212 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/db58f3a66df15a6952545a54d6425d71.pdf 0b636000f7ecddeff7434042ec85764b PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo POSITIVE IMPACT OF CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK IN SLA Ülkü Ayhan English Department, Faculty of Education International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina ulkuayhan@hotmail.com Muhammed Arikan English Department, Faculty of Education International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina muhammedarikan1988@hotmail.com Azamat Akbarov English Department, Faculty of Education International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina aakbarov@ibu.edu.ba ABSTRACT: This paper is aimed to discuss corrective feedback in oral reading skills. It mainly focuses on the role of transitions and conjunctions in texts and questions the conditions of efficacy of corrective feedback for the development of reading skill among 4 language skills. It discusses what corrective feedback is, what kind of types there are, and which type should be preferred mostly for the best result. Swain (1985), Pica (1988) and Pica, Holliday, Lewis and Morgenhaler (1989) provided that corrective feedback techniques lead to modified output and self-repair are more likely to improve learners' ability to monitor their output and lead to IL development. As it is a very dynamic subject, there are a lot of claims by the leading linguists such as Gass, Long, Krashen, Schachter, Varonis, Ellis and Schmidt. By dealing with their significant approaches to it in the light of various empirical and theoretical researches, its impact and issues related to it will be examined. Keywords: Corrective feedback, input, error, acquisition, feedback LITERATURE REVIEW There are various ways to correct errors it may be directly or after the utterance of the learner. In this paper corrective feedback and related implications are focused in Second Language Acquisition (SLA). There are different definitions in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) by linguists. They are mostly interrelated to each other with the sub concepts. Feed back given to learner can be positive or negative. If the given feedback indicates that utterance is correct it is called positive feedback. It is the signal of correctness of the response. While pedagogically, positive feedback is seen as both external and internal support to learner and affect him/her to go on learning, in Second Language Acquisition (SLA), positive feedback has not been seen as objective that it may show correctly whether the learner is correct or not. On the other hand, negative feedback directly shows the extent of the learners‘ correctness linguistically. On that field, the linguists and language educators have been very active, but, they have been in controversies whether or not to correct an error, what errors to correct, how to correct them and when to correct them. (Ellis, R). In Sla literature, mostly negative feedback and negative evidence or corrective feedback is used interchangeably. Lightbown &Spada (1999) defines corrective feedback (CF) or any indication of incorrectness in learners‖ use of the target language, after language learners utterance, corrective feedback given may be explicitly or implicitly. For example; L: ―He go to school everyday‖. T:‖ No, you should say goes, not go. or implicitly, 1379 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo T: ―Yes, he goes to school everyday‖ . Rod Ellis (2009) views corrective feedback as one type of negative feedback. According to him, it is for any form of response a learner‘s utterance including a linguistic error. The response can consist of any indication that error has been committed, provision of the correct target form or metalinguistic information or any combination of them. For decades, the role of corrective feedback in SLA has been argued a lot. Nativist believing that language acquisition is possible by Universal Grammar (UG) (Chomsky, 1975, p.29). the system of principles of conditions and rules that are elements of properties in all human languages. Their assertion is that the formation and restructuring of Second language grammar is possible via this innate human linguistic mechanism which works together with positive evidence. (Cook, 1991;Schwartz, 1993). Moreover, Schwartz points out that negative feedback has impact on solely on affecting performance, it doesn‘t lead any change in language competence, and therefore its effect is minimal. Francis (2007) attributes to some naturalistic approaches such as Krashen. Krashen (1998) has a tendency to see equal first language (L1) and second language (L2) acquisition processes. He is in favor of viewing them at the same side, more or less, through the same basic mechanisms. For the desired linguistic competence, sufficient positive evidence for first language (L1) is enough also for Second language (L2). But, input factors and social learning circumstances is effective to active acquisition process. At first, Krashen examined feedback as useless moreover harmful (Krashen,1994:Truscott;1996). He said: ―I did not want anxious students, so, I provided very little feedback‖. But this approach was different from Chomsky‖s rejective manner of corrective feedback but, as complementary or as a bridge towards corrective feedback. He recognized the significance to language learning of comprehensible input which is defined as input in the target language that is understandable in a particular context of use, but slightly more advanced that the learners‘ current level of ability. He believed that enough exposure immediately brings about progress, but, only if emotional barrier was sufficiently low (Affective Filter).He suggested that if second language learners were exposed to right kind of input, right attitude, target language will emerge naturally. Input‘s role is the activation of inner capacity or inner structure of language acquisition according to Krashen. In his input hypothesis attributed above, it is central to all acquisition, as he refers to some implications: 1. ―Speaking is a result of acquisition and not its cause. Speech cannot be taught directly but emerges on its own as a result of building competence via comprehensible input. 2. If input is understood, the necessary grammar is automatically provided. Teacher‘s main role is to ensure that learners receive right order with right quantity. In contrast to Krashen, Swain points out that the occurrence if language learning is something more than just an input, it occurs through interaction. So, such a broad subject, language acquisition should need to be faced from a broader aspect. In contrast to Krashen, Swain points out that the occurrence of language learning is something more than input, it occurs through the interaction. So, language acquisition should need to be focused such a broad subject, language acquisition from a broader perspective. Not only comprehension of input, but also other aspects of interaction plays active role. For instance; Lightbown & Spada (1990), Lyster &Ranta (1997), Doughty &Williams (1998) and others argued how interaction provides opportunities for both message of input and also focus on form as well. Some researchers, for example, Aljaafreh &Lantolf (1994) and Nassaj and Swain (2000) have examined which type of feedback will be most helpful to learners in interactions. According to Van Lier, interaction is more than a source of comprehensible input or input as feedback. Interaction also provides learners to use the target language (Swain, M.) which is called output. ―The meaning of output has shifted from the 80‖s till now from output being understood as a noun, a thing, a product to being output as a verb, an action, a process.(Swain, M. The Output Hypothesis: its History and its future). As Swain argued elsewhere (1995), ―output pushes learners to process more deeply with more mental effort than input. It stimulates learners to move from the semantic, strategic processing in comprehension to the complete grammatical processing needed for accurate production. It plays a significant role in language development. For example; one role of input is to promote ―noticing‖. Ellis examines noticing as the basis for the acquisition of linguistic form (1994). Schmidt in his noticing hypothesis (1990, 1995, 2001) points out the significance of noticing for learning. He states that attention or notice to input is crucial for L2 process. According to Kim, J.H., those subscribing to the noticing hypothesis (Ellis, R. 1991; Gass &Varonis, 1994); Schmidt 1990,1995, 2001) and the supporters of output hypothesis (Harley, 1988; Swain 1985; Swain & Lapkin, 1995; Izumi & Lapkin 1995) strongly attribute crucial importance to corrective feedback . In the light of empirical researches in immersion classes, its absence is seen as effective on the deficiencies in learner performance. They recognize the value of corrective feedback and its facilitative role in drawing learner attention to form. In noticing hypothesis, corrective feedback has a stimulus function and it helps the learner notice the gap between IL and the target form. 1380 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Similarly, Long supports the corrective feedback and asserts the interactions including implicit corrective feedback is facilitative in second language (L2) development in his updated version of Interaction Hypothesis (1996) in Kim,J.H.) At that point, Vygotsky‖s sociocultural perspective of learning can be seen in a strict relationship with the interaction hypothesis (Menti, M.,1972). Because, Vygotsky (1972) examines the occurance of learning through interaction and scaffolding in his ZPD. Scaffolding provides assistance the teacher or other learner, while dealing with the in a communicative task that is impossible without a teacher‘s assistance. He points out that secong language (L2) learners‘ progress to higher levels of linguistic knowledge in interactions with speakers of second language (L2). The basic differences between Vygotsky‖s sociocultural theory and interaction hypothesis: Firstly, according to Vygotsky, language acquisition occurs in the interactions of learner and interlocutors, while, interaction hypothesis focuses on the modification and negotiation for meaning. Secondly, Vygotsky attributes greater importance to conservations with learning occurring through social interaction, on the other hand, interaction hypothesis emphasize on the individual cognitive processes in the mind of the learner. Milani, N. (2009) says that there is variety of correction. The teacher may directly or indirectly can correct errors. Rod Ellis suggests a taxonomy of corrective feedback strategies: Implicit Explicit Input-Providing Recasts Explicit correction Output-prompting Repetition Metalinguistic Explanation Elicitation Paralinguistic Signal 1. Recast: The corrector incorporates the content words of immediately preceding incorrect utterance and changes, and corrects the utterance in some way(e.g. Morphological, syntactic, lexical)(Braidi, 2002) Example: L: I went there two times T: You have been. You have been there twice as a group? 2. Repetition: Corrector repeats the incorrect utterance and provides the correct answer. It is used often by teachers with metalinguistic feedback. ―Why was it wrong? We don‘t use ―more‖ with fast. It is faster.‖ S: The dog is more fast. T: More fast or faster? The dog is faster. 2. Clarification Request: The corrector indicates that He/She has not understood what the learner said. L: What do you spend with your wife? T: What? 3. Explicit Correction: The corrector indicates that an error has been committed, indentifies the error and provides the correction. L: On May. T: Not on May, In May. We say ―it will start in May‖. 4. Elicitation: The corrector repeats part of the learner utterance but not erroneous part and uses rising intonation to signal the learner should complete it. L1: My teacher always come late to the class. T: Say that again. L1: My teacher always come late to class. T: My teacher always...? L1:Comes? Comes late to class. 5. Paralinguistic Signal: The corrector uses a gesture or facial expression to indicate that the learner has made an error. L: Yesterday, I go cinema. T: Gestures with right forefinger over shoulder to indicate past. Tatatwy(2002) states that the effectiveness of different types of feedback is determined whether or not it results in uptake and whether or not it results in successful repair. Slimoni (1997) defines uptake as ―what the learners report that they have learnt from a particular lesson. In addition, Lyster & Ranta (1997) defines it as ― a student‘s utterance immediately follows the teacher‘s feedback(p. 49) Tatatwy points out that in order to meet Ll development, for corrective feedback, certain conditions should be met. 1. Teachers need to be systematic and consistent in their provision of feedback. 2. Corrective feedback should be clear enough. 3. The techniques employed should allow for time and opportunity for self and peer repair and modified 1381 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo output. 4. Feedback should be fine tuned in the sense that there should be as close a match as possible between teacher‘s intent. The targeted error, learners‘ perception of the given feedback. 5. Feedback provided should focus on one error at a time, over a period of time. i.e. the feedback should be intensive and consistent in intent. 6. The learners‖ developmental readiness to process the feedback provided should be taken into consideration. Conclusion This paper aims to show the positive effects of corrective feedback and related implications. As we all know language acquisition is one of the most complicated topics in the field and what makes it difficult is not because its hard to study but because every human being is a different world in him or herself. And it is hard to find something that you can give as an universal rule or method to this case. But so far as we have seen from the current studies done show that there are positive results of corrective feedback. These results indicate that corrective feedback more important that thought and shows us that more research on corrective feedback is needed to be done. 1382 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Lightbown, P.M & Spada, N.(1999). How languages are learned- Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.(CF tanimi) Elli, R. (2009). Corrective Feedback and Teacher Development. L2 Journal, volume 1, pp. 3-18 http:/respositories.cdlib.org/ucclt/l12/vol1/iss1/art2/ (CF tanimi) Chomsky N.(1975). Reflections on Language. Newyork: Pantheon Schwartz B. (1993). On explicit and implicit data effecting and affecting competence and linguistic behavior. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15, 147- 163 Cook, V.(1991). Second Language Learning And Second Language Teaching. London: Edward Arnold. Swain, M., The Output Hypothesis and Beyond: Mediating acquistion throught collaborative dialogue. Francis, N., (2007) Corrective Feedback in l2 Assesment: Negative Evidence and Interaction Practice, Selected paper from the 16th International Sysmposium an English Teaching (2007) Swain, M. The output Hypothesis: Its history and its future Schmidt, R., (1995), Consciouness and Foreign Language Learning.Applied Linguistics, 11, 129-158 Schmidt, R. (1995), Consciouness and Foreign Language Learning: A tutorial on the role of attention and awareness in learning. In R, Schmidt (Ed.) AttentĤon and Awareness in foreign language learning (pp.-63) Honolulu: Universtiz of Hawai Press Schmidt, R.(2001), Attention. In P. Robinson (Ed.) Cogniniton and second language acquisiston (pp.3-32) Cambridge University Press. Kim.J.H., Issues of corretive feedback in SLA, Teachers College, Columbia University Working papers in TESOL & Applied Linguistics, Vol.4 no.2 Long, M.H (1996), The role of Linguistic environment in SLA. In W. Ritchie & T. Bhatia (Eds) Handbook of Second Language Acquisiston, (pp.413-468) San Diago : academic Press. Menti, M.M., Factors affecting Efl teachers` Choice for different types of corrective feedback, LINGUAABMM,APIRS VYGOTSKI, L. Thought and Language. Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1972 Milani, N. (2009), An analysis Of CF in Speaking Classroom At English Department Of Muhammediyah University OF Surakarta Ellis, R., Corrective Feedback In Theory, Research And Pratice, University Of Auckland Slimani, A.(1992). Evaluation Of Classroom Interaction. In C. Anderson &A. Bretta (Eds.), Evaluating Second Language Education (pp. 197-221). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Unversity Press. Lyster. R., & Ranta,. L.(1997). Corrective Feedback And Learner Uptake. Studies in Second Language Acquisiston19,37-66. 1383 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 690 Title A name given to the resource POSITIVE IMPACT OF CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK IN SLA Author Author Ayhan, Ülkü Arikan, Muhammed Akbarov, Azamat Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper is aimed to discuss corrective feedback in oral reading skills. It mainly focuses on the role of transitions and conjunctions in texts and questions the conditions of efficacy of corrective feedback for the development of reading skill among 4 language skills. It discusses what corrective feedback is, what kind of types there are, and which type should be preferred mostly for the best result. Swain (1985), Pica (1988) and Pica, Holliday, Lewis and Morgenhaler (1989) provided that corrective feedback techniques lead to modified output and self-repair are more likely to improve learners' ability to monitor their output and lead to IL development. As it is a very dynamic subject, there are a lot of claims by the leading linguists such as Gass, Long, Krashen, Schachter, Varonis, Ellis and Schmidt. By dealing with their significant approaches to it in the light of various empirical and theoretical researches, its impact and issues related to it will be examined. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c4f71d2b2d55398bf208aa10340a69af.doc 6ddf068dfb7180da0dd4d7fbde3acfc9 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/02a18f6c202d655a0031f333f5d46042.pdf aa2006629b792b6d44894b054748888b PDF Text Text BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Methods of teaching Turkish words for foreign learners with game and puzzle activities Berat Özgüller International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT The aim of this work to explain the methods of the teaching Turkish vocabulary to the foreign learners with games and puzzles activities. Student motivation in order to ensure the teaching of foreign languages, word games and similar events are frequently involved. Foreigners in order to ensure a rapid and sustained learning of the Turkish words related studies were evaluated and taken care of on the method of games and puzzles. In this study, the activities described in the teaching of those who teach Turkish to foreigners, especially by testing the word develop relevant experiences. Possessor rising in Bosnian Aida Salčić University of Sarajevo / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Keywords: linguistics, syntax, possessor rising, Bosnian ABSTRACT This paper is in the field of linguistics, namely syntax, and deals with the issue of possessor rising. Possessor rising is a syntactic operation common in a number of languages. The term 'possessor rising' refers to the object which is being 'raised' from the possessor position of the noun phrase, as in the following sentence: She kissed him on the cheek. (Lødrup 2009). The starting point of this analysis is Cinque and Krapova’s account of the two possessor | 27 �1st International Annual Student Symposium raising constructions of Bulgarian (2009). The aim is to test whether possessor raising constructions exist in Bosnian and to show how the data from Bulgarian can be applied to Bosnian, another Slavic language. The paper first gives an outline of some preliminary facts about the syntax of Bosnian nominal phrases (noun phrases – NPs or determiner phrases – DPs) and its (possessive) clitics, which are well-known to occupy the second position in the clause. The second part of the paper aims to present the nature of possessor rising as it applies to Bosnian. Although English does not exhibit instances of true possessor rising, there will be some, though limited, comparisons between Bosnian and English in this respect. Parallels will also be drawn between Bulgarian and Bosnian. The final section of the paper offers a conclusion and a unified account of the phenomenon of possessor rising in Bosnian. The analysis of possessor rising in Bosnian is done in the framework of generative grammar. The differences and similarities between English and German language at the basic level of translation Dina Sofović International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: differences and similarities, Indo-European language family, Loaned words, linguistics ABSTRACT I have aimed to concentrate on the comparative analysis between English and German language and to investigate the differences and similarities concerning the major word formation processes in English and German at the basic level in this paper. Similarity between the two languages stems from the fact that much vocabulary has common roots, as they, English and German, belong to 28 | � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1435 Title A name given to the resource Possessor rising in Bosnian Author Author SALCIC, Aida Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper is in the field of linguistics, namely syntax, and deals with the issue of possessor rising. Possessor rising is a syntactic operation common in a number of languages. The term 'possessor rising' refers to the object which is being 'raised' from the possessor position of the noun phrase, as in the following sentence: She kissed him on the cheek. (Lødrup 2009). The starting point of this analysis is Cinque and Krapova’s account of the two possessor raising constructions of Bulgarian (2009). The aim is to test whether possessor raising constructions exist in Bosnian and to show how the data from Bulgarian can be applied to Bosnian, another Slavic language. The paper first gives an outline of some preliminary facts about the syntax of Bosnian nominal phrases (noun phrases – NPs or determiner phrases – DPs) and its (possessive) clitics, which are well-known to occupy the second position in the clause. The second part of the paper aims to present the nature of possessor rising as it applies to Bosnian. Although English does not exhibit instances of true possessor rising, there will be some, though limited, comparisons between Bosnian and English in this respect. Parallels will also be drawn between Bulgarian and Bosnian. The final section of the paper offers a conclusion and a unified account of the phenomenon of possessor rising in Bosnian. The analysis of possessor rising in Bosnian is done in the framework of generative grammar. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English,PR English literature https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a0f564534d80e6e93f838754d6109031.pdf 41633c3a43b11248ca6bbd08281340a2 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Possibilities of Development of Private Health Insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina Safet Kozarević University of Tuzla Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina safet.kozarevic@untz.ba Senija Nuhanović University of Tuzla Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina senija.nuhanovic@untz.ba Irnela Hrnjić University of Tuzla Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: Increased rise in costs of healthcare in the last five decades has rapidly increased interest in the functioning of healthcare systems within every country. The reasons for growth in healthcare costs are related to demographic changes, technology advancement, increased number of educated persons, emergence of new diseases, etc. Financing the risk of poor health is mainly organized through programs of social and private health insurance. Regarding the management of the risks of poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the social health insurance system is the basic solution for the population. However, in BiH, as in other countries in the world, the system of social insurance has become unfeasible and it is necessary to search for new solutions, that is, to reform the system. The research subject in this paper is private/voluntary health insurance offered by insurance companies, which can be an efficient addition to social insurance in BiH. It has become present on the market of private insurance in BiH only recently, so its share in the total premium of private insurance is still minor. Therefore, a primary research was conducted on the possibilities for its development as well as on the need and acceptance by the users of healthcare services. Besides, there was a need for examining the performance of the existing system of social health insurance, based on the principles of Bismarck’s model of financing, and recognizing its disadvantages. By identifying and eliminating obstacles for development of voluntary health insurance, it is possible to improve performance of the existing system of health insurance in BiH. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 Keywords: Private/Voluntary Health Insurance; Social Health Insurance JEL Classification: G22, I13 Article History Submitted: 23 May 2014 Resubmitted: 29 June 2014 Accepted: 3 July 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/J ECOSS11512 87 �Safet Kozarević, Senija Nuhanović, Irnela Hrnjić Introduction Health is the basic human right and one of the most important assumptions for economic development and life quality of a country’s population. There is huge responsibility of individuals and communities regarding the prevention of disease occurrence and good health keeping and improving. Healthcare system is a complex entity whose functioning largely influences the level of population’s health, which indirectly affects the economic system as well. Very often the level of country’s development is represented as the level of health of an individual and the entire population. That is the reason why states are the bearers of the activities related to healthcare system management. Every state has a specific healthcare system that can have some similarities when compared to other states. For many years, the awareness on the importance of health and health insurance has been growing stronger. Many make efforts to find the appropriate model that would satisfy the highest possible needs for healthcare services, along with low costs and higher quality of services. From the country’s point of view, Bismarck’s or Beveridge’s model of healthcare system usually dominates, but there are other options that are combined or mutually corresponding. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is characterized by the inherited Bismarck’s model of social health insurance whose effectiveness has been long questioned, while the country’s needs for healthcare increased significantly as the consequence of the war. Only in recent years, there has been more attention paid to the issues of the functioning of country’s health system, quality of services provided and alternatives to social health insurance. Some reforms of primary healthcare have already been implemented (Atun et al. 2007), but the reform of current model of financing is necessary, and it should provide a framework for introducing other forms of health insurance, such as voluntary health insurance provided by private insurance companies. However, the present offer of voluntary health insurance is still at a very low level. The reason for this is the lack of legal regulations and low interest by the state for entering partnership in health insurance with insurance companies. The aim of this paper is to establish the possibility for developing voluntary health insurance within the existing reform of the healthcare system in BiH. Due to that, based on the results of the secondary research, the most significant disadvantages were presented in terms of effectiveness of the existing system of social health 88 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Possibilities of Development of Private Health Insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina insurance. After that, based on the results of the primary research, the interest in the package of voluntary health insurance was registered by private healthcare institutions, citizens and insurance companies. The primary research was also to confirm the disadvantages of the existing system of social health insurance. Healthcare System in BiH Matter of health insurance needs to be observed in broad context of healthcare system, which is organized in a specific way in BiH. Healthcare in BiH is regulated on level of entities and Brčko District, and it esults in a very complex organizational solution, especially considering that on level of BiH Federation, besides entity ministry, there are also ten cantonal ministries of health. It is clear that this significantly increases costs of transactions and makes coordination in decision making more difficult (Kozarević, 2010). Healthcare in BiH is regulated with laws on healthcare adopted on level of entities. These laws have defined the concept of healthcare, which basically comes down to set of measures focused on systemic management of risks of poor health of the citizens. In purpose of that, competencies of specific institutions were established in this system, whose purpose is to enable high inclusion of population with right on healthcare, according to principles of: universality, cost-effectiveness, fairness, freedom of choice and autonomy. Health insurance within the social insurance in BiH is regulated with provisions of laws on health insurance on level of entities as well as corresponding regulations on Brčko District and cantonal levels. A special place in healthcare system belongs to health insurance institutes (funds) and public health institutes which were established on level of entities as well as Brčko District and level of cantons. Cantonal health insurance funds are formed for activities performed on level of cantons in BiH Federation. BiH Federation health insurance fund collects the assets of federal solidarity which are used to form Solidarity Fund of BiH Federation. Its purpose is to equalize conditions of compulsory health insurance in all cantons, to organize certain programs of healthcare in interest of BiH Federation and to enable providing of priority and most complex forms of healthcare from certain special fields. The assets of federal solidarity are provided from contributions for compulsory health insurance. Crucial difference in Republic of Srpska is in higher level of centralization through unified health insurance fund. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 89 �Safet Kozarević, Senija Nuhanović, Irnela Hrnjić Public health institutes also play significant role, and they are performing publichealth activities focused on planning and implementation of measures for: supervision over infectious and noninfectious diseases, providing of health safety of food, water, air and products for general use, monitoring of the environment, promotion of health, prevention of diseases and implementation of regular healthstatistical researches. Besides that, public health institutes are also in charge for providing of information on leading health issues and priorities, as well as for proposals for their solving. Literature Review The issues of health insurance have been everlastingly urgent and they provide material for constant research. By founding the World Health Organization (WHO) on April 07, 1948, the United Nations particularly emphasized their work in the field of healthcare. Under the auspices of the WHO, numerous conferences were held, whose aim was to define the suggestions for improving population’s health. One of the most important conferences for creating healthcare systems of the modern times was the one held in Alma Ata in 1978. Then the declaration “Health for All by the Year 2000” was brought that established the policies related to health protection on the global level. Public discussions led in many countries related to healthcare are mainly concentrated on the amount of health allocations or the issues related to increased costs and the need for the control of spending the resources in the healthcare system. Zrinščak (1999) compares the countries by various indicators such as: health allocations, healthcare system model, most frequent causes of death, etc. Although many healthcare indicators are getting improved, the inequality of the countries in terms of access to healthcare and social inclusion is increasing. Zrinščak mentions the following possible ways of cost control: (1) Measures related to patients – copayment, modalities of paying sick leave compensations and introducing waiting days, discounts in cases when insurance premiums during one year are not used, and limitations in selecting doctors and hospitals, (2) Health funds – reducing administrative costs, competition between private and mandatory funds, (3) Measures related to hospitals and doctors – encouraging competition among doctors and various models of payment for medical services, and (4) Measures aimed at control of pharmaceutical costs expressed through various models: “permitted” and “prohibited” drug lists, state regulation of prices, determination of the highest price, budget financing, etc. 90 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Possibilities of Development of Private Health Insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina In the last few years there has been a particular emphasis on the reform of the health insurance in the USA. Booz & Co (2012) established in its research that nowadays employers move towards the model of contributions deposited on savings accounts. Thus, employees may use the funds to choose the insurance package as they wish, instead of the earlier model of benefits in which company created the insurance program for all. Vaughan E. & T. (2000) believe that, regardless of the fact whether the financing system is private or public, it is influenced by adverse selection. They emphasize that private insurers’ premiums grow due to increased costs of medical services caused by population aging, improved medical technology, capacity overload and preventive medicine. Additional criticism to the US healthcare system is related to unequal access to medical care, unequal quality of medical services, significant misuse, inefficiency and frauds (Wiening and Rejda, 2007). While describing the reform of the health protection initiated by President Obama, Schansberg (2011) emphasizes that the state’s solutions to health protection are not efficient and that the advocates of healthcare free market should provide convincing evidence in favor of a real reform and conduct it where possible. He believes that abolishment or at least reduction of subsidies to health insurance based on employment would be the first step towards the free market of healthcare, and that employers would try to present several options to their employees. The effect of economies of scale is also possible if the groups of employers are categorized in only several insurance types. According to the analysis made by Deloitte (2012), as a direct result of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) it was estimated that some 32 million Americans by the year 2014 will have been insured. As of 2014, most of these individuals are to possess a minimum level of health insurance, whether by state-sponsored plans, plans sponsored by employers or plans provided on the market of individual insurance policies. In order to improve the access and respect patient’s rights, the ACA introduced new commercial standards such as: abolishment of medical underwriting, elimination of age limit, prohibition of exclusion based on previous illnesses, and cancellation of cost share (participation) for preventive services. Health plans would also have to provide the guarantee and renewing option as well as the coverage for essential medical privileges. The ACA introduces new distribution channels that would make the access to health insurance markets easier. National health insurance stock markets have been established aimed at providing information to potential clients and the facts on the range of health plans. Stock markets are designed for those who are not included in Medicaid, Medicare or employer sponsored plans. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 91 �Safet Kozarević, Senija Nuhanović, Irnela Hrnjić The study conducted by the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies (2006), which discussed the private health insurance in Great Britain, showed that the number of new users is static, if not decreasing, that the market numbers for these types of insurance for corporations falls, and that insurance companies are to turn to smaller firms and individual policies. Vidojević (2011) describes the health system of Great Britain and the National Health Service (NHS) that is the basis of the entire system. The result of the economic crisis in 2008 is the plan for introduction of radical reforms, probably the most drastic ones in the last four years. In July 2010, the White Book Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS was presented, which defines a new way of the NHS functioning. Patients will actively participate in making important decisions related to their health, in all stages of treatment. The feasibility of this change shall involve larger accessibility of medical documentation and the possibility for a patient to have an insight into it at any moment and, if he wants, to share it to a third party. Provided that all the planned measures are taken, in the following 4 years the savings should be achieved amounting to almost £20 billion that could be invested into the improvement of health service quality. In terms of financing healthcare in the European Union (EU) member states, Totić (2012) emphasizes that the national bodies of every EU member states join the collected contributions into the health funds for that purpose. Such fact leads to reluctance of certain groups to collective payment of subsidized costs of healthcare for other people, especially in poorer EU member states. This consequently increases reluctance to regular payment of taxes and/or contributions. Private health insurance is suggested as an alternative. Janković (2011) states that private (voluntary) health insurance is usually specified for the part of the population exempt from mandatory health insurance based on their high income (the Netherlands), the part of the population that may, based on their high income, choose whether to stay in mandatory or opt for voluntary health insurance (Germany) or for the part of the population, the so called self-employed (Austria and Belgium). The level of coverage is in the range of 0.2% in Austria up to 24.7% in the Netherlands. The search for a satisfactory system of financing healthcare is also present in Russia. Šolak (2007) believes that Russia needs a complete reorganization of the system of mandatory social health insurance. Fifteen-year long reforms did not lead to the goals that were set. One can notice the disruption of the proclaimed principles of social justice regarding the access of medical assistance, while the level of quality and culture in terms of health service is not appropriate to the modern needs. 92 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Possibilities of Development of Private Health Insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina Being a country in transition, on its way to healthcare reform, BiH suffers numerous problems due to its constitutional arrangement (two entities – BiH Federation which consists of cantons and Republic of Srpska – and Brčko District) and the fact that healthcare is regulated at the entity levels (Cain et al., 2002). The system in BiH Federation was decentralized too early, since every canton is responsible for its administration and the financing of healthcare. The system in Republic of Srpska (RS) is centralized and it has one body – the Ministry of Health that monitors the healthcare system. Due to the lack of appropriate legal mechanisms, coordination between the entities is rather poor, while in BiH Federation the cantons do not mutually cooperate at an appropriate level. Untimely decentralization brought a dramatic change of the system from the aspect of administrative structure and management, while the institutions continued their work without changes and kept the same functions as before the 1992-1995 war. The reason is that they were not able to develop the necessary skills and capacities that would stand such strong and complex processes of decentralization. That is why many functions in the cantons and entities are duplicated. The detected problems are also related to almost complete lack of planning function in healthcare, implementation of the passed laws, as well as a complex organizational structure. The implementation of health reform starts with a paradox including an innovative approach against the political resistance to changes as well as enthusiasm against obstacles. BiH cannot respond to all demands for healthcare and the situation is substantially worse than in 1992. A significant number of life-important medical treatments does not exist. There is a certain interest in the system reform, but nothing would move forward until the entities start cooperating and creating unified strategies for the entire country (CARDS Program 2005). For the purpose of health statistic records, the Public Health Institute of BiH Federation (2012) specified a set of conclusions on the total health condition of the population. The healthcare reform in BiH Federation is oriented to strengthening primary health protections, with the emphasis on promotion of health and prevention of illnesses. However, there are still discrepancies present in the population’s access to the teams of primary health protection in the cantons of BiH Federation. In accordance to the adopted Strategy for development of primary health protection, the process of implementation of family medicine in BiH Federation continued gradually. Even though there is a significant number of educated doctors and nurses and improved infrastructure, implementation of family medicine is still not satisfactory. A particularly evident problem is constant turnover of already Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 93 �Safet Kozarević, Senija Nuhanović, Irnela Hrnjić insufficient staff, medical doctors in particular. Implementation is more difficult mostly due to a slow restructure of departments within outpatient clinics, in accordance to the Strategy for development of primary health protection, nonstimulating mechanisms of payment, lack of managerial skills and insufficiently coordinated legislative. Methodology The existing systems of health insurance, not only in BiH but also in other countries in the region and world, show numerous disadvantages. The legal framework in BiH defined voluntary private health insurance as the option that citizens can use by their own choice. The assessment of performances of the existing model of health insurance in BiH is based on the secondary source indicators, announced by Eurostat (2012), the World Bank (2012), Central Bank of BiH (2012), Federal Ministry of Health (2013), Public Health Institute of BiH Federation (2012), Public Health Institute of RS (2011) and Agency for Statistics BiH (2012). Special attention was given to the following indicators: level of health protection costs, in particular expenditure on drugs from personal resources of the population; state’s allocations for healthcare; rates of natural population growth; leading causes of death; organizational structure of the health system; social and economic environment; availability and structure of healthcare personnel; characteristics of primary protection; amount of contribution for health insurance; populations’ coverage by health insurance; population’s structure by work status; development of the private sector of health protection and legal regulations, as well as population’s familiarity with these regulations. In order to reach research purposes, the development of voluntary health insurance in BiH is defined as the independent variable, while the improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the existing health insurance system in BiH is the dependent variable. The starting premise in the paper is that by identifying and removing obstacles for development of voluntary health insurance, it is possible to improve effectiveness of the existing system of health insurance in BiH. Therefore, the paper attempts to confirm that there is room for its development through the reform of healthcare system, extension of the existing model of social insurance and also that there is interest by insurance companies in a more serious approach to the offer of health insurance package. For the purpose of confirming the formulated hypothesis, the empirical research was conducted by survey of three groups of subjects: private 94 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Possibilities of Development of Private Health Insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina healthcare institutions, citizens, that is, the users of healthcare services, and insurance companies. The questionnaire for private health institutions consisted of 12 questions, in which the respondent had offered answers. In some questions there was option of entering a new, own response that was not listed in the questionnaire. Private health institutions located in Tuzla Canton are listed on the web site www.bhzdravlje.ba, where they are classified according to the activity and the level of care they provide to their customers. Of the total number of these institutions, the survey answered 51 institutions located in Lukavac, Gračanica, Gradačac, Srebrenik, Tuzla and Živinice. The second survey was focused on citizens and the questionnaire similarly consisted of 12 questions with multiple choice answers. A total number of 183 healthcare service users filled the questionnaire. One part of the survey was conducted online by the Internet news portal - www.lukavac-x.ba (115 respondents from different age groups). The last e-mail survey was focused to private insurance companies. The questionnaire, consisted of 10 questions with multiple choice answers, was send by email to all insurance companies registered in BiH. Since two insurance companies have branches in both entities, total number of active insurance companies in BiH is 22, and eight of them responded to the e-mail survey. Results and Discussions Disadvantages of the Existing System of Social Health Insurance in BiH Based on the analysis of secondary source indicators, a general rate is that the existing system of health insurance in BiH has many disadvantages. There are many fields in the healthcare sector that require changes and improvements. The following part of the paper mentions the most significant results obtained on the basis of the secondary source analysis. The rates of social insurance contributions are too high, even when compared to the OECD and new EU member states. The rate of social contributions in BiH Federation is 41.5% on gross salary, while in RS that amount is 33%. Over 50% of those covered by health insurance (retired persons, unemployed, invalids, war veterans) are exempt from paying contributions and their health insurance is Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 95 �Safet Kozarević, Senija Nuhanović, Irnela Hrnjić financed by the transfers from other non-budgetary funds and public revenue. Besides, the insured/retired number ratio grows in favor of the retired persons and is around 1.1:1, which is definitely not a desirable trend. It is well known that this ratio needs to be 4:1 in order for the social insurance system to function properly. The total healthcare expenditures in BiH are around 10.3% of the GDP, which is a level much higher than in most EU countries. Almost 60% of the total healthcare expenditures are paid from public resources while more than 40% are financed by households from their own resources. Unfavorable trends in the economy, war events, economic blockade, huge growth of unemployment, increased influence of grey economy, increased costs of healthcare, change in the structure of insured categories, etc., affected the increase in personal participation of citizens in the provision of health protection, economic situation in healthcare, and financial business activities of health insurance funds. Natural rates of population growth change more rapidly in comparison to the EU countries. Also, due to higher mortality rates compared to birth rates, natural population growth (-0.8%) has a negative value and it leads to natural depopulation. Regular healthcare statistics data show that chronic diseases are dominant in BiH when it comes to the leading causes of population diseases and mortality. Due to diagnostics costs, therapy, and rehabilitation of patients, such diseases are the leading health problems every year and they are a significant burden for the limited budget of the health sector and the entire community. Also, the results of the population surveys confirm unfavorable trends of life style and habits of the population with addiction diseases being dominant (smoking, alcoholism, drugs and psychotropic substances), inappropriate diet, overweight and obesity, as well as the lack of physical activity, which are the key risk factors for the health of BiH population. Organizational structure of the healthcare system is rather complex with the fragmentation of the system present, particularly in BiH Federation, where the cantons have the authority over healthcare services. Therefore, the healthcare system in BiH Federation includes: Federal Ministry of Health, ten cantonal ministries of health, Federal Institute of Health Insurance and Reinsurance, ten cantonal institutes of health insurance and eleven public health institutes. The healthcare system in RS is centralized at the entity level. 96 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Possibilities of Development of Private Health Insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina A large part of BiH population is not covered by health insurance and does not have the right to healthcare. The largest number of the uninsured persons in RS includes the employees of the companies in which employers do not pay health insurance contributions. There is an additional problem in BiH Federation for the unemployed who miss the 30-90 day deadline for registration at the employment bureau and then lose all rights to health insurance through this bureau. The public is not familiar enough with the process of passing and changing laws. The media do not sufficiently follow and inform on the laws in the field of healthcare that are in the process of passing and enacting in parliaments. Furthermore, authorities do not invest any efforts to make these new laws closer to citizens and introduce them to their rights. Empirical Research into the Possibilities for Private Health Insurance Development Research into Private Healthcare Institutions Based on the answers received from private healthcare institutions, it was established that female persons have a bigger share in their user list (63%). From the aspect of patients’ age structure, the highest number was in the range 19-55 years (41%), then 56-75 (32%), while the proportion of the patients aged 0-18 (15%) and 76-100 (12%) was relatively small. Almost all their patients have social health insurance (96%). The officials of the private healthcare institutions presented the reasons why patients choose to use the services in the private sector. They are given in Table 1. The most important reasons for using their services are high quality and fast service. Most private healthcare institutions (71%) believe that their services are of higher quality than those provided by the public healthcare institutions. Only 41% of the private healthcare institutions have contracts for certain services with the institutes for social health insurance. On the other hand, they are highly interested (75%) in contracting the services with these institutes. Table 1 shows that the satisfaction degree of those institutions that have the contracted services with the institutes is at a very low level (only 6% of them are completely satisfied). Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 97 �Safet Kozarević, Senija Nuhanović, Irnela Hrnjić Only 43% of the private healthcare institutions support the policy of a complete or partial opening the space in the healthcare system of BiH. The reason for this is that 27% of the institutions believe that their current position compared to the public healthcare institutions is poor. Private healthcare institutions offer certain suggestions for patient’s better access to healthcare services, not only in private but also in the public healthcare sector as follows: • Increasing the involvement of private institutions in healthcare (57%). • Increasing the flexibility of contracts in terms of prices and other conditions (35%). • Strengthening the monitoring of the contracted services and public announcement of data in terms waiting, quality, satisfaction, accessibility, etc. (47%). • Improving the regulation in both sectors (37%). • Other (12%): controlling public procurements in the public sector, defining patients’ rights and obligations of medical service provider by introducing clinical guides into the law on health protection, providing a patient with the option to choose where to use healthcare services and equaling private and state healthcare. Private healthcare institutions are highly interested in cooperating with private insurance companies (59%), but only a small number of them have already concluded the contracts with insurance companies (14%). Only 9% of the institutions replied that they did not see their interest in such type of business arrangement. The institutions that stated they do not have an opinion on the subject (20%) believe that they lack sufficient information on advantages and disadvantages of such arrangement. 98 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Possibilities of Development of Private Health Insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina Table 1: Surveys’ Results Survey of private healthcare institutions Reasons why patients choose private healthcare institutions: Service speed 68,63% Service quality 84,31% Impossibility of services in the public sector 45,10% Higher patients' confidence 49,02% Other 11,76% Satisfaction by the conditions of contracted cooperation with the health insurance institutes: Completely 5,88% Partially No, due to prices No, due to payment overdue No, for some other reasons 17,65% 13,73% 11,76% 9,80% Survey of users of healthcare services Reasons for using the healthcare services provided by the private sector: Impossibility for getting the appropriate service in the public sector Impossibility for getting fast service in the public sector Lack of confidence in the services provided in the public sector None of the mentioned Other Citizens’ experience while using the services of public and private institutions: Public Rude staff 27,33% Long waiting for some services (tests, referral letters to 38,26% specialists, medications, etc.) Unprofessional healthcare staff 18,33% Low quality treatment 12,86% Other 3,22% Source: Authors’ research Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 43,17% 50,82% 21,86% 10,38% 8,20% healthcare Private 3,76% 10,22% 5,91% 4,84% 75,27% 99 �Safet Kozarević, Senija Nuhanović, Irnela Hrnjić Research into the Users of Healthcare Services Most research subjects in the group of the users of healthcare services were male persons (67%). The largest number of them belongs to the age group in the interval 19-55 (87%), with significantly smaller proportions of other age groups 56-75, 0-18, and 76-100, in percentage 8%, 3% and 2%, respectively. Out of 92% of the subjects, who had social health insurance, 78% of them were not satisfied by the existing social health insurance. Only 20% of the subjects stated that they do not frequently use the services provided by the private healthcare sector. The reasons are given in Table 1, and it is evident that their reasons are rather similar to those stated by private healthcare institutions meaning speed of services, lack of certain service in the public sector, and higher confidence in the private sector. Regarding the quality of private versus public healthcare institutions, 73% of the subjects believe that the services in the private sector are of higher quality. The reasons for dissatisfaction by the existing social health insurance are given in Table 1, parallel with the rate given for the services provided by the private sector. It is evident that the subjects who had already used the services provided by the private sector rated their quality as much higher than in the public institutions. Similarly, Table 1 showed that the private healthcare institutions recognized long waiting for some services, unkind and unprofessional staff and low-quality treatment as the same reasons why patients/clients opt for the private sector services. More than 93% of the subjects believe that their social health insurance should provide them with a broader coverage of healthcare services. Only half of the subjects are familiar with the possibility for health insurance via insurance companies, while 86% of them would opt for private health insurance provided that their price is affordable. Research into Insurance Companies Underdevelopment of the private insurance market in BiH is evident from the realized structure of the premium on the market. The largest share belongs to the compulsory motor third party liability insurance. In the entire premium structure, the share of health insurance is 1.59% (BiH Federation 1.87% and RS 0.78%), and this is mainly for traveler’s health insurance. The market itself is highly fragmented, with a significantly higher number of insurers than needed for such a small market. As many as 14 insurers have the market share below 3%. Domestically owned 100 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Possibilities of Development of Private Health Insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina insurers cover less than half of the market. There are 10 active insurers on the market that are under majority foreign ownership, but they cover almost the entire life insurance market. The owners of these insurers are in Austria, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia. One company for reinsurance is also present on the market. Although all the insurance companies surveyed plan to introduce voluntary health insurance, only two of them currently offer these products. The insurance companies that provide the package of voluntary health insurance offer various products including those that cover the basic package of healthcare services to those that cover a wide spectrum of services. Female persons make 55% of the insured structure while the dominant age group is 19-55 (70%). Cooperation with the private healthcare institutions is registered for only one third of the products and 50% of the subjects believe that the private healthcare institutions are cautious because they are not well informed about the voluntary health insurance. Thirty-three percent of the subjects think that these institutions are interested in cooperation while the remaining 17% believe that the healthcare institutions are not interested as they do not see any benefit from such cooperation. Half of the subjects think that the insurance market is ready for the offer of voluntary health insurance package, while the other half estimate that the market is still not mature enough for such offer. Most of the insurers (83%) think that the reform of the healthcare system should envisage the room for voluntary health insurance provided by private insurance companies. Conclusion The research described in this paper shows the current situation in the healthcare system of BiH. A large number of indicators point at the system crisis, inefficiency, dissipation of scarce resources, large dissatisfaction of all participants, and other disadvantages. Regarding the private voluntary health insurance as the addition to the existing system of social health insurance, it is not developed due to many obstacles that need to be passed. On the other hand, interest in the introduction of such type of insurance, as showed by the results of the primary research, is high in the private healthcare institutions, users of healthcare services, and insurance companies. Development of voluntary health insurance is necessary and perhaps the only way out of the current situation. Unsustainability of Bismarck’s model of healthcare Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 101 �Safet Kozarević, Senija Nuhanović, Irnela Hrnjić system, not only in BiH but globally as well, is obvious, and there are numerous arguments that prove this statement. That is the reason why for a long time alternatives have been sought as well as additions to the traditional models of healthcare systems. The main causes of unfavorable relationship between the payer of health contributions and the users of health protection are demographic changes, that is, an immense increase in the participation of the old population (retired persons) and high unemployment rate. Consequently, this reflects in the decrease in the number of those who pay contributions and the increased number of health protection users. Unfortunately, there is no universal solution or an optimum model of healthcare system that would be widely acceptable. However, depending on the country itself and its characteristics, it is possible to create a combination of one of the models with the additional insurance options such as voluntary health insurance provided by private insurance companies. In this respect, the development of voluntary health insurance in BiH should be observed as an important breakthrough towards the improvement of health protection. The disadvantage of the voluntary health insurance lies in the fact that it does not have social solidarity. This means that those with higher risks of diseases pay higher insurance premiums (sick, old, smokers, etc.). A good thing for these categories of citizens is the fact that they would still have their social insurance. In other words, relieving the burden of the healthcare system by means of voluntary health insurance would leave more room for more endangered categories of the population. Finally, it has been confirmed that in the forthcoming reform of the healthcare system, which is obviously necessary, one should search for the room to develop voluntary healthcare insurance provided by private insurance companies. 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Report No. 66253-BA. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Challenges and Directions for Reform – A Public Expenditure and Institutional Review. Retrieved February 22, 2013, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTBOSNIAHERZ/Resources/ BHPEIR2012IzazoviPreporukeZaReforme.pdf Zrinščak, S. (1999). Health Policy Systems in the World: Basic Characteristics and Current. Revija za socijalnu politiku (online), 6(1), 3-19. Retrieved January 24, 2013, from http://www.rsp.hr/ojs2/index.php/rsp/article/viewFile/312/897 Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 105 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2700 Title A name given to the resource Possibilities of Development of Private Health Insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author Kozarević, Safet Nuhanović, Senija Hrnjić, Irnela Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Increased rise in costs of healthcare in the last five decades has rapidly increased interest in the functioning of healthcare systems within every country. The reasons for growth in healthcare costs are related to demographic changes, technology advancement, increased number of educated persons, emergence of new diseases, etc. Financing the risk of poor health is mainly organized through programs of social and private health insurance. Regarding the management of the risks of poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the social health insurance system is the basic solution for the population. However, in BiH, as in other countries in the world, the system of social insurance has become unfeasible and it is necessary to search for new solutions, that is, to reform the system. The research subject in this paper is private/voluntary health insurance offered by insurance companies, which can be an efficient addition to social insurance in BiH. It has become present on the market of private insurance in BiH only recently, so its share in the total premium of private insurance is still minor. Therefore, a primary research was conducted on the possibilities for its development as well as on the need and acceptance by the users of healthcare services. Besides, there was a need for examining the performance of the existing system of social health insurance, based on the principles of Bismarck’s model of financing, and recognizing its disadvantages. By identifying and eliminating obstacles for development of voluntary health insurance, it is possible to improve performance of the existing system of health insurance in BiH. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-01-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed HN Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1c4656b1f7a05ac8797e01dd9fb70694.pdf a4f3b47f60c552f6bd32232d4b7d3733 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo innovative business support , as well as startup companies support for certain social categories. 3. In fact, despite of high level of awareness to corporate social responsibility projects and actions , the same level of commitment is not indentified with their credit policy In fact only limited number of selected banks truly incorporate sustainable financing in their lending policy, while the others provide almost all sustainable loans being in a positions of intermediary bank for MBDP credit lines. Therefore MBDP is the biggest promoter of the special loans for sustainable development , while some of the medium sized banks are trying to assure better position at the market , with allocating part of their credit potential for the purpose of sustainable development financing. LITERATURE Coro Strandberg ,”Best practices in sustainable finance” – Strandberg Consulting, June 2005 WWF & BankTrack Report - “ Shaping the future of sustainable finance” – WWF , 2006 Marchel H.A. Jeunken , Jan Jaap Bouma “The changing environment of banks “GMI 1999 Marcel Jeucken “Sustainable Finance and Banking” November 2001. Jan Willem van Gelder “The do’s and don’ts of Sustainable Banking - A BankTrack manual”- 2004 Post-Modern Criticism of Monetary System and Financial Institutions Adi Fišević, Ugur Ergun International Burch University, Faculty of Economics 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: adifisevic@yahoo.com, uergun@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Monetary System represents a synonym for modern economic era and its functionality. In order to maintain economic stability it is important to keep major segments of monetary system in balance. Throughout analysis we will first emphasise on nature of money and basic characteristics of it by observing its impact on human nature to reach focal points that could negatively affect monetary system. Since world is reaching toward one unique economic space we must observe it as compact unity in order to react on time to all negative impact that could potentially destabilize international monetary system. Crucial part of the analysis will be based on uncontrolled creation of debt which represents major factor that creates instability on the global and intra-country scale. Since the debt is mostly created throughout generally implemented fractional reserve system we will try to indicate how money multiplier contributes toward debt creation and how it changes over time. Also institutions like IMF and World Bank contribute to excess debt creation by formally providing loans to counties in development that eventually sink into deeper crises. One of the most fragile segments of 103 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo monetary system is foreign exchange market whose general purpose is often misused by governments’ manipulations that have tendency to provide current economic prosperity for their countries but as the final result provides global economic crises. The role of central banks is crucial in this process and we will see how it contributes to overall activities. Keywords: Monetary System; Money; Debt, Fractional Reserve Banking; Legal Tender Laws; Money Multiplier; International Monetary Fund (IMF); Foreign Exchange Market; Purchasing Power Parity; Central Bank. 1. INTRODUCTION Taking into consideration current position of monetary system, it has become obvious that certain aspects do not function properly with respect to conditions that provide economic stability on global scale. Due to the sophisticated nature of monetary system and financial institutions we will not be able to analyse all vulnerable aspects. As name of the paper says post modernistic approach will be applied in order to reach crucial points that destabilise system and cause temporary crises. Importance of intra-country economies should not be neglected during the analysis because of its micro economic influence that individually constitute overall picture. Creation of new money in the information age could become one of the major issues in the upcoming period (Huber and Robertson, 2009). This creative approach by these two authors and their perception of new monetary turmoil could be useful for the analytic process and new predictions that might occur in the monetary system. Problem of debt creation represents one of the major disadvantages that was not substantially emphasised in the past. In the last two decades we may consider International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank as major causes for enlargement of external debt in most countries. Although the system looks helpful at first sight, it actually generates long term debt and produces negative consequences for the debtor. Influence of money multiplier in current monetary system, imposed by central bank is regarded as major priority and susceptible matter. Another important segment that has ability to destabilise monetary system is unlimited and uncontrolled foreign currency exchange. It basically acts throughout inflationary changes that do not leave intra-country economy unharmed. Central Banks have tendency to manipulate system in order to prevent balance of payment and to gain competitive advantage over others. This approach generally causes instability of foreign exchange market. On the other side it may not be of crucial importance but it is one of the most common factors that cerate monetary instability on the global scale. 2. MONEY 2.1 Nature of Money Maybe the most significant issue when discussing about monetary system is the attitude of people toward it. In order to understand systematization of the monetary process and obstacles that it meets we need to recognize psychological nature of money and general perception of the population. Taking into consideration that we live in technological age when information is highly available and people are vastly eager to participate in legislation processes, because 104 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo they understand its impact on everyday life activities. Monetary system is nothing else but immanent factor that influences intra-country economies and determines future of the long term political stability. There are many factors that influence human will when it comes to handling of money. Monetary policies created by central banks or retail banks directly participate in the decision process. Lower interest rate provides direct motivation for loans which could eventually improve wellbeing of the citizens. Importance of understanding human behaviour is equally important as monetary changes since the impact is visible on living standards. Since desire for money is not innate, but it is caused by socio-economic standards that exist over time people have developed certain addiction. Money in some opinions affect as perceptual drug which produces same psychological effect as any other psychoactive substance (Lea and Webley 2005). In the modern era money is observed as social resource and necessity for major surviving activities. Purchasing power that money possesses enables us to fulfil desires and goals which consist of materialistic nature. All type of merchandise must be expressed within some monetary parameters, regardless of its value that will enter individual or production spending (Marx, 1890). This brings us to the point where we need to take serious dialectical approach to money. Since the monetary system sets the standards within which money is to be used and operated with, must be observe simultaneously with caution. In its essence money represents foundation of every modern society and if those foundations are not precisely adjusted throughout monetary system the society will collapse from inside. 2.2 Creating New Money* In this part we will debate on new monetary system and all possible changes necessary in order to create long term stability in the economic sector. Most of propositions are derived from the book of Joseph Huber and James Robertson ¨Creating New Money: A Monetary Reform for the Information Age¨ (Hubert and Robertson, 2009). Analysis is based on the potential reformation with respect to new standards that constitute modern information age. Since most of money in the modern era is created by banks throughout fractional reserve system such propositions seem logical. Second step is based on governments urge to spend potential money and to put it into circulation. Many academics have different opinion on this issue. Some of them consider that money should be channelled through specific public spending programs. Others think that money should be used to pay national debt. Third and most interesting suggestion is for governments to put money into circulation as interest free loans. This way government could directly help itself and also facilitate tax payers’ obligation for government expenditures. Another author that proposed reform of monetary system was Ludwig von Mises. In his work he also supported idea that all future bank notes must completely be covered in gold (Mises, 1928). His reform was also related to commercial banks and various changes that need to be implemented from limitation of fiduciary media up to regulation over the banks cash balance in order to stabilize monetary system. * Following analysis is based on the book ¨Creating New Money: A Monetary Reform for the Information Age¨ by Joseph Huber and James Robertson with the addition of authors’ propositions and criticism. 105 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. UNCONTROLED CREATION OF DEBT 3.1 Factors of Debt Creation Post modern period created many unpredictable situations whose effects constantly destabilise international monetary system. Throughout intense globalization processes monetary system did not stayed unharmed. Governments have daily issues that concern misjudgement and predictions of the future monetary reforms. It has become obvious that system as it is can maintain its functionality but it is a matter up to when since the world is slowly recovering from the crises and harmful impact on global economy. Whether banking can preserve its stability is an unquestionable, but major issue concerns intra-country economies since it is not desirable for many undeveloped countries to fall within global corporations that enjoy affection of banking sector. In many cases global economy does not favour corporations whose tendency toward profit is unstoppable. On the other hand we should focus on crucial issues within monetary system and try to find key defects and shortages. One of those issues is regarded of fractional reserve banking. Since the beginning of the previous century world has entered new era of consumerism. From one perspective consumption was blossoming while on the other side debt was accumulating. However paradoxical this sounds it represents current situation we are living in. Daily consumption of each household increases which is a positive sign, but overall debt per individual also increases. This date are standardised and well known to all government officials. The only question is how long such system will last till it entirely collapses. 3.2 Fractional Reserve Banking Since the introduction of the modern banking system fractional reserve approach was introduced. It has a long tradition and also hazardous nature that through time proved to be instable and harmful for the economy. Although bankers lobby still enjoys all benefits of this system it is obvious that whole planet is over debt and this bubble could implode soon. As I have already said consequences would be disastrous and economy could hardly recover. Politics promoted by hegemony forces like U.S and U.K favours fractional reserve banking since those international corporations that represent those two countries usually gain greatest benefits. There have been few attempts to justify fractional reserve banking which can be placed in two distinct groups. First group is based on principle that equates irregular deposit contracts with the loan contract. Second doctrine was based on the ground of new legal concept of availability which states that bankers should carry out their investments responsibly in accordance with regulations and legislatives (Soto, 2009). These two approaches do not look convincing and they lack scientific base for proving statements. Especially first group of doctrines that equates irregular deposit contracts with loan contract. In any case depository contracts are characterised by lower interest rates which is logical because of business cycle that characterises the process. Problem is not in the fact that banks provide loans with higher interest but in the fractional reserve nature. Banks decrease their reserves which disables depositors of taking their funds from the bank at will. Furthermore bank borrows money that do not own but beside that also create new additional money from imaginary base. In most cases bankers behave according to law since the regulations are set to support their operations. 106 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.3 Influence of Money Multiplier The system operates in a way that central bank prints additional amounts of money which is infiltrated into the process of further multiplying. Since the banks cooperate with central bank in coherence money is printed in accordance to the directions that follow banks operations and needs. In order to infiltrate new money into the market central banks simply purchase additional assets. Reserve rate held by the banks are determined by the central bank rules and legislatives in cooperation with government. When new money is printed it instantly increases banks potential deposits that they can further lend by again increasing money supply. According to the studies in United States each additional dollar created by the Fed will generate new $8.5 with respect to M2 money supply (Johnson, 2010). M2 money supply is crucial indicator when evaluating amount of money in the market and inflation. It includes checking accounts, currency, saving accounts, retail money market funds and time deposits. In the economic terminology money multiplier is denoted with (m). It shows simple variation and change in money supply (M) compared to the change in monetary base (MB). Money multiplier expresses the value of the monetary base that was increased in the money supply. In this post-modern monetary system money multiplier is always higher than 1 which also is directly correlated with increase in inflation. Since the banks operate under fractional reserve system money multiplier is one of the crucial variables that affect monetary system. When evaluating money multiplier it is important to include variety of factors. Few of the main variables are reserve ratio (r), currency in circulation (C), checkable deposits (D) and excess reserves (ER). During the analysis it would be enough to posses these numbers that are usually presented in the central banks report in order to calculate currency ratio (c) and excess reserve ratio (e) to be able to calculate simple money multiplier. After calculating excess reserves and currency ratio we will be able to calculate simple money multiplier. We call it simple because in this equation only M1 (money supply) is used because it gives us easier approach for explanation of it functionality unlike M2 where we would need to take into consideration retail money market funds and time deposits. 3.4 Foreign Exchange Market Foreign exchange market represents one of the most volatile segments of international monetary system. Due to its nature and characteristics fluctuations in exchange rates directly influence intra-country economy. Exchange rate is an expression of one currency price in terms of other (Mishkin, 2010). 107 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Since level of trading has reached its peak on the international scale especially in the last few years, issue of foreign exchange market became more important for stability of international economy. Foreign exchange market enjoys certain kind of autonomy since it is completely decentralised and independent of most government regulations. Unlike stock exchange where all dealers are gathered at one place foreign exchange market functions on the principle of few hundred banks that trade among themselves. It is another characteristic that result in new doubts regarding the functionality of the system. We can differentiate two major types of exchange rate transactions. Spot transactions are most common type of exchange rate transactions and it is based on immediate exchange of banks deposits. On the other side we have forward transactions where transactions of bank deposits occur in the future (Mishkin, 2010). Forward transactions are unpredictable due to intensive fluctuations among exchange rates which can cause high gains or losses for one of the participants. Trading parties use forward premium that show approximate measurement of market expectations in the future. In its core it is a difference between spot price and future forward price. Fm is the forward exchange rate while e represents number of days from the starting point. If it means that more primer currency will be necessary to purchase foreign exchange e days from now than today (Ickes, 2006). 4. CONCLUSION Through analysis we have seen that international monetary system is extremely fragile ad that change in any particular segment can destabilize overall economic wellbeing. Money itself has certain impact on human behaviour that can be manipulated with different means. Stability of monetary system also depends on attitude of general population toward banking sector. Fractional reserve system is one of the most prominent segments whose functionality is questionable. We have seen that fractional reserve system does promote uncontrolled creation of debt that generally is not favourable for stable economic environment. Money multiplier as one of the most important measurements of money supply proved to be inefficient and unreliable. Foreign exchange market as most autonomous segment of monetary system constantly suffers of manipulations enforced by governments that tend to promote economic efficiency. In order to maintain global stability it is important to introduce new independent institutions that have capabilities to monitor and control monetary behaviour of developed countries whose currencies are widespread. REFERENCES Huber, J., Robertson, M. (2000). Creating New Money: A Monetary Reform for the Information Age. New Economics Foundation, London. pp. Ickes, B. (2006). The Foreign Exchange Market, p. 8 http://econ.la.psu.edu/~bickes/forex.pdf Johnson, S. (2010). Keeping an Eye on the Money Multiplier. Invesco Fixed Income, pp. 1-3 Kindelberger, C. (1978). Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises. New York, Basic p. 16 108 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Lea, S., Webley, P. (2005). Money as tool, money as drug: The biological psychology of a strong incentive. The Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, University of Cambridge, pp. 5-7. Marx, K. (1890). Das Kapital: Kritik der Politichen Oekonomie, Verlag von Otto Meissner, Hamburg, p. 645 Mises, L. (2006). The Causes of Economic Crises: And Other Essays Before and After the Great Depression. Ludwig von Misses Institute, pp. 39-41 Mishkin, F. (2010). The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets (9th Edition). Pearson Education Inc., Boston, p. 56, 433, 434, 437 Rothbard, M. (2008). The Mystery of Banking (2nd Edition). Ludwig von Misses Alabama, p. 4 Institute., Shah, A. (2007).Third World Debt Undermines Development: Causes of the Debt Crisis. Retrieved December 20 2007. http://www.globalissues.org/ TradeRelated /Debt/ causes.asp Soto, J. (2009). Money, Bank Credit and Economic Cycles (2nd Edition). Ludwig von Misses Institute., Alabama, pp. 115-119 Taylor, A., Taylor, M. (2004). The Purchasing Power Parity Debate. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume18, no. 4, pp. 135-158 Taylor, J., (2001). The Role of the Exchange Rate in Monetary-Policy Rules." American Economic Review, Vol. 2: p. 67 IT role on proper Financial Statement Analysis Ozlen Serife, Duric Adnan, Ergun Ugur, Kevro International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: serifeozlen@hotmail.com,duric_adnan@hotmail.com, uergun@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Financial statements are prepared reports to quantitatively describe the current financial situation of a company. Therefore, proper financial statement analysis is important for the managers to be able to observe the organization and make financial decisions as a result of achieving the right information about the company on time. Hence the company can obtain some benefits. The tools used in the analysis and the staff motivation who performs the analysis are assumed in this research as the key variables to develop proper financial statements and therefore the analysis. 109 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1284 Title A name given to the resource Post-Modern Criticism of Monetary System and Financial Institutions Author Author Adi , Fišević ERGÜN, Uğur Abstract A summary of the resource. Monetary System represents a synonym for modern economic era and its functionality. In order to maintain economic stability it is important to keep major segments of monetary system in balance. Throughout analysis we will first emphasise on nature of money and basic characteristics of it by observing its impact on human nature to reach focal points that could negatively affect monetary system. Since world is reaching toward one unique economic space we must observe it as compact unity in order to react on time to all negative impact that could potentially destabilize international monetary system. Crucial part of the analysis will be based on uncontrolled creation of debt which represents major factor that creates instability on the global and intra-country scale. Since the debt is mostly created throughout generally implemented fractional reserve system we will try to indicate how money multiplier contributes toward debt creation and how it changes over time. Also institutions like IMF and World Bank contribute to excess debt creation by formally providing loans to counties in development that eventually sink into deeper crises. One of the most fragile segments of monetary system is foreign exchange market whose general purpose is often misused by governments’ manipulations that have tendency to provide current economic prosperity for their countries but as the final result provides global economic crises. The role of central banks is crucial in this process and we will see how it contributes to overall activities. Keywords: Monetary System; Money; Debt, Fractional Reserve Banking; Legal Tender Laws; Money Multiplier; International Monetary Fund (IMF); Foreign Exchange Market; Purchasing Power Parity; Central Bank. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3521 Title A name given to the resource POSTMETHOD PEDAGOGY AND POSSIBLE CRITICS Author Author Alavinia, Parviz Enayati, Bayez Abstract A summary of the resource. Being raised a consequence of common dissatisfaction with the limitations of the concept of method, post method pedagogy has introduced three parameters of particularity, practicality and possibility principles to be replaced with the limited concept of method in the era of second / foreign language teaching and teacher education . The theoretical concepts of this new approach are influential but putting them in practice into results in new challenges for language teachers and language educators. Using the library research method, the current paper outlines some potential shortcomings of the post method pedagogy while introducing the possible critics which influence the practicality of this approach. Keywords: Postmethod, pedagogy, critics , practicality Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2d112d1c135a1ee0c248ab4da5c7a249.pdf 52612d1283af3705cdcfd08a1ce8956d PDF Text Text BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 Uşşâkî (d. 1750) period or after him. He used plain language in his poems and wrote religious mystical poems. In this study, we will present Sofracı’s Divan and will give information about the content of the book. We belive that our study will contribute to the literary by introducing Sofracı’s Divan to the world. POSTMODERN ANLATILARI OKUMA GÜÇLÜKLERİ Sevim Nilay IŞIKSALAN Ahi Evran Üniversitesi, Kırşehir / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Üstkurmaca, postmodern anlatılar, okuma güçlükleri. ÖZET Bu araştırma, üniversitemizin Türkçe Eğitimi Bölümünde yüksek lisans yapan 15 öğrencinin postmodern anlatıları okuma güçlüklerini irdelemek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Nitel araştırma deseni ile tasarlanan çalışmada, öğrencilerin postmodern anlatıları okurken hangi düzlemlerde, niçin zorlandıkları üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırmada iki aşamalı bir çalışma yöntemi izlenmiştir. İlk olarak çalışma grubundaki öğrencilere, postmodern anlatıları ortaya çıkaran koşullar hakkında (4 saatlik) önbilgi verilmiştir. 20. yüzyılın fizikbilimindeki gelişmeleri - Max Planc’ın quantum, Einstein’ın görelilik kuramı ile Heisenberg’in belirsizlik ilkesi- anlatılarak zaman ve uzam algısındaki köklü değişimler vurgulanmıştır. Ruhbilimindeki yeni yaklaşımlar ve kuramlar Freud’un bilinçaltı, Jung’un kolektif bilinçaltı, Adler’in bireysel psikolojisi, Bergson’un sezgicilik hakkındaki görüşlerine değinilmiştir. Bireyin öznel ve toplumsal yaşamını kuşatan ve onda farklı değerler dizgesi oluşturan teknolojik yenilikler anlatılmıştır. Yeni dünya gerçeği karşısında insanın varoluş sorunsalı üzerinde durulmuştur. Söz konusu köklü değişimlerin, edebiyat düzleminde yansımalarına, eskisinden çok farklı yeni bir edebiyat estetiğinin doğuşuna dikkat çekilmiştir. Yeni estetik anlayış, Ulysses (James Joyce) ve Dönüşüm (Franz Kafka) romanlarıyla örneklendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın ikinci aşamasında; öğrencilerden Türk Edebiyatında ilk modernist eser olan Tutunamayanlar ile postmodern anlatılar olan Kara Kitap 62 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 ve Suskunlar romanlarını okumaları ve okurken zorlandıkları hususları, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu yardımıyla, beş temel düzlemde yazmaları istenmiştir: 1. Üstkurmaca. 2. Metinlerarasılık. 3. Tarih/Zaman ve Uzam Algısı. 4. Polisiye /Dedektif Kurgu. 5. Anlatı Teknikleri. Araştırma bulguları, öğrencilerin belirtilen romanları okurken, üstkurmaca düzlemindeki özgün imgeleri bulup açımlamada zorlandıklarını, metinlerarasılık düzleminde ise bilgi ve birikim eksikliği nedeniyle arkaik metinlerle ilişkilendirme sorunu yaşadıklarını ortaya koymuştur. Öğrenciler, ayrıca polisiye kurgudan hoşlandıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Üstkurmaca, postmodern anlatılar, okuma güçlükleri. READING DIFFICULTIES IN POSTMODERN NARRATIVES ABSTRACT This research is prepared in order to analyse the reading difficulties in postmodern fiction of fifteen master degree students of Turkish Language Teaching Department of our university. In this study designed qualitatively, it has been examined that in which level and why the students have had difficulty. This research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, general information about the backgrounds of postmodern literary works was expressed (for 4 hours). Mentioning about the developments of physical science in the 20th century such as the quantum theory by Max Planc, the relativity theory by Einstein, the uncertainty principle by Heisenberg, it was focused on radical changes on time and space perception. The new approaches and theories of psychology, namely unconsciousness term by Freud, collective unconscious by Jung, personal pscyhology by Adler, intuitionism by Bergson were clarified. Technological innovation which surrounds individual’s personal and social life and creates different value systems was explained. Human being’s existence problematic against the new world reality was emphasied. It was pointed out that these radical changes have effects on literature and they have created a new literature aesthetic. This new aesthetic perception was exemplified with two different novels: Ulysses (James Joyce) and The Metamorphosis (Franz Kafka). In the second stage of the research, students were asked to read the first modernist novel in Turkish Literature, Tutunamayanlar and the postmodern novels Kara Kitap and Suskunlar, then to note down the difficulties while they were reading these works in five labels of a semi structured interview form. 63 �BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014 These labels were the followings: 1.Metafiction. 2. Intertextuality. 3. Date/Time and Space Conception. 4. Detective / Crime Fiction. 5. Narrative Techniques. The findings of this research indicated that while students were reading these novels, they had experienced difficulties in finding and explaining the authentic images on the label of metafiction; in making associations among things they read and archaic texts due to the lack of information and background on the label of inter textuality. Students also indicated that they enjoyed the detective fiction. Key words: Metafiction, postmodern narratives, reading difficulties. DİLÂVER CEBECİ'NİN HİKÂYELERİNDEKİ ŞAHIS KADROSU Emel HİSARCIKLILAR Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Dilâver Cebeci, hikâye, şahıs kadrosu. ÖZET Türk edebiyatında özellikle Türk milletinin millî ve manevî değerlerini, karşı karşıya olduğu problemleri dile getirdiği şiirleriyle tanınan Dilâver Cebeci (1943-2008), bu şekilde, içinden geldiği topluma yabancı kalmamış, söz konusu değerleri manzumeleri dışındaki diğer eserlerinde de benzer biçimde ifade etmiştir. Onun “Mavi Türkü” adlı eserinde yer alan hikâyelerinde de, şiirlerindeki gibi bir dünya görüşü göze çarpmaktadır. Cebeci, milletinin tarihine dönerek bu tarihin meydana getirdiği medeniyeti yüceltmekte, bu milletin mücadele ettiği sıkıntıları dile getirmektedir. Bu hikâyeler konusunu Türk tarihinin hem İslam öncesi hem de İslam sonrası döneminden aldığı gibi, şahıs kadrosu bakımından da oldukça zengin bir kadroya sahiptir. Bu metinlerdeki kahramanların gözü pek, cesaretli, inandığı değerler uğruna sonuna kadar mücadele etmekten çekinmeyen, maneviyatı güçlü, ideal karakterler olduğu görülmektedir. Dilaver Cebeci, meydana getirdiği bu ideal kahraman modeliyle, hikâyelerinde ele aldığı konuyu daha etkili bir şekilde okura iletmeye çalışmıştır. Bu çalışmada da söz konusu hikâyelerde yer alan kahramanlar, işlenen konuyla bağlantılı olarak değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır. 64 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2724 Title A name given to the resource POSTMODERN ANLATILARI OKUMA GÜÇLÜKLERİ Author Author IŞIKSALAN, Sevim Nilay Abstract A summary of the resource. Bu araştırma, üniversitemizin Türkçe Eğitimi Bölümünde yüksek lisans yapan 15 öğrencinin postmodern anlatıları okuma güçlüklerini irdelemek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Nitel araştırma deseni ile tasarlanan çalışmada, öğrencilerin postmodern anlatıları okurken hangi düzlemlerde, niçin zorlandıkları üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırmada iki aşamalı bir çalışma yöntemi izlenmiştir. İlk olarak çalışma grubundaki öğrencilere, postmodern anlatıları ortaya çıkaran koşullar hakkında (4 saatlik) önbilgi verilmiştir. 20. yüzyılın fizikbilimindeki gelişmeleri - Max Planc’ın quantum, Einstein’ın görelilik kuramı ile Heisenberg’in belirsizlik ilkesi- anlatılarak zaman ve uzam algısındaki köklü değişimler vurgulanmıştır. Ruhbilimindeki yeni yaklaşımlar ve kuramlar - Freud’un bilinçaltı, Jung’un kolektif bilinçaltı, Adler’in bireysel psikolojisi, Bergson’un sezgicilik hakkındaki görüşlerine değinilmiştir. Bireyin öznel ve toplumsal yaşamını kuşatan ve onda farklı değerler dizgesi oluşturan teknolojik yenilikler anlatılmıştır. Yeni dünya gerçeği karşısında insanın varoluş sorunsalı üzerinde durulmuştur. Söz konusu köklü değişimlerin, edebiyat düzleminde yansımalarına, eskisinden çok farklı yeni bir edebiyat estetiğinin doğuşuna dikkat çekilmiştir. Yeni estetik anlayış, Ulysses (James Joyce) ve Dönüşüm (Franz Kafka) romanlarıyla örneklendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın ikinci aşamasında; öğrencilerden Türk Edebiyatında ilk modernist eser olan Tutunamayanlar ile postmodern anlatılar olan Kara Kitap ve Suskunlar romanlarını okumaları ve okurken zorlandıkları hususları, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu yardımıyla, beş temel düzlemde yazmaları istenmiştir: 1. Üstkurmaca. 2. Metinlerarasılık. 3. Tarih/Zaman ve Uzam Algısı. 4. Polisiye /Dedektif Kurgu. 5. Anlatı Teknikleri. Araştırma bulguları, öğrencilerin belirtilen romanları okurken, üstkurmaca düzlemindeki özgün imgeleri bulup açımlamada zorlandıklarını, metinlerarasılık düzleminde ise bilgi ve birikim eksikliği nedeniyle arkaik metinlerle ilişkilendirme sorunu yaşadıklarını ortaya koymuştur. Öğrenciler, ayrıca polisiye kurgudan hoşlandıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Üstkurmaca, postmodern anlatılar, okuma güçlükleri. READING DIFFICULTIES IN POSTMODERN NARRATIVES ABSTRACT This research is prepared in order to analyse the reading difficulties in postmodern fiction of fifteen master degree students of Turkish Language Teaching Department of our university. In this study designed qualitatively, it has been examined that in which level and why the students have had difficulty. This research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, general information about the backgrounds of postmodern literary works was expressed (for 4 hours). Mentioning about the developments of physical science in the 20th century such as the quantum theory by Max Planc, the relativity theory by Einstein, the uncertainty principle by Heisenberg, it was focused on radical changes on time and space perception. The new approaches and theories of psychology, namely unconsciousness term by Freud, collective unconscious by Jung, personal pscyhology by Adler, intuitionism by Bergson were clarified. Technological innovation which surrounds individual’s personal and social life and creates different value systems was explained. Human being’s existence problematic against the new world reality was emphasied. It was pointed out that these radical changes have effects on literature and they have created a new literature aesthetic. This new aesthetic perception was exemplified with two different novels: Ulysses (James Joyce) and The Metamorphosis (Franz Kafka). In the second stage of the research, students were asked to read the first modernist novel in Turkish Literature, Tutunamayanlar and the postmodern novels Kara Kitap and Suskunlar, then to note down the difficulties while they were reading these works in five labels of a semi structured interview form. These labels were the followings: 1.Metafiction. 2. Intertextuality. 3. Date/Time and Space Conception. 4. Detective / Crime Fiction. 5. Narrative Techniques. The findings of this research indicated that while students were reading these novels, they had experienced difficulties in finding and explaining the authentic images on the label of metafiction; in making associations among things they read and archaic texts due to the lack of information and background on the label of inter textuality. Students also indicated that they enjoyed the detective fiction. Key words: Metafiction, postmodern narratives, reading difficulties. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-23 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-582X P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d0f1fa502bf462afdb761aa47dc303ca.docx e88f5707d77422736faac4ce4f1fb881 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f25989669ac1eea263c1c6cf7c0de857.pdf 1f74dec7649c302b54ee2cc1c17fc645 PDF Text Text Postmodern Drawings on Language Teaching: Cartoons Ali Fuat Arici & Buket D. Orhun Dumlupinar University / Kütahya, Turkey Key words : Language Education, Cartoon, Education ABSTRACT Mehmet Kaplan, modern sanatın binlerce yıllık tecrübeden meydana geldiğini ifade etmektedir. Bugün her sanat dalının kendi içerisindeki tecrübelerine ek olarak bir de sanat disiplinleri arasında bağlar kurulmuştur. Dille uğraşan bireyler olarak bu sanat dalları arasında bizlerin dikkatini çeken iki tür vardır: Edebiyat ve karikatür. Yazının ve çizginin bir şeyleri anlatma ve estetik çabası, onları yan yana getirmektedir. Edebiyatta başta hiciv, taşlama olmak üzere pek çok alanın karikatürle ilişkisi söz konusudur. Yazar ve şairler imge unsurlarıyla karikatüristler de çizgiler aracılığıyla sanata ve topluma açılırlar. İki alan arasında belli bir katkıdan da söz edilebilir. Öncelikle edebiyat karikatüristlere ilham kaynağı olurken karikatürler de edebiyat âlemini zenginleştirmekte ve eğlenceli kılmaktadır. Bazen pek çok sanatçının portrelerini karikatüristlerin kaleminde görebilir, bazen de bir karikatürden esinlenerek yazılmış pek çok hikâye okuyabilmekteyiz. Sergilerde görmeye alışılan karikatürlerin aslında çok geniş bir kullanım alanı vardır: Gazeteler, dergiler, reklam afişleri, TV’ler ve tişörtler bunlardan bazılarıdır. Bu iletişim aracına bazen sadece gülünüp geçilirken, bazen üzerinde tartışılır, bazen de uzun uzadıya düşünülür. Yani karikatür, haber verir, eleştirir, eğlendirir ve eğitir. Karikatürler eğitim sürecinde çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Güldürürken düşündürerek insanlara bakmayı değil, görmeyi öğretir. Bireyleri aydınlatarak, toplumların olumlu yönde ilerlemesine yardımcı olur. Eğitim ve öğretim boyunca ne kadar çok duyumuzu kullanarak bilgileri öğrenirsek, bilgiler o derece kalıcı ve verimli olur. Bu yönüyle de karikatürlerin eğitimde yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Karikatürler, dil eğitiminin yapısına uygundur. Dil eğitiminde amaç ve kazanımların gerçekleştirilmesinde yardımcı bir materyal olup derste verimin arttırılması, öğretilenlerin kalıcılığının sağlanması ve temel dil becerilerinin geliştirilmesi gibi birçok fayda sağlayacağından dil eğitiminde kullanılması gerekmektedir. Çalışmamızda, karikatürün dil eğitiminde nasıl kullanılabileceği sorusuna ilişkin cevaplar aranmıştır. Bunun için öncelikle karikatürün tanımı, tarihçesi, çeşitleri, amaçları ve kullanım alanları irdelenmiş, daha sonra bireye ve topluma etkisinden bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca eğitimde karikatür kullanımının yararları nelerdir ve dil eğitiminde karikatür nasıl kullanılmalıdır? şeklindeki sorular cevaplandırılmıştır. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1700 Title A name given to the resource Postmodern Drawings on Language Teaching: Cartoons Author Author FUAT ARICI, Ali D. ORHUN, Buket Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words : Language Education, Cartoon, Education ABSTRACT Mehmet Kaplan, modern sanatın binlerce yıllık tecrübeden meydana geldiğini ifade etmektedir. Bugün her sanat dalının kendi içerisindeki tecrübelerine ek olarak bir de sanat disiplinleri arasında bağlar kurulmuştur. Dille uğraşan bireyler olarak bu sanat dalları arasında bizlerin dikkatini çeken iki tür vardır: Edebiyat ve karikatür. Yazının ve çizginin bir şeyleri anlatma ve estetik çabası, onları yan yana getirmektedir. Edebiyatta başta hiciv, taşlama olmak üzere pek çok alanın karikatürle ilişkisi söz konusudur. Yazar ve şairler imge unsurlarıyla karikatüristler de çizgiler aracılığıyla sanata ve topluma açılırlar. İki alan arasında belli bir katkıdan da söz edilebilir. Öncelikle edebiyat karikatüristlere ilham kaynağı olurken karikatürler de edebiyat âlemini zenginleştirmekte ve eğlenceli kılmaktadır. Bazen pek çok sanatçının portrelerini karikatüristlerin kaleminde görebilir, bazen de bir karikatürden esinlenerek yazılmış pek çok hikâye okuyabilmekteyiz. Sergilerde görmeye alışılan karikatürlerin aslında çok geniş bir kullanım alanı vardır: Gazeteler, dergiler, reklam afişleri, TV’ler ve tişörtler bunlardan bazılarıdır. Bu iletişim aracına bazen sadece gülünüp geçilirken, bazen üzerinde tartışılır, bazen de uzun uzadıya düşünülür. Yani karikatür, haber verir, eleştirir, eğlendirir ve eğitir. Karikatürler eğitim sürecinde çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Güldürürken düşündürerek insanlara bakmayı değil, görmeyi öğretir. Bireyleri aydınlatarak, toplumların olumlu yönde ilerlemesine yardımcı olur. Eğitim ve öğretim boyunca ne kadar çok duyumuzu kullanarak bilgileri öğrenirsek, bilgiler o derece kalıcı ve verimli olur. Bu yönüyle de karikatürlerin eğitimde yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Karikatürler, dil eğitiminin yapısına uygundur. Dil eğitiminde amaç ve kazanımların gerçekleştirilmesinde yardımcı bir materyal olup derste verimin arttırılması, öğretilenlerin kalıcılığının sağlanması ve temel dil becerilerinin geliştirilmesi gibi birçok fayda sağlayacağından dil eğitiminde kullanılması gerekmektedir. Çalışmamızda, karikatürün dil eğitiminde nasıl kullanılabileceği sorusuna ilişkin cevaplar aranmıştır. Bunun için öncelikle karikatürün tanımı, tarihçesi, çeşitleri, amaçları ve kullanım alanları irdelenmiş, daha sonra bireye ve topluma etkisinden bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca eğitimde karikatür kullanımının yararları nelerdir ve dil eğitiminde karikatür nasıl kullanılmalıdır? şeklindeki sorular cevaplandırılmıştır. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/32f2117267776e756ff2478dab2b9cc3.pdf 5b16040029327b37929c1cf107228435 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Postmodern Narrative Strategies in Paul Auster's Novels Man in the Dark and Invisible Darko KovaĦeviĤ University of East Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina dax1978@gmail.com Abstract: In many of his novels Paul Auster uses characteristic postmodern narrative strategies in order to tell their stories, introduce the characters and depict the atmosphere. The two novels that are the central topic of this paper, "Man in the Dark" and "Invisible", belong to the category of his recent novels, and, observed both as separate units and as a whole, present an excellent example for the identification and analysis of such strategies. After a brief general introduction about postmodern narrative strategies in literature, the strategies used in the named novels will be identified and analyzed, with respect to various narrative theories that exist in present time, and that will bring to some general conclusions at the final part of the paper. Introduction The term postmodern literature is mostly used to describe certain characteristics of the literature that appears in post–World War II period and a reaction against the ideas of Enlightenment that appear in Modernist literature. However, it does not present the opposition to the expression techniques of modernism, but more to modernistic sensibility. Postmodernists do not possess ―modernistic nostalgia for an earlier age where the belief in some eternal values of life was still possible‖ (LeńiĤ 2008: 416) but are aware of all the changes that happened after World War II and support the progress in technology and communications, being aware of the fragmentation of society that occurred, often using such fragmentation in their writing. Same as postmodernism as a whole, it is hard to define postmodern literature, and there is little agreement on its exact characteristics, scope, and importance. A feature of postmodern writers is that they often celebrate chance over craft and use metafiction to undermine the author's narrative primacy within a text, the presence of a single all-powerful storytelling authority. They also attack the distinction between high and low culture, with the employment of pastiche, the combination of multiple cultural elements that include subjects and genres that have not previously been considered adequate for literature. Postmodernism in literature is not an organized movement with leaders or central figures; therefore, it is more difficult to say if it has ended or when it will end. Narrative Strategies in Postmodern Literature The narrative strategies that postmodern writers use in their books are based on the mentioned general attitudes of postmodernism. LeńiĤ (2008: 419)47 defines four important features: disappearance of ―the real‖, autoreferentiality, hybridity and intertextuality. Disappearance of ―the Real‖ Disappearance of ―the real‖ in postmodern literature comes as an opposition to realistic concepts of novel, ―the concept of ―omniscient narrator‖ that has an insight into everything that happens in the novel, the concept of ―character‖ who develops consistently from the beginning to the end of a novel, the concept of ―plot‖ being a systematic connecting of events in a novel and, finally, the concept of ―real‖ as the measure of credibility in a novel discourse.‖ (LeńiĤ 2008: 420). Because of that, many authors use fragmentation through experimenting with time, place, continuity of action, narrative levels and voices, while some other experiment with the very structural foundation of novel, convinced that the reality is, actually, presented in what is said about it. There is also ―historiographic metafiction‖ (Hutcheon, 1988), referring to works that fictionalize actual historical events or figures or simulate new ones, what is based on the fact that both historians and novelists use the same linguistic and rhetorical structures to present their ―realities‖, so that the past is always constructed ideologically and discursively (LeńiĤ 2008: 420). However, there is also a group of postmodern novelists that ―came out with an open criticism of ―the late capitalism‖ society and that returned truly definite referentiality 47 Translation of extracts from the book into English is done by Darko KovaĦeviĤ. 335 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo back to novel. But, even when it gives the images of reall life, the novel strives to make them intensified and more eloquent than the reality, often with the effect of shock.‖(LeńiĤ 2008:421). Among such writers, Paul Auster is probably the most known one. Autoreferentiality Autoreferentiality presents a turn to fictionality and textuality of the novel itself, based on the awareness of postmodern novelists that a novel cannot express the complexity of a present-time life experience. In such way, metafiction occurs, as one of the main phenomena in postmodern literature, stating that ―the job of a writer is not to present the world anymore, but to make it out of words‖ (LeńiĤ 2008: 422). Metafiction is a type of fiction that self-consciously addresses the devices of fiction, exposing the fictional illusion. It is the literary term describing fictional writing that self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artifact in posing questions about the relationship between fiction and reality, usually using irony and selfreflection. Essentially, it is writing about writing, making the artificiality of art or the fictionality of fiction apparent to the reader, not letting him/her to forget that he or she is reading a fictional work. It is often employed to undermine the authority of the author, for unexpected narrative shifts, to advance a story in a unique way, for emotional distance, or to comment on the act of storytelling. The term fabulation is sometimes used interchangeably with metafiction and relates to postmodern tendency of novel to show its literal character openly and thus marks out the unreal character of its contents. For the same tendency, the term surfiction was also suggested, denoting the novel that investigates the limits of its own art and brings its conventions into question. Both fabulation and surfiction challenge some traditional notions of literature, the traditional structure of a novel or role of the narrator, for example, and integrate other traditional notions of storytelling, including fantastical elements, such as magic and myth, or elements from popular genres such as science fiction. Hybridity ―A postmodern novelist is aware that there are various systems of representing the reality, and is ready to check the usability of every of them and to change the narrative discourse within one text‖ (LeńiĤ 2008: 422). In that sense, postmodern writers prefer lack of congruency in parts, stylistic variations, mixing of narrative techniques and discontinuity of narration. That includes the erasing of boundaries between fiction and history, simulation and reality and dreams and true events, and also the mixing of various genres. Postmodern novelist also try to explore the relation between writing and the subject who performs it, showing that the writing is, actually, the way that makes the subject to exist. In constructing the subject, the autobiographical elements are also used, having the function to build the subject that is brought to existence by writing. However, once included in a novel, such autobiographical elements change their status and become equally fictional as all the other elements of a novel. Intertextuality Intertextuality is the shaping of texts' meanings by other texts. It can include an author‘s borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a reader‘s referencing of one text in reading another. Since postmodernism represents a decentered concept in which individual works are not isolated creations, much of the focus in the study of postmodern literature is on intertextuality: the relationship between one text and another or one text within the literary history. Intertextuality in postmodern literature can be a reference or parallel to another literary work, an extended discussion of a work, or the adoption of a style. Often intertextuality is more complicated than a single reference to another text, being a kind of response to other works, or even to some notions and challenges of modern world and culture. Related to postmodern intertextuality stands pastiche, the technique of using phrases, motives, images or episodes taken from work(s) of other author(s), or ―pasting‖ together, of multiple elements. It can be seen as a representation of the chaotic, pluralistic, or information-drenched aspects of postmodern society. In postmodernist literature this can be a hommage to or a parody of past styles. It can be a combination of multiple genres to create a unique narrative or to comment on particular situations, or can refer to compositional technique. 336 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Postmodern Narrative Strategies in the Novels Invisible and Man in the Dark Introduction Paul Auster (1947) is an American writer who used various narrative strategies in all 15 novels that he has written up to now, and many of these strategies belong to those marked as postmodern in the previous chapter. Auster experiments with form and narration of the novel, creating compound, multi-layered or polyphonic narrative structures, with complex characters. Such novels reflect his special relation to reality – either by fictionizing it in an ―alternative‖ way or by criticizing it and making it cruel or shocking. In terms of hibridity, the mixture of different narrative approaches, techniques and voices, and also of different genres can often be found in Auster‘s novels. Also, most of them are metafictional, dealing, in one way or another, with the process of writing as seen or performed by its protagonists, and also with the self invention of a writer through writing. These also include a lot of autobiographical elements, so that the characters share Auster‘s experiences, mixed with fiction. Such a blurring of fact and fiction contributes to the lack of any definitive sense of coherent certainty. In other words, ―Auster resorts to self-invention in the course of his fictional narratives, and composes ‗autobiographical‘ fictions based upon his own experiences. The predominance of narrative perspectives evident within Auster‘s writings ensure that Auster distances himself from authorial authenticity and accountability‖ (Martin, 2008: ix). Finally, intertextuality occurs at various levels in Auster‘s novels. Sometimes it is used ―internally‖, with references to other Auster‘s novels, while in some other novels it is connected with direct or indirect references to works of writers Auster appreciated, such as Hawthorne, Thoreau and others, but also to other forms of art, such as movies. Man in the Dark Story Man in the Dark is the novel that Auster wrote in 2008. For its main character, he has chosen August Brill, a 72 years old former Pulitzer Prize-winning literary critic, now a depressed widower confined to a wheelchair after an accident, who lives with his divorced daughter Miriam and his granddaughter Katya in the same house in Brattleboro, Vermont. It seems that pain is what binds these family members together. There is Brill, who is mourning the loss of his wife to cancer and mending from a car crash that shattered his leg. Brill's daughter Miriam is recovering from a divorce and his granddaughter Katya watches film after film to exclude herself from the reality of her boyfriend's horrific murder. Brill suffers from insomnia, and in order to get through the sleepless nights, he creates imagined stories while lying in the bed. In the night when the novel happens, he imagines an unreal war story about a man called Owen Brick happening in 2000 in a kind of an alternative reality. Owen Brick, wakes up, perplexed, wearing a military uniform, in an unfamiliar landscape, trapped in a deep hole with smooth sides, unable to escape. It turns out that he's in an America in which the 2000 election led to states seceding from the federation in protest; in which the World Trade Centre still stands and Iraq is un-invaded, but the civil war rages. There are, as Brick learns, many worlds, each dreamed or imagined or written by someone in another world; the civil war, and Brick himself, have been imagined by an old man, and to put the end to the war Brick must kill him. Brill has invented an intriguing postmodern story allowing it even to interact with his reality, but he suddenly loses his interest at around two-thirds of the book and decides to ―kill‖ Brick and thus ends it. At that point, he actually becomes ready to face with the things that really torture him and to try to restore his identity. Thus he finally tells Katya the whole rise-and-fall story of his relation with his wife Sonia, and later, after Katya is asleep, finally speaks about the circumstances and the mere act of Katya‘s former boyfriend‘s horrifying and brutal death. Such an inner determination and self-revelation presents a kind of catharsis to him and his thoughts, and at the very end of the book it seems as though he is finally ready to go on. Disappearance of “the Real” Even he situational contest of this novel, created from the perspective of a man, former writer, who is lying in the bed inventing stories and thinking of past, gives in a bit of an unreal and at the same time deeply subjective tone. On the other side, the sad, tragic and shocking events that all three protagonists faced with during their lives, with the description of the video showing Katya‘s boyfriend‘s cruel execution a sort of their culmination, accumulated within less than 200 pages and narrated by Brill through many interwoven stories with different focalizations, give rather cruel, depressive and tragic tone to the world of the novel in general. On the other side, the invented story of Owen Brick at the same time includes a sort of historiographic metafiction, imagining an alternative version of American history, together with social criticism and unreal, science fictional 337 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo elements. In that way, the entire novel, being a combination of a narrative coming from the ―reality‖ of the novel containing an imagined ―unreal‖ narrative, leaves the impression of a chamber, internal reality burdened with tragic, cruelties and horrors of the modern world. Autoreferentiality Autoreferentiality that occurs in the novel Man in the Dark exists both on the level of the ―real‖ life narrative of August Brill and the imagined story that he invents lying in bed. During the most of Brill‘s narratives, the world outside it seems completely irrelevant, or important only to give the narrated events correct time, place and context. It seems that his story exists only because of itself, simply to be told. It is the same with the stories he invents, and, in accordance to that with the story of Owen Brick, only with the difference that, through Brill‘s words, a reader can get the idea on how the stories are composed. Hybridity The novel Man in the Dark is a hybrid structure in many ways. At first, although it is written as a firstperson narrative, that narrative is only a framework for the events and situations seen and told from the perspective of different focalizators, which do not appear in a straight narrative line but in longer or smaller fragments that eventually get their meaning and sense toward the end of the novel. On the other side, it is a true mixture of genres. On the surface, there is a tragic, retrospective quasi - autobiographical story that also includes biographical details on other characters. It is at the same static, happening objectively in the head of a man during one night, and dynamic, covering retrospectively many events that happened over a great period of time. However, at it end it also turns to be a deeply antiwar novel. On the other side, the invented story about Oven Brick and the alternative American history presents an unrealistic, fictional and dreamlike version of action stories of war, conspiracies and special agents, and gives its contribution to the diversity of genres that occur within the novel. Intertextuality The intertextuality that exists within the novel Man in the Dark is not based on direct borrowings from other books that would influence the novel or have effect on some of its parts. However, it is present in two narrative points of the novel. The first of them is directly connected with Brill‘s story of his daughter and her passionate investigation and writing about the life and work of Rose Hawthorne, where the manuscript that she periodically gives her father to check is the only connection she has with the external world. On the other side, there are movies – Brill‘s granddaughter Katja has escaped from the ―real‖ world into solitary, leaving the film school and spending all the time in her mother‘s house watching old movies on DVD and commenting them with her grandfather from time to time, so that the text of the novel, based on Brill‘s retrospective narrative, contains some detailed, frame-by-frame analyses and comments of scenes from particular movies. Invisible Story To be able to discuss the postmodern narrative strategies within Paul Auster‘s novel Invisible (2009), i t is necessary to tell its story in much more detail that it has been done with the novel Man in the Dark. The novel Invisible starts in the spring of 1967, telling the story of Adam Walker, a student at Columbia University and a poet. In an occasion Adam meets Rudolf Born, a visiting university professor and his strange girlfriend Margot. Born soon gives Adam the opportunity to be the editor of a literary magazine that he is about to finance, and accepts. However, soon after that, while Born is out of country, Adam establishes a love and sexual relationship with Margot. When Born comes back, Margot leaves back to Paris, and after some time Born invites Adam to have a dinner. They meet in Born‘s apartment and discuss the matters about the future magazine, with Born almost ignoring the fact of Adam‘s relationship with Margot. On their walk to the dinner place, a boy with a gun suddenly appears wanting to rob them. To Adam‘s shock, Born takes a knife out of his pocket, stabs the boy and kills him. Adam wants them to take the boy to the hospital, but Born refuses, and they separate. In the day that follow, the Adam finds that the body of the boy, named Cedric Williams has been discovered, with more than twelve knife wounds in chest and stomach. Soon after that, Adam gets a threatening letter from Born, which makes him reluctant for almost a week before he finally goes to the police to report the case. However, Born has already gone to France, and nothing can be done. 338 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo After the end of the year of college, Adam decides to sign up for the Junior Year Abroad Program and go to Paris. He also decides to stay in New York during summer. He shares the apartment with his sister Gwyn, who has also come to Columbia to study, and earns some money working in a library. The complex relationship between Adam and his sister, originating in the love that their feel for each other, further burdened with the memories on their past and the sudden accidental death of their younger brother Aron, which has had the breakdown of their family life as a consequence, becomes incestuous, and they spend the summer as a couple. At the end of the summer, Adam leaves to Paris, suffering because of the separation from Gwyn. However, after some time, he reestablishes his contact and relation with Margot. He also meets Born, who is about to marry Helene Juin, a woman who is taking care of her husband being in coma after a car accident. Adam decides to prevent the marriage, so he gets close with Helene‘s 18-year-old daughter Cecile in order to find a suitable way to tell them the horrible things he knows about Born. However, when he finally does that, it does not produce the reaction he has expected, and, with the assistance of Born‘s influential friends, he eventually gets expelled from France and deported back to America. In America, he finishes his studies and, after successfully avoiding going to Vietnam, he goes to London in 1969 and spends some years there. Making a decision to give up of writing poetry, he returns back to the USA In 1973 and finishes a law school and decides to dedicate his life to the struggle for rights and justice. He spends twenty-seven years in legal aid work. In the meantime, he marries a social worker Sandra Williams, an African-American with a daughter Rebecca from the previous marriage. They do not have children. During the time, Sandra dies of cancer and Adam gets leukemia. Dying slowly of the disease, during 2007, Adam decides to write a book about his life, particularly the events that took place in 1967, and he sends parts of it to his college friend, Jim (James Freeman), who has become a famous writer. They even arrange a meeting, but it does not happen, because Adam dies. Not sure about what to do with the pieces of the book, and also deeply interested in finding out if the described events are true or not, Jim firstly decides to talk to Gwyn, who, after reading the parts her brother wrote, describes the incestuous part as something absolutely fictional and untrue, but she still gives him permission to publish it with some radical changes in terms of names and locations. Later, when he goes with his wife to Paris, Jim tries to find some of the survived characters from Adam‘s story, but he manages to find only Cecile, now a scholar in her fifties. They meet in a café and have a long conversation about Adam‘s stay in Paris during 1967, and she also gives him a part of her diary describing the time in 2002 that she spent visiting Rudolf Born and with the extract the story of the novel ends. Disappearance of “the Real” The story of Invisible is presented to the reader in four chapters, by voices of different narrators speaking in different periods of time from different narrative points of view. Thus the first chapter of the book is written – narrated by Adam Walker in the first person singular and past tense, covering the events from 1967 starting from his meeting Born and Margot to the horrifying murder he witnessed. On the other side, the second chapter of the book is much more complex than the first one. The time of its action is 2007, and it is narrated by Jim, describing the events from the moment Adam had contacted him for the first time, to the moment when he sent him the second part of his book. The second chapter actually makes clear that the first chapter is the first part of the book that Adam Walker wrote and sent to his friend from college, named Spring. Besides Jim‘s first person narrative, the chapter also contains the two letters written by Adam and the entire text of the second part of Adam‘s novel, named Summer, which actually makes the bigger part of the chapter. Adam uses second person narration and historic present tense to describe the events of the summer of 1967 that he spent in New York sharing a flat with his sister and working in a library. Summer presents probably the strangest and the most compromising topics in the book talking about the specific features of Adam‘s relation to his family after the tragic death of his brother, and also about his rather strange, passionate and incestuous relation with his sister, which had started to develop in 1961 and reached its climax in the summer of 1967. The third chapter consists of the continuation of Jim‘s narration up to the point when he goes to meet Adam and finds about his death, the letter that Adam has left him and the third part of Adam‘s book named Fall, consisting of brief, reporting sentences, written in third person singular and in present tense what gives the narration a feeling of permanent acceleration, with the events that seem directly connected one to another, without any unnecessary details. The text itself describes the events from the fall of 1967 from his arrival to Paris to the moment of his deportation back in the USA. Finally, the fourth chapter of the novel Invisible brings a sort of conclusion and calming down to the entire narration. It consists of two parts: Jim‘s narration, a brief letter that Cecile wrote to him and a part from her diary describing her meeting Rudolf Born in 2002. 339 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo In such a way, with a novel based on the writing of one man about the novel he got from his friend, the notions of truth and reality are completely dim and subjective, and, at the level of the novel, almost treated as irrelevant. The novel exists as such, and the readers are left to answer and interpret the questions that come from it. On the other side, its other purpose is to shock, both through the uncertainty and relativity of the protagonists‘ identities and through the detailed description of an incestuous relation. Autoreferentiality Many of the things stated in the previous chapter might be applied in discussing the autoreferentiality of the novel Invisible. It is a novel for itself that exists within itself, creating a closed story covering almost 40 years, that can be reconstructed from its narration. During the entire novel, and, eventually, after reading it, a reader is fully aware of its fictionality, sometimes even a double one (in relation to real life and in relation to the narrators form the novel). At the same time, it is deeply connected with writing and all the events from the storyline exist as such only because they were written down by some of protagonists. The opposite thing can also be said: the protagonists exist as identities with certain features only because someone wrote about them, or they wrote about themselves. Hybridity It can clearly be seen that Invisible presents a novel whose story is told by use of various narrative techniques, what makes it a sort of narrative collage. Various genres are embedded into its ―novel within a novel‖ structure, starting from ordinary autobiographical stories, over love and sexual affairs to a crime story based on a murder. The only thing that connects each of these genres is the permanent quest for truth that exists on all narrative levels. Some Auster‘s autobiographical elements, especially in Jim‘s character, are also present. Intertextuality The intertextuality in the novel Invisible primarily occurs on the relation of the textual units – narratives that make the novel. In other words, Jim‘s story, being the framework of the novel, its development, legitimacy, validity and truthfulness are completely dependent on the validity and truthfulness of the texts written by Adam, while the conclusion of the novel is based on the testimony coming from Cecile‘s diary, what, on the level of the entire novel makes a grid of mutually dependent stories that exist and make sense only observed as a totality. Also, at the very beginning of the book, there is a sort of intertextual association connected with the man who later turns to be the main (or the only) villain of the novel – Rudolf Born, whose surname Adam associates with Bertran de Born, twelfth-century Provencal poet. Henry II believed Bertran had supported the rebellion of his son Henry the Young King and, as a result, Dante Alighieri portrayed him in the Inferno as a sower of schism, punished in the eighth circle of Hell (Canto XXVIII). Later in the book, there is also Auster‘s translation of one of de Born‘s war poems, which presents the correction of a previous translation done From French. Conclusion The novels Man in the Dark and Invisible belong to the category of most recent Paul Auster‘s novels. Both of them use different postmodern narrative strategies, and that usage is in a mutually dependant relation with their stories, structures, contents and characters. While Man in the Dark is relatively simple both in terms of its story and narrative, Invisible is much more complex and the identification of narrative strategies that might be found in each novel is directly related to that fact, with all the of them being logically and tastefully distributed in both novels. Finally, it can be said that the named novels present some general postmodern narrative features of Paul Auster‘s prose works. 340 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Abbot, H. P. (2002). The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative: Cambridge: University Press. Auster, P. (2008). Man in the Dark. London: Faber and Faber Auster, P. (2009). Invisible. London: Faber and Faber http://en.wikipedia.org Hutcheon, L. (1988). The Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction. London: Routledge. LeńiĤ, Z. (2008). Teorija knjiņevnosti. Beograd: Sluņbeni glasnik. Martin, B. (2008). Paul Auster‘s Postmodernity. New York & London: Routledge. 341 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 50 Title A name given to the resource Postmodern Narrative Strategies in Paul Auster's Novels Man in the Dark and Invisible Author Author Kovačević, Darko Abstract A summary of the resource. In many of his novels Paul Auster uses characteristic postmodern narrative strategies in order to tell their stories, introduce the characters and depict the atmosphere. The two novels that are the central topic of this paper, "Man in the Dark" and "Invisible", belong to the category of his recent novels, and, observed both as separate units and as a whole, present an excellent example for the identification and analysis of such strategies. After a brief general introduction about postmodern narrative strategies in literature, the strategies used in the named novels will be identified and analyzed, with respect to various narrative theories that exist in present time, and that will bring to some general conclusions at the final part of the paper. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/829ae9eab4d744004a10ad6b196f6498.docx d9c973e8844b5979905dca067938e75a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cf63bc971aed80583046b79e935cacde.pdf e4ed382bea6148a36e2af476b68e42b8 PDF Text Text Postmodernism Art-Theory; satire, irony and grotesque in anti-war novel Catch-22 Anita Neziri Universiteti “Aleksander Moisiu” Durres/Albania Key words: Postmodernism, satire, paradox, black humor, Catch-22 ABSTRACT This abstract is a study of Catch-22 (1961), a specific early document of American posmodern literature. In particular, this one is going to present the critical argument on this novel as parallel to the wider concept of the postmodernism. My claim is that, this novel is going to be treated in accordance with postmodern thought to paradox, irony, black humor, which is a line between fantasy and reality and readers of the novel are unsure about the point at which realism fades into fantasy and a collapsed literary possibility, traditional techiques in literature, for these literary issues in fact have come out many interpretations. So to attain best this argument is an approach to Catch-22 of Joseph Heller. In attempt to, firstly , demonstrate how critics have reduced the potential meaning of the novel in imposing its own notions of a literary‐historical circle and secondly, how readings of Heller’s characters in the novel can reveal an untapped possibility for further exploration of the broadest definitions and interpretations of the project of postmodernism. Through this work will be obviously explained some of the most essential and basic posmodernist devices especially through the art of writing and language used. Not only marginalized, lateral characters will be on the spotlight of observation and analyses but also the major and protoganist ones will characterize the typical features of postmodern notion. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2085 Title A name given to the resource Postmodernism Art-Theory; satire, irony and grotesque in anti-war novel Catch-22 Author Author NEZIRI, Anita Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Postmodernism, satire, paradox, black humor, Catch-22 ABSTRACT This abstract is a study of Catch-22 (1961), a specific early document of American posmodern literature. In particular, this one is going to present the critical argument on this novel as parallel to the wider concept of the postmodernism. My claim is that, this novel is going to be treated in accordance with postmodern thought to paradox, irony, black humor, which is a line between fantasy and reality and readers of the novel are unsure about the point at which realism fades into fantasy and a collapsed literary possibility, traditional techiques in literature, for these literary issues in fact have come out many interpretations. So to attain best this argument is an approach to Catch-22 of Joseph Heller. In attempt to, firstly , demonstrate how critics have reduced the potential meaning of the novel in imposing its own notions of a literary‐historical circle and secondly, how readings of Heller’s characters in the novel can reveal an untapped possibility for further exploration of the broadest definitions and interpretations of the project of postmodernism. Through this work will be obviously explained some of the most essential and basic posmodernist devices especially through the art of writing and language used. Not only marginalized, lateral characters will be on the spotlight of observation and analyses but also the major and protoganist ones will characterize the typical features of postmodern notion. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3d8fe215ae1f4621c6bacc4978528c48.pdf ffbdaf3447659a0f9aed76a326cdb079 PDF Text Text IZVORNI NAUČNI RAD Postmodernizacija (i kriza) prava: pravni sistem i pravna država u „vrlom novom svijetu“ Postmodernization and the Crisis of Law: Legal System and Rule of Law in „Brave New World“ Doc. dr. Benjamin Flander Univerzitet u Mariboru, Fakultet za kazneno pravosuđe i sigurnostne studije E-mail: Benjamin.Flander@fvv.uni-mb.si Abstract: In the past few decades, due to far-reaching social changes caused by globalization and postmodernization, modern law and legal systems have changed significantly. Generally speaking, law has become less general, systematic, and hierarchical since the basic structural features of modern law changed. Keywords: society, law, legal system, the rule of law, postmodernization, crisis. New principles of the functioning of the legal system have taken advantage over the previous ones, i.e., instead of a public law model, a private law contracting model has established itself as the dominant way of regulating social relations. Moreover, the boundary between public and private law has become less clear, and new legal concepts, institutes, and disciplines have occurred while those which prevailed throughout the modern legal tradition have changed significantly. Postmodernization of law, among other things, brings a lot of negative “crisis” transformation, among which those worth mentioning are the spread of the neo-liberal law-and-order legal ideology and politics, the degradation of fundamental principles of the rule of law, changes in substantive and procedural criminal law for the sake of fast, efficient, and economic prosecution of criminal suspects, the breakdown of the (law of) welfare state (the latter being transformed into penal state), privatization of justice (e.g. judicial services), excessive juridization of social relations, and the transformation of legal subjectivity. In many important aspects, the postmodern transformations have taken contemporary law and legal systems back to the times of the early classical liberal legal system of the 18th and early 19th centuries. DOI: 10.14706/DO15218 JEL Classification: K33, K39 Article History Submitted: 06.11.2014. Resubmited: 16.12.2014. Accepted: 07.01.2015. The author argues that, in the process of their integration to European Union and the legal reform according to the European standards, the states should take into account the broader historical context of this process: the social and legal postmodernization which gave the law and legal system a new postmodern identity, on one hand, and the crisis of the concept of the rule of law, on the other. Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 173 �Doc. dr. Benjamin Flander Sažetak: U poslednjih nekoliko decenija se zbog dalekosežnih društvenih promjena, kojim uzrokuju procesi globalizacije i postmodernizacije, značajno promjenjuje i moderno pravo odnosno pravni sistem. Pravo postaje sve manje općenito, sistematično i hierarhično (promjenjuju se temeljne strukturne značajke modernog prava), uvažavaju se novi principi djelovanja pravnog sistema (umjesto javno-pravnog modela ugovorni privatno-pravni model uspostavio se kao dominantan način regulisanja društvenih odnosa), granice između javnog i privatnog prava sve su manje jasne, ostvaruju se novi pravni koncepti, instituti i discipline, dok se oni, koji su nastali u modernoj pravnoj tradiciji, značajno promjenjuju. Postmodernizacija prava, između ostalog, donosi mnoge negativne (″krizne″) transformacije, među kojima treba istaknuti širenje neoliberalne (law-and-order) pravne ideologije i politike, degradaciju temeljnih principa pravne države, promjene materialnog i procesnog kaznenog prava u ime brzog, efikasnog i ekonomičnog kaznenog progona osumljenika krivičnih djela (mjesto pravne države preuzima postmoderna penalna država), razgradnju socijalne države, privatizaciju pravosuđa, inflaciju pravnog normiranja (juridizaciju društvenih odnosa) i transformaciju pravnog subjektiviteta. Promjene, koje donosi postmodernizacija, moderno pravo i pravni sistem u mnogim bitnim aspektima vode natrag u vrijeme ranog klasičnog liberalnog modrernog pravnog sistema 18. i početka 19. stoljeća. Autor u članku razvija stav, da države, koje ulaze u proces evropskih integracija i reforme pravnog sistema prema kriterijima Evropske unije, trebaju uzeti u obzir širi istorijski kontekst tog procesa: društvenu i pravnu postmodernizaciju (u kojoj pravo i pravni sistem dobijaju novi, postmoderni identitet) na jednoj, te krizu koncepta pravne države na drugoj strani. 174 Ključne riječi: društvo, pravo, pravni sistem, pravna država, postmodernizacija, kriza. JEL klasifikacija: K33, K39 DOI: Historija članka Dostavljen: 06.11.2014. Recenziran: 16.12.2014. Prihvaćen: 07.01.2015. Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Postmodernization and the Crisis of Law: Legal System and Rule of Law in "Brave New World" Uvod Članak se temelji na pretpostavki, da su u zemljama, koje su u čakaonici Europske unije, »označitelji gospodari« pravnog diskursa več izvjesno vrijeme teme kao na primjer evropski pravni standardi, aquis communitaire, harmonizacija pravnog poretka, reforma i izgradnja stabilnog i modernog pravnog sistema, vladavina prava, pravna država itd. U ispravnost ove pretpostavke me ubeđuje primjer Slovenije, koja je sporazum o pridruživanju Evropskoj uniji podpisala 1996. godine (slovenski parlament je ugovor ratificirao 1997. godine), dok je punopravna članica postala u maju 2004. godine u prvom krugu proširenja Evropske unije. Od sticanja nezavisnosti poćetkom devedesetih godina, u Sloveniji u pravnom diskursu prevladavale su teme vezane uz acquis, harmonizaciju pravnog poretka u skladu s evropskim standardima i tako dalje. Oko čega se u zemljama, koje žele pristupiti Evropskoj uniji, više ili manje vrti pravni diskurs, pored ostalog pokazuje i konferencija u Sarajevu, naime njezin naslov, teme pojedinih panela te većina glavnih tema i doprinosa pojedinaca ovoj konferenciji. Takav diskurs je u zatećenom trenutku, u kojem se nalazi Bosna i Hercegovina, očikavan, razumljiv, čak i nužan, međutim čini se, da je u nekim važnim aspektima deficitaran. U aktualnom diskursu kategorije kao što su pravna država, evropski pravni standardi, acquis i drugi postaju – sub specie aeterni – »pravna metafizika«, to je bezvremenski koncepti, kod kojih čovijek dobija utisak, da egzistiraju izvan vremena, prostora i povjesti. Stojim na stajalištu, da bi države, koje se nalaze u procesu evropskih (i drugih međunarodnih) integracija i reforma pravnog sistema prema kriterijima Evropske unije (i drugih međunarodnih organizacija), te prije svega naučnici i intelektualci, koji reflektiraju ove procese, trebali uzeti u obzir širi društveno-istorijski kontekst tih procesa na jednoj, i opštu krizu koncepta pravne države (krizu prava), koja je simptom tog procesa, na drugoj strani. Kritična socijologija i društvena teorija1 več izvjesno vrijeme podsjećuju, da je zapadno društvo u poslednjih nekoliko desetljeća svjedok dalekosežnoj tranziciji u neku novu, postmodernu eru, koju različiti pisci u polju društvenih nauka nazivaju različito. Giddens, na primjer, novu eru, u kojoj se nalazi zapadno društvo, označava s izrazima »radikalizirana moderna« i »pobjegli svijet« (runaway world). Lash i Urry vjeruju, da je krajem sedamdesetih godina počela nova faza u razvoju zapadnog kapitalizma, koju avtori nazivaju »dezorganizovani kapitalizam«. Bauman je novu eru u istoriji zapadnog društva konceptualizirao kao »tekuču modernu« (liquid modernity), dok je Beck zapadno društvo druge polovice dvatesetog stoljeća definirao kao »drugu modrnu« i »društvo rizika« (risk society). U socijološkoj literaturi »vrli novi svijet« (Huxley) pored ostalog naziva se i kao »neoliberalna« moderna, »postindustrijska« moderna, »visoka« moderna, Gledaj na primjer S. Lash i J. Urry, The End Of Organized Capitalism, Polity Press, Oxford 1988, A. Giddens, Runaway World: How Globalisation Is Reshaping Our Lives, Profile, London 2002, Z. Bauman, Tekoča moderna, Založba /*cf., Ljubljana 2002, U. Beck, Družba Tveganja. Na poti v neko drugo moderno, Krtina, Ljubljana 2001, I. M. Wallerstein, Uvod v analizo svetovnih sistemov, Založba /*cf, Ljubljana 2006 i isti, Utopistik: historische Alternativen des 21. Jahrhunderts, Promedia Verlag, Wien 2008. 1 Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 175 �Doc. dr. Benjamin Flander »riskantna« moderna, »laka« moderna, »digitalizirana« moderna, »televizirana« moderna, »virtualna« moderna, »bježeča« moderna, »društvo simulakra« i tako dalje. U svakom slučaju, ova tranzicija je mnogo dalekosežnija od evropskih (pa i drugih međunarodnih) integracija. Neomarksistički uvid u transformacije, koje zapadno društvo proživljava u poslednje vreme, polazi iz pretpostavke, da se kod tih procesa radi o globalnoj ekspanziji neoliberalnog (»divljeg«, »kasnog«, itd.) kapitalizma, i da su implikacije ove ekspanzije, u pogledu implementacije civilizacijskih i vrednosnih ideala moderne ere, pretežito negativne. Ovdje ne želimo i nećemo dati prijednost nijednoj od navedenih hipoteza. S obzirom na ciljeve, koje ima ovaj članak, važno je naglasiti, da se poslednjih nekoliko desetljeća zbog dalekosežnih društvenih promjena značajno promjenjuje i moderno pravo odnosno moderni pravni sistem. Za ilustraciju: promjenjuju se temeljne strukturne karakteristike (pravo postaje sve manje općenito, sistematično i hierarhično) i temeljni principi djelovanja pravnog sistema. Formiraju se novi pravni koncepti, institucije i discipline, dok se oni, koji su bili formirani u modernoj pravnoj tradiciji, značajno promjenjuju. Čini se, da se promjenjuju i kriteriji, koji su u modernom pravu determinirali legitimitet prava i pravnog sistema. Prema Edgewothu, promjene su toliko dalekosežne, da se globalno društvo susreče s procesom, koji bismo mogli nazvati postmodernizacija prava. Po njegovom mišljenju s pravom se događa slično kao sa društvom – postupačno dobija neki novi, postmoderni identitet.2 Ključno pitanje, koje se ovdje namjećuje, je sljedeće: kakav je kvalitet ovih promjena? Možemo reći, da uprkos tome, da pravna postmodernizacija donosi određene »pozitivne« transformacije, čini se, da u savremenom pravu i pravnom sistemu prevladavaju »negativne« odnosno krizne transformacije (prema uvidu kritičnih pravnih teoretičara, moderno pravo je u pogledu ideala, koje deklarira, u krizi več od svoga nastanka, to je od buržoaznih revolucija nadalje), koje uglavnom reflektiraju krizne transformacije u društvu. Faktori postmodernizacije (i krize) prava i pravnog sistema Efekti pravne postmodernizacije evidentni su u gotovo svim segmentima građanskog prava (u toj pravnoj sferi očigledne su strukturne promjene s važnim suštinskim implikacijama), kao i u svim tradicionalnim područjima javnog prava (njima ćemo u ovom članku namjeniti posebnu pažnju). Kada su u pitanju promjene, koje su se u posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća dogodile, na primjer, u oblasti ustavnog prava, neki govore o globalnom odnosno postmodernom konstitucionalizmu. Promijene su evidentne i u oblasti međunarodnog prava, koje je u kontekstu globalizacije i opadanje suvereniteta nacionalnih država vidno odstupilo od temeljnih karakteristika "klasičnog" modernog međunarodnog prava (tipičan primjer takvog međunarodnog prava je lex mercatoria). Posebno dalekosežne su promjene koje se dešavaju u krivičnom (materijalnom i procesnom) pravu. U tom segment javnog prava u procesu B. Edgeworth, Law, Modernity, Postmodernity. Legal Change in the Contracting State, Ashgate, London 2003, 1-4 i 133-203. 2 176 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Postmodernization and the Crisis of Law: Legal System and Rule of Law in "Brave New World" postmodernizacije u pitanju je transformacija jednog od temeljnih elemenata modernog prava, naime koncepta pravne države odnosno vladavine prava. Neke od faktora i karakteristika postmodernizacije prava i pravnog sistema pogledat ćemo u nastavku ovog članka. Ekspanzija neoliberalne pravne (i pravno-političke) ideologije U procesu pravne postmodernizacije principi utilitarnosti kao što su efikasnost, funkcionalnost i ekonomičnost postaju glavni imperativi i temelj legitimiteta pravnog diskursa, pravne politike i djelovanja pravnog sistema. Ključnu ulogu, koju je nekad imala retorika ljudskih prava, polako (korak po koraku) preuzima utilitarna retorika, koja pravno uređivanje društvenih odnosa utemeljuje na principima ekonomske racionalnosti. Čini se, da ekonomska racionalnost postaje oblik racionalnosti, kojem traba prilagoditi pravo, jer u suprotnom pravno uređivanje neće odražavati potrebe društva in interese pojedinaca te, shodno tome, neče biti (dovoljno) efikasno. S malo preterivanja možemo reći, da u »krasnom novom svijetu« ono, što treba biti cilj, ono što je ugroženo, nisu više untegritet, autonomija i ustavna prava pojedinaca, nego efikasnost i ekonomičnost pravnog uređivanja društvenih odnosa u ime ultimativnih aksioma postmodernog društva – ekonomske rasti i stabilnosti. Prema Edgeworthu, socijalni i socijološki kontekst, koji je u drugoj fazi razvoja modernog prava (u vrijeme prava socijalne države) pokazivao pravac pravnoj politiki i pravnom uređivanju društvenih odnosa, u procesu pravne postmodernizacije zamjenio je utilitarni diskurs.3 Drugim riječima, dok je u modernoj pravnoj tradiciji primat u pravnoj refleksiji imala socijološka jurisprudencija, u postmodernom pravu njeno je mijesto preuzela ekonomska jurisprudencija. Naime, u poslednje vrijeme u pravnoj refleksiji počela je prevladavati »ekonomska škola prava« (law & economics), to je laissez-faire paradigma, koja temelji na pretpostavki, da su ekonomski koncepti (»Paretova efikasnost«, »Kaldor-Hicksova efikasnost«, »Coasov teorem« itd.) najnaravniji i najbolji kriterijum djelovanja i razvoja pravnih normi, pravnih instituta i pravnog sistema.4 U poslednje vrijeme taj oblik analize prava ne primjenjuje se samo u korporacijskom i nekim drugim segmentima građanskog prava, nego se u izvesnoj mijeri proširila i u određene segmente javnog prava (tj. ustavnog, upravnog i krivičnog prava). Dok ekonomska analiza prava uvažava kriterij ekonomske efikasnosti pravnih pravila i pravnih postupka, neki drugi indikatori kvalitete i legitimiteta pravnog poretka (pravda, jednakost, lična sloboda, integritet, dostojanstvo, privatnost, itd.) za tu paradigmu 3 Ibid., 168. Prošireno o tome B. Flander, Kriza prava. Odblèski kritične jurisprudence, Fakulteta za varnostne vede, Ljubljana 2012, 113-116. 4 Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 177 �Doc. dr. Benjamin Flander pravne refleksije su manje značajni. Iako ekonomska analiza prava po sebi nije problematična (ekonomski pogled na pravo i pravno uređivanje društvenih odnosa može donjeti zanimiljive i koristne uvide), problem nastaje, ako ta analiza postane ekskluzivna u odnosu na druge vrste pravnog diskursa. Erozija prava socijalne države Zbog uspona neoliberalne pravne ideologije i politike suvremeno pravo i pravni sistem distanciraju se prije svega od određenih atributa i elemenata, koji so definirali pravo socijalne države. Važan faktor tog procesa su na pravu temeljeći procesi privatizacije i deregulacije, koje prema Kanduču možemo i moramo interpretirati u kontekstu društveno-razredne borbe u postmodernom kapitalizmu.5 Prema Edgeworthu, procesi privatizacije i deregulacije manifestiraju se na različite načine: direktnom prodajom državnog vlastništva privatnim vlasnicima; transferom javnih ovlasti i pooblaščenja na privatne pravne subjekte; uvođenjem privatne konkurencije na područjima, koja so bila za vrijeme socijalne države u izključivoj ovlasti javne sfere; uvođenjem menedžerskog upravljanja javnih institucija (za vrijeme socijalne države to je bio atribut privatnog sektora); usluge, koje su nekad bile dio »javnog servisa« (na primjer zdravstvenog, socijalnog itd.) i svima lako dostupne, u »vrlom novom svijetu« postaju plačljive; dok se pravni mehanizmi kontrole u određenim sferama društvenih odnosa (prije svega u ekonomskoj sferi) ukinjaju, instrumenti formalne (policijske) kontrole pojedinaca se intenziviraju; mijesto koje je nekad imao koncept intervencijske socijalne države preuzima neoliberalna »ugovorna država« (contracting state), i tako dalje.6 »Smanjivanje« države« odnosno skidanje njenih ovlasti na področjima, koja su za vrijeme socijalne države bila predmet pravnog uređivanja sa strane države, postalo je glavni imperativ pravne i opčenite politike. Edgeworth naglasuje, da se svi ti procesi (odn. sve te transformacije) oslanjaju se na pravo i pravne postupke.7 Među posljedicama privatizacije i deregulacije prije svega valja istaknuti a) smanjivanje društvene odgovornosti korporacija, zavoda i drugih subjekata, koji su iz javnih prešli u privatne ruke, i b) smanjenje socijalnih i ekonomskih prava državljana odnosno pojedinaca. Dok su ekonomska efikasnost i stvaranje profita postali prvi i više ili manje jedini »modus operandi« privatiziranih subjekata (u pogledu uvažavanje javnog interesa, socijalne bezbednosti pojedinaca itd. njihov doprinos društvu značajno se smanjio), oni, koji su ostali u (so)upravljanju države, takođe uvode »privatnu« praksu korporativnog upravljanja.8 Z. Kanduč, Anthony Giddens: Runaway World – How Globalisation is Reshaping our Lives, Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo, 54/2003, 324-326. 5 6 B. Edgeworth, 134-139. 7 Ibid.. 8 Prošireno o tome ibid. Gledaj i B. Flander, 117-136. 178 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Postmodernization and the Crisis of Law: Legal System and Rule of Law in "Brave New World" U neoliberalnoj »ugovornoj« državi javna ovlaščenja s javnih zavoda i poduzeča na privatne prenose se s koncesijskim ugovorom, čime država i koncesionar postanu »partneri na trgu«. Dok ovlaščenja tih subjekata mogu imati direktan učinak na temeljna prava i slobode pojedinaca, oni nisu stranke u koncesijskom odnosu (na taj način njihov položaj je oslabio). Uprkos tome, da u nekim slučajevima države novoprivatizovanim entitetama nameću određene pravne obaveze i odgovornosti prema zajednici, te u praksi u većini slučajeva pokazale su se kao iluzorne.9 U vezi s tim Edgeworth naglasuje, da privatizaciju i deregulaciju u tom aspektu premalo uokviravaju principi odgovornosti, transparentnosti, pravednosti, participacije i drugi principi, koji su temeljni principi javnopravnog uređivanja društvenih odnosa.10 Jedna od važnih strukturnih promjena u postmodernom pravnom sistemu bila je u tome, da je privatno-pravni ugovorni model uređivanja društvenih odnosa postao dominantan (preuzeo je mijesto koje je u pravu socijalne države imao javno-pravni model abstraktnog pravnog uređivanja društvenih odnosa). Istovremeno pravne doktrine, koje su pravu socijalne države uvodile suštinsku (materialnu) pravednost, u pravu neoliberalne države postale su marginalne ili su čak bile odbačene (ovu transformaciju Edgeworth označio je izrazom »dematerijalizacija prava«)11. Posljedica toga, da ugovorno pravo postaje glavni stub odnosno način pravnog uređivanja bila je u tome, da se u privatnoj te u nešto manjoj mijeri i u javnoj pravnoj regulaciji varstvo prava pojedinaca u znatnoj mijeri uklonilo »slobodnom« ugovornom uređivanju pravnih odnosa, što je snizilo nivo varstva prava (objektivno slabijih) pojedinaca. Tipičan primjer tog trenda može se identificirati u oblasti radnog prava. Javno-pravne garancije i principi radnog prava u pravu neoliberalne »ugovorne« države uklonile su se klasičnim principima obligacijonog prava. Implikacije tih transformacija su očigledne: radna snaga postaje »fleksibilnija«, prava i obveze zaposlenih radnika postaju manje kolektivne odnosno više individualne, ograničavanje sindikalne slobode i prava na stavku, jačanje pravnog položaja delodavaca i pogoršanje pravnog položaja radnika (tu treba istaknuti i obratan trend, to je, da su u nekim segmentima pravnog sistema – naprimjer u pravu zaštite potrošača – pravne garancije pojedinca pojačale). Uprkos činjenici da su određena individualna prava radnika postala jača (zabrana mobinga, proširenje prava potrošača itd.), pravni i činjenični položaj radnika općenito slabi.12 »Privatizacija« pravosuđa Dinamika, koju smo prikazali, povezana je s pojavom, koji neki nazivaju »privatizacija« pravosuđa. S tim izrazom podrazumjeva se dramatičan porast alternativnih metoda rješavanja pravnih sporova. 9 10 11 12 Prošireno B. Flander ibid.. B. Edgeworth, 138. Ibid., 145. Ibid., 146. Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 179 �Doc. dr. Benjamin Flander U posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća mnoge zapadne zemlje suočavaju se s decentralizacijom i de-monopolizacijom sudstva, koja je dovela do dramatičnog povećanja neformalnih načina rješavanja privatno-pravnih sporova: pojavljuju se novi oblici alternativnog rješavanja pravnih sporova, formiraju se specijalizirani sudovi (multi-door courtrooms) i neformalni tribunali, uspostavljuju se vanparnični forumi i centri za rješavanje pravnih sporova u lokalnim zajednicama (tzv. community-based justice centres), različite oblike mediacije, rekonciliacije itd. Alternativni načini rješavanja pravnih sporova trebali bi donjeti povećanje konkurencije tradicionalnim sudovima i uvođenje pravnog pluralizma, kojeg su pretežito formalističko klasično moderno pravo i pravo socijalne države više ili manje ignorisali. Međutim, treba naglasiti, da ove promjene u ime »rasterećenja i veće efikasnosti sudova« imaju i manje vedre strane. Klasičan način donošenja sudskih odluka zamjenjuje »sudsko menedžeriranje«, što znaći, da Dworkinov »sudija Herkules« postaje »sudija birokra«t i – na kraju krajeva – »sudija manager", koji – umesto da sudi – upravlja odnosno menedžerira sudskim spisima, prati imperative brzog i efikasnog suđenja i koji je takođe plaćen po učincima. U tom kontekstu Edgeworth naglasuje, da kod neformalnih načina rješavanja pravnih sporova glavni postaju interesi (posebno ekonomski), potrebe i želje, dok formalna procesna i materijalna prava i obaveze stranaka gube na važnosti. Prema australskom pravnom teoretičaru, u takvim procesnim uvjetima još izraženije nego inače prevladuju interesi jačih stranaka.13 U procesu postepene »privatizacije« pravosuđa pravni diskurs se od parničnih stranaka (i njihovih procesnih i materialnih prava) skreće prema »kupcima« i »potrošačima« pravnih usluga. To odražava trend »masovne proizvodnje pravodsodnih odluka« (mass production of justice), koji treba uzeti u obzir kao jednu od karakteristika pravne postmodernizacije.14 Transformacija pravnog subjektiviteta i »inflacija« prava Umnožavanje neformalnih mehanizama za rješavanje pravnih sporova, u kontekstu drugih značajnih promjena u modernom pravnom sistemu, prema Edgeworthovem mišljenju, doprinijelo je transformaciji pravnog subjektiviteta.15 Pravni subjekt (homo iuris), koji je nekad bio prije svega nosilac formalnih prava i dolžnosti, u procesu postmodernizacije prava i pravnog sistema postao je prije svega imjetnik (ekonomskih) potreba i interesa. Pravni subjekt postao je homo oeconomicus, prema nekim kritičnim pravnim troretičarima čak i homo criminalis.16 Uz navedeno valja naglasiti, da općenito povećavanje pravnog normiranja i umnožavanje pravnih institucija, koje je bilo tipično za pravo socijalne države, u procesu 13 14 15 Ibid., 161-165. Ibid.. Ibid., 166-167. Prošireno o postmodernoj transformaciji pravnog subjekta u homo criminalis A. Završnik, Homo criminalis: upodobitve zločinskega subjekta v visokotehnološki družbi tveganja, Inštitut za kriminologijo pri 16 Pravni fakulteti, Ljubljana 2009. 180 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Postmodernization and the Crisis of Law: Legal System and Rule of Law in "Brave New World" postmodernizacije prava nije usporilo. Naprotiv, »juridizacija« odnosno »inflacija pravnog normiranja« s pravnom postmodrnizacijom postala je još intenzivnija.17 Dva lica pravne internacionalizacije U drugoj polovici 20. Stoljeća, uz stvaranje međunarodnih međuvladnih organizacija na globalnom (UN) i regionalnom (Vijeće Europe, OSCE, itd.) nivou, nastao je korpus međunarodnog javnog prava. Posebno intenzivan u ovom periodu bio je razvoj međunarodnog prava ljudskih prava, koji je dizajnirao univerzalne i reginalne stadarde minimalne pravne zaštite pojedinca u odnosu do države na međunarodnom nivou. Tu dinamiku svakako možemo označiti kao pozitivnu i vrlo važnu u razvoj modernog globalnog društva. Međutim, u poslednjim desetljećima u kontekstu pravne postmodernizacije važno mijesto u globalnoj pravnoj regulaciji preuzelo je autonomno međunarodno trgovinsko pravo, tzv. lex mercatoria. Ovo »globalno pravo bez države«18 je pravni korpus sui generis, koji ne nastaje konvencijama Ujedinjenih naroda, Vijeća Evrope itd., nego aktima Svjetske trgovinske organizacije (WTO) i drugih sličnih međunarodnih autonomnih ekonomskih organizacija i tjela. Prema Edgeworthu lex mercatoria je deteritorializovano pravo, koje se značajno odmiče od karakteristika klasičnog međunarodnog i nacionanog prava. To pravo nije relativno transparentan, koherentan in hierarhijski sistem pravnih normi i principa. Taj pravni korpus kreiraju autonomne međunarodne ekonomske organizacije, kojih djelovanje ne temelji na demokratičnim principima i principima pravne države (legitimitet tog prava ne izlazi iz ustave i temeljnih ljudskih prava). Edgeworth zaključuje, da ideal socijalno osjetlivog pravnog uređivanja trgovinskih poslova, za kojim je nekad stajala socijalna država, u postmodernom pravu je zamjenio lex mercatoria, to je korpus prava, koji temelji na ekonomističnim principima i neoliberalnoj ideologiji.19 Kriza (degradacija?) pravne države U kontekstu stanja, u kojem se nalazi »vrli novi svijet«, degradacija pravne države i općenita kriza prava, prema Kandučevom mišljenju, trebala bi da bude sve samo ne neočekivana. Suvremeno društvo u mnogo čemu podsječa na društvo stalnog vanrednog stanja, u kojem je funkcioniranje politične i ekonomske ovlasti (i s njom izprepletenih utjecajnih skupina i pojedinaca) povišeno iznad zakona. U tom društvu fenomeni kao što su neravnomjerna raspodjela imovine i prihoda (u vrijeme ekonomske krize i opterećenja), kriminalno/nezakonito djelovanje članova ekonomskih i političkih elit, pljačkanje javnog novca, uništavanje prirode, korupcija, itd. danas često nađu uporište u »vladavini zakona i reda«.20 Prošireno o tome Flander, 143-144. Teubner, cit. po Edgeworth, 192. Ibid.. Z. Kanduč, Družbena kriza, nacionalna država in varnostno vprašanje v kriminološki perspektivi , Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo, 2/2011, 141-154. 17 18 19 20 Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 181 �Doc. dr. Benjamin Flander Pravni sistem u većini demokratičnih zemalja izložen je, kao što smo videli, stalnim reformama u svim njegovim oblastima. Pri tome možemo identificirati sljedeći paradoks: iako se reforme često sprovode u ime »jačanja i unapređenja vladavine prava«, njihov učinak je u mnogim slučajevima suprotan. Reforme često nanose degradaciju pravne države i produbljivanje krize prava. U pogledu ostvarenja ideala »vladavine prava«, posebno problematične su promjene u sferi krivičnog prava i krivičnog pravosuđa. U krivičnom pravu i krivičnom pravosuđu več dugo vremena je u naletu pravnopolitična doktrina »zakona i reda« (law & order). Prema kritičnim pravnim teoretičarima radi se o neoliberalno-neokonzervativnom derivatu koncepta/ideala vladavine prava. Reforme u ime »zakona i reda« u mnogim demokratičnim zemljama intenziviraju represiju: proširuju se policijske ovlasti (prije svega: ante delictum i tajno policijsko djelovanje), pooštruje se kaznena politika i zakonodavstvo, skoro svuda inkarceracija je u porastu i tako dalje.21 Punitivnost i drugi simptomi primenjivanja doktrine »zakona i reda« u posljednjih nekoliko godina intenzivirali su se svugde – u anglo-saksonskim i europskim kontinentalnim zemljama, uključujuči postsocijalističke zemlje.22 Prema Žižku u krivičnom pravu i krivičnom pravosuđu demokratičnih zemalja možemo uočiti zanimljiv paradoks: krivičnopravna »nova senzibilnost« (krivičnopravna osjetlivost za »ranljivog Drugoga« i za žrtve krivičnih dijela, koje se mnifestira proširenjem kriminalizacije i punitivnosti) rezultira u eskalaciji sistemskog/strukturneg nasilja. Prema njegovom mišljenju, današnja krivičnopravna politika je »postpolitična biopolitika straha«.23 Klemenčič, na primjer, naglašava, da se u demokratskim zemljama poput Italije, Portugala, Belgije, Austrije, Škotske, Francuske, Velike Britanije, Južne Amerike, istočne i jugoistočne Evrope, Kine, itd, u krivičnom procesnom i policijskom pravu več više nego desetleće bez direktne veze s »borbom protiv terorizma« događaju strateške promjene. Dok na jednoj strani bagatelni krminalitet i prekrškovno pravo idu svojim administrativnim i instrumentalnim putem, na drugoj strani gospodarski i organizirani kriminalitet, terorizam, droge itd. postaju predmet specializiranih krivičnih postupka. Ovdje po mišljenju Klemečiča problem je u tome, da se slabija rješenja iz tih postupka prenose na klasične pravne postupke (»hard cases make bad law«).24 Kod reforma krivičnog procesnog i policijskog prava, prema Klemenčiču, več iz daljine može se videti odstupanje od trenda uvođenja i proširivanja procesnih garancija i ljudskih prava, koji je u zapadnim zemljama bio prisutan u sedamdesetim godinama (isti trend u postsocijalističkim zemljama bio je prisutan u početku devedesetih godina). Umesto toga u demokratičnim zemljama uvode se takvi i drugačiji oblici »sigurnosnog menagementa«, »upravljanja rizika«, »samozaštitnih strategija« itd. U pravni poredak Prošireno o tome B. Flander, 153-164. Prošireno o tome H. Kury i E. Shea (ur.), Punitivity – International developments. Universitätsverlag Brockmeyer, Bochum 2011. 21 22 23 S. Žižek, Nasilje, Društvo za teoretsko psihoanalizo, Ljubljana 2007, 41-42. G. Klemenčič, Temeljni postulati kazenskega (procesnega) prava – kolateralna žrtev tehnokracije in boja zoper kriminaliteto, Podjetje in delo, 2008, 1410-1419. 24 182 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Postmodernization and the Crisis of Law: Legal System and Rule of Law in "Brave New World" uvode se mjere koje uključuju proaktivno delovanje sigurnosnih/represivnih državnih aparata, različite oblike tajnog djelovanja policije i obaveštavačkog djelovanja, obrnuti teret dokazivanja u financijskim istragama, korištenje anonimnih svjedoka, prikupljanje i prijenos ogromne količine osobnih informacija, glorificiranje »community policing-a«, itd.25 U demokratičnim zemljama u procesu pravne postmodernizacije na krilima vladavine »zakona i reda« dobri stari »Rechstaat«, u nekom smislu, postaje postmoderni derivat »Polizeistaat«.26 Klemenčič zaključuje, da umjesto zahtjeva za poboljšanje stanja u kontekstu postojećih međunarodnih i ustavnih normi, skoro u svim demokratičnim zemljama u prvom planu su nove kriminalizacije i nove policijske i istražne ovlasti. Ustavne i druge pravne postulate, koji su se u modernoj pravnoj tradiciji ostvarili za ograničavanje izvršne vlasti, teoretično in praktično je sve teže i teže aplicirati na nove strategije sigurnosne politike. Agentima državne represije više ne treba zloupotrebiti ili izbeći pravne norme, da bi se kršila ljudska prava (dovoljno je, da te norme i svoja ovlaštenja izvršavaju »po zakonu«).27 Problematičnost reformnih procesa u pravnim sistemima demokratičnih zemalja, koja je bila istaknuta u ovom članku, uglavnom ostaje marginalna tema pravnog diskursa. Iako za probleme, s kojim je okupiran današnji pravni diskurs, ne možemo reći, da so irelevantni, bez sumnje mnogo su manje važni i fatalni nego pitanja, koja otvara pravna posmodernizacija. Zaključak Čini se, da se demokratične zemlje u zadnja tri desetljeća u procesu dalekosežne transformacije društva i pravne regulacije društvenih odnosa suočavaju s novom fazom u razvoju prava i pravnog sistema. Pravnu infrastrukturu socijalne i pravne države zamjenjuje neka nova »konstelacija legalnosti«, koju prije svega oznaćuje »kriza legalnosti«. Ako žele izbeći razočarenje, koje su doživile mnoge tzv. »nove demokracije«, države, koje u procesu pridruživanja evropskim integracijama izvode reforme pravnog sistema prema kriterijima Evropske unije, trebaju uzeti u obzir širi istorijski kontekst tog procesa: društvenu i pravnu postmodernizaciju (u kojoj pravo i pravni sistem dobijaju novi, postmoderni identitet) na jednoj, te krizu prava i koncepta pravne države na drugoj strani. Literatura Bauman, Z. (2002). Tekoča moderna. Ljubljana: Založba /*cf.). Beck, U. (2001). Družba Tveganja. Na poti v neko drugo moderno. Ljubljana: Krtina. 25 26 27 Ibid.. B. Flander, 155. G. Klemenčič, ibid.. Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 183 �Doc. dr. Benjamin Flander Edgeworth, B. (2003). Law, Modernity, Postmodernity. Legal Change in the Contracting State. London: Ashgate. Flander, B. (2012). Kriza prava. Odblèski kritične jurisprudence. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za varnostne vede. Giddens, A. (2002). Runaway World: How Globalisation Is Reshaping Our Lives. London: Profile. Kanduč, Z. (2011). Družbena kriza, nacionalna država in varnostno vprašanje v kriminološki perspektivi. Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo, št. 2, str. 141-154. Kanduč, Z.: Anthony Giddens: Runaway World – How Globalisation is Reshaping our Lives, Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo, 54/2003, str. 324-326. Klemenčič, G.: Temeljni postulati kazenskega (procesnega) prava – kolateralna žrtev tehnokracije in boja zoper kriminaliteto. Podjetje in delo, 2008, str. 1410-1419. Kury, H. Shea, E. (2011). Punitivity – International developments. Bochum: Universitätsverlag Brockmeyer. Lash, S., Urry, J. (1988). The End Of Organized Capitalism. Oxford: Polity Press. Wallerstein, I. M. (2006). Uvod v analizo svetovnih sistemov. Ljubljana : Založba /*cf. Wallerstein, I. M. (2008). Utopistik : historische Alternativen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Wien : Promedia Verlag. Završnik, A. (2009). Homo criminalis: upodobitve zločinskega subjekta v visokotehnološki družbi tveganja. Ljubljana : Inštitut za kriminologijo pri Pravni fakulteti. Žižek, S. (2007). Nasilje. Ljubljana: Društvo za teoretsko psihoanalizo. 184 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2855 Title A name given to the resource Postmodernization and the Crisis of Law: Legal System and Rule of Law in „Brave New World“ Author Author Flander, Benjamin Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: In the past few decades, due to far-reaching social changes caused by globalization and postmodernization, modern law and legal systems have changed significantly. Generally speaking, law has become less general, systematic, and hierarchical since the basic structural features of modern law changed. New principles of the functioning of the legal system have taken advantage over the previous ones, i.e., instead of a public law model, a private law contracting model has established itself as the dominant way of regulating social relations. Moreover, the boundary between public and private law has become less clear, and new legal concepts, institutes, and disciplines have occurred while those which prevailed throughout the modern legal tradition have changed significantly. Postmodernization of law, among other things, brings a lot of negative “crisis” transformation, among which those worth mentioning are the spread of the neo-liberal law-and-order legal ideology and politics, the degradation of fundamental principles of the rule of law, changes in substantive and procedural criminal law for the sake of fast, efficient, and economic prosecution of criminal suspects, the breakdown of the (law of) welfare state (the latter being transformed into penal state), privatization of justice (e.g. judicial services), excessive juridization of social relations, and the transformation of legal subjectivity. In many important aspects, the postmodern transformations have taken contemporary law and legal systems back to the times of the early classical liberal legal system of the 18th and early 19th centuries. The author argues that, in the process of their integration to European Union and the legal reform according to the European standards, the states should take into account the broader historical context of this process: the social and legal postmodernization which gave the law and legal system a new postmodern identity, on one hand, and the crisis of the concept of the rule of law, on the other. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General)