210 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ba506bbd231217a22d4fac647aea7a6e.pdf 5ae125e49742a908a886fa6d4cec4da1 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Effect of steel plant pollution on photosynthetic apparatus of some spontaneous plants by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging EriolaZhuri Hida1, VeledinÇako2,FatbardhaBabani3,Theodhor Karaja4 1University ‘AleksanderMoisiu’, Durres, Albania, 2 Department of Physics, University ‘Ismail Qemali’,Vlora, Albania, 3 Biotechnology Department, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania, 4Physics Department, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania, E-mails: eri_zhuri@yahoo.com, v.cako69@hotmail.com, fbabani@yahoo.com, theodhor.karaja@yahoo.com Abstract Environmental pollution by the steel plant in Elbasan, the largest metallurgical complex in Albania causes serious problems. Although the blast furnaces and basic oxygen converters closed in 1991, small scale steel production from scrap metal continued. This steel plant releasing chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere is considered a source of air pollution. Industrial siderurgic air pollution as other stressors affects growth and physiological functions of plants. Pollution has effects on the photosynthetic performance of leaves and can modify their optical and fluorescence properties either directly or indirectly. The chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence provides ample information on the performance of photosynthetic apparatus. Chl fluorescence signatures of leaves as an efficient tool and a nondestructive method for the in vivo analysis of plant stress is applying to describe and investigate the photosynthetic light processes and quantum conversion at physiological conditions as well as to detect stress on the photosynthetic apparatus. The chlorophyll fluorescence images were measured on leaves using the FluorCam 700MF imaging system (Photon Systems Instrument) as a techniques that offer the possibility to study the distribution and patchiness of fluorescence signatures over the whole leaf area. Chl fluorescence images were measured on the leaves of some spontaneous plants grown in sites with different level of steel plant air pollution assessed on base of different distances and different directions from the source of the pollution. Efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus of analyzed plants was evaluated via chlorophyll fluorescence images during induction kinetics and various fluorescence ratio images. The images of Chl fluorescence ratios, acquired by pixel to pixel arithmetic operations performed by FluorCam software, were aplied as indicators of the functional state or the damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. The potential and effective quantum yields of photosynthetic electron transport were estimated too. Observed differences on imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence signature and photosynthetic pigment content of some spontaneous plants allowed characterizing of the photosynthetic performance in order to evaluate the damage by plant steel air pollution. 87 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, induction kinetics, plant steel air pollution, photosynthetic apparatus, potential/effective quantum yield, spontaneous plant. 1.INTRODUCTION Environmental pollution by the steel plant in Elbasan, the largest siderurgical complex in Albania causes serious problems. In this area operate some plants as steel plant operator "Kurum“, cement factory "ECF", Establishment of Ferro-Chrome "ACR“. This steel plant releasing chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere is considered a source of air pollution. Monitored elements in the Elbasan area are: - solids suspended in the air (LNP), rigid particles with dimensions smaller than 10 microns (PM10) - lead (Pb), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) in the air. Siderurgic air pollution as other stressors affects growth and physiological functions of plants. Pollution has effects on the photosynthetic performance of leaves and can modify their optical and fluorescence properties either directly or indirectly. The chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence signatures of plants have been applied as an efficient tool to describe and investigate the photosynthetic light processes and quantum conversion to detect pollution effects on the photosynthetic apparatus. Image analysis of the Chl fluorescence signals offers the possibility to study the function of photosynthetic apparatus and to detect early stress damage in plants by screening the fluorescence emission over the leaf area as well as the gradients and local irregularities in fluorescence emission and ratios (Lichtenthaler 1996, Buschmann and Lichtenthaler, Krause and Weis, 1991; Lichtenthaler and Miehé, 1997; Lichtentaler and Babani, 2004; Schreiber1986). Various parameters and ratios of the Chl fluorescence determined from the induction kinetics (Kautsky effect) can be used as indicators of the functional state or stress damage of the photosynthetic apparatus and photosynthetic electron transport (Babani and Lichtenthaler, 1996; Buschmann and Lichtenthaler, 1998; Govindjee 1995, 2004). Imaging of Chl fluorescence kinetics correctly screening the emission heterogeneity reflects localized biotic or abiotic stress or heterogeneous metabolism. Offering the possibility to study distribution and patchiness of fluorescence signatures over the whole leaf area these techniques were developed as invaluable tool for determining the photosynthetic performance of plants (Buschmann and Lichtenthaler 1998, Lichtenthaler and Babani 2000; Lichtenthaler et al., 2000,Lichtenthaler and Babani 2004, Lichtenthaleret al., 2007, Nebdal et al. 2000, Schreiber 2004). The objective of the presented research is the evaluation of damage by plant steel air pollution on spontaneous plants characterizing the photosynthetic performance by imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence signature. Imaging of Chl fluorescence kinetics correctly screening the emission heterogeneity reflects localized biotic or abiotic stress or heterogeneous metabolism. Offering the possibility to study distribution and patchiness of fluorescence signatures over the whole leaf area these techniques were developed as invaluable tool for determining the photosynthetic performance of plants 88 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Plant material Endemic-spontaneous plant Cercius siliquastrum grown in different steel plant pollution conditions were analyzed. Study areas were chosen in three different locations: Dajti area (site 1) characterized by optimal physiological conditions, Krrabe area (site 2 2.6 km) and Elbasan area(site3- 6 km)characterized by plant steel air pollution. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of induction kinetics Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence induction kinetics were measured using the FluorCam 700MF kinetics imaging system constructed by Photon Systems Instrumentto capture kinetics and 2dimensional maps of key fluorescence parameters. The fluorescence emission is induced by two sets of 325 super-bright orange light emitting diodes (LED’s) (wavelength 605nm) that provide excitation flashes or a continuous actinic irradiance controlled by defined protocol. Fluorescence images are captured by CCD camera. The images are taken at 12-bit resolution in 512 x 512 pixels of CCD chip. The size of an analyzed object is smaller than 10  13 cm. The chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence images and induction kinetics were measured on predarkened leaves (30 min) using the FluorCam quenching protocol. The images of the measured Chl fluorescence intensity were obtained on false colour, whereby black is the lowest (zero) and red the highest fluorescence intensity. Chlorophyll fluorescence images of parameters as F0 and F0’(minimum fluorescence in the dark and in the light-adapted states), Fm and Fm’ (maximum fluorescence in the dark and in the light-adapted states), Fp, (initial fluorescence increase caused by the actinic light exposure) and Fs, (steady-state fluorescence in actinic light exposure) were recorded. Images of various Chl fluorescence ratios obtained by pixel to pixel arithmetic operations performed by FluorCam software were: maximum quantum yields of Photosystem II Fv/Fm and Fm/Fo; effective quantum yields of Photosystem II Fv'/Fm‘andFm’/Fo’; fluorescence decline ratio in steady-state which assess plant vitality Rfd=(Fp-Fs)/Fs; non photochemical quenching coefficients NPQ=(Fm-Fm’)/Fm and qN=(Fv-Fv’)/Fv; where Fv=Fm-Fo and Fv’=Fm’-Fo’. Kinetics of the fluorescence transient over the leaf area was performed by FluorCam software where each data point represents one image. The represented induction kinetics are the mean curves of six different kinetics from six different leaves grown in every study area. 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1.Image Fluorescence parameters Fully green leaves of Cercius siliquastrum grown in optimal physiological conditions (Dajti area-Site 1) from six different branches were analyzed. Images of the maximum fluorescence in the dark Fm of all analyzed leaves exhibited almost the same distribution as well as the same level of fluorescence signal over the whole leaf area. The images represented in Figure 1 (A) that belong to one of these leaves showed no irregularities and nearly uniform distribution of fluorescence signatures. 89 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A B C Figure 1. Images at the maximum fluorescence in the dark Fm of a leaf grown in optimal physiological conditions A-site 1, and plan steel air pollution conditions B-site 2, C- site 3 (pseudoscale 0-700). Images at the maximum fluorescence in the dark Fm of leaves grown in plan steel air pollution conditions showed a different distribution of the fluorescence emission over the leaf area as compare to the leaves grown in optimal conditions, especially leaves grown in site 3 (Figure 1, B, C). Fluorescence images at Fm displayed at the same pseudoscale clearly showed changes of the values of this parameter and their distributions related to the heterogeneity over leaf area between leaves grown in different conditions. The shape of the fluorescence induction kinetics of green leaves grown in optimal conditions demonstrated the healthy physiologically state of these leaves (Figure 2, A). While the shape of the induction kinetics exhibiting an increase of the fluorescence signal at the steady state of fluorescence demonstrated the effect of pollution to which were exposed leaves during their growth (Figure 2, B, C). A B Figure 2.Induced fluorescence kinetics of leaves of Cercius siliquastrumgrown in optimal physiological conditions A-site 1, and plan steel air pollution conditions B-site 2, C- site 3. Image fluorescence parameters of every leaf were calculated by FluoCam software as the mean of the fluorescence signals of all pixels over the leaf area. The represent values of these parameters (Table 1) correspond to a mean of six different leaves. The mean values of image fluorescence parameters demonstrated the differences between leaves grown in different conditions. The values of standard deviations of fluorescence parameters of leaves grown in optimal conditions show no significant differences between analyzed leaves. The observed increase of the values of standard deviations from optimal growth conditions to pollution conditions can be illustrated the increase of the variability through the leaves as the effect to stress exposure. 90 C �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1. Induced fluorescence image parameters of leaves of Cercius siliquastrum grown in area of optimal and plan steel air pollution conditions (mean of six leaves). Cerciussiliquastrum Image Fluorescence Fo parameters Fm Fv Fo' Fm' Fv' mean 130.8 406.8 276.3 141.7 181.4 40.0 std (3.36) (2.62) (5.39) (3.92) (4.87) (1.88) mean 140.5 484.4 343.9 161.3 209.5 48.3 std (4.35) (39.60 ) (39.62 ) (16.5) (18.29 ) (5.54) mean 118.4 333.2 214.8 149.9 193.4 43.4 std (5.54) (64.12 ) (61.32 ) (26.76 ) (23.52 ) (13.49 ) Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 3.2.Image Fluorescence ratios Images of the fluorescence decline ratio Rfd of a green leaf grown in optimal conditions showed almost no irregularities and a uniform distribution of the values of this ratios over the leaf area (Figure 3 A). The values of Rfd ratios as plant vitality indicator demonstrated that these full green leaves can be characterized by the high photosynthetic activity, as reflect by the mean values the ratio 1.63 (Table 2). A B C Figure 3. The fluorescence decline ratio image Rfdof leaves of Cerciussiliquastrum grown in optimal physiological conditions A-site 1, and plan steel air pollution conditions B-site 2, Csite 3 (pseudoscale 0-3). The images of the fluorescence decline ratio Rfd of leaves grown in pollution conditions (Figure 3 B, C) showed a non uniform distribution and increase of irregularities of the values of this ratios over the leaf area. 91 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 2. Image fluorescence ratios of leaves of Cercius siliquastrum grown in area of optimal and plan steel air pollution conditions (mean of six leaves). Cerciussiliquastrum Image ratios Fluorescence Fm/Fo Fv/Fm Fm'/Fo' qN NPQ Rfd mean 3.15 0.684 1.27 0.856 1.240 1.63 std (0.09) (0.009) (0.02) (0.005) (.053) (0.10) mean 3.09 0.66 1.12 0.826 1.732 1.26 std (0.29) (0.02) (0.04) (0.007) (0.142) (0.18) mean 2.81 0.64 1.29 0.798 0.723 1.14 std (0.65) (0.080) (0.036) (0.145) (0.308) (0.377) Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 The values of Rfd ratios represented a lower mean values of the ratio comparing to the optimal conditions, mean values of 1.26. The values of Rfd ratios in pollution growth conditions represented the lowest mean values of the ratio comparing to two other growth conditions, mean values of 1.14 (Table 2, Figure 3). The distribution of the Rfd values over the leaf area as well as the values of the ratio demonstrated a lower activity of photosynthetic apparatus of the leaves grown in plan steel air pollution growth conditions in comparison of leaves grown in optimal conditions (Dajti area). The observed decrease of activity of photosynthetic apparatus in pollution conditions seem to be related to the distance of the source of pollution, (Figure 3, Table 2). Figure 4.Fluorescence decline ratio Rfd of leaves in different growth conditions (mean of six leaves). The distribution of the Rfd values showed a considerable reduction of the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus of the leaves grown in area of site 3 than of leaves grown in two other areas as plants were grown in severe stress-pollution conditions 92 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The values of Rfd ratios as plant vitality indicator demonstrated that full green leaves can be characterized by the high photosynthetic activity, as reflect by the mean The fluorescence ratios that allow to estimate maximum and effective quantum yields of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm,Fm/Fo) indicated a decrease of these ratios from optimal growth conditions to stresspollution conditions (Table 2). Non photochemical quenching coefficient qN have been decreased in growth pollution conditions (Table 2). Increase of the standard deviation values were observed in all calculated fluorescence ratios to pollution growth conditions in compare to optimal conditions. Observe increase can be illustrated the raise of the variability through the leaves as the effect to pollution exposure. 4.CONCLUSIONS Fluorescence images measured during induction kinetics, shape of the Chl fluorescence kinetics and the values of the fluorescence parameters in the leaves of endemic plant Cerciussiliquastrum grown in optimal conditions (Dajti area - site 1) exhibited a high photosynthetic activity as is demonstrated by the values of fluorescence ratios which evaluate the plant vitality and quantum yield of photosynthetic apparatus: Rfd=1.63, Fm/Fo=3.15. Activity of photosynthetic apparatus of leaves grown in plant steel air pollution conditions (site 2).was generally lower than activity of plants grown in optimal conditions: Rfd=1.26, Fm/Fo=3.1. Activity of photosynthetic apparatus of leaves grown in plant steel air pollution conditions (site 3) -Elbasan area) demonstrated reduction compare to other areas as is expressed by the lowest values of fluorescence decline ratio (Rfd=1.14,Fm/Fo=2.81); increased non-uniformity distribution and heterogeneity of signal of fluorescence over the leaf area and shape of induction kinetics. Observed differences on imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence signature and photosynthetic pigment content of spontaneous plants allowed to characterize the photosynthetic performance in order to evaluate the damage by plant steel air pollution related to the distance of the source of pollution. REFERENCES Babani F. and Lichtenthaler H.K. (1996). Light-induced and age-dependent development of chloroplasts in etiolated barley leaves as visualized by determination of photosynthetic pigments, CO2 assimilation rates and different kinds of chlorophyll fluorescence ratios. 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Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of photosynthetic activity in sun and shade leaves of trees. Photosynthesis Research, 93: 235244. Lichtenthaler H.K., Babani F., Langsdorf G., Buschmann C. (2000). Measurement of differences in red chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic activity between sun and shade leaves by fluorescence imaging. Photosynthetica38: 521-529. Krause, G.H., Weis, E. (1991): Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis: the basics. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42: 313-349. 94 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1231 Title A name given to the resource Effect of steel plant pollution on photosynthetic apparatus of some spontaneous plants by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging Author Author Eriola, Zhuri Hida Abstract A summary of the resource. Environmental pollution by the steel plant in Elbasan, the largest metallurgical complex in Albania causes serious problems. Although the blast furnaces and basic oxygen converters closed in 1991, small scale steel production from scrap metal continued. This steel plant releasing chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere is considered a source of air pollution. Industrial siderurgic air pollution as other stressors affects growth and physiological functions of plants. Pollution has effects on the photosynthetic performance of leaves and can modify their optical and fluorescence properties either directly or indirectly. The chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence provides ample information on the performance of photosynthetic apparatus. Chl fluorescence signatures of leaves as an efficient tool and a nondestructive method for the in vivo analysis of plant stress is applying to describe and investigate the photosynthetic light processes and quantum conversion at physiological conditions as well as to detect stress on the photosynthetic apparatus. The chlorophyll fluorescence images were measured on leaves using the FluorCam 700MF imaging system (Photon Systems Instrument) as a techniques that offer the possibility to study the distribution and patchiness of fluorescence signatures over the whole leaf area. Chl fluorescence images were measured on the leaves of some spontaneous plants grown in sites with different level of steel plant air pollution assessed on base of different distances and different directions from the source of the pollution. Efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus of analyzed plants was evaluated via chlorophyll fluorescence images during induction kinetics and various fluorescence ratio images. The images of Chl fluorescence ratios, acquired by pixel to pixel arithmetic operations performed by FluorCam software, were aplied as indicators of the functional state or the damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. The potential and effective quantum yields of photosynthetic electron transport were estimated too. Observed differences on imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence signature and photosynthetic pigment content of some spontaneous plants allowed characterizing of the photosynthetic performance in order to evaluate the damage by plant steel air pollution. Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, induction kinetics, plant steel air pollution, photosynthetic apparatus, potential/effective quantum yield, spontaneous plant. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9e3d3e71d30efd54c99963097aa79973.pdf 9c0077332787dec126ee0fe786dd3570 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Kobya M. (2004) Adsorption, kinetic and equilibrium studies of Cr (VI) by hazelnut shell activated carbon. Adsorption Science and Technology 22, 51–64. Köhler S.J., Cubillas P., Rodríguez-Blanco J.D., Bauer C. and Prieto M. (2007) Removal of cadmium from wastewaters by aragonite shells and the influence of other divalent cations. Environmental Science & Technology 41, 112–118. Low K.S., Lee C.K., Mak S.M. (2004) Sorption of copper and lead by citric acid modified wood. Wood Science and Technology 38, 629–640. Marshall W.E., Chatters A.Z., Wartelle L.H., McAloon (2001) A., Optimization and estimated production cost of a citric acid-modified soybean hull ion exchanger. Industrial Crops and Products 14, 191–199. 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Removal of Pb(II) and comparison of its adsorption with copper. Journal of Hazardous Materials B84, 83–94. Zhu B., Fan T., Zhang D. (2008) Adsorption of copper ions from aqueous solution by citric acid modified soybean straw. Journal of Hazardous Materials 153, 300–308. Parasitic Diseases And Their Controls In Sustainable Development Of Aquculture Of Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus Thynnus) Erol Tokşen, Egemen Nemli,Uğur Değirmenci, Ulviye Karacalar Ege University, Fisheries Faculty, Department of Fish Diseases, Bornova 5100 İzmir, Turkey E-mails: erol.toksen@ege.edu.tr, egemen.nemli@ege.edu.tr, ugur.degirmenci@ege.edu.tr, ulviye.karacalar@ege.edu.tr Abstract In the last decades Turkish and Mediterranean mariculture has focused its production mainly on two species, gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). 41 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo However, due to its high commercial value bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) has been considered as an alternative aquaculture target. The culture of bluefin tuna has started by private sector in 2001 in Turkey. The catched fishes are fed by frozen herring, sardina, mackerel between May and June and after fattened, they are sold. Total feeding time in Turkey 4 to 10 months like other countries which are culturing bluefin tuna. As an developing sector in Turkey and in the world, blue fin tuna farming require to further studies on larvae production, feed investigations and diseases occur on the fish. According to studies conducted to date, 28 species were found in Pylums Ciliphora, Myxozoa, Platyhelmintes, Aschelmintes and Arthropoda. The present work aim to reveal diseases of bluefish tuna caused by parasites, how they are transmitted, which effects they have on tuna fish, how they could be diagnosed, and how they could be controlled and treated. Keywords: Bluefin tuna, disease, parasite, diagnosis, treatment. 1.INTRODUCTION Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in Turkey having grown in volume by over 20 percent for the past ten years (Table 1). Production of the three major species, namely rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Sparus aurata) increased rapidly during the 1990s, with efforts having been given to the development of new species, such as the Black Sea turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus) and some Mediterranean species such as sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo), common seabream (Pagrus pagrus), common dentex (Dentex dentex) and groupers (Epinephelus spp.). Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) fattening, which started at the turn of the millennium has been the latest development in terms of species diversity. Species Seabass/seabream Trout Shell Tuna Trout & seabass Seabass & bream & new species Trout Seabass & bream & trout Seabass Total Farm number Rate (%) Rate (%) 87 1 1 2 4 4 Capacity (tonnes) 99 869 820 1 925 7 440 9 613 9 529 309 5 4 8 14 13 1 1 0 0 4 800 100 3.6 0.1 1 356 0 100 25 134 121 0 100 74 0.6 1.4 5.5 7.2 7.1 Table 1. Number of marine fish farm, capacities and production in 2009. (http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_turkey/en) Tuna aquaculture is presently in its early stages of development and will likely continue to expand, but with this expansion, parasitic disease will become increasingly important. Thus, focus has been placed on parasitic infections in these enterprises and their economic and ecological impact. Diseases problems including parasitic organisms are the 42 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo main threat to further increas of the industry. There are various parasites caused the diseases on tuna fish. This research presents the individual parasites types producing problems in tuna fish. Each section is presented with 1.aetiyology, the parasitic organism responsible for the disease, 2.epizootiology, the transmission of the diseases and life cycle of the parasite, 3.pathogenicity, how the parasite produces diseases in the fish, 4.symptoms, clinical signs of the diseases, 5.diagnose, how the infection can be identificated, 6.treatment, how the infection can be controlled. 2. Coccidiosis 2.1. Aetiology. Goussia auxidis Mature oocysts (18-28 µm diameter) occur in the splenic pulp and in melanomacrophage centres in the spleen and liver, and in the peribiliary connective tissues of the liver. The oocyst has a thin membranous wall, and each contains four sporocysts but no oocyst residuum. Sporocysts (length 8-12 x 6-7 µm) have a thickened wall with a faint dehiscence suture occasionally visible (Jones 1990). 2.2. Epizootiology: The method of transmission of infection is unknown. 98 % (140 of 143) of albacore, T. alalunga, and an individual yellowfin tuna, T. albacares, from the South Pacific were found be infected (Jones 1990). 2.3. Pathogenicity: Oocysts occurred in both the liver and spleen where they produced minimal host response. Host response appears to be minimal with slight proliferation of fibroblasts around the oocyst in some fish. The spores are positively associated with melanomacrophage centres but the degree of association varies from fish to fish (Jones 1990). 2.4. Symptoms: No clinical signs have been reported. 2.5. Treatment and Prophylaxis: Not required. 3. Uronemosis 3.1. Aetiology: Uronema nigricans Fixed and stained parasite is variable in size ranging from 19.8-34 µm in length by 7.1-20 µm in width. They contained distinctive somatic ciliature consisting of 12-14 longitudinal kineties arranged in meridional rows (Munday et al. 1997). 3.2. Epizootiology: Until recently, infections of fish with Uronema sp. had been mainly reported in aquarium species in which they were invasive and resulted in severe tissue damage and subsequent mortalities (Cheung et al. 1980, Bassleer 1983). More recently the potential for scuticociliatids to be a problem in mariculture has been highlighted by reports of serious disease of larval and juvenile fish in Japan and Spain attributed to infection with Uronema sp. (Yoshinaga and Nakazoe 1993, Dykova and Figueras 1994) and of mature sea bass in the Mediterranean, where parasite was described as Philasterides dicentrarchi (Dragesco et al. 1995). In Australia mortalities of southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii in growout seacages have also been reported with the causative agent being identified as Uronema nigricans (Munday et al. 1997). Epizootiological factors which may be implicated in the initiation of the disease in SBT are water temperature and host immune status. The "swimmer" syndrome has not occurred when water temperatures have exceeded 18°C. SBT maintain a body temperature of about 24°C, even in much colder water, so it is possible that 43 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the parasite, which would be expected to have an optimum growth temperature of about 25°C (Parker 1976), would be preferentially attracted to the fish under conditions of relatively low water temperatures (< 18°C). 3.3. Pathogenicity: U. nigricans initially parasitizes the olfactory rosette at which stage the host mounts a vigorous inflammatory response. If the host response is inadequate, the ciliate then invades branches of the olfactory nerve present in the axis of the olfactory rosette. Even though there is still some host response to invasion of the olfactory nerve the migration of U. nigricans is probably then inexorable, ending in invasion of the brain, which causes locomotor dysfunction and, ultimately, death. Generalised infections leading to severe mortalities in larval marine fish were reported (Munday 1996). 3.4. Symptoms: Typically, affected tuna fish came to the surface, turned light blue and swam vigorously around the cage. Eventually, the fish ceased compulsive swimming and exhibited short bursts of forward motion with their heads out of water, followed by periods of sinking, before once again coming to the surface and then repeating the process. Finally, the fish sank and died at the bottom of the netpen (Munday et al. 1997). 3.5. Diagnosis: Presumptive diagnosis of the disease in SBT can be made by examining wet preparations of CSF and brain. However, although a fluorescent antibody test has been developed for cultured and environmental organisms (Watts 1995), this is not suitable for clinical material because of autofluorescence of host tissues. Definitive diagnosis can be made by microscopic examination of histological slides of nervous tissues. As clinical pathology only reflects general stress and perturbed osmoregulation, it is of no specific diagnostic value. 3.6. Treatment: The most effective concentrations of formalin were 100 and 200 ppm where total cell lysis occurred after 120 and 60 min respectively. Hydrogen peroxide was lethal to the ciliate at all concentrations (Crosbie and Munday, 1999). 4. Kudoasis 4.1. Aetiology: Kudoa prunusi, K. crumena Typical Kudoa crumena spores measuring 7.5 x 9.9 µm and 4.4-5.6 x 7.8-10.0 µm. Average spore size of Kudoa prunusi is 9.63 μm in width and 7.50 μm in length (Meng et al., 2011). 4.2. Epizootiyology: K. crumena was reported in a yellowfin tuna (Kent et al. 2001). The infections described by Langdon (1990) were in southern bluefin tuna caught off southwestern Western Australia when the fish would have been 1-3 years of age and feeding on cephalopods, crustaceans and salps (Kailola et al. 1993). Infections have also been reported in southern bluefin tuna in South Australia (Rough 2000) and wild fish caught off the New South Wales coast where the prevalence of about 1% affected fish was a cause of commercial loss. The prevalence of K. crumena in albacore was reported as 5%. Kudoa sp. infection of northern and southern bluefin tuna producing lesions in the flesh. 4.3. Pathogenicity: The infection in southern bluefin tuna produces white cysts 1-10 mm in diameter which are apparently in the muscle (Rough 2000) although Langdon (1990) produced evidence to suggest that most, if not all, cysts in southern bluefin tuna were in peripheral nerves, especially the intercostal nerves. Histologically the cysts are found to consist of numerous Kudoa spores surrounded by a fibrous capsule. Similar lesions because of an unidentified Kudoa sp. have been reported in southern bluefin tuna and Langdon (1990) suggested that the parasite could be K. nova, but as it does not produce myoliquefaction, this seems unlikely. 44 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.4. Symptoms. None reported. 4.5. Diagnosis. Kudoa sp. can be seen in wet preparations or histological sections. Numerous plasmodia were localized not only in the cavity of the optic tectum but also in the tissue of cerebellum. Host inflammatory response and gliosis were occasionally found around plasmodia (Meng et al. 2011). 4.6. Treatment and Prophylaxis. Neither treatment nor prevention are practicable. 5. Hexacapsulosis 5.1. Aetiology: Hexacapsula neothunni Spores measure 6.2-11.0 µm and have six shell valves each containing one polar capsule (Lom and Dykova 1992). Kudoa nova spores measure 5.3-6.5 x 8.5-9.8 µm and have four shell valves each containing one polar capsule. 5.2. Epizotiology: Most myxosporeans, for which life cycles are known, have a two-host cycle with the myxosporean in a fish and an actinosporean in an invertebrate (Kent et al. 2001). As most juvenile tuna consume invertebrates such as squid and crustaceans (Kailola et al. 1993), it is conceivable that these prey species could be alternative hosts. 5.3. Pathogenicity: The postmortem liquefaction of the muscle caused by the release of proteases from the parasites that is the most dramatic result of the infection (Ogawa 1996). Histologically, the myxosporean spores are found aggregated in the cystic structures and usually produce minimal host response. 5.4. Symptoms: The parasites produce no clinical signs, and, while with heavy infections cysts may be visible in the musculature 5.5. Diagnosis: Typical myxosporean spores can be easily found in wet preparations or histological sections of affected muscles. 5.6. Treatment and Prophylaxis. Neither treatment nor prevention is practicable. 6. Cardicolosis 6.1. Aetiology: Cardicola ahi, Cardicola forsteri Adult flukes are dorsoventrally compressed and 100-150 μm in width, with marginal tegumental spines, parenchymous body cavity, and indistinct reproductive and digestive tracts (Cribb et al. 2000). 6.2 Epizootiyology: C. ahi has been reported from yellowfin and bigeye tunas (Smith 1997). C. forsteri (Cribb et al. 2000) occurs in southern bluefin tuna. The intermediate hosts of Cardicola ahi and C. forsteri are not known. It is also not known if teleosts, other than Thunnus spp., act as final hosts. Colquitt et al. (2001) reported that the prevalence and severity of the infection increased with the time that southern bluefin tuna were held in captivity suggesting that the life cycle was maintained in the vicinity of the cages. Additionally, tuna farmers have reported that infections tend to be more severe at new cage sites suggesting that the parasite may also have a deleterious effect on the intermediate host. 6.3. Pathogenicity: Multifocal, white to yellow lesions involving the gills of infected southern bluefin tuna are described. The lesions ranged in size from 2 to 12 mm and often extended in an arc across the gills. The lesions appeared to be the result of the fluke ova impacting in the 45 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo afferent filamentary arteries where they stimulated a host response. Cardiac lesions were also reported and noted many ova surrounded by granulomas. There was marked hypertrophy of the cardiac spongiosa, presumably because of increased resistance to blood passing through the partly occluded branchial vasculature (Colquitt et al. 2001). It may not be a coincidence that bigeye tuna, which are known to be infected with C. ahi, have a much more compact ventricular myocardium (74%) compared with northern bluefin tuna (30–50%) which have not been reported to be to be infected with blood flukes (Santer and Greer-Walker 1980, Smith 1997). 6.4. Symptoms: C. forsteri infections of cultured southern bluefin tuna lead to increased mucus on the gills and have been associated with signs of respiratory distress, lethargy and slightly increased mortality (Rough 2000). 6.5. Diagnosis: In southern bluefin tuna the gross lesions are characteristic enough to enable a presumptive diagnosis. Histopathology is even more diagnostic, but definitive diagnosis depends upon flushing the adults from the heart and identifying them. 5.6. Treatment and Prophylaxis: Prevention of blood fluke infections depends upon an understanding of the parasites life cycle and, therefore, is not possible at present. 7. Didymocystiasis 7.1. Aetiology: Didymocystis wedli The membranous cysts on the gill filament are oval in shape and measure 3-6 mm in length by 1.5-2.8 mm in width, depending on the stage of development and contain two similar worms applied closely against each other with opposite extremities. Under higher magnification we can observe the porous surface of the cyst. The characteristic feature of the body shape of D. wedli, with two distinct parts, can be well observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The forebody is elongate, cylindrical, and slender, measures 1-2.2 mm long by 00.1-0.3 mm wide. The tegument of ventral and dorsal surfaces of forebody is wrinkled cobblestone-like, without spines or papillae. At higher magnification the oral opening is seen in the retractil tip of the forebody. Sensory papillae were not observed around the oral opening. The large hindbody has two symmetrical rounded lobes on the anterior end, forming a groove, from which emerges the elongated forebody; the posterior third of the hindbody is curved ventrally forming a somewhat pointed tail. The hindbody measure 3.4-10.2 mm in length by 0.9-3.1mm largest widht. The dorsal surface is more prominent than the ventral, forming a cover with tegumental transversal striations. There are no spines or papillae on either the ventral or the dorsal tegumentary surface of the hindbbody, which presents the same wrinkled cobblestone-like appearance (Kohn et al. 2001) 8. Anisakisasis 8.1. Aetiology: Anisakis simplex and Hysterothylacium cornutum (Williams and BunkleyWilliams 1996). 8.2. Epizootiyology: The definitive hosts of these parasites are marine mammals. Many other species of fish can act as intermediate hosts. 8.3. Pathogenicity: The small third-stage larvae are found encapsulated in the peritoneal mesenteries and, sometimes, the liver. If the fish are not quickly eviscerated it is possible for 46 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the larvae to migrate to the abdominal muscles. Anisakis sp. infections are of importance because they can potentially infect humans. 8.4. Symptoms: The infections are covert. 8.5. Diagnosis: The presence of tightly coiled, encapsulated larval nematodes in the mesenteries of tunas is suggestive of anisakid nematode infection, but definitive identification of the larvae can be difficult. 8.6. Treatment and Prophylaxis: Human infection can be prevented by rapid evisceration of the fish and/or cooking of the flesh. In most instances tuna destined for sashimi are eviscerated soon after capture. There is no practicable treatment. 9. Copepodiasis 9.1. Aetiology: C. elongatus, Euryphros brachypterus, Penella filosa and Pseudocycnus appendiculatus Overall length of female of Pseudocycnus appendiculatus is 13.7 mm-15.6 mm. Anterior quarter of ventral length bright red, rest of body yellowbrown, the red pigment persistent in alcohol for at least several months. Cephalothorax subovate, (1.2 mm-1.3 mm x 1.2 mm), greatest width a little posterior to midpaint. Second thoracic segment subovate, length/width (0.6 mm-0.8 mm x 1.1 mm). Third thoracic segment, length/width (0.5 mm-0.6 mm x 1.0 mm-1.2 mm). Fourth thoracic segment subovate, length/width (1.7 mm x 1.2 mm-1.3 mm). Trunk, excluding the anterior swollen portion, cylindrical, length more than 6 times width (6.6 mm-7.9 mm x 1.0 mm-1.1 mm), lateral margins parallel with 2 plate-like subsemicircular dorsal projections, % trunk width, length % width, carried laterally on posterior margin. Abdomen, length % width (0.6 mm-0.7 mm x 0.9 mm-l.0 mm), caudal laminae borne laterally on posterior margin of abdomen, length 12 times basal width (3.4 mm-3.8 mm x 0.3 mm-0.4 mm). Egg strings extending from posterior margin of trunk, beneath platelike projections dorsal to abdomen, present on only 1 specimen, as long as body, eggs uniserial, length 13.7 mm, posterior of egg strings empty of eggs in this individual (Hewitt 1969, Purivirojkul 2011). 9.2. Epizootiyology: As C. elongatus and Penella filosa have multiple hosts, tuna may become infected from a variety of sources. However, Euryphorus brachypterus is almost genus specific for Thunnus spp. (Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1996). In the case of C. elongatus infecting captive southern bluefin tuna, capture trauma and high stocking densities are believed to predispose to heavy infections (Rough et al. 1999). 9.3. Pathogenicity: Lesions because of the copepods are related to their grazing behaviour (C. elongatus) or the damage caused by their attachment to the host (Euryphorus brachypterus and Penella filosa). Opportunistic infections of the bacterium Aeromonas sp. have also been reported in association with louse-associated damage to tuna eyes (Munday et al. 2003). 9.4. Symptoms: C. elongatus grazes on the integument of southern bluefin tuna and may produce grazing trails including over ocular tissues. Damage to the eye results in keratitis, panopthalmitis, cataract formation and blindness, leading to significant production losses (Rough 2000, Munday et al. 2003). Very heavy infections of Euryphorus brachypterus have been reported in northern bluefin tuna in which the pseudobranch has been carpeted with the parasite leading to ulceration and bleeding (Rough et al. 1999). Similar, but less severe lesions may be present on the gills and skin. The very large copepod Penella filosa penetrates into the 47 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo muscles of a number of tuna species. It has been reported to cause the fish considerable discomfort (Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1996). 9.5. Diagnosis: Experts can make a presumptive diagnosis of these copepod infections based on the morphology of the parasites and the types of lesions induced by their activities. However, definitive diagnosis is only possible by a scientist skilled in identifying the parasites. 9.6. Prophylaxis: Trauma may predispose to C. elongatus infections then reduction of damage because of capture, towing and harvesting should simultaneously reduce the level of infestation/damage caused by this copepod. Additionally, as this parasite and Penella filosa are carried by other species of fish, it would be appropriate to keep other forms of aquaculture separate from tuna farms (Rough et al. 1999). 9.7. Treatment: Although a number of therapeutants are capable of killing copepod parasites (Lester and Roubal 1999) it is impracticable to use these agents under current tuna aquaculture conditions. In addition, at the present level of loss of production, such treatments would be uneconomical. REFERENCES Bassleer, G. (1983) Uronema marinum, a new and common parasite on tropical saltwater fishes, Freshwater Marine Aquarium, 6, 78-81. Cheung, P.J., Nigrelli, R.F. and Ruggieri, G.D. (1980) Studies on the morphology of Uronema marinum Dujardin (Ciliatea: Uronematidae) with a description of the histopathology of the infection in marine fishes, Journal of Fish Disease, 3, 295-303. Colquitt, S.E., Munday, B.L. and Daintith, M. (2001) Pathological findings in southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau), infected with Cardicola forsteri (Cribb, Daintith & Munday, 2000) (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae), a blood fluke, Journal of Fish Diseases, 24, 225-229. Cribb, T., Daintith, M. and Munday, B.L. (2000) A new blood-fluke, Cardicola forsteri (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae), of southern blue-fin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in aquaculture, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 124, 117-120. Crosbie, P.B.B. and Munday, B.L. (1999) Environmental factors and chemical agents affecting the growth of the pathogenic marine ciliate Uronema nigricans, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 36, 213-219. Dragesco, A., Dragesco, J., Coste, F., Gasc, C., Romestand, B., Raymond, J.C. and Bouix, G. (1995) Philasterides dicentrarchi, n. sp., (Ciliophora, Scuticoclliatida), a histophagous opportunstic parasite of Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758), a reared marine fish, European Journal of Protistology, 31, 327-340. Dykova, I. and Figueras, A. (1994) Histopathological changes in turbot Scophthalmus maximus due to a histophagous ciliate. Diseases of Aquatic Organisims, 18, 5-9. Hewitt, G.C. (1969) Pseudocycnus appendiculatus Heller, 1868 (copepoda, dichelesthiidae) in New Zealand waters, New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 3, 169176. 48 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Jones, J.B. (1990) Goussia auxidis (Dogiel, 1984) (Apicomplexa: Calyptosporidae) from tuna (Pisces: Scombridae) in the South Pacific, Journal of Fish Diseases 13, 215–223. Kailola, P.J., Williams, M.J., Stewart, P.C., Reichelt, R.E., McNee, A. and Grieve, C. (1993) "Australian Fisheries Resources" Commonwealth of Australia, Brisbane. Kent, M.L., Andree, K.B., Bartholomew, J.L., El-Matbouli, M., Desse,r S.S., Devlin, R.H., Feist, S.W., Hedrick, R.P., Hoffman, R.W., Khattra, J., Hallett, S.L., Leste,r R.J.G., Longshaw, M., Palenzeula, O., Siddall, M.E. and Xiao, C. (2001) Recent advances in our knowledge of Myxozoa. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 48, 395-413. Kohn, A., Santos, A.L. and Baptista-Farias, M.F.D. (2001) Report of Didymocystis wedli Ariola, 1902 (Digenea; Didymozoidae) from Thunnus albacares in Brazil, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 96, 951-954. Langdon, J.S. (1990) Observations on new Myxobolus species and Kudoa species infecting the nervous system of Australian fishes, Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 6, 107-116. Lester, R.J.G. and Roubal, F.R. (1999) "Phylum Arthropoda" in: P.T.K. Woo (ed) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Volume 1: Protozoan and Metazoan Infections. Second Edition, CAB International, Wallingford, U.K., 475-598. Lom, J. and Dykova, I. (1992) "Protozoan Parasites of Fish" Elsevier, Amsterdam. Meng, F., Yokoyama, H., Shirakashi, S., Grabner, D., Ogawa, K., Ishimaru, K., Sawada, Y., Murata, O. (2011) Kudoa prunusi n. sp. (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) from the brain of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) cultured in Japan, Parasitology International, 60, 90-96. Munday BL (1996) Infectious diseases of finfish. In: Bryden D (ed) Fish health workshop. Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, p 81-123. Munday BL, Sawada Y, Cribb T, Hayward CJ (2003) Diseases of tunas, Thunnus spp. J Fish Dis 26:187–206 Munday BL. O'Donoghue PJ, Rough K, Watts M, Hawkesford T (1997) Fatal encephalitis due to the scuticociliate Uronerna nigncans (Mueller) in sea-caged, southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus rnaccoyii (Castelnau). Dis Aquat Org 30:17-25. Munday, B L., Sawada, Y. Cribb, T. and Hayward, C.J. (2003) Diseases of tunas, Thunnus spp. Journal of Fish Diseases, 26, 187–206 Ogawa K. (1996) Marine parasitology with special reference to Japanese fisheries and mariculture. Veterinary Parasitology 64, 95–105. Parker, JG (1976) Cultural characteristics of the marine ciliated protozoan Uronema marinum Dujardin. J Exp Mar Biol Eco124:213-226. Purivirojkul, W. Chaidee P. and Thapanand-Chaıdee, T. (2011) New Record Of Pseudocycnus Appendiculatus Heller, 1868 Parasites Of Yellowfin Tuna Thunnus Albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) in The Andaman Sea, Thailand, Walailak J Sci & Tech 2011; 8(1): 81‐85. Rough KM (2000) An illustrated guide to the parasites of southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii. South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide. Rough K.M., Lester R.J.G. and Reuter R.E. (1999) Caligus elongatus a significant parasite of cultured southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii. Book of Abstracts, World Aquaculture, 99, 26 April–2 May 1999, Sydney, p. 655. World Aquaculture Society. 49 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Santer R.M. & Greer-Walker M. (1980) Morphological studies on the ventricle of teleost and elasmobranch hearts. Journal of Zoology (London) 190, 259–272. Smith J.W. (1997) The blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae and Spirorchidae) of coldblooded vertebrates: Part 2. Helminthological Abstracts 66, 329–344. Watts, M. (1995) The development of a fluorescent antibody stain to identify a Uronenla sp. (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida) implicated in fatal encephalitis in farmed tuna (Thunnus maccoyii). Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Launceston. Williams E.H. & Bunkley-Williams L. (1996) Parasites of Offshore Big Game Fishes of Puerto Rico and the Western Atlantic. Puerto Rico Department of Natural Environmental Resources and the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez. Yoshinaga T, Nakazoe J (1993) Isolation and in vitro cultivation of an unidentified ciliate causing scuticociliosis in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Gyobyo Kenkyu 28:131-134. Parasitic Diseases of Trout and Their Controls in Sustainable Development of Aquculture: Platyhelminthes Erol Tokşen1, Erkin Koyuncu2 1Ege University, Fisheries Faculty, Department of Fish Diseases, Bornova 35100 İzmir, Turkey 2Mersin University, Fisheries Faculty, Department of Fish Diseases,Yenişehir 33169 Mersin, Turkey E-mails: erol.toksen@ege.edu.tr, ekoyuncu@mersin.edu.tr Abstract Aquaculture is an important food-producing sector. It provides much needed protein, employment, income and livelihoods support to many people in the world and this is especially true in most developing countries. A significant challenge to the expansion of aquaculture production is the outbreak of disease. Potential economic losses from disease outbreaks are significant, and can affect the survival of the industry. Fish diseases were caused by enfectious agents as parasite, bacteria, virus and fungus. Gyrodactylus spp., Tetraonchus spp., Discootyle spp., Cyathocephalsus spp., Proteocephalus spp., Eubothrium spp., Diphyllobothrium spp., Trianophorus spp., Crepidostomum spp., Phyllodistomum spp., Sanguinicola spp., Diplostomum spp., Tylodelphys spp., Apatemon spp. are observed in rainbow trout. Gyrodactylus salaris caused the mortality up to 95 % in salmon population in some rivers in Norvay. So, G. salaris is a disease between compulsory notifiable diseases in EU. However, such a pathogen monogenean enfestations have not been appeared in Turkey, First record of Crepidostomum farionis was carried out in rainbow trout in Elazığ from Turkey. The present work aim to the parasitic diseases of freshwater trout caused by phylum 50 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1226 Title A name given to the resource Parasitic Diseases And Their Controls In Sustainable Development Of Aquculture Of Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus Thynnus) Author Author Erol, Tokşen Abstract A summary of the resource. In the last decades Turkish and Mediterranean mariculture has focused its production mainly on two species, gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.).However, due to its high commercial value bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) has been considered as an alternative aquaculture target. The culture of bluefin tuna has started by private sector in 2001 in Turkey. The catched fishes are fed by frozen herring, sardina, mackerel between May and June and after fattened, they are sold. Total feeding time in Turkey 4 to 10 months like other countries which are culturing bluefin tuna. As an developing sector in Turkey and in the world, blue fin tuna farming require to further studies on larvae production, feed investigations and diseases occur on the fish. According to studies conducted to date, 28 species were found in Pylums Ciliphora, Myxozoa, Platyhelmintes, Aschelmintes and Arthropoda. The present work aim to reveal diseases of bluefish tuna caused by parasites, how they are transmitted, which effects they have on tuna fish, how they could be diagnosed, and how they could be controlled and treated. Keywords: Bluefin tuna, disease, parasite, diagnosis, treatment. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/faef0dea82b11e22b2fc9a153ecdc9ae.pdf 2a121ad6e1d277acfeed98d3c88b6304 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Santer R.M. & Greer-Walker M. (1980) Morphological studies on the ventricle of teleost and elasmobranch hearts. Journal of Zoology (London) 190, 259–272. Smith J.W. (1997) The blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae and Spirorchidae) of coldblooded vertebrates: Part 2. Helminthological Abstracts 66, 329–344. Watts, M. (1995) The development of a fluorescent antibody stain to identify a Uronenla sp. (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida) implicated in fatal encephalitis in farmed tuna (Thunnus maccoyii). Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Launceston. Williams E.H. & Bunkley-Williams L. (1996) Parasites of Offshore Big Game Fishes of Puerto Rico and the Western Atlantic. Puerto Rico Department of Natural Environmental Resources and the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez. Yoshinaga T, Nakazoe J (1993) Isolation and in vitro cultivation of an unidentified ciliate causing scuticociliosis in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Gyobyo Kenkyu 28:131-134. Parasitic Diseases of Trout and Their Controls in Sustainable Development of Aquculture: Platyhelminthes Erol Tokşen1, Erkin Koyuncu2 1Ege University, Fisheries Faculty, Department of Fish Diseases, Bornova 35100 İzmir, Turkey 2Mersin University, Fisheries Faculty, Department of Fish Diseases,Yenişehir 33169 Mersin, Turkey E-mails: erol.toksen@ege.edu.tr, ekoyuncu@mersin.edu.tr Abstract Aquaculture is an important food-producing sector. It provides much needed protein, employment, income and livelihoods support to many people in the world and this is especially true in most developing countries. A significant challenge to the expansion of aquaculture production is the outbreak of disease. Potential economic losses from disease outbreaks are significant, and can affect the survival of the industry. Fish diseases were caused by enfectious agents as parasite, bacteria, virus and fungus. Gyrodactylus spp., Tetraonchus spp., Discootyle spp., Cyathocephalsus spp., Proteocephalus spp., Eubothrium spp., Diphyllobothrium spp., Trianophorus spp., Crepidostomum spp., Phyllodistomum spp., Sanguinicola spp., Diplostomum spp., Tylodelphys spp., Apatemon spp. are observed in rainbow trout. Gyrodactylus salaris caused the mortality up to 95 % in salmon population in some rivers in Norvay. So, G. salaris is a disease between compulsory notifiable diseases in EU. However, such a pathogen monogenean enfestations have not been appeared in Turkey, First record of Crepidostomum farionis was carried out in rainbow trout in Elazığ from Turkey. The present work aim to the parasitic diseases of freshwater trout caused by phylum 50 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Plathyhelmintes, how they are transmitted, which effects they have on trouts, how they could be diagnosed, and how they could be controlled and treated. Keywords: Trout, disease, parasite, platyhelminthes, diagnosis, treatment 1.INTRODUCTION Turkey has rich inland water sources, about 200 natural lakes, about 750 artificial lakes or ponds, about 193 reservoirs, 33 rivers and streams of 177.714 km length and 8.333 km of coastal strips. Aquaculture sector in Turkey is new when compared with European countries. The first fish farm was established as a rainbow trout farm in 1970s. The following years, new fish farms have been established year by year. The main fish species cultured in Turkey are Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), Black sea turbot (Psetta maxima), Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Shrimp (Penaeidae spp). Aquaculture production of Turkey has grown steadily over the years from 5782 tonnes in 1990 to 63 000 tonnes in 1999 and to 152 186 tonnes in 2008. Recently, it is shown in Table.1 that trout pruducts have reached to 68,649 tons in Turkey (TUIK 2012). Type of fish 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Inland water Trout 56 026 58 433 65 928 75 657 78 165 Marine Trout 1 633 2 740 2 721 5 229 7 079 Total 57 659 61 173 68 649 80 886 85 244 Table.1. Aquaculture production of Turkey (Ton) (TUIK 2012) The intensification of aquaculture and globalization of the seafood trade have led to remarkable development in the aqauculture industry. The industry has been plagued with disease problems caused by viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic pathogens. In recent years, disease outbreaks are becoming more frequent in he aquaculture and associated morbidity and mortality have caused substantial economic losses. Health problems have two fiscal consequences on the industry: loss of productivity due to animal mortality and morbidity, and loss of trade due to food safety issues. Thus, disease is undoubtedly one of the major constraints to production, profitability and sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Parasites 51 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo in fish have become increasingly visible during the latest decades in connection with the development of aquacultural industries in the world. Thus, focus has been placed on parasitic infections in these enterprises and their economic and ecological impact. Diseases problem caused by parasitic organisms are the main threat to further increase of the industry. There are various parasites caused the diseases on the trout. This study consist of crustaceans parasites. This research presents the individual parasites types producing problems in sea bream and sea bass. Each section is presented with 1. aetiyology, the parasitic organism responsible for the disease, 2. epizootiology, the transmission of the diseases and life cycle of the parasite, 3. pathogenicity, how the parasite produces diseases in the fish, 4. symptoms, clinical signs of the diseases, 5. diagnose, how the infection can be identificated, 6. treatment, how the infection can be controlled. The Plathelminthes typically are slightly dorso-ventrally flatted, witth a few exceptions hermophroditic worms without an anus and some of them without a mouth and intestine. Their surface layer is a tegument which is made of a syncytium. This Phylum comprise monogeneans, digeneans and cestodes Monogeneans are flatworms with representatives in freshwater, brackish and marine habitatts. The most of species are ectoparasitic and they all have a direct life cycle. A few species have adopted an endoparasitic life. They have a characteristic posterior attachment organ called an opisthaptor. This organ is equipped with sclerotiinized structures as large hooks, clamps and marginal hooklets. Also the fore part of the parasite has adhesive pads. Using these adhesive structures he flatworm can move in a leech-like manner on the host. 2. Tetraonchosis: 2.1. Aetiology: Tetraonchus alaskensis, T. awakurai. T. oncorhynchi The lenght of the T. awakurai is 650-1080 µm and width is 250-415 µm (Ogawa and Egusa 1978). 2.2. Epizootiology: Tha adult parasite attaches to the gill epithelium with its two pairs of anchors and their associated marginal hooklets, then produce eggs. These are liberated to the aquatic enviroment where they develop and hatch. The ciliated larva called oncomiracidium seeks the its host, attaches, sheds the ciliated cells and moves to the gill filaments. Depending on the ambient temperature the post larva develops to the adult stage on the gills (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). Oncomiracidia hatch from embryonated eggs and transmission occurs when the temperature is above 10 °C (Ogawa and Egusa 1985). 2.3.Pathogenicity: Heavy infections mat elicit inflamatorry reactions in the gills, hyperplasia of epithelial and mucous cella and haemorrhages. 2.4. Symtomps: Parasite cause hyperventilation, lethargy and mortality. 2.5. Diagnosis: Detection of the parasite on the gills of the host. The parasite has four eye spots, four large hooks in the opisthahaptor. 2.6. Prophylaxis: Quarantine measures, mechanical filtration of fish tank water to remove oncomiracidia. 2.7. Treatment: Formalin, mebendazole and praziquantel may have effect (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 52 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. Gyrodactylosis: 3.1. Aetiology: Gyrodactylus salmonis, G. salaris, G. derjavini, G. truttae, G. colemanensis, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. cobitis. G. salmonis measures 0.5 mm in length and 0.15 mm in width. The hamuli are stout and 53-65 um long. 3.2. Epizotiyology: They are vivipourus hermophroditic parasites. The female parasite give birth to an almost fully developed daughter which already has a growing embryo in its uterus. The parasites attcches to thebody surface, fins, buccal cavity. At a farm nets and buckets are potential vehicles of transmission. Water-borne transmission occurs in spring when melting ice frequently causes flooding between holding units. Shipment of fish from other facilities are also potential sources of infeciton and so is the water supply of the farm. 3.3. Pathogenicity: Due to penetration of the epithelium by the marginal hooklets and the feeding activitiy the fish may suffer from osmoregulatory distress. Opportunistic infections may arise in the injured epidermis. 3.4. Symtomps: Heavily infected fish with parasite are cachexic, lethargic and overall dark in clour (Cone and Cusack 1988). 3.5. Diagnosis: Microscopic examination of slides with the parasite shows the approximately 0.5 mm platyhelminth without eyespot but with two large ventral hamuli, connected by a dorsal and ventral bar and 16 marginal hooklets. The shape and size of the hamuli and hooklets are species characteristic. 3.6. Prophylaxis: Quarantine measures. Strict prevention of the introduction of specific gyrodactylids may be necesssary in farms with susceptible fish species. 3.7. Treatment: 4.5-5 % solution of NaCl for 1.5 to 2.5 min and then transfer immediately to fresh runnig water. A second bath may be necessary after several days (Cone 1991). Triclabendazole and nitroscanate are effective at dosages 40 g/kg of feed for 10 d and 0.6 g/kg of feed for 1 d, respectively (Tojo and Santamarina 1988). Formalin, copper sulphate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium per carbonate, mebendazole, praziquantel may use. 4. Discocotylosis: 4.1. Aetiology: Discocotyle sagittata, D. ohridana. D. sagittata is up to 12 mm length, 3-4 mm width. The rectangular opisthaptor is equipped with four pairs of clamps for attachment to gill. 4.2. Epizotiyology: Sanguinivorous polyopisthocotylean monogenean occur on the gills of freshwater salmonid fishes, with an extensive geographical distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. It occurs at low intensities in the wild (Valtonen et al. 1990). Eggs are produced by the harmaphroditic worm. The egg embryonate and hatch. The larva seek the host and develops into the adult stage. 4.3. Pathogenicity: The parasite feed on host blood and may cause anameia. Inflammatory reactions may impair respiration. Heavy infection by D. sagittata can result in deleterious effects on the host, especially in the context of fish farms. Rainbow trout reared in the Isle of Man have been shown to harbourhigh parasite burdens (˃1000/fish) and exibit high mortality rates due toparasite-induced anaemia (Gannicott 1997). 4.4. Symtomps: Anameia, morbiditiy, hyperventilation. 53 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.5. Diagnosis: Detection of the up to 12 mm long worm on the gills of the host. They are charecterized by the clamps on the opisthaptor. 4.6. Prophylaxis: Quarantine measures should be applicated. 4.7. Treatment: Praziquantel (Rubio-Godoy and Tinsley 2004) Digeneans are heteroxenous and their adult stages are parasitic in vertebrates. They need more than one host in their life cycles. Molluscs serve as first intermediate host. Bivalves are also the fisrt intermediate host of Fellodistomatidae, Gorgoderidae (Phyllodistomum) and Allocreadiidae (Crepidostomum). Adult digeneans usually have a dorsoventrally flattened oval body with a smooth, spiny or corrugated surface, a sucker around the anteroventral mouth and an additional ventral sucker, or acetabulum. Both suckers are used for attachment and locomotion (Paperna 2006). 5. Crepidostomosis: 5.1. Aetiology: Crepidistomum farionis, C. metoecus 5.2. Epizotiyology: The first intermediate hosts in the life history of this trematode are Pisidium amnicum and Sphaerium corneum. Although the latter is unusual, the second intermediate host is the larva of the mayfly, Ephemera danica. There are two generations of rediae, the first gives rise to daughter rediae, which in turn produce cercariae. Final host is trout (Brown, 2009). 5.3. Pathogenicity. The parasites cause swelling of the intestine. Inflammation of the intestinal wall may cause malabsorption. Parasite reduce the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the fish (Klein et al. 1969). 5.4. Symtomps: Inflammatory state of intestinal wall, haemorrhages. 5.5. Diagnosis: Detection of parasite in the intestine. The charecteristic cephalic lobes and the two suckers are found in both species. 5.6. Prophylaxis: Removal of intermediate host. 5.7. Treatment: Praziquantel is liable to have effect when used in feed oral treatmenta. Articles 6. Phyllodistomosis: 6.1. Aetiology: Phyllodistomum simile 6.2. Epizotiyology: Brown trout, salmon parr. Large numbers of Phyllodistomum simile were found in the urinary bladder of the trout from the River Teify. There was no evidence of a seasonal variation in the occurrence of P. simile in trout aged two years or more.Trout aged four or more years were more heavily infested than young trout and there was no indication of the development of a total immunity with increase in the age of fishes. The life history of P. simile was elucidated under experimental conditions by feeding the trout precocious metacercariae present in daughter sporocysts obtained from the gill lamellae and epibranchial cavity of the freshwater bi-valve, Sphaerium corneum (Thomas 1958). 6.3. Pathogenicity: Extension of urethrae. 54 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6.4. Symtomps: Not clear. 6.5. Diagnosis: Detection of the parasites in the urethrae or bladder. 6.6. Prophylaxis: Removal intermediate hosts. 6.7. Treatment: Praziquantel may have effect (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 7. Nanophyetosis: 7.1. Aetiology: Nanophyetus salmincola is a digenic trematode, which means that it is an unsegmented worm that is flattened dorsoventrally. Adult worms alternate shape from “a sphere to a long blunt rod. The worms are 0.8 to 1.1mm long and 0.3 to 0.5 mm wide and are hermaphroditic, having both male and female reproductive organs in the same organism. (Bennington and Pratt 1960). 7.2. Epizzotiyology: The life cycle of the N. salmincola requires three hosts. The first intermediate host is an Oxytrema silicula stream snail. The second intermediate host is a salmonid fish, though some non-salmonid fishes also play a role. Lastly, the definitive host is most commonly a canid, though many other mammals are also definitive hosts, including humans. Transmission of N. salmincola to the definitive host occurs upon ingestion of parasite-infected fish (Bennington and Pratt 1960). 7.3.Pathogenicity: Cercariae invading fish fry may kill the fish probably due toimpairment of the osmoregulatory system. The parasite can transmit bacterial infection (Neorickettsia helminthoeca) to the dog. 7.4. Symtomps: Lethargy, morbidity, mortality of fish. 7.5. Diagnosis: Detection of metaacercariae in fish tissue. These are pyriform, unspined, large oral sucker of same size as ventral sucker, short oesaphagus. 7.6. Prophylaxis: Removal of intermediate snail hosts. 7.7. Treatment: Praziquantel may have effect in the early stage of infection but this has not been documented (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 8. Sanguinicolosis: 8.1. Aetiology: Sanguinicola alsea, S. davisi, S. fontinalis, S. idahoensis, S. klamathensis. Sanguinicola fontinalis body very flat, elongate when fixed relaxed, colourless, translucent, 0.90 mm long, 0.21 mm wide after hot fixation, staining and mounting (Hoffman et al. 1985). 8.2. Epizotiyology: The adult parasite lives blood vessels of the fish. Eggs are produced wich hatch to release the first larval stage called the miracidum.. These larvae from the eggs pass out of the gills into the pond water. In the pond miracidia infect the intermediate host as snails of the genus Oxytrema or Fluminicola. In the intermediate host sporocysts are developed and release cercariae which are infective for the fish. Then parasite penetrate into the blood vessel and develop there. 8.3. Pathogenicity: The release of eggs and penetrating miracidia mat elicit pathological reactions in the gill and blood vessels. 8.4. Symtomps: Branchitis (diseased gill), swollaen kidney, mortality, morbidity, lowered haematocrit. 55 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 8.5. Diagnosis: Detection of parasite (length 0.5-0.9 mm) in the blood vessels (branchial, renal, cardiac vessels). The adultfluke is lanceolate withour suckers and a narrow oesophaagus. Eggs are thin-shelled. 8.6. Prophylaxis: Removal of snails from ponds and the environment. Filtration of pond water to clear infective cercariae. 8.7. Treatment: Praziquantel may have a effect but this has not been documented (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 9. Diplostomosis: 9.1. Aetiology: Larvae (metacercariae) of Diplostomum spathaceum (Diplostomatidae, Digenea). Body length of cercariae is 160-260 µm and the bifurcated tail stem is as long as the body. The established metacercariae are flattened, about 400 µm in length, and possess two suckers and an attachment organ (Hoglund 1999). 9.2. Epizotiyology: The life cycle involves pulmonate snails as first intermediate hosts, fish as second intermediate hosts, and piscivorous birds as final hosts harbouring the adult worms. Fish are infected with cercariae. The adult parasite in the small intestine of a fish eating bird releases eggs. These pass with the host faeces to the aquatic environment where they hatch and release free swimming miracidia. These infect the first intermediate host, a pulmonate snail, Lymnaea pereger or L. stagnalis. In the snails a new larval stage, the sporocyst, develops. Tail bearing larvae, cercariae, in turn appear in the sporocysts and are liberated to the water where tthey seek a fish host. When attached to the skin the tail is lost and the invasion process is initiated. Following penetration of the fish skin, the larva migrates through the lymphatic ducts to the final locality (the eye) in the fish. In the eye the larva develops into the metacercarial stage (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 9.3. Pathogenicity: The free-living feeding metacercariae lie in the cortex of the lens. Rupture of the lens and proliferating lens epithelium are sometimes observed at the site of parasite entry (Hoglund 1999). Cercarial penetration of skin may compromise osmoregulation (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 9.4. Symtomps: Infection may result in cataract formation within the lens, leading to partial or total blindness. Starvation may cause a significant reduction in condition, or even death. After penetration of the cercariae, lesions may form on the gills, body surface, and fins, which can cause death, especially in young fish, at high infection rates (Hoglund, 1999). 9.5. Diagnosis: Detection of the metacercaria in the lens of the fish. 9.6. Prophylaxis: Removal of intermediate snail hosts. Preventing access of final host (fish eating birds) because they release parasite eggs. Mechanical filtration of pond water may reduce density of cercariae. Increrase of water flow in ponds may flush away the positevely phototactic cercariae. 9.7. Treatment: Praziquantel (330 mg/kg) has been used orally in feed (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 56 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 10. Apatemonosis: 10.1. Aetiology: Apatemon gracilis 10.2. Epizotiyology: Adult trematodes live in birds. First intermediate host is a freswater snail, the trout is the second intermediate with infective metracercariae. When the fish-eating birds eats the fish it will result in maturation of tehe metacercaria into the adult stage in the intestine of the bird. 10.3.Pathogenicity: The presence of metaccercariae in host tissue produce inflammatory reactions which may affect physiological function of the organ. Trout infection with Apatemon gracilis resulted in fibrogranulomatosis of the epicardium and failure in in-vitro pumping performance (Tort et al. 1987, Watson et al. 1992). 10.4. Symtomps: Heavy infections associated witth lethargic fish. Heart function may decrease. 10.5. Diagnosis: Detection of metacercaria in the fish tissue. 10.6. Prophylaxis: Eradication of intermediate host snails in the culture system and surroundeings. Prevention of bird entry. 10.7. Treatment: Anthelmintic such as praziquantel may have effect (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 11. Tylodelphysosis: 11.1. Aetiology: Tylodelphys clavata, metacercariae; body lenght is 0.28-0.69 mm, width is 0.8-0.21 mm. Diameter of oral sucker is 0.025–0.047 x 0.021–0.039 mm, ventral sucker is 0.016–0.029 x 0.020-0.029 mm. Brandes's organ 0.048-0.079 x 0.021–0.045 mm (Karatoy and Soylu 2006). 11.2. Epizotiyology: The adult parasite in the small intestine of a fish-eating bird sheds parasite eggs. these are delivered with the host faeces to the aquatic environment where they hatch and release free awimminng miracida. The first intermediate host, a pulmonate snail,become infected by penetration. In the snails a new larval stage, the sporocyst, develops. Tail-bearing larvae, cercariae, in turn appear in the sporocyst and are liberated to the water where they seek a fish host. When attached to the skinthe tail is lost and the invading process is initiated. Following penetration of the fish skin, the larva migrates in the lymphatic ducts to the final locality (the eye) in the fish. In the eye the larva develops into the metacercarial stage. 11.3. Pathogenicity: The movements and excretion from the metracercaria may cause disturbances of the eye function. 11.4. Symtomps: Normally metacercariae do not cause serious disease. However, penetration of cercaria into small fish ma elicit mortality. 11.5. Diagnosis: Detection of metacercaria in the vitreous humour of the fish. 11.6. Prophylaxis: Removal of intermaediaate snail hosts. Preventing access of final fisheating hosts releasing parasite eggs. Mechanical filtration of pond water may reduce density of cercariae. Increase of water flow in ponds may flush away the positively phototactic cercariae. 11.7. Treatment: Praziquantel (330 mg/kg) may be used orally in feed (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 57 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The cestoda or tapeworms are exclusively endoparasitc and hermoaphroditic with no asexual propagation in the intermediate host. Cestodes are oviparaous and have complicated life cycles which in many cases include free-swimming ciliated larvae called coracidia. Other cestode eggs infectt the host by hatching after ingestion. They have no mouth nor intestine. They feed by absorbing of substances through their tegument. 12. Cyathocephalosis 12.1. Aetiology: Cyathocephalus truncatus 12.2. Epizootiyology: Hexacanth embryos of C. truncatus were found to develop optimally in eggs cultured at between 15 °C and 20 °C for about 25 days. Gammarus pulex became infected only by swallowing egg capsules a containing hexacanth embryos fed to them. The young developing embryo grows over a period of about 10 weeks to the infective procercoid stage in the body cavity of the amphipod. In fish, the tapeworm forms an attachment in the distal end of a pyloric caecum 3 days after infection and matures in 8-10 days with production of eggs. By the 15th day the attachment to host tissue has become so firm that it is impossible to separate the worm from it. The tapeworm's hold on the caecal wall is probably achieved by the sucking effect of the funnel-shaped scolex supplemented by the spike-like microtriches of the inner scolex surface (Okaka 1984). 12.3. Pathogenicity: In heavily infected fish, the entire region of the pyloric caeca becomes fused into a single mass which may additionally fuse with the abdominal body wall immediately adjacent to it. In some cases, tapeworms were seen to have penetrated through the caecal wall and were attached directly to the muscles of the abdominal wall with the strobila still within the caecum. In other cases the whole tapeworm had moved through the perforated distal tip of the caecum and was found free in the body cavity. Worms could also be discharged into the intestinal tract with the detached distal, end of the caecum still held in the soolex as described previously. Caeca with perforated tips are common in heavily infected fish. 12.4. Symtomps: Heavily infected fish are often pale in colour, appearing very anaemic and showed blister-like pustules on the skin of the abdomen. Light infections do not elicit symptoms but mass mortalities in association with heavy infections have beeen described (Okaka 1984). 12.5.Diagnosis: Unsegmented cestode with a maximum length of 5 cm. The scolex is cupshaped. 12.6. Prophylaxis: Removal of intermaediate snail hosts. 12.7. Treatment: Praziquantel, mebendazole or albendazole may have effect due to their anticestodal activity (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 13. Proteocephalosis 13.1. Aetiology: Procephalus longicollis 13.2. Epizootiyology: The adult hermaphroditic cestode produce eggs which are liberated to the water. Following hatching the larava (coracidium) will be ingested by a copepode which in turn becomes infected with the procercoid stage. When the fish eats the copepod this 58 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo crustacean will get deigested whereas the cestode larva develops into the adult stage in the fish intestine. Adult cestodes are usually located in the anterior part of the intestine or caeca, while juveniles may be found throughout the intestine (Scholz 1999). Parasite abundance is highest in the period mid June - mid July 13.3. Pathogenicity: Mainly due to absorption of nutritive substances in the host intestine. Inflammation of intestinalepitthelium due to cestode attachment. 13.4. Symtomps: It has been suggested that infections with P. longicollis reduce the growth of rainbow trout (Priemer and Goltz 1986, Engelhardt et al. 1988). 13.5. Diagnosis: Detection in intestine of cestodes with four suckers. 13.6. Prophylaxis: Removal of intermaediate copepod hosts. 13.7. Treatment: Praziquantel (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 14. Eubothriosis 14.1. Aetiology: Eubothrium crassum E. salvelini 14.2. Epizootiyology: Transmission of E. crassum occurs when fish ingest infected copepods, and the first site of E. crassum is either the stomach or intestine, where digestion of the copepod happens. Growth only commences when a plerocerciform worm moves into a caecum, and larger worms are more likely to be found in anterior caeca, the preferred site of E. crassum (Kennedy 1996). The increase in prevalence and abundance of E. crassum occur from late March to mid May. 14.3. Pathogenicity: The presence of the cup-shaped scolex in the tip of the pyloric caecum induces an extensive ball-shaped tissue reaction. 14.4. Symtomps: infection by E. crassum may have a negative effect on host condition factor.. Parasite cause direct mortalities among the heavily infected fish, and indirect mortalities by predation from reduced growth, poor swimming performance and aberrant behaviour. The negative growth effects highlighted are considered caused either by poor host nutrition due to demands of the parasite or from reduced food gathering capabilities (Smith 1973). 14.5. Diagnosis: Detection of cestodes in the pyloric caeca and intestine. 14.6. Prophylaxis: Removal of intermaediate copepos hosts. Filtration of water. 14.7. Treatment: Di-n-butyl tin oxide 80-160 mg/kg three days (Mitchell 1993) 15. Diphyllobothriosis 15.1. Aetiology: Diphyllobothrium is a genus of tapeworm which can cause Diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriosis is Diphyllobothrium latum, known as the broad or fish tapeworm, or broad fish tapeworm. D. latum is a pseudophyllid cestode that infects fish and mammals. D. latum is native to Scandinavia, western Russia, and the Baltics, though it is now also present in North America, especially the Pacific Northwest. In Far East Russia, D. klebanovskii, having Pacific salmon as its second intermediate host, was identified (Muratov and Posokhov 1988). 59 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 15.2. Epizootiyology: Adult tapeworms may infect humans, canids, felines, bears, pinnipeds, and mustelids. Immature eggs are passed in feaces of the mammal host. After ingestion by a suitable freshwater crustacean such as a copepod (the first intermediate host), the coracidia develop into procercoid larvae. Following ingestion of the copepod by a suitable second intermediate host, typically a minnow or other small freshwater fish, the procercoid larvae are released from the crustacean and migrate into the fish's flesh where they develop into a plerocercoid larvae. The plerocercoid larvae are the infective stage for the definitive host. 15.3. Pathogenicity: Inflammatory reactions in the affected tissue. 15.4. Symtomps: Clinical signs of diphyllobothriasis are generally mild, and can include diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, constipation and discomfort in human. Approximately four out of five cases are asymptomatic and may go many years without being detected (Scholz et al. 2009). In a small number of cases, this leads to severe vitamin B12 deficiency due to the parasite absorbing 80% or more of the host’s B12 intake, and a megaloblastic anemia indistinguishable from pernicious anemia (David and William 2006). 15.5. Diagnosis: Detection of pleurocercoids in the fish viscera of flesh. 15.6. Prophylaxis: Contamination of the environment with worm eggs should be prevented. 15.7. Treatment: Praziquantel may have effect (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001) 16. Triaenophorosis 16.1. Aetiology: Triaenophorus crassus, T. nodulosus 16.2. Epizootiyology: Adults of T. crassus and T. nodulosus occur in the intestine of the pike, Esox lucius L. The first intermediate hosts of Triaenophorus spp. are cyclopoid copepods and in European waters Cyclops vicinus and C. strenuus are the most important first hosts of T. crassus (Kuperman 1973). Plerocercoids of T. crassus occur in the musculature of the fish host, and in wild populations of salmonids and coregonids may cause loss of quality in fish products. Infection first occurs in early June when the trout fry have been moved into the cages (Bauer and Solomatova 1984). 16.3. Pathogenicity: Severe inflamatory reactions in muscles due to infectins with T. crassus. The plerocercoids may exert pressure on organs and thereby disturb normal physiological function. 16.4. Symtomps: Parasite cause letthargy and mortality of fingerlings. 16.5. Diagnosis: Detection of plerocercoids in the organs or muscles of the intermaediate host. The worms have four characteristic hooks shaped as three-toothed combs in the scolex. 16.6. Prophylaxis: Removal of intermaediate copepod hosts. Any pike in the surrondings should be removed. Water filtration prevent to contaminate of copepods. 16.7. Treatment: Anticestodal drugs such as praziquantel mat have effect (Buchmann and Bresciani 2001). 60 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES: Bauer, O.N. and Solomatova, V.P. (1984) The cestode Triaenophorus crassus (Pallas) (Pseudophyllidea: Triaenophoridae) as a pathogen of cage-reared salmonids, Journal of Fish Diseases, 7, 501-504. Bennington, E. and Pratt, I. (1960) The Life History of the Salmon-Poisoning Fluke, Nanophyetus salmincola (Chapin). Journal of Parasitology, 46, 91-100. Brown, F.J. (2009) On Crepidostomum farionis O. F. Müll. (Stephanophiala laureata Zeder), a Distome Parasite of the Trout and Grayling. I. The Life History, Parasitology, 19, 86-99. Buchmann, K. and Bresciani, J. (2001) An Introduction to Parasitic Diseases of Freshwater Trout. DSR Publishers, 76 p. Cone, D.K. (1991) "Monogenea (Phylum Platyhelminthes)" in: P.T.K. 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(1997) The biology of Discocotyle sagittata (Monogenea) infecting trout, University of Bristol, Bristol. Hoglund, J. (1999) Proceedings of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. ICES Identificaiton Leaflets for Diseases and Parasites of Fish and Shellfish. 61 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Hoffman, G. L., Fried, B. and Harvey J. E. (1985) Sanguiiucola fonthialis sp. nov. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae): a blood parasite of brook trout, Salveliniis fontinalis (Mitchill), and longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes), Journal of Fish Diseases, 8, 529-538. Karatoy, E. and Soylu, E. (2006) Durusu (Terkos) Gölü Çapak Balıkları (Abramis brama Linnaeus, 1758)’nın Metazoan Parazitleri, Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 30 (3): 233-238. Kennedy CR (1996) Establishment, survival and site selection of the cestode Eubothrium crassum in brown trout, Salmo trutta. Parasitology, 112, 347-355. Klein, W.D., Olsen, O.W. and Bowden, D.C. (1969) Effects of Intestinal Fluke, Crepidostomum farionis, on Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdnerii, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society; 98, 1-6. Kuperman B.I. (1973) Tapeworms of the Genus Triaenophorus, Parasites of Fish. Experimental Systematics, Ecology. Nauka, Leningrad, 208 pp. Mitchell, C.G. (1993) Eubothrium, The Scottish Office Agriculture and Fisheries Department, Aquaculture Information Series, No:14. Muratov, I.V. and Posokhov, P.S. (1988). Causative agent of human DiphyllobothriasisDiphyllobothrium klebanovskii sp. n.. Parazitologiia, 22, 165–70. Ogawa, K. and Egusa, S. (1978) Two new species of the Genus Tetraonchus (Monogenea: Tetraonchidae) from cultured Onchorhynchus masou, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 44, 305-312. Ogawa, K. and Egusa, S. (1985) Tetraonchus infections of mosou salmon, Oncorhynchus masou. Fish Pathology, 19, 215-223. Okaka, C.E. (1984) Studies on the biology of Cyathocephalus truncatus (Pallas, 1781) (Cestoda: Spathebothridea) in its fish and crustacean hosts. Thesis of doctorate, Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, University of Leeds. Paperna, I. and Dzikowski, R. (2006) "Digenea (Phylum Platyhelminthes)" in: P.T.K. Woo (ed) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Volume 1: Protozoan and Metazoan Infections. Second Edition, CAB International, Wallingford, U.K., 345-390. Priemer, J. and Goltz, A. (1986) Proteocephalus exiguus (Cestoda) als parasit von Salmo gairdneri (Pisces), Angewandte Parasitologie, 27, 157-168. 62 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Rubio-Godoy, M. and Tinsley, R.C. (2004) Immunity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, against the monogenean Discocotyle sagittata following primary infection, Parasitology Research, 92, 367–374. Rubio-Godoy, M. and Tinsley, R.C. (2008) Recruitment and effects of Discocotyle sagittata (Monogenea) infection on farmed trout, Aquaculture, 274, 15–23. Scholz, T. (1999) Life cycles of species of Proteocephalus, parasites of fishes in the Palearctic Region: a review, Journal of Helminthology, 73, 1-19. Scholz, T., Garcia, H.H., Kucha, R. and Wicht, B. (2009) Update on the Human Broad Tapeworm (Genus Diphyllobothrium), Including Clinical Relevance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22, 146–160. Smith, H.D. (1973) Observations on the cestode Eubothrium salvelini in juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) at Babine Lake, British Columbia, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30, 947-964. Tojo, J.L. and Santamarina, M.T. (1988) Oral pharmacological treatments for parasitic diseases of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. II: Gyrodactylus sp., Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 33, 187-193. Thomas, J.D. (1958) Studies On The Structure, Life History And Ecology Of The Trematode Phyllodistomum Simile Nybelin, 1926 (Gorgoderidae: Gorgoderinae) From The Urinary Bladder Of Brown Trout, Salmo Trutta L. Journal of Zoology, 130, 397–435. Tort, L., Watson, J.J. and Priede, I.G. (1987) Changes in-vitro heart performance in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson, infected with Aphatemon gracilis (Digenea), Journal of Fish Biology, 30, 341–347. TUIK (2012) Fisheries Statistics, Ankara, Turkey. Valtonen, E., Prost, M. and Rahkonen, R. (1990) Seasonality of two gill monogeneans from two freshwater fish from an oligotrophic lake in Northeast Finland, International Journal for Parasitology, 20, 101–107. Watson, J.J., Pike, A.W. and Priede, I.G. (1992) Cardiac pathology associated with the infection of Onchorhynchus mykiss Walbaum with Aphatemon gracilis Rud, Journal of Fish Biology, 41: 163–167. 63 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1227 Title A name given to the resource Parasitic Diseases of Trout and Their Controls in Sustainable Development of Aquculture: Platyhelminthes Author Author Erol, Tokşen Abstract A summary of the resource. Aquaculture is an important food-producing sector. It provides much needed protein, employment, income and livelihoods support to many people in the world and this is especially true in most developing countries. A significant challenge to the expansion of aquaculture production is the outbreak of disease. Potential economic losses from disease outbreaks are significant, and can affect the survival of the industry. Fish diseases were caused by enfectious agents as parasite, bacteria, virus and fungus. Gyrodactylus spp., Tetraonchus spp., Discootyle spp., Cyathocephalsus spp., Proteocephalus spp., Eubothrium spp., Diphyllobothrium spp., Trianophorus spp., Crepidostomum spp., Phyllodistomum spp., Sanguinicola spp., Diplostomum spp., Tylodelphys spp., Apatemon spp. are observed in rainbow trout. Gyrodactylus salaris caused the mortality up to 95 % in salmon population in some rivers in Norvay. So, G. salaris is a disease between compulsory notifiable diseases in EU. However, such a pathogen monogenean enfestations have not been appeared in Turkey, First record of Crepidostomum farionis was carried out in rainbow trout in Elazığ from Turkey. The present work aim to the parasitic diseases of freshwater trout caused by phylum Plathyhelmintes, how they are transmitted, which effects they have on trouts, how they could be diagnosed, and how they could be controlled and treated. Keywords: Trout, disease, parasite, platyhelminthes, diagnosis, treatment Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/063adf16628a3d3dfa71fa6b19eb336e.pdf b458208b3a9a65014dc478b953c18749 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  dRR 1  R  f  1 r  GR s  f  h  k 0  k    f  h   1 d 1  R  f   GR     f h r  GR    1    s 1 and d   rp GR  f  h  1 1  R  GR f   f  h  s 1  1 The effects of work motivation in quality of work life and A study on banking sector Esra Zeynel Süleyman Demirel University, Social Science Institution, Business Administration Doctoral Programme, Isparta Abstract In terms of Suistainable development, in countries, the success and effectiveness of instuitaions is quite important. One of the most important elements of providing success and effectiveness of institutions that have the human resources is working effectively and efficiently. In this respect, “motivation” is one of the most important factors in raising the quality of work life in the institutions, employee productivity, the contribution of the institution, and the sense of belonging in the institution. Motivation plays an important role in business life. Motivation by definition means that the individual actuating motive. In the business life, motivation, increase the concern of the employee's job, and as a result of raising the quality of work life is an important factor that increase business efficiency. The higher motivation increases the contribution of the institution by raising the productivity of the employee. High rate of success of the organization by increasing employee motivation provided by the institution will contribute to the country's economy. This aspects, in order to take advantage of the present institutions active human sources,making efforts to enhance the motivation of employees in achieving organizational effectiveness and efficiency and provide the employees' job satisfaction. Happy and productive working lifes of employees in having a sense of belonging in the institution can be used effectively in improving the motivation factor is the result.This study measured the effect of bank employees, the care component of motivation in raising the quality of work life survey was applied on the bank employees. In this study, a survey was applied on bank employee in terms of assessment of the effect of motivation in the raising the quality of work life of bank employee. Importance of motivation arises in this sector. The higher motivation increases the productivity of employee, 278 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo institutional effectiveness and quality of working life. Motivating factors should be applied by institutions. 1.INTRODUCTION Motivation is a motive that the people to take to move.Motivationword for Englishthat means of move was derived from the root of “mot” in Latin. In the pscyhology motivation is used for as purposeful behaviors that direct towards a specific goal with innate driving forces.( Keser, 2009; 88). Work motivation is a motive that is a person who works in an organization directed to do his/ her job. The occurance this motive is due to some factors. This factors are researched in the studies regarding with psychology in literatür. In The results of researches, significant results regarding with motivational means are observed. Herzberg said that, in his studies in 1959 and 1966, the intrinsic factors that the employee motive to work and hygine or external factors that led to de-motivation and dissatisfaction in the absence of them.According to theory, intrinsic factors are related to the nature of the work itself, achievement, recognition, responsibility and advancement. The dissatisfaction factors are associated with the individiual’ş relationship to the environment in which he/she does his/her work. The most important of these is company policy and administration that promotes ineffectiveness within the organization. The other factors are supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relationship, salary.(Eren , 2010: 511-512, Landy and Conte, 2010: 370-371). The work motivation is the important concept in the Industrial or organizational psychology. For organizations to succeed, increasing the productivity of employees is very important. Increasing the productivity of employees relates to employess’ quality of work life and employees’ happiness in the workplace. Quality of work life, to provide the bestworking conditionsfor employeesin a workplace. Moreexpressly, all factors related to the workplace fromthe physicalcharacteristics ofthe workplace to the politics ofthe organization'smanagement and all factorsrelated to the workplaceand employeesto allow forloving his/her job, the jobcharacteristics andintrinsicfactorsrelated to theprovision ofbusiness-compliance refers tothe individual.(Barutçugil, 2004; 394, 395,396). As shown inthis conceptualexplanations, the employee's job motivationfactors that, in fact, elementsthat make upthe quality ofwork life. Therefore,with therise ofthe working individual’sworkmotivation, positive impact onquality of work lifewillincrease. Intrinsicmotivationfactors inimproving thequality ofwork life,organizationalpoliciesto increase theindividual'smotivation toworkby raisingthe quality of life, increasebusiness efficiency, increase theperformance. As a result ofall these positivedevelopments,the organizationwill showa good performanceas soon as possible and it will succeed.The presence ofsuccessfulorganizationsin a countryand its economya positive impact onthe welfare ofthe countrywill betaken on important roles. 279 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Motivationconcerns the conditions responsible for variations in intensity, persistence, quality, and direction of ongoing behavior (Vinacke, 1962). The term “instinct” was gradually replaced with terms such as “need”, “motive”, and “drive” (Viteless, 1953). Latham and his colleagues (Latham& Budworth, 2007; Latham&Pinder, 2005) have reviewed the 100 year history of motivation research in I-O psychology.Vroom (1964), proposed that VIE theory. VIE consist of valence, instrumentality, expectancy. Vroom reasoned that psychological objects in an environment also have attracting forces. Between 1940 and 1960, the struggle for preeminence in motivation theory was between the behaviorists and the need theorists. By 1960, the emergence of cognitive psychology resulted in a radical shift in the battle for “motivational superiority”. New motivational theories emerged that emphasized the thought and decision processes of the individual. Today’ş theories of motivation are largely cognitive and emotional at their foundation. The differences among them are more a matter of what people think about and how they think about choosing courses of action, rather than any dispute regarding whether thought enters into motivation. (Landy and Conte, 2010: 362). Weiner (1991,1992) suggested that the best way to gain an understanding of the wide variation in motivational theories, as well as of the evolution of motivational thinking, is through the use of metaphors. A metaphor is intended to illuminate an obscure or difficult concept by example. Weiner suggests that all motivational theories can be described by one of two metaphors: the person as a machine, and the person as scientist. Person as machine: Automatic response by individual, Responds to needs and drives, Responds to external stimuli and reinforcement. Person as scientist: Voluntary response by individual: analyzes internal and external information. Hypothesizes about the foundation for events and actions of others. Develops goal and action plans. Abraham Maslow (1943), suggested that the hierarchy of needs theory. Herzberg (1966), revealed that two-factor theory. Locke (1980), motivation theory, behaviorism has addressed a critical look at the strengths and shortcomings. Georgopoulos, Mahoney and Jones (1957), have proposed the path-goal theory. Adams (1965), proposed the ctheory of popular scientist. Festinger (1957), proposed the theory of dissonance. Adams (1965), proposed by Festinger's ideas and improving the wellknown theory of "equality" has become a theory. Latham and Pinder (2005), examined, and had proposed the theory of equality. Conner (2003), Bolino and Turnley (2008), studied the theory of equality. Locke and Lactham (2002), researched goal-setting theory. Baldamu (1951), Locke, Shaw, Saari, and Latham (1981), Ryan, (1970), goal-setting theory, Austin and Vancouver (1996), goal-setting theory, Locke (1968), goal-setting theory, Locke and Latham (1990), goal-setting theory, Locke and Latham (1996), goal-setting theory, Wiese and Freund (2005), said that goal difficulty is a critical ingredient to both performance and satisfaction. Mitchell, Thompson, George, Falvy, (2000), goal-setting theory, concept of commitment. Locke and colleagues (1981), proposed that goal-setting theory, direction, effort, persistence, strategy, feedback loop. Atkins, Wood, Rutgres, (2002), goal-setting theory, cognitive tasks., Youngcourt, Beaubien (2007) proposed that goal orientation prediction person’s achieve 280 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo work. Porath and Bateman (2006) proposed that specific self-regulatory tactics. Gollwitzer (1990) supposed that focus on internal or external cues. Kuhl (1992) supposed that focus on internal or external signs. Austin and Klein (1996) proposed that cognitive abilities roles. Kanfer (1992) supposed that indivuduals need to depend on cognitive abilities (memory, reasoning, comprehension). 2.METHOD Questionnaire was administered to employees of the Bank. Data were analyzed using SPSS 11 statistical package. Questionnaires were adapted by inspired from Erol Eren’s motivational tools to encourage the scale of the survey, job satisfaction, job involvement and an Minnesota job satisfaction Questionnaire. All bank employees contained in Isparta city asked to be reached in the analysis, reached 140 people. 120 people were taken back. 102 form of these forms in the questionnaire that is appropriate for analysis have been analyzed. Surveys have been done of face to face method by the forms giving people exactly. Analyses of demographic characteristics, frequency and percentage were analyzed. The factor analysis has done for questions that measure work motivation and the quality . Questions are grouped under four factors by factor analysis. By regression analysis Factor groups between satisfaction with the quality of work life, the effects of these factors on satisfaction with the quality of work life were measured. Difference tests were conducted for all demographic characteristics to measure whether differences exist in terms of the quality of work life satisfaction according to demographic characteristics And the results are described. 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis were researched as shown below. Fistly, frequencies tables are observed. The statistical analysis sources are used in the analyses. (Sipahi e.a., 2006, Albayrak, 2006). 3.1.Frequencies Tables According the statement of gender, freguency column, 50 people of respondents are male, and 52 people are female and to the percent column, 49 percent of respondents is male and 51 percent is female. Male/Female Valid 281 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Male 50 49,0 49,0 49,0 Female 52 51,0 51,0 100,0 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Total 102 100,0 100,0 Likewise, according the statement of age, frequency and percent are observed. Age Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 20-25 age 18 17,6 17,6 17,6 2,00 40 39,2 39,2 56,9 3,00 28 27,5 27,5 84,3 4,00 10 9,8 9,8 94,1 5,00 6 5,9 5,9 100,0 Total 102 100,0 100,0 And the frequency and percent results are observed in the following frequency tables such as Level Of Education, Job Title, Marital Statu, Salary, Working Time At The Bank, Sectoral Working Time and Bank Status. Level Of Education Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent 11 10,8 10,8 10,8 7 6,9 6,9 17,6 University (BA) 72 70,6 70,6 88,2 Master of Science 11 10,8 10,8 99,0 Doctorate 1 1,0 1,0 100,0 Total 102 100,0 100,0 High School College degree) 282 (associate Cumulative Percent �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Job Tıtle Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Booth Personnal 55 53,9 53,9 53,9 Assistant Director 17 16,7 16,7 70,6 Director 12 11,8 11,8 82,4 Chief 13 12,7 12,7 95,1 Deputy Director 3 2,9 2,9 98,0 Manager 2 2,0 2,0 100,0 Total 102 100,0 100,0 Marital Statu Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Married 62 60,8 60,8 60,8 Single 40 39,2 39,2 100,0 Total 102 100,0 100,0 Salary Valid 283 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 750-1000 TL 20 19,6 19,6 19,6 1001-1250 TL 21 20,6 20,6 40,2 1251-1500 TL 16 15,7 15,7 55,9 1501-1750 TL 15 14,7 14,7 70,6 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1751-2000 TL 11 10,8 10,8 81,4 2001 TL and up 19 18,6 18,6 100,0 Total 100,0 100,0 102 Working Time At The Bank Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 0-1 13 12,7 12,7 12,7 1-5 39 38,2 38,2 51,0 5-10 26 25,5 25,5 76,5 10-15 14 13,7 13,7 90,2 15-20 3 2,9 2,9 93,1 20 and up 7 6,9 6,9 100,0 Total 102 100,0 100,0 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 0-1 10 9,8 9,8 9,8 1-5 42 41,2 41,2 51,0 5-10 23 22,5 22,5 73,5 10-15 16 15,7 15,7 89,2 15-20 4 3,9 3,9 93,1 20 and up 7 6,9 6,9 100,0 Total 102 100,0 100,0 Sectoral Working Time Valid Bank Status Frequency Percent Valid 284 Cumulative �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Valid Percent Percent Public 33 32,4 32,4 32,4 PrivateTurkish 53 52,0 52,0 84,3 PrivateForeign 16 15,7 15,7 100,0 Total 102 100,0 100,0 3.2.Factor Analysis After reliability analysis, factor analysis was conducted. By the table checked, the factor analysis consists of just a question was removed for it will not be healthy for the analysis , factor analysis was again done. As a result, the load factor is still close to each other for two separate factor group analysis of the questions in the order removed, the analysis was repeated in the order. Four questions were removed. These four questions; incentives and awards, granting a job he/she dislike, status of equipment and in-kind donations are affecting the success of the workplace. Removing the effect level while the questions are considered by the study. The latest results have emerged, such as factor analysis in the the following table. Questions of recognition and appreciation and promoted close under the loads seen that the two factors, however, that important questions for the purpose of the study were eligible for the disconnection of. The factor analysis of the final table were seen that is significant and analysis is continued Rotated Component Matrix(a) Component 1 2 3 4 Resposnsibility ,701 ,392 -,018 ,228 Participation in decision making ,679 ,244 ,018 ,308 ,674 -,005 ,315 ,204 ,673 ,136 ,435 ,009 Work itself Possibility of growth and advancement 285 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Achievement ,662 -,083 ,489 ,130 ,613 ,506 ,064 -,118 Appriciation and recognition ,567 ,415 ,203 ,212 Distrubition of tasks between employee ,038 ,869 ,102 ,156 ,236 ,773 ,230 ,050 ,248 ,696 ,012 ,342 ,267 ,197 ,741 -,012 -,007 -,001 ,732 ,334 ,250 ,039 ,686 ,265 ,152 ,338 ,579 ,169 Possibility of holiday in workplace ,103 ,214 ,121 ,810 Job security ,126 ,075 ,354 ,770 Promotion The justice of achievement, appriciation, reward ın organization Salary Interpersonal relations superior Healty benefits Interpersonal relations peers Working conditions 286 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ,274 ,143 ,175 ,653 Excessive working According to this table he motivational factors are grouped under the four factors. Looking at the quastions in the first factor, this factors are internal factors that individiual to be succesful at work and providing motivate to work such as resposnsibility, participation in decision making, work itself, possibility of growth and advancement, Achievement, promotion, appriciation and recognition are seen. The second factor group is related to task distribution between employee at the workplace, wage levels in the workplace the justice of achievement, appriciation, reward ın organization. This factor group brings together for the questions that affect perceptions of justice is observed. The third factor group is related to inter personal relations with superior or boss, inter personel relations with peers, physical conditions at the workplace and health services provided by the institution, indicate external factors with related to working conditions in the workplace. The last factor on the 4th group is related to possbility of holiday in the workplace, job security and excessive working in the workplace, on personnel needed to feel comfortable, job security guarantees, the right to allow use on a regular basis and the opportunity to work within a normal period and the rest of the time will be important for personal life quality. This group is concerned with employye rights. The sum of all factors that gives the quality of work life. FACTOR 1 FACTOR 2 Internal Factors Working External Perception Conditions Factors Justice Factors Resposnsibility distrubition of tasks between employee participation in decision making the justice of achievement, appriciation, reward ın organization 287 FACTOR 3 interpersonal relations superior FACTOR 4 Of Employee Factors possibility of holiday in workplace job security healty benefits Rights �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo work itself Salary interpersonal relations peers excessive working possibility of growth and advancement working conditions Achievement Promotion appriciation and recognition 3.3.Regression Analysis After the factor analysis, the regression analysis was done between the factor groups that occured in the factor analysis and the quality of work life scale to observe whether a significant relationship between motivational instruments and the work life quality. In the analaysis, The factor groups are independent variables and the quality of work life satisfaciton is dependent variable. Model Summary(b) Model R 1 ,781(a) R Square ,611 Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate ,594 ,68856 ANOVA(b) Sum of Squares Model 1 288 Regression 72,099 Df Mean Square 4 18,025 F 38,017 Sig. ,000(a) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Residual Total 45,989 97 118,088 101 ,474 Coefficients(a) Unstandardized Coefficients Model 1 B (Constant) Std. Error 3,618 ,068 REGR factor score 1 for analysis 1 ,581 ,069 REGR factor score 2 for analysis 1 ,438 REGR factor score 3 for analysis 1 REGR factor score 4 for analysis 1 Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Beta B Std. Error 53,062 ,000 ,537 8,480 ,000 ,069 ,405 6,391 ,000 ,154 ,069 ,143 2,253 ,027 ,401 ,069 ,371 5,852 ,000 Because of Significant values are less than 0, 05 that the hypothesis test is meaningful. Regression analysis shows that the relationship between the variables. Factors that increase the motivation affects job satisfaction and improve the quality of work life. Due to the results, there is a significant relationship between motivational tools and quality of work life. When The work motivation is higher by using motivational tools, the employees’ satisfaction related to the quality of work life increases. On the contrary, in the absence of motivational instruments, the satisfaction related to the quality of work life decreases. So, the organizations should use motivational instruments, try to raise work motivation of employees and thus improve quality of work life of employees. 289 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.4.Nonparametric Difference Tests Firstly, normality was researched for work life quality variable. And then, the difference tests were done according to the demographic varables. Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnov(a) Statistic The Quality of Work-life Satisfaction df ,315 Shapiro-Wilk Sig. 102 ,000 Statistic Df ,832 Sig. 102 ,000 a Lilliefors Significance Correction Ho : The Quality of Work-life Satisfaction is suitable for Normality Because of the p value is less than 0,05, Ho P< 0.05 olduğundan Ho hypothesis is rejected, is not suitable for normality. Therefore, demographic variables related to The Quality of Work-life Satisfaction was analyzed with nonparametric tests. In the Following analyses, The Ho Hypothesis is that the medians of demographic variables are equal. And The all Ho Hypotheses are formed in the same way for all of demographic variables. Ranks Male/ Female Quality of Work-Life Satisfaction N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks 50 51,10 2555,00 Female 52 51,88 2698,00 Total 102 Male Test Statistics(a) Quality of Work-Life Satisfaction 290 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mann-Whitney U 1280,000 Wilcoxon W 2555,000 Z -,145 Asymp. Sig. (2tailed) ,885 Ho: median are equal. H1: The median is not equal. Ho hypothesis is accepted. P value 0.885> 0.05 is considered that the median are equal. Ranks Egitim Quality of Work-Life Satisfaction High School 39,55 7 64,43 University (BA) 72 52,94 Master of Science 11 45,09 1 59,50 Doctorate Total Test Statistics(a,b) Quality of Work Life Satisfaction Df Asymp. Sig. 291 Mean Rank 11 College (associate degree) Chi-Square N 4,539 4 ,338 102 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Chi-square statistic and p value are examined, because of p-value is greater than value of 0.05 the Ho hypothesis is accepted. The quality of work life satisfaction do not differ by educational attainment. Ranks Salary Quality of Work Life Satisfaction N Mean Rank 750-1000 TL 20 51,33 1001-1250 TL 21 44,12 1251-1500 TL 16 47,44 1501-1750 TL 15 47,53 1751-2000 TL 11 62,64 2001 TL and up 19 59,95 Total 102 Test Statistics(a,b) Quality of Work Life Satisfaction Chi-Square Df 5,815 5 Asymp. Sig. ,325 Ho hypothesis is accepted because of p-value is greater than value of 0.05 and the quality of work life do not differ by salary is considered. Ranks Job Title Quality of Work Life Satisfaction 292 N Mean Rank Booth Personnel 55 47,77 Assistant Director 17 47,68 Director 12 57,33 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Chief 13 53,19 Deputy Director 3 82,50 Manager 2 94,00 Total 102 Test Statistics(a,b) Quality of Work Life Satisfaction Chi-Square Df Asymp. Sig. 10,597 5 ,060 Ho Hypothesis is accepted, the p value is greater than 0.05. However, it must be said, 0.06 is a value close to the value of 0.05. Mean values of rank titles, deputy director and director, the positions occupied by the lower difference which showed. Deputy director and director of the quality of work life satisfaction varies for titles. Ranks Bank Status Quality of Work Life Satisfaction Public Mean Rank 33 55,67 Private-Turkish 53 51,06 Private-Foreign 15 40,53 Total 293 N 101 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Test Statistics(a,b) Quality of Work Life Satisfaction Chi-Square 3,197 Df 2 Asymp. Sig. ,202 Ho hypothesis is accepted because of p-value is greater than value of 0.05 and the quality of work life do not differ by bank status is considered. Ranks Working Time At The bank Quality of Work Life Satisfaction 13 52,58 1-5 39 43,64 5-10 26 50,06 10-15 14 59,50 15-20 3 71,00 20 and up 7 74,29 Test Statistics(a,b) Quality of Work Life Satisfaction Df 294 Mean Rank 0-1 Total Chi-Square N 10,857 5 102 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Asymp. Sig. ,054 Ho hypothesis is accepted because of p-value is greater than value of 0.05 and the quality of work life do not differ by working time at the bank is considered. However, observed differences over 15 years. Ranks Marital Status Quality of Work Life Satisfaction N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks 62 53,54 3319,50 Single 40 48,34 1933,50 Total 102 Married Test Statistics(a) Quality of Work Life Satisfaction Mann-Whitney U 1113,500 Wilcoxon W 1933,500 Z -,936 Asymp. Sig. (2tailed) ,349 Ho hypothesis is accepted because of p-value is greater than value of 0.05 and the quality of work life do not differ by marital status is considered. Ranks Age Quality of Work Life Satisfaction 295 N Mean Rank 20-25 age 18 56,89 2,00 40 42,64 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3,00 28 52,43 4,00 10 59,50 5,00 6 76,75 Total 102 Test Statistics(a,b) Quality of Work Life Satisfaction Chi-Square Df Asymp. Sig. 10,864 4 ,028 Hypothesis Ho is rejected, because of the p value is less than the value of 0.05, the quality of work life varies according to age element. As a result of , there is the significant relationship between motivation and the quality of work life is observed in this study. In terms of Suistainable development, in countries, the success and effectiveness of instuitaions is quite important. One of the most important elements of providing success and effectiveness of institutions that have the human resources is working effectively and efficiently. In this respect, “motivation” is one of the most important factors in raising the quality of work life in the “institutions, employee productivity, the contribution of the institution, and the sense of belonging in the institution. Motivation plays an important role in business life. The work motivation increases the concern of the employee's job, and as a result of raising the quality of work life is an important factor that increase organizational efficiency. The higher motivation increases the contribution of the institution by raising the productivity of the employee. High rate of success of the organization by increasing employee motivation provided by the institution will contribute to the country's economy. This aspects, in order to take advantage of the present institutions active human sources, making efforts to enhance the motivation of employees in achieving organizational effectiveness and efficiency and provide the employees' job satisfaction. Happy and productive working lifes of employees in having a sense of belonging in the institution can be used effectively in improving the motivation factor is the result. The higher motivation increases the productivity of employee, institutional effectiveness and quality of working life. Motivating factors should be applied by institutions. 296 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES 1.Adams (1965), Inequity in social exchange. In K. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267-299). New York: Academic Press 2. Albayrak, A.S., (2006), The Applied Statistical Techniques, Asil Press, Turkey. 3. Atkins, P. W. B., Wood, R. E., & Rutgres, P.J., (2002), The Effects of Feedback Format On Dynamic Decision Making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 88, 587-604. 4. Austin, J.T., & Vancouver, J.B., (1996), Goal Contracts İn Psychology: Structure, Process and Content. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 338-375. 5. Barutçugil, İ., (2004), Stretegic Human Research Menagement, Kariyer Press, İstanbul, Turkey. 6. Baldamus, W., (1951), Type of Work and Motivation. British Journal of B Sociology, 2, 44-58. 7. Bolino, M.C., & Turnley, W.H., (2008), Old Faces, New Places: Equity Theory in CrossCultural Contexts. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 29-50. 8. Conner, D.S. (2003), Social Comparison in Virtual Work Environments: An Examination Of Contemporary Referent Selection. Journal Of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 133-147. 9. Eren, E., (2010), Organizational Behavior and Menagement Psychology, Beta Press, Turkey. 10. Festinger, L., (1957), A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson. 11. Herzberg, F. (1966), Work and Nature of man. Cleveland: World Publishing. 12. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. New York: John Wiley. 13. Gollwitzer, P.M., (1990), Action Phases and Mind Sets. In E. T. Higgings & R.M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 53-92). New York: Guilford Press. 14. Kuhl, J., (1992), A Theory of Self- Regulation: Action Versus State Orientation, SelfDiscrimination, and Some Applications. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 41(2), 97-129. 15. Kanfer, R., (1992), Work Motivaiton: New Directions in Theory and Research. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7, 2-53. 16. Keser, A., (2009), Labour Psychology, Ekin Press, Turkey. 297 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 17. Latham, G.P., & Budworth, M.H., (2007), The Study Of Work Motivation in the 20th Century. In L. Koppes (Ed.), THE History of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, pp. 353-382, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrance Erlbaum Associates. 18. Latham, G.P.,& Pinder, C. (2005), Work Motivation Theory and Research At The Dawn Of The Twenty First Century. Annual Review Of Psychology, 56, 485-516. 19.Locke, E.A., (1980), Latham vs. Komaki, A Tale of Paradigms, Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 16-23. 20. Locke, E.A. & Latham, G.P., (2002), Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35- year odssey. American Psychologist, 57, 705-717. 21. Locke E.A., Shaw, K.N., Saari, L.M., & Latham, G.P., (1981), Goal Setting and Task Performance. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 125-152. 22.Locke, E.A., (1968), Toward A Theory of Task Motivation and Incentives. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 3, 157-189. 23.Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P., (1990), A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 24. Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P., (1996), Goal Setting Theory: An Introduction. In R. M. Steers, L. W. Porter & G.A. Bigley (Eds.), Motivation and Leadership At Work (pp. 95122). New York: McGraw Hill. 25. Maslow, A.H., (1943). A Theory of Motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. 26. Payne, S.C., Youngcourt, S.S., Beaubien, J.M., (2007), A Metaanalytic Examination Of The Goal Orientation Nomological Net. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 128-150. 27. Porath, C.L.,& Bateman, T.S., (2006), Self-Regulation: From Goal Orientation To Job Performance. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 91, 185- 192. 29. Sipahi, B., Yurtkoru, E.S., Çinko, M., (2006), The Data Analysis in the Social Sciences with SPSS, Beta Press, Turkey. 30. Viteless, M.S., (1953), Motivation and Morale in Industry, New York, W.W. Norton. 31. Vroom, V.H. (1964), Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley. 32. Weiner, B., (1991), Metaphors in Motivation and Attribution. American Psychologist, 46, 921-930. 33. Weiner, B., (1992), Human Motivation, Metaphors, Theories and Research. London: Sage. 34. Wiese, B.S., & Freund, A.W., (2005), Goal Progress Makes One Happy, Or Does It? Longitudinal findings from the work domain. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 287-304. 298 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1126 Title A name given to the resource The effects of work motivation in quality of work life and A study on banking sector Author Author Esra, Zeynel Abstract A summary of the resource. In terms of Suistainable development, in countries, the success and effectiveness of instuitaions is quite important. One of the most important elements of providing success and effectiveness of institutions that have the human resources is working effectively and efficiently. In this respect, “motivation” is one of the most important factors in raising the quality of work life in the institutions, employee productivity, the contribution of the institution, and the sense of belonging in the institution. Motivation plays an important role in business life. Motivation by definition means that the individual actuating motive. In the business life, motivation, increase the concern of the employee's job, and as a result of raising the quality of work life is an important factor that increase business efficiency. The higher motivation increases the contribution of the institution by raising the productivity of the employee. High rate of success of the organization by increasing employee motivation provided by the institution will contribute to the country's economy. This aspects, in order to take advantage of the present institutions active human sources,making efforts to enhance the motivation of employees in achieving organizational effectiveness and efficiency and provide the employees' job satisfaction. Happy and productive working lifes of employees in having a sense of belonging in the institution can be used effectively in improving the motivation factor is the result.This study measured the effect of bank employees, the care component of motivation in raising the quality of work life survey was applied on the bank employees. In this study, a survey was applied on bank employee in terms of assessment of the effect of motivation in the raising the quality of work life of bank employee. Importance of motivation arises in this sector. The higher motivation increases the productivity of employee,institutional effectiveness and quality of working life. Motivating factors should be applied by institutions. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34a5cfd8dea51952a268a8f5a3b4cf66.pdf e3e36e895b39bee7eb1829150efa995b PDF Text Text Carrillo_Morales G., Davila-Jimenez M.M., Elizalde-Gonzalez M.P., Pelaez-Cid A.A, Removal of Metal Ions From Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on the Natural Adsorbent CACMM2, Jaurnal of Chromatography A, 938, 237-242, 2001. Townshend, A; Encylopedia of Analitical science, Academic Pres, Londan, 1995. Water Pollution Control Regulation Official Gazette: 31 December 2004, Issue: 25687. Özdemir C. et al., ―Examination of purification of leather industry wastewaters with the use of the marl soils of Basyayla(Karaman) region‖, D.E.U Science and Engineering Journal, Issue: 3 5.57-64, October 2004. Toprak R.Girgin I., ―Removal of chromium from leather industry wastewaters with activated clinoptilolite‖, Turk J Engin Enviran Sci 24(2000), 343-351 TUBITAK. Water Resources Conservation for Sustainable Agricultural Development F. Ozge Uysal, Onder Uysal Faculty of Agriculture, SuleymanDemirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mail: onderuysal@sdu.edu.tr 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1.Water resources consumption Increase of population and insufficient water resources has led to environmental pollution has reached substantial levels with use of synthetic and chemical inputs as a result of the increase in production. Decreasing available water resources brings on a serious water shortage problem. Allliving things are negative affected by theenvironmentalpollution. The loss of speciesin nature, instead of use of biological control use chemical control, thehormonesto increasefood production have a verynegativeforecology. The main reason for environmental pollution and degradation of the natural balance in ecosystem, consumption increased rapidly due to increasing population and increased use of fossil proliferation of products. 1.2.Water resources conservation One of themostimportantaim of sustainableagricultureandruraldevelopment is toprotectandconservethecapacity of thenaturalresourcebasetocontinuetoprovideproduction, environmentalandculturalservices. 333 �Turkey Land and Water Resources LAND RESOURCES Mha ( millionhectares) Arable Irrigable RainfedAgriculture EconomicallyIrrigable PresentlyIrrigated Land : Land : : : : 4.90 28.05 25.75 17.25 8.50 Land Resources Turkey‘s total landarea is 78 Mha. Almostonethird of this, 28 Mha, can be classified as cultivableland. Recentstudiesindicatethat an area of about8.5million ha is economicallyirrigableundertheavailabletechnology. Untilnow, an area of about2.8million ha has beenequippedwithirrigationinfrastructuresby DSİ. WaterResources MeanPrecipitation 643 mm/m2 Turkey‘sSurfaceArea 780,000 km 2 AnnualWaterResourcesPotentialBm ³ (billion m ³ ) A Precipitation Volume 501 B Evaporation 274 C LeakageintoGroundwater 69 D Springs FeedingSurfaceWater 28 E SurfaceWaterfromNeighboringCountries 7 F=A-B-C+D+E F Total SurfaceRunoff (gross) 193 G ExploitableSurfaceRunoff 98 H GroundwaterSafeYield 14 I=G+H I Total Potential (net) 112 The total watervolume in theworldamountsto1.4billion km3, 97.5% of which is salinewater in theoceansandseas, 2.5% of which is freshwater in theriversandlakes. Duetofactthat 90% of 334 �freshwaterexists in the South Poleand humanbeingshaveverylimitedreadilyexploitablefreshwaterresources. North Pole, Annualmeanprecipitation in Turkey is 643 mm, whichcorrespondsto 501 Bm3 (billion m3) of annualwatervolume in thecountry. A volume of 274 Bm3waterevaporatesfromwaterbodiesandsoilstoatmosphere. 69 Bm 3 of volume of waterleaksintogroundwater, whereas 28 Bm3 is retrievedbyspringsfromgroundwatercontributingtosurfacewater. Also, thereare 7 billion m3volume of watercomingfromneighboringcountries. Thus, total annualsurfacerunoffamountsto a volume of 193 Bm3 of water. Turkey is not a richcountry in terms of existingwaterpotential. Turkey is a waterstresscountryaccordingtoannualvolume of wateravailablepercapita. Theannualexploitableamount of water has recentlybeenapproximately 1,500 m3percapita. Development of Irrigation, Hydropower, andWaterSupplySectors in Turkey IN ULTIMATE OPERATION GOALS AS OF 2005 DEVELOPMENT IRRIGATION OF BY 2030 4.9 million ha 8.5 million ha DEVELOPMENT OF 45.3 HYDROELECTRIC billionkWh ENERGY 127.3 billionkWh DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY FOR 10.5 billion m 38.5 billion m 3 DOMESTIC AND 3 INDUSTRIAL USE EACH SECTOR‘S DEVELOPMENT RATES 58% 36% 27% 1.3.Orientationtoecotourism Peopleturned toecotourismareas because of environmental pollution, increase in population, global warming. Ecotourism increased because of peoplemove away fromcity life, increasedconsumption of products ofagriculturalorigin and increase of environmental pollution.Because of reduction of water resources, production activities also reduced. Difficulties which are encountered in production activities because of water resources are deficit in our country. Decreasing available water resources brings a serious water shortage problem. In order to deal with this problem, the studies for the efficient use of irrigation water by providing water saving gain importance. Irrigationtechniques have been developed for efficient use of water resources. Withthe effective useof water resources, boththewater resourceswill be protected and high yieldwill be obtained per unit area. So, peoplecan cometo workforecotourismactivities. Thus, environment, social life, cultural environment and public health develop positive because of ecotourism. Everykind of tourismmade in virginnature is withinthescope of ecotourism. Theprinciple of ―sustainability of naturalenvironment‖, which is one of thetwoimportantcriteria of ecotourism in thesenaturetrips, has to be obeyedclosely.Thesecondimportantcriterion of ecotourismis ―thesustainability of 335 �localculturesandthatthepeopleshouldbenefitfromthistourismactivity‖. When eco-tourists make tourism activities, they can do agricultural activities. Such water resources, environmental pollution and global warming factors can provide with conservation ofwater quality. This also provides that effectivefertilizerin agricultural areas, efficient use ofpesticides and efficient useof water resources. 2.RESULT Therichgeographyandnaturalpotential of ourcountry is a bigchanceforthetypes of naturetourisms. However, if it is behavedunconsciously, theruin of environmentalvalueswillrapidly be inevitable.Sustainableagriculturemay be defined as consisting of environmentally-friendlymethodsof farmingthatallowtheproduction of cropsorlivestockwithoutdamagetohumanornaturalsystems.Recently, orientationtoecotourismstudyingshouldincreaseandthus, agriculturalenviromentalandglobalwarmingproblemsshould be solved.Theuse of agriculturalproducts ratherthan theuse of syntheticproductsshouldbe increase. Not onlyenvironmentalandtourismpurposesanndeclining waterresources, increase of population and in ordertomeet growing consumer needsshould be provided in thedevelopment of ecotourism. REFERENCES http://www.ekoturizmdernegi.org http://www.dsi.gov.tr Sustainable Development- Environmental Ethics Relationship Within Eu Environmental Policies Özcan Sezer, Şenay Işin 1.INTRODUCTION Environmental problems and approaches to environment have an important place within EU policies. There are major impacts of economic development on the inclusion of environmental issues to the Union‘s area of interest, which aims to integrate European Countries through economic, political and cultural areas and which foresees the free flow of capital, goods, services, labor. It is crucial to form environmental values and provide the member countries to internalize them in order to sustain development without giving harm to environment. In this context, environmental ethics reveals a conflict from the perspective of sustainable development. There emerges an area of conflict between attaining economic, social and cultural development on the one hand and taking into consideration of environmental values and environmental ethics during this process on the other hand. The desire to improve the living conditions at the member countries through providing economic, social and cultural development and to upgrade quality of life to a common level 336 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1264 Title A name given to the resource Water Resources Conservation for Sustainable Agricultural Development Author Author F. Ozge Uysal, Ozge Uysal Abstract A summary of the resource. Increase of population and insufficient water resources has led to environmental pollution has reached substantial levels with use of synthetic and chemical inputs as a result of the increase in production. Decreasing available water resources brings on a serious water shortage problem. Allliving things are negative affected by theenvironmentalpollution. The loss of speciesin nature, instead of use of biological control use chemical control, thehormonesto increasefood production have a verynegativeforecology. The main reason for environmental pollution and degradation of the natural balance in ecosystem, consumption increased rapidly due to increasing population and increased use of fossil proliferation of products. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0361653282a6c24f1963fea31ea9c397.pdf 541f64719b29a3d106a1b9581bd657fd PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Concepts and Practice. Greenleaf Publishing Limited, Sheffield. Seçme, N.Y., Bayrakdaroğlu, A. and Kahraman, C. (2009) Fuzzy performance evaluation in Turkish Banking Sector using Analytic Hierarchy Process and TOPSIS, Expert Systems with Applications, 36(9), 11699-11709. Sheu, J.B., Chou, Y.H., Hu, C.C. (2005) An integrated logistics operational model for greensupply chain management, Transportation Research Part E, 41(4), 287-313. Srivastava, S.K. (2007) Green supply-chain management: A state-of-the-art literature review, International Journal of Management Reviews, 9 (1), 53-80. Vachon, S. and Klassen, R.D. (2008) Environmental management and manufacturing performance: the role of collaboration in the supply chain, International Journal of Production Economics, 111 (2), 299-315. Van Hoek, R.I. (2000) From reversed logistics to green supply chains, Logistics Solutions, 2, 28–33. Zhu, Q. and Sarkis, J. (2004) Relationships between operational practices and performance among early adopters of green supply chain management practices in Chinese manufacturing enterprises, Journal of Operations Management, 22, 265–289. Selection of Sustainable Warehouse Location in Supply Chain Using the Grey Approach Fahriye Uysal1,Ömür Tosun2 1Department of International Trade and Logistics, Ayse Sak School of Applied Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 2Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: fahriyeuysal@akdeniz.edu.tr,omurtosun@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Supply chain sustainability has recently gained an increasing attention in the supply chain context both from the practitioners’ perspective and as a research area. There have been many incentives for more sustainable warehousing in supply chains. Sustainable Warehousing includes activities such as, for example, terminal and warehouse location, proper storing and 383 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo disposing of hazardous materials, donation of excess or obsolete inventory to local communities, and training to safely operate forklifts. A sustainable warehousing company would not only have to consider the economic factors, such as rent and operations costs, but also balance the social and environmental effects that occur within the warehouse compound as well as its surrounding vicinity. Sustainable warehouse location selection decision has a crucial role in the supply chain management process. In this study cost, labor, transportation, environment and geographical location are taken as decision criteria. Grey approach is used under the sustainability basis for the warehouse location selection problem. This method is appropriate for solving the group decision-making problem in an uncertain and inconsistent environment. Warehouse location alternatives for the supply chain of the medical companies are evaluated in this study. Keywords: Sustainable supply chain, sustainable warehousing, grey approach 1. INTRODUCTION The term sustainability, which increasingly refers to an integration of social, environmental, and economic responsibilities, has begun to appear in the literature of business disciplines such as management and operations. In addition, companies are beginning to rapidly adopt the term sustainability (Carter and Rogers, 2008). Sustainability today demands that supply chains must be explicitly extended to include by-products of the supply chain (Linton et al., 2007). The need of seriously exploring the concept of sustainable supply chains within a collaborative perspective is seen as a goal to improve companies’ revenue growth and costumer’s recognition (Kleindorfer, et al., 2005). A focus on supply chains is therefore a step towards the adoption of a growth on sustainability. The location of a warehouse is generally one of the most important and strategic decision in the optimization of supply chain (Frazelle, 2002). It is a long-term decision and can be influenced by different quantitative and qualitative criteria, but not all of the criteria have the same effect on the decision process. In this study costs, labor, transportation, environment and geographical location criteria are used. Due to the prejudice of the decision makers, conventional approaches can be less effective in dealing with a proper assessment. Therefore, a multi-criteria based decision making procedure is used. This paper describes the Grey approach and its application for evaluating warehouse locations in supply chain based on sustainability criteria. This method is appropriate for 384 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo solving the group decision-making problem in an uncertain and inconsistent environment. The work is structured in the following manner. In Section 2, a literature review of the sustainable supply chain is given. In Section 3 definition of sustainable warehousing is given. In Section 4, the grey approach is defined. An evaluation of warehouse location selection, the proposed methodology and results are fully shown in Section 5. Finally, conclusions and considerations are reported in Section 6. 2. Sustainable Supply Chain A focus on supply chains is a step towards the broader adoption and development of sustainability, since the supply chain considers the product from initial processing of raw materials to delivery to the customer (Linton et al, 2007). Extending the supply chain to include issues such as remanufacturing, recycling and refurbishing adds an additional level of complexity to existing supply chain design in addition to a new set of potential strategic and operational issues, which in turn can increase costs, at least in the short term (Corbett and Klassen, 2006). Sustainable supply chains have not yet been clearly defined. A popular definition states that sustainable supply chains require coordination of the social, environmental and economic dimensions. Linton et al. (2007) transfer the concept of sustainability to supply chains and state that: a sustainable supply chain is a supply chain integrating issues and flows that extend beyond the core of supply chain management such as product design, manufacturing by-products, product management during use, product life extension, product end-of-life and recovery processes at end-of-life. Companies that implement ecological and social factors relating to the supply chain gain financial benefits through reduced costs and operational efficiencies, also sustainable supply chain practices can be a source of differentiation and competitive advantage. 3. Sustainable Warehousing One of the key components within the sustainable supply chain is sustainable warehousing. Sustainable warehousing includes activities such as terminal and warehouse location, proper storing and disposing of hazardous materials, donation of excess or obsolete inventory to local communities, and training to safely operate forklifts (Carter and Jennings, 2000). 385 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In real life, most warehousing and transportation companies have little regard for the environmental impacts of their actions and do not understand the social consequences of their business activities. A sustainable warehousing company would not only have to consider the economic factors like rent and operations costs, but also balance with the social and environmental effects that occur within the warehouse compound as well as its surrounding vicinity (Tan et al, 2010). Among supply chain studies, many papers on warehouse/facility location problem have been published (Vlachopoulou et al. 2001; Sharma and Berry, 2007; Sharma and Sharma, 2000). But, in most of them, environmental issues are not studied due to the policy of these companies. Different warehouse location selection studies are analyzed to select the suitable criteria, and also environment criterion is added in view of the sustainability. These criteria are: Cost: Costs are one of the factors highly affected by the facility location. Cost criterion is evaluated by taking into account of labor costs, transportation costs, handling costs and land cost. Labor: This criterion defines the state of qualified labor at a location and the degree of the availability of such labor. Transportation: Ease of transportation, traffic density and distance from the alternative warehouses to main warehouse are considered by the decision makers. Environment: Carbon minimization and other environmental policies are considered for the decision process. Geographical location: This criterion defines the land availability that changes according to the structure of the alternative regions. 4. The Grey Approach In this section, the Grey approach will be described. In this method, there are m possible warehouse alternatives given as . is the set of n independent criteria. is the vector of criteria weights. In this study, criteria weights and ratings of the warehouses are taken as linguistic variables. These values are given in Table 1 and Table 2. In Table 1, linguistic criteria weights whereas in Table 2 criteria rating values in Grey numbers are given. A Grey number is shown as . The detailed procedure is given below (Li et al., 2007; Baskaran et al., 2012): Step 1: Criteria weight identification A group of decision makers (DM) identifies the criteria weights. If there is K number of decision maker, then the criteria weight is calculated as 386 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo where is the criteria weight of the Kth DM. Step 2: Criteria rating value in linguistic variables Criteria rating values in linguistic variables are calculated using where is the criteria rating value of the Kth DM. Table 1: Scale of attribute weights Scale Very low (VL) Low (VL) Medium low (ML) Medium (M) Medium high (MH) High (H) Very high (VH) W [0.0, 0.1] [0.1, 0.3] [0.3, 0.4] [0.4, 0.5] [0.5, 0.6] [0.6, 0.9] [0.9, 1.0] Table 2: Scale of attribute ratings Scale Very poor (VP) Poor (P) Medium poor (MP) Fair (F) Medium good (MG) Good (G) Very good (VG) W [0, 1] [1, 3] [3, 4] [4, 5] [5, 6] [6, 9] [9, 10] Step 3: Establish the Grey decision matrix are linguistic variables based on the grey number. Grey decision matrix is: Step 4: Normalize the Grey decision matrix In the normalization process, the ranges of the Grey numbers are limited to [0, 1]. Normalization depends on either minimization (cost) or maximization (benefit) of the criteria. Maximization criteria is given as Minimization criteria is given as below Step 5: Establish the weighted normalized Grey decision matrix The weighted normalized Grey decision matrix is the product of normalized Grey decision matrix and criteria weights ( . 387 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Step 6: Set ideal warehouse alternative as referential warehouse alternative From m possible warehouse alternative set (S = {S1, S2, …,Sm}) the ideal referential warehouse alternative by using Step 7: Calculate the Grey possibilities Compare warehouse alternatives set S = {S1, S2, …,Sm} with ideal referential warehouse alternative ; Step 8: Prioritize warehouses Rank the order of warehouse alternatives based on the comparison given in Eq. (7). If S i value is smaller, the ranking order of Si is better. Otherwise, the ranking order is worse. 5. Application In this study, the Grey approach is used for the warehouse location selection problem of a pharmaceutical company in Turkey. The company has six different warehouse location alternatives (S); each of them is evaluated by four decision makers (DM) according to the criteria of cost (C1), labor (C2), transportation (C3), environment (C4) and geographic location (C5). The calculation procedure is given below: Step 1 By using Eq. (1), criteria weights are calculated. Step 2 Criteria ratings values for six warehouse alternatives are calculated by using Eq. (2). Step 3 Using Eq. (3), establish the grey decision matrix. Step 4 Establish the grey normalized decision table. Step 5 Establish the grey weighted normalized decision table. Step 6 Make the ideal warehouse 388 a referential alternative, using Eq. (6). �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo = {[0.333, 0.950], [0.353, 0.650], [0.482, 0.925], [0.416, 0.725], [0.513, 0.825]} Step 7 Calculate the grey possibility degrees, using Eq. (7). Grey possibility degree results are given below: = 0.862 = 0.729 = 0.686 = 0.963 = 0.716 = 0.735 Step 8 Rank the order of six warehouses, according to the results given in Step 7. S5 > S4 > S3 > S6 > S1 > S2 From the results, it’s seen that S5 is the most suitable location alternative for the company. 6. CONCLUSION A warehouse location selection is a multi-criteria decision-making problem including both quantitative and qualitative criteria. In this paper, a multi-criteria decision making approach for sustainable warehouse location selection is given. The main criteria for the selection of sustainable warehouse location were identified. After the main criteria were determined, the hierarchy of the sustainable warehouse location selection was structured. The proposed method is applied a pharmaceutical company, and decision makers from the company are asked to evaluate alternatives and criteria. By using Grey approach, alternative 5 can be selected by the company. REFERENCES Baskaran V., Nachiappan S. and Rahman S. (2012) Indian textile suppliers' sustainability evaluation using the grey approach, International Journal of Production Economics, 135, 647-658. Carter, C.R. and Jennings, M.M. (2002) Logistics social responsibility: An integrative framework, Journal of Business Logistics, 23(1), 145–180. Carter, C.R. and Rogers, D.S. (2008) A framework of sustainable supply chain management: moving toward new theory, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 38(5), 360-387. Corbett, C.J. and Klassen, R.D. (2006) Extending the horizons: environmental excellence as key to improving operations, Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, 8 (1), 5–22. 389 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Frazelle E. (2002) Supply Chain Strategy: The Logistics of Supply Chain Management, McGraw-Hill, New York. Kleindorfer, P.R., Singhal, K. and Van Wassenhove, L.N. (2005) Sustainable operations management, Production and Operations Management, 14(4), 482–492. Li, G., Yamaguchi D. and Nagai M. (2007) A grey-based decision-making approach to the supplier selection problem, Mathematical and Computer Modeling, 46, 573-571. Linton, J.D., Klassen, R. and Jayaraman, V. (2007) Sustainable supply chains: an introduction, Journal of Operations Management, 25 (6), 1075-1082. Sharma, R.R.K., and Sharma, K. D. (2000) A new dual based procedure for the transportation problem, European Journal of Operational Research, 122 (3), 611-624. Sharma, R.R.K., and Berry, V. (2007) Developing new formulations and relaxations of single stage capacitated warehouse location problem: Empirical investigation for assessing relative strengths and computational effort, European Journal of Operational Research, 177 (2), 803-812. Tan, K.S., Ahmed, M.D. and Sundaram, D. (2010) Sustainable enterprise modeling and simulation in a warehousing context, Business Process Management Journal, 16 (5), 871-886. Vlachopoulou, M., Silleos, G., and Manthou, V. (2001) Geographic information systems in warehouse site selection decisions, International Journal of Production Economics, 71 (1), 205-212. The Role Of Internal Auditing In Sustainable Development And Corporate Social Reporting Serpil Senal, Gaye Atilla, Burcu Aslantaş Ateş Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails:serduz@mynet.com, burcuatesaslantas@msn.com, gaisan@hotmail.com Abstract Sustainability means a lot more than just the economic, environmental, and social challenges an organization faces in its everyday and future operations: it means the ethics in these operations, touching on all the lives of those in the organization, its stakeholders, and the planet. The objectives of all sustainable development programs must be measured, and the 390 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1134 Title A name given to the resource Selection of Sustainable Warehouse Location in Supply Chain Using the Grey Approach Author Author Fahriye, Uysal Abstract A summary of the resource. Supply chain sustainability has recently gained an increasing attention in the supply chain context both from the practitioners’ perspective and as a research area. There have been many incentives for more sustainable warehousing in supply chains. Sustainable Warehousing includes activities such as, for example, terminal and warehouse location, proper storing and disposing of hazardous materials, donation of excess or obsolete inventory to local communities, and training to safely operate forklifts. A sustainable warehousing company would not only have to consider the economic factors, such as rent and operations costs, but also balance the social and environmental effects that occur within the warehouse compound as well as its surrounding vicinity. Sustainable warehouse location selection decision has a crucial role in the supply chain management process. In this study cost, labor, transportation, environment and geographical location are taken as decision criteria. Grey approach is used under the sustainability basis for the warehouse location selection problem. This method is appropriate for solving the group decision-making problem in an uncertain and inconsistent environment. Warehouse location alternatives for the supply chain of the medical companies are evaluated in this study. Keywords: Sustainable supply chain, sustainable warehousing, grey approach Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/40a52cb1699999282002338d4a23d1d2.pdf 752985e45e2787e8033d47fefed73440 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Stock exchange influence in promotion of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina: SASE case Fahrudin Malanovic International University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Management and Business Administration 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: malanovic_88@hotmail.com Abstract Economic efficiency and well being of one country is somehow connected with the efficiency and effectiveness of stock exchange, so the main purpose of this study is to show and explain workings of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina through activities of Sarajevo Stock Exchange. The reason for this analysis is fact that the stock exchange performs important, if not key, role in one nation’s economy since it provides investment opportunities by offering buyers and seller’s places for trading securities, such as stocks and bonds. Such investment opportunities are ways for corporations, governments, and business to obtain funds necessary for expanding business or financing publicly good project. Another reason for this analysis is the lack of awareness about importance of stock exchange even if performance of stock exchanges affects everybody starting from individuals to large corporations to governments. Taking into consideration the fact that the stock exchange is an organized place for trading goods, securities, financial derivatives…etc, whose daily volume is measured in billions of dollars, it can be easily concluded that importance of it is huge. This work is mentioning direct and indirect effects of stock exchange activity on an economy, proving great impact on daily activity, not only of business, but of people as well. This study also indicates that highly developed nations are closely related to the high level of activity of stock exchanges and see stock exchange, as a component of capital market, a key factor to success. Simply, stock exchange is as important as other public goods. Less developed nations are not necessarily related to the poor performance of stock exchanges; however, it could also be a main reason for those nations to be considered as a less developed. All in all, nothing can change the fact that stock exchange creates our destiny regarding our future job orientation, since companies and corporations find stock exchange one of the easiest ways to obtain money to finance their activities. Also, nothing can change the fact that the whole global economy, including economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is dependent on those biggest stock exchanges around the world where the most important one is the New York Stock Exchange. This work is divided into three chapters. Section 1 deal with stock exchange and stock market in general. When it comes to Section 2, it deals with stock exchanges in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Section 3 is actually conclusion part of this work. 209 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords: stock exchange, capital market, security, stock, bond 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historical review – stock market term Stock exchanges have been existing for hundreds of years. Some of them are dating back to year of 1100 such as stock exchange in Paris, stock exchange in Amsterdam...etc. So, as we can see, the origin of stock exchanges is actually Western Europe. In the years of 1600 and 1700 other stock exchanges were opened including one in Belgium, Spain, Sweden and Portugal. During that time, they did not have great impact on the people’s lives and economy as a whole, mainly because there was only couple of them. So, the main purpose of stock exchanges was trading of goods and currencies, but not in so high denominations. However, in the year of 1785, the stock exchange in Amsterdam started doing trading with securities and such way of trading was seen as a great innovation and opportunity to increase profit. Founding this way of increasing profit was a reason for other European stock exchanges to follow Amsterdam stock exchange regarding trading securities. It did not take much time for stock markets worldwide (at that time, Canada and Australia stock markets) to start seeing stock exchange as a one of the main ways to increase profit. Great importance of stock exchanges led countries worldwide to open it up, so by 20th century stock markets in Asia, Africa, and South America were opened. When it comes to US stock exchange history, it can be traced back to over 200 years ago. There were many reasons to start trading securities starting from personal needs, wants, as well as willingness for profit increases to some more complex reasons such as financing war by selling bonds. The greatest and most important stock markets in the whole entire world, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) was found in 1817 playing key role in creating business and dictating movement of whole business from year to year. 1.2 Definition, significance, and role of stock exchange: By simple definition, stock exchange is an organized place for trading goods, bonds, shares, financial derivatives…etc. Stock exchange also refers to the well-organized and wellregulated component of financial market where trading different types of securities such as stocks and bonds, take place at price that is determined by the demand and supply forces. A stock exchange or bourse can also be seen as a corporation providing opportunity and place to its owners or financial market participants for increasing profit by trading company’s shares, bonds, and other securities. Besides this, stock exchanges also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments, and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. (Wikipedia, 2012) Stock exchange certainly has many roles, but providing assistance when trading securities is certainly among most important and most significant role of stock exchange. Not only providing assistance is significant role of stock exchange, but also regulation, transparency and control of buying and selling securities is role of stock exchange. Many economists are opinion that the stock exchange perform important, if not key, role in one nation’s economy since it provides investment opportunities by offering buyers and 210 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo sellers places for trading securities, such as stock and bonds. Such investment opportunities are ways for corporations, governments, and businesses to obtain funds necessary for expanding business or financing publicly good project. Stock exchanges also have one simple but significant role: providing direct job for people. Providing direct job is expressed through different institutions including different brokerage firms, investment banks…etc. It is well known that financial news organizations employ hundreds of thousands of people across globe. 1.3 The role of the stock exchange in economy Taking into consideration the fact that the stock exchange is an organized place for trading goods, securities, financial derivatives…etc, whose daily volume is measured in billions of dollars, it can be easily concluded that importance of it is huge. In high developed countries, stock market is as important as other public goods. Metaphorically speaking, it is like highways since both are used as an intermediate between people’s needs, wants and wishes. Highways are associated with transferring goods, people…etc, while stock markets are used for transferring securities such as stocks, bonds, futures, options…etc. (Dedovic, 1998, p.1) Based on this, we can say that trading or investing in securities seems to be one of the most interesting modes of investment. Economic efficiency and well being of one country is somehow connected with the efficiency and effectiveness of stock exchange. Such close relationship is the reason why governments, corporations, central banks, and even individuals in the countries around the world closely watch every activity on stock exchange. “Black Monday” proved that the bulk of economical growth that took place in 20th was mainly dependent on the stock exchanges mainly because if stock exchange activity was high, then there was money and room for improvement. On the other side, if prices of stock went down and activity was low, then recession was unavoidable. Corporations, governments, and small industries simply realized that by stock market investment there is possibility for easy gains of capital necessary for financing activities and easy way for increasing their wealth. Not only corporations and governments see opportunity for increasing profit, but also individuals see stock market as a way for increases in personal wealth. Nothing can change the fact that many of the wealthy people have gained or increased their wealth thanks to investment in stocks and bonds. Also, nothing can change the fact that the whole global economy is dependent on those biggest stock markets around the world where the most important one is the New York Stock Exchange. As it is well known, the NYSE is a huge market determining the parameters of the global economy. In principle, when the New York Stock Exchange goes down, the whole global economy will suffer and it will have a domino effect which can affect every stock market in the whole world. In fact, this is what happened in the global crisis in 2008; as when the mortgage crisis jumped into the stock market, this precipitated into a full scale stock market crisis which caused a major crisis all around the world. In no time, there was a huge economic in the global economy, as all stock markets around the world were effected immensely. (Bestgrowthstock-blog, 2009) In most simply way to explain why the stock exchange is important to economy is that when stock prices go down, companies, ranging from the strongest one to the smallest one, feel the 211 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo pain and vice versa. Economy is such science in which changes in one branch mostly leads to changes in other branch. So, changes in stock prices will not affect only companies, but also almost every individuals when most of them are not even aware of it. Mentioning this can sound very pessimistic and negative regarding stock exchange in general. However, it also shows the importance of stock exchange to economy since the stock exchange as a component of stock market as the main dynamo of the economical forces, is a way for the real economy to get strengthened. Figure 1 - Importance and stock market development from 1950 – 2007 (Miskhin, Stanley, 2006, p.6) As we can see from this figure, stock prices and stock market activities have been constantly increasing from year to year. In last fifty year, there has been boosting of economy which is mostly because increasing in stock market activities as well as prices. However, people do not know much about that. In some sense it creates our destiny regarding our future job orientation, since companies and corporations find stock exchange one of the easiest ways to obtain money to finance their activities. To make this more clear and convincible, let us assume a day when Wall Street marketers announce that price of certain company’s share/stocks extremely went down by, say, 35%. How would it affect companies and people? When it comes to people, fear of increases of economic unemployment is the way to affect them. In many cases, loosing job means increases in personal debt which further leads to insolvency or inability to repay all liabilities. Further consequences are shown in loose of houses, discouragement, financial dependence…etc. On the other side, decrease in company share’s prices leads to financial dependence meaning that companies facing that situation rely on money from bank. However, in order to obtain funds from bank companies usually have to agree on repaying principal back with high interest. Repaying principal back together with interest usually results in company’s less profit which further leads to less innovation, less competition, economy of scale decreases…etc. Besides that, borrowing funds from bank is heavily regulated. 212 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As Frederic S. Miskhin and Stanley G. Eakins mentioned in their book Financial Markets and Institutions (2006, p. 49), stock exchange is an important factor in business investment decision because of shares affecting the amount of funds that can be raised by selling newly issued stock to finance investment spending. In simply words, this means that a higher price for firm's share leads to a larger amount of collected funds, which can further be used to finance different business activities starting from inventory changes to rebuilding new company's facilities. Well functioning economies are closely related to the well functioning of stock exchange also for other reasons: Channeling funds from savers to borrowers - channeling those funds results in promoting economic efficiency as well as effectiveness in a way that competition increases, more funds are provided, unemployment decreases, more projects being implemented…etc. Figure 2 – participants being served by the stock exchange Governments Small business Investors STOCK EXCHANGE Banks Issuers Intermediates Corporations - - More innovation – highly developed countries are associated with innovation because people in those countries always want something new and sometimes have relatively unrealistic wishes and demands. Wealth of people is going up since they have job. This further leads to increases in their spending and result in profit increases of firms. Governments also benefit from this since people spend more, firms earn more, and more taxes are collected. Professor Mihailo Dedovic said in his book, “Stock Exchange” (page 2) that stock exchanges is not only important because huge amount of capital being involved. Far from being the case, it is mostly important because it is actually place where prices of goods, services, capitals as well as money are determined. What does this mean for us? In order to better understand consequences of stock exchange activities regarding price determination, let us take a look on the picture below: 213 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 3 – consequences of stock prices going down NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE Prices of corn are going up NATIONAL ECONOMIES Cash outflow is increased due to price increases PEOPLE People pay more money on corn products. It further leads to more money being saved since people can’t afford to buy luxury goods. Final consequence is national economic activities are decreased. Taking close look at this picture, we can notice that a New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) activity determines not only activities of national economies, but also activities of people being part of those economies. It is unwritten rule that when people have to pay necessities a bit expensive than they used to, in order to keep their cash at balance, they will turn to spending less money. This will further lead to less money on market and economic activities will decrease. Stock exchange helps company to raise fund which are necessary to expand its business. How is that work? Let us take simple example. Imagine yourself as an owner of small manufacturing company for producing furniture. You have some amount of money which you use to buy a machine for production, found couple customers, and you just started doing the business. So far, the business is doing well, profit is increasing, you are winning new customers and soon you face situation in which you simply can’t satisfy all customers’ needs and wants. Now you are facing the dilemma of whether to increase the business and profit, but require you to spend certain amount of money or you can just let your competitors take potential customers away from you, but you are letting competition to increase and putting yourself in risky situation regarding your future business and profit as well. In order to increase the business you have to buy new machines which costs, say, $100,000. Now, you can wait for some period to earn more money to buy that particular machine, but you are certainly going to lose many customers simply because they can’t wait for you to make product. So, they will switch the company. You can also borrow money from bank, but it is heavily regulated and soon you get money you will have to start returning more money back than you borrowed because interest is included. Finally, you can issue share which is third and most reasonable option to do. So, if I you do that, meaning if you sell part of your company to third person, you will not be a 100% owner, but you will have money necessary for financing your activity. In fact, third person is actually investor having claims on company’s future earnings. At first sight it seems that you earn less amount of money. Far from being the case, your business is increased and you earn more money. So, all in all, whenever a company decides to expand business or strengthen its capital, it has two main ways to obtain funds: either taking a loan from bank or issuing shares through the stock market. However, the stock market is the primary source for company to raise funds whenever it needs it. - There is saying that stock exchanges have predicted 3 out of last 10 recessions. 214 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo One simple thing that can warn us that particular event can take place is lack of responsibility regarding trading securities. This simply means that if, say, New York Stock Exchanges (NYSE) does not run the business in a way it is supposed to or fully carry out its duty regarding overseeing the stock trading process the investors will simply lose faith in the transparency, fairness and safety of the New York Stock Exchange. If this happens then all of the economic activity that the stock exchanges create will decrease and this will lead to an overall drop in economic activity. The stock exchanges must be sure that investors are not taken advantage of and that investors continue to have confidence in the system the stock exchanges created. - It is mentioned previously that the stock exchange is closely related to the economy of country in a way when stock prices go down; all participants in the economy, starting from individuals to large corporations are affected. This is mainly because the economy is such science in which changes in one branch affect and leads to changes in other branch of the economy. Figure 4 – domino effect (Dreamstock, 2011) The above picture explains effects of stock prices going down. As it is said, not only large corporations and small business are affected, but also almost every individual even if many of them are not aware of it. This is simply because of stock exchange, being one of the main factors in the economy as well as acting as dynamo forcing changes in economy together with well-full functioning stock market will help increase the strength of the reel economy. All in all, the stock exchange is one of the most important sources for companies, governments, small investors...etc, to gain money to expand business or finance their activities. The stock exchange activity is actually our destiny creator in the sense that small changes can cause positive or negative domino effect of worldwide business affecting directly us as individuals. Watching news about changes in share prices during whole day, seven days a week, it is just worth considering that stock exchange being part of our life. People’s awareness, especially of those holding shares, about stock exchange activities should be increased because the first impact they will see is fall or increase in their wealth. This can also cause domino effect since fall in wealth leads to people being more hesitate to spend money. Further effect is fall in consumer spending and list goes on. 215 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Taking into consideration everything mentioned, it is worth to say that nothing can change the fact that well functioning stock exchange is a way to create new jobs and way to create funding for companies from the biggest to those with small capacity. It is also fact that without a proper functioning of stock exchange, it is not possible to have a healthy economy. Simply saying, stock exchange is one of the key factors in producing high economic growth. 2. STOCK EXCHANGE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA When it comes to stock exchange of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the most important one is Sarajevo Stock Exchange (SASE), daily volume is measured in millions of dollars. Likewise abroad, the company’s easiest way to obtain funds for financing its activities is through issuing stock on the stock exchange. However, not all companies can participate on the BH stock exchanges. In order to trade securities either on SASE or BLSE, the particular company must be listed there. Sarajevo Stock Exchange (SASE) and Banja Luka Stock Exchange (BLSE) set up certain requirements that company must fulfill in order to participate on the stock exchange including: minimum amount of capital, minimum amount of size of shares, minimum number of class holders, which is 150…etc. As it is said previously, the way of trading of securities is being done on two stock exchanges located in Sarajevo (SASE) and Banja Luka (BLSE). Both, SASE and BLSE aim to provide quality and transparency as well as fair trading environment for their market participants which include both domestic and foreign participants. Over here in Bosnia and Herzegovina, business is done electronically meaning that brokers are sitting at their offices and do the business through technology. So, we can’t see people over here running around screaming and yelling like we see on American movies which actually show real picture of American stock market’s working environment. Stock exchanges in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with annual turnover measured in hundred million of dollars, has been recording improvement in the way of working as well as profit increasing from year to year. The performances of SASE and BLSE exploded especially in last couple years. Such improvement and profit increases lead to capital market strengthening which has also been recording improvement and people awareness from year to year. Since 2002, market capitalization has risen by around twenty times and at the end of 2005 it was EUR 3.3bn (Wiener Börse: EUR 107.1bn). The average daily trading volumes have also soared in the past few years and hit EUR 1.5mn by 2005 (Wiener Börse: EUR 342mn). The leading index of the Sarajevo Stock Exchange, the BIFX, rose from 1,264.20 at the end of 2002 to 4,045.57 points at the end of 2005. (SASE, 2011) 2.1 Criteria for Admission to the Admission to the Sock Exchange Listing Stock exchange is not like ordinary market where everybody can enter in, do the business, and walk away. Far from being the case, there are certain regulations and rules that particular company must implement before participating in stock market. A particular company must first be adjusted and registered by SEC (Security Exchange Commission) and even when it is adjusted process is not done yet because the particular company must do two other regulations: informing stock exchange about all circumstances affecting its business and providing stock exchange with annual and semi-annual financial statement. 216 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1 indicates that securities which complete the below listed criteria can be admitted to the listing. Table 1 – Criteria for admission of securities The issuer is a joint stock company registered at the Commission Years of business Reality and objectivity of accounting reports Capital (the overall capital by the last balance sheet: capital stock, paid surplus, reserve, assigned revenues or loss from previous years, revaluation capital, undivided revenues or the business year loss) Minimum share size class (considered to be the book4keeping value of share, i.e. market capitalization, if a share already was a part of any segment of the organized market Share class percentage at the public offer Share class owners 3 Revised accounting reports for the last three business years KM 4,000,000 KM 2,000,000 At least 25% At least 150 Table 2 - Criteria for admission of bonds: Years of business Reality and objectivity of accounting reports 3 Revised accounting business report for the last three years KM 3,000,000 Overall nominal value of the sold bond series Table 3 - Obligations after adjustment Obligation after approval by security exchange commission: - to inform stock market about all circumstances affecting its business - to provide stock exchange with annual and semi-annual financial statement 2.2 Institutional framework of Sarajevo Stock Exchange Well-functioning institutional framework in Bosnia and Herzegovina is necessary for transparency. On the other side, transparency and fairness are closely related to attracting of new investors while investors are considered to be most important players in a game called capital market. Institutional framework can be divided into several segments: 217 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2.1 Security exchange commission Security exchange commission is body established for the implementation of different tasks which is mandatory for fair and transparent trading on Sarajevo Stock Exchange. Without this body, it would not be possible to regulate and promote secure capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Another reason for the existing of security exchange commission is protection of investors. Once we have body that works on behalf of investors in a way that protects their rights, it is easy to attract new investors because they feel secure. Security Exchange Commission aims to promote capital market of Bosnia and Herzegovina to foreign investors and they found that building trust in the efficiency, effectiveness and fairness of the capital market is key to succeed in it. General overview of responsibilities of Security Commission of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (KOMVP,2011) The Securities Commission of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a broad regulatory authority. Its responsibilities, among other, include the following:  Regulation of conditions and methods of securities issuances and trading;  Approval of issuances of shares and other securities by companies and banks;  Approval of securities issuances bz fund management companies, investment funds, mutual funds, and other legal persons that issue securities;  Regulation of conditions and methods of bond issuance bz cantons and municipalities;  Prescribing the rules and control of securities trading based on securities exchange and system of listing, using electronic means;  Protection of investors' rights;  Prescribing and enforcement of standards of disclosure to investors and the general public on business operations of securities trading participants;  Prescribing of conditions, issuing approvals of operations, and control of professional intermediaries (e.g. brokers and dealers), and other securities trading participants. 2.2.2 Registry of Securities – in most simple way to explain Registry of Security is place where data on securities are being held. Article 2 of the law defines that the Registry of Securities performs operation of registration, safekeeping and maintenance of data on securities, operation of transfers in accordance with the law regulating the issuance and trading of securities. However, it is not only duty and operation preformed by the Registry of Security. Far from being the case, it may also perform other operations including clearing and settlement as well as all other operations that are related to clearing and settlement, but which are firstly approved by Security Commission. The Registry performs the following operations for securities issuers:     - registration, safekeeping, keeping and maintaining data on securities; - making the list of shareholders and list of securities holders with the balance as of the day requested by the issuer; - making other reports as requested by the issuer; - services in case of changes in property status and in case of changes in securities due to conversion, securities denomination, merger and division of issuer's shares; 218 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo       - Services in exercising the rights derived from securities (submitting data to issuers on securities holders, data on shareholders, who have the right to: vote in the shareholder meeting, payment of dividend, as well as other rights) and other, in accordance with the special contract. The Registry performs the following operations for the securities holders: - keeping the balance of securities on securities holders' accounts; - transfer of securities based on applications for transfer of securities, submitted directly to the Registry by the security holder; - issuing certificates – statements and confirmations on balance of the securities account; - Services in connection with keeping, on separate accounts, the rights of third parties on securities, of the lien, right of limitation of disposition, usufruct right and other rights; Service in connection with joint stock company takeover and conducting tender offer based on a special contract between securities holder and the Registry. Figure 5 - Registration of data on securities Registration of data on securities Company’s management Registry Investor’s account Account of issuer Certificate showing the balance of the security account at the end of the month in which a change on the balance of the account took place. Confidence Only investors and authorized person in the registry have access to the account. As we can see on the picture above, registration of data of securities is a process consisted of couple steps. First step is approving of security by security exchange commission. After it is approved, it goes to the registry as a central place where securities are being held. In the registry, two accounts are must be opened; account of issuer and account of investor. Such accounts serve the purpose of providing certificate that shows the balance of the security 219 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo account at the end of the month. However, not all accounts are included, but only accounts in which a change on the balance of the account took place. 2.2.3 Professional intermediates – brokerage firms A brokerage firm or brokerage house refers to company which is allowed or licensed to buy and sell securities. A brokerage firms are basically connection between buyers and sellers. A brokerage firm is a financial institution that facilitates the buying and selling of financial derivatives between a buyer and a seller. Brokerage firms serve a clientele of investors who trade public stocks and other securities. (Wikipedia, 2011) Figure 6 – brokerage intermediation Seller Brokerage houses Buyer Being a connection or an intermediary between buyers and sellers, brokers as employers of brokerage houses make, simply saying, clients’ wishes come true. In other words, it is brokers who carry out client’s needs and wants when they decide to do trading on the stock exchanges. So, brokers do trade but usually not on their own account and they are usually paid on a commission basis. - Operations performed by brokerage houses on SASE Buying and selling securities, not on their own account, but on the accounts of clients, Buying and selling securities on their own account,(dealers) They help in promotion of capital market, Portfolio operating, Investment consulting 2.2.4 Investment funds Investment fund is actually firm that invests money which is collected from different investors. Having money of many, small investors, investment fund invest it into in securities, bonds…etc. By this, an investment company gives an opportunity to small investors to invest their money in different securities. This becomes more important if we take into consideration the fact that those investors would probably never have such an opportunity. Another benefit of investing in investment funds is that small investors do not worry about trading costs which can sometimes be high. It is investment fund, not small investors that can gain economies of scale in while doing trading. There are two worldwide known investment companies: open-end which includes mutual fund, closed-end that includes investment trust 220 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2.5 Depositary banks Over here in Bosnia and Herzegovina, depositary banks are actually commercial banks that are allowed to do everything related to depositary job. Every brokerage house has its own depositary bank which is used to make payments. In order to be allowed to perform depositary job, a particular bank must be approved by Security Exchange Commission. Depositary bank offers the following services: - - Takes care of the fund property by keeping special accounts for property of each fund and separating property of each fund from property of other funds In case of mutual fund, repurchases and pays for shares, and makes payments to the owners of share of mutual fund from fund profit Takes care of the fact that calculation of net value of some stock or share in the fund was made in accordance with the Law, other regulations, prospect and Statute of the Fund Reports the Company on corporative affairs referring to the fund property, which it is taking care of, and executes the orders resulting from these affairs Pays all incomes and other rights due for the fund benefit, which are resulting from its property Keeps business operations records performed as the bank depositor for each fund and harmonizes it with Company’s records regularly Provides auditors and other persons authorized for auditing, including the Commission, with access to data and accounts related to the fund and its property (BIB, 2011) 2.3 Comparison of SASE, in terms of annual turnover, with regional stock exchanges in last two years. Before comparing turnover of SASE with regional stock exchanges, we should first see turnover of SASE from 2004 to 2010. As the table below (Table 4) indicates, starting from 2004, activity on SASE, in terms of money earned, had been constantly increasing till 2007 when the annual turnover was 1.274.340.116 KM. In 2008, in a year when recession started, activity on SASE dramatically decreased by more than five hundred million of KM. Fall in activity was continued in the following years and in 2010, annual turnover was the worst in SASE history with the amount of 108.55.379 KM. Based on this information we can divide turnover of SASE into two parts: prerecession turnover and post recession turnover. It is noticeable that before recession there were constant increases in turnover. However, when recession started, there have been constant decreases in turnover. 221 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 4 - Turnover from 2004 to 2010 Year Turnover 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 108.554.379 KM 219.085.458,65 KM 477.079.376 KM 1.274.340.116 KM 654.717.252 KM 555.353.951 KM 231.137.332,00 KM % percentage of total turnover on B&H stock exchanges 38,38 % 62,32 % 63,43 % 94,48% 59,45% 66,51% 67% The table below (Table 5) shows the comparison of Sarajevo Stock Exchange turnover for the years of 2011 and 2010 with regional stock exchanges such as; Zagreb Stock Exchange, Belgrade Stock Exchange and Ljubljana Stock Exchange. As it is noticeable, the Zagreb Stock Exchange had the highest turnover followed by Belgrade Stock Exchange whose turnover in last two years was over 400 million of euro. Capital market of Bosnia and Herzegovina is less developed than those of Serbia and Croatia, which means that annual turnover of SASE, is lesser with turnover around 100 million of euro in last two years. The last one Ljubljana Stock Exchange with turnover less than 100 million of euro in last two years. However, it does not mean that capital market in Slovenia is undeveloped. Far from being the case, it is among most developed in Balkan region, but it is obvious that recession took place in this country. Table 5 – Comparison of SASE turnover with regional stock exchanges in last two years Name of Stock exchange Sarajevo Stock Exchange Zagreb Stock Exchange Belgrade Stock Exchange Ljubljana Stock Exchange Year 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 Turnover / 55.668.921 EUR 749.911.956,6 EUR 934.882.913,7 EUR 208.180.538 EUR 222.475.934 EUR 19.352.083 EUR 20.485.947 EUR Figure 7 – The graphical comparison of Sarajevo Stock Exchange with regional Stock Exchanges. 222 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As it is mentioned previously, the Zagreb Stock Exchange had the highest turnover in last two years. Based on this information, it is noticeable that Croatia has highly developed capital market, especially in last two years. According to this fact capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina is far from level at which capital market of Croatia is in terms of development. Since, capital market over here is less developed; SASE should follow some strategies used by Zagreb Stock Exchange. 3. CONCLUSION Even if the facts, graphs, and tables shown in this work are promising, the general picture of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina is still relatively unfavorable. The development of BH capital market is related to the development of primary and secondary market. It means, when primary and secondary markets are involved in high activity, the capital market is strengthening. If we make comparison of capital market of Bosnia and Herzegovina with those of developed countries, it is still underdeveloped and most of all, it is still seen as relatively unimportant to the development of domestic country’s economy. One of the main reasons for being less developed is corruption. This further means that there is legal uncertainty which prevents investors to invest. It is also important to realize that economic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina must rely more on financial institutions as well as capital market. This means that the close relationship between economic development and financial institutions must be established. So far, stock exchange together with the banking industry is seen as a key factor in producing high level of activity on capital market and economic growth as well. However, it is still far from desired level of liquid financial market which is another problem of capital market of Bosnia and Herzegovina being undeveloped. Professor Mehmed Ganic is mentioning, in his work about current problems of capital market (page 14) five reasons related to a possible recovery in the capital markets of B&H which must be taken into account. First, the process of ownership concentration is largely complete, so the new owners have lost an interest and incentive to appear in the capital market. It underestimates the shares and leads to the discharge of the market. Consequently, this makes it unlikely to stimulate interest both domestic and foreign investors; 223 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Second, the benefits of financial markets resulting from the significant effects of established organizational networks, as well as development and trading securities guided, above all, the unit fixed costs. If the market is less liquid, then the trading costs are high. This ultimately reduces the benefits of capital markets, discourage investors, in other words, a lack of demand. In addition, B&H has not yet fully adopted the culture of financing by issuing of new shares which means that companies regularly resort to capital markets for the raising of fresh capital. Third, that the performance of capital markets is still under the influence of bad political and economic environment of instability and poor social status of most citizens. Fourth, there is a weak mobility of the issuers and limited of trading in securities of the local companies, which resulted in the competitiveness of capital markets because of such restrictions at a very low level. Fifth, the capital market of B&H is limited due to the slow and incomplete process of privatization, following its further growth. Another reason for capital market of Bosnia and Hezegovina being unfavorable and underdeveloped is because of lack of foreign investors. Foreign direct investment plays an important role in development of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina, so capital market should be attractive in order to make foreigners invest their capital in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, capital market of Bosnia and Herzegovina is undeveloped, and it means that investors do not want to take risk and invest. They usually turn to developed financial markets which is key to encouraging them to take a risk and invest. Capital marek of highly developed countries is characterised by various short-term financial instruments. However, it is not case in Bosnia and Herzegovina.The overall financial market should encourage all, starting from companies to financial institutions to governments to start issuing short-term financial instruments. By this time, banking industry and stock exchange are key for producing high level of activity on capital marekt in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is them which contribute to developing of economy of B&H. All in all, capital market and stock exchanges as a segment of capital market play key role in our daily lives and we should start seeing this of great importance. Being key of producing high economic growh, government should attract investors by providing securtiy and transparency while companies should be offering more diversified financial instruments in order to attract customers. Once again, nothing can change the fact that stock exchange plays key role in our daily lives and it is stock exchanges that in some sense create our destiny. REFERENCES 1. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchange, 05/01/2012 2. Dedovic, Dr.Mihailo, Berza – projekat od nacionalnog interesa, Pec, 1998 3. Internet: http://www.bestgrowthstock.com/blog/2009/04/02/the-importance-of-the-stockmarket-for-the-economy/ 28/12/2011 4. Internet: http://www.dreamstock.com, 03/10/2012 5. Mishkin, Frederic S. and Eakins, Stanley G. Financial Markets and Institutions, Fifth edition, 2006 224 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 7. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 8. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 9. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 Analyze and evaluate the system of internal control in the process of implementing the audit of financial statements for business entities Pece Nikoloski, Goce Menkinoski, Facullty of economics in Prilep, Macedonia E-mails: nikoloski.pece@yahoo.com,gocemenkinoski@yahoo.com Abstract Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing and reporting results from financial transactions in the form of financial statements. Other than accounting, auditing the financial statements determines whether those statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting standards. You could say that this kind of audit users of financial statements provides objective and independent opinion on the truthfulness and honesty of the data presented in financial statements of business entities that are clients. The application of the system of internal control in the implementation of the audit process is very important activity in the process of making business decisions to allocate economic resources and successful management. Information obtained from the analysis answer the question as business entity in the previous period and how to function in the next period to be maintained better result. The main goal of any business entity is achieving greater profits. The profit maximization is striving to achieve the possible cost less and also the achievement of greater revenues. Profit shown in the financial statements may differ from reality depending on the way you handled the financial statements or in other words the way reports display where they can be concealed large gains and losses. From there the auditors are those who weigh the reality of participants' data in financial reports. How the financial result is a real set, so will be better and better decisions are made based on such information. The advantages of better financial reporting are significant, hence the actions needed to achieve those benefits are complex and comprehensive. As such we list the following activities: improving the framework of financial reporting; strengthening of key factors within the financial reporting; supporting the audit profession; supporting education, training and public awareness. The main and primary objective of financial reporting is to provide access balanced between financial reporting and audit requirements, which means meeting the needs of different users of financial information but also will be complex to burden the functioning of the corporate sector. In practice, here are three main reasons to perform the process of analyzing financial statements and financial indicators achieved: 1. The need for continuous monitoring of their own situation analyzes achieved financial indicators, financial instruments are planned and implemented financial control; 225 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1297 Title A name given to the resource Stock exchange influence in promotion of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina: SASE case Author Author Fahrudin , Malanovic Abstract A summary of the resource. Economic efficiency and well being of one country is somehow connected with the efficiency and effectiveness of stock exchange, so the main purpose of this study is to show and explain workings of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina through activities of Sarajevo Stock Exchange. The reason for this analysis is fact that the stock exchange performs important, if not key, role in one nation’s economy since it provides investment opportunities by offering buyers and seller’s places for trading securities, such as stocks and bonds. Such investment opportunities are ways for corporations, governments, and business to obtain funds necessary for expanding business or financing publicly good project. Another reason for this analysis is the lack of awareness about importance of stock exchange even if performance of stock exchanges affects everybody starting from individuals to large corporations to governments. Taking into consideration the fact that the stock exchange is an organized place for trading goods, securities, financial derivatives…etc, whose daily volume is measured in billions of dollars, it can be easily concluded that importance of it is huge. This work is mentioning direct and indirect effects of stock exchange activity on an economy, proving great impact on daily activity, not only of business, but of people as well. This study also indicates that highly developed nations are closely related to the high level of activity of stock exchanges and see stock exchange, as a component of capital market, a key factor to success. Simply, stock exchange is as important as other public goods. Less developed nations are not necessarily related to the poor performance of stock exchanges; however, it could also be a main reason for those nations to be considered as a less developed. All in all, nothing can change the fact that stock exchange creates our destiny regarding our future job orientation, since companies and corporations find stock exchange one of the easiest ways to obtain money to finance their activities. Also, nothing can change the fact that the whole global economy, including economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is dependent on those biggest stock exchanges around the world where the most important one is the New York Stock Exchange. This work is divided into three chapters. Section 1 deal with stock exchange and stock market in general. When it comes to Section 2, it deals with stock exchanges in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Section 3 is actually conclusion part of this work.Keywords: stock exchange, capital market, security, stock, bond Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0f367ba5ace6ab668c11f799d34f6f39.pdf 6587e6939526cbf829e4764cb24f6179 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Physiological characterization of dunaliella sp. (chlorophyta, volvocales) from çamalti saltworks (izmir-turkey) Fatih Aksoy 1 Edis Koru2 1Katip Çelebi University Fisheries Faculty Dept. of Aquaculture, Çiğli,35620, İzmir,Turkey 2Ege University Fisheries Faculty Dept. of Aquaculture Bornova,35100, İzmir,Turkey E-mail: fatih.aksoy@ikc.edu.tr Abstract Dunaliella (Cyanophyceae) microalgea is a species used for feeding live baits that are used in larval fish production. Dunaliella species are intensively cultivated in algal biotechnology. Because of the nutritional value and chemicals this microalgea contains, it is commonly used in industries such as pharmacy, cosmetics and bait industry. From this point of view, it can be said that this algea species has high economic value. It can be found in areas between ‰ 10 and ‰ 200 salinity content rate. In Turkey this species can be found in salinas near coasts and salty-soft drink lakes. In this research, Dunaliella sp. species which is in Turkey’s biggestmarine based saltworks “İzmir Çamaltı Saltworks” ecosystem isolated and cultivation in controlled circumstances determined. As a part of this research, physicochemical parameters such as optimum light, saltiness, density, biomass and pigment determined. Keywords : Dunaliella sp., saltworks, microalgea, Çamaltı, Izmir, Turkey. 1.INTRODUCTION Microalgae produce biomass and specific biomass in gredients from solar irradiation at high degrees so that it is possible to produce economically feasible materials by microalgae. The genus Dunaliella are wall-less eukoryatic algae and found in saline environments. They are flagellate and consist of 23 species. They exhibit ideal growth at various salt concentrations. In those conditions, their colours become orange-red (Massyuk, 1973). Dunaliella belongs to the phylum Chlorophyta and family Polyblepharidaceae. It is halotolerant and green (Avron and Ben-Amotz 1992; Garcia et al., 2007). It can live in aquatic condition between 0,5-5 M NaCI salinities (Shariati & Hadi, 2000, Phadwal & Singh, 2003; Jahnke & White, 2003). Dunaliella species produce some chemicals such as caretonids (Hosseini Tafreshi & Shariati, 2006; Hadi et al., 2008), glycerol (Hadi et al., 2008), vitamins and proteins (Ghoshal et al., 2002) tough conditions (Hosseini Tafreshi & Shariati, 2006; Hadi et al., 2008). The reason how it can adapt in various salt concentrations is that it can change the intracellular concentration of glycerol (Raja et al., 2007). People use glycerol in automotive, leather, pharmaceutical, paint, cosmetic, food, pulp and paper, textile industries and in the manufacture of microbial fermentation or it can be synthesized from petrochemical raw materials. It can also be produced from soap manufacture of fats the amount of glycerol produced in the world is 600,000 t/year (Wang et al., 2001; Taherzadeh et al., 2002). Dunaliella species are consireded to be the most known microalgae in the autotrophic production of glycerol (Borowitzka and Borowitzka, 1992). Dunaliella sp. are known as the most halotolerant eukoryatic livings and they can adapt even to low salt saturated conditions 113 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo such as 0.2%.On the other hand , it is the only eukoryatic photosynthetic organism found in extremely concentrated saline lakes (Ben-Amotz and Avron, 1990). Dunaliella salina, D. viridisare mostly found microalgae species in salty conditions (Davis, 1990). D. salina accumulates high amounts of β-caroten when there is a lack of nitrogen sources or in high salinities and in high levels of irridance. β-caroten is a pigment and it is added to health food products and is used as a food coloring agent (anti-cancer and antioxidant agent) (Ben-Amotz and Avron, 1990). 2.MATERIALS AND METHODS Dunaliella spp. were isolated from the Çamaltı solar saltworks and cultivated (Izmir, Turkey). The Çamaltı Saltwork is the largest one in Turkey. It is in Izmir City which experiences marine conditions. Its coordinates are 38°28’N and 26°50’E near the Izmir Bay. The reservoir initial in the saltworks is found approximately in 2-3 inches depth of water. The density of water is about 3 oBe – 5 oBe in November-May. Then, The water is pumped from the sea and the salinity increases by 6-8 oBe. After that the density goes on increasing up to 22–24 oBe. During this process micro algae appear and exhibit different colors. At higher concentrations micro algae collapse. The temperature varied between 6-7°C (December), 4-5°C (February), 20-22 °C (April) to 28-30 °C (June), 38-40 °C (August) throughout the year. We used single-cell isolation by micropipette.Dunaliella sp. were incubated and stored without any process during two month. Then 1L flaks were incubated and reproduced. And then different salinities determined growth parameters. Dunaliella sp. strain was cultivated at four NaCI concentration (‰40,‰100) in 1L flaks. Laboratory’s temperature was 24±1 °C, and lights were 1200 lux. Experiments were observed for 20 days. We used f/2 medium for experiments. Tablo 1. f/2 Medium (Guillard and Ryther 1962) Component Stock Solution Quantity Molar Concentration in Final Medium NaNO3 75 g/L dH2O 1 mL 8.82 x 10-4 M NaH2PO4 H2O 5 g/L dH2O 1 mL 3.62 x 10-5 M Na2SiO3 9H2O 30 g/L dH2O 1 mL 1.06 x 10-4 M trace metal solution 1 mL ….. vitamin solution 0,5 mL ….. f/2 Trace Metal Solution Component 114 Primary Solution Stock Quantity Molar Concentration in Final Medium �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo FeCl3 6H2O .... 3.15 g 1.17 x 10-5 M Na2EDTA 2H2O …. 4.36 g 1.17 x 10-5 M CuSO4 5H2O 9.8 g/L dH2O 1 mL 3.93 x 10-8 M Na2MoO4 2H2O 6.3 g/L dH2O 1 mL 2.60 x 10-8 M ZnSO4 7H2O 22.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 7.65 x 10-8 M CoCl2 6H2O 10.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 4.20 x 10-8 M MnCl2 4H2O 180.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 9.10 x 10-7 M f/2 Vitamin Solution Component thiamine (vit.B1) Primary Solution HCl …. Stock Quantity Molar Concentration in Final Medium 200 mg 2.96 x 10-7 M biotin (vit. H) 0.1 g/L dH2O 10 mL 2.05 x 10-9 M cyanocobalamin (vit.B12) 1.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 3.69 x 10-10 M For the extraction of chlorophlly-a, 5 ml of cultures incubated was taken daily from each flask. Absorbance measurements were made by using a spectrophotometer. Algal growth was monitored by counting number of cells in a counting chamber (Thoma Counting chamber). 3.RESULTS Growth of Dunaliella sp. Çamaltı strain at different salinities is shown in Fig. 1. Maximum cell density for Dunaliella sp. was obtained in 100 ‰ salinity and the lowest concentration was found in 40 ‰ salinity. Salinity clearly affected the cell density in Dunaliella sp. The optimum salinity for growth of Dunaliella sp. strain was around 100 ‰ salinity. A high salinity (100‰) was establisment chlorophlly-a (621,3 pg cell/1), a low salinity (40‰) (347,1pg cell/1). (Fig.2) 115 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cell density(x106 mL/1) 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 40 ‰ 100 ‰ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cultivation time (day) Fig. 1: Increase in cell density under the conditions of different salinities and 25 °C temperatures 700 Chl a (pg cell/1 600 500 400 300 40 ‰ 200 100 ‰ 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cultivation time(day) Fig. 2: Maximum chlorophyll-a concentration per cell in Dunaliella sp. grown at different salinities Optic density (680nm) Optical density was directly proportional the density of the cell. It is shown that a high optical density observed at high salinity. Increasing salinity caused optic density to increase (Fig. 3) 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 40 ‰ 100 ‰ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time (day) 116 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig. 3: The optical density of different salinities At 40 ppt, culture had reached the logarithmic and stationary growth phase on day 3rd and 6th, respectively. On day 20, culture collapsed at 40 ppt. At 100 ppt, culture had reached the logarithmic and stationary growth phase on day 5th and 9th. The highest physiological development in Duneliella sp. was obtained at 100 ppt. 4.DISCUSSION The Dunaliella species isolated from the solar saltworks on the Çamaltı Izmir differed in their capacity for growth and physiological acclimation to varying culture conditions. In the present study, the effect of salinity intensity, cell intensity, optic density, chlorophlly-a, on growth of Dunaliella sp. Çamaltı strain was determined. It has been observed to grow optimum at salinity around 100 ‰. Gibor (1956), Jimenez and Niell (1990) reported that the optimum temperature for the growth of Dunaliella viridis was around 30°C. Ak (2008) reported that the highest growth of D. viridis of Çamaltı saltworks was found 25°C. Our study shown that the temperature was 25°C the high salinity the best growing. InthestudyheldbyDurmazet al in theyear of 2006, theyisolatedDunaliellasalinathecellsfrom Konya Salt Lake bythemethod of dilution. Theymonitoredtheirgrowth in differentsalinities(0.62M, 0.85, 1.25 ve 1.71M). Inthisstudy, themostconvenient salt concentrationwasobservedto be 1.71M NaCI. In1.71M NaCI, morecellnumberandhigher Bcarotenevalueswerefoundout. Inthestudyheldby Dudu et al in 2001 on differentNaCI(10%, 15 %and20%)concentrations, theyannouncedthattheyattainedthemostgrowthin NaCI10 % concentration. REFERENCES Ben-Amotz, A. and M. Avron, 1983. Accumulation of metabolites by halotolerant algae and its industrial potential. Ann. Rev. Microbial., pp:95-119 Ben-Amotz, A., Avron, M., 1990. The biotechnology of cultivating the halotolerant alga Dunaliella. Trends Biotechnol. 8, 121–126. Ben-Amotz, A., Shaish, A., Avron, M., 1991. The biotechnology of cultivating Dunaliella for production of b-carotene rich algae. Bioresour. Technol. 38 (2–3), 233–235. Borowitzka, M.A., Borowitzka, L.J., 1992. Micro-algal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Davis, J.S., 1990. Biological Management fort he Productşon Salt from Seawater. In: Introduction Applied Phycology, Akatsuka, I. (Ed.). SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp:479-488. 117 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Dudu Evren, Ü., Ç. Kanlıtepe, C. Çıracı, G. Dönmez, 2001. Tuz Göl,’nden (Konya-Türkiye) izole edilen Dunaliella türlerinin gliserol üretim kapasitesinin belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 1. Alg Teknoloji Sempozyumu p, 225-232 (In Turkish). Durmaz, Y., Gökpınar Ş., 2006. Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyceae) Büyümesi Üzerine Tuzluluğun Etkileri. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, pp:121-124. Garcia, F., Freile-Pelegrin, Y., Robledo, D., 2007. Physilogical characterization of Dunaliella sp. (Chlorophyta, Volvocales) from Yucatan, Mexico. Bioresource Technology,pp:1359-1365 Javor, B., 1989. Hypersaline Enviroments: Microbiology and Biogeochemistry. 1st Edn., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp:328. Lamers, P.P., Janssen, M., De Vos, C.H.R., Bino, J.R. and Wijffels, R.H. 2008. Exploring and exploiting carotenoid accumulation in Dunaliella salina for cell-factory applications. Cell Press, pp:631. Kaçka, A., Dönmez, G., 2008. Isolation of Dunaliella spp. from a hypersaline lake and their ability to accumulate glyserol. Bioresource Technology, pp.8348. Massyuk, 1973. Morphology, taxonomy, ecology and geographic distribution of the genus DunaliellaTeod. and prospects for its potential utilisation. Kiev: Naukova Dumka. Massyuk. pp. 312. Taherzadeh, M.J., Adler, L., Liden, G., 2002. Strategies for enhancing fermentative production of glycerol-a review. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 31, 53–66. Wang, Z.X., Zhuge, J., Fang, H., Prior, B.A., 2001. Glycerol production by microbial fermentation: a review. Biotechnol. Adv. 19, 201–223. Interactions between chemicals used in aquaculture and environment in terms of sustainable development Muhammet Altunok , Fatih Gülec , Zerife Peker , Klaus Kümmerer Abstract Aquaculture that is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants, is the fastest growing animal production sector in the world. Global production from aquaculture for human consumption amounted to 73 million tonnes and the value of US$ 110 billion in 2009 and comprised almost fifty percent of the world’s fish supply. Aquaculture, thus, plays an important role in global efforts towards eliminating malnutrition and brings significant health benefits by nutritional well-being. It significantly dominates most devoloping countries in terms of contribution to development by increasing gross domestic product, providing employment opportunities and improving incomes. The potentially adverse impacts of aquaculture that is also threat the sustainability when the sector grows unregulated or under poor management, is of considerable current environmental 118 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1236 Title A name given to the resource Physiological characterization of dunaliella sp. (chlorophyta, volvocales) from çamalti saltworks (izmir-turkey) Author Author Fatih, Aksoy Abstract A summary of the resource. Dunaliella (Cyanophyceae) microalgea is a species used for feeding live baits that are used in larval fish production. Dunaliella species are intensively cultivated in algal biotechnology. Because of the nutritional value and chemicals this microalgea contains, it is commonly used in industries such as pharmacy, cosmetics and bait industry. From this point of view, it can be said that this algea species has high economic value. It can be found in areas between ‰ 10 and ‰ 200 salinity content rate. In Turkey this species can be found in salinas near coasts and salty-soft drink lakes. In this research, Dunaliella sp. species which is in Turkey’s biggestmarine based saltworks “İzmir Çamaltı Saltworks” ecosystem isolated and cultivation in controlled circumstances determined. As a part of this research, physicochemical parameters such as optimum light, saltiness, density, biomass and pigment determined. Keywords : Dunaliella sp., saltworks, microalgea, Çamaltı, Izmir, Turkey. 1. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/de31371ab9fffff75607dc3aad76d9d3.pdf f7475c4825e32de8900b87a96de60d96 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Importance of carrying capacity for sustainable trout culture: the case of “bagci balik” Fatih Güleç1, Yusuf Güner1, Tolga Şahin2 1Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 35080 İzmir 2Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 17100 Çanakkale Abstract Trout is a fish species that is produced widely all over the world and it has an important place in the aquaculture industry. For the sustainable development of the trout culture, it is need to determine how much fish can be stocked per unit volume (carrying capacity). Over-stocking could threaten fish welfare and sustainable use of environmental resources. Estimating of carrying capacity is necessary both to minimize these adverse impacts on fish and environment, and in terms of sustainable use of water resources. In this study, carrying capacity of a commercial land based trout farm in Koycegiz (Mugla/TURKEY) was investigated. Two methods were used to calculate carrying capacity and compared with each other: “Oxygen requirement based carrying capacity” and “Metabolic waste based carrying capacity”. The mean values of studied water quality parameters that used in calculations were measured as; 14.12 ± 0.72 °C for temperature, 7.78 ±0.20 for pH, 10.1 ± 0.93 mg/l for oxygen, 3,05 ± 0,84 m3 s-1 for flow rate. The annual production capacity was calculated with these measured parameters. By the observed data, the carrying capacities of the farm were found respectively with based on oxygen requirement as 538.42 ± 196.22 tonnes; and based on metabolic waste as 1113.4 ± 463.7 tonnes per years. According to the results that obtained from the study, there was significant difference between two carrying capacity estimation methods. However when the oxygen levels of the water were examined, in some months the negative values, that could adversely affect the life and growth of the trouts, were observed. Fort this reason, to reduce the limiting effect of the oxygen and reach maximum carrying capacity; it is needed to be integrated oxygenation or aeration systems into the production ponds. On the other hand, for the sustainable use of the environmental sources in the facilities engaged in production according to the metabolic waste based carrying capacity, it is important to use advanced water filtration systems. Keywords: Carrying capacity, land-based trout culture, water quality. 1.INTRODUCTION Aquaculture is a farming method of aquatic animals and plants for nutrition, stocks enrichment, making ornaments, hobby activities, and for scientific studies in a controlled or semi-controlled manner, by human (Çelikkale, et al., 1999). Today, it is a rapidly growing industry especially in terms of animal food. The combined result of development in aquaculture worldwide and the expansion in global population is that the average annual per capita supply of food fish from aquaculture for human consumption has increased by ten times, from 0.7 kg in 1970 to 7.8 kg in 2008, at an average rate of 6.6 percent per year(FAO, 2010). According to data obtained from the FAO, in 2010, total global aquaculture 64 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo production (quantity) is 73 million tonnes. The value of the world aquaculture harvest, excluding aquatic plants, is estimated at US$110.1 billion in 2009 (FAO, 2010). Turkey’s total fisheries production is 653 thousand tons and 167 thousand tons of total production comes from aquaculture. More than half of the amount of aquaculture (51%) is due to the trout culture, and the value of production is around US$ 207 million (TUIK, 2010). Sustainability has great importance for the aquculture industry as in all sectors. At this point, the condition of the water is one of the vital criteria for aquaculture enterprises that are at the top level of the production cycle. Aquaculture can be made depending on the the physical, chemical and biological properties of water. These criteria should be in optimum standards fort he sustainable aquaculture. Rate of flow and quality of incoming water are the first parameters to be dealt with in establishing suitable living conditions for fish. (Penneli and Mclean, 1996). Because, the water that is used for aquaculture, both brings oxygen to the aquaculture environment and also provides removal of the accumulated wastes (Balık, et al., 2002). On the other hand, estimating the carrying capacity of the farm, is an important criteria to be considered. Carrying capacity is usually expressed in terms of quantity of fish per unit of water flow (loading rate) or per cubic meter of rearing space (density) (Hinshaw, 2000). Carrying capacity has an important influence on the success of aquaculture operations. The appropriate stocking level is ascertained in carrying capacity studies (Frechette, 2005). Many studies have demonstrated an effect of stocking density on various aspects of the welfare of farmed fish (Wedemeyer, 1997). In intensive aquaculture fishes are usually reared at high densities, which has led to concerns about welfare of the fish, so there is a need for the development of reliable stocking density guidelines (Adams, et al., 2007; Ashley, 2007; Ellis, et al., 2002; Huntingford, et al., 2006). Several causative mechanisms have been proposed to explain why high densities negatively affect growth and feed utilization. The biochemical, behavioural, and physiological changes induced by high stress levels are presumed to be energetically costly, affecting the amount of energy available for growth (Barton and Iwama, 1991; Pickering, 1992; Vijayan and Leatherland, 1998; Wendelaar, 1997). High rearing density in itself may further reduce access to feed, thereby reducing feed intake and directly affecting growth (Alanara and Brannas, 1996; Boujard et al., 2002; Marchand and Boisclair, 1998). Incorrect Carrying capacity aplications both affect negatively to fish welfare and cause environmental issues. This is the biggest obstacle in front of the goal of sustainable aquaculture. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the carrying capacity so good to reflect the facts. In this study, carrying capacity of a commercial land based trout farm in Koycegiz (Mugla/TURKEY) was investigated. For the sustainable use of Yuvarlak Çay, the optimum capacity and the maximum capacity had been calculated with both formulas. 2.Materials and methods 2.1.Experimental area The study was conducted in a commercial trout farm that was located on Yuvarlakçay Stream in Fethiye/Koycegiz. The commercial farm aimed to produce 900 tons trout per year in its project. For the sustainable trout farming on this stream continuously, optimum and maximum amount of fish, that could be stocked in the farm, was estimated. 65 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2.Fish material The farmed fish species in the trout enterprise, was rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Walbaum, 1792), and the production period that was used in the farm, from egg to market size. Method A number of different formulas have been devised to calculate carrying capacities, taking into account oxygen consumption, growth rate of fish, feeding rates, water volume and temperature, and other factors. Dissolved oxygen and ammonia (un-ionized) concentrations are the primary limiting factors in the culture systems, with oxygen normally the more critical (Hinshaw, 2000). Therefore carrying capacity (stock density) of the fish farms, can be estimated with the amount of oxygen consumed by fish or methabolic wastes of the fish. To be able to make this calculation, it is important to know amount of the feed given to fish. Because, the single artificial input is the feed to the fish that grown in the farm and to the natural environment (Balık, et al., 2002). In the calculations; two criteria are taken into consideration: The oxygen rate that fish need to metabolize the feed and the amount of ammonia released by digestion of feed the environment. In this study the approach of Brannon, (1991), calculating carrying capacity of trout farming with oxygen and metabolic wastes based methods. 2.3.Oxygen-Based Carrying Capacity Estimation The optimum carrying capacity according to water flow rate and the dissolved oxygen in the water was calculated by the following formula: N = (0,25) / ( 0,00143 x Of) p=R/N *N : L /min required/kg of fish feed *0,25 : kg O2 to metabolize 1 kg of fish feed *0,00143 : conversion constant *Of : inlet oxygen minus outflow oxygen (Oa - Ob) *p : kg of food fed *R : total rate of flow in L / min. Mechabolic waste-Based Carrying capacity Estimation The maximum amount of fish that could be produced by increasing the amount of oxygen in the water, was calculated with this method. 66 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1. NH3 percentage of Total Ammonia Relationship to pH and Temperature Temp (°C) pH 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 4 0.01 0.03 0.12 0.37 1.10 3.39 8 0.02 0.05 0.16 0.50 1.58 4.82 12 0.02 0.07 0.21 0.68 2.12 6.40 16 0.03 0.09 0.29 0.92 2.86 8.52 20 0.04 0.13 0.40 1.24 3.83 11.18 N = (0,032 x r) / (0,00143 x 0,02) p =R/N *N : L / min. required/kg of food fed *0,032 : kg NH3 + NH4+ produced/kg of food fed *r : % NH3 of total ammonia present (Table 1. NH3 percentage of Total Ammonia Relationship to pH and Temperature(Brannon, 1991). *0,00143 : conversion constant *0,02 : ppm max. NH3 *p : kg of food fed *R : total rate of flow in L/min To use in the calculations, temperature(°C), flow rate (L/s), oxygen (mg/L) and the other chemical water parameters were measured regularly every month. Table 2. Monthly measured water parameters used in the calculations Parameters Ma y Jun e July Aug . Sep . Oct. Nov . Dec . Jan. Feb . Mar . Apr . Flow Rate 2,88 2,38 2,3 (m3/s) 4 1,94 1,9 8 2,7 4 2,91 3,09 4,1 3 4,0 9 4,05 4,04 Temperatur e (°C) 14,3 14, 5 14 13,7 13,5 12, 5 13, 7 14,2 14,2 67 14,7 15,3 14, 8 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo pH 8,1 NH3 (%) 7,9 8,1 7,6 7,4 7,6 7,8 7,8 7,7 7,8 7,8 7,8 3,20 2,09 3,2 3 0,98 0,6 5 0,9 8 1,49 1,55 1,1 5 1,5 5 1,94 1,94 Oxygen (mg/l) 9,3 9,3 8,9 9,9 10, 0 11, 7 10,3 10,4 11, 0 9,5 9,3 11,6 Oxygen (mg/l) 4,0 4,2 5,7 5,12 3,8 5 4,9 7 4,97 6,35 8,0 1 6,3 6,51 7,77 (discharged from ponds) 3.Results and Discussion 3.1.Carrying Capacity According to “Oxygen-Based Carrying Capacity Estimation” method, it was calculated between May to April with the varying flow rate in the ongrowing ponds, respectively; 212.5 , 175.6 , 156.6 , 163.1 , 169.8, 315.0 , 264.7 , 295.3 , 406.0, 315.8 , 298.8 , 457.7 tons trout could be farmed in the months (Table 3. The total amount of fish produced by month (tons) The sample enterprise could make two production in a year. When the carrying capacity was calculated; 198,77± 24,58 tons trout could be farmed in the one production period and in the second period; 339,72 ± 30,64 tons. It was estimated that totally 538,49±55,22 tons of trout could be produced per year. According to the calculation of “Mechabolic waste-Based Carrying Capacity Estimation” method, that is taken into consideration the percentage of toxic NH3 in the total ammonia; respectively; 241.3, 305.3, 194.2, 529.5, 816.8, 747.9, 520.5, 534.6, 966.3, 707.6, 559.1, 557.7 tons fish could be farmed (Table 3. The total amount of fish produced by month (tons). 472,50 ± 109,01 tons trout could be farmed in the one production period and 640,97 ± 70,65 tons in the second period. It was estimated that totally 1113,47 ± 179,98 tons of trout could be produced per year. Table 3. The total amount of fish produced by month (tons) May June July Capacity (tonnes/ye ar) 68 Aug . Sep. Oct. Nov . Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar . Apr. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Based on 212, oxygen 5 175, 6 156, 6 163, 1 169, 8 315 264, 7 295, 3 406 315, 8 298, 8 457, 7 Based on 241, ammonia 3 305, 3 194, 2 529, 5 816, 8 747, 9 520, 5 534, 6 966, 3 707, 6 559, 1 557, 7 Figure 1. Estimated carrying capacities calculated with oxygen based and ammonia based methods between May to April. 4.CONCLUSION One of the most important issues is to measure water properties. While doing this the physical and chemical parameters should be known. Beveridge (2004), previously reported that any increase in temperature affected the metabolism, oxygen consumption and also increased activity of fish. Optimal on-growing temperature level was reported between 10-15 °C by Sedgwick, (1985) , and in addition to this between 12-18 °C by Çelikkale, (1988). In this study, the water temperature ranged between 12,5-15,3 °C and the average temperature level in the ponds was 14,12 ± 0,21 °C (Table 2). The temperature level did not adversely affect the development of the fish. Çelikkale, 1988 reported that 100 – 150 kg rainbow trout could be farmed with 1 L.s-1 . In this study the avarage flow rate was measured 3.05 ± 0.24 m3.s-1. Additionally, water flow rate was reduced during the experimental period due to very low rainfall in that season. The dissolved oxygen (DO) level in the water is another important criteria in the estimating of carrying capacity of the trout farm. Çelikkale, (1988); Edwards, (1987); and Stevenson, (1984); reported that the DO level had to be more than 6 mg.L-1 for the rainbow trout farming. The levels of DO varied between 8,9 and 11.7 mg.L-1 at farm inlet during the study and the lowest DO at the pond outlet was observed in September (3.85 mg.L-1) (Table 2). 69 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo This value was found to be below the limit of DO concentration for rainbow trout farming (5 mg.L-1) as recommended by Belaud, (1995). Additional oxygenation systems were used to solve lower DO problem, in the farm. The present study showed that carrying capacity (stock density) of a trout farm was related with water parameters. Although, the presence of suitable water temperature for trout farming, the water parameters limited production. In the first method, oxygen was the significant limited parameters for carrying capacity. Especially between May and September, the oxygen levels decreased due to reduced water flow and as a result of this, amounts of the production in those months were minimum. Although this farm was allowed to produce 900 tons of trout, maximum 538,49±55,22 tons of rainbow trout could be farmed due to the low oxygene levels. The problem of low oxygen levels for carrying capacity can be solved with by adding alternative oxygenation systems. Aerators were used in this farm but it was observed that the aerators were not sufficient and suitable capacity. Toxicity of total ammonia in water, was the most important parameter that limiting carrying capacity. By using additional oxygenation systems, the carrying capacities were increased between May and September. But maximum carrying capacity was determinated by using the second method. By using the second calculation method, the maximum production and carrying capacity was observed 1113,47 ± 179,98 tons per year. REFERENCES Adams, C. E., Turnbull, J. F., Bell, A., Bron, J. E., and Huntingford, F. A. (2007) Multiple determinants of welfare in farmed fish: stocking density, disturbance, and aggression in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences(64), 336– 344. Akbulut, S., and Keten, A. (2001) Düzce Yöresindeki Alabalik Yetiştiriciliği Üzerine Bir Çalişma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi(2), 49-60. Ashley, P. J. (2007) Fish welfare: current issues in aquaculture. Applied Animal Behaviour Science(104), 199–235. Balık, S., Ustaoğlu, R., Egemen, Ö., Cirik, S., Eltem, R., Güner, Y., Sarı, H. M., (2002) Yuvarlak Çay'ın (Köyceğiz-Dalyan Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi) Sürdürülebilir Kullanımı İçin Eylem Planı Oluşturulması Projesi Final Raporu. İzmir: T.C. Çevre Bakanlığı Özel Çevre Koruma Kurumu and Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi. Barton, B. A., and Iwama, G. K. (1991) Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, pp. 3-26. Belaud, A. (1995) Oxyge´nation de l’eau en Aquaculture Intensive. Toulouseı: Ce´padue´s l’Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse. Beveridge, M. C. (1984) Cage and pen fish farming: Carrying capacity models and environmental impacts. Rome: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 255. Beveridge, M. C. (2004) Cage Aquaculture, 3rd Edition. Willey Blackwell. Brannon, E. L. (1991) Rainbow trout culture. In R. Stickney (Ed.), Culture of Salmonid Fishes (pp. 21-55). USA: CRC Press. 70 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Buhan, E., Koçer, M., Polat, F., Dogan, H., Dirim, S., and Neary, E. T. (2010) Evaluation of Almus Dam Lake Water Quality for Trout Culture and Estimating of Carrying Capacity. GOÜ. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 57-65. Costa-Pierce, B. A. (2002) Ecological Aquaculture. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Çelikkale, M. S. (1988) Alabalık Yetiştiriciliğinde Su Miktarı. M. S. Çelikkale içinde, İçsu Balıkları Ve Yetiştiriciliği (Cilt I, s. 22-25). Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Basımevi. Çelikkale, M. S., Düzgüneş, E., and Okumuş, İ. (1999) Türkiye Su Ürünleri Sektörü:Potansiyeli, Mevcut Durumu, Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası. Edwards, D. J. (1987) Salmon and Trout Farming In Norway. Fishing News Books Lim., Surrey. Ellis, T., North, B., Scott, A. P., Bromage, N. R., Porter, M., and Gadd, D. (2002) The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology(61), 493–531. FAO. (2010) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture - 2010. Roma: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Frechette, M. (2005) A comment on the methodology of stocking experiments. Aquaculture(250), 291-299. Hinshaw, J. M. (2000) Trout Farming Carrying Capacity and Inventory Management. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Huntingford, F. A., Adams, C., Braithwaite, V. A., Kadri, S., Pottinger, T. G., Sandoe, P., and Turnbull, J. F. (2006) Current issues in fish welfare. Journal of Fish Biology(68), 332–372. Penneli, W., and Mclean, W. (1996) EARLY REARING. In W. PENNELL, and B. A. BARTON (Eds.), Principles of Salmonid Culture (pp. 365-451). ELSEVIER. Pickering, A. D. (1992) Rainbow trout husbandry – management of the stress response. Aquaculture(100), 125-139. Sedgwick, S. D. (1985) Trout Farming Handbook (4 ed.). Farnham: Fishing News Books. Stevenson, J. P. (1984) Trout Farming Manual (2. ed.). Fishing News Books, Surrey. Tekinay, A., Güroy, D., and Gültepe, N. (2008) The Sustainable Development of Trout Aquaculture Sector. 1. Ulusal Alabalık Sempozyumu (p. 21). ISPARTA: S.D.Ü. Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi. Tüfek, O. M., and Yalçın, N. (2007) Rezervuarlarda Su Ürünleri Yetistiriciliği. Türk Sucul Yasam Dergisi(5-8), 704-716. TÜİK. (2010) Su Ürünleri İstatistikleri. Ankara: TÜİK. Vijayan, M. M., and Leatherland, J. F. (1998) Effect of stocking density on growth and the stress-response in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Aquaculture(75), 159-170. Wedemeyer, G. A. (1997) Effects of rearing conditions on the health and physiological quality of fish in intensive culture. In G. W. Iwama, A. D. Pickering, J. P. Sumpter, and C. B. Schreck (Eds.), Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture (pp. 35-72). New York: Cambridge University Press. 71 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Wendelaar, B. S. (1997) The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, pp. 591-625. Wu, J.-T. (1999) A generic index of diatom assemblages as bioindicator of pollution in the Keelung River of Taiwan. Hydrobiologia(397), 79-87. Nedbal L., Soukupova J., Kaftan D., Whitmarsh J. and Trtilek M. (2000): Kinetic imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence using modulated light. Photosynthesis Research 66: 3-12 Schreiber U (2004) Pulse-Amplitude (PAM) fluorometry and saturation pulse method. In: Papageorgiou G, Govindjee (eds) Chlorophyll fluorescence: A signature of Photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp 279-319 Photon Systems Instruments (2011) FluorCam Instruction Manual, http://www.psi.cz The Effect Of Water Temperature On Spawning Out Of Season In Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss Yusuf Güner1, Halit Bayrak2, Fatih Güleç1 1Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 35080 İzmir 2SuleymanDemirel University, Mehmet Süreyya Demiraslan M.Y.O, 32510 Isparta Abstract Salmonid culture is a production sector with widespread throughout the world. Different stocks of rainbow trout spawn in certain months of the year in hatcheries. This seasonality of spawning imposes considerable constraints on trout farming because the consequent restrictions on the supply of eggs and fry make it difficult for on-growing farm to maintain a continuity of production of table-size fish throughout the year. Hatcheries should artificially control the spawning time of their broodfish so that batches of eggs and fry might be produced all year round. The modification of spawning time are possible using manipulation of photoperiod. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. This study was carried out in two different facilities. In the first facility, the photoperiod regime was only consisted of constant short days (LD 6:18). The water temperature had been changed between 7.5 and 15 °C during the the experiment in this facility. In the second facility, it had been changed between 11 – 25.5 °C. The broodstock was seperated into two different group. These photoperioded regims consist of constant short days(LD 6:18) and altered photoperiod (LD 18:6 from February until May, then LD 12:12 from May until June, then LD 6:18 from June until November) which are acted to advanced spawning. In both experiments, photoperiod regimes changed the maturation time regardless of water temperature. However, when the water temperature is high, modulating effects of the temperature on the maturation and ovulation time were observed. When the spawning time modified to June – August, ovary growth and egg survival rate had been reduced by the temperature effect ( >14 °C). It was found that the egg quality decreased when the water temperature was 17 °C although the eggs could been removed from the fish. Based on the 72 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1228 Title A name given to the resource Importance of carrying capacity for sustainable trout culture: the case of “bagci balik” Author Author Fatih , Güleç Abstract A summary of the resource. Trout is a fish species that is produced widely all over the world and it has an important place in the aquaculture industry. For the sustainable development of the trout culture, it is need to determine how much fish can be stocked per unit volume (carrying capacity). Over-stocking could threaten fish welfare and sustainable use of environmental resources. Estimating of carrying capacity is necessary both to minimize these adverse impacts on fish and environment, and in terms of sustainable use of water resources. In this study, carrying capacity of a commercial land based trout farm in Koycegiz (Mugla/TURKEY) was investigated. Two methods were used to calculate carrying capacity and compared with each other: “Oxygen requirement based carrying capacity” and “Metabolic waste based carrying capacity”. The mean values of studied water quality parameters that used in calculations were measured as; 14.12 ± 0.72 °C for temperature, 7.78 ±0.20 for pH, 10.1 ± 0.93 mg/l for oxygen, 3,05 ± 0,84 m3 s-1 for flow rate. The annual production capacity was calculated with these measured parameters. By the observed data, the carrying capacities of the farm were found respectively with based on oxygen requirement as 538.42 ± 196.22 tonnes; and based on metabolic waste as 1113.4 ± 463.7 tonnes per years. According to the results that obtained from the study, there was significant difference between two carrying capacity estimation methods. However when the oxygen levels of the water were examined, in some months the negative values, that could adversely affect the life and growth of the trouts, were observed. Fort this reason, to reduce the limiting effect of the oxygen and reach maximum carrying capacity; it is needed to be integrated oxygenation or aeration systems into the production ponds. On the other hand, for the sustainable use of the environmental sources in the facilities engaged in production according to the metabolic waste based carrying capacity, it is important to use advanced water filtration systems. Keywords: Carrying capacity, land-based trout culture, water quality. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/09120adcb44f9e1cbc2df49fc20fb541.pdf 1406ece4f8a4ca03d78a32102b070d4a PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Analysis of Sustainability Development of Eastern and South Eastern Europe in the Post Socialist Period Fatih Çelebioğlu Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Kütahya, TURKEY, fcelebi@dumlupinar.edu.tr Phone: +90 274 265 20 31 (ext.2114-2200) Fax: +90 274 265 21 97 Abstract Since the collapse of socialism, Eastern Europe and South Eastern (Balkans) Europe countries have been expeditiously changing as social, economic and politic structure. Some former socialist countries (as Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania) and Greece became full member of European Union. Some Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia) lived difficult war years. After the wars, they have started to struggle for economic, social and political reconstruction process. Some CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries (as Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus) tried to adapt market economics. Each country in this region wants bigger real per capita income, better welfare level, and generally become a developed country. But these countries have some political, economic and social problems in development and sustainability process. The aim of this paper is to analysis the countries in terms of development indicators such as per capita GDP growth rates, Human Development Index values and Sustainable Human Development Index values in the period of 2000-2010. It will be used the tools of spatial statistics (ESDA -Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis). Keywords: Sustainable Development, per capita GDP growth, Human Development Index, Sustainable Human Development Index, ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) 1. INTRODUCTION Eastern and South Eastern Europe are an important area because of witness historic and politic experiences and incidents for ages. But it has been also living historical alteration in recent decades. Although some Balkan countries were relatively stable in 1990s, there was war in Balkan Peninsula. Some former socialist countries (as Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania) and Greece became full member of European Union. The others have been struggling for this aim. In spite of Kosovo declared of independence in 2008, many countries haven’t been accepting this situation. Besides, CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries (as Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus) tried to adapt market economics. Nevertheless these regions of Europe are living relatively stable condition nowadays, compare 477 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo with last ten years. Whole countries in these regions, especially gain independence in recent decades, wants to become rapidly developed country. After a long war and unstable political period, the countries have taken an opportunity about their development process nowadays. These regions have been gaining stable structure overtime and this stable period has been supporting development indicators. In this paper, Balkan countries are being analyzed in terms of development indicators such as average rates of per capita GDP growth in the period of 2000-2010, Human Development Index in 2010, and Sustainable Human Development Index in 2010. 2. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT INDEX (SHDI) INDEX (HDI) AND SUSTAINABLE HUMAN UNDP calculates The Human Development Index (HDI). HDI includes some special data such as life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rates, gross primary-secondary and tertiary enrolment, GDP (gross domestic product) per capita (PPP - purchasing power parity- US$). HDI separates three subgroup as developed (high development), developing (middle development), and underdeveloped (low development) countries. Africa, Middle East, South Asia and some South American countries have big problems in terms of level of human development. Especially in Africa, the level of human development is lower than other regions of the world. Besides, The Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) was calculated by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Sri Lanka in 2008. The new version of the index has been revised in 2010. This index calculated with the contributions of United Nations University in Tokyo, Japan. The index calculated by incorporating environmental aspects and quality of the life such as carbon emission, bio capacity, ecological footprint and poverty to Human Development Index (HDI) developed by UNDP to consider the sustainable human development aspects which ignore in HDI. (environmentmin.gov.lk, April 12, 2012). Acoording to Togtokh and Gaffney (April 15, 2012); by including carbon emissions in recalculation of the HDI, it has gotten an indication of the cost of one country’s quality of life to another’s. If a country has a very high HDI but also high carbon emissions, it can be said that the high quality of life enjoyed by this nation comes at a price to the quality of life in other countries, particularly developing nations, and to future generations. The index shows that, while the US is vilified for its poor record on tackling emissions, Canada is a long way from being a role model. Yet, with the traditional HDI, the UN is using such countries with very high human development as examples to the rest of the world. Other nations attempting to emulate the success of these particular countries in terms of human development look at the economic model and policies adopted to bring about that success. Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) has been calculating by using HDI and different indexes as the following: SHDI = ¼(HDI +Ecological Index-Climate Change Index +Poverty Index) 478 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. DATA, METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS 3.1. Data GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita growth (annual %) data set comes from World Development Online Database (WDI online) for 21 countries in the period of 2000-2010. Human Development Index data (2010) has been prepared by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). Sustainable Human Development Index was calculated by Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Sri Lanka in 2008. The last version of the index was published in 2010. To analyze spatial relations between Eastern and South Eastern Europe countries, we use GeoDa (Geographic Data Analysis) software package which conducts Spatial Data Analysis, geovisualization, spatial autocorrelation and spatial modeling78. 3.2. Methodology 3.2.1. Quartile Maps Our analysis start with the quartile maps of the distribution of our variables for each country. Darker colors explain higher values and lighter colors show lower values in quartile map in for all variables. Figure 1: Per capita GDP annual growth rates in the period of 2000-2010 Figure 2: Human Development Index Values (2010) Figure 3: Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) values in 2010 78 Here are some of the studies in this regard: Rey and Montouri (1999), Ying (2000), Manfred et al. (2001), Le Gallo and Ertur (2003), Van Oort and Artezema (2004), Dall’erba (2005), Voss et al. (2006), Ezcurra et al. (2007), Ezcurra et al. (2008), Battisti and Di Vaio (2008), Celebioglu and Dall’erba (2010). 479 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 1 shows that per capita GDP growth rate is especially high values in Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, and Ukraine. On the contrary, Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Hungary, and Slovenia have the lowest values in this analysis. Figure 2 displays distribution of each country. According to figure 2, especially Greece, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Estonia have the highest Human Development Index values. Bosnia Herzegovina, Macedonia, Turkey, Moldova, and Ukraine have the lowest HDI figures. Figure 3 presents Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) values. In this figure, we can see only one difference compare with Figure 2 in terms of highest values. While Estonia is one of the highest value countries in HDI, there is Lithuania in SHDI in place of Estonia. We understand from quartile maps that disparity is clear in this region. For this reason we start ESDA analysis with spatial weight matrix. 3.2.2. Spatial Weight Matrix A spatial weight matrix is the necessary tool to impose a neighborhood structure on a spatial dataset. As usual in the spatial statistics literature, neighbors are defined by a binary relationship (0 for non-neighbors, 1 for neighbors). Weight matrix calculation is performed under GeoDa. It can be used two basic approaches for defining neighborhood: contiguity (shared borders) and distance. Contiguity-based weights matrices include rook and queen. Areas are neighbors under the rook criterion if they share a common border, not vertices. Distance-based weights matrices include distance bands and k nearest neighbors. Based on these two concepts, we decided to create weight matrices to investigate the distribution of our variables of interest: k_3 nearest neighbor matrix. Due to space constraints, we present the k_3 nearest neighbor matrix only below:  w (k )  0 if i  j  ij *   wij (k )  1 if dij  Di (k ) and wij (k )  wij (k ) /  wij (k ) for k  3 j   w (k )  0 if d  D (k ) ij i  ij (1) where di,j is great circle distance between centroids of country i and j and Di(k) is the 3th order smallest distance between regions i and j such that each region i has exactly 3 neighbors. Now that the weight matrix has been defined, we estimate a couple of spatial statistics that will shed some light on the spatial distribution of our variables. The most common of them is Moran’s I which is a measure of global spatial autocorrelation (Anselin, 1988). 3.2.3. Calculation of Moran’s I for Global Spatial Autocorrelation Spatial autocorrelation refers to the correlation of a variable with itself in space. It can be positive (when high values correlate with high neighboring values or when low values correlate with low neighboring values) or negative (spatial outliers for high-low or low-high values). Note that 480 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo positive spatial autocorrelation can be associated with a small negative value (e.g., -0.01) since the mean in finite samples is not centered on 1. Spatial autocorrelation analysis includes tests and visualization of both global (test for clustering) and local (test for clusters) Moran’s I statistic (Anselin et al. 2006). Global spatial autocorrelation is a measure of overall clustering and it is measured here by Moran's I. It captures the extent of overall clustering that exists in a dataset. It is assessed by means of a test of a null hypothesis of random location. Rejection of this null hypothesis suggests a spatial pattern or spatial structure, which provides more insights about a data distribution that what a quartile map. For each variable, it measures the degree of linear association between its value at one location and the spatially weighted average of neighboring values (Anselin et al. 2007; Anselin 1995) and is formulized as follows: n It  n *  wij (k ) xit x jt i 1 j 1 n n (2) xit x jt  i 1 j 1 & w ij Where is the (row-standardized) degree of connection between the spatial units i and j and Xi,j is the variable of interest in country i at year t (measured as a deviation from the mean value for that year). Values of I larger (smaller) than the expected value E(I) = -1/(n-1) indicate positive (negative) spatial autocorrelation. In our study, this value is (-0.050). There are different ways to draw inference here. The approach we use is a permutation approach with 999 permutations. It means that 999 re-sampled datasets were automatically created for which the I statistics are computed. The value obtained for the actual dataset has then been compared to the empirical distribution obtained from these re-sampled datasets. The results of Moran’s I are presented in table 1 below. All the results indicate a positive spatial autocorrelation, i.e. the value of a variable in one location depends positively on the value of the same variable in neighboring locations. For instance, when the per capita income in one country increases by 1%, the one of its neighbors increases by slightly more than 33%. All of our three variables of interest are significant (at 1%) with the k_3 nearest neighbor matrix. For this reason, this is the weight matrix we will use in the rest of our study. Table: The results of Moran’s I for the nearest four neighbors Variables K_3 Per capita GDP (average values of 2000-2010) 0.3310 (0.010) Human Development Index Values (2010) 0.2421 (0.029) Sustainable Human Development Index Values 0.2672 (2010) (0.027) Note: p-values are into brackets 481 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.2.4. Moran’s Scatterplots of Variables The Moran scatter plot complements Moran’s I because it provides to categorize the nature of spatial autocorrelation into four types: low-low (LL), low-high (LH), high-low (HL) and highhigh (HH). The x-axis captures the value of a variable compared to the average value of the sample. For example, all the points on the right hand side of the figure mean (the vertical axis in the middle) that in the corresponding provinces, the value of the variable under study was above the sample’s average. On the other hand, the y-axis captures the average value of the same variable in the neighboring locations (with the neighbors being defined by the weight matrix). For instance, all the points below the mean (the horizontal axis in the middle of the figure) represent provinces of which neighbors display, on average, a lower value than the sample’s mean. The result of this approach is a figure with four windows which reflect the correlation between the relative (to the mean) value of a variable in one location and the relative value of the same variable in neighboring locations. For instance, the quadrant HH means a high value in the studied area and a high value in the neighboring areas. Countries located in quadrants I and III refer to positive spatial autocorrelation, i.e. the spatial clustering of similar values, whereas quadrants II and IV represent negative spatial autocorrelation, i.e. the spatial clustering of dissimilar values. Note also that the link between a scatter plot and Moran’s I is reflected by a line of which slope is the value of Moran’s I statistic. Figure 4: Moran’s Scatterplot for average of per capita GDP growth in the period of 2000-2010 Figure 5: Moran’s Scatterplot for Human Development Index in 2010 Figure. 6: Moran’s Scatterplot for Sustainable Human Development Index in 2010 Figures 4 to 6 above show the Moran scatter plots of our variables of interest. All of the per capita GDP, Human Development Index and Sustainable Human Development Index have positive spatial autocorrelation that is reflected by the value of Moran’s I and the fact that most of the countries are located in quadrants HH and LL. When we look at the HH quadrant in scotterplot of per capita GDP growth, we see mostly Eastern Europe such as Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. In 482 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the contrary, the HH quadrant in scotterplot of HDI has been composed by Croatia, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Besides, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania take part in HH quadrant of SHDI. 3.2.5. LISA Statistics for Local Spatial Autocorrelation LISA statistics (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) measure, by definition, the presence of spatial autocorrelation for each of the location of our sample. It captures the presence or absence of significant spatial clusters or outliers for each location. Combined with the classification into four types defined in the Moran scatter plot above, LISA statistics indicates significant local clusters (high–high or low–low) or local spatial outliers (high–low or low–high). The average of the Local Moran statistics is proportional to the Global Moran's I value (Anselin 1995; Anselin et al. 2007). Anselin (1995) formulated the local Moran’s statistics for each country (I) and year (t) as follows:  x  I i   i   wij x j  m0  j with m0   xi2 / n (3) i where wij is the elements of the row-standardized weights matrix W and xi(xj) is the observation in country i(j). Their significance level is based on a randomization approach with 999 permutations of the neighboring provinces for each observation. Figure 7: LISA Cluster Map of per capita GDP growth (average of 2000-2010) Figure 8: LISA Cluster Map of HDI (2010) The randomization approach is used in the context of a numeric permutation approach to describe the computation of pseudo significance levels for global and local spatial autocorrelation 483 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo statistics. In order to determine how likely it would be to observe the actual spatial distribution at hand, the actual values are randomly reshuffled over space 999 times. Figure 9: LISA Cluster Map of SHDI (2010) Countries that are in HH area (red color) in Figure 7 are Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine. HH type autocorrelation is very strong in Eastern Europe. In Figure 8 is LISA cluster map of HDI. This figure point out that Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia are in HH quadrant (red color), Romania is in HL area (pink color) and Ukraine is in LL area (blue). It is interesting that although Ukraine is in HH quadrant of per capita GDP growth, there is a different situation in the figure. Though Figure 9 is similar to Figure 8, Albania is in LL area of SHDI. But in LISA map of SHDI, Ukraine was in HH type autocorrelation. 4. CONCLUSIONS The aim of this paper is to analysis spatial distribution of development indicators such as per capita GDP growth rates, Human Development Index values and Sustainable Human Development Index values in the period of 2000-2010. For this purpose we use quartile maps, Moran’s Scotterplots and LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) statistics. We investigate spatial distribution of per capita GDP growth in the period of 2000-2010, Human Development Index (2010) and Sustainable Human Development Index (2010). First of all, our quartile maps show that there is an important development level gap between countries of Europe. Secondly, when we estimate spatial autocorrelation by means of Moran’s I, our results indicate positive (and significant) global autocorrelation for all of our variables and thus indicating the geographical location of a country influences its level of per capita GDP growth rate, Human Development Index and Sustainable Human Development Index. Secondly, these results are corroborated by the corresponding Moran’s Scatterplots that display the HH quadrant in scotterplot of per capita GDP growth includes mostly Eastern Europe such as Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. In the contrary, the HH quadrant in scotterplot of HDI has been composed by Croatia, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Besides, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania take part in HH quadrant of SHDI. Thirdly, LISA statistics confirm the significant presence of local spatial autocorrelation and highlight spatial heterogeneity in the form of two distinct spatial clusters of high and low values 484 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of per capita GDP growth rate, Human Development Index and Sustainable Human Development Index. And finally, we can say that there is an important spatial heterogeneity and spatial disparity in terms of our all variables. But the countries in the east part of Europe are divided two groups in the region. Firstly, swiftly growing countries in terms of per capita GDP growth rate and secondly, countries that has high level of SHDI –HDI. For this reason, we can say that swiftly growing countries in terms of per capita GDP growth rate should be developed also in terms of human development. REFERENCES ANSELIN, L. (1988), Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. ANSELIN, L. (1995) Local Indicator of Spatial Association – LISA. Geographical Analysis 27, pp.93–115 ANSELIN, L., Sridharan S and Gholston S (2007) “Using Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis to Leverage Social Indicator Databases: The Discovery of Interesting Patterns”, Social Indicators Research, 82, pp.287–309. ANSELIN, L., Syabri I. and Kho Y. (2006) GeoDa: An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis. Geographical Analysis 38, pp.5–22. Battisti M. and Di Vaio G. (2008) A Spatially Filtered Mixture of β-Convergence Regressions for EU Regions, 1980–2002, Empirical Economics. 34, 105–121. Celebioglu F. and Dall’erba S. (2010) Spatial Disparities across the Regions of Turkey: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, The Annals of Regional Science, 45, 2, 379-400. Dall’erba S. (2005) Distribution of Regional Income and Regional Funds in Europe 1989–1999: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, The Annals of Regional Science, 39, 121-148 Ezcuerra R., Iraizoz B., Pascual P. and Rapún M (2008) Spatial Disparities in the European Agriculture: A Regional Analysis, Applied Economics, Volume 40, Number 13, July 2008 , pp. 1669-1684(16) Ezcuerra R., Pascual P. and Rapún M. (2007) Spatial Disparities in the European Union: An Analysis of Regional Polarization, The Annals of Regional Science, 41, 401–429. http://www.environmentmin.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104 &Itemid=275&lang=en, April 12, 2012. Le Gallo J. and Ertur C. (2003) Exploratory spatial data analysis of the distribution of regional per capita GDP in Europe, 1980–1995, Papers in Regional Science, 82, 2, 175-201. Manfred F.M., Fröhlich J., Gassler H. and Varga A. (2001) The Role Of Space in The Creation of New Technological Knowledge in Austria: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, In: Manfred F.M. and Fröhlich J. (Eds.), Knowledge, Complexity and Innovation Systems, Springer, Berlin, 124-145. 485 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Rey S.J., Montouri B.D. (1999) US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective, Regional Studies, 33, 143–156. Togtokh C. and Gaffney O., development-index/, April 15, 2012. http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/the-2010-human-sustainable- Van Oort F.G. and Atzema O.A.L.C. (2004) On The Conceptualization of Agglomeration Economies: The Case of New Firm Formation in the Dutch ICT Sector, The Annals of Regional Science, 38, 263–290. Voss P.R., Long D.D., Hammer R.B. and Friedman S. (2006) County Child Poverty Rates in the US: A Spatial Regression Approach, Population Research and Policy Review, 25, 369–391. WDI Online Database, http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=12&id=4&CNO=2 www.undp.org Ying L.G. (2000) Measuring the Spillover Effects: Some Chinese Evidence, Papers in Regional Science, 79, 75–89. The Factors Determined To The Improvement In The Least Developed And Developing Countries: Testing A Model Gözde Ergin, Adil Oğuzhan Trakya University, Department of Econometrics. Abstract Finding the different ways of the improvement as a multidimensional process causes different improvement ways in all countries in the world. The economic improvement that cause a structural changing is very important in all economies all over the world and it is necessary for the least developed countries at the same time. These countries have solved the phenomena of poverty, unemployment, low life standards and unimproved. The differentiation in the sociocultural structures of the least developed and developing countries effect the improvement in a positive way. In the study, the socio-economic factors of improvement and a classification according to the gross national product levels per person in the least developed and developing countries have been done by taking the definition accepted by World Bank into consideration. There are fifteen countries in the classification of the least developed and developing countries. The data of thirtythree factors in the comparison of these countries have been obtained from the data source of World Bank, OECD, EUROSTAT and UN (2000 – 2009). 486 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1356 Title A name given to the resource The Analysis of Sustainability Development of Eastern and South Eastern Europe in the Post Socialist Period Author Author Fatih , Çelebioğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. Since the collapse of socialism, Eastern Europe and South Eastern (Balkans) Europe countries have been expeditiously changing as social, economic and politic structure. Some former socialist countries (as Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania) and Greece became full member of European Union. Some Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia) lived difficult war years. After the wars, they have started to struggle for economic, social and political reconstruction process. Some CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries (as Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus) tried to adapt market economics. Each country in this region wants bigger real per capita income, better welfare level, and generally become a developed country. But these countries have some political, economic and social problems in development and sustainability process. The aim of this paper is to analysis the countries in terms of development indicators such as per capita GDP growth rates, Human Development Index values and Sustainable Human Development Index values in the period of 2000-2010. It will be used the tools of spatial statistics (ESDA -Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis). Keywords: Sustainable Development, per capita GDP growth, Human Development Index, Sustainable Human Development Index, ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance