HES) Çevresel Etkilerinin Analizi: Ilısu Barajı Örneği. 5. Uluslar arası İleri Teknolojiler Sempozyumu (IATS09), 13-15 Mayıs, Karabük. Aksungur, M., Ak, O. & Özdemir, A. (2011). Nehir Tipi Hidroelektrik Santrallerinin Sucul Ekosisteme Etkisi: Trabzon Örneği, Journal of Fisheries Sciences. 5(1), 79-92. Kocabaş, M., Can, E., Kutluyer, F., Aksu, Ö. & Kayım, M. (2011). Doğal Alabalıkların Üreme Alanlarına İnsan Faaliyetlerinin Etkileri. Ekoloji Sempozyumu s: 186, 5-7 Mayıs 2011, Düzce, Türkiye. Kurdoğlu, O. & Özalp, M. (2010). Nehir Tipi Hidroelektrik Santral Yatırımlarının Yasal Süreç, Çevresel Etkiler, Doğa Koruma Ve Ekoturizmin Geleceği Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi, III. Ulusal Karadeniz Ormancılık Kongresi 20-22 Mayıs 2010, Cilt: II s. 688-707. Muluk, Ç., Turak, A., Yılmaz, D., Zeydanlı, U. & Bilgin, C.C. (2009). Hidroelektrik Santral Etkileri Uzman Raporu: Barhal Vadisi. Kaçkar Dağları Sürdürülebilir Orman Kullanımı ve Koruma Projesi, EMA-ODTÜ-Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Satılmış, M. (2009). Baraj ve hidroelektrik santrallerin Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi. FORUM 2009, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi Hidroelektrik Enerji Potansiyeli ve Bunun Ülke Enerji Politikalarındaki Yeri, 13-15 Kasım 2009, Trabzon. Uyar, T. S. (2001). Enerji Sorunu Nedir? Alternatif Enerji Çözüm müdür?. NEU-CEE 2001 Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering Symposium, 23-26, Lefkoşa TRNC. 194 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1244 Title A name given to the resource Environmental Impact of Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) and Fishways Author Author Mehmet , Kocabaş Abstract A summary of the resource. Hydroelectric power plants (HPP), which are not cause environment pollution relatively and renewable, inexpensive, has increased importance. However, there are positive and negative impacts on the ecological balance of these systems. One of the main environmental impact of hydropower development is related to fish passage both upstream and downstream.Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) adversely impact both fish biodiversity and local fishing communities. Ecosystem change destroys feeding as well as breeding grounds, with a resultant loss of fish species. Where the movement of migratory fish up and down river is affected by hydropower development, fish hatcheries near the dam sites or fish ladders for fish movement should be considered as mitigation options. Local user groups and other stakeholders should be involved in decision-making, to keep good relations concerning peoples‘ livelihoods and the sustainability of aquatic resources. The fish maintain the existence with feeding and reproduction migration of fish, a sufficient amount of water flows in the stream bed and with proper planning of fish ways. Depending on aquatic habitat and fish movement corridor values and other site characteristics, use of culvert fishways may preclude the need to adopt over-conservative and unnecessarily expensive designs using bridges. The suitability of culvert fishway facilities in meeting fish passage and other multipurpose design requirements can be demonstrated for numerous waterway types and structure configurations, and particularly for retrofit facilities. Recognising the need for ongoing design development and evaluation of fish passage facilities for road crossings and other waterway structures and for innovative solutions to address aquatic fauna connectivity barriers. The remaining water in the line of river, life line support will allow to the presence of fish in streams continue. Transverse structures to do with the river flow as well as standing water and thus fish would have the opportunity. The development and increase the number of aquatic species, fish would be affected positively by increase the feeding. Keywords: Hydroelectric power plants, fish way, ecosystem. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General)