210 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c5dbf47aba2fc52e1772cc44bb4e9599.docx fde5272eda3b3133fab2f7d40abb8db7 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cd98b2a0a85a3a4e4b4375d23a668fac.pdf 5b01a6e2c86db7662708035a2f9ca906 PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Point of View from the Perspective of an Accountant to Independent Auditing with the New Turkish Commercial Code Güler F. ÜnalUyar Akdeniz University/Antalya, Turkey gulerferhan@hotmail.com HalitGörmez Akdeniz University/Antalya, Turkey BülentKınay Akdeniz University/Antalya, Turkey In 01 July 2012, the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Law no 6102, lead to significant changes, especially in the field of independent auditing. These changes include the determination of the persons or organizations for independent audit companies and auditors. These regulations with the other regulations in the new Turkish Commercial Law, will mostly affect Professional groups. For this reason, 29 females, 64 males, including 93 public accountants registered in the Chamber of Certified Public Accountants of Antalya asked for expectations by a survey about the new Turkish Commercial Law. In the first part of the questionnaire includes demographic data such as age, education and gender, the second part includes multiple-choice questions concerning the audit process, the last part includes five-point Likert scale questions about how professionals will be affected. The results were analysed by SPSS package program. Keywords: New Accountants. Turkish Commercial Law, Independent Auditing, 1. Introduction The need of information users for reliable information is increasing in order to use the resources efficiently and effectively while making decisions for financial reports prepared by enterprises the in the presence of global economy and increasing competition. Reliable information makes information inspection obligatory. The limits of independent audit in our country which are indicated in the law with CMB (Capital Markets Board) regulations in 1988 is increasing even more with the enactment of 6102 Turkish Commercial Code on the date of 01.07.2012. In this context “Public Supervision, Accounting and Audit Standards Institution” was founded as a regulatingauthority for independent audit activity and the profession of auditorship. There have been major changes in the field of independent audit with this. These changes include determination of audited companies and possible auditor persons or organizations. It is envisioned that members of a profession will be affected most with the changes done in the independent audit in the New Turkish Commercial Code. For this reason, 29 7 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo females, 64 males, including 93 public accountant registered in the Chamber of Certified Public Accountants of Antalya were asked for expectations by a survey about the new Turkish Commercial Code. The first part of the questionnaire includes demographic data such as age, education and gender, the second part includes multiple-choice questions concerning the audit process, the last part includes five-point Likert scale questions about how professionals will be affected. The results were interpreted by Frequency analysis in SPSS package program. 2. Literature Research In the study carried out by Ulusan, Eren and Köylü (2012), a survey was conducted for 41 members of profession about how the new regulations brought on accounting and audit by Turkish Commercial Code no 6102 are perceived by members of profession, and results were interpreted by SPSS package program. As a result of the study, it was seen that number of people who believe that new regulations brought by New Commercial Code are necessary are correct is more than the number of people who do not believe so. In the study carried out by Hatunoğlu (2010), a survey was conducted for 131 members of profession registered in Chamber of Independent Accountant and Financial Advisor in Kahramanmaraş about how the regulations in Stock Corporations affect members of profession, while New Turkish Commercial Code was in draft. As a result of this study, majority of the attendants believe that bringing of the New Turkish Commercial Code will be positive. 3. Materials And Methods 29 female and 64 male public accountants registered in the Chamber of Certified Public Accountants of Antalya were asked for their expectations from changes in independent audit by New Turkish Commercial Code in a survey. Survey consists of 3 parts: A. First part of the survey The first part of the questionnaire consists of demographic data such as age, education and gender. A1. Distribution of Age and Gender Gender Age Total Female Male Total 25-35 12 20 32 36-45 14 26 40 46-55 2 10 12 56-…. 1 8 9 29 64 93 8 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 29 of the attendants are female and 64 of them are males, 34% of them are between ages of 25-35 in total, 43% of them are between ages of 36-45 and the rest are above the age of 46. A2. Education Level Education Level High School Gender College Undergraduate Postgraduate Total Female 1 1 26 1 29 Male 1 1 56 6 64 2 2 82 7 93 Total 96% of the attendants have completed undergraduate and post graduate education A3. Taxpayer Numbers of the Accountants TaxpayerNumbers Company 1-20 Gender 21-40 41-60 61-80 81 -….. accountant Total Female 11 8 4 1 3 2 29 Male 15 13 10 11 12 3 64 26 21 14 12 15 5 93 Total 50% of the attendants are working with more than 40 taxpayers. A4. Distribution of Professional Times Professional Times 1-5 years Gender Female Male Total 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years 21-… Total 9 8 5 4 3 29 12 16 15 8 13 64 21 24 20 12 16 93 Approximately 23% of the accountants are working for 1 and 5 years, 26% of them are working for 6-10 years and approximately 30% of them are working for more than 15 years as accountant. 25% of these are female and 75% of them are male accountants. 9 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A5. Distribution of Employee Numbers EmployeeNumbers N/A Gender 1-3 persons 4-7 persons 8 andex Total Female 17 6 4 2 29 Male 16 32 13 3 64 33 38 17 5 93 Total 35% of the accountants do not employ anyone with them and only 41% of them employ more than 3 people. A6. Training of the Personnel Training Of Personnel Yes Gender No Total Female 21 8 29 Male 60 4 64 81 12 93 Total Also 87% of the accountants prove training for accounting to the employed personnel. B. Second part of the survey In the second part of the survey multiple-choice questions concerning the regulation of independent audit, rate setting, determination of audited companies are asked and it is stated that they are able to select more than one option for these questions. B1. Independent Audit Regulation Institution q1 CapitalMark Revenue ets Board TÜRMOB Gender Total 1 Administrati (CMB) KGK2 on (RA) Total Others Female 17 4 2 6 0 29 Male 52 2 2 7 1 64 69 6 4 13 1 93 When accountants were asked which institution should perform the regulations and controls about independent audit, 74% of them stated TÜRMOB. 1 TÜRMOB : Union Of Chambers Of Certified Public Accountants of Turkey. 2 KGK : Public Oversight Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority 10 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo B2. Who Should Auditors Be Selected From Auditor’schoice Independent Auditing Accountants Gender Firm Total Female 27 2 29 Male 63 1 64 90 3 93 Total Accountants were asked, according to the New TCC, about whom should the independent auditors be selected from and given answers include lawyer, revenue, academics and independent audit firms. 97% of the accountants stated that independent auditors should only be selected from accountants (Independent Accountant and Financial Advisor and Certified Public Accountant), 3% of them stated that they should be selected from Independent Audit firms. B3. Rate Setting for Independent Audit Rate SettingforIndependent Auditing a Gender Female Male Total b c d e Total 8 2 9 10 0 29 19 12 18 14 1 64 27 14 27 24 1 93 Attendants were asked about which criteria should be considered for rate setting and while approximately 30% of them were thinking about a “minimum fee tariff publication” 30% of them were thinking “a specific percentage of sales revenue of the organization” should be taken. Another part of 26% said that “a percentage of organization's size of assets” should be taken. B4. Criteria of Organizations Which Should be Audited Criterias a Gender Total abcde b c d e Total Female 1 0 0 5 13 10 29 Male 5 2 4 9 26 18 64 6 2 4 14 39 28 93 Necessary criteria for being audited of an organization were asked to attendant accountants and it was indicated that they are able to select more than one option. Given options were capital of the organization, assets of the organization, sales revenues and size of the employed personnel and if it should be a capital company or not. 42% of them stated that it should be based on “Size of Organization's Assets” and 30% of them stated that it should be based on “Size of Organization’s Sales Revenues”. 11 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo B5. Contribution of Independent Audit Contributions a Gender b d e Total Female 10 4 15 0 29 Male 21 2 40 1 64 31 6 55 1 93 Total It was asked that who would independent audit contribute most and approximately 60% of them stated that it would contribute to the “financial table user”. It was followed by “struggle with off the books transactions” with 33%% and “independent audited company” with 6%. However none of the accountants selected the option of “it would contribute to the members of profession”. B6. Organizations Which Should be Independently Audited It was asked to the accountants that which organization or organizations should be independently audited and it was stated that they are free to select more than one option. For this reason, 13% of them Private Companies, 63% of them Limited Companies, 75% of them Family Incorporations, 96% of them Open Public Companies, 45% of them Cooperatives and 5% of them envisaged Sole Proprietorships should be audited. C. Third part of the survey In the third part of the survey eagerness and chances of members of profession to become independent audit and their thoughts about the financial and professional contributions and burden it would bring and besides if the New TCC was enough or not was asked by way of five-point Likert scale. And the evaluation of five-point Likert scale will be as follows: 1: I certainly disagree 2: I disagree 3: I am neutral 4: I agree 5: I certainly agree 12 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo C1. TÜRMOB, Takes an Active Role in Preparation of TCC and Formation of the Independent Audit q1 1 2 3 4 5 Total Proffesionaltimes A 5 10 3 1 2 21 B 4 17 2 1 0 24 C 8 4 2 2 4 20 D 2 6 0 4 0 12 E 4 6 3 1 2 16 23 43 10 9 8 93 Total 71% of the accountants think that TÜRMOB takes an active role regarding this subject. C2. In Addition to the condition of Being a Member of Profession, There Should be an Examination Done by Institution in order to Become an Independent Audit. q2 1 Age Total 2 3 4 5 Total A 9 5 0 9 9 32 B 13 14 0 11 2 40 C 3 5 1 3 0 12 D 1 5 0 2 1 9 26 29 1 25 12 93 While 40% though an examination was necessary, 58% of them did not think it was necessary. 50% of the accountants who think that examination is not necessary are between ages of 36-45, 25% of them are between ages of 25-25. 13 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo C3. Finding Criteria of Companies Which Will be Audited Independently Adequate q3 1 Professional times 2 3 4 5 Total a 5 8 3 3 2 21 b 5 12 6 1 0 24 c 3 5 4 7 0 19 d 0 4 4 3 1 12 e 4 9 2 1 0 16 17 38 19 15 3 92 Total 59% of the attendants find criteria of companies which will be audited independently adequate and 19% of them do not, and the rest is neutral C4. Request of Being an Independent Auditor q4 1 Professional times 2 3 4 5 Total a 0 0 3 12 6 21 b 0 1 4 14 5 24 c 1 1 5 10 3 20 d 0 0 3 5 4 12 e 1 0 6 6 3 16 2 2 21 47 21 93 Total C5. Chance of Being an Independent Auditor q5 1 Professional times Total 2 3 4 5 Total a 1 3 2 8 7 21 b 1 5 2 13 3 24 c 3 4 3 5 5 20 d 0 0 6 4 2 12 e 2 5 5 3 1 16 7 17 18 33 18 93 While 73% of the audits are resolute about being an independent audit, 23% of them are still abstain on this subject. 14 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Also 54% of the attendants think that their chances are high, 26% of them think that they cannot become one. 30% of those who think their chances of becoming an independent audit is low consist of people who worked more than 21 years in this profession. C6. Audit Will Place a Burden on IAFA q6 1 Professional times 2 3 4 5 Total a 2 3 1 9 6 21 b 2 5 2 9 6 24 c 3 4 0 6 7 20 d 0 3 1 6 2 12 e 3 4 0 5 4 16 10 19 4 35 25 93 Total 65% of them think that the audit will be a burden for public accountants and 31% of them think that it will certainly not be a burden. C7. Audit Will Contribute to IAFA in Terms of Professional Knowledge. q7 1 Professional times Total 2 3 4 5 Total a 2 0 1 12 5 20 b 0 2 3 11 8 24 c 2 2 0 8 8 20 d 0 1 2 5 4 12 e 1 2 0 7 6 16 5 7 6 43 31 92 80% of the attendants believe that new regulations will contribute to the audit in terms of profession. 13% of them certainly do not expect any contributions at all. 15 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo C8. Audit Will Contribute Financially to IAFA q8 1 Professional times 2 3 4 5 Total a 4 3 4 8 2 21 b 2 4 4 11 3 24 c 4 1 2 9 4 20 d 0 4 1 5 2 12 e 3 3 2 7 1 16 13 15 13 40 12 93 Total 67% of the attendants think that independent audit will contribute to public accountants financially. 30% of them do not think that way. 4. Conclusion Results of the survey conducted for 93 accountants registered in Chamber of Certified Public Accountants of Antalya and the interpretation by Frequency Analysis on SPSS program are as follows: 1. 96% of the questioned accountants have completed Undergraduate of Graduate education. 2. 61% of them have less than 60 taxpayers. 3. Approximately 70 of them have worked in the profession for less than 15 years. 4. 41% of them employ maximum 3 people. 5. 87% of the provide trainings to the employed personnel. 6. When accountants were asked which institution should perform the regulations and controls about independent audit, 74% of them stated TÜRMOB. 7. When it was asked who should perform the independent audit, 97% of them envisaged that it should be done by IAFA and not by independent audit companies. 8. For the rate setting of independent audit, approximately 30% of them think it is necessary to publish a minimum fee tariff, and another 30% of them think that a specific percentage of sales revenue of the organization should be taken. 9. 42% of them think that the determination of the criteria of the company which should be audited independently should be done by “size of assets of the company”. 10. When it was asked which organizations should be audited independently, and it was stated that they are free to select more than one option, 96% of them selected Public Incorporations and 75% of them selected Family Incorporations. 11. 60% of them think that independent audit will contribute most to the financial table users. 12. Approximately 71% of the accountants think that TÜRMOB does not take an active role in preparation of the new TCC. 13. 58% of them think that it is enough to be a member of the profession in order to become an independent audit, and that there is no need to conduct an examination. 14. According to New TCC, criteria of companies which will be audited independently are not enough for 59% of them. 16 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 15. Percentage of those who want to become an independent audit is 73%. Also, 54% of them think that their chances of becoming an independent audit are high. 16. 65% of them believe that audit will bring a burden to them, 80% of them think that it will certainly contribute to the profession, 67% of them believe that it will contribute financially. References Hatunoğlu Z. (2010). Ttk Yasa Tasarısında Sermaye Şirketlerinde Denetime İlişkin Düzenlemeler Konusunda Muhasebe Meslek Mensuplarının Değerlendirmeleri: Kahramanmaraş Örneği, Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 19, S 1, S. 233-253. Turkish Commercial Law No 6102, Http://Www.Tbmm.Gov.Tr/Kanunlar/ K6102.Html, (20/04/2012). Ulusan H., Eren E., Köylü Ç.(2012). 6102 Sayılı Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu’ Nun Muhasebe Ve Denetim Uygulamalarına Getirdiği Yenilikler Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, S. 11-34. 17 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2335 Title A name given to the resource Point of View from the Perspective of an Accountant to Independent Auditing with the New Turkish Commercial Code Author Author F. ÜnalUyar, Güler Halit, Görmez KINAY, Bulent Abstract A summary of the resource. In 01 July 2012, the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Law no 6102, lead to significant changes, especially in the field of independent auditing. These changes include the determination of the persons or organizations for independent audit companies and auditors. These regulations with the other regulations in the new Turkish Commercial Law, will mostly affect Professional groups. For this reason, 29 females, 64 males, including 93 public accountants registered in the Chamber of Certified Public Accountants of Antalya asked for expectations by a survey about the new Turkish Commercial Law. In the first part of the questionnaire includes demographic data such as age, education and gender, the second part includes multiple-choice questions concerning the audit process, the last part includes five-point Likert scale questions about how professionals will be affected. The results were analysed by SPSS package program. Keywords: New Turkish Commercial Law, Independent Auditing, Accountants. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ac4140c70da3c537917d04689b742245.pdf 963dd24329735d7bfb643ffc0f38818e PDF Text Text Poisonous Marine Organisms In Turkey And First Medical Aids Mustafa Alparslan Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, Çanakkale malparslan@comu.edu.tr Hasan Barış Özalp Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, Çanakkale Sadettin Doğu Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, Çanakkale Abstract: There are many poisonous marine organisms in BlackSea, Mediterranean, Aegean Sea and Marmara Sea in Turkey. These organisms: Trachinus draco, Scorpaena scrofa, S. porcus, Rhizostoma pulmo, Chrysaora hysoscella, Aurelia aurita, Pelagica noctiluca, Anemonia sulcata sulcata. First aid : if tentacles of nematocysts are still stuck to the skin, they need to be removed gently. Be careful not to squeeze them as to not discharge more nematocysts. Local anesthetic spray or ointment may remove some of the pain on minor stings. Tannic acid is believed to work well. Give cardiovascular and respiratory assistance if needed. Medical treatment:The best anesthetic ointments in order of efficiency seem to be: Lignocaine 5%; Ultralan 0.5% . Lignocaine gel. Benadryl cream isn’t as effective. Commercial creams don’t work as long. Se For other jellyfish stings, soak or rinse the area in vinegar (acetic acid) for 15-30 minutes to stop the nematocysts from releasing their toxins. vere itching may occur after a few days. Steroid ointments (i.e. hydrocortisone) could help. Keywords: Black Sea, Marmara Sea, Poisonous organisms, First aid. Introduction Human deaths attributed to poisonous marine animals, particularly fishes, have been recorded since biblical times and some religious laws still condemn eating fish that are finless or scaleless. Figures of scaleless, poisonous fishes have been found on Egyptian tombs. Some early naturalists went further than just recognizing dangerous animals, they actually used marine toxins to remedy ailments. For example, Pliny the Elder (29–79 A.D.) used ground sting ray stingers to relieve the pain of toothaches. The best procedure to follow, if you are stranded, starved, and have to eat a fish you know nothing about, is to skin it, remove the head and internal organs carefully, and then soak the remaining meat in water for several hours, throwing away the water before cooking. Many poisons from plants and animals are soluble in water. Often, cooking alone will not destroy or remove the toxic substances. In Japan, finer restaurants have licensed puffer cooks that have been specially trained in preparing puffer for human consumption. Yet the Japanese, even though they are familiar with poisonous fishes, suffer about 100 deaths yearly from puffer poisoning. Puffer poison has the scientific name tetrodotoxin, after the family name for puffer fishes, Tetraodontidae. It can take 10 minutes or 3 hours before symptoms are evident: nausea, vomiting, muscular weakness, paralysis, and respiratory distress. No specific antidote is known. It is estimated that 30,000 human illnesses from eating poisonous marine animals, primarily fishes and shellfish, occur each year, some of them resulting in death. With figures like that, the title of the article "Eat Puffer and Maybe Suffer" should be taken seriously. Fortunately, we are not rich in point of dangerous marine organisms according to Australia and New Zealand. owever, some poisonous fish and jellyfish effect to human during summer time in Turkey.: Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 (Red scorpionfish) Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: British Isles (rare) to Senegal including Madeira, the Canary Islands, and 616 �Cape Verde. Also throughout the Mediterranean except Black Sea. South African species thought to be the same as population in the northeast Atlantic. Biology: Solitary and sedentary over rocky, sandy or muddy bottoms. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and Mollusks Human uses: Fisheries: commercial; aquarium: public aquariums Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758 (Black scorpionfish) Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: British Isles to the Azores, and the Canary Islands, including Morocco, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.. Biology: Solitary and sedentary over rocky, sandy or muddy bottoms. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and Mollusks Human uses: minor commercial; aquarium: commercial Scorpaena notata Rafinesque, 1810 (Small red scorpionfish) Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to Senegal, Madeira, Azores and the Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean (rare in northern Adriatic) and the Black Sea (as Scorpaena notata afimbria). Biology: Common in rocky littoral habitats. Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes. Flesh is tasty and used in making 'bouillabaisse' Human uses: Fisheries: commercial; aquarium: commercial Scorpaena elongata Cadenat, 1943 (Slender rockfish) Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean Sea and Morocco to off northern Namibia Biology: Sedentary species which occurs in rocky areas. Feeds on fishes, shrimps and other benthic invertebrates Human uses: Fisheries: minor commercial Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833 (Madeira rockfish) Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Azores, Madeira, and Morocco to the Canary Islands, Cape Verde and Senegal. Also known from several localities in the Mediterranean Sea Biology: Inhabits shallow coastal waters. Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes. Anterolateral glandular groove with venom gland Human uses: Fisheries: commercial Trachinus draco Linnaeus, 1758 (Greater weever) Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Norway to Morocco, Madeira and Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, Reported from Mauritania Biology: On sandy, muddy or gravelly bottoms, from a few meters to about 150 m. Rest on the bottom, often buried with eyes and tip of first dorsal fin exposed. At night they swim around freely, even pelagically. Feed on small invertebrates and fishes; chiefly nocturnal. Oviparous, eggs and larval stages pelagic. There are dark markings along the scales; the anterior dorsal fin is black and contains venomous spines. Utilized fresh and frozen; can be pan-fried, broiled, boiled and baked. Spawning takes place in June and August, pelagic eggs are 1 mm. Human uses: Fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums Trachinus radiatus Cuvier, 1829 (Starry weever) 617 �Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Gibraltar to the Gulf of Guinea; probably further south. Known from the Mediterranean. Biology: Found on sand and mud bottoms on the continental shelf from shoreline to a depth of about 150m. Oviparous. Eggs and larvae are pelagic. Human uses: Fisheries: commercial Trachinus araneus Cuvier, 1829 (Spotted weever) Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Portugal to Angola. Also known from the Mediterranean Distribution in the Turkish coasts: Marmara Sea, Agean Sea and Mediterranean Sea Biology: Inhabit shallow waters to about 100 m depth, burrowing in the bottom. Feed on small fishes and Crustaceans. Anterolateral glandular grooves and opercular spine with venom gland Oviparous, eggs and larvae are pelagic. Human uses: Fisheries: minor commercial Echiichthys vipera Cuvier, 1829 (Lesser weever) Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: North Sea to the Mediterranean, Morocco and Madeira. Reported from the Canary Islands Distribution in the Turkish coasts: Marmara Sea, Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea Biology: Littoral and benthic, on sandy, muddy or gravelly bottoms, from a few meters to about 150 m (in winter). Rest on the bottom, often buried with eyes and tip of first dorsal fin exposed. Considered as the most dangerous of the European weevers, both for its poison and for its frequent occurrence very near to beaches There are venom glands on the first dorsal fin, which is totally black, and on the gill cover Human uses: Fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes Dasyatis pastinaca Linnaeus, 1758 (Common stingray) Distribution: Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea Distribution in the Turkish coasts: Marmara Sea, Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea Biology: Found over sandy and muddy bottoms, sometimes in estuaries and near rocky reefs. Feed on bottom fishes, crustaceans and mollusks. Ovoviviparous, gestation period about 4 months and 4-7 young are produced. Wings marketed smoked, dried-salted, and also used for fishmeal and oil. Harmful to shellfish banks; dangerous to bathers and fishers due to its poisonous spine. Barbed poison spine is a modified denticle that can be 35cm long, shed occasionally and replaced. Siganus luridus Rüppell, 1829 (Dusky spinefoot) Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Red Sea and East Africa to islands in the western Indian Ocean. Immigrant to Mediterranean via the Suez Canal Distribution in the Turkish coasts: South Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea Biology: Found in small schools in very shallow water close to the bottom. Prefer hard bottoms of compacted sand with rock or coral debris. Solitary adults and groups of 3 or 4 adults have also been observed. Feed on a wide range of benthic algae. May suddenly stop and erect its fins (dorsal, anal and pelvic) presenting an encircling array of spined to potential predators; these spines are venomous. A food fish that is occasionally poisonous. Probably does not adapt well in captivity. Minimum depth from. Human uses: minor commercial Siganus rivulatus Forsskål, 1775 (Marbled spinefoot) Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Red Sea and East Africa to islands in the western Indian Ocean. Immigrant to Mediterranean via the Suez Canal Distribution in the Turkish coasts: Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea 618 �Biology: Inhabits shallow waters and generally in schools of 50 to several hundred individuals; prefers protected areas. Feeds by grazing on algae Human uses: Fisheries: minor commercial; aquaculture: commercial First Aids for Poisonous Fish Venomous fish stings: - stonefish - catfish venomous -other stinging fish Wash the wound site and immerse in hot water about 45ºC for a maximum duration of 90 minutes Irrigate the wound and remove foreign debris Radiograph to exclude retained spiny material Give oral or parenteral analgesia and occasionally local or regional anaesthesia for severe pain Stonefish antivenom is available for stonefish stings with severe pain or systemic effects Surgical consultation for involvement of joints or bones Stingray injuries • 6. 7. • Wash the wound site and immerse in hot water about 45ºC for a maximum duration of 90 minutes Apply local pressure for bleeding and resuscitate if there are thoracic or abdominal injuries 3. 4. 5. 8. 9. Irrigate and debride the wound Titrate intravenous analgesia and/or local or regional anaesthesia Surgical consultation for deep injuries, injuries to the chest or abdomen, or with retained material Resuscitation and surgical intervention for major trauma from thoracic or abdominal injuries Table 1. First aids of poisonous fish Results An estimated 500 or so poisonous fishes are inshore species living in warm seas between 45 degrees N and 45 degrees S. Many forms are numerous around small islands in the Pacific. Unfortunately, it is impossible to just look at a fish and tell whether it is poisonous. In some fishes, toxicity is strongly associated with the ripening of their reproductive organs or where the fish lives. Fish toxins are sometimes concentrated in a single organ, such as the liver, muscles, skin, or reproductive organs, or the whole animal may be poisonous. Puffers, of course, are not the only poisonous fishes. Certain species of snapper, sea bass, barracuda, jack, moray eel, parrotfish, shark, grouper, wrasse, and surgeonfish have also been implicated in human illnesses. Most of these fishes contain one or several toxins, one of which is known as ciguatera toxin. Ciguatera is more famous in Pacific waters; however, in Florida, the red tide organism, Karenia brevis, a one-celled dinoflagellate, and shellfish exposed to blooms of this organism, reportedly have a ciguatera-like toxin that can cause human suffering. Ciguatera poison is thought to originate at the base of the food chain. In Pacific waters, it has been traced to toxic blue-green algae that are eaten by small fishes and, in turn, are eaten by larger fishes. It is through the food chain that the toxin is taken in and accumulated. Perhaps other animals of the sea are better known as poisonous and dangerous animals to be avoided. Their effect on man is more direct—by attack. This involves stinging cells or venom glands. The sea wasps or jellyfish of the Austro-Asian area have caused many swimmers pain, scars, and even death. There have been 55 documented deaths attributed to sea wasps since 1963. Physalia, the Portugese Man-of-War, is a jellyfish-like animal known as a siphonophore that periodically causes swimming activity to cease along the Florida east coast and other areas. First-aid stations are set up on beaches to help those suffering from Physalia attacks. Jellyfish and siphonophores have stinging cells called nematocysts in their tentacles, and some Physalia tentacles have been reported to extend 30 feet deep in seawater. Physalia toxin interferes with the conduction of nerve impulses and can cause the heart to stop beating. In addition to poisonous jellyfish and siphonophores, there are poisonous or venomous (having venom glands) cone shells, octopuses, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, marine worms, and other ocean denizens. In almost all cases, the toxin interferes with the permeability of the nerve membrane and inhibits passage of nerve impulses. The physical effect may only involve nausea, drowsiness, weakness, or vomiting, or it may 619 �proceed to paralysis and death. In most cases, a cure is not known; however, a drug called neostigmine has been successful in the treatment of barracuda poisonings. Some human illnesses attributed to eating fish are caused by decomposing bacteria and are common among jacks, skipjacks, and oceanic bonito; however, symptoms usually subside within 12 hours. It is estimated that 30,000 human illnesses from eating poisonous marine animals, primarily fishes and shellfish, occur each year, some of them resulting in death. With figures like that, the title of the article "Eat Puffer and Maybe Suffer" should be taken seriously. Poisonous marine animals can kill people, but unbelievable as it may sound, they can save lives too. Natural products from land plants have been used for years as antibiotics, narcotics, analgesics, anti-leukemia agents, and other drugs in the treatment of human distress. Why not use products from marine plants and animals as drugs? After all, poisons from marine animals show potential in the treatment of hearing diseases, intestinal troubles, infections, tumors and other ailments. One of the biggest problems is money. It takes approximately 7 million dollars to develop a drug before it is submitted to the federal Food and Drug Administration and then only 1 out of 2,500 drugs submitted reach the commercial market. Another problem involves the collecting and harvesting of suitable marine organisms. If the chemical structure and properties of the poison are known, then scientists can artificially recreate the substance and need not worry about how many animals they have to collect. Prior to the 1960s, little was known about the chemical makeup of marine toxins, but now that scientists have unraveled the chemistry of these poisons, synthesis of these potential drugs is possible. There is one outstanding use of a marine poison as a drug—puffer poison is being used as a narcotic for terminal cancer patients in Japan. Perhaps the Japanese, because they are surrounded by the sea and depend on it so desperately for food, are more attuned to its resources. The Japanese also found that a certain acid in the brown seaweed Digenia is a valuable drug in the control of tapeworm, whipworm, and roundworm. There are many natural compounds of seaweeds that show antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. However, these are not poisons, rather they are often components of the cell walls or byproducts of everyday functions. Ironically, some poisons are thought also to be the byproducts of everyday functions, particularly among the one-celled organisms. One product of marine seaweeds, although not of a poisonous nature, deserves attention because of its potential anti-tumor and anti-leukemia activities in animals exposed to radiation. Sodium alginates of seaweeds tend to inhibit the absorption of radioactive strontium in the bloodstream and bone tissue of rats by 75 percent. To cite examples of potential uses for poisons or toxins often involves using the effect of the poison as the cure. For example, ciguatera poison, which affects the neuromotor system, can relax spasms when administered in small doses. Another poison isolated from an electric eel shows potential as an antidote for pesticide poisoning. These are only a few examples, but they are enough evidence to support research on potential drug sources from the sea. Poisonous Jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo Macri, 1778 Description Umbrella hemispherical, translucent; exumbrella surface finely granular, jelly thick, central portion stiff, thinner and flexible in outer third. With 8-12 velar marginal lappets per octant; marginal tentacles absent. Eight rhopalia; rhopalial lappets smaller than inter- rhopalar, pointed. Subumbrellar musculature in eight distinct peripheral muscle fields. Stomach occupying central third of bell, roughly square with concave sides; from it 16 substantial canals connect to bell edge; younger specimens have narrow ring canal which follows closely outline of each marginal lappet; in many older specimens ring canal apparently absent in places and perhaps in some is completely lacking; an intermediate ring canal about 1/3 of radius in from margin, broad; centripetal to this is a coarse, irregular anastomosing network of canals, connecting only with intermediate ring canal and not with radial canals. Peripheral to intermediate ring-canal a similar but finer meshwork, branchings become increasingly more fine towards perimeter. Manubrium short, massive and translucent; concealed by 16 scapulets upon it. Each scapulet small, inverted Y-shaped in section, bearing numerous mouthlets. The eight oral arms are inverted Y-shaped in section, supporting two long, massive, outwardly-directed blades also bearing numerous mouthlets. Oral arms without lateral clubs and filaments, each arm with a large, translucent terminal club. Four gonads, each a much convoluted lobe fundamentally forming most of a circle but not obvious due to 620 �convolutions. In older animals surface of gonad bearing grooves extending to its edge. Ecology Strobilation and the production of the ephyra stage seem restricted to the summer months; peak abundance of mature medusae in late summer and autumn with large numbers cast ashore in autumn and winter storms. Specimens living in deeper offshore waters will probably survive the winter and can be encountered as late as June of the following year. Depth range Medusae are usually recorded at or near the water surface, but probably being more abundant in the (coastal) water column as the result of the strong currents of ebb and flow and resting on the bottom during slack-water periods. World distribution North and South Atlantic Oceans, Mediterranean, Black Sea, Red Sea. Distribution in the Turkish coasts: Aegean Sea, Marmara Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea Chrysaora hysoscella Linnaeus, 1767 Distribution: Belgian Coast, Dutch Exclusive Economic Zone European waters Morphology: Umbrella flat smooth and thick, 15-49cm in diametar, the color is variable, but is characterized by 16 v-shaped gold-brown or yellow-brown marks on the upper umbrella, radiating from the central region, there are 24 marginal tentacles, which are easly broken off, and thirty-two pigmented semi-circular marginal lappets. Present from half May until half September. Umbrella between 1 and 12 cm. Young medusa with umbrella diameter less than 4 cm have only 8 tentacles and are hard to distinguish from Pelagia noctiluca (Leloup, 1952, Russell, 1970). Small medusa (2-4cm) identified as Pelagia noctiluca (De Blauwe, 2001) were in fact Chrysaora hyosescella. (C.hysoscella was very intensive around Marmara Sea, Çanakkale Strait and Aegean Sea in 2009.Tentacles reached to 2.45 cm.(Ozalp,Alparslan,and Dogu,2009). Cassiopea andromeda Forskäl, 1775 (Upside down jellyfish) Description This jellyfish usually lies mouth upward on the bottom, in calm shallow water, gently pulsating its bell to create water flow over it's arms. The bell of Cassiopea is yellow-brown with white or pale spots and streaks. The outstretched arms are also brownish with extended frilly tentacles. Adults can grow to 30 cm in diameter. They are often mistaken as sea anemones. Habitat Cassiopea are typically found in shallow lagoons, intertidal sand or mud flats, and around mangroves. Cassiopea feed on drifting zooplankton. Individuals also harbors photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae that provides food to the jellyfish. The zooxanthellae live in the tissues on the ventral surface of the jellyfish, and the jellyfish sits on the bottom upside-down to provide sunlight to the symbiotic algae. Distribution Hawaiian Islands Throughout main Hawaiian Islands. Native Range Indo-Pacific Danger to humans and first aid These jellyfish can deliver a painful sting. If stung, apply a cold pack to relieve the pain if necessary Aurelia aurita Linnaeus, 1758 Life History Sexual maturity in Aurelia aurita commonly occurs in the spring and summer. The eggs develop in gonads located in pockets formed by the frills of the oral arms. The gonads are commonly the most recognizable part of the animal, because of their deep and conspicuous coloration. 621 �Anemonia sulcata Pennant, 1777 A.sulcata has long tentacles and cnidoblast cells. .Approximately, that can reach 12-15 cm.long.Colors chances yellow and viyola. Some effects of the sea anemone toxin, ATX-II, on vertebrate skeletal muscle have been described. At a concentration of 1 X 10(-7)-1 X 10(-6)M, ATX-II caused a sodium-dependent depolarization of the muscle fibres of the rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus, of the mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus and of the chicken posterior latissimus dorsi. The muscle fibres of the frog sartorius were insensitive to the toxin. Action potentials generated by direct stimulation were prolonged by ATX-II, but the degree of prolongation was variable. Chicken posterior latissimus dorsi muscle fibres were most sensitive in this regard, and mouse extensor digitorum longus were least sensitive. Both denervated and immature muscle fibres were more sensitive to ATX-II than mature innervated muscle fibres. The sensitivity to ATX-II declined rapidly as muscle fibres matured. In some muscles, the prolongation of the action potential was enhanced by repetitive stimulation, but not by the passive depolarization or hyperpolarization of the muscle fibres. The actions of ATXII could be reversed by washing in all but the innervated soleus of the mature rat. Prevention Wear protective clothing (gloves, wet suits, dive skins) when swimming in jellyfish-infested areas. Avoid picking up dead jellyfish. Dead jellyfish may still have live nematocysts that can still release toxins (even after they have dried up). Avoid going into known jellyfish-infested areas. If you do, know what type of jellyfish are common to the area. Be prepared to treat a jellyfish sting. Have a basic first aid kit (make sure it has an oral antihistamine in the kit) prepared and bring it with you. Take a course in basic first aid before heading to the beach, snorkeling, swimming, or scuba diving. In the evening or at night when swimming, snorkeling, or scuba diving, take care to look for jellyfish on the surface of the water. Expel air from the alternate air source while ascending during scuba diving to disperse any jellyfish directly above you. Educate yourself as to the type of jellyfish that may be in the waters in which you are swimming, snorkeling, or scuba diving. Bring Safe Sea Jellyfish After Sting® pain relief gel in case you do get stung. Do not swim in waters where large numbers of jellyfish have been reported. Wearing a wet suit or Lycra dive skin can prevent stings. If you have a known insect sting allergy carry an allergy kit, which contains injectable epi-pens (epinephrine, adrenaline). Make sure those with you know how to administer the epi-pen in case you are unable to do so. Do not touch any marine life while swimming, snorkeling, or scuba diving. Most marine animals have a protective coating that when touched, is rubbed off when and exposes the animal to bacteria and parasites; moreover, touching, "playing," or moving marine animals is stressful for them. Corals are easily damaged when touched and the area if the coral touched by hands, fins, or the body will die. To protect the ocean environment, when swimming, snorkeling, or scubadiving look, don't touch, and leave only bubbles. Never use fresh water for the skin. Jellyfish Stings Treatment If you are stung by a box jellyfish, seek medical help immediately. While you are waiting for medical help, flood the area with vinegar until medical help is available and keep as still as possible. If you are not close to medical care, soak the area and tentacles for 10 minutes or more, before attempting to remove them. If the sting is on the arms or legs, you can place a pressure dressing (like an ACE wrap used for a sprained ankle) around the sting. Be careful that you do not stop blood flow - the fingers and toes should always stay pink. This will help to slow down the spread of the toxin. For other jellyfish stings, soak or rinse the area in vinegar (acetic acid) for 15-30 minutes to stop the nematocysts from releasing their toxins. If you do not have vinegar available, rinse in sea water,70% isopropyl alcohol, or Safe Sea Jellyfish After Sting® pain relief gel. Do not use fresh water. Fresh water will cause the nematocysts to continue to release their toxin. For the same reason, do not rub the area, apply ice or hot water. Remove tentacles with a stick or a pair of tweezers. Wear gloves if you have them available. Apply shaving cream or a paste of baking soda to the area. Shave the area with a razor or credit card to remove any adherent nematocysts. Then reapply vinegar or alcohol. The shaving cream or paste prevents nematocysts that have not been activated from releasing their toxin during removal with the razor. Eye stings should be rinsed with a commercial saline solution like Artifical Tears; dab the skin around the eyes with a towel that has been soaked in vinegar. Do not place vinegar directly in the eyes. Mouth stings should be treated with 1/4 strength vinegar. Mix ¼ cup of vinegar with ¾ cup of water. Gargle and spit out the solution. Do not drink or swallow the solution. For pain, take acetaminophen (Tylenol) 325 mg 1-2 tablets every 4-6 hours for pain; or Ibuprofen (Motrin) or Aleve every 8 hours for pain. CPR may be necessary for all stings if the person stops breathing and/or no longer has a pulse. 622 �References Bilecenoglu, M.(2002).A new jellyfish in Turkish Coasts: Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskal,1775) Chu, G.W. and C.E. Cutress. (1954). Human dermatitis caused by marine organisms in Hawaii. Proc. Haw. Acad. Sci.195354:-9. Coleman, N. (1991). Encyclopedia of Marine Animals. Blandford: London, U.K. 33. Cooke, W.J. (1984). New scyphozoan records for Hawaii: Anomalorhiza shawi Light 1921 and Thysanostoma loriferum (Ehrenberg 1835); with notes on several other rhizostomes. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 97: 583-588. Cornelius, P. (2010). Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=135306 on 2010-05-09 Cutress, C.E. (1961). [Comment on introduced jellyfish in Hawaii] p. 549, in: Doty, M.S. 1961. Acanthophora, a possible invader of the marine flora of Hawaii. Pac. Sci. 15(4): 547-552 . Handal, K. (1992).American Red Cross.Part 2: First aid and Safety Handbook.1.st.ed.Boston,MA: Little,Brown and Company;1992:59-62 Hernroth, L. and Grondahl, F. 1983. On the Biology of Aurelia Aurita. Ophelia, 22(2):189-199. http://web.ukonline.co.uk/aquarium/pages/greaterweever.html.Retrieved 2006-09-22. http://www.emedicineHealth.com http://www.fishbase.org http://www.suite101.com/blog/johnblatchford/mauve_stingers#ixzz0nRE1qElo Hummelinck, P. W. (1968). Caribbean Scyphomedusae of the genus Cassiopea. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. 25: 1-57 Hummelinck, P. W. (1968). Caribbean Scyphomedusae of the genus Cassiopea. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands. 25: 1-57. Hyman, L. (1940). The Invertebrates: Protazoa through Ctenophora. Mc Graw Hill Inc., New York. 497-538. Kideys A.E. and Gücü, A.C. (1995). Rhopilema nomadica: A poisonius Indo-Pasific Scyphomedusan New to the Mediterranean Coast of Turkey. Israel Journal of Zoology 41: 615-617.) Malej, A. Faganeli, J. and Pezdic, J. (1993). Stable isotope and biochemical fractionation in the marine pelagic food chain. Marine Biology, 116(4): 565-570. Özalp, H.B., Alparslan, M and Doğu, S (2009). Monitoring Researches on Chrysaora hysoscella (Linnaeus, 1766) around Çanakkale Strait. 13th. Underwater Science and Technologies Conference. November,2009.p.71-73. Uchida, T. (1970). Occurrence of a rhizostome medusa, Cassiopea mertensii Brandt from the Hawaiian Islands. Annotat. Zool. Jap. 43:102-104. Uchida, T. (1970). Occurrence of a rhizostome medusa, Cassiopea mertensii Brandt from the Hawaiian Islands. Annotat. Zool. Jap. 43:102-104. 623 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 609 Title A name given to the resource Poisonous Marine Organisms In Turkey And First Medical Aids Author Author Alparslan, Mustafa Özalp, Hasan Barıs Doğu, Sadettin Abstract A summary of the resource. There are many poisonous marine organisms in BlackSea, Mediterranean, Aegean Sea and Marmara Sea in Turkey. These organisms: Trachinus draco, Scorpaena scrofa, S. porcus, Rhizostoma pulmo, Chrysaora hysoscella, Aurelia aurita, Pelagica noctiluca, Anemonia sulcata sulcata. First aid : if tentacles of nematocysts are still stuck to the skin, they need to be removed gently. Be careful not to squeeze them as to not discharge more nematocysts. Local anesthetic spray or ointment may remove some of the pain on minor stings. Tannic acid is believed to work well. Give cardiovascular and respiratory assistance if needed. Medical treatment:The best anesthetic ointments in order of efficiency seem to be: Lignocaine 5%; Ultralan 0.5% . Lignocaine gel. Benadryl cream isn’t as effective. Commercial creams don’t work as long. Se For other jellyfish stings, soak or rinse the area in vinegar (acetic acid) for 15-30 minutes to stop the nematocysts from releasing their toxins. vere itching may occur after a few days. Steroid ointments (i.e. hydrocortisone) could help. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e7fa4f599df99aa4937ce5ce76751246.docx c32bdcd39c9d17f86f647266fe6c6eef https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/47be98391f215eb1339fed605e41ee3a.pdf 6c98b6b22b9f3e96ef31565e9f16f270 PDF Text Text Akademik prof. dr Miodrag N. Simović Redovni profesor Pravnog fakulteta u Banjoj Luci Potpredsjednik Ustavnog suda Bosne i Hercegovine Dopisni član Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine Inostrani član Ruske akademije prirodnih nauka Doc. dr Vladimir M. Simović Tužilac Tužilaštva BiH Docent Fakulteta za bezbjednost i zaštitu u Banjoj Luci POJAM I ZNAČENJE NAČELA LEGALITETA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU Sažetak Načelo legaliteta ili zakonitosti je opštecivilizacijska tekovina koja po svom značaju prelazi granice krivičnog prava. Propisujući krivična djela i krivične sankcije za njih, krivičnim pravom štite se najznačajnije vrijednosti jednog društva, određeni društveni i pravni poredak i osnovna prava i slobode građana. Kako su krivične sankcije najteže sankcije pravnog poretka i znače ozbiljan zahvat u najveće vrijednosti čovjeka, priznata je od svih potreba da se djelatnost države na ovom području strogo pravno konstituiše, da se putem zakona odrede pretpostavke i granice kažnjavanja i time osigura pravna sigurnost građana. Usvajanjem načela zakonitosti, krivično pravo je to i učinilo. Ključne riječi: krivično djelo, krivično pravo, načelo legaliteta, blaži zakon, retroaktivnost. 23 �Miodrag N. Simović, Vladimir M. Simović: POJAM I ZNAČENJE NAČELA LEGALITETA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACY IN CRMINAL LEGISLATION Abstract Principle of legitimacy is a general product of civilization which exceeds the boundaries of criminal legislation. Prescribing criminal offences and criminal sanctions for them, criminal legislation protects the most significant values of a society, certain social and legal system and fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. Since criminal sanctions are the most severe sanctions existing in a legal system and understand serious grasp into the biggests values of a man, it has been widely acknowledged the need of a state actions to be strictly and legally constituted in this field, to legally determin assumptions and sanction limitations and, thereby, to ensure legal protection of citizens. That's what the criminal legislation did by adopting the principle of legitimacy. Key words: criminal offence, criminal law, the principle of legitimacy, the more lenient law, retroactivity. 24 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ 1. Pojam i uloga načela legaliteta u krivičnom pravu Načelo legaliteta (zakonitosti) znači da niko ne može biti kažnjen za djelo koje prije nego je učinjeno zakonom nije bilo propisano kao krivično djelo i za koje nije bila propisana kazna. Uobičajeno se izražava poznatom latinskom formulacijom nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege (nema krivičnog djela ni kazne bez zakona), koja se pripisuje njemačkom teoretičaru krivičnog prava Anselmu Fojerbahu (Anselm Feuerbach).1 Usvajanjem ovog načela ostvaruje se garantivna funkcija krivičnog prava koja se u osnovi sastoji u tome da se građanima garantuje da mogu biti suđeni i kažnjeni samo za ono ponašanje koje je bilo zakonom predviđeno kao krivično djelo prije nego je učinjeno. Na taj način pravna država ne samo da štiti građane krivičnim pravom, već ih štiti i od krivičnog prava, sprečavajući samovoljno, nepredvidivo kažnjavanje bez zakona ili kažnjavanje na osnovu neodređenog ili retroaktivnog zakona.2 I dok se u drugim granama prava tolerišu određena odstupanja od ovog načela, u krivičnom se pravu, zbog značaja i težine krivičnih sankcija, zahtijeva da se ono bezuslovno uvažava i primjenjuje.3 U protivnom, krivično pravo i zakon ne bi bili instrumenti zaštite, već kršenja ljudskih prava. U svom punom značenju ovo načelo predstavlja za građane važnu garanciju od samovolje i arbitrarnosti u krivičnom pravosuđu kroz ostvarenje sljedećih zahtjeva: u zahtjevu da je samo zakon izvor krivičnog prava (nullum crimen sine lege scripta); u zahtjevu za zabranom analogije (nullum crimen sine lege stricta); u zahtjevu za zabranom retroaktivnosti (nullum crimen sine lege praevia); u zahtjevu određenosti koje nalaže da krivičnim zakonom što je više moguće bude određeno ponašanje koje predstavlja krivično djelo (nullum crimen sine lege certa) i u zahtjevu za zakonitosti u kažnjavanju (nulla poena sine lege). Navedeni zahtjevi tek u svojoj ukupnosti i jedinstvu obezbjeđuju punu primjenu ovog načela i sveobuhvatno osiguranje zakonitosti na području krivičnog prava.4 Teško je reči koji je je od ovih segmenata načela legaliteta najvažniji, ali ipak se čini da kada se o njemu govori da se, prije svega, misli na zabranu povratnog dejstva krivičnog 1 Z. Stojanović, (2009), 21. Z. Stojanović, (2008), 19. 3 F. Bačić, (1978), 11. 4 F.Bačić, (1998), 72. 2 25 �Miodrag N. Simović, Vladimir M. Simović: POJAM I ZNAČENJE NAČELA LEGALITETA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU zakona, odnosno na načelo da zakon kojim se propisuje krivično djelo, odnosno krivična sankcija djeluje samo za budućnost.5 Aleksis de Tokvil (1805-1859) načelo legaliteta označava kao središnje načelo moderne evropske države napominjući da evropski narodi strahuju od autoritarne vlasti, ali da se arbitrarne vlasti boje još više.6 U pravnom životu evropskih naroda, od starog doba do danas, važilo je pravilo da zakon nema povratne sile i da ne može dirati u pravne odnose koji su prije njega postali. Zahtjev za formalnim, striktnim poštovanjem načela legaliteta i zabrane retroaktivnosti krivičnog djela i kazne bio bi zadovoljen dosljednom primjenom zakona, ma kakav taj zakon bio, bez obzira na to kakvim motivima se rukovodio zakonodavac u datom momentu. Ipak, iako je to pravilo opštepriznato i izgleda prosto, jasno i nesporno, ono pri primjeni na pojedine slučajeve postaje jedno od najtežih i najsloženijih pitanja u pravnoj teoriji.7 2. Samo je zakon izvor krivičnog prava Suština ovog zahtjeva iscrpljuje se donošenjem zakona kao kriterijuma dozvoljenosti, odnosno nedozvoljenosti ponašanja. Drugim riječima, zahtjev lex scripta isključuje primjenu nepisanog, prije svega običajnog prava, kao neposrednog izvora prava, što je jedna od tekovina čovjekove civilizacije i kulture i istovremeno jedna od osnovnih karakteristika krivičnog prava.8 Odgovarajući pisani akti su zapravo preduslov da se prilikom propisivanja krivičnih djela i sankcija obezbijedi poštovanje i ostala tri segmenta načela zakonitosti.9 Obrnuto, ako bi i običaji bili formalni izvor krivičnog prava, uvijek bi, ili bar u velikom broju slučajeva, bilo prilično neizvjesno i podložno slobodnim tumačenjima, da li takva običajna norma zaista egzistira. To znači da bi se prvo moralo dokazivati postojanje određene običajne norme, a tek bi 5 Z.Stojanović, (2009), 22. D.Basta, 71. 7 S.Perović, (1987), 65 i 66. 8 M. Babić, (2011), 67. 9 M. Majić, 38. 6 26 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ potom došla u obzir i njena primjena. Ovako nešto je u savremenom pravnom sistemu nedopustivo, ne samo zbog „dokaznih teškoća“ u odnosu na utvrđivanje postojanja norme, već prvenstveno zato što bi se na takav način stvorio ogroman stepen pravne nesigurnosti u jednom izuzetno važnom segmentu pravnog sistema. U kontinentalnom pravu evropskih, latinoameričkih i drugih država u potpunosti je isključena mogućnost da običajna pravna pravila budu neposredni izvor prava na osnovu koga bi domaći sudija mogao neko lice da osudi u krivičnom postupku. U angloameričkom pravu stanje je samo na prvi pogled različito. Ni u tom pravnom sistemu običajno pravo nije samo po sebi izvor krivičnog prava, s tim što neka djela mogu nastati u sudskim presedanima.10 Krivično pravo je dakle zakonsko pravo, što znači da je zakon primarni oblik postojanja krivičnog prava.11 Izuzetno, običajno pravo može se javiti kao posredni izvor krivičnog prava kada se sam zakon u opisima zakonskih bića nekih krivičnih djela poziva na određena običajna pravila, kao npr. kod određenog broja krivičnih djela protiv čovječnosti i pravila međunarodnog prava (glava XVII Krivičnog zakona Bosne i Hercegovine12) ili, isto tako, kada koristi neke pojmove čije tumačenje zavisi od običajnih pravila. 3. Zabranjena je analogija u krivičnom pravu Analogija je tumačenje po sličnosti. Primjenom analogije jedan propis bi se primjenjivao i na slučaj koji nije predviđen. Prema načelu legaliteta i njegovim zahtjevima, analogija je, kao sredstvo za stvaranje novih krivičnih djela, striktno zabranjena (analogia legis). Zabrana analogije podrazumijeva i zabranu pravne analogije (analogia juris) koja se sastoji u uspostavljanju kažnjavanja pozivanjem na opšta pravna načela cjelokupnog pravnog sistema, pozivanjem na duh pravnog poretka u cjelini i opšte pravne stavove, a sve radi toga da bi se time obuhvatio i neki slučaj koji nije obuhvaćen u krivičnopravnoj normi.13 10 V.Đ.Degan, B. Pavišić i V.Beširević, 50. Z.Stojanović, (2009), 3. 12 Objavljen u „Službenom glasniku BiH“ br. 3/03, 32/03, 37/03, 54/04, 61/04, 30/05, 53/06, 55/06, 32/07 i 8/10. 13 M.Babić i I. Marković, (2011), 80 i 81. 11 27 �Miodrag N. Simović, Vladimir M. Simović: POJAM I ZNAČENJE NAČELA LEGALITETA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU Ako bi se u krivičnom pravu priznala analogija, onda bi organi koji primjenjuju propise krivičnog prava mogli proširivati uslove za primjenu krivične sankcije, a to bi bilo protivno načelu legaliteta koje je osnovno načelo krivičnog prava. Prema tome, ako zakonom nisu obuhvaćeni neki odnosi koje bi trebalo regulisati krivičnim pravom, zakon se mora dopuniti ili izmijeniti, a do tada se mora primjenjivati postojeći zakon bez obzira na opravdanost drukčijeg rješenja14. Analogija se u krivičnom materijalnom pravu zabranjuje, prije svega, iz razloga pravne sigurnosti, jer bi bilo nedopustivo i potencijalno izuzetno plodotvorno za teške zloupotrebe da se takvim širokim metodom tumačenja pravnih praznina praktično omogućava kreiranje novih inkriminacija ili njihovih dijelova, odnosno drugih krivičnopravnih odredbi, koje inače nisu striktno propisane zakonskim normama.15 Suprotno ovome, načelo zakonitosti ne isključuje analogiju u krivičnom postupku. Neriješenost neke pravne situacije u zakonu ne može biti razlog da sud koji vodi postupak, odbije donošenje odluke ili obustavi postupak. U krivičnom procesnom pravu dopuštena je analogija jer krivično procesno pravo, zbog svoje izrazite složenosti i velike međusobne povezanosti i međuuslovljenosti njegovih odredbi, ostavlja daleko veći prostor za postojanje pravnih praznina nego krivično materijalno pravo.16 Sem toga, primjenom analogije u krivičnom procesnom pravu načelno je daleko manje moguće povrijediti nečija prava i slobode nego što bi to bio slučaj sa njenom primjenom u krivičnom materijalnom pravu. 4. Određenost zakonskih opisa bitnih elemenata krivičnih djela Zahtjev određenosti nullum crimen sine lege certa nalaže da krivičnopravne norme u što je moguće višem stepenu budu određene i precizne. Lex certa znači da u krivičnom zakonu mora u što većoj mjeri biti precizno određeno ponašanje koje predstavlja krivično djelo (radnja izvršenja, izvršilac) i kazna za njega, kao i ostali objektivni i subjektivni elementi.17 Zakonski opisi treba da su u pogledu svoje određenosti takvi da predstavljaju dovoljno sigurnu osnovu za sudsku praksu, da se objektivno 14 N. Srzentić i A. Stajić, 27. M. Škulić, 10. 16 Ibid. 17 Z.Stojanović, (2009), 22. 15 28 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ mogu odrediti sadržaj, smisao i domet norme.18 U krivičnom pravu, što je moguće više, treba izbjegavati neodređene norme kao što su npr. generalne klauzule. Jasnoća i preciznost u određivanju bića krivičnih djela predstavljaju sredstvo za ograničavanje prava države na kažnjavanje i zaštitu građana od samovolje i nejednakosti.19 Neodređena zakonska bića krivičnih djela i uopšte neodređeni propisi predstavljaju veliku opasnost za načelo pravne sigurnosti. Ako su bića krivičnih djela neodređena, difuzna, ako se iz njih jasno ne vidi šta se kažnjava, otvara se mogućnost da se princip zakonitosti zaobilazi u praksi.20 5. Zabrana retroaktivnosti Suština neretroaktivnosti je da osoba ne može biti osuđena ni kažnjena, osim ako je dato ponašanje odranije propisano kao krivično djelo.21 Jedan od osnovnih načela važenja pravnih normi polazi od toga da norma ne može da važi prije nego što je stupila na pravnu snagu, jer ako bi se drukčije stvar postavila, postojala bi potpuna neizvjesnost u pogledu punovažnosti stečenih prava, ispunjenja obaveza, dozvoljenosti određenih ponašanja i utvrđivanja određenih odnosa.22 To bi dovelo do pravne nesigurnosti. Ako zakon može određene radnje naknadno proglasiti za krivična djela, građanin ne može nikad biti siguran da li će biti pozvan na odgovornost.23 Zabrana retroaktivnosti krivičnih zakona direktno je povezana sa zabranom analogije. Sem toga, dešava se i da povreda zahtjeva sine lege certa preraste u povredu sine lege previa, jer je odredba toliko neodređena da građani tek ex post facto saznaju u čemu je suština krivičnog djela. U prilog načela neretroaktivnosti uopšte ističe se i stara maksima lex posterior derogat priori. Starije pravo se povlači pred novim ako je isti pravni odnos regulisan novim pravom. U stvari, smisao i razlog nastanka novog prava je u tome da zamijeni staro pravo i da ubuduće novo pravo 38 B. Čejović, 82. Lj. Jovanović, 191. 20 F.Bačić, (1978), 100. 21 A. Ashwort, 68. 22 D. Krapac, 36 i 37. 23 N.Srzentić i A. Stajić, 21. 19 29 �Miodrag N. Simović, Vladimir M. Simović: POJAM I ZNAČENJE NAČELA LEGALITETA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU zauzme mjesto starog prava, s tim da novo pravo važi od dana svog nastanka i da je okrenuto budućnosti, a ne prošlosti. Suštinski, zabrana retroaktivnosti krivičnih zakona temelji se na načelu pravne sigurnosti. Djelo je moralo zakonom biti određeno kao krivično djelo prije nego što je bilo izvršeno; uopšte, cjelokupnost svih materijalnopravnih pretpostavki za kažnjavanje i za primjenu drugih sankcija određuje se prema zakonu koji je vrijedio u vrijeme izvršenja djela24. 6. Određenost kazne Zahtjev nulla poena sine lege štiti interese slične onima koji su zaštićeni zahtjevom nullum crimen sine lege. Iako je zahtjev načela legaliteta da kazna mora biti određena zakonom postavljen kao samostalan, logično je da načelo zakonitosti i zabrana retroaktivne primjene krivičnog zakona istovremeno označavaju i zakonitost u izricanju krivičnopravnih sankcija. Načelo zakonitosti se prvobitno pojavljuje kao načelo zakonitosti djela (nullum crimen sine lege), a odmah zatim i kao princip zakonitosti kazne (nulla poena sine lege) tako da u jedinstvu ova dva elementa doživljava potpuno oživotvorenje.25 Da bi krivično pravo bilo pravedno, pojedinac treba da zna kakve su posljedice u slučaju da prekrši krivični zakon. To se naročito ogleda u zahtjevu da se odrede bliže pravila za odmjeravanje kazne, da se još više preciziraju svi uslovi odgovornosti, kao i uslovi za krivične sankcije i njihove granice, da se definišu svi osnovni pojmovi koji se upotrebljavaju u opštem dijelu, ukratko da se što preciznije odrede sve pretpostavke kažnjivosti26. U većini nacionalnih sistema ovaj zahtjev ispoštovan je propisivanjem krivičnih sankcija u određenom rasponu za svako krivično djelo. Na taj način ograničena je potencijalna zloupotreba prava sudija da odmjeravaju kazne shodno nekom svom individualnom ubjeđenju. Sem toga, primjenom ovog zahtjeva ujednačava se i kaznena politika za ista djela.27 24 F. Bačić, (1998), str.72 i 73. T. Delibašić, 24. 26 F. Bačić, (1978), 101. 27 D. Shahram, 863. 25 30 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ 7. Princip blažeg zakona Pošto je načelo legaliteta dinamičko pravno načelo, postoje i određena odstupanja od njegovog striktnog značenja. Tako se iz razloga pravednosti i ograničavanja represije uspostavilo i načelo primjene blažeg, kasnijeg zakona (dozvola retroaktivnosti).28 Dok načelo neretroaktivnosti znači da se novi zakon ne može primijeniti na ranija fakta, prema retroaktivnosti in mitius, novi zakon se može primijeniti ukoliko je za učinioca povoljniji od starog, tj. od onog koji je bio na snazi u vrijeme izvršenja krivičnog djela.29 Na prvi pogled, načelo neretroaktivnosti i retroaktivnosti in mitius djeluju kontradiktorno, pa se postavljalo pitanje da li se mogu dovesti u sklad ili se prednost ipak treba dati jednom od njih.30 Kako su se počele javljati situcije u kojima se upravo zabranjena retroaktivnost javljala kao posljednja šansa za prevazilaženje normativne tenzije, postalo je jasno da bi bilo neprihvatljivo kažnjavati ponašanja koja su u međuvremenu u određenom društvu prestala da budu smatrana opasnim, čak i ukoliko su takvim smatrana kada su preduzeta. Stoga je načelu legaliteta, da ne bi bilo potpuno obesmišljeno, moralo biti pridodato suštinski suprotno načelo – ono koje bi u ovakvim slučajevima predviđalo mogućnost primjene kasnijeg, blažeg zakona.31 7.1. Opšte pretpostavke za primjenu načela blažeg zakona Pitanje primjene novog, blažeg zakona javlja se u onim situacijama kada je krivično djelo izvršeno u vrijeme važenja jednog zakona a do donošenja pravnosnažne presude zakon je izmijenjen jednom ili više puta.32 Da bi se u konkretnom slučaju mogao primijeniti blaži zakon (lex mitior), mora se utvrditi da li je to zakon koji je bio na snazi u vrijeme počinjenja djela ili kasnije donesen zakon. Govori se o sukobu dva zakona u vremenu. 28 F. Bačić, (1978),115. Retroaktivnost in mitius je djelo italijanske pravne škole iz 14. vijeka, odakle je bilo preuzeto i prihvaćeno u nizu zakonika uporednog prava. 30 Vidi L. Marković, 60. 31 M. Majić, 33. 32 F.Bačić, (1998), 86. 29 31 �Miodrag N. Simović, Vladimir M. Simović: POJAM I ZNAČENJE NAČELA LEGALITETA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU Prvo, mora se utvrditi kada je odnosno djelo učinjeno (vrijeme izvršenja krivičnog djela) i koji je zakon u to vrijeme bio na snazi (vrijeme važenja krivičnog zakona). Ovi pojmovi se ne smiju miješati. Pitanje blažeg zakona rješava se in concreto, dakle ne uopštenim upoređivanjem dva zakona, već se s obzirom na konkretan slučaj ispituje da li je pozicija učinioca povoljnija po starom ili po novom zakonu. Pri tome je odlučno po kome su zakonu veće mogućnosti za povoljniju, tj. blažu presudu.33 U tom kontekstu, mogu se javiti različite situacije. Tako npr. kada poredimo dva zakona, svakako će za učinioca biti blaži onaj koji konkretno ponašanje uopšte ne predviđa kao krivično djelo.34 Blaži je, dalje krivični zakon koji isključuje krivicu ili uvodi razlog za isključenje protivpravnosti ili isključuje gonjenje ili ga uslovljava prijedlogom ili privatnom tužbom. Isto tako, blaži je onaj zakon koji predviđa blažu vrstu kazne ili niži minimum kazne iste vrste ili niži minimum kazne ili niži maksimum kazne kraj istog minimuma. Konačno, blaži je i onaj zakon koji za takav slučaj ne predviđa sporednu kaznu ili njenu obligatornu primjenu zamjenjuje fakultativnom. 35 Zatim, postavlja se pitanje kako da se presudi slučaj ako novi zakon za isto djelo predviđa doduše kaznu iste vrste, ali propisuje viši maksimum i istovremeno niži minimum te kazne nego što je to slučaj sa starim zakonom. Ispravan je odgovor da u takvom slučaju treba primijeniti novi zakon jer daje mogućnost povoljnije presude od starog, ali se primjenom tog novog zakona ne bi smjela izreći kazna iznad maksimuma predviđenog po starom zakonu. Postavlja se pitanje kako postupiti i u situaciji ako je zakon nakon izvršenja djela do presuđenja mijenjan više puta, kada su u tom vremenu bili na snazi tzv. međuzakoni ili interimni zakoni. Ispravan je odgovor da u tom slučaju treba primijeniti zakon najblaži za učinioca, pa makar to bio i interimni zakon, koji nije važio u vrijeme izvršenja krivičnog djela i koji je prestao da važi u vrijeme donošenja presude.36 33 B. Zlatarić, 115. Z. Stojanović, (2009), 69. 35 B. Zlatarić, 104 i 105. 36 M. Babić et al., 64. 34 32 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Prilikom ocjene koji je zakon blaži za učinioca, osnovna pravila za donošenje odluke o blažem zakonu postavljena su još početkom prošlog vijeka. Od dva krivična zakona blaži se mora primijeniti u cjelini. U krivičnopravnoj teoriji postoje brojna shvatanja o ovom važnom pitanju. Prema doktrini tzv. bezuslovne, apsolutne zabrane retroaktivnosti krivičnih zakona, koja ima oslonac u klasičnoj koncepciji o strogoj primjeni načela zakonitosti, primjena novog zakona je nedozvoljena, jer se retroaktivnom primjenom krši načelo zakonitosti, unosi pravna nesigurnost i omogućava kažnjavanje čak i za djela koja nisu imala karakter krivičnih djela. Prema ovoj teoriji, treba i opravdano je primijeniti samo onaj zakon koji je važio u vrijeme izvršenja krivičnog djela. Primjena kasnijih zakona, pa i kad su blaži, nepravedna je i neopravdana.37 Prema doktrini apsolutne retroaktivnosti zakona, retroaktivna primjena novog zakona je normalna i logička. Novi zakon treba primijeniti bez obzira na to da li je blaži za učinioca. To znači mogućnost da se iz različitih motiva, pa i političkih, donese jedan novi krivični zakon da bi se neke osobe kao npr. politički protivnici, kaznile za djela koja uopšte nisu bila kažnjiva u vrijeme kada su izvršena.38 To je retrogradno shvatanje koje eliminiše načelo zakonitosti i njegove osnovne postavke i tekovine. 39 Treće shvatanje polazi od načela zakonitosti i mogućeg izuzetka kao društvene opravdanosti primjene retroaktivnosti. Prema ovom shvatanju, retroaktivna primjena zakona je zabranjena, osim u slučaju kada je on blaži za učinioca krivičnog djela. Ovakav stav proizilazi iz potrebe očuvanja sigurnosti pravnog poretka, bezbjednosti društva, pravičnosti i humanog odnosa prema učiniocu krivičnog djela.40 Pravilo o primjeni povoljnijeg zakona u materiji krivičnog prava je postalo opšte mišljenje i prihvatila ga je većina savremenih krivičnih zakonodavstava.41 Na ovaj način je načelo legaliteta dopunjeno pravilom obavezne primjene blažeg zakona. 37 F.Bačić (1978), 115. Ibid, 116. 39 T. Delibašić, 32. 40 Izuzetak od pravila je moguć ukoliko neće doći ozbiljno u pitanje pravni poredak. 41 M. Babić i I. Marković (2011), 88 i 89. 38 33 �Miodrag N. Simović, Vladimir M. Simović: POJAM I ZNAČENJE NAČELA LEGALITETA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU 7.2. Afirmacija načela legaliteta kroz istoriju i njegov značaj danas Načelo legaliteta danas predstavlja temeljno i najvažnije načelo krivičnog prava, odnosno krivičnog zakonodavstva. Do svog ustanovljenja u savremenom krivičnom pravu u navedenom obliku ovo načelo prošlo je dug istorijski put. Prema većini izvora, načelo zakonitosti se prvi put proklamuje u članu 39 čuvene Magna carta libertatum (Velika povelja sloboda) iz 1215. godine, koja je nastala kao izraz otpora britanskog plemstva arbitrarnom ponašanju monarha.42 Svoju punu afirmaciju ovo načelo doživljava u 18. vijeku, i to najprije u ustavima nekih američkih država (Virdžinija i Merilend, 1776.), a elemente ovog načela poznaje i austrijski Krivični zakonik Jozefa II iz 1787. godine. Prvi politički dokument u kome je precizno izraženo načelo legaliteta u krivičnom pravu, kao važna garancija od samovolje i arbitrarnosti koja je do tada vladala, jeste poznata francuska Deklaracija o ljudskim i građanskim pravima iz 1789. godine. Prvi revolucionarni Krivični zakonik Francuske iz 1791. godine čvrsto stoji na načelu zakonitosti. Jakobinski ustav iz 1793. godine sadržavao je neobičnu formulaciju načela nullum crimen nulla poena sina lege koja je glasila da niko ne smije biti suđen ni kažnjen osim na osnovu zakona koji je proglašen prije izvršenja krivičnog djela. Sva ova shvatanja imala su za osnov pravilo moneat lex priusquam feriat, sasvim je pravedno da zakon opomene prije nego što kazni.43 Poslije toga, dva kodifikovana zakonika, francuski Krivični zakonik (Code pénal) iz 1810. godine, poznat i kao Napoleonov krivični zakonik i bavarski Krivični zakonik iz 1813. godine, čiji je glavni tvorac njemački teoretičar Fojerbah, a koja čvrsto prihvataju načelo legaliteta - poslužila su kao uzor brojnih krivičnih zakonika donesenih u tom vremenu.44 Analizirajući razvojni put ovog načela evidentno je da su njegovi korijeni u nacionalnim zakonodavstvima vezani za sljedeće faktore: (1) uticaj političkog liberalizma, čiji jedan od osnovnih postulata predstavlja načelo zakonitosti, koje je brana političkom i pravnom apsolutizmu; (2) demokratija 42 T. Delibašić, 21. M. Čubinski, 27. 44 Z. Stojanović, (2009), 28. 43 34 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ i podjela vlasti – to načelo i posebno u njemu sadržana zabrana retroaktivnog dejstva krivičnopravnih normi, važan su segment podjele vlasti, koja u osnovi počiva na idejama Monteskjea; (3) generalna prevencija – u duhu učenja Fojerbaha načelo zakonitosti je važan element opšte prevencije, kao jedna vrsta unaprijed poznate prijetnje za slučaj izvršenja krivičnog djela; (4) načelo krivice je takođe povezano sa načelom zakonitosti, jer se ne može govoriti o nečijoj krivici, ukoliko krivično djelo kao takvo nije bilo propisano prije njegovog izvršenja.45 Nesumnjivo je da načelo legaliteta ima veliki značaj za položaj čovjeka u jednom društvu i pravnom sistemu. Zato bi u svim demokratskim pravnim sistemima, odnosno uređenoj pravnoj državi koja se odlikuje vladavinom prava, načelo zakonitosti moralo biti u punoj mjeri imanentno, bez ostavljanja pravnih mogućnosti za stvaranje izuzetaka koji bi ovo načelo u manjoj ili većoj mjeri derogirali, jer bi se to, istovremeno, svodilo na opasno ugrožavanje ljudskih prava i sloboda.46 Ipak, put uvođenja ovog načela u krivično zakonodavstvo nije protekao bez teškoća. Kao izraz liberalizma negirali su ga totalitaristički režimi 20. vijeka, i to najprije Rusija, poslije Revolucije 1917. godine, a zatim i nacionalsocijalistička Njemačka, koja je Novelom Krivičnog zakona iz 1935. godine omogućila, pored kažnjavanja na osnovu zakona, i kažnjavanje na osnovu „zdravog narodnog osjećanja.“47 U Njemačkoj je ovo načelo ponovo uspostavljeno po završetku Drugog svjetskog rata, a potkraj 1958. godine ponovo ga prihvata i tadašnji Sovjetski Savez, kao i neke druge socijalističke države koje su ga, po uzoru na Sovjetski Savez, bile napustile.48 Danas, u većini država kontinentalne Evrope načelo legaliteta nije samo jedno od osnovnih načela krivičnog prava, koje se danas smatra opšteprihvaćenim u državama koje se odlikuju vladavinom prava, već je ono zbog svog značaja podignuto u rang ustavnog načela, kao i načela međunarodnog krivičnog prava, a kao takvo svrstano je i u katalog osnovnih ljudskih prava.49 Tako, član 103 stav 2 Osnovnog zakona SR Njemačke koji ima ustavni rang, sadrži striktno formulisano pravilo nullum crimen, nulla 45 S. Pihler, 33. M. Škulić, 168 i 169. 47 B. Čejović, 52. 48 B. Zlatarić, 87. 49 Babić M. i Marković I. (2011), 110. 46 35 �Miodrag N. Simović, Vladimir M. Simović: POJAM I ZNAČENJE NAČELA LEGALITETA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU poena sine lege i utvrđuje da krivični zakon mora biti pisan, zabranjuje kažnjavanje na temelju običajnog prava, te propisuje pravilo lex certa, prema kome ne samo opis bića krivičnog djela, već i pravne posljedice moraju biti zakonom striktno određeni. Više od četiri petine država članica Ujedinjenih nacija priznaje načelo zabrane retroaktivnosti krivičnog djela (nullum crimen) u svojim ustavima, pa i mnoge vanevropske države. Uz to, preko tri četvrtine država članica Ujedinjenih nacija primjenjuje i načelo neretroaktivnosti teže kazne (nulla poena).50 8. Pravo na kažnjavanje samo na osnovu zakona iz člana 7 Evropske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda51 i odluka Ustavnog suda BiH u predmetu broj AP 325/08 od 27. septembra 2013. godine Garancije sadržane u članu 7 Evropske konvencije predstavljaju jedan od osnovnih činilaca vladavine prava i zauzimaju istaknuto mjesto u sistemu ostvarivanja prava zaštićenih Evropskom konvencijom. Značaj člana 7 Evropske konvencije ogleda se i u činjenici da, u skladu sa članom 15 Evropske konvencije, nije dopušteno odstupanje od primjene garancija ustanovljenih članom 7 Evropske konvencije ni u vrijeme rata ili druge javne opasnosti. Član 7 Evropske konvencije se mora tumačiti i primjenjivati na način kojim se osigurava uspješna zaštita od arbitrarnog gonjenja, osude i kazne. Dalje, član 7 stav 1 ne garantuje samo princip zabrane retroaktivne primjene strožijeg krivičnog zakona već, takođe, implicitno, princip retroaktivne primjene blažeg krivičnog zakona. Taj princip je sadržan u pravilu da kad postoji razlika između krivičnog zakona koji je važio u vrijeme izvršenja krivičnog djela i krivičnih zakona koji su doneseni i koji su stupili na snagu nakon toga, a prije donošenja pravnosnažne presude, sudovi moraju primijeniti zakon čije su odredbe najpovoljnije za optuženog.52 Najzad, prema stavu Evropskog suda za ljudska prava, države slobodno 50 S.K.Gallant, 243 i 244. U daljnjem tekstu: Evropska konvencija. 52 Vidi, Evropski sud za ljudska prava, Scoppola protiv Italije broj 2, presuda od 17. septembra 2009. godine, tačka 109. 51 36 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ odlučuju o vlastitim politikama kažnjavanja, ali, pri tome, i dalje se moraju pridržavati člana 7 Evropske konvencije.53 Dovodeći u vezu okolnosti slučaja u predmetu Zorana Damjanovića54 sa citiranim stavovima Evropskog suda za ljudska prava, te stavovima zauzetim u predmetu Maktouf i Damjanović, Ustavni sud BiH smatra da i u konkretnom slučaju postoji realna mogućnost da je retroaktivna primjena Krivičnog zakona BiH bila na apelantovu štetu u pogledu izricanja kazne, a što je protivno članu 7 stav 1 Evropske konvencije. Ustavni sud BiH zaključuje da je osporenim presudama Suda BiH došlo do kršenja člana 7 stav 1 Evropske konvencije zbog pogrešne primjene zakona u odnosu na krivicu i kaznu, te se osporene presude moraju ukinuti u cijelosti. ZAKLJUČAK Četiri temeljna segmenta načela legaliteta (lex scripta, praevia, certa i stricta) zamišljena su tako da zajedno sačine formulu koja je dovoljna da zaštiti pojedinca od samovoljnog kažnjavanja, omogućavajući tako „ispravno“ i predvidivo, izvjesno krivično pravo. Bez izvjesnosti, nijedan poredak ne može da postoji, jer neizvjestan poredak je i nesiguran poredak. Zato je danas ovo načelo u velikom broju država podignuto u rang ustavnog načela, a prihvaćeno je i kao načelo međunarodnog krivičnog prava. Retroaktivnost in mitius kojom se dopušta retroaktivna primjena blažeg zakona, opšteprihvaćen je izuzetak od legaliteta u klasičnom, striktnom značenju, koji ni u kom slučaju ne dovodi u pitanje njegovu osnovnu funkciju - zaštitu društva od arbitrarnog ponašanja kako pojednaca, tako i sudskih organa. LITERATURA A. Ashwort, Principles of Criminal Law, second edition. Claredon Law Series, Oxford, 1995. A.Stainer i N. Ademović, Komentar Ustava BiH, Fondacija Konrad Adenauer, Sarajevo, 2010. 53 Vidi Evropski sud za ljudska prava, Abduladhim Maktouf i Goran Damjanović Bosne i Hercegovine, aplikacije br. 2312/08 i 34179/08, presuda od 18. jula 2013. godine, tačka 75. 54 Odluka Ustavnog suda BiH, broj AP 325/08 od 27. septembra 2013. godine. 37 �Miodrag N. Simović, Vladimir M. Simović: POJAM I ZNAČENJE NAČELA LEGALITETA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU Babić et al, Komentari krivičnih/kaznenih zakona u BiH, Savjet Evrope, Sarajevo, 2005. B. Čejović, Načela krivičnog prava, „Dosije“, Beograd, 2008. B. Juratowich, Retroactive Criminal Liability and International Human Rights Law, The British Year Book of International Law, Oxford and Claredon Press, 2004. B. Zlatarić, Krivično pravo, Opšti dio, 1. svezak - Uvod, Krivični zakon, treće, izmijenjeno i prošireno izdanje, priredio Z. Šeparović, „Informator“, Zagreb, 1977. C.Beccarija, O zločinima i kaznama, prevod Antun Cvitanić, Split, 1984. D. Basta, Preobražaji ideje prava, Pravni fakultet, Beograd, 1991. D. Kaurinović i M. Blagojević, Povratno dejstvo krivičnog zakona - aktuelno pitanje sudske prakse u BiH, „Strani pravni život“, Beograd, 2010. D. Krapac, Krivično procesno pravo, knjiga prva, „Informator“, Zagreb, 2000. D. Mitrović, Načelo zakonitosti, pojam, sadržina, oblici, Pravni fakultet Beograd, 1996. D. Shahram, Beyond Retroactivity to Realising Justice: A Theory on the Principle of Legality in International Law Sentencing, “The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology”, Northwestern University School of Law, 2009, vol. 99, no 4. Đ. Del Vekio, Pravo, pravda i država, Pravni fakultet, Beograd, 1999. Đ. Tasić, Uvod u pravne nauke (enciklopedija prava), Beograd, 1938. F.Nojman, Vladavina prava, „Filip Višnjić“, Beograd, 2002. F. Bačić, Krivično pravo-opšti dio, Informator, Zagreb, 1978. 38 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ F.Bačić, Krivično pravo-opšti dio, prošireno izdanje, „Informator“, Zagreb, 1998. G.Radbruh, Filozofija prava, Beograd, 1998. H. Kelzen, Čista teorija prava, Beograd, 2000. L. Marković, Građansko pravo, prva knjiga, Opšti dio i stvarno pravo, Beograd, 1912. Lj. Jovanović, Krivično pravo-opšti dio, Pravni fakultet, Niš, 2000. M.Babić M. i I.Marković, Krivično pravo-opšti dio, Pravni fakultet, Banja Luka, 2011. M. Babić i I.Marković, Osnovi krivičnog prava, Fakultet za bezbjednost i zaštitu, Banja Luka, 2008. M. Kreso, Problemi vremenskog važenja zakona u predmetima ratnih zločina. (Ne) jednakost pred zakonom, Pravda u tranziciji, 2006. M. Majić, Primjena međunarodnog krivičnog prava u nacionalnim pravnim sistemima, „Službeni glasnik“, Beograd, 2009. M. Popović, Pravna i totalitarna država, Novi Sad, 1998. M. Simović i H. Tajić, Zbirka sudskih odluka iz krivičnopravne materije, „Privredna štampa“, Sarajevo, 2007. M. Simović, M. Blagojević i V. Simović, Međunarodno krivično pravo, Banja Luka, 2013. M. Škulić, Krivično procesno pravo, Pravni fakultet, Beograd, 2011. N. Srzentić, A. Stajić i Lj. Lazarević, Krivično pravo Jugoslavije, „Savremena administracija“, Beograd, 1997. N. Srzentić i A. Stajić, Krivično pravo – opšti i posebni dio, Zavod za izdavanje udžbenika, Sarajevo, 1966. 39 �Miodrag N. Simović, Vladimir M. Simović: POJAM I ZNAČENJE NAČELA LEGALITETA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU P. Čubinski, Naučni i praktični komentar Krivičnog zakonika Kraljevine Jugoslavije, Izdavačko i novinarsko preduzeće Geca Kon, Beograd, 1934. R. Lukić, Metodologija prava, peto izdanje, IP „Justinijan“, Beograd, 2003. R. Lukić i B. Košutić, Uvod u pravo, “Naučna knjiga”, Beograd, 1975. S.K. Gallant, The Principle of Legality in International and Comparative Criminal Law, Cambrige University Press, 2009. S. Perović, Retroaktivnost zakona i drugih opštih akata - Teorija sukoba zakona u vremenu, Beograd, 1987. S. Pihler, Neka pitanja u vezi sa načelom legaliteta u krivičnom pravu, „Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu“, Novi Sad,1989. T. Delibašić, Primjena blažeg zakona, Nomos, Beograd, 1995. T. Živanović, Osnovi krivičnog prava Kraljevine Jugoslavije - opšti dio, Beograd, 1935. T. Živanović, Sistem sintetičke pravne filozofije - Sintetička filozofija prava, „Službeni list SRJ“, Beograd, 1997. V. Kambovski, Kazneno pravo-Opšti dio, Skopje, 2006. V.Đ. Degan, B. Pavišić i V. Beširević, Međunarodno i transnacionalno krivično pravo, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta Union, Beograd, 2011. V. Popović, Preporuka u vezi sa članom 4a Krivičnog zakona BiH, „Pravni život“, Banja Luka, br. 3-4, 2007. V. Popović i S. Marić, Princip zakonitosti u kontekstu retroaktivne primjene zakona zakona, Banja Luka, 2012. W. A. Schabas, Perverse Effects of the Nulla Poena Principle: National Practice and the Ad Hoc Tribunals, „The European Journal of International Law“, 2010. 40 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Z.Stojanović, Krivično pravo - Opšti dio, Beograd, 2009. Z. Stojanović, Međunarodno krivično pravo, IV izdanje, Beograd, 2008. Ž. Horvatić i P. Novoselec, Kazneno pravo, opšti dio, Zagreb, 1999. Internet adrese www.sudbih.gov.ba, 20. decembar 2013. www.un.org/icty/bhs/frames/cases.htm, 1. decembar 2013. http://www.iclsfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/nastavna-oblast13-odmjeravanje kazne.pdf, 10. decembar 2013. http://www.pravdautranziciji.com/pages/article.php, 17. novembar 2013. http://www.ccbh.ba/bos/odluke/index.php?src=2, 29. novembar 2013. www.pravo.unizg.hr/hljkpp/2001._godina/..../derencinovic, 2013. 5. novembar www.coe.int, 29. novembar 2013. www.echr.coe.int, 17. novembar 2013. http://www.scribd.com/doc/92623290/Poredak-Slobode-Friedrich-a-Hayek, 29. novembar 2013. http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc-870_scalia.pdf, 29. novembar 2013. http://www.godisnjakpf.rs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/popovic10.pdf, novembar 2013. 5. 41 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3054 Title A name given to the resource POJAM I ZNAČENJE NAČELA LEGALITETA U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU Author Author SIMOVIĆ, Miodrag N. SIMOVIĆ, Vladimir M. Abstract A summary of the resource. Načelo legaliteta ili zakonitosti je opštecivilizacijska tekovina koja po svom značaju prelazi granice krivičnog prava. Propisujući krivična djela i krivične sankcije za njih, krivičnim pravom štite se najznačajnije vrijednosti jednog društva, određeni društveni i pravni poredak i osnovna prava i slobode građana. Kako su krivične sankcije najteže sankcije pravnog poretka i znače ozbiljan zahvat u najveće vrijednosti čovjeka, priznata je od svih potreba da se djelatnost države na ovom području strogo pravno konstituiše, da se putem zakona odrede pretpostavke i granice kažnjavanja i time osigura pravna sigurnost građana. Usvajanjem načela zakonitosti, krivično pravo je to i učinilo. Ključne riječi: krivično djelo, krivično pravo, načelo legaliteta, blaži zakon, retroaktivnost. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2e2769b8a6410ccab0b580c6edd067c3.pdf 1a9056ea80fd426f9950845452d2d659 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Police Officers Are in Burnout Syndrome? : An Applied Research in Nazilli Police Organization Hulusi Doğan Adnan Menderes University, Turkey hulusidogan@gmail.com Hüseyin Gül Adnan Menderes University, Turkey huseyingul@adu.edu.tr Şeker Güven Celal Bayar University, Turkey gdseker@hotmail.com The aim of this study is to give general information about the history of Turkish National Police Organization and to measure police officers’ burnout level by an empirical research in Nazilli Police Organization. In this context, the study includes two parts. The first part examines the history and organization structure of Turkish National Police Organization. The second part includes a research measuring burnout level of police officers working in Nazilli Police Organization. The research (questionnaire) is designed so as to test the following alternative hypotheses: H1: There are differences between police officers’ service unit (narcotic, terror, traffic etc.) and burnout level. H2: There are differences between police officers’ sexuality and burnout level. H3: There are differences between police officers’ vocational experience and burnout level. H4: There are differences between police officers’ marital status and burnout level. H5: There are differences between police officers’ vocational status and burnout level. H6: There are differences between police officers’ educational level and burnout level. 160 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is used to measure police officers’ burnout level in the study. Maslach Burnout Inventory scale is composed of three dimensions; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. In other words, MBI scale is composed of 22 items; 9 items for emotional exhaustion, 5 items for depersonalization and 8 items for personal accomplishment. The instrument consisted of these 22 (items) questions are answered on a 1-5 likert scales labeled “strongly disagree” (1) and “strongly agree” (5). Additionally, our research questionnaire includes 7 items to determine demographic variables (such as age, sexuality, vocational experience, marital status, service unit, vocational status, education level) of police officers. SPSS 20.0 is used for statistical analysis. T-Test and One Way ANOVA is used to analyze and assess the differences among police officers in terms of their demographic variables. Keywords: Burnout, Police Officers, Emotional Exhaustion. 161 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1628 Title A name given to the resource Police Officers Are in Burnout Syndrome? : An Applied Research in Nazilli Police Organization Author Author DOGAN, Hulusi GUL, Huseyin GUVEN, Seker Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this study is to give general information about the history of Turkish National Police Organization and to measure police officers’ burnout level by an empirical research in Nazilli Police Organization. In this context, the study includes two parts. The first part examines the history and organization structure of Turkish National Police Organization. The second part includes a research measuring burnout level of police officers working in Nazilli Police Organization. The research (questionnaire) is designed so as to test the following alternative hypotheses: H1: There are differences between police officers’ service unit (narcotic, terror, traffic etc.) and burnout level. H2: There are differences between police officers’ sexuality and burnout level. H3: There are differences between police officers’ vocational experience and burnout level. H4: There are differences between police officers’ marital status and burnout level. H5: There are differences between police officers’ vocational status and burnout level. H6: There are differences between police officers’ educational level and burnout level. Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is used to measure police officers’ burnout level in the study. Maslach Burnout Inventory scale is composed of three dimensions; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. In other words, MBI scale is composed of 22 items; 9 items for emotional exhaustion, 5 items for depersonalization and 8 items for personal accomplishment. The instrument consisted of these 22 (items) questions are answered on a 1-5 likert scales labeled “strongly disagree” (1) and “strongly agree” (5). Additionally, our research questionnaire includes 7 items to determine demographic variables (such as age, sexuality, vocational experience, marital status, service unit, vocational status, education level) of police officers. SPSS 20.0 is used for statistical analysis. T-Test and One Way ANOVA is used to analyze and assess the differences among police officers in terms of their demographic variables. Keywords: Burnout, Police Officers, Emotional Exhaustion. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ee03a7d0daa9fe8468a5beb6e4a0aef0.pdf c460a8597e91b195b3b627418e741e33 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Political and Economic Factors Affecting Tourism Demand between Countries: A Case from Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey Füsun İstanbullu Dinçer İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey fusuni@İstanbul.edu.tr İsmail Kızılırmak İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey ismailk@İstanbul.edu.tr Suna Mugan Ertuğral İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey sunam@İstanbul.edu.tr Gürel Çetin İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey gurelc@İstanbul.edu.tr Tourism is a rapidly growing industry with economic, social and political outcomes. Cultural exchange, peace, goodwill and understanding are considered as positive impacts of international tourism flows. Natural and cultural attractions, geographical proximity, convenient transportation systems, safety and security issues impact tourism demand to a destination. Although it lacks the attention it deserves; international politics and economic relations are also important factors affecting tourist flows between countries. In this context Turkey has been playing a pioneer role in establishing stronger relations with Balkan countries. This paper explores impact of political and economic agreements on incoming tourism in the light of Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey within the past decade. Besides having land in Balkans geographically, Turkey has strong historic, cultural and political ties with Balkan geography. Those relations that were established during the reign of Ottoman Empire in the region have been developing during the Turkish Republic as well. Bosnia Herzegovina is not an exception of this relationship. Common culture and heritage with Turkey made Bosnia Herzegovina among popular destinations for Turkish Citizens. Although there was a considerable amount of migration to/from 123 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey, there still is a large amount of Turkish origin citizens in Bosnia Herzegovina and vice versa. Over the last ten years both Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina have been undergoing a major transformation both economically and politically. Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina have also been enjoying rapid tourism growth for the past decade, despite global problems such as economic crises (e.g. mortgage funds), acts of terrorism (e.g. 9/11), wars and conflicts (e.g. Iraq), epidemics (e.g. H5N1) an extreme weather conditions (e.g. volcanic ash clouds). The current situation and reasons behind the development of bipolar tourist movements within these countries are discussed based on economic and political facts and tourism statistics. Revealing the political and economic factors affecting tourism demand between countries might provide a better understanding of prediction and management of international tourism flows. Keywords: Political and Economic Factors, Tourism, Bosnia Herzegovina, Turkey. 124 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1546 Title A name given to the resource Political and Economic Factors Affecting Tourism Demand between Countries: A Case from Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey Author Author ISTANBULLU DINCER, Fusun KIZILIRMAK, Ismail MUGAN ERTUGRUL, Suna CETIN, Gurel Abstract A summary of the resource. Tourism is a rapidly growing industry with economic, social and political outcomes. Cultural exchange, peace, goodwill and understanding are considered as positive impacts of international tourism flows. Natural and cultural attractions, geographical proximity, convenient transportation systems, safety and security issues impact tourism demand to a destination. Although it lacks the attention it deserves; international politics and economic relations are also important factors affecting tourist flows between countries. In this context Turkey has been playing a pioneer role in establishing stronger relations with Balkan countries. This paper explores impact of political and economic agreements on incoming tourism in the light of Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey within the past decade. Besides having land in Balkans geographically, Turkey has strong historic, cultural and political ties with Balkan geography. Those relations that were established during the reign of Ottoman Empire in the region have been developing during the Turkish Republic as well. Bosnia Herzegovina is not an exception of this relationship. Common culture and heritage with Turkey made Bosnia Herzegovina among popular destinations for Turkish Citizens. Although there was a considerable amount of migration to/from Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey, there still is a large amount of Turkish origin citizens in Bosnia Herzegovina and vice versa. Over the last ten years both Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina have been undergoing a major transformation both economically and politically. Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina have also been enjoying rapid tourism growth for the past decade, despite global problems such as economic crises (e.g. mortgage funds), acts of terrorism (e.g. 9/11), wars and conflicts (e.g. Iraq), epidemics (e.g. H5N1) an extreme weather conditions (e.g. volcanic ash clouds). The current situation and reasons behind the development of bipolar tourist movements within these countries are discussed based on economic and political facts and tourism statistics. Revealing the political and economic factors affecting tourism demand between countries might provide a better understanding of prediction and management of international tourism flows. Keywords: Political and Economic Factors, Tourism, Bosnia Herzegovina, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fdc7040b0c29b3ed3fd86547638b3695.docx 9c042b1c53b6449abd498b1e3ddebb50 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7d39790fc65627a800f0c60594004985.pdf 3258191f0b6ed63d0369c7ce72424612 PDF Text Text Political Ideologies and their Influence on the Political Behavior of the University Students in Albania SalihOzcan Epoka University Albania sozcan@epoka.edu.al Arber Salihu Epoka University Albania asalihu10@epoka.edu.al Abstract: This research paper analyzes the effect of political ideology on political and voting behavior. It is obvious that political believes and ideologies have an impact on voting behavior, however the extension of its effects is open to discussion. This study is based mainly on primary sources and the target group of the study is university students in Albania. The quantitative method is employed in this research in the form of survey questionnaire conducted by the students of higher education (universities) in Albania. The main aim of the study is to find out how much political ideology has influence in political and voting behavior. In this survey students are given an option to identify themselves in a given spectrum of 'extreme left' to 'extreme right'. In addition, the students are also asked for their affiliation with political ideologies seeing themselves as socialist, social democrat, liberal, nationalist etc. In a country where political party identification is quite evident and this identification is closely linked with the political party leaders, political ideology can be considered as a major influence in voting behavior. According to the data accumulated by the survey, almost half of the total respondent students consider themselves as socialist or social democrats which make combination of the two bigger than liberals, thus showing an obvious inclination towards leftist politics. This might be interpreted as an indicator of the broad influence of the Socialist Party led left wing coalition in power. Keywords: Political ideology, Voting, Albania, University students, Political behavior. 38 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2469 Title A name given to the resource Political Ideologies and their Influence on the Political Behavior of the University Students in Albania Author Author OZCAN, Salih SALIHU, Arber Abstract A summary of the resource. This research paper analyzes the effect of political ideology on political and voting behavior. It is obvious that political believes and ideologies have an impact on voting behavior, however the extension of its effects is open to discussion. This study is based mainly on primary sources and the target group of the study is university students in Albania. The quantitative method is employed in this research in the form of survey questionnaire conducted by the students of higher education (universities) in Albania. The main aim of the study is to find out how much political ideology has influence in political and voting behavior. In this survey students are given an option to identify themselves in a given spectrum of 'extreme left' to 'extreme right'. In addition, the students are also asked for their affiliation with political ideologies seeing themselves as socialist, social democrat, liberal, nationalist etc. In a country where political party identification is quite evident and this identification is closely linked with the political party leaders, political ideology can be considered as a major influence in voting behavior. According to the data accumulated by the survey, almost half of the total respondent students consider themselves as socialist or social democrats which make combination of the two bigger than liberals, thus showing an obvious inclination towards leftist politics. This might be interpreted as an indicator of the broad influence of the Socialist Party led left wing coalition in power. Keywords: Political ideology, Voting, Albania, University students, Political behavior. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9a32089c80a9d0cf51e271d90ad1c214.doc 94b4fd522f0ac9e0100d31d0520619fc https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2473d986fd505297cfa45632aa1d41bd.pdf 53eaec3c12b84161b69542fef825153c PDF Text Text 1st International Annual Student Symposium Political situation and its influence on economy Muhamed Mulahmetović International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT The main purpose of this research paper is to analyze is there any relationship or influence between politics and the economy. The research is constructed from two parts. The first part that is going to be analyzed is the political situation between two or more countries and its reflection to the economy of those countries. This includes also different types of agreements on bilateral bases and their participations in different organizations (WTO, APEC, NAFTA…). In that part we will present the FDI diversification according to the political situation between the countries. Also we will provide what kinds of risks are attached to the political situation. The second part of the study will be focused on the internal political situation of one country and its reflection to the domestic economy of that country. To answer the main question which is: “Does the political situation influence the economy?”- Different literature has been used. I decided to answer this question because there was no relevant study about this. Also, it is a good platform to analyze this topic more deeply in the future and find good relation between politics and economy. Through the study we will analyze different scenario cases which have been proven in the past and compare them with the findings of the study. I will also provide result that there is a certain relationship between politics and economy, depending at what kind of situation we have. 12 | � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1434 Title A name given to the resource Political situation and its influence on economy Author Author MULAHMETOVIC, Muhamed Abstract A summary of the resource. The main purpose of this research paper is to analyze is there any relationship or influence between politics and the economy. The research is constructed from two parts. The first part that is going to be analyzed is the political situation between two or more countries and its reflection to the economy of those countries. This includes also different types of agreements on bilateral bases and their participations in different organizations (WTO, APEC, NAFTA…). In that part we will present the FDI diversification according to the political situation between the countries. Also we will provide what kinds of risks are attached to the political situation. The second part of the study will be focused on the internal political situation of one country and its reflection to the domestic economy of that country. To answer the main question which is: “Does the political situation influence the economy?”- Different literature has been used. I decided to answer this question because there was no relevant study about this. Also, it is a good platform to analyze this topic more deeply in the future and find good relation between politics and economy. Through the study we will analyze different scenario cases which have been proven in the past and compare them with the findings of the study. I will also provide result that there is a certain relationship between politics and economy, depending at what kind of situation we have. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2778c41dcb92ba594fd7a94be7e6c826.docx 2aa7a6ef745a0c5a8a017b2249e752c9 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5ab1d8de6f3830b1ac49f71ceba2ea86.pdf 66bd0c943ef4b626100d4c0a7fead0ed PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Political Space Philosophies in the History of the Political Thoughts of the Western European Universalism and the European Union İdiris Demirel Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey idirisdemirel@gmail.com Hüseyin Gül Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey huseyingul@adu.edu.tr Abstract There exist certain historical premises and foundations thought to render the idiosyncratic structure of the European/western civilization possible. One of the most important domain related to these foundations and premises is the political -space philosophy along with the European Universalism that stemmed from the European history of political roots. The political space centered on the Polis (city-state) in the ancient Greek political sphere is replaced the "world state" thought of the Cynic and Stoic philosophers of the Ancient Hellenistic and Roman political spheres. The early Catholic Christian philosopher St. Augustine and the late Catholic philosopher St. Thomas converge to a great extent on a universalism and "world" domain while the Protestant politician is rather related to the modern nation state notion. The Dante of the late middle age and the early modernism had a more secular conception of universalism and "world state" in terms of political space. These Western approaches can be viewed in relation with the "European Universalism" framework set by the Wallerstein. The goal of this study is not to investigate the European Union or the process of Turkey's European Union membership per se. Rather, the goal is restricted to the investigation of the historical background of this phenomenon incorporating the European Universalism approach. Key Words: Political Thoughts, Political- space, West/Europe, World State, European Universalism, and European Union. Introduction: The Greek Political Thought and the Polis as the Best Political Space When the European thought is viewed from a historical perspective from the beginning it can be seen that the primary question was the best type of state or governance. Although the near antique philosophers including Platon and Aristotle suggested different opinions with respect to the attributes of best state or best forms of governance, one common feature of their view was the general appreciation for political space without further discussions. Even though the political systems that the philosophers adhered differs to a large degree, it is evident that the polis, the city states were adopted by the philosophers as the best space for the application of the political systems per se (Ebenstein, 1996, p. 27-29; Tannenbaum and Schultz, 2010, p. 72-74). At this stage, a city beyond the boundaries of a city-state was not identified as the best. The notion of best here is at the heart of universally valid truth. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The ancient empire that was built by Alexender the Great did not lead to a political space philosophy that differs from the Greek Philosophy of its age. As for Platon, the philosopher who resembles the philosophical thought of the ancient Greek, the polis was the most convenient political space so it was for his pupil Aristotle, the tutor of the Alexander the Great. Not only for the philosophers but also for the different social strata the polis was the focal in the design of the community life. Citizenship denoted the identification with the polis which one belonged at that age where the communal and personal categorizations such as slavery, foreignness, citizenship were valid. By a kind of early Eurocentric distinction, being a Greek not being a Barbarian and being a part of the Greek civilization was primarily related with the polis, the political space of that era. The population those city states varied between 2000-10000. The population of Athens exceeded 100000 from time to time. There was a collective desire to keep the population at a level which ensured the familiarity among the people in the community. Organic state life was the case for the polices as the ideal and the actual best political space. Political space was also related to social structure and properly regime. Those who were entitled to be citizens’ higher social status and have the right to hold property. Those who did not have a citizenship bound to the city were lower in the social status hierarch. They did not have right to have property in the example of slavery. Besides the common beliefs or rituals each polis had peculiar belief gods and rituals. Briefly, it was not European wide, worldwide, empire wide or a nationwide political space theory or practice without determine marked the Ancient Greek sphere. The political and humanities war focus consisted of and was determined by state in the Polis form. The collective and public identity which had belonged to the Polis was above and beyond individual and private identity. Moreover there was no evident social emphasis that was separated from state by Platon and Aristo. The political place which is called the Polis were both societal political and social per se and these characteristics were bound to each other within on organic integration. Helenistic and Roman Political thought Transtion from Polis World State When we rule out of the Greek sphere of the antique Europe from geographic and historical aspects and take Hellenistic and roman political thought into account, it can be see that there is a paradigm sight toward quest and philosophy of political thought and political space on a world scale centered on the Polis. Another way of saying, following the Ancient Greek when we look at schools of antiquity such as Cynics and Stoah we can observe certain paradigm shift around the issue of political space. They envision a universal world state beyond the imagination of city- state “nation state”, “empire” or “European Union”. This new political place philosophe donates a critique against the Greek word and a notable innovation. There upon while the political space expands beyond the city scale and European Union side, leapingto several world scale, the superiority of public over private and collecting over individuality ends. A more individual centered world-scale political space philosophy emerges. On practice, essentially for the Roman and Macedonians before them smalljurispendenceof local governments in the real politic. The new real politic of world emprialism individual must come to terms with the idea that he is the part of a 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo complex political space full of foreign people and thoughts (Ebenstein, 1996; p. 57; Tannenbaum and Schultz, 2010, p.104-104; Frank and Gills, 2003, p.246). When compared with the citizens of the city-state, the citizens of the new empyreal faced with double anxiety. First, they were at a more intensely faith individual domain and from they were entrapped in more universal realism than before perceptively. In this venin, when the issue is the best state or the best government, the political thought suggests the world state concept drawing on a universal idea. In the non-Greek but Helenistic political of the Antique Europe not only sphere vision of space expanded but also the nation of individual cosmopolitism and “world citizenship” also value. Considering of the interaction between the imaginative political thought and the social economic and political reality, Polises are focused to unite morale, to overcome the problems of self-sufficiency stemming from being a small state to protect against the Macedonian and Persian threats. In the Hellenistic philosopher ancient era virtue/knowledge cosmopolitism political space or state philosophy were interactively operationalized, accommodating each other. A person who has knowledge/wisdom/virtue/ turns into type of person who acts in a worldscale perspective, detaching himself from his local bounds. There is no one culture, tradition, no one peculiar nationalism, religion or language for this person. The cynics who criticize the local state thought instead suggest a world state where all human-beings have equal citizens Hence, the city state philosophy of the Antique Greek expanded radically. City focused citizenship thought practice and theory was forsakenfor world citizenship thought. Going from Stoics toward Hellenistic’s at the same time means to evolve from the Hellenistic world to Roman world. Running approximately from BC 300 to AD 200 Stoicism was one of the most eras;it was founded by foreigner in the Greek sense. Stoics did not see the individual as a unit of the collective rather took the person as individual per se. ın the tightly over state of Platon an Aristotle individual was to submit the law and tradition of his own society, whereas now it exists on his own and the goal is not to submit to the collectively rather “to live in harmony with the nature” and “know oneself”. It would not be wrong assert that the groundwork of “universal human rights” idea was set by human premises of the Stoic philosophers. The notion of the “world sate” developed by the Stoics in also associated with their presumption of reason, universes god, and legislation, universalism and law. In so far as, all universes the humans essentially operate with the same reason. There is only one common sense in all conditions. Hence, there is a law on which the universe including the humans acts, which is called the universal law. This universal law is valid in all space and time horizons Stoic thinkers called law as the “natural law” not only is the human beings and other things but also God acts in accord with the universal law (Ebenstein, 1996, p. 58; Çaha, 2008, p.32-35). Universal reason, universal legislation, together bring about the notion of a “world state”. Since the humans are the same by nature, their governance should be the same within take same state. Whilst the humans are bound to their local states through their tradition, they are simultaneously a citizen of the state through their reason. The universal law of the world state would be above the local state and law binding the rulers and their followers as well (Çaha, 2008, p.32-35). Here, the radical innovation of the world state philosophy bearing upon universal law should be emphasized. Cicero, one of the most influential names of the antique era, also adopted the universal law principle through a stoic understanding, reflecting on the existence of a natural law that originates from the God’s rule or the universe and the human’s possession of reason. This natural law is valid and binding for all times, spaces and societies. If would be unthinkable to deviate from the natural law when engaging in positive law regulations. Hence, this 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo natural law becomes a kind of a kind world state constitution (Çaha, 2008, p. 39-40). According to the Ebenstein, a remarkable novelty seems to arise when the inner meaning of the political thought of Cicero is taken into consideration. Namely, Cicero has a world view. On the contrary, when the “best”” political-space philosophy of Platon and Aristotle are reviewed. It can be recalled that they could not go beyond the conception of Polis/Citystate. Both Platon and Aristotle did not incorporate a universal humanity conception in their political philosophy. For them, the World is separated between the Greeks and the Barbars and the Barbars are inferior to the more cultivated and civilize Greeks who have the right to enslave them. Contrary to this conception, It is apparent that Cicero has a more universal view arising from the political and administrative the Empire. When the Hellenistic and roman political thought is taken together in a concise manner in terms of political space philosophies, it is evident that the city-bound political thought had been abandoned, the local state scale had been replaced by universalist scale, and a new World state perspective transcending the European Union idea owing to Universalist idea emerged. Besides the World State nation, individual attains higher priority within the individual collective distinction, and contrary to the Greeek sphere the view of universal equity of humans is defended (Ebenstein, 1996, p. 52-53; Çaha, 2008, p. 36). Briefly, both the city-state scale and the type of human it accommodates remain in the past as a European development phase. Christian Politaical Thought and the Modern Political Thought and the European Unversalism In terms of political space philosophy the western political thought can be elaborated including both Catholics and Protestantism. In this vein, both “God State” and the world state philosophies of St. Augustine, one of the early Middle age Catholic philosophers are designs that transcend local and national boundaries According to St. Thomas, a Catholic philosopher of the Middle age of Europe since the universe was created beginning with God in a gradually descending hierarchy reaching lower beings, it is maintained by a universal will while the catholic universalism of World state maintaining a kind of natural law and World-scale under the influence of ancient Greek, Helen and Roman political thought rather engaged in modern nation state, setting European Unity aside (Çaha, 2008, p. s. 52; Tannbaum and Schultz, 2010, p. 122, 144-148. When Protestants encourage the national churches as an argument against papacy and Roman Church, they also encourage the nationality, national languages and national identities, hence, the development of nation state as “the best” political space (Wallerstein, 1993; s. 188). National Churches promote nation state in the political space sphere, gradually suggesting national attachments, submission to national ruler and state. It would be necessary to designate that Protestantism also promotes secularity individualism and, hence the modernity (Çaha, 2008, p. 60-61). Dante Alighieri (1269-1321), a poet and a philosopher at the down of the modernity also advocated the World state in the contest of political space philosophy. Dante reflected on and indeed advocated a World state reeled by a monarch for the sake of human welfare in his political masterpiece De Monarchia. For him, since the monarch is to be at everyone2s service, the humanity would be freer in such a regime when compared with local and national states/monarchies. It is worthy to note that Dante’s quest for World state successfully discriminates between the consequences of political domination that the central power must assume and the cultural autonomy. As each of the nations, kingdoms and states would have different legislation, the nations would protect themselves within a political World state via cultural autonomy. Dante goes beyond Christian political 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo universalism by discharging Ebenstein, 1996, pp. 106-116). Owing to a secular approach that involves the direct, intermediated authority of God without any guidance, assistance and intervention of Church/Papacy. Not only political thought of the ancient age but also political thought of Middle Age apparently abandoned for modernity. By the 16th century, national states gradually emerged as the best political space. Conclusion European universalism and European Union With it’s approximately 2500 year background, the universalism approach whose frame work was set by the Cynics and Stoic philosophers drawing on the World-scale ideas continued in the late modern era the way it existed in the Middle Ages and early modernity. According to Wallerstein “The rhetoric of the Pan-European leaders, mass media and the founding intellectuals is full of references to universalism of their policies. That is quite apparent when they talk particularly about their policies about “others”. The “others” are the countries outside the Europe, poor people and “underdeveloped” nation (Wallerstein, 2007; s. 11; Samir Amin, 1993; s. 24-25). While the remarks of the speaker were uttered in manner, the politics are always presented as the reflection of truth and universalism. Samir Amin says “according to representatives of this dominant Eurocentric trend, Europe have already found the answer. Hence, their motto is “We are following Europe, the best of the existing worlds.” What is meant by the European Universalism in the fore mentioned quotations is the attitude to justify the aggressive expansionism against the non-European poor people and underdeveloped policies under the cover of universal values and facts. European universalism which is characterized by the interpretation on non- European societies from European point of view can be classified in to three types with respect to its course of existence. First, policies that are accepted by the Paeuropean- European leaders are set to promote the protection of human rights and democracy. Second, European Universalism embedded in the jargon of clash of civilization. According to this argument, since western civilization is the only depending on universal values and facts it is deemed to be superior to other civilization. Thirdly, the governments have no alternatives but to accept and apply the laws of economics within the context of scientifically justified facts of the market. According to Wallerstein, these are not brand new themes. By contrast, they are the theme that have evolved since at least sixteenth century and make up the rudimentary rhetoric of powerful (Wallerstein, 1993, p. 12; Mackerras, 2005, p. 737). The same European Universalism can be viewed from the aspect of modern world system as the history of the system to a large extent was the history of the expansion of the Europe States and nations to the rest of the world. Remanding the earlier world state emphasizes the system geographically became global and in the late 19th century and incorporated the periphery of the world in the late 20th century. The system contains several political regimes that surely matters the people who live in that particular states. However, these differences do not change the fundamental fact that they are the constituents of the modern system, the capitalist world economy. On the other hand, in the aftermath of the “cold war” it is thinkable that a salient polarization was replaced by a fuzzy polarization involving many players more or less equal to each other (Wallerstein, 2001, p. 79). The aforementioned Western/European expansionism means the military invasion, economic exploitation and subjugation of the non-European part of the world to legal and political 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo injustice. Those who carry out the universal European expansionism thought to legitimize their policies by claiming that “they are bringing in more benefit for the humankind” European Universalism has been operationalized as the ideology of the existing historical and modern capitalist system. The general argument is that the European expansionism comes with “benefits” such as civilization, economic growth, development, progress and is often operationalized by so-called the “natural law”. It is claimed by the European expansionism is not only a “beneficial development for humankind but also proves to be historically unavoidable” (Wallerstein, 1993, p. 40; Demirel, 2008, s. 49) . The rhetoric used to describe and legitimize this expansionism sometimes occurs in the form of the theology or religion, sometimes relies on secular world view. The expansions and interventions over the “non-civilized regions” of the world by the west are specifically built upon four basic legitimizer within the framework or Wallerstein, fist, the others being Barbar, namely uncivilized, second the aim to end the violation of universal values, third need to protect the innocent among the other oppressors and fourth enabling the expansion of the universal values. However, this expansion and interventions under the cover of “fight against terrorism” and sending democracy” in the aftermath of 9-11 were enabled through the political and military power of the dominant forces and were inherently induced by material gains from the invasion. One of the implications of these discussions is related to European Union. European Union is tough to be built upon universal European values, however, it is often disregarded that these values are the social construction of dominant constituencies of specific world within the context of a specific cultural geography and civilization (Wallerstein, 1996; p. 12; Amir, 2000, s. 5-7). References Amin Samir, (1993). Avrupamerkezcilik Bir İdeolojinin Eleştirisi, (Türkçesi: Mehmet Sert), Ayrıntı Yay., İst. Amin Samir, (2000). Değişim Halindeki Dünya Sistemi, (Türkçesi: Fikret Başkaya), Maki Bas. Yay., Ank.. Çaha Ömer, (2008). Siyasi Düşüncelere Giriş, Dem Yay., İst.. Demirel İdiris, (2008). Batı Avrupa Bilimine Ontolojik Temelleri ve Avrupamerkezci İdeolojik İçerimleri Ekseninde Heideggeryen Bir Yaklaşım, Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C: XXVII, S: 1. Ebenstein William, (1996). Siyasi Felsefenin Büyük Düşünürleri (Türkçesi: İsmet Özel), Şule Yay., İst. Gills Barry, K., (2003).“Dünya Sisteminde Hegemonik Geçişler”, Andre Gunder Frank ve Barry K. Gills (Der.), Dünya Sistemi Beş Yüzyıllık mı, Beş Binyıllık mı?, (Türkçesi: Esin Soğancılar), İmge Kitabevi, Ank. Mackerras Colin, (2005). “Eurocentrism”, New Dictionary of the History of Ideas, (Ed: Maryanne Cline Horowitz), Thomson-Gale Publ., USA. Tannenbaum Donald G. Ve Schultz David, (2010). Siyasî Düşünce Tarihi Filozoflar ve Fikirleri, (Türkçesi: Fatih Demirci), Adres Yay., Ank. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Wallerstein Immanuel, (1993). Jeopolitik Ve Jeokültür Değişmekte Olan Dünya—Sistem Üzerine Denemeler, (Türkçesi: Mustafa Özel), İz Yay., İst. Wallerstein Immanuel, (1996). “Kapitalizmin İdeolojik Gerilimleri: Irkçılık ve Cinsiyetçilik Karşısında Evrenselcilik”, Etienne Balibar ve Immanuel Wallerstein, Irk Ulus Sınıf, (Türkçesi: Nazlı Ökten), Metis Yay., İst. Wallerstein Immanuel, (2001). Ütopistik Ya Da Yirmi birinci Yüzyılın Tarihsel Seçimleri (Türkçesi: Taylan Doğan), Avesta Yay., İst. Wallerstein Immanuel, (2007). Avrupa Evrenselciliği İktidarın Retoriği, (Türkçesi: Sinan Önal), Aram Yay., İst. 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2333 Title A name given to the resource Political Space Philosophies in the History of the Political Thoughts of the Western European Universalism and the European Union Author Author DEMIREL, Idiris GUL, Huseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. There exist certain historical premises and foundations thought to render the idiosyncratic structure of the European/western civilization possible. One of the most important domain related to these foundations and premises is the political -space philosophy along with the European Universalism that stemmed from the European history of political roots. The political space centered on the Polis (city-state) in the ancient Greek political sphere is replaced the "world state" thought of the Cynic and Stoic philosophers of the Ancient Hellenistic and Roman political spheres. The early Catholic Christian philosopher St. Augustine and the late Catholic philosopher St. Thomas converge to a great extent on a universalism and "world" domain while the Protestant politician is rather related to the modern nation state notion. The Dante of the late middle age and the early modernism had a more secular conception of universalism and "world state" in terms of political space. These Western approaches can be viewed in relation with the "European Universalism" framework set by the Wallerstein. The goal of this study is not to investigate the European Union or the process of Turkey's European Union membership per se. Rather, the goal is restricted to the investigation of the historical background of this phenomenon incorporating the European Universalism approach. Key Words: Political Thoughts, Political- space, West/Europe, World State, European Universalism, and European Union. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 943 Title A name given to the resource Political, Historical and Environmental Factors at Language Transmission from Generation to Generation: the Model of Uzbek Originated Afghan Immigrants who live in Gaziantep, Turkey Author Author Hatunoğlu, Nurettin Abstract A summary of the resource. Political, Historical and Environmental Factors at LanguageTransmissionfrom Generation to Generation: the Model of Uzbek Originated Afghan Immigrants who live in Gaziantep, Turkey Since language has a major role for transmitting the cultural values of the society to the next generations, it is the basic unit of the society that ensures the continuity. Although it is a natural process that the language of the society, which is learnt in the family first, interacts with the other languages and changes throughout this interaction, it cannot be accepted as normal that the members of the society forget their mother tongue and interact through other languages. It is the result of the fact that the members of the society could not transmit their mother tongue to the next generations because of some political, historical and environmental factors. For instance, Uzbek originated Afghan immigrants, who were brought from Afghanistan in 1983 and were housed in Gaziantep in Turkey with a political decision made in 1982, were interacting in Persian not in Uzbek, which is an evidence showing how some political, historical and environmental factors can be effective on hindering language transmission to the next generations. In this study, we tried to investigate the causes and results of the language corruption among these Uzbeks via the survey we conducted on these Uzbeks, even the last members of the royalty ofBukhara Khanate. Consequently, the questions asked in the survey aimed to find out the effect of language corruption on culture change, and the effect of these culture changes on the sense of belonging. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1006 Title A name given to the resource Politics and Technology in Mark Twain's Connecticut Yankee Author Author Mohammadshahi, Soolmaz Abstract A summary of the resource. Mark Twain, through his modern "Yankee," reveals to his readers the underlying desire to overcome the very material world he apparently wants to instantiate. Although the Yankee seems a modern man who simply wants to create the conditions in Arthurian England by which his body will be most comfortable, both his zeal for this project and the trajectory of his soul's course during the book betray an underlying hope to overcome his "mortal coil" through first technological and then political projects. In charting the impetus and evolution of the Yankee's psychology for us, Twain teaches us much about the nature of the "modern project"-its underlying hopes and its potential for dangerous, even totalitarian, excesses. As appealing as the starkly contrasting Arthurians might be, given this insight, Twain does not ultimately endorse this position but shows that its explicit claim does not ultimately satisfy our desire for noninstrumental goods. The paper tries to trace how the yankee is affected by his belief in technology and politics. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics