21 10 3494 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 834 Title A name given to the resource Age as a Factor of Second Language Acquisition Author Author Milatović, Biljana Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper, titled Age as a Factor of Second Language Acquisition examines the relationship of age factor to second language acquisition. It examines the development of the theories relating age to language development. The idea that the early age is a major factor in native-proficient in second language acquisition is a widely held and popular belief. Such views have been supported by many theories that were first proposed in the middle of the 20th century. This decision is usually based on the belief that younger children learn second languages more easily and more rapidly than adolescents and adults. The aim of foreign languages at the beginning of school education is to make children familiar with other means of communication other than their mother tongue, as well as to make them accept the use of other languages in a natural way and therefore start to acquire a multilingual competence that will enable them to communicate in a foreign language in daily situations and contexts which are typical of that age. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-04 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b44b57597b31e0d64b1d209f785529ad.docx ba35dc3d9e112b239076bcdc35a006ec https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/41ccf32bb9d9d48cb35cc71c08c31e11.pdf 3489a8f37c002f0b631a576e7e00015e PDF Text Text Agnes Pisanski Peterlin & Nataša Hirci University of Ljubljana / Ljubljana, Slovenia Key words: translation, collaboration, wiki, translator training, teamwork ABSTRACT In many traditional types of translator training, there is a strong focus on individual work undertaken by trainee translators, while pair work and group work is used less extensively. Such a focus may, to some extent, reflect the contemporary Western perception of translation as a solitary activity, with a single translator working individually, isolated from the rest of the world. This perception, however, is oversimplified since translation often involves some type of collaboration, such as the translator collaborating with an editor, a copyeditor, the client or a disciplinary expert. In addition, some of the emerging trends in translation in the digital age are collaborative in their nature (e.g. crowdsourcing). It seems therefore that collaboration is an aspect of translation that needs to be addressed more carefully in translator training. The present paper reports on a study focusing on collaboration in a translation course. The goal of the study was to examine the types of collaboration that trainee translators use when they are presented with a collaborative assignment. In the study, trainee translators were asked to complete two collaborative translation assignments using a wiki, which enables monitoring the degree of participation for each wiki participant. The first assignment encouraged free collaboration in an attempt to mirror informal collaboration that trainee translators resort to occasionally: trainee translators were asked to collaborate in any way they wished. The second assignment was focused on structured collaboration: trainee translators were given detailed guidelines on the types of collaboration expected of them, and on the extent of the contribution they were expected to make. The findings show that the second assignment resulted in more intensive teamwork and promoted more diverse types of collaboration than the first assignment. This suggests that carefully structured collaboration should be given additional attention within the context of translator training. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1709 Title A name given to the resource Agnes Pisanski Peterlin & Nataša Hirci Author Author PISANSKI PETERLIN, Agnes HIRCI, Nataša Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: translation, collaboration, wiki, translator training, teamwork ABSTRACT In many traditional types of translator training, there is a strong focus on individual work undertaken by trainee translators, while pair work and group work is used less extensively. Such a focus may, to some extent, reflect the contemporary Western perception of translation as a solitary activity, with a single translator working individually, isolated from the rest of the world. This perception, however, is oversimplified since translation often involves some type of collaboration, such as the translator collaborating with an editor, a copyeditor, the client or a disciplinary expert. In addition, some of the emerging trends in translation in the digital age are collaborative in their nature (e.g. crowdsourcing). It seems therefore that collaboration is an aspect of translation that needs to be addressed more carefully in translator training. The present paper reports on a study focusing on collaboration in a translation course. The goal of the study was to examine the types of collaboration that trainee translators use when they are presented with a collaborative assignment. In the study, trainee translators were asked to complete two collaborative translation assignments using a wiki, which enables monitoring the degree of participation for each wiki participant. The first assignment encouraged free collaboration in an attempt to mirror informal collaboration that trainee translators resort to occasionally: trainee translators were asked to collaborate in any way they wished. The second assignment was focused on structured collaboration: trainee translators were given detailed guidelines on the types of collaboration expected of them, and on the extent of the contribution they were expected to make. The findings show that the second assignment resulted in more intensive teamwork and promoted more diverse types of collaboration than the first assignment. This suggests that carefully structured collaboration should be given additional attention within the context of translator training. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b4627f5dad9e972398402945f83151e2.pdf 361d42f2cbf43adc52da37e85bb16344 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AGORA - ONLINE MEETING PLATFORM Author Author Elnur Safarov Abstract A summary of the resource. The Agora Online Meeting Platform is a web-based application designed to facilitate the organization and management of online meetings, with a particular focus on psychologists and their clients. The main objective of this project is to provide a secure, user-friendly, and efficient environment for scheduling, conducting, and managing online sessions. The backend of the platform is implemented using the Laravel PHP framework, ensuring robust authentication, role-based access control, and seamless integration with payment systems such as Stripe. The frontend is developed using React and Next.js with TypeScript, providing a modern, responsive, and calming user interface specifically designed for individuals seeking psychological support. The platform features real-time video meetings powered by PeerJS and WebRTC technology, enabling secure peer-to-peer communication directly in the browser. The system is designed with GDPR compliance in mind, ensuring that user data is handled securely and users have full control over their personal information. The system supports user registration, meeting creation, participant management, calendar export functionality, and role-based access control with an intuitive interface that prioritizes user comfort and accessibility. The frontend design incorporates a carefully chosen color palette and smooth interactions to create a supportive environment for mental health professionals and their clients. Comprehensive testing was conducted to ensure reliability, security, and cross-browser compatibility. The results demonstrate that the platform can effectively streamline the process of organizing online meetings, making it a valuable tool for professionals and their clients while providing a safe and welcoming digital space for psychological support. Keywords Keywords. online meeting platform, Laravel, React, Next.js, PeerJs, video conferencing, mental health, user-friendly design, Stripe integration mental health sdp https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4b20eeda644f846690cf8e25e1c71c33.pdf 38bb8606d385a25a0fcec67d58fa3766 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Alleviation: What Role for Technological Innovation Abdelhafidh Dhrifi Faculty of Economic Sciences and Management, Department of Economics, University of Sousse-Tunisia Sousse-Tunisia Abdelhafidh.dhrifi@gmail.com Abstract: The role of agriculture in economic development remains much debated. This paper takes an empirical perspective and focuses on the relationships between agriculture productivity and poverty reduction. The contribution of agriculture sector to poverty is shown to depend on its own growth performance, its indirect impact on growth in other sectors, the extent to which poor people participate in the sector, and the size of the sector in the overall economy. Bringing together these different effects and taking into consideration the role played by technological innovation, we use an aggregate annual panel data, on a sample composed of 32SubSaharanAfrica (SSA) countries, from 1990-2011 to estimate a simultaneous equation model that capture the interrelationship between agriculture productivity, technological innovation and poverty. Findings show first that agricultural productivity contributes significantly to economic growth and poverty in SSA. Second, technological innovation appears to have a positive and significant impact on poverty Introduction through its direct and indirect impact through agriculture productivity and growth. Keywords: Agriculture Productivity, Economic Growth, Technological Innovation, Poverty, Simultaneous Equation Model, SSA. JEL Classification: N51, Q10, Q16. Article History Submitted: 11 May 2013 Resubmitted: 01 October 2013 Accepted: 22 October 2013 139 �Abdelhafidh Dhrifi Around the world, agriculture is and will continue to be a major building block in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Recent statistics show that agricultural production needs to increase by 70 percent by 2050 in order to feed the world (World Bank, 2007). However, hunger and malnutrition persist in many countries, often because of slowly agricultural productivity (AP)i. The expected increases in agricultural demand, associated with population growth hand increase per capita incomes, will require continued increase in agricultural growth. History shows that different rates of poverty reduction over the past 40 years have been closely related to differences in agricultural performance particularly the rate of growth of agricultural growth. In simple terms, this means that these are the countries that have managed to increase their agricultural productivity that have managed to reduce their poverty rates (Abare, 2001). According to that, agriculture remains the economic heart of most developing and developed countries. The productive potential of agriculture is varied and depends on the natural resource endowment, geographical location, links with the rest of the economy and social dimensions of the population. Some authors expected that, success strategies from pro-poor growth in agriculture passed through improved agricultural productivity and technological innovation (Bravo-Ortega and Lederman, 2005). These efforts should focus on the improving conditions for greater access to technological innovation because it is pointed that technological change in agriculture is essential for reducing poverty, fostering development, and stimulating economic growth especially in developing countries. Thereby, the agricultural development model, in many developing countries, is based primarily on technical aspects. The objective of this model is not only physically increase the productivity of agricultural land, but also to increase participation of small and medium farmers in the production. In this context, it tries to provide farmers' technological package "designed as the main instrument to increase agricultural production and to reduce poverty. Further, if empirical efforts showing the relationships among agricultural growth and economic growth have grown considerably over the last few years, this paper differs and focuses on agricultural sector development and poverty reduction. More specifically, the objectives of this paper are to identify the various channels through which agricultural productivity influence poverty reduction and to investigate the role played by technological innovation in determining agricultural performance. The paper utilizes aggregate annual panel data, on a sample composed of 32Sub-SaharanAfrica (SSA) countries, from 1990-2011 to estimate a simultaneous equation model that capture the interrelationship between 140 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Alleviation: What Role for Technological Innovation agriculture productivity, technological innovation and poverty. In section 2, we present an overview of the literature on the relation connecting agriculture productivity and poverty. Section three discusses empirical model and describes the variables. Model appraisal and validation are handled in section four. The paper concludes in section five. Literature Review In recent years, agriculture became an important part of the livelihoods of many poor people, and it is frequently argued that agricultural productivity is a fundamental pre-requisite for poverty reduction (Byerle et al., (2005) Johnston and Mellor (1961)) account explicitly for agriculture as an active sector in the economy. In addition to labor and food supply, agriculture plays an active role in economic growth through important production and consumption linkages (DFID, 2005). On the consumption side, a higher productivity in agriculture can increase the income of the population, thereby creating demand for domestically produced industrial output. Such linkage effects can increase employment opportunities, thereby indirectly generating an increase of income. Moreover, agricultural goods can be exported to earn foreign exchange in order to import capital goods. Agriculture contributes to both income growth and poverty reduction in both developed and developing countries by generating employment and providing food at reasonable prices. It provides food, income and jobs and hence can be an engine of growth in agriculture-based countries and an effective tool to reduce poverty. It can thus facilitate development by allowing a sustained transfer of resources from agriculture to the rest of the economy, including through the supply of capital to other sectors. The most direct contribution of agricultural growth is through generating higher incomes for farmers. Two conditions affect the influence of this on poverty. First, there is the degree to which the poor are engaged in farming. The second condition is the extent to which output growth raises incomes. In particular, if land is scarce, increased returns to agriculture may be reflected in higher land rents. In cases where the poor till land belonging to others, the capitalization of benefits into higher rents could seriously undermine the contribution to poverty reduction. Economic literature offers four transmission mechanisms critically link changes in agricultural performance, more especially productivity increases, to progress in reducing poverty: the direct and relatively immediate impact of improved agricultural performance on incomes; impact of cheaper food for poor; agriculture’s contribution to growth and the generation of economic opportunity in the non-farm sector; and 141 �Abdelhafidh Dhrifi agriculture’s fundamental role in stimulating and sustaining economic transition, as countries shift away from being primarily agricultural towards a broader base of manufacturing and services (Allen, 1994). Empirical studies support the view that agricultural growth promotes poverty reduction (see the review by Thirtle et al., 2001; Hanmer and Nashchold, 2000; Irz et al, 2001; Kanwar, 2000; Matsuyama, 1992; Ravallion and Datt, 1999; Stern, 1996; Timmer, 2003; Wichmann, 1997). For example, Matsuyama (1992) shows that improving agricultural productivity has probably been the single most important factor in determining the speed and extent of poverty reduction during the past 40 years. Much of this evidence is derived from the Green Revolution in Asia. Examples from Africa are noticeably fewer. In the same context, Warr (2001) provided evidence that growth in agriculture in a number of South East Asian countries significantly reduced poverty, but this was not matched by growth in manufacturing. Gallup et al. (1997) showed that every 1% growth in per capita agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) led to 1.61% growth in the incomes of the poorest 20% of the population much greater than the impact of similar increases in the manufacturing or service sectors. This result is confirmed by Stern (1996) which found a similar and significant relationship between growth in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors during 1965–1980 for a large number of developing countries. In terms of the role of agricultural growth in reducing poverty, Thirtle et al. (2001) concluded from cross-country regression analysis that, on average, every 1% increase in labor productivity in agriculture reduced the number of people living on less than a dollar a day by between 0.6 and 1.2%. In the same vein of studies, De Janvry and Sadoulet (2000) estimate that in Asia, a 10% increase in total factor productivity in agriculture would raise the incomes of small-scale farmers by 5%. At the same, Hazell and Haddad (2001) estimated that a 1% addition to the agricultural growth rate in India stimulated a 0.5% addition to the growth rate of industrial output, and a 0.7% addition to the growth rate of national income. Numerous other studies reveal similar results, but emphasize the important qualification that the degree to which agricultural growth reduces poverty is usually conditional upon the initial distribution of assets (in particular land) and the initial level of inequality (Bourgignon and Morrison, 1998; Timmer, 2003; De Janvry and Saddoulet, 2000; Andersson-Djurfeldt, 2013). Lipton and Longhurst (1989) and Hazell and Ramasamy (1991) provide similar evidence. 142 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Alleviation: What Role for Technological Innovation Finally, economic literature offers three major opportunities that can transform the agriculture of a country into a force for economic growth and thereby can reduce poverty: advances in science and technology; the creation of regional markets; and the emergence of a new crop of entrepreneurial leaders dedicated to the continent's economic improvement. The following paragraph focuses on the role of technological innovation in determining the relationships between agriculture productivity and poverty reduction. Technological Innovation and Agricultural Performance Having reviewed the role that agriculture can play in economic growth and poverty, we now look at the role that can play technological innovation in agriculture productivity and by consequence, in reducing poverty. Agricultural science, technology, and innovation are vital to promoting development and poverty reduction (Binswanger and Townsend, 2000). To this end, many studies on agricultural research, extension, and education have highlighted the importance of technological innovation and policies in these areas (De Janvry and Sadoulet, 2000). Thereby, technological innovation can benefit the poor in many different ways: First, it can help poverty alleviation directly by raising the incomes of poor farmers who adopt the resulting technological innovation. Second, technological change can help reduce poverty indirectly through the effects which adoption, by both poor and non-poor farmers, can have on the real income of others largely through lower food prices for consumers and increased employment and wage effects in agriculture and other sectors of economic activity through production, consumption, and savings linkages with agriculture. Technological innovation is considered now as an integral part of the reform package needed to stimulate agricultural growth and poverty (Lopez and Valdez, 2000). More than by just spurring economic growth, technology can do much to reduce poverty and environmental damage. It can increase the supply of food and reduce morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing country. It can also increase the supply of water and, it can lower the costs and increase the supply of energy to the poor. The reason for the choice of technologies innovations, as a determinant factor of agricultural productivity is linked to the fact that growth and performance in agriculture and food sectors is central to any strategy of reducing poverty and increasing economic growth and poverty (Datt and Ravallion, 1998). In this context, Warr (2001) used a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, loosely styled on the case of the Philippines, to show how, in a small open economy, technical improvements in farming are likely to 143 �Abdelhafidh Dhrifi benefit labour, especially if the technical change is labour-using or landsaving. However, Hazell and Haddad, (2001) show that when output increase is due to technical innovation, benefits to the poor who farm, and for whom farming provides the majority of their income, may be limited for several reasons: adoption by the poor can be limited by a lack of access to inputs and to the knowledge necessary to use the technology. When technology and policies are biased against smallholders, agricultural growth can even have perverse effects on poverty (Datt and Ravallion, 1998). In SSA countries, national and international agricultural research investments have generated a range of improved technologies, especially of modern varieties of the major food crops. A number of Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centers, have partnered with national programs and led major technology development efforts aimed at raising the yields of major food crops or averting yield losses that threatened the livelihoods of millions of Africans (BravoOrtega and Lederman, 2005). Finally, access to technological innovation is essential if we are to make agriculture the main driver of pro-poor growth. It can make agriculture more responsive, dynamic, and competitive. Households and businesses are highly dependent on both access to technological innovation for their agricultural production and labor to produce surpluses (Wichmann, 1997). Empirical Model Descriptions Specification, Sample and Variables Model Specification and Descriptions of Variables Recall that the principal objective of this study is to estimate the role of agricultural growth in reducing poverty rates. The key feature of this study centre’s on the way in which agricultural growth affects poverty directly and indirectly via economic growth taking into account the role that can play technological innovation in this relationship, which has been largely ignored by the previous estimates. To accomplish this, we specify a simultaneous equations model that consists of a series of three equations describing the behavior of poverty and economic growth facing a change in agricultural growth in the presence of an improvement in technological innovation. In particular, the model consists of a poverty equation, growth equation and agriculture productivity equation. The first endogenous variable in the model is poverty, which is measured as the household final consumption expenditure per capita to GDP over 144 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Alleviation: What Role for Technological Innovation the period 1990-2011. We introduce in the poverty equation a set of control variables that are commonly used as factoring explaining poverty. We introduce the income inequality to capture the kind of distribution of income, GDP per capita growth to capture the economic development, the number of telephone mainlines per 1000 people as indicator to measure the quality of infrastructure and population growth. The second endogenous variable in the model is agricultural. We explain this variable by a set of variables that determine agricultural growth: Agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural land), employees in agriculture (% of employment) and an indicator measuring the level of technological innovation measured by agricultural machinery (tractors per 100 sq km of arable land). The third endogenous variable in the model is economic growth, which is measured as the average of growth rate of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita over the same period. The growth equation specification follows the commonly accepted form in the cross-country growth literature (Barro, 1991), and includes a group of economic variables that have been identified by empirical growth literature as robust determinants of economic growth, (Levine and Renelt, 1992). In addition to technological innovation, the growth equation includes other variables. The first variable is the average years of secondary schooling in the total population to capture the level of human capital, it is expected to have a positive impact on economic growth. The equation also include rate of inflation (it is introduced in to the model to capture the impact of macroeconomic stabilization on poverty), trade openness to capture the degree of international openness on economic growth. The complete model used in this paper to estimate the impact of agricultural growth on poverty is based on the model of Alen and Coulibaly (2009) and it has the following formula: POVit   0  1it AGit   2GDPGit   3TIit   4 INQit   5 POPit   6TELit  1it 1 GDPGit   0   1 AGit   2TIit   3 INFit   4TRADEit   5 SCHit   6 FDit  2it  2 AGit   0  1it GDPGit   2TI it  3 AILit   4 EAit  3it (3) 3 Where: POV: design poverty index which is measured by the household final consumption expenditure to GDP as a proxy of poverty (Odhiambo, 2009, 2010). 145 �Abdelhafidh Dhrifi AP: the agricultural productivity measured by agriculture, value added (% of GDP). TI: represent the technological innovation indicator measured by agricultural machinery (tractors per 100 sq km of arable land). GDPG: the growth of GDP per capita. INQ: represent the income inequality measured by Theil Indexii. POP: represent the growth population. It is expected to have a negative effect on poverty reduction. TRADE: defined as the sum of exports and imports as a share of GDP. It is introduced into the model to capture the degree of international openness. In this context, Matsuyama (1992) suggests that the relation between agricultural growth and overall poverty depends on the openness of a country to international trade and that agricultural growth goes hand in hand with the with the increase in household income. FD: is an indicator of financial development measured by domestic credit to private sector to GDP. INF: The rate of inflation, it is introduced into the model to capture the impact of macroeconomic stabilization on poverty. Inflation is afact or worsening poverty because it has a negative impact on the real value of assets and the purchasing power of household incomes. It is measured by inflation consumer prices available in World Bank. AIL: Agricultural irrigated land. It is expected to have a positive effect on agricultural growth. EA: is employee’s agriculture. SCH: is the log of the average years of secondary schooling in the total population which measures human capital. TEL: is an indicator measuring the level of infrastructure. It is measured by the average of the number of telephone mainlines per 1000 people. How can Agricultural Growth Affect Poverty Reduction? Poverty equation shows that a change in AP by one unit causes poverty to change by an amount equal to 1 . Furthermore, poverty equation shows that a change in economic growth index by one unit causes poverty to change by an amount equal to  2 . However, agricultural growth equation shows that a change in AP by one unit can also induce a change in the 146 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Alleviation: What Role for Technological Innovation economic growth index by an amount equal to  1 which means that the effect of change in AP by one unit is not limited to its direct influence on poverty, but also includes the indirect impact via economic growth channel. Thus, the total impact of AP on poverty equals the sum of direct impact and indirect impact. This effect can be calculated by finding the derivative of growth with respect to AP, which is equal to: Poverty Growth        * 1 2 AP 1 2 1 AP  4 (4) By the same, the total effect of technological innovation on poverty can be calculated by finding the derivative of poverty with respect to technological innovation, which is equal to: Poverty AP   Growth           3  1      *  2   3  1 * 2 3 2 TI TI   TI  3 1   5 Estimating the above complete system of equations and finding γ1, γ2,δ1, δ2 , δ3 and allows us to test whether and how agricultural growth and technological innovation affects poverty reduction. Sample and Data Sources Annual time series data, which covers the period 1990-2011, is utilized in this study. The data used in the study are obtained from the web site of the World Bank. The sample size and the period of our study are limited by the availability of data. Our sample is conducted for 32 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa in which the agricultural sector contributes at least 10 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and where the majority of the poor depends upon agriculture for their livelihood. Although the choice of countriesiii is governed by the availability of data, the included countries broadly cover the whole of SSA. Estimation Method In a simultaneous equation model, like the one developed in the previous section, a dependent variable in one equation can be an explanatory variable in other equations in the model. For example, in equation (3), AP 147 �Abdelhafidh Dhrifi is the dependent variable, which is determined by economic growth and other variables, but at the same time AP enters the growth equation (2), as an explanatory variable. As a result, some of the explanatory variables in simultaneous equation models are endogenous and, therefore, are correlated with the disturbance terms in all the structural equations of the model. As a consequence, using Ordinary Least Square, OLS, to estimate the structural equations will result in inconsistent estimates for the model parameters. A consistent estimation for the model parameters requires using an estimation method that can deal with the endogeneity problem. But before considering the method of the estimation, the identifiability of the model has to be checked because estimation methods that can be used in the context of simultaneous equation models are functions of identification criteria for estimating the model and the endogeneity problem. In our case, the model presented is over identified. On the other hand, our model is characterized by the presence of an endogeneity problem of order two, by definition, why the estimate by the method of least squares would be triple registered (For details on the method used, it is recommended to refer to the work of Bourbonnais, 2002). This estimation method is based on the principle of application of the method of least squares in three stages. The Agriculture Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa Although SSA countries are heterogeneous population, today remains predominantly rural (65%), assets are primarily in agriculture (60%) and rural agricultural households (95%) even though they are most often pluriactive. The rest of the working population is engaged in nonagricultural informal activities (25-30%), mainly urban, and in the formal sector industries and services (5 to10% maximum). Agricultural sector constitute the main economic mainstay of the region, and will remain so for the next fifteen years. This durable weight of agriculture is due to several factors: the lack of effective industrialization despite rapid urbanization, low prospects of development of other sectors in a highly competitive international context, a generalized pressure on labor markets makes it difficult to immigrate to developed countries. In this regard, the situation in SSA is particularly: if its demographic transition is committed and marked by a high mobility of the population (with urbanization rate which reach 40%, the urban population was multiplied by 12 since 1960), its economic structure has changed little: low diversification; a significant weight of agricultural activities in GDP, foreign trade and especially employment. Urbanization has developed without industrialization, unlike other parts of the world. 148 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Alleviation: What Role for Technological Innovation Hence, if the potential of agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is the engine of global growth for the majority of countries in the region and is essential for poverty reduction and food security, unexploited potential of this can significantly compromised the role that agriculture can play in reducing poverty (World Bank, 2007). Results and Interpretations Recall that the main aim of this paper is to test whether AP can affect poverty by positively influencing economic growth, and to evaluate the significance of any such effect taking into consideration the role of technological innovation. Thus, the parameters of interest in Table 1are: (1) The coefficient that describes the effect of AP on poverty, δ1 (2) The coefficient that describes the effect of economic growth on poverty, δ2. (3) The coefficient that describes the effect of AP on economic growth and (4) the coefficients that describes the effect of Technological innovation respectively on poverty, economic growth and agricultural growth δ3 , , and . Table 1. Simultaneous equation estimation of poverty, growth and agricultural productivity (3SLS) Variables AP GDPG TI INQ POP TEL INF TRADE Poverty 0.098 (2.62)** 0.252 (2.25)** 0.316 (4.19)** 0,213 (1,94)** 0.608 (0.88) 0.321 (1.77)* ----- GDP Growth 0.904 (2.56)** --0.025 (3.77)** -------0.03 (-0.52) 0.307 (2.69)** Agr. Growth --0.019 (5.63)*** -0.507 (-2.15)** ----------149 �Abdelhafidh Dhrifi SCH -0.022 --(2.45)** -FD -0.016 -(4.89)*** -AIL --0.451 --(2.04)** EA --0.73 --(1.75)* constante 0.213 -0.041 0.022 (5.24)** (-2.48)** (2.76)** Observations 704 704 704 2 R 0,431 0,383 0,294 Notes: * significant at 10% ** Significant at 5%; *** Significant at 1%. Table 1 report the estimation results of the simultaneous equation model using the 3SLS method for the period 1990-2011: The first column presents the estimation results of the poverty equation. In this equation, all the explanatory variables have the expected sign and are statistically significant, expect population growth which has the right sign but is not significant. The results demonstrate that per capita income growth has a significant poverty-reducing effect where a 1% increase in per capita incomes reduces poverty by 0.25%. In particular, the equation shows that the coefficient of agricultural growth, which most interests us in this estimate, it appears to be significantly positive showing the positive effects that can play agriculture on the processes of poverty reduction. A 1% change in agricultural productivity raises household final consumption expenditure by about 0.09%, confirming the important role of agriculture sector in SSA in reducing poverty rate. This result is consistent with many empirical studies on SSA (Tiffen, 2003; Diao et al. 2005, 2007 and Arega and Ousmane, 2009) that shows a significant role played by agriculture in SSA accelerating economic growth and, by consequently, reducing the poverty rate. Concerning the effect of inequality on the incidence of poverty, results shows that the coefficient of inequality measured by the Theil index is significantly negative, confirming its robustness. As an increase of this index by 1 percentage point leads to a decrease in household consumption expenditure by 0.21 point, which aggravates the poverty rate. This result seems to reinforce those obtained by various studies on the relationship between increasing inequality and poverty (Arega and Ousmane, 2009). This suggests that the most effective method 150 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Alleviation: What Role for Technological Innovation to reduce the poverty rate is certainly reducing inequalities by means of a better redistribution of wealth. As regards the impact of technological innovation on poverty rate, the equation shows that the variable has positive and statistically significant direct impacts on poverty. An increase of technological innovation by 1% leads to decrease in poverty rate by 0.31 %. Finally, infrastructural quality, as captured by telephone line per 1000 people, play significant role in poverty alleviation. This result is consistent with the study of Parker et al., (2008) which showed that people must access to infrastructure services, such as mains water, safe sanitation, mains power supplies, maintained roads and telephones. This allows us to say that it is necessary to invest considerably in infrastructure because, as account given the low population density in SSA countries, the infrastructure that connects farmers to markets is costly and investment in road infrastructures, institutions and the public sector are essential. The second column in Table 1 presents the estimation results of the economic growth equation. We notice that all the explanatory variables have the expected sign and are statistically significant. Moreover, the results show that technological innovation, as captured by the agricultural machinery, tractors per 100 sq. km of arable land, play a significant role in determining economic growth and thereby in reducing poverty. The coefficient on agricultural growth is positive and statistically significant as expected. A 1% change in agricultural productivity raises GDP per capita by about 0.9%, confirming the heavy reliance of SSA economies on agricultural productivity. In this context, the World Development Report 2008 (World Bank, 2007) notes that GDP growth originating in agriculture is about four times more effective in raising incomes of extremely poor people than GDP growth originating outside the sector. The results show also that a higher level of human capital is associated with a faster economic growth rate. The third column in Table 1 shows the estimation result of the Agricultural Growth equation. As expected, the results indicate that AP is affected positively and significantly by economic growth. A 1 % change in per capita income growth raises agriculture productivity by about 0.02. As regards, agricultural machinery has a significant impact on agriculture productivity. Employee’s agriculture plays a significant role in agriculture performance. Consistent with the fact that labor is a critical constraint in Sub-Saharan African agriculture, it has the largest productivity elasticity of 0.73, implying that a 1% change in employee’s agriculture raises agriculture productivity by about 0.73%. The results show that agricultural irrigated land has a positive and significant impact on 151 �Abdelhafidh Dhrifi agriculture growth and consequently on poverty eradication. Probably due to the dominance of rain fed, rather than irrigated, agriculture in SSA, irrigation has turned out to have insignificant effect on agricultural productivity. Determining the Total Effects of Agriculture and Technological Innovation on Poverty Alleviation Table 2 and 3 summarizes the results regarding the impact of AP and technological innovation on poverty: As reported in the Table 2, the results show the direct impact of AP on economic growth where an increase in AP by one point leads to a decrease in poverty by 0.098 point. Concerning the indirect impact of AP on poverty, it can be computed by the product of the coefficient of economic growth in the poverty equation and the coefficient of AP in the growth equation (δ2*γ1 = 0.015). Thus, the combined effects suggest that the total impact of AP on poverty is equal to the sum of the direct and indirect effect which is equal to 0.325 which indicates that an increase in AP by one point leads to decrease in the rate of poverty by 0.325 point. Table 3 shows that, the elasticity presented, represent the percentage change in poverty associated with a 1% change in technological innovation. The elasticity of poverty with respect to technological innovation is 0.18, implying that a 1% increase in technological innovation decreases poverty by 0.18%. Moreover, an improved of technological innovation by one point leads a decrease in poverty rate by 0.184 point divided between a direct effect of 0.116 point and a indirect effect via stimulating agriculture performance and economic growth by 0.068 point. Table 2. The impact of agriculture on poverty the direct impact of agriculture on poverty The coefficient The estimated coefficient 152 the indirect impact of agriculture on poverty (δ2 *γ1) 0.098 0.252*0.904=0.227 The total impact on poverty + (δ2 *γ1) 0.325 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Alleviation: What Role for Technological Innovation Table 3. The impact of technological innovation on poverty the direct impact of technological innovation on poverty The coefficient The estimated coefficient the indirect impact of technological innovation on poverty via via economic agriculture growth  * 2  3   * 2 0.002 0.066 1 0.116 1 0.068 The total impact on poverty    *  2   3   * 2 3 1 1 0.184 Overall, the results presented above make it very clear that AP has a significant impact on poverty beyond its direct and indirect impact; an impact that works via improving the economic growth. The results also show that the indirect impact is of considerable volume and is comparable to the direct or traditional impact. More importantly, the results indicate that the indirect impact of AP on poverty is far greater than, or more than the double that of the direct impact of AP on poverty. By the same, the results presented shows that technological innovations play an important role in determining the relationships between agricultural performance and poverty and that through its direct and indirect impact via economic growth and agriculture productivity. Finally, we notice that the empirical results presented above are based on a sample of 32 countries, which is quite small number. The reason for using this small sample is the lack of data for some variables of some countries. As a consequence, the results might be sensitive to the sample choice. Moreover, the results might be sensitive to model specification and the choice of the controlling variables. Thus, in following research, the robustness of the results can be tested: by using a larger country sample, and second, by controlling for more poverty determinants. Conclusion This paper set out to tackle two very specific research questions concerning (1) the importance and magnitude of agricultural productivity on poverty alleviation (2) the relationship between technological innovation, agriculture productivity and poverty. Using an aggregate 153 �Abdelhafidh Dhrifi annual panel data, on a sample composed of 32 Sub-Saharan Africa countries, from 1990-2011 to estimate a simultaneous equation model that capture the interrelationship between agriculture productivity, technological innovation and poverty, our findings indicate that agricultural growth contributes significantly to poverty alleviation in SSA. The results suggest that agricultural growth would lead to a 32% decrease in poverty: this effect is divided on a direct impact of 0.98% and an indirect impact via economic growth equal to 0.22%. As regards the effects of technological innovation on poverty, results demonstrate that 1 % change in technological innovation leads to a decrease in poverty rate by 0.18 %. This implies that SSA countries accelerating growth agriculture is fundamental to reduce poverty and allow countries to achieve economic transformation. This passes through the ability of agriculture to generate employment, to stimulate the economy through linkages, and to reduce the real cost of food accounts. It also requires that the Government must intervene to invest in new technology in order to allow farmers to benefit from the fruits of technological innovation and that, by improving agricultural productivity and consequently reducing the poverty rate. Hence, the positive prospects for SSA agriculture will not take shape without a concerted and determined political action, especially if agricultural growth must be sustainable and result in a significant reduction in poverty. Many problems must be overcome, including the growing technological gap, the slow development of markets for inputs and outputs and services associated markets, the slow progress of regional integration, lack of governance and institutional weakness in some countries, conflict, HIV-AIDS and other diseases. Linking small farmers to markets and help them adapt to new conditions and become more productive, increase rural employment opportunities, reduce risk and vulnerability, especially climate extremes and fluctuations prices and improve access to resources and skills will be among the measures to be taken to ensure that agricultural and rural growth goes hand in hand with poverty reduction. References ABARE (2001). The impact of agricultural trade liberalization on developing countries. ABARE Research Report No. 01.6. 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World Bank, Washington, DC, USA. iAgricultural productivity is defined as agricultural value added per hectare of agricultural land where: (i) value added in agriculture measures the output of the agricultural sector less the value of intermediate inputs; (ii) agriculture comprises 157 �Abdelhafidh Dhrifi value added from forestry, hunting, and fishing as well as cultivation of crops and livestock; and (iii) agricultural land is measured as the sum of arable land, permanent cropland, and permanent pasture (World Bank, 2007). iiThis indicator is calculated by the University of Texas. It is available on the http://utip.gov.utexas.edu site. iiiThe list of countries are : Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Ethiopie, Gambie, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzanie, Togo, Uganda, Zambie and Zimbabwe. 158 Journal of Economic and Social Studies � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2400 Title A name given to the resource Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Alleviation: What Role for Technological Innovation Author Author Dhrifi, Abdelhafidh Abstract A summary of the resource. The role of agriculture in economic development remains much debated. This paper takes an empirical perspective and focuses on the relationships between agriculture productivity and poverty reduction. The contribution of agriculture sector to poverty is shown to depend on its own growth performance, its indirect impact on growth in other sectors, the extent to which poor people participate in the sector, and the size of the sector in the overall economy. Bringing together these different effects and taking into consideration the role played by technological innovation, we use an aggregate annual panel data, on a sample composed of 32Sub-SaharanAfrica (SSA) countries, from 1990-2011 to estimate a simultaneous equation model that capture the interrelationship between agriculture productivity, technological innovation and poverty. Findings show first that agricultural productivity contributes significantly to economic growth and poverty in SSA. Second, technological innovation appears to have a positive and significant impact on poverty through its direct and indirect impact through agriculture productivity and growth. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-03-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9744ecf6b0403b2f4b8eaa4d1e211dd5.docx 7df14a462b1042cd854b0b6f6d9ada10 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7aa2bb3f0f21201e5b4c8e3a7ad927a0.pdf 866a04bb600bc9b4738d33747a819ef5 PDF Text Text AHİRET KÜLTÜRÜ Nuri YAZICI Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, İstanbul / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Ahiret, ölüm, mezarlık, kültür, mezartaşı. ÖZET Mezarlıklar, bir toplumun inancının olduğu kadar duygularının da yansıdığı mekânlardır. Geleneksel olanın dışında mezarların inşasında, süslemelerinde, kitâbelerinde söylenememiş sözler, dile getirilememiş duygular yansımıştır. İnsanlar, mahallelerindeki veya şehir merkezlerindeki mezarlıklar sayesinde ecdadıyla birlikte olmaya devam etmiş, bir bakıma hatıralarıyla iç içe yaşamıştır. Tanımlanan bu yaşam biçiminin aynı inanca mensup olan bütün toplumlarda aynı olduğu söylenemez; nitekim Müslüman olmakla beraber kimi toplumlarda mezar geleneği ve buna bağlı olarak gelişen edebiyat, sanat ve süsleme geleneği birbirlerinden çok farklıdır. Bu çalışmada ise, Ünye ilçesindeki Elmalık ve Türbe mezarlıkları incelenmiştir. Mezartaşlarının mevtayı tanımlayıcı özellikleri, süslemeleri ve edebî metin özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Böylece toplumun hayatı ve ahireti algılayış biçimi ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Ortak inanç İslâmiyet olmakla beraber farklı milletlerin ahireti algılamada farklılıkları ve ortak yanları da böyle bir çalışma ile görülmüş ve âdeta bir gönül haritası ortaya çıkarılmıştır. � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0929a09f0e163e408e00896181a70692.pdf f25fccb8026596301bce2f5dc8767af0 PDF Text Text AHİRET KÜLTÜRÜ (Ünye mezarlıkları ve mezartaşları üzerine bir inceleme) Nuri YAZICI1 Özet Mezarlıklar, bir toplumun inancının olduğu kadar duygularının da yansıdığı mekânlardır. Geleneksel olanın dışında mezarların inşasında, süslemelerinde, kitâbelerinde söylenememiş sözler, dile getirilememiş duygular yansımıştır. İnsanlar, mahallelerindeki veya şehir merkezlerindeki mezarlıklar sayesinde ecdadıyla birlikte olmaya devam etmiş, bir bakıma hatıralarıyla iç içe yaşamıştır. Tanımlanan bu yaşam biçiminin aynı inanca mensup olan bütün toplumlarda aynı olduğu söylenemez; nitekim, Müslüman olmakla beraber kimi toplumlarda mezar geleneği ve buna bağlı olarak gelişen edebiyat, sanat ve süsleme geleneği birbirlerinden çok farklıdır.. Bu çalışmada ise, Ünye ilçesindeki Elmalık ve Türbe mezarlıkları incelenmiştir. Mezartaşlarının mevtayı tanımlayıcı özellikleri, süslemeleri ve edebî metin özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Böylece toplumun hayatı ve ahireti algılayış biçimi ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Ortak inanç İslâmiyet olmakla beraber farklı milletlerin ahireti algılamada farklılıkları ve ortak yanları da böyle bir çalışma ile görülebilecek ve âdeta bir gönül haritası ortaya çıkacaktır. Anahtar kelimeler: Ahiret, ölüm, mezarlık, kültür, mezartaşı AFTERLİFE CULTURE (A review on the cemeteries and gravestones Ünye) Abstract Cemeteries are places where the beliefs and feelings of a society are reflected. Unexpressed emotions, and unsaid words are used in the construction, decoration, and inscriptions of the graves except the traditional ones. People continued to coexist with their ancestors through the graves in their neighborhoods or city centers, in a way they lived together with their memories. 1 Yrd.Doç.Dr., Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, nuri.unye@gmail.com �This defined life style is not the same even for members of the same religious communities; for example among various Muslim communities, the grave traditions and the related art, literature, and decoration are very different from each other. In this work, the Elmalık and Türbe cemeteries in district of Ünye have been investigated. The focus has been on the characteristics of tombstones defining the deceased, decorations and literary writings. It was attempted to describe the community life and their perception of afterlife. This work will present the differences in the understanding of afterlife of different nations having the same religion of Islam, and will reveal a map of feelings. Key words: Afterlife, death, cemetery, culture, tombstone Giriş Mezarlıklar, bir toplumun hayat anlayışının edebî ve sanatsal olarak yansıdığı mekânlardan biridir. Bir parayı yazı ve tura bölümleri nasıl tamamlarsa, bu mekânlarda da hayatın dünya ve ahiret yüzüyle tanımlandığını ve tamamlandığını görürüz. Mezartaşları ise, bu anlayışın sonsuza kadar dile getirilişidir; mezartaşlarında söylenememiş sözler, dile getirilememiş duygular ve sevgiler, pişmanlıklar, ümitler ve toplumun iç dünyası taşa kazınmıştır. Mezartaşlarında hem hayat hem de hayatın sona erişi dile getirilmiştir. Mezarlıklar ve mezartaşları bir memleketin tapusu niteliğinde olduğundan siyaseten de önem taşırlar. Bu mekânlar, memleketimize ağaç ve çiçek örtüsüyle bir güzellik katarken, mezartaşlarının diliyle de öğüt ve nasihat veren manevî doyum mekânlarıdır. Özellikle İslâmî devirlerde mezarlıklar, yerleşim yerinin merkezinde bulunan camilerin etrafında yer aldığından âdeta toplumla ve hayatla içiçe olmuşlardır. Mezartaşları ise kitâbeleriyle, süslemeleriyle tarihin, sanatın ve estetiğin konusu olmakla beraber dile getirdikleri duygular bakımından da bir yaşam felsefesinin, bir ahiret kültürünün belgeleri olmuşlardır. Özellikle bu işleviyle mezartaşı kitâbeleri insanlara geçiciliği, fâniliği hatırlatmakla beraber hayatı bilinçli olarak yaşamanın, öldükten sonra bile ölümsüzlüğün ipuçlarını vermişlerdir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin bir bölgesinden yapılmıştır; bu tür çalışmaların diğer Türk ve Müslüman ülkelerde de, hatta dönemlere ve konulara göre yapılması hâlinde bir toplumun hayatı ve ahireti algılama şekli ortaya çıkacaktır. Bölgeden bölgeye, ülkeden ülkeye mezar taşlarındaki yazılar incelendikçe ilginç duygular ve bu duyguların dile getiriliş biçimleri ortaya çıkacaktır. Ortak inanç İslâmiyet olmakla beraber farklı Müslüman milletlerin ahireti algılamada farklılıkları ve ortak yanları görülebilecek, âdeta bir gönül haritası ortaya çıkacaktır. �Bu çalışma, işte bu düşüncelerle Ünye ilçesi, Çakırtepe (Elmalık) ve Türbe (Tepe) mezarlıklarında yapılmıştır: Daha önceki dönemlere ait olan Çamlık- Feneraltı mezarlığı ise, evvelce Ünye’de gelişmiş olan ve çamur malzeme kullanan atölyelerin ihtiyaçlarının da karşılandığı bir alandı. Yer yer çamur yalakları ve çukurlarla dolu idi. 1945-1953 yılları arasında Ünye’de Belediye Reisliği yapmış olan Hüsrev Yürür’ün ifadesine göre (http://www.unyeses.net/haber15.html), “Çamlık- Feneraltı Mezarlığı” denilen bu alanda mezarlık 1800’lü yılların sonlarından itibaren oluşmaya başlamış ve 1930’lu yıllara kadar sürmüştü; “Çamlık Mezarlığı” denilen alana adını veren çamların dikimi ise, Hüsrev Bey’in belediye reisliği sırasında olmuştu. Yine onun ifadesine göre, Orman Bakanlığı’ndaki bir Ünye’li, memleketine kalıcı ve memleketini tanıtıcı bir eser bırakmak istemiş olmalıydı; çünkü Trabzon’dan Samsun’a kadar olan alanda böyle bir çamlık yoktu. Gerçekten de, böyle olmuş ve Ünye o tarihlerden bu yana hâlen “Çamlık”ıyla anılır olmuştur. Samsun Gelemen Çiftliği’nden getirilen çamlar buraya dikilmişler ve biraz da zorlu bir bakımla büyütülmüşlerdir. Çamlık-Feneraltı Mezarlığı’ndaki mezarların çoğu bugün kaybolmuş durumdadır. Bu mezarlardan bir kısmı ferdî mezarlık olmakla beraber, bazıları da üzeri açık sandukalı mezarlar hâlindedir. Burada 2007 ve 2008 yıllarında lisans tezi seviyesinde bir çalışma yapılmış ve kalabilen mezarlıklar ve mezartaşları incelenmiş ve kitâbeleri kayıt altına alınmıştır. Bilinen en erken tarihli mezartaşı ise, bir erkek baştaşı olup H.1183 yılına tarihlendirilmektedir.(Kırık, 2008: 21) Hacı Osman Ağa Camiî yanında sergilenen mezartaşları Ünye’de, eski merkez Büyük Cami Mezarlığı ve Orta Mahalle’deki Hacı Osman Ağa Camiî çevresindeki mezarlıklar ise kaybolan mezarlıklarımızdır; yol genişletme çalışmaları �sırasında Hacı Osman Ağa Camiî bulunduğu yerden daha yukarıya alınınca hem doğusunda kalan mezarlık kaybolmuş, hem de caminin şadırvanı ile minaresi yeniden inşa edilen camiden uzak düşmüştür. Bu mezarlıkta bulunan mezartaşları bir süre ortalıktan kaybolduktan sonra bir depoda bulunarak bu sefer caminin avlusunda hepsi bir arada olarak sergilenmektedir. Bu mezartaşları hakkındaki bir çalışma da yayımlanmıştır (Bay, http://www.historystudies.net/makaleler/1724886276_6-Abdullah%20Bay.pdf; Kırık, 2008: 49-148) bu çalışmalarda da mezartaşları sanat tarihi açısından incelenmiş ve kitâbeleri kayıt altına alınmıştır. Ayrıca, bugüne pek az mezar ve mezartaşı intikal eden Ünye-Akkuş yolu üzerinde bulunan ve en eski olarak H.1333 tarihli mezartaşı ihtiva eden Harmandüzü Mezarlığı’nı (Kırık,2008:153-157) ve 1820 tarihinde yapılan Çömlekci Camiî haziresini (Kırık, 2008: 149-152) de saymak lâzımdır. Ünye Çakırtepe/Elmalık Mezarlığı kuzey girişi ve girişte ziyaretçileri karşılayan şiir. 1940’lı yıllara gelindiğinde ise, beliren ihtiyaç üzerine “Elmalık” denilen yerde bir mezarlık alanı ihdas edilmiştir: “Çakırtepe” veya “Elmalık” diye adlandırılan bu mezarlık alanı zaman zaman etrafındaki fındıklık alanların istimlâkıyla genişletilmiştir. Bu mezarlığın kuzey girişinde Ünye’li Âşık Ummanî’ye ait bir şiir bulunmaktadır. Bu şiir, “Dur Yolcu” hitabıyla başlamakta olup şöyle devam etmektedir Bâzen senin gibi gezer tozardım, Bâzen neşelenir, bâzen kızardım, Bâzen istemeden insan üzerdim Vâde sona erdi öldük be yolcu. Haykırsan da cevap gelmez sesine Ağlayıp sızlasan kimin nesine Ameli hesabı bir cümlesine Verdiler elime, aldık be dostum. �Böbürlenme aslâ, günahtan sakın Ölüm ensenizden daha yakın İbret arar isen bizlere bakın Kürkçü dükkânına geldik be dostum. Sen de dersin al ki, gaflete dalma Günaha bezenip buraya gelme Doğruyu söyledim, kusura kalma Ne ektikse burda bulduk be yolcu. Mezartaşları süslemeler bakımından incelendiğinde, genellikle “lâle” motifinin kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Kimi mezartaşlarında lâleler çift ve çoğu zaman simetrik olarak, dalların iki yanında birerden iki, ikişerden dört veya üçerden altı yapraklı olarak resmedilmişlerdir. Kimi lâleler renkli, kimileri de mezartaşına kazınmış olarak dik veya yatık şekilde resmedilmişlerdir; yalnız bir mezarda, ayaktaşında dik şekilde ve yapraksız ve renksiz olarak bir lâle motifi görülmüştür; gelinlik kızların mezartaşlarında lâle motifinin ters olarak işlendiği bilinmekteyse de (Bay, http://www.historystudies.net/makaleler/17248862 76_6Abdullah%20Bay.pdf), bu mezarlıklarda, gelinlik çağında öldüğü hâlde mezartaşında ters lâle motifine rastlanmamıştır. Lâle motifiyle birlikte veya yalnız olarak altı köşeli bir çiçek veya rozet motifinin kullanıldığı da görülmektedir; bir örnekte, çiçek motifleri “Hu el-bâki” yazısının iki tarafında yer alırken, başka bir örnekte iki lâle motifinin arasında yer almıştır. Bu motifin, kırmızı zemin üzerinde beyaz olarak resmedildiği gibi, beyaz zemin üzerinde yaprakların kırmızı olarak resmedildiği görülmektedir. Mezarlardaki baştaşı süslemelerinde “ayyıldız” motifinin de kullanıldığı görülmektedir: bu örneklerden birinde ayyıldız motifi, baştaşında yukarıya bakacak şekilde kazınmak suretiyle resmedilmiş, diğerinde de “Hu el-bâki” yazısının iki yanında yer almıştır; bu baştaşında yer alan Bakara Suresi’nin 154. âyetinden yani “Allah yolunda öldürülenlere ölüler demeyin. Bilakis, onlar diridirler. Lâkin, siz anlayamazsınız.” âyetinden, mevtanın bir şehit olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Salih Ersidar’a (1968- 1994) ait mezartaşı kitâbesinde ise, “Kaptan” diye mesleğiyle tanımlanmış olmakla beraber bir de “çapa” motifi bulunmaktadır.: Osmanlı mezartaşları süsleme geleneğinde, mevtayı tanıtmak için meslekleri yansıtan motiflerin kullanıldığı bilinmektedir: Kişinin genç yaşta ölmüş olduğunu belirten çiçek, hacı olduğunu belirten hurma ağacı, idam edildiğini anlatan boyun kısmındaki kement, mesleklerini yansıtan tulumba, çapa, kemankeş olduğuna işaret eden ok-yay ve okur-yazarlığına delâlet eden �kalem-divit gibi simgelerle kişinin kimliği ile ilgili daha özel bilgiler verilmiştir. (http://www.mumsema.com/konu-disi-basliklar/44751-osmanli-mezar-tasi-kitabeleri.html). Mezartaşı süslemelerinden örnekler Mezartaşları, üzerlerinde bulunan dinî ve edebî metinler açısından incelendiğinde ise, neredeyse istisnasız Arap alfabesiyle “Hu el-bâki” ifadesinin yazıldığı görülmektedir; “Bâki olan Allahtır” anlamındaki bu ifade inancın dinsel bir tezahürüdür. Ancak bazı mezarlarda bu ifade görülmeksizin, mevtayı tanımlayıcı olarak baba adı, kendi adı, kocasının adı bazı örneklerde de karısının adı kullanılmıştır; bazı mezartaşı kitâbelerinde ise, babanın veya kocanın veya mevtanın mesleği ve memleketi belirtilmiş olmakla beraber, kimi mezarlarda da, çok yaygın olmamakla beraber “Ünye eşrafından.....” ifadeleri görülmüştür. Bu tanımlayıcı ifadelerin altında genellikle “Ruhuna fatiha” dileği ile doğum ve ölüm tarihleri yazılmıştır. Nadir de olsa, bazı mevtaların oğlunun mesleğiyle, meselâ “Orman Bölge Şefi M.Sait Savaş’ın annesi Rahime Savaş” şeklinde tanımlandığı, bazı mevtaların da bayan eşinin adıyla, “Ahmet oğlu-Tülây eşi- PTT memuru- Namık Görgülü- Ruhuna Fatiha- d:1947- ö:27.2.1984” şeklinde tanımlandığı görülmüştür. Bazen de mevtanın, mezartaşlarında soyadının haricinde “Avni Çavuş”, “Arap Hasan”, “Hanımcık Mustafa”, “Cıgındi Mehmet Efendi” gibi lâkap ve �şöhretiyle tanımlandığı da görülmüştür. Kimi mezartaşlarında da baba adı, memleketi, aile lâkap ve şöhreti bir arada kullanılmıştır. Mevtayı mesleğiyle tanımlayan mezartaşı örnekleri Hüseyin oğlu Mustafa Sağlam (1945-6.8.1983) kitâbesinde görüldüğü gibi, bazı mezartaşlarında da, mevta baba adıyla tanımlanırken “Arabistan’da trafik kazası” yazılarak vefat sebebi belirtilmiştir. Nitekim, mezartaşı kitâbeleri hakkında yapılan araştırmalarda, “Kaza kurbanları için yazılmış mezartaşı kitâbeleri” başlığıyla bir tasnif görülmektedir. (Vahap Balman, 2003, s:106-114). Bu başlık altında verilen örneklerde trafik kazası, tren kazası, deniz kazaları gibi olayların sonunda hayatını kaybeden insanların mezartaşı kitâbeleri verilmiştir ve bu tür metnin yaygın olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Eğer ölüm sebebi tedavisi mümkün olmayan bir hastalık ise bunlar da, Hatice Güner’in baştaşı metninde “1944 ağladı- Sene 1992 ağlattı- Dert verdi derman arattı- Şifasın vermedi Hüda- Can cananını terketti- Rabbine kavuştu.” sözleriyle ve Nesrin Yıldız’a ait mezar baştaşında yazılı olan, “Zehroldu bize hayat- sen gideli Nesrin- ebediyen nurlar içinde- olsun kabrin- yirminci baharında- çaresiz bir hastalığın- pençesinde güller gibi- solarak hayata doyamıyan- Muhsin ve Pakize kızı- Nesrin Yıldız, D.T. 1943 Ö.T.1963” dizeleriyle dile getirilmiştir. Aynı duygular ve çaresizlik Orhan Dinç (1935-1993) kitâbesinde de, ikinci kişinin ağzından “Çok koşturdum yorulmadım- Seni kurtaramadım- Seni seviyor özlüyoruzOkunan yâ sin’ler senin için- rahat uyu” denilerek dile getirilmiştir. Müfit Gökçe’ye (19421943) ait baştaşında da, “Sevgimizle- seni koruyamadık- dualarımızla- huzur içinde- yat” sözleriyle yine aynı duygular ve elem dile getirilmiştir. �Başka bir mezartaşında da, mevtanın tanımlaması yapıldıktan sonra sosyal bir role işaret edildiği görülmektedir; bu örnek mezartaşında, “..... ve bu kabristanlık- için tek arazisinibağışlayan- Mehmet Arif Öztürk- Ruhun şad olsun- d.t 1884- ö.t 1962” denilmek suretiyle mevtanın, bu mezarlık alanı kapsayan arazinin, en azından bir kısmını bağışlayan olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Mezar kitabelerinde sevgi, hasret belirten, dua dileyen, öğüt veren gibi edebî metinlere gelince, bu metinlerin kimi hayattaki aile fertleri ağzından kimileri de mevtanın ağzından yazıldığı görülmüştür: “Emir Hüda’dan- ecel vermedi- aman kader böyle imiş- AbdullahOkumuşun- ruhuna fatiha- d: 15.12.19?1- ö:1974” kitâbesinde de Allah’ın iradesine teslimiyeti dile getiren ifadeler görülmektedir. Allah’a teslimiyeti ve kaçınılmaz sonu hatırlatıp dua isteyen diğer metinlere ise; “Bakıp geçme ey Muhammed ümmeti- Müminin mümine fatihadır minneti” diyen Ertuğrul Ersidar (26.6.1940- 29.12.1996) kitâbesi, “Sakın ağlamayın bana- Bir demet çiçek elinde- Okuyun bir fatiha- Mezarımın başında” diyen E.Serhat Çevik (21.8.1961- 5. 3. 1990) kitâbesi, “Dünyada kalanlar- Bu seyahatimden elemliYıllarca mavi ufka- Bakarlar gözleri nemli- Dert veren uzun yılların vefasız eli- Şu kara toprağa düşürdü beni- Ey zahir, bu kabri kasvetle geçme- Oku bir fatiha” diyen Melek Ereren (1888-1967) kitâbesi örnek metinlerdir. Baştaşları yenilenen mezarlarda ise, baştaşını yaptıran kişinin izi görülmektedir; anlaşılan o ki, mezar zamanla kaybolmaya yüz tutmuş veya bir sebeple mezartaşı kırılmış, yok olmuş veya ahşap malzemeden olan belirleyici unsur zaman içinde kaybolmuş ve oğul veya yeğen yeni bir mezartaşı yaptırmıştır: “Sevgili Babamız......” veya “Sevgili Amcamız......” tanımıyla başlayan bu kitâbelerin sevgi, saygı ve özlem belirten ifadelerle devam ettiği görülmüştür. “ESER”in mezartaşı Bir kitâbe ise, mevtanın çok yakını veya onu çok seven birinin dizeleriyle mevtanın ağzından söylenmiştir; düzenli bir yazı, itinalı bir mezar mimarisi görülmektedir. Belki de �bilinçli olarak, doğum ve ölüm tarihleri yazılı olmayan bu kitâbede bir yaşama sevinci, hayata doyamamışlık dile getirilmektedir: “Her nefeste- Bir çağlayandı yaşamak- Bir damla gibiDüşsem de toprağa- Sokulur sevgi meltemi yüreğime- Kayan yıldızları görürseniz- Yakalayın ne olur !- ESER’dir diye.” Bazı mezar kitâbeleri de daha sonradan aile fertleri tarafından yazılmış olup o kişiye olan sevgiyi, saygıyı, acıyı, elemi, özlemi dile getirmiştir; bir baba ve kızının toprağa verildiği aile kabristanlığında, baba kızından on yıl sonra vefat etmiş ve 2002’de toprağa verilmiştir ve mezartaşında adı, soyadı, doğum ve ölüm tarihleri bulunmaktadır. Fakat kızının mezartaşında ise, babanın yazdırdığı anlaşılan kitâbede evlât sevgisinin ve onu kaybetmenin acısının çok güçlü bir şekilde dile getirildiği görülmektedir. Düz, dikdötgen şeklindeki bu mezartaşında şu kitâbe bulunmaktadır: “ Mermer seni delik delik delerim, Meleğim- Taşı atar toprağını elerim Meleğim- Sen koyun olsan ben de kuzu Meleğim- Ölene dek peşinde melerim meleğimKarşıda kuş oturur Meleğim- Kuş kuşa yem götürür Meleğim- Şen gönlüme baykuş oturur Meleğim- Yorgun Meleğim, yaralı Meleğim- Hatırlı gönüllü Meleğim- Ağaçlar kalem olsa Meleğim- Denizin suyu mürekkep olsa Meleğim- Yazma ile bitmez destanlarım Meleğim- Telli duvaklı Meleğim- Bunu okuyan ağlasın Meleğim- Ramazan kızı- Melek Veyisoğlu- 19641992”. Melek Veyisoğlu’nun mezartaşı Yine aynı aile kabristanlığında, ailenin oğlu olduğu anlaşılan ve yalnızca ölüm tarihi bulunan mezartaşında da; “Beş karış yukarı- mezarımın taşı- kan ağliyor yü- reğimin başı dur- maz akar gözü- mün yaşı” denilmek suretiyle yine evlât sevgisi ve onu kaybetmenin acısı dile getirilmiştir. Babalar için yazılmış mezartaşı kitâbeleri de oldukça yaygın görülmektedir; incelenen mezarlıklarda bu tür örneklere de rastlanmıştır: Osman Fethi Özkan’a ait aile kabristanlığındaki baştaşında, oğul tarafından yazılmış olup babaya olan büyük sevgi ve �özlemi dile getiren şu kitâbeye tesadüf etmekteyiz: “ Sevgili babacığım- bakışların meçhul, düşlerin bilinmez- öyle bir iz bıraktın ki, asla silinmez- sana nankörlük eden kati sevilmez- sen bir abide ve destansın- mekânın cennet, ruhun şad olsun”. Yine babaya af ve mağfiret dileyen ve yine oğul tarafından duayı belirten Ahmet İhtiyaroğlu’na (1904-1969) ait kitâbede de, “Beyaz gömlekten aba- Koyduk seni bu kaba- Allah seni affetsin- Nur içinde yat baba” dizleri görülmektedir. Ömer kızı Neslihan Bozkurt’un (17.06.1981- 03.09.2002) ağzından yazılan kitâbesinde de, ölüm karşısında çaresizlik ve onu kabullenemeyiş dile getirilmektedir: “Tüm duygularım tükendimi yoksa- Çok mu yoğun, adlandıramıyorum- Çünkü hayatımda hiç ölümü beklememiştim şu ana kadar ölüm bana- gelmez sanırdım onu tanıyana kadar- Ama azrail dadandı gitmek bilmiyor- Böylesi bir korkulu bekleyişim hiç – olmamıştı ağlamak ne güzelmiş meğeryasak olunca anladım ağlamak- gözlerimin dolması bile yasak bana.- korkuyorum çok korkuyorum dua bile- edemiyorum artık- Uyanmak istiyorum.” 21 yaşında vefat eden Neslihan’ın ağzından, herhalde bir yakını ailesi, annesi, babası hayata doyamadan vefat eden bir insanın acılarını hissederek yazmış olmalılar. Ömer kızı Neslihan Bozkurt’un mezartaşı kitâbesi Fadik Pınarbaşı’nın mezar baştaşında ise, dertlerini içine gömmüş yorgun, mutsuz bir hayatın izlerini görmek mümkündür; başlıksız, doğum ve ölüm tarihleri yazılmış olmayan, mevtanın sadece adını, soyadını belirten ve bir fatiha bekleyen bu kitâbede, “gülmedim dünyada- derdim içimde- sevenlerim- başucumda- r. el fatiha” denilmektedir. Harap bir kabristanlıkta yer alan Arif Özsöz’e (1932-1962) ait mezartaşında da, “Lâle sünbül gibi soldum hele- Zarı zarı ağlar bülbüller bile- Hasret oldum- Namurat gittim yola- Ruhum sazMeskenim cennet ola” dizeleriyle çileli ve mutsuz duygular dile getirilmiştir. Gelin olamadan, ki buna halk arasında “mürüvvetini görmek” denir, vefat eden Ömer kızı Fahriye Kök’ün (1955-1991) ağzından yazılan şu kitâbede de hayatta yaşanamamış �mutlulukların hasreti ile ölüm dile getirmiştir: “Ömür boyu çile çektim- Durmadan şu dünyadan- Nimetini dermeden- Al duvakla muradıma- Ermeden genç yaşımda- Fani olduk dostlarım”. “Eczacılık fakültesi’ni bitirdiği yıl Hakk’ın rahmetine gargolmuştur” yazılı Ayşe Atabek’e (1949-1973) ait kitâbede de, genç yaşta vefatın ve yarım kalmış hayatların elemi görülmektedir. Bir başka kitâbede de, yine genç yaşta vefat eden Zerrin Coşkunalp’in (19501970) baştaşında, “Bir annenin bir babanın- bir tek kuzusuydum- 20 olmuştu yaşım- kesildi dünyadan aşım- doğdu ecel güneşim- bitti hayat savaşım” denilmek suretiyle yine hayata doyamamışlığın hüznü dile getirilmiştir. Ahiret uyarısına ve hayatın anlamına dair inancı dile getiren ve öğüt veren bir kitâbede ise, “Yâni ibadette gençlik- kuvvetini sarfetmenin- neticesi dar-ı saadette- ebedi bir gençliktir- Kabrin arkası için çalışınız, hakiki saadet- ve lezzet ondadır.” denmektedir. Aynı içerikte ve Halil oğlu Osman Köse’ye (1972- 1982) ait baştaşı kitâbesinde de, “Dünyada dost istersen Hz. Allah yeter- Murşidi kâmil istersen Hz.Kur’an yeter- Delil istersen Hz. Muhammet yeter- Meşgul olmak istersen ibadet yeter- İbret almak istersen ölüm yeter- Zengin olmak istersen kanaat yeter- Bunlar da yetmez dersen nârı cehennem- yeter. Erbabına danış akıl dinlemek- fırsattır. Havai nefsine uyma sakın sab- rın sonu selamettir. Niye aldandın be hey- şaşkın bu can sana emenettir.- Kaderde ne ise o olur, etme merak- Uyma nefsine, Hakk’ın emrine bırak- Altından ağacın olsa, zümrütten yaprak- Akıbet, gözünü doyurur bir avuç toprak.” denilmektedir. “Zırh” ailesine ait kabristanlık ve ayaktaşı Çevresinin sonradan düzenlendiği anlaşılan “Zırh” ailesine ait kabristanlıkta ise, mezarın baş ve ayaktaşları, kabristanlığı çevreleyen duvara oturtulmuş vaziyettedir; mermerden ve özenle hazırladığı anlaşılan bu mezartaşları süsleme ve yazı sanatı bakımından farklılık göstermektedir. Kitâbelerde, “ Ah, minel mevt- Dar-ı dünyada civan iken gezerdim bir zaman- Nagehan erdi ecel, etti yerim bağ cenan- Fani dünyadan muradım almadan �terkeyledim- Valideynim eylesinler bir zaman, ah figan- Zırhzâde Mehmet Hâmi Efendi’nin mahdumu Yahya Bey’in- Ruhuna fatiha- 1334, 14 Şaban” yazılıdır. Aynı aile mezarlığının ikinci ve üçüncü kitâbelerinde ise, başlıkta mevtayı tanıtmadan önce, Arap alfabesiyle kelime-i tevhid, yani “Lâ İlâhe İllallah Muhammedün Resûl Allah” yazılı olduğu görülmektedir. İkinci kitâbede kelime-i tevhidden sonra, yeni Türk alfabesiyle “Rize eşrafından- Hacı Hamid Zırh bin Hacı Osman- Ruhuna fatiha- D:1282- Ö: 1334” denilerek mevta tanıtılmıştır. Üçüncü kitâbe yine aynı başlıkla, Arap harfleriyle kelime-i tevhid yazılı olup devamında yeni Türk alfabesiyle “Rize eşrafından- Hacı Osman- RefikasıCemile Hatun-Ruhuna fatiha- D: 1294- Ö:1334” yazılıdır. Mezarlık kültüründe ayaktaşları genellikle sade, süslemesiz ve yazısız olduğu hâlde bu aile kabristanlığındaki ayaktaşının, ayyıldız ve çeşitli bitkisel motifler ve rozet işlemelerle ince bir sanatla süslendiği göstermektedir. Çakırtepe (Elmalık) Mezarlığı’nda mimarisi, süslemeleri ve mezartaşı metinleriyle dikkati çeken bir aile kabristanlığı da “Vidinli Aile Kabristanlığı”dır: Bu aile kabristanlığında mezarlar, doğal olarak ayrı ayrı olduğu halde mezar kitâbeleri bir bütünlük arz etmektedir. Mürüvvet Vidinli’ye ait bu mezar kitâbesinde, kitâbenin başına mevtanın adı büyük harflerle iki satır halinde yazılmıştır. Altta ise, Rumî tarihle doğum tarihi “1335” olarak, ölüm tarihi de Milâdî tarihle “1997” olarak yazılmıştır. Kendisi annesinin, babasının ve kocasının adıyla “Hüseyin ve Münire kızı, Necati Vidinli eşi” olarak tanımlanmış ve “ İyi insan- Hayırlı eşGüzel ana” sıfatlarıyla anılmış ve “ Ruhuna fatiha” dileğinde bulunulmuştur. Bu kitâbeye yapışık şekilde monte edilen baştaşı parçasında da, “Bakara suresi Ayet. 201” olduğu belirtilen âyet, yeni Türk alfabesiyle şöyle yer almıştır: “ Onlardan kimi de, “Rabbimiz, bize dünyada da güzellikler ver, ahirette de güzellikler ver. Bizi ateş azabından koru.” der.” yazısı bulunmaktadır. Mürüvvet Vidinli’ye ait bu mezarın hemen yanıbaşında Mehmet Necati Vidinli’nin mezarı bulunmaktadır: Mezarın baştaşı, çeşitli çizgisel motiflerle süslenmiş mermerden olup, yine geometrik bir şekildedir: Ortada, Arap alfabesiyle Bakara Sûresi 177. Âyet, onun solunda da Türkçe meâli vardır: “Rahim olan Tanrı adıyla başlarım. İyilik benliğinizi ne batıya, ne doğuya çevirmekle bulunur. İyilik Allah’a, ahiret gününe, Allah’ın kitabına, meleklere, Peygambere inanmakla doğar. Allah’ı severek hısımlara, öksüzlere, fakirlere, yolculara, esirlere yardımlarla kazanılır. Namaz kılmak, zekât vermek, sözünde durmak, sıkıntı günlerinde yoksullara, hastalara el uzatmak, şiddete sabırla karşı durmak, iyilik etmek. İşte onlar sadık ve hayırlı olanlardır”. Kitâbenin sağ yanındaki parçada ise, üç satır halinde �mevtanın adı yazılıdır. Altta ise, tek satır halinde “ Ruhuna fatiha”, onun da altında doğum ve ölüm tarihleri, “1904-1972” yazılmıştır. Vidinli aile mezarlığındaki kitâbeler “Çakırtepe (Elmalık) Mezarlığı”nda, bunlardan başka bazı mezar kitâbelerinde sadece mevtanın adı ve çevresinin ona hitâbı yazılmıştır; “İfakat Abla” örneğinde olduğu gibi, sanki başkaca tanımlamaya gerek görülmemiştir. Bazı mezar kitâbeleri ise, “Sarp kayalıklarda geçen yollar merhaba” örneğindeki gibi bir özdeyiş biçiminde olup sanki ahiret yollarını tarif etmek istemiş gibidir; yahut ta yeni bir âleme selâm ile girmektedir. Bir başka mezartaşında ise sadece “Garip” ifadesi görülmektedir; kabristanlığın bir köşesindeki bu mezarda başka bir tanımlayıcı ifadeye veya kitâbeye rastlanılmamıştır. Mezartaşındaki “Garip” ifadesine bakılırsa, herhangi bir sebeple sahipsiz bir mevta olduğu düşünülebilir. Şehrin uzun süre ana mezarlığı durumunda bulunmuş olan “Türbe Mezarlığı”nın ise, adını bu mezarlıkta bulunan “Halka Baba”nın mezarından aldığı öne sürülmüştür (Bay, http://www.historystudies.net/makaleler/1724886276_6-Abdullah%20Bay.pdf). Bu mezarlıkta, Ünyeliler’den medrese hocası Taslızâdeler ve Hazinedarzâde Süleyman Paşa’nın torunlarından Hazinedarzâdeler’in mezarlıkları bulunmaktadır. (Bay, http://www.his torystudies.net/makaleler/1724886276_6-Abdullah%20Bay.pdf). Türbe (veya Tepe) Mezarlığı’ndaki mezar taşları süslemelerinde de benzer motiflerin kullanıldığı görülmektedir: Kimi baştaşlarında altı köşeli bir gül motifi görülürken tek veya �çift lâle motifine ve ay-yıldız motiflerine rastlanmaktadır. Yine bazı mezartaşları geometrik çizgilerle süslenirken, bazıları da yaprak motifleriyle bezenmiştir. Bu kabristanlıktaki mezar baştaşlarının bazılarının ön ve arka yüzlerinin kullanıldığı görülmüştür; önyüzde mevta tanıtılırken arka yüzde bir kitâbe mevcuttur. Mezar baştaşlarındaki kitâbe metinlerine gelince, aşağı-yukarı aynı tasnifi görmek mümkündür; ancak dizelerde kısmen farklılıklar vardır. “İfakat Abla” “Sarp kayalıklardan geçen yollar “Garip” merhaba” Bu mezarlıkta da, kaçınılamaz akıbete teslimiyeti ifade eden, “feleğin- çaresiz- derdinden 22 yaş- ında eyl- edim vef- at.” yazılı, özensiz ve bozuk bir imlâ ile yazılmış, tanımsız bir baştaşı kitâbesine tesadüf edilmektedir. Ayrıca yine bu anlamda, Orhan Tekirdağ’a (29.8.1945) ait baştaşında; “18 yaşımda soldu- ömrümün baharı- bir tek oğul idim- ailemin evladı” kitâbesi, Hacer Göregen’e (Suyabatmaz) (19 Mart 1998) ait baştaşında, “tek dayanağımız sendin onu da- hüda aldı. elimizde tek çare- ruhuna fatiha okumak kaldı.” kitâbesi, Mehmet Baysal’a (1918-1938) ait baştaşında “lale sümbül zambaklar gibi soldum hele- zari zari ağlar bana bülbüller bile- pek gençtim na murat gittim bu yola- ruhum şad meskenim cennet ola.” kitâbesi görülmektedir. Dua bekleyen kitâbeleri ise, “Bugün bana yarın sana- Bir fatiha oku bana- İhtiyacım vardır buna” (Hacer Öztürk, 1927-1993), “Mezarıma güller dikin- Bülbüller konsun- Bir fatiha okuyun- Ruhum şad olsun” (Aslan İnce, 1924-2005), “Bana bugün ise- Yarın da sanaFatiha okumadan- Geçme bana” (Tuna aile kabristanlığında Nazime, 1906- 1938), “İstemem üstüme- Ne gül ne ağaç- Dün hayatta idim- Sılaya muhtaç- Bugün topraktayım- Duaya muhtaç” (Murat Alkan 1946- 1998) şeklinde bir araya getirmek mümkündür. Nasihat, öğüt içeren, “ Bazı hayatlar vardır- Ölümden de beter- Eğer aradığını bulduysan- O sana yeter- Eğer aradığını bulamadıysan- Sonun beter- Ey nefis bu kadarNasihat da sana yeter” (Celâl İnce, 1954- 2002), ayrıca “Dünya geçicidir kanma- Ahirette görüşmeyiz sanma- Mizan terazi kurulunca- Ben yine affederim- Ama Allah affetsin.” (Zekeriya Koldagüç, 1910- 1994) gibi örnekler görmek mümkündür. Ailesinin veya �yakınlarının sevgi ve özlem duygularını dile getiren “sen hep kalbimizdesin- nur içinde yat” (Mehmet Alkan 1901-1952) şeklindeki kitâbelere de tesadüf edilmiştir. Türbe Mezarlığı’nda uzun süre bakımsız kalmış fakat bir özelliği de olduğu anlaşılan, etrafı taş duvarla çevrili bir mezarlık ta vardır. Baştaşındaki yazılardan mevtanın “Şeyh Abdülkadir Ellinci Baba” olduğu anlaşılmaktadır; doğum tarihi yazılmamış olmakla beraber ölüm tarihi olarak “1948” yazılmıştır. Şeyh Abdülkadir Ellinci Baba’nın mezarı ve mezartaşı Sonuç olarak, mezartaşları geçmişin tanıklarıdır; o bakımdan sadece bir mezar yeri olmanın ötesinde bazen siyaseten de önem kazanmışlardır. Bu çalışmada ise, mezartaşları mimari, sanat tarihi, süslemecilik açısından değil, fakat ihtiva ettiği metinler açısından incelenmiş ve metinler duygu ve inanç dünyasının dili olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ünye mezarlıklarında da görüldüğü gibi yakın dönem mezartaşlarında Osmanlı döneminde olduğu kadar meslekî, edebî, sanatsal ve süslemecilik bakımından zenginlik yoktur. Fakat dinsel ve edebî metinler bakımından benzerlik görülmektedir. Osmanlı dönemine ait mezartaşlarında tanımlayıcı olarak meslek ve “Paşa”, “Hafız”, “Ağa” “Şeyh”, “Molla” gibi slfatların kullanıldığı görülür. Fakat, yakın dönemde lâkap ve şöhretiyle tanımlanan mevtalar varsa da bu gibi sıfatların kullanıldığı görülmemektedir. Ayrıca terzi, öğretmen gibi meslek tanımlamaları görülürken Osmanlı dönemi mezartaşlarında görülen mesleklerden olarak “Sarraç”, “Kâtip”, “Kâhya” gibi adlara tesadüf edilmemektedir. Ancak, memleketin eşrafından gibi tanımlamaların yapıldığı da görülmüştür. �Osmanlı döneminden kalan mezartaşları kitâbeleri daha süslü ve sanatkârane yazılmıştır. Yeni mezarlıklarda ise, böyle olmadığı gibi satırlar, imlâ, harfler bir kaç mezar hariç özensizdir; süsleme unsurları olarak, Osmanlı dönemindeki mezartaşlarının daha özenli ve zengin olduğu söylenebilir. Mezarlıklarımız geleneksel olarak bilindiği gibi çam, servi, ve çok eski mezarlıklarda görüldüğü üzere çınar ağaçlarıyla donanmış vaziyettedir. Bu ağaçlar o bölgede, doğal ortamı yeşil ve temiz tuttuğu gibi hayvan popülasyonunu da etkilemiştir. Eskiden şehir içlerinde, mahallelerimizde gördüğümüz kuş cinsleri ve kafes kuşları için doğal bir ortam oluşmuştur; onları görmek ve kuş seslerini dinlemek için park ve bahçeleri değil de, mezarlıkları ziyaret etmek durumunda kalınması hazindir. Ayrıca, mezarlıkların ve mezar yerlerinin bir plânlamaya göre tanzim edilmesi gereği ortaya çıkmaktadır; bir ziyarette bulunurken diğer kabir çiğnenmemeli, ona saygı gösterilmelidir. O nedenle mezarlar ve kabristanlıklar arasında dar da olsa küçük koridorlar yapılmalı ve bakımlarına özen gösterilmelidir. Hatta bu iş, mahallî yönetimden beklenir. Yılda en az bir defa, dinî bayramlar öncesinde genel bir temizlik ve bakım yapılabilmelidir. Kaynakça: 1- Kırık, Harun- Kırık, Şeydanur, Ordu-Ünye’de Türk devri mezarlıklar ve mezar taşları, T.C. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü, Basılmamış lisans tezi, Konya 2008 2- Balman, Vahap, Mezar Sesleri, Balman Yayıncılık, Ankara 2003 3- Bay, Abdullah, Ünye yöresi Osmanlı mezar kitâbeleri üzerine değerlendirmeler, http://www.historystudies.net/makaleler/1724886276_6-Abdullah%20Bay.pdf 4- http://www.unyeses.net/haber15.html � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2114 Title A name given to the resource AHİRET KÜLTÜRÜ Author Author YAZICI, Nuri Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ahiret, ölüm, mezarlık, kültür, mezartaşı. ÖZET Mezarlıklar, bir toplumun inancının olduğu kadar duygularının da yansıdığı mekânlardır. Geleneksel olanın dışında mezarların inşasında, süslemelerinde, kitâbelerinde söylenememiş sözler, dile getirilememiş duygular yansımıştır. İnsanlar, mahallelerindeki veya şehir merkezlerindeki mezarlıklar sayesinde ecdadıyla birlikte olmaya devam etmiş, bir bakıma hatıralarıyla iç içe yaşamıştır. Tanımlanan bu yaşam biçiminin aynı inanca mensup olan bütün toplumlarda aynı olduğu söylenemez; nitekim Müslüman olmakla beraber kimi toplumlarda mezar geleneği ve buna bağlı olarak gelişen edebiyat, sanat ve süsleme geleneği birbirlerinden çok farklıdır. Bu çalışmada ise, Ünye ilçesindeki Elmalık ve Türbe mezarlıkları incelenmiştir. Mezartaşlarının mevtayı tanımlayıcı özellikleri, süslemeleri ve edebî metin özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Böylece toplumun hayatı ve ahireti algılayış biçimi ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Ortak inanç İslâmiyet olmakla beraber farklı milletlerin ahireti algılamada farklılıkları ve ortak yanları da böyle bir çalışma ile görülmüş ve âdeta bir gönül haritası ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5817603a45f964658380d105437287c8.docx 4769e326a89f033ead7c01ec846dae56 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e32962d1fa2d5e2863d0ab8352d6475f.pdf 0b343070facbc4def539252dada56672 PDF Text Text AHMET HAMDİ TANPINAR’IN “ŞİİR” ADLI METNİNİN DİL BİLİMİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ Bekir GÖKÇE Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Türkçe Eğitimi Bölümü, Rize / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Dil, dil bilimi, şiir, Tanpınar. ÖZET Dil, “bildirişimi sağlayan göstergeler dizgesi” olarak tanımlanabilir. “Doğru, yerinde göstergeleri bulup dizelere yerleştirmek” biçiminde tanımlanan ve Çetişli’nin, “coşkulu anlatım esasına bağlı eserler/türler (şiir, mensur şiir)” içinde değerlendirdiği şiir ise dile dayanan ve dilin imkânlarıyla varlığını ortaya koyan, edebî bir türdür. Dil bilimi, dili bütün yönleriyle inceleyen bir alandır. Dilin sesleri, seslerin uyumu, sözcüklerin temel ve yan anlamları, çağrışım değerleri, sözcük/söz öbeklerinin metnin bağlamı içinde kazandığı anlamları, duygu değeri, benzetmeler, aktarmalar, sapmalar ve bunların ışığında metnin yorumlanması, dil bilimi açısından şiire bakışın temelini oluşturur. Bu açıdan şiir, dil biliminin birçok alanını yakından ilgilendirir. Şiir, biçim (sunuluş) ve içerik (öz) ögelerinin varlığıyla temel kimliğine kavuşur. En eski örneklerinden bugüne dek, belli bir bildiriyi aktarırken “metin” olma özelliğini gösteren şiirde bütünlük, bu kimliğin vazgeçilmezidir. Şiirin dil bilimi açısından en önemli yönü bütünlük taşıması, sanatçının zihnindekilerini bütün hâlinde aktarmasıdır. Bu çalışmada şair, romancı ve çok yönlü bir sanatçı olan A. H. Tanpınar’ın Şiir adlı metni, dil bilimi ışığında incelenmiştir. Şairinin zihin ve yaratıcılık gücünü yansıtan bu şiirde kullanılan imgeler, değişik tasarımlar, çağrışımlar özgün bir anlatımı ortaya çıkarmıştır. Tanpınar’ın; “rüyalarımızın sarışın buğdayı”, “sükûtun bahçesi”, “kaderin gülümseyen yüzü”, “yıldızların altın bahçesi” “ezelî bahar”, “tükenmez yarın” gibi değişik kullanımları, sözlüklerde yer almayan, “kişisel kullanım”ını yansıtması açısından dikkat çekicidir. “Onun şiirinde belirleyici olan belli başlı kavramlar; rüya zaman, musıkî, resim, ebediyet, mükemmeliyet, aydınlık ve aşktır.” görüşü belirgindir. Dil biliminin verileri ile aydınlatılmaya çalışılan bu metnin, Tanpınar’ın şiir estetiğini taşıyan bir yapıda olduğu görülmüştür. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2186 Title A name given to the resource AHMET HAMDİ TANPINAR’IN “ŞİİR” ADLI METNİNİN DİL BİLİMİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ Author Author GÖKÇE, Bekir Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Dil, dil bilimi, şiir, Tanpınar. ÖZET Dil, “bildirişimi sağlayan göstergeler dizgesi” olarak tanımlanabilir. “Doğru, yerinde göstergeleri bulup dizelere yerleştirmek” biçiminde tanımlanan ve Çetişli’nin, “coşkulu anlatım esasına bağlı eserler/türler (şiir, mensur şiir)” içinde değerlendirdiği şiir ise dile dayanan ve dilin imkânlarıyla varlığını ortaya koyan, edebî bir türdür. Dil bilimi, dili bütün yönleriyle inceleyen bir alandır. Dilin sesleri, seslerin uyumu, sözcüklerin temel ve yan anlamları, çağrışım değerleri, sözcük/söz öbeklerinin metnin bağlamı içinde kazandığı anlamları, duygu değeri, benzetmeler, aktarmalar, sapmalar ve bunların ışığında metnin yorumlanması, dil bilimi açısından şiire bakışın temelini oluşturur. Bu açıdan şiir, dil biliminin birçok alanını yakından ilgilendirir. Şiir, biçim (sunuluş) ve içerik (öz) ögelerinin varlığıyla temel kimliğine kavuşur. En eski örneklerinden bugüne dek, belli bir bildiriyi aktarırken “metin” olma özelliğini gösteren şiirde bütünlük, bu kimliğin vazgeçilmezidir. Şiirin dil bilimi açısından en önemli yönü bütünlük taşıması, sanatçının zihnindekilerini bütün hâlinde aktarmasıdır. Bu çalışmada şair, romancı ve çok yönlü bir sanatçı olan A. H. Tanpınar’ın Şiir adlı metni, dil bilimi ışığında incelenmiştir. Şairinin zihin ve yaratıcılık gücünü yansıtan bu şiirde kullanılan imgeler, değişik tasarımlar, çağrışımlar özgün bir anlatımı ortaya çıkarmıştır. Tanpınar’ın; “rüyalarımızın sarışın buğdayı”, “sükûtun bahçesi”, “kaderin gülümseyen yüzü”, “yıldızların altın bahçesi” “ezelî bahar”, “tükenmez yarın” gibi değişik kullanımları, sözlüklerde yer almayan, “kişisel kullanım”ını yansıtması açısından dikkat çekicidir. “Onun şiirinde belirleyici olan belli başlı kavramlar; rüya zaman, musıkî, resim, ebediyet, mükemmeliyet, aydınlık ve aşktır.” görüşü belirgindir. Dil biliminin verileri ile aydınlatılmaya çalışılan bu metnin, Tanpınar’ın şiir estetiğini taşıyan bir yapıda olduğu görülmüştür. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/297f14d8721a3d5b20d9bcf948db3709.pdf 50d59e1d5ceaf3d554f2f6143e9e9ced PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo AHP Modeling in Selection of Students for a Part-Time Work: International Burch University Case Ali GÖKSU Assist. Prof. Dr., International Burch University, Faculty of Economics Department of Business Administration goksu@ibu.edu.ba M. KürĢad ÖZLEN Research Assistant, International Burch University, Faculty of Economics Department of Business Administration kozlen@ibu.edu.ba Murat ÇUHADAR Assist. Prof. Dr., Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey mcuhadar@sdu.edu.tr Abstract: Making the right decision for an enterprise is very important for its profit, efficiency, and effectiveness. For these reasons, Decision making in an organization takes a very important place. In this paper, the most appropriate selection of a student for a particular part time work in a university will be examined. There are several methods to make a decision. A multi-criteria Decision Making method will be used to select the most suitable student. The method for this selection will be Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). While making a decision many factors should be considered. And Analytic Hierarchy Process is a quite useful method to cover many determinants. Keywords: Multi-Criteria Decision Making, AHP, Part-Time work, 1. Introduction Decision Making is a very hard and complicated procedure in many cases through the life of human being. There are usually many factors affecting the decision problem. So some methods have been developed. These are all ‗Multi-criteria Decision Making‘ methods. 1.1. Multi-Criteria Decision Making Parallel to the progress of the science and technology, it is a well-known reality that one dimensional or one variable analysis is not enough to solve more complex problems. In one dimensional analysis, the most important assumption is to suppose all the other variables constant except the one which was analyzed. However, all the events in the universe happen with the influence of many inside and outside effects, and this forms a very complex structure. So the events and the objects should be defined with respect to many variables and collective effects of them (DaĢdemir, Güngör, 2002-2003-2004 Vol. I-II). Therefore the importance of Multi-Criteria Decision Making cannot be questioned. AHP is one of Multi-Criteria Decision techniques. 1.2. Personnel Selection Human Resources in an organization has an extremely important place (Werther and Davis, 1994). So the preliminary condition is to detect the need for qualified personnel and select them efficiently and effectively. This is the most crucial issue for the organization and the procedure should work fast and correctly (Özgörmüs, Mutlu, and Güner, 2005). And the scientific approach to the problem has a great account. So in this study for giving the decision scientifically Analytic Hierarchy Process will be used. 536 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 1.3. Part Time Work in a University As a result of Both Economic developments in the world and changes on the necessities of work environment, the need for and the importance of ‗Part-Time work‘ have been increased. Organizations employ regular and part-time workers at the same time. While employing a Part-time student, there are some points which should be taken into consideration. And both the university and the student should get benefit from this procedure. 2. Research Background: Analytic Hierarchy Process Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in 1977. It is one of the methods which are used for Multi-criteria Decision Making. The main advantage of this method is that the multi-criteria can easily be managed. Additionally, AHP can be understood easily and it does not contain unnecessary mathematical operations (BaĢligil, 2005). Through AHP, The observations of Decision Maker‘s in different psychological and sociological situations can be taken into account and his decision making mechanism will be tried to define. So, the aim is to provide a better environment to Decision Makers (Dağdeviren, Akay and Kurt, 2004). The required steps to be satisfied via AHP are given below. The necessary explanations with formulas are done in each step. 2.1. Defining the Decision Problem This step is also known as Decomposition Phase. This phase is the process of decomposition of the problem into sub-problems. In short, this is the formulation of the decision hierarchy. First, the objective of the study is identified. Then the suitable criteria of the objective are indicated. There may be more than one criterion or suncriteria related with the problem. These criteria should be clear and understandable. At the top of the Decision Hierarchy, there is the main goal. At the bottom, there are decision alternatives. The hierarchy may contain more than one phase according to the degree of the details related to the criteria. 2.2. Comparison The pair-wise comparison matrix is formed by evaluating each criteria and sub-criteria with respect to each other (Kuruüzüm, 2001). There is a comparison matrix shown in Table 1 for four criteria. 1 1/a21 1/a31 1/a41   a21 1 1/a32 1/a42   1 a43 a31 a32 1   a41 a42 a43 1/  1  a21  a31  a41 1 / a21 1 / a31 1 / a41   1 1 / a32 1 / a42   a32 1 1 / a43   a42 a43 1  Table 1. Pair-wise Comparison matrix for four criteria While comparing the alternatives a comparison scale which is called Analytic Hierarchy Scale is used. It is given in Table 2. Intensity of Importance 1 3 5 7 9 2,4,6,8 Reciprocals of the above 1.1 – 1.9 Definition Equal importance Weak importance of one over other Strong Importance Demonstrated Importance Absolute Importance Intermediate Values If activity i has one of the above numbers assigned to it when compared with activity j, then j has the reciprocal value when compared with i. When elements are close and nearly indistinguishable Table 2: Analytic Hierarchy scale 537 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 2.3. Synthesis After developing pair-wise comparison matrices, the calculations are done for the relative order of the criteria among each other. This section is called ―Synthesis Section‖. If the number of the criteria is five or more, the calculations are very hard in this step. While setting up the priority vectors, Linear Algebra techniques are used. This phase contains the steps: The calculations of maximum eigen-value and corresponding eigen-vector and normalization. There are several methods for normalization. According to the literature most common method is, first the percentages of each element according to its column are calculated and the average of each row is taken. Thus for every criteria priority vectors are found (Kuruüzüm, 2001). 2.4. Consistency Ratio An important subject for the quality of the resultant decision is the consistency of the evaluation of the decision maker. Being consistent is accepted as a prerequisite for rational thinking. But it is almost impossible to be fully consistent. To get new knowledge is possible by allowing some amount of consistency. AHP does not request perfect consistency. It permits consistency, but in each decision it measures the consistency level. To measure the consistency of the decisions, the Consistency Ratio which was developed by Saaty, is used. The formula for consistency is, CI  max  n n 1 To get consistent results, consistency ratio should be smaller than 0,1. The Random Index for 15 criteria is shown in Table 3. If the number of the criteria is greater than 15, then the probability of getting healthier results will be lessened (Kwiesielewicz and Uden, 2004). Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 R. Index 0 0 0.58 0.9 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.51 1.48 1.56 1.57 1.59 Table 3: Random Index 3. Application In this study, the aim is to select the most appropriate student for a part time work by using a multi-criteria decision making method AHP. The selection is done among Economics Department students which applied for the work. The applied students have filled out application forms at first. The conditions in the application form are determined by the Administration of the university and also the criteria of Higher Education Committee of Turkey were considered. The information in the forms has been used in the selection. In addition to this, a survey was applied on the members of the administration. And the results of this survey were inserted to the decision matrix. Hence the criteria which have been considered in this study are,  Economic Situation  Psychological and Medical Situation  Mental problems  Medical problems  Good mannered  Clean wear and neat appearance  Work Qualifications  Work experience  Adaptability to the group-work  Adaptability to the work environment  Work discipline The hierarchical structure is shown in the Figure 1. At the top of the hierarchy, there is the decision problem. Then in the second step, there are the main criteria. And in the last step, there are sub-criteria. 538 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The selection of the most appropriate student Economic Situation Psychology and Medical Situation Clean wear and neat appearance Work qualifications Work Experience Mental Adaptability to groupwork Medical Adaptability to work environment Good Mannered Work discipline A B C D Figure 1: The hierarchical Structure of the model The following tables are obtained after the calculation of the means of the survey results. In Table 4, there are the normalized results of the main criteria and their weight vector. It can be easily observed that the most important criterion is Work quality. Criteria Economic Situation Psychology and Medical Situation Clean wear and neat appearance Work qualifications Weight Vector Economic Situation 0,136 0,313 0,214 0,083 0,187 Psychology and Medical Situation 0,136 0,313 0,357 0,417 0,306 Clean wear and neat appearance 0,045 0,063 0,071 0,083 0,066 Work qualifications 0,682 0,313 0,357 0,417 0,441 Consistency Ratio % 9,887 Table 4: The normalized matrix of the main criteria and their weights 539 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Then the rank of the criteria according to the importance is as follows. 1. Work qualifications 2. Psychology and Medical Situation 3. Economic Situation 4. Clean wear and neat appearance The results in the tables are obtained by using Microsoft Office 2007 Excel. But for easy calculations for AHP problems The Software program Expert Choice may be used. In Table 5, the sub-criteria of Psychology and Medical Situation are examined and accordingly, the importance of ‗Mental problem‘ is seen. Psychology and Medical Situation Mental Problem Mental Problem Medical Problem Good Mannered Weight Vector 0,714 0,714 0,714 0,714 Medical Problem 0,143 0,143 0,143 0,143 Good Mannered 0,143 0,143 0,143 0,143 Consistency Ratio % 0,000 Table 5: The normalized matrix of the criterion Psychology and Medical Situation and its weights In Table 6, the weights of sub-criteria of the criterion ‗Work qualifications‘ can be seen. ‗Work discipline‘ is the most important criterion and the least important criterion is ‗Adaptability to work environment‘. Work qualifications Work experience Adaptability to the groupwork Adaptability to the work environment Work discipline Weight Vector Work experience 0,125 0,188 0,125 0,107 0,136 Adaptability to the groupwork 0,125 0,188 0,375 0,179 0,217 Adaptability to the work environment 0,125 0,063 0,125 0,179 0,123 Work discipline 0,625 0,563 0,375 0,536 0,524 Consistency Ratio % 7,030 Table 6: The normalized matrix of the criterion Work qualifications and its weights 540 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo In the conclusion part, the pair wise comparison of alternative students according to the criteria was done. And the result which is shown in Table 7 appeared. As seen in the table, the most appropriate alternative is the alternative B. 0,187 0,306 0,714 0,143 0,143 ES MNP MDP GM A 0,229 0,491 0,25 B 0,343 0,291 C 0,326 D 0,103 0,066 0,441 Weight Vector 0,136 0,217 0,123 0,524 CWA EW AG WE WD 0,283 0,323 0,231 0,208 0,200 0,252 0,298 0,25 0,418 0,295 0,231 0,525 0,200 0,554 0,379 0,067 0,25 0,082 0,214 0,231 0,109 0,333 0,097 0,169 0,151 0,25 0,217 0,168 0,307 0,158 0,267 0,097 0,154 1,000 Table 7: The normalized matrix of the students and their weights 4. Result And Evaluation Decision making takes place in every part of the life. Especially in large organizations, there are many criteria to select staff. When the number of the criteria is increased, then it would be hard to select the worker. So the selection should be done in a more scientific way. AHP method offers the decision maker an alternative. A software program using AHP can be developed, to do multi criteria decisions. The same type of study can be applied on many decision cases in the life. The study shows that in many specific and complicated situations, Analytic Hierarchy Process can be easily done. And it can offer the best decision alternative to the Decision Maker. References BAġLIGĠL Hüseyin, 2005, ‗‗The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process For Software Selection Problems‘‘, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, C.3, Istanbul DAĞDEVĠREN Metin, AKAY D., KURT M., 2004, ‗‗ĠĢ Değerlendirme Sürecinde Analitik HiyerarĢi Prosesi ve Uygulaması‘‘, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, C.19, No.2, Ankara DAġDEMĠR Ġsmet, GÜNGÖR Ersin, 2002-2003-2004 Vol. I-II, Çok Boyutlu Karar Verme Metotları Ve Ormancılıkta Uygulama Alanları ZKÜ, Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi GÖKSU Ali, Güngör Ġbrahim, 2008, ―Bulanık Analitik HiyerarĢik Proses ve Üniversite Tercih Sıralamasında Uygulanması‖, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ġktisadi ve Ġdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, S 3. GÜNGÖR Ġbrahim, ISLER BÜYÜKER Didar, 2005, ‗‗Analitik HiyerarĢi YaklaĢımı ile Otomobil Seçimi‘‘, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C.1, S.2, Zonguldak KURUÜZÜM AyĢe, 2001, ―Analitik HiyerarĢi Yöntemi ve Ġsletmecilik Alanındaki Uygulamaları‖, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ġktisadi ve Ġdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C.1, S.1, Antalya 541 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo KWIESIELEWICZ Miroslaw, UDEN Ewa Van, 2004, ―Inconsistent and Contradictory Judgments In Pair wise Comparison Method In The AHP‖, Computers & Operations Research 31 MANAP Gonca, 2006, Tourism Centre Selection with Analytic Hierarchy Process, Journal of Commerce & Tourism Education Faculty ÖZGÖRMÜS Elif, MUTLU Özcan, and GÜNER Hacer, 2005, Personnel Selection by Fuzzy AHP, V. Ulusal Üretim AraĢtırmaları Sempozyumu, Ġstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi SAATY T. L., 1980, ―The Analytic Hierarchy Process‖, McGraw-Hill Inc. SAATY T. L., 1994, How to Make a Decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process, Decision Analysis— Systems/Decision Analysis—Applications. 542 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 270 Title A name given to the resource AHP Modeling in Selection of Students for a Part-Time Work: International Burch University Case Author Author GÖKSU, Ali ÖZLEN, M. Kürşad ÇUHADAR, Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. Making the right decision for an enterprise is very important for its profit, efficiency, and effectiveness. For these reasons, Decision making in an organization takes a very important place. In this paper, the most appropriate selection of a student for a particular part time work in a university will be examined. There are several methods to make a decision. A multi-criteria Decision Making method will be used to select the most suitable student. The method for this selection will be Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). While making a decision many factors should be considered. And Analytic Hierarchy Process is a quite useful method to cover many determinants. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/88daf60e805b44dc5b629d7eadd735c1.pdf 17ea5fe0b17f652e17be65bb21682b36 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AI STORYBOOK GENERATOR Author Author Ajla Čakić Abstract A summary of the resource. The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has opened new possibilities for educational and creative applications. This project presents the design and development of an AI-powered Storybook Generator—a full-stack web application that allows users to generate personalized children’s storybooks using natural language prompts. The goal is to make storytelling more interactive, accessible, and creatively empowering by automating story creation, illustration, and narration through AI. The application addresses the problem of limited access to personalized, diverse, and engaging story content, especially for children from various cultural and linguistic backgrounds. By integrating advanced AI services, the platform generates unique stories based on user-provided inputs such as title, age group, genre, and illustration style. Using technologies like Google AI, Hugging Face’s text generation models, and custom text-to-speech tools, the system delivers cohesive narratives paired with AI-generated visuals and narration. The backend is developed using Node.js and Express.js, while the frontend is built with React.js, offering a responsive and user-friendly interface. Data is securely stored and managed using a Drizzle ORM with a PostgreSQL database. Results show that the system can produce high-quality storybooks with consistent plots, age-appropriate language, and stylized imagery, enhancing the reading experience. The platform also includes features like story exploration, user account management, coin-based generation limits, and payment integration for purchasing additional credits. In conclusion, the AI Storybook Generator showcases the potential of merging generative AI with interactive design to promote literacy and creativity in young users. Future work may involve mobile app development, multilingual support, story sharing features, and integration of educational objectives into story structure. The application serves as a scalable, customizable tool for families, educators, and storytellers worldwide. Keywords Keywords. AI story generator, children’s storybooks, Hugging Face, Google AI, Node.js, React, generative storytelling, text-to-speech AI sdp web development https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7f17ded94652315afc7fbd922bcea059.pdf 98a134d0ae38d8a4fefd574989346b94 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AI STORYBOOK GENERATOR Author Author Ajla Čakić Abstract A summary of the resource. The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has opened new possibilities for educational and creative applications. This project presents the design and development of an AI-powered Storybook Generator—a full-stack web application that allows users to generate personalized children’s storybooks using natural language prompts. The goal is to make storytelling more interactive, accessible, and creatively empowering by automating story creation, illustration, and narration through AI. The application addresses the problem of limited access to personalized, diverse, and engaging story content, especially for children from various cultural and linguistic backgrounds. By integrating advanced AI services, the platform generates unique stories based on user-provided inputs such as title, age group, genre, and illustration style. Using technologies like Google AI, Hugging Face’s text generation models, and custom text-to-speech tools, the system delivers cohesive narratives paired with AI-generated visuals and narration. The backend is developed using Node.js and Express.js, while the frontend is built with React.js, offering a responsive and user-friendly interface. Data is securely stored and managed using a Drizzle ORM with a PostgreSQL database. Results show that the system can produce high-quality storybooks with consistent plots, age-appropriate language, and stylized imagery, enhancing the reading experience. The platform also includes features like story exploration, user account management, coin-based generation limits, and payment integration for purchasing additional credits. In conclusion, the AI Storybook Generator showcases the potential of merging generative AI with interactive design to promote literacy and creativity in young users. Future work may involve mobile app development, multilingual support, story sharing features, and integration of educational objectives into story structure. The application serves as a scalable, customizable tool for families, educators, and storytellers worldwide. Keywords Keywords. AI story generator, children’s storybooks, Hugging Face, Google AI, Node.js, React, generative storytelling, text-to-speech AI sdp web application https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1a39c14e6706a96a32ef9368042746e4.pdf dc5e2e913eff7a2561b8ec4c4adeb6a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AI-Powered Quiz Platform Author Author Andrej Herman Abstract A summary of the resource. This project describes the design and development of an AI-powered Quiz web platform, allowing a user to create and take AI-generated quizzes dynamically. The primary focus is to build an engaging and adaptable platform with support for educational purposes, as well as casually played quizzes. The AI infers and generates questions based on user-selected topics and difficulty levels that give each quiz variety and dynamic capability. The application was implemented with FastAPI (Ramírez n.d.) as a backend, with AI carrying out quiz generation. GPT-based AI was included with AI-generated quiz questions and answers, and a simple web-based frontend was created to give the user an interface to create a quiz and complete a quiz. There is a non-relational database with user accounts, quizzes, and performance records, to keep track of user progress, to have personalized experiences. The evaluation of the system shows that the application can generate questions that are coherent, relevant, and on-topic in a number of knowledge domains. The user can create a quiz for their own planned study, goal-planned study discussion, or casual play. This platform demonstrates that AI-based quiz generation is flexible beyond strictly educational use. The results imply that there are significant improvements that AI quiz platforms could contribute to self-learning, greater adaptive performance, and making active knowledge acquisition interactive and fun. Ongoing improvements may include more multi-language support, collaborative development tools, and further improvements to adaptability depending on performance. Keywords Keywords. artificial intelligence, adaptive learning, quiz generation, web platform adaptive learning AI sdp