209 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5427448bffd717be7974c7876afa1899.pdf 1b0a75efcd6f3efe63f1a535ce7a7971 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The IPARD Programme in the context of European Union Rural development funds Dilek Memişoğlu1,Ayşe Durgun2, Sibel Yegül2 1Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Administration Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey 2Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey E –mails: dilekmemisoglu@sdu.edu.tr,aysedurgun@sdu.edu.tr,sibelyegül@yahoo.com Abstract One of the pre-accession funds which provided by the European Union is IPARD (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance-IPA). With this fund, it is aimed that include in some of the priorities for the adaptation of the agricultural sector and rural areas and contribute to the solution of problems. Thus, it is aimed people in rural areas attain sustainable business and living conditions their own region. In this context, it is given priority such as market efficiency, improving of quality and health standards, and creation of new employment opportunities in rural and rural areas in the supported activities. At this study primarily, it will be focused on the importance of rural development. Later, it will be given information about funds in order to promote rural development by the European Union. It will be especially focused on IPARD funds and the implementation of IPARD in Turkey will be discussed. Keywords: European Union, Rural Development, IPARD Programme, Turkey. 1. INTRODUCTION 275 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Looking at the geography of Turkey in general, the width of rural areas attracts attention. Therefore, it is possible to say that rural areas with a particular population have the potential of economic and human resources which will contribute to the strengthening of the country development. From this point, consider the potential and eliminate the deficiencies, make new investments and services in rural areas, are important for sustainable development. In fact, rural development today is considered not only in the terms of agricultural sector but also in the context of regional development. European Union also supports rural development through various funds in the region countries. These supports aimed the sustainable development of rural areas in their region by taking into consideration country needs, priorities and the local conditions in a manner consistent with urban areas. 2. Rural Development in Development Process The content of the term “development”, frequently used for underdeveloped countries, can not only be defined as the increase in per capita income but it also has to involve the development in all spheres of the economy as well as the reformation and modernization of the economic and socio-cultural structure of the society. Assuming a vital significance for the underdeveloped countries to be able to catch up with the developed ones, the term “development” is a process which may come out both in stable and unstable terms. Within this process, the key elements of the development can be listed as the increase in per capita income as well as the grow of the share of the industry and service sectors in national income and export through modification of the frequency and amount of the production factors. (Han and Kaya; 2008:2). The term “development”, having gained a significant importance particularly following the Second World War and often cited in the literature, has been discussed in various studies under several other headings like economic development, rural development, sustainable development, etc. Among those complementary themes, rural development shall be discussed in our study. The rural area is plainly defined as the areas of land that are not urbanized. In broader terms, it is the area of land where social and economic activities are largely dependent on the use of the natural resources; the economic, social and cultural development processes move slowly; the traditional values hold direct influence in daily life; face-to-face interaction preserves its priority, the impact of the technological advancements on daily routines and production takes longer to appear; the infrastructure services are insufficient and the population density is lower than the urban areas. (DPT, 2000:2) Rural areas remain behind the urban areas in terms of social or economic opportunities. The structural, social and cultural reforms executed to ameliorate the living conditions of such areas can be defined as the rural development. (Uzunpınar, 2008:11). In short, every activity conducted in order to promote the rural life may mean rural development. However; for the 276 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo rural development activities to accomplish, in the first instance a sense of such need to maintain a certain standard of living is to be raised among those who dwell in the rural areas and earn their keep from farming or similar other rural area occupations; and then the economic, social and cultural development of those communities are to be promoted in a democratic manner by ensuring them with moral and material support. (Çandar, 2009:82) Within this framework, the essence of the rural development is regarded as a political policy that intends to ensure an optimum balance among social, cultural and economic differences between the rural and urban; to improve the rural population on-site as well as to settle the immigration and recruitment issues on-site. (Gülçubuk, 2002:1). When viewed from this aspect, we may esteem that the rural development policies in Turkey hold the similar objectives. That is to say, the relevant objective is mentioned in national rural development statement as follows: “to make use of local and potential resources, to improve and to sustain the working and living conditions of the rural areas on-site in harmony with the urban areas in reliance on the protection of the natural and cultural assets.” (DPT, 2006:10). 3. Rural Development Policies in Turkey Countries differ in their levels of development due to their geopolitical positions as well as their proximity to or distance from the natural resources. Beside these basic variables, there are plenty other factors having impact on the development of the countries. The underdeveloped countries involve people who mostly engage in farming and dwell in rural areas and whose economic activities, living standards, education levels as well as health services fall behind compared to those in developed countries. In this respect, the development of the rural areas holds a vital significance for the developing countries. That a considerable amount of population dwell in the rural areas worldwide concerns not only underdeveloped countries but also developed countries since the problems that the people in rural areas encounter, the gap in level of income between the urban and rural, the unfair distribution of income, sustainable use of the natural resources as well as the protection of the environment are regarded as international issues. Abovementioned case lays stress on the strategic significance of rural development for both developed and underdeveloped countries. Consequently, alternative policies regarding the rural development have been brought up recently. Turkey has been adopting a set of scheduled development principles so as to conduct an effective and rational socio-economic development through its progress plans since 1963. The rural development policies were first brought up by Five Year Plans which sought for the solutions to the problems of the rural areas. Within the 1st Five Year Progress Plan (19631967), the development of the society was perceived as rural development and “model village” projects were put into practice. Within the 2nd Five Year Progress Plan (1968-1972), the issues of urbanization, modernization in agriculture and industrialization were discussed. The 3rd Five Year Progress Plan (1973-1977) marked the “Central Village” and “Agricultural 277 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo City” projects. Within the 4th Five Year Progress Plan (1979-1983), land reform was added to the agenda while the main objective was set as the industrialization. “Leader Farmer” and “GAP” projects were put into effect in the 5th Five Year Progress Plan. The final period of the 6th plan and the initial period of the 7th plan marked the Customs Union Agreement. Within the 8th Five Year Progress Plan, Rural Development Special Commission Report discussing the modern village and agriculture approach as well as the increase in the income and recruitment was issued. The 9th Progress Plan, issued for a period of seven years (20072013) considering The European Union Accession Period, marked The Action Plan for Rural Development in accordance with The National Rural Development Strategy. The plan encapsulates not only the agricultural and regional policies regarding rural development but also the education, health, social security, trade and industry, recruitment, population, culture, urbanization, energy, tourism as well as environment. (Işık and Baysal, 2011:166). As said above, various policies or projects regarding the rural development have been conducted in the scheduled period. However, these have failed to produce effective outcomes. The rural development has gained more importance and considerably more efforts have been put together with The European Union Accession Period. 4. Rural Development Policies of the European Union for the Candidate Countries and Turkey 4.1. Rural Development Policies of the European Union and the Rural Development Funds Agriculture and rural development is still one of the most complex, sensitive and critical issues in the enlargement conditions of European Union. Because agriculture has a significant size (share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), high number of the population active in agriculture) and has structural deficiencies (subsistence and semi-subsistence farming). In the enlargement process the European Commission plays a key role and it is closely associated in the accession process including negotiations. Commission experts in the field of agriculture and rural development provide assistance and guidance to candidate and potential candidate countries preparing for the Common Agricultural Policy and Rural Development (European Commission, 2012a). In the 1950s the European Union (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) came up with the candidate countries in the implementation of rural development policies. CAP includes all of the policies pursued for the development of agriculture in order to bring the same level between members of different structure and regulation of agricultural markets of member countries in the agricultural sector. Initially, this application contains only the agricultural policies over time, other issues concerning rural areas (tourism, handicrafts, etc.) expanded to cover. Through the Common Agricultural Policy various programs have been developed to be brought into line particularly promote rural development and agricultural policies of candidate countries with the EU. In accordance with the CAP, various programs have been 278 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo developed to be bring into line agricultural policies of candidate countries with the EU and to support the rural development of candidate countries. Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development (SAPARD) is one the programme that covers the years 2000–2006 and seeks to promote rural development in candidate countries. Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance for Rural Development (IPARD) programme is the other one that covers 2007–2013 and still being implemented (Işık and Baysal, 2011: 167). Special Accession Programme For Agriculture And Rural Development (SAPARD) is one of the special European Union (EU) programmes started in June 1998. It is aimed to manage problems in agriculture and rural development for enhancing competitiveness in reference to the EU market and implementation of EU regulations in candidate countries. SAPARD programme can be implemented until the candidate countries join to the EU (Perić, Odobaša, and Konjić, 2009: 774). The SAPARD programme aims at (Perić, Odobaša, and Konjić, 2009: 775): - Harmonization with EU legislature in agriculture - Preparation in common agricultural policy (CAP) - Investing in agricultural land - Improvement of soil quality - Afforestation of agricultural areas - Supporting the manufacturers of wood products, - Improving the quality of arable land and parcelling - Land-ownership records - Professional education and training - Agricultural and fishery products processing and marketing building up. It is mentioned that the users of the programme are the producers, not the state. “The agriculture market and structural aid authority has been structured to performing the SAPARD programme of the Agency. It is the Agency that fulfills the function of SAPARD implementation starting from instruments preparation and inviting applications, project awarding, funding and field control9. SAPARD funding is targeted and grant-in-aid” (Perić, Odobaša, and Konjić, 2009: 774). 4.2. Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) The European Union's rural development policy in the new period 2007–2013, consists of three axes. These are competitive, land management and rural development axes. Competition axis aims to support human resources (especially young farmers) and to increase physical capacity, agricultural products and production capacity. The axis of land 279 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo management purposes to ensure sustainable use of agricultural land and forest areas. And the rural development axis pursues goals such as improving the quality of life and economic diversity and rising and training is the acquisition of skills. (EC, 2008: 17). The EU introduces new conditions for financing agriculture and rural development both for the member states and candidate countries by the new budget period 2007-2013. According to this, a new programme called as Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA), will replace the Polognie et Hungrie Assistance Pour la Restructuration Economique (PHARE), Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession (ISPA), Special Accession Programme For Agriculture And Rural Development (SPARD), Community Assistance for Reconstruction Development and Stabilisation (CARDS) programmes and the Turkey preaccession instrument (Perić, Odobaša, and Konjić, 2009: 776). IPA replaces all the preaccession instruments and unifies them into a single framework. It also supports all the candidate and potential candidate countries with a clear and easy pre-accession aim on all categories. IPA has five components and it provides targeted and effective assistance for each country according to its needs and evolution by these components (European Commission, 2010). The Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) is the financial instrument for the European Union (EU) pre-accession process for the period 2007-2013. The IPA is intended as a flexible instrument. So it provides assistance to beneficiary countries according to their progress and their needs through the Commission’s evaluations and strategy papers. The beneficiary countries are divided into two categories, depending on their status. One of them is candidate countries and these are under accession process. And the other one is potential candidate countries and these are under the stabilization and association process. Candidate countries are the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Croatia and Turkey (Annex I to the Regulation). Potential candidate countries are defined as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Montenegro, and Serbia including Kosovo (Annex II to the Regulation) (European Commission, 2012b). The IPA’s main aim is to support institution-building and the rule of law, human rights, including the fundamental freedoms, minority rights, gender equality and non-discrimination, both administrative and economic reforms, economic and social development, reconciliation and reconstruction, and regional and cross-border cooperation. To achieve targeted, effective and coherent action, the IPA is made up of five components (European Commission, 2012b). Each component has priorities defined according to the needs of the beneficiary countries (European Commission, 2012c): 1. Transition Assistance and Institution Building: It provides financing for institutionbuilding and associated investments. It supports measures to drive stabilization and the transition to a democratic society and market economy. This component is open to all candidates and potential candidates. 280 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2. Cross-Border Cooperation: It supports cross-border cooperation between candidates and potential candidates and with EU Member States. It may also fund participation in transnational cooperation programmes (under the Structural Funds) and Sea Basin programmes (under the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument or ENPI). This component is open to all candidates and potential candidates. 3. Regional Development: It finances investments and associated technical assistance in areas such as transport, environment and economic cohesion. It is open to candidate countries only. 4. Human Resources Development: It aims to strengthen human capital through education and training and to help combat exclusion. It is open to candidate countries only. 5. Rural Development: It contributes to sustainable rural development. It provides assistance for the restructuring of agriculture and its adaptation to EU standards in the areas of environmental protection, public health, animal and plant health, animal welfare and occupational safety. It is open to candidate countries only. In this process candidate countries and potential candidates are separated from each other. Because candidate countries are prepared for full implementation of the Community acquis at the time of accession. On the other hand potential candidate countries shall benefit from support to progressively align themselves to the Community acquis. Beside this, potential candidates may utilize last three components under the framework of the first component. It can be said that the difference is especially in the implementation way of these measures. Because beneficiary countries must manage the Community funds in a decentralized way preparing for the implementation of the structural and agricultural funds in the context of the three components (European Commission, 2012b). It is not possible to talk about a competition environment for countries while using funds. The envelope has been allocated to beneficiaries according to the needs of each country. One of the main objectives of IPA is to strengthen the administrative capacity of all beneficiary countries. Hence beneficiaries will be able to receive support to increase the administrative capacity and establish the correct management structures necessary to take responsibility of the management of assistance under the transition assistance and institution building component. For candidate countries, this will then allow measures relating to regional, human resources and regional development to be undertaken through the relevant components (which are designed to prepare for structural funds and hence require such management structures). For potential candidates, such development will be essential preparation for candidate status (European Commission, 2010). IPA should ensure a higher level of coherence and co-ordination of EU Assistance and better preparation for Structural, Cohesion and Rural development Funds through progressive emulation of EU funds rules. The financial envelope allocated for the period 2007–2013 is 10.2 billion Euros (at 2004 prices) (Davis, 2007: 7). Potential beneficiaries of the IPA are the local self-government units, farmings and other natural or legal persons depending on priority measures (Perić, Odobaša, and Konjić, 2009: 776). 281 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo It is possible to say that IPA has different management and implementation conditions. The IPA is based on strategic multi-annual planning. It is formed in agreement with the broad political guidelines set out in the Commission's enlargement package, which now contains a Multi-annual Indicative Financial Framework (MIFF). The MIFF constitutes the reference framework of the multi-annual indicative planning documents which are composing the strategic planning. Multi-annual indicative planning documents are created for each beneficiary country and contain the main intervention areas envisaged for that country. Annual or multi-annual programmes depend on the component and are based on the indicative planning documents and adopted by the Commission. The annual or multi-annual programmes are implemented by centralized, decentralized or shared management methods (European Commission, 2012b). Assistance through IPA can take the following forms (European Commission, 2012c): • Investment, procurement, contracts or subsidies • Administrative cooperation, involving experts sent from Member States (e.g. twinning) • Action by the EU in the interest of the beneficiary country • Measures to support the implementation process and programme management • Budget support (granted exceptionally and subject to supervision) 4.3. Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance for Rural Development (IPARD) IPARD differs from the other components of the IPA. According to this, IPARD has devolved the control of financial resources completely to the candidate countries. Thus, the points such as monitoring of national accreditation process and the accredited organization, transferring of the fund management to IPARD agency, which has been accredited by the Commission and controlling of the IPARD agency after application (ex-post) are stand out. (European Commission, 2007). As mentioned before, IPARD programme exposes an easier and simple structure than SAPARD. For example, SAPARD includes 15 measures, but IPARD contains 9 measures in 3 axes (Turhan and Akdağ, 2006). These axes include the following measures (Davis, J., 2007: 7-8): Priority Axis 1-Improving market efficiency and implementing Community standards • Investments in farms to restructure and upgrade to the EU standards; • Supporting setting up of Producer groups • Investments in processing and marketing of agriculture and fishery products to restructure and upgrade to the EU standards Priority Axis 2-Preparatory actions for implantation of the agri-environmental measures and Leader • Preparation to implement actions designed to improve the environment and the country side 282 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo • Preparation of local private-public partnerships to implement local development strategies Priority Axis 3-Development of rural economy • Improving and developing rural infrastructure; • Development and diversification of rural economic activities; • Improvement of training • Technical assistance The main purpose of the IPARD is to contribute to the implementation of the acquis related to the EU Common Agricultural Policy and to determine some priorities and to contribute to the solution of problems in the candidate countries. Accordingly it is aimed to give priority to market efficiency, quality and improving health standards and the creation of new employment opportunities in rural areas (Bakırcı, 2009: 59). IPARD entrusts the financial control of all funds to the candidate country and brings an improved decentralized implementation system. In this respect, it is possible to say that a different application and scheduling mechanism is exhibited by IPARD and IPARD differs from the other components of IPA. Accordingly, the candidate country primarily needs to prepare a Rural Development Plan that must be approved by the Commission. In addition, a Rural Development Agency must be built and must be accredited in the candidate countries for implementation (Yıldız and Akdağ, 2006: 35). 4.3.1. IPARD Programme of Turkey IPA made up of five components and as a candidate country Turkey can beneficiary from all the components of IPA and also IPARD. IPARD is the fifth component of the IPA and includes rural development supports. Following initiation of negotiations, Turkey has started to work to fulfill the prerequisites. In this respect, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Department of Strategy Development has prepared the IPARD Programme by negotiating with relevant departments of the European Commission. Prepared IPARD Programme has accepted by the European Commission Rural Development Committee by discussing (Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, 2008). IPARD plan focused on issues such as, the country's overall socio-economic characteristics and current status, a detailed analysis of the agricultural sector, the economic activities in rural areas, human resources and regional differences, the country's agricultural policies, implemented before the development plans, goals and strategies and national support. However the part that shows what areas, which sectors and to whom the EU funds will be transferred under which conditions is the most important part of the programme and called as measures or technical jobs. The selected measures for the first level of programme includes following (Support Institution of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2010: 167): 283 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo • Investments for restructuring of agricultural businesses and the delivery to the Community standards • Investments for to restructure processing and marketing of agricultural and fishery products and the delivery to the Community standards • Investments for diversification and the development of rural economic activities In this context, the amount of funds allocated to Turkey under the rural development component of the IPA has determined total 660.9 million Euros between the years of 20072012 (European Commission, 2011). The IPARD programme for Turkey is in line with the Multi-annual Indicative Planning Document (MIPD) between the years of 2007 - 2009 as well as the enlargement package and other strategic documents on the pre-accession process of Turkey. The main policy objectives are to contribute to the modernization of the agricultural sector (including processing) through targeted investments while at the same time encouraging the improvement of EU acquis related food safety, veterinary, phytosanitary, environmental or other standards as specified in the Enlargement Package and to contribute to the sustainable development of rural areas (Europa, 2007). There are 3 overall aims of IPARD programme in the country. First one is, modernization of the agricultural production and processing sectors through increasing efficiency and competitiveness and implementation of Community standards. Second one is capacitybuilding and preparatory actions for the implementation of agri-environmental measures and the LEADER method. And the last one is, development and diversification of the rural economy, increase of quality of life and attractiveness of the rural areas, counteracting rural out-migration (Europa, 2007). On the other hand there 3 axes of IPARD programme in Turkey. Axis 1 aims to improve market efficiency and to implement Community standards and it has 154.954.667 million Euros (73%) public aid for the periods 2007 – 2009. Under Axis 1, three measures will be implemented as the following (Europa, 2007): • Investment in agricultural holdings to restructure and to upgrade to Community standards (40% of the public aid), • Investment in processing and marketing of agricultural and fishery products to restructure and upgrade to Community standards (28% of the public aid), • Support for the setting up of producer groups (5% of the public aid). Axis 2 purposes to prepare actions for the implementation of agri-environmental measures and Links between Actions for the Development of Rural Economy (LEADER). The Programme includes an outline of preparatory actions planned for the implementation of agrienvironmental measures such as erosion control, water resource conservation, biodiversity as well as for the LEADER method (acquisition of skills, implementation of local development 284 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo strategies, running costs for approved Local Action Groups as well as co-operation projects between those groups). The measures will be developed in detail and submitted to the Rural Development Committee for adoption after a capacity-building process including institutionbuilding and training during the period 2010 – 2013 (Europa, 2007). Ultimately Axis 3 intends to provide development of the rural economy and contains 53.066.667 million Euros (25%) public aid during the period 2007-2009. Under Axis 3 the diversification and development of rural economic activities will be implemented. The main priorities of Axis 3 are to contribute to the development of the rural economy, diversify onfarm and off-farm activities, to support the formation of micro enterprises in order to create new jobs as well as to maintain the existing jobs in rural areas. And the supports through Axis 3 will be provided to (Europa, 2007): • Diversification and development of on-farm activities (bee keeping and honey production, medicinal and aromatic plants, ornamental plants production), • Local product and micro enterprise development, • Rural tourism, • Aquaculture. IPARD implementation which will be implemented through the IPARD programme consists of two phases. The first stage encompasses the years 2007-2009 and the second stage covers the years 2010-2013. Various measures are envisaged in the two stages and four sectors have been defined as priority for IPARD intervention as the following (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 2008: 177): • Milk and milk products processing sector, • Meat and meat products processing sector including poultry • Fish processing sector • Fruits & Vegetable processing sector “The priorities for IPARD intervention in the processing sector are the assistance to the implementation of EU Acquis - notably related to quality, hygiene and food safety and veterinary controls, animal welfare, environmental impact and occupational safety – by the processing industry, as well as the improvement of the efficiency of the processes” (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 2008: 177). Support Institution of Agriculture and Rural Development is established as an IPARD agency in accordance with the IPARD program in order to fulfill the program requirements on 4 May 2007. Because the national accreditation process completed positively Support Institution of Agriculture and Rural Development Central and Provincial Coordinatorships have been accredited by the National Authorizing Officer on 21 July 2010 (Tarımsal ve Kırsal Kalkınmayı Destekleme Kurumu, 2010: 18). Up to now in the context of IPARD programme 285 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo five times the call announcements have been made to support businesses willing to invest by Support Institution of Agriculture and Rural Development. 5. CONCLUSION In recent years, the EU emerges as one of the actors that support rural development. The EU, thanks to funds provided for the candidate countries supports rural development in these countries on one hand and aims to harmonize agricultural policies of these countries with the EU on the other hand. The IPA is the financial instrument for the EU pre-accession process for the period 2007-2013. IPA made up of five components and IPARD is the fifth component of the IPA and includes rural development supports. IPARD programme covers 2007–2013 and still being implemented. As a candidate country Turkey can beneficiary from all the components of IPA and also IPARD. The Development Bank of Turkey recorded a total country population of 73.722.000 in 2012. The rural area population makes up 29% of the total population (21.382.000). The total number of recruitment in agriculture, industry and service sectors is 22.594.000 while 5.683.000 people engage in agricultural sector making up 39% of the total recruitment. The figures above mark the significance of the rural development policies for Turkey. Additionally, the rural development assumes a strategic significance to ensure the regional development and repair the instabilities among the geographical regions in Turkey. Through the EU rural development policies and funds and also IPARD programme as a candidate country, Turkey was a new era in rural development policies. In this new era, agricultural and rural producers are supported with funds and increasing the efficiency and the diversity of the product is aimed. Furthermore different methods for achieving rural development are envisaged. Accordingly, diversification of non-farming income-generating activities such as tourism and handicrafts has targeted in agricultural and rural areas, where seasonal unemployment is more than the other places. thereby creating new jobs, increase income and upgrade living standards of people living in rural area and prevent migration is intended. 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Financial Measures and Instruments for Adjustment of Agriculture for EU Accession. Interdisciplinary Management Research V, 771-780. Support Institution of Agriculture and Rural Development, (2010). Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, IPARD Programı (2007–2013). [Online] Available: www.tkdk.gov.tr/files/IPARD_Program_son1.doc (January 10, 2012) Tarımsal ve Kırsal Kalkınmayı Destekleme Kurumu, (2010). Akreditasyon ve Yetki Devri Süreci Son Durum IPARD İzleme Komitesi 4. Resmi Toplantısı. [Online] Available: http://www.tarim.gov.tr/Files/duyurular/%C4%B1pard_izleme_komitesi/4.pdf 2012) (April 12, Turhan, M.S. & Akdağ, K. (2006). AB Üyeliği Yolunda Kırsal Kalkınma Planı ve Bu Plan Kapsamında Alınacak Tedbirler. Türktarım Dergisi, 167, 16–19. Uzunpınar, A. (2008). Katılım Öncesi AB Kırsal Kalkınma Politikası ve Türkiye’de Uygulanacak IPARD Programı Kapsamında Proje Hazırlama, Değerlendirme ve Seçim Süreci. [Online] Available http://diabk.tarim.gov.tr/Adnan_UZUNPINAR_AB_Uzmanl%C4%B1k_Tezi_200. (March 25, 2012) 288 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Yıldız, F. F. & Akdağ, K. (2006). Avrupa Birliği Yapısal Fonları Kapsamında Bölgesel Kalkınma ile Kırsal Kalkınma Fonlarının Karşılaştırılması. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Türktarım Dergisi, 167, 29–37. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and Role of Saudi Arabia Nađa Dreca International University of Sarajevo,Faculty of Business and Administration 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: nadja.dreca@students.ius.edu.ba, nadja_n88@hotmail.com Abstract The aim of this research is to explain the OPEC position and the role of Saudi Arabia within OPEC. Saudi Arabia as the largest producer and country with largest oil reserves of oil attract many attention and many studies try to explain which role Saudi Arabia plays within OPEC, is it the role of dominant producer and which strategy Saudi Arabia used during its membership in order to keep its position and its market share. Saudi Arabia role is to keep the balance of production within OPEC. Saudi Arabia was explained as swing producer, and in order to protect itself and its interest because of cheating of other members of OPEC, it was forced to adopt the strategy tit-for-tat. There is big question of it is good to have dominant producer, or all of them to be equal. Keywords: OPEC, Saudi Arabia, Cartel, Oil prices, dominant producer 1. INTRODUCTION Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is the international organization composed of the twelve member states. These countries mainly depend on the revenues from oil export. They work together in the coordination of the overall oil price in the world market. OPEC is by market structure Cartel, which represents intergovernmental organization. As it is stated in OPEC`s Statute it is an international organization with aim to influence and maintain the price of oil through the control of production levels and to generate revenue, which goes towards meeting the development needs of its members. By 289 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1176 Title A name given to the resource The IPARD Programme in the context of European Union Rural development funds Author Author Dilek , Memişoğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. One of the pre-accession funds which provided by the European Union is IPARD (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance-IPA). With this fund, it is aimed that include in some of the priorities for the adaptation of the agricultural sector and rural areas and contribute to the solution of problems. Thus, it is aimed people in rural areas attain sustainable business and living conditions their own region. In this context, it is given priority such as market efficiency, improving of quality and health standards, and creation of new employment opportunities in rural and rural areas in the supported activities. At this study primarily, it will be focused on the importance of rural development. Later, it will be given information about funds in order to promote rural development by the European Union. It will be especially focused on IPARD funds and the implementation of IPARD in Turkey will be discussed. Keywords: European Union, Rural Development, IPARD Programme, Turkey. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0d4cc6a2a50828271758a592e7b91ca1.pdf 52b24d163c339bde5013d54eb908a049 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo system. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, volume 7, number 3. URL, http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall73/kosak73.html Maguire, L.L., (2002). Literature review-Faculty participation in online distance education: Barriers and motivators. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, volume 8, number 1, 2002. URL, http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring81/maguire81.html Yang, Y., (2010). Roles of administrators in ensuring the quality of online programs. Knowledge Management & E–Learning, volume 2, number 4, 2010. URL, http://kmeljournal.org/ojs/index.php/online-publication/article/viewArticle/80 Zhen, Garthwait,Y. A. & Pratt, P., (2008). Factors affecting faculty members’ decision to teach or not to teach online in higher education. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, Volume 11, number 3. URL, http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall113/zhen113.html Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education (MEB). URL, http://www.meb.gov.tr/english/indexeng.htm The council of Higher Education (YOK). URL, http://www.yok.gov.tr/en/content/view/527/222/ Garrison, D. R., & Vaughan, N. D., (2008). Blended learning in higher education: framework, principles, and guidelines. San Francisco, CA: Wiley & Sons, Inc. [Holden, J. T. & Westfall, P., (2010). An Instructional Media Selection for Distance Learning-Implications for Blended Learning. United States Distance Learning Association. Wang, W., & Wang, C., (2009). An empirical study of instructor adoption of web-based learning systems. Computers & Education, Vol. 53, No.3, pp. 761-774. H2O persistence framework for column oriented distributed (NoSQL) databases Dino Kečo, Dženana Đonko University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Electrical Engineering Zmaja od Bosne bb, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E - mails: dino.keco@gmail.com, ddonko@etf.unsa.ba Abstract Cloud architectures are most commonly used in cases when large scale data processing is required. Building applications for cloud architectures requires a lot of engineering experience, especially in cases of data persistence. Persistence in cloud architectures is solved using NoSQL database models. In this paper we are working with column oriented NoSQL database model. Main research goal of this paper is building of new persistence framework 22 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo for column oriented NoSQL databases. H2O (HBase to Object) framework is created to resolve problem of mapping objects into rows in column oriented database and to provide effective mechanisms for data retrieval. Main focus of this framework is to support persistence of domain models presented by standard UML language. Current implementation supports storing content into HBase NoSQL database. Core engine of H2O framework is built on top of XPath standard. All mappings between domain model attributes and columns in row are represented using XPaths. These paths are used to transform object into row and vice versa. H2O framework contains component for integration with Hadoop map reduce processing library to simplify writing of Hadoop map reduce parallel programs. We took two hardware platforms of same price. First platform have HBase 0.90.1 and H2O installed and other have installed Oracle 11g and Hibernate framework. We are comparing performance of these two platforms from aspects of retrieval and persistence of objects. Result of our comparison is that NoSQL model is better from aspects of retrieval by primary key but shows lower performances in save operations. Keywords: NoSQL, persistence, distributed, HBase, Hadoop, mapping, framework, UML, map-reduce 1.INTRODUCTION Problem of mapping and persistence of objects in relational database model was open question for about 15 years [1]. This problem is resolved by ORM frameworks like Hibernate. Mapping and persistence of objects into NoSQL database model is even harder to solve because difference between models is much larger. Our work is focused on developing framework which will resolve these two problems. H2O framework is object/row mapping tool that provides user friendly interface to persistence application layer. This interface is developed using DAO (data access object) design pattern. Because NoSQL database model is easy to integrate with map reduce programs, in this paper we present H2O modules which are used for integration with Hadoop map reduce library [5]. Mainly these modules are used to simplify process of creating map reduce jobs. This paper makes the following research contributions: We present model of new persistence framework. We present implementation of H2O framework with support for HBase database. We present modules for integration with Hadoop map reduce library. Section 2 provide more detailed explanation of mapping and persistence problem. In section 3 we present model of H2O framework. Section 4 provides implementation details with focus on main components. We present model and implementation of components used for integration with map reduce library in section 5 and we conclude in section 6. 23 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2. PROBLEM FORMULATION All business applications have domain model which is presented by graph of classes. In most cases these classes are presented using UML modeling language. Main persistence problem is mapping of graph of objects into format suitable for storing. In this case we are mapping graph of objects into key value database storage. ORM problems like granularity, subtypes, identity, data navigation, relation to association, etc. [1] are even harder to solve because data models are much more different. Concepts like inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism doesn't exist in key value storages and because of that it is necessary to find appropriate replacement for those concepts. What H2O is trying to resolve is illustrated on Fig 1. and model of one solution, based on xpath standard [6], is presented in next section of this paper. Fig 1. Conceptual illustration of mapping problem for key value distributed storages On the left side of Fig 1. we have graph of domain objects, while on the right side we have key value database storage. H2O needs to find best possible way to map data presented like graph of objects into row of key values storage and to keep data consistent in any possible case. 3. FRAMEWORK MODEL In this section we present model of H2O framework and it basic components which are presented on Fig 2. 24 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig 2. H2O basic components Entry point component for user of H2O is Session, which provides basic methods (get, create, update and delete) to work with database. Main component of H2O framework is MappingEngine which performs conversion of graph of objects into key value row and vice versa. IndexingEngine is component which provides support for indexing. PersistenceEngine is component which is used for interaction with specific database implementation. In this case we are using HBase persistence engine. IndexingEngine and PersistenceEngine should be implemented by user for specific database and index implementations. MappingEngine, most important and most complicated, component is based on customized xpath standard which is capable to describe additional information about each path in graph of objects. This customization is needed to describe data types (class) of nodes in graph of objects. Problem of subtypes, which is main problem in ORM, is resolved in H2O by creating different mappings for each of subtypes available. Although ORM persistence frameworks have multiple strategies for persistence of subtypes [1] all of them are compatible with each other. Because of that fact in H2O we are supporting just one mapping strategy for subtypes. If there is a need for cycles in domain model that can't be resolved using xpath because xpath is structure driven, which causes infinite loops in mappings. Because of this new component is introduced, SerializationEngine, which uses one of standard serialization frameworks for data serialization. Introduction of serialization enables H2O to handle cycles because serialization frameworks are data driven [7]. Any user of H2O framework can easily implement his own strategy of data serialization by extending interface of SerializationEngine. 4. IMPLEMENTATION In this section, we are presenting API which provide H2O framework for data persistence and data retrieval. As part of this section we present basic comparison of persistence 25 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo performances between H2O/HBase and Hibernate/Oracle databases. For each comparison set we have used same hardware platforms. We have used PowerEdge M805 Dell Blade servers with two Quad Core Xeon processors and 128 GB of RAM memory. For Hibernate/Oracle test we have used two M805 servers connected to Oracle cluster, and for H2O/HBase we have used VM Ware virtualization and created 8 hosts for setting up HBase cluster. Each node had 2 cores and 32 GB of RAM memory. Oracle RAC version 11g is used for setting up Oracle database while HBase 0.90.1 version is used for HBase cluster. Even if there is a big difference between relational and key/value database models, API on DAO layer is same for any database if DAO design pattern is used in application architecture. H2O framework is built for applications which will use DAO design pattern in their architecture. Main advantage of this is that all business application can be modeled using standard modeling languages like UML and persist that model into any type of database. On Fig 3. we present DAO API which is provided by H2O framework for any kind of database implementation. Fig 3. API provided by H2O framework As shown in Fig 3. H2O provides basic CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations. We have performed three tests to compare Oracle database and Hibernate as persistence framework and HBase and H2O on the other side. We have performed following tests: Data retrieval by primary key: In this experiment we monitor speed to read one record (record size 2KB) from database by primary key. We performed these tests with different number of records persisted in databases. Results of this tests are presented on Fig 4. As shown on Fig 4. Relational database doesn't scale well when # of records is greater than 64 M. Data persistence with increasing number of objects in graph: In this experiment we monitor speed to persist one record but with variable record size (nodes in graph). Results on Fig 5. shows that HBase/H2O is much slower than relational database, which is caused by MappingEngine. MappingEngine component doesn't have multi-threaded processing and that 26 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo is main reason for slowness. Definitely there is open space for optimization of this component. Data persistence with static number of objects in graph: In this test we are inserting records in database with variable number of records inside database. Results on Fig 6. shows that insert in database is static regarding number of records persisted in database. Fig 4. Data retrieval by primary key Fig 5. Data persistence with increasing number of nodes in domain graph Fig 6. Data persistence with static number of nodes in domain graph 27 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5. MAP REDUCE INTEGRATION Inspired by the map and reduce primitives present in functional languages, Google proposed the Map Reduce [3] abstraction that enables users to easily develop large-scale distributed applications. Mechanisms of fault tolerance is handled inside of map reduce library by reexecuting failed tasks. In this model, the computation inputs a set of key/value pairs and produces a set of output key/value pairs. The user of the map reduce library expresses computation as two functions: Map and Reduce. Map written by user, takes an input pair and produces a set of intermediate key/value pairs. The map reduce framework then groups together all intermediate values associated with same intermediate values key and passes them to reduce function. The Reduce function, also written by user, accepts intermediate key I and set of values for that key. It merges together these values to form a possibly smaller set of values. H2O framework goes one step more in abstraction over map reduce framework. Custom adapters inside H2O framework enables that value inside key/value pair be a graph of objects. This provides user more flexible and more user friendly interface to work with. This enables faster development of map reduce applications where complexity of persistence and mappings is hidden inside of H2O framework. Because, H2O framework is build to work with Hadoop implementation of map reduce library, adapters for integration, known as H2OInputFormat and H2OOutputFormat are named by Hadoop naming standard. 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK H2O is created to solve problem of mapping between graph of domain objects and row in key/value storage. As presented in this paper there is a lot of open space for improvements in MappingEngine component. Also support for other implementations of key/value storages like Cassandra should be implemented. Main reason why H2O is created is to speed up development process by using standard UML modeling techniques and to solve all problems related to persistence. This will enable users to focus on business logic instead of technical details. Integration with Hadoop map reduce library provides easy way to write parallel applications and not even to worry about data persistence. For future we plan to create an open source project from H2O to involve more people into this and to gather new ideas. REFERENCES Christian Bauer and Gavin King (2006.) - Java Persistence with Hibernate Second Edition of Hibernate in Action, Manning, Ming-Yee Iu and Willy Zwaenepeol - HadoopToSQL a MapReduce Query Optimizer, EuroSys (2010), Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat - MapReduce: Simplifed Data Processing on Large Clusters, OSDI (2004), 28 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo HBase web page - hbase.apache.org, Hadoop web page - hadoop.apache.org, Jxpath web page - commons.apache.org/jxpath, JacksonJSON web page - jackson.codehaus.org The investigation of optimum welding parameters in connecting high alloyed X53CrMnNiN219 and X45CrSi93 steels by friction welding Mehmet Uzkut1, Bekirsadik Ünlü, Selimsarper Yilmaz2, Mustafa Akdağ3 1Celal Bayar University, Vocational High School, Department of Machinery, 45400, Turgutlu,Manisa, Turkey 2Celal Bayar University, Vocational High School, Department of Machinery, 45020, Manisa, Turkey 3Gediz University,Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Menemen, Izmir, Turkey E-mails: mehmet.uzkut@bayar.edu.tr, bekir.unlu@bayar.edu.tr, selim.yilmaz@bayar.edu.tr, mustafa.akdag@gediz.edu.tr Abstract In this study, different welding parameters are applied to two different steels with high alloys and mechanical and metallographical investigations were performed. Thus, the optimum welding parameters were investigated for these materials and working conditions. 12.30 diameter steel bars made up of 1.4871 (X53CrMnNiN219) & 1.4718 (X45CrSi93) steel were used as experimental material. The material loss increased with increase in friction and rotating pressure. The highest hardness and fracture energy were obtained in B5 group. Keywords: Friction Welding, Welding Parameters, Microstructure. 1. INTRODUCTION Joining has increasingly been used in the material technology because materials having different mechanical properties need to be efficiently joined to increase material’s performance. The most suitable method of joiningtwo different alloyed steel is welding(Anık, 1983). After welding process, the properties of welding zone naturally becomedifferent from the properties of alloyed steels andthis difference maycause someproblems.The use melting welding methods, among many kinds of welding methods, has also increased these 29 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1145 Title A name given to the resource H2O persistence framework for column oriented distributed (NoSQL) databases Author Author Dino, Kečo Abstract A summary of the resource. Cloud architectures are most commonly used in cases when large scale data processing is required. Building applications for cloud architectures requires a lot of engineering experience, especially in cases of data persistence. Persistence in cloud architectures is solved using NoSQL database models. In this paper we are working with column oriented NoSQL database model. Main research goal of this paper is building of new persistence framework for column oriented NoSQL databases. H2O (HBase to Object) framework is created to resolve problem of mapping objects into rows in column oriented database and to provide effective mechanisms for data retrieval. Main focus of this framework is to support persistence of domain models presented by standard UML language. Current implementation supports storing content into HBase NoSQL database. Core engine of H2O framework is built on top of XPath standard. All mappings between domain model attributes and columns in row are represented using XPaths. These paths are used to transform object into row and vice versa. H2O framework contains component for integration with Hadoop map reduce processing library to simplify writing of Hadoop map reduce parallel programs. We took two hardware platforms of same price. First platform have HBase 0.90.1 and H2O installed and other have installed Oracle 11g and Hibernate framework. We are comparing performance of these two platforms from aspects of retrieval and persistence of objects. Result of our comparison is that NoSQL model is better from aspects of retrieval by primary key but shows lower performances in save operations. Keywords: NoSQL, persistence, distributed, HBase, Hadoop, mapping, framework, UML, map-reduce Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c0d1ed274ba86dbda3262a5d7b98339f.pdf f20c0cb8b5c937a9af895ef6100af5b0 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Weinberg, L. Eubank, W. L. (2006), The Roots of Terrorism, What is Terrorism, Reno, Nevada, Chelsea House Publishers. Wilson, R. A. (2005), “Human Rights in the ‘War on Terror’”, Human Rights in the ‘War on Terror’, New York, NY, Cambridge University Press Business Diplomacy Management As A Key Role In The Sustainable Development And Stakeholder Management In The Multinational Corporations: Daimlerchrysler Case Dinç, Mehmet,Kaygisiz, Ümmühan Suleyman Demirel University Vocational School of Isparta Isparta Turkey E-mails: mehmetdinc@sdu.edu.tr, ummuhankaygisiz@sdu.edu.tr Abstract In the last two decades a dramatic shifts within the business community have been occurred. Globalization has offered business opportunities to companies around the world and has led to the development of a multitude of standards that govern business behavior. It is no longer sufficient to know the business and legal conditions of a multinational companies’ headquarters country and some of the countries where it operates foreign subsidiaries. Multilateral and intergovernmental organizations are increasingly defining industry standards that become mandatory for multinational companies. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), operate at multiple levels ranging from national civil society issues like environmental protection to observation and investigation of possible human rights violations of multinational companies or foreign states. They often operate at national, regional and transnational levels focusing on economic, social and political issues. In addition, growing internationalization has became increasingly complex, civil society organizations have exerted increasing pressure on MNCs, especially the concept of sustainable development has expanded to include the simultaneous consideration of economic growth, environmental protection and social equity. Thus, in response to these kind of shifts, many have made a commitment to apply the principles of sustainable development to their activities. To meet and to handle these commitments, MNCs have required a multitude of policies and new business competencies. One important factor contributing to the sustained success of MNCs’ operations in foreign markets in the competent use of business diplomacy. Business Diplomacy Management (BDM) refers to the ability of MNCs to effectively interact with non-business stakeholders wherever the MNCs have business interests, be they in the form of local production, distribution channels or sales offices. 63 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo This paper aims to describe a framework for business diplomacy competencies of MNCs based on their sustainable development goals. One in- depth case study about business diplomacy is examined. With DaimlerChrysler (DC) case, it was aimed to conceive how the importance of business diplomacy for multinational corporations, what the successful business diplomacy tasks and behaviors for their sustainable development. As a consequence it was assessed the implications on these companies and their managers. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Multinational Corporations, Business Diplomacy Management, Stakeholder Management, Case Analysis, DaimlerChrysler. 1.INTRODUCTION It is hard to manage an organization in todays turbulent world. Practically everyday, we learn of a new tecnology, social dilemma or environmental problem. Business worry about the proliferations and the effects of globalization. Governments struggle to maintain services while andressing the needs of an increasingly diverse and growing population amid an antitax culture. Unless you want to be buffeted by each change, you need a framework for making sense of what is happening in the world so that you can foresee changes and take action before they happen. (Hitchcock and Willard, 2006:3) In other words, society is pressuring business for a broader and longer-term engagement than maximizing near term profitability, with these pressures occuring in both developed and emerging markets. As a result, managers of multinational companies (MNCs) and their subsidiaries are realizing a need for increased corparate responsibility. Firms are being subjected to two tests: do their actions enhance long-term profitability and do they servet he public good-broadly defined to include the political, social, legal and physical environments. MNCs operate in a complex environment charaxterized by countries at various and varying development levels. This environment poses challenges of making appropriate responses to both current and future stakeholder expectations (Chen et al., 2009:317) and to requirements of sustainable development. Especially over the past two decade the concept of sustainable development has expanded to include the simultaneous consideration of economic growth, environmental protection and social equity in business planning and decision-making. Many multinational corparations based in the United States and Europe engage in managing external pressures (Amann et al., 2007:33) corporate citizienship programs (Rondinielli and Berry, 2000:70) and corporate social responsibility (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002:130) to promote sustainable development. Sustaining operations in these areas reqires that MNCs recognize changing role expectations and adapt accordingly. To meet and to handle these increased commitments and responsibilities, MNCs have required a multitude of policies and new business competencies. One important factor contributing to the sustained successof MNCs operation in foreign markets lie in the competent use of business diplomacy. 64 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In this study, firstly we will present a brief explaining regarding multinational corparations, sustainable development, stakeholder management and business diplomacy concepts and their relationships with multinational corporations; secondly we will describe these topics/concepts in more detail, through illustrative case study on DaimlerChrysler and lastly we will conclude with implications for researchers and practitioners. 1.1.Multinational Corporations Although the modern multinational corporation (MNC) has its roots in the East and West Indies traders of the mercantilist era, the term “multinational corporation” first appeared in 1960 when Lilienthal used it to refer to such corporations …. which have their home in one country but which operate and live under the laws of other countries as well’. Two major features are associated with MNCs; first, their activities involve more than one nation; and second, they are responsible for most foreign direct investment ( Abdul-Gafaru, 2009: 52). The period 1970-2012 saw an enormous growth of activity by multinational corporations. While only 7000 MNCs existed in 1970 (Abdul-Gafaru, 2009:53); there were roughly 40,000 MNCs in the world by 1990 (Rangel, 2007:7); there were as many as 63,000 parent firms with around 690,000 foreign affiliates by the year 2000 (UNCDAT, 2000:37). A popular way of understanding how much impact and influence such corporations have is to rank countries by Gross Domestic Product along with corporations using gross sales. In such a ranking, in 1999, General Motors, (gross sales of $176.6 billion), Walmart (gross sales of $166.8 billion) Exxon Mobil (gross sales of $163.9 billion), Ford Motor (gross sales of $162.6 billion) and DaimlerChrysler (gross sales of $160 billion) ranked 38-42 on the list, above such countries as Hong Kong (number 43 at $158.2 billion), Portugal (number 44 at $151.4 billion) and Greece (number 45 at $149.2 billion) (Rangel, 2007:8). Historically, MNCs have fulfilled multiple roles in the markets where they operate. These roles have been associated with positive outcomes, including technology transfer, job creation, increased wage standards, improved infrastructure, reduced corruption, and the provision of investment capital. However, they have also been subject to criticism (whether correct or not), such as whether investment occurs to access pollution havens or to benefit from less regulation (Chen et al., 2009:318-319). 1.2.Sustainable Development The basic idea behind the concept of sustainable development (SD) has been around for centuries. It appeared in German forestry in the 17th century not only as idea but even as legal constrait to logging; the rule was to cut trees at a rate which enabled forests to renew themselves over time, i.e. to utilize timber in a responsible and sustainable way (Steurer et al., 2005:264). The major discussing initiating sustainable development is found in the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). The Commission’s 1987 report, often referred to as the Brundtland Commission Report, defined “sustainable 65 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo development” as development that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED,1987:8). In its broadest sense, this normative abstraction has been widely accepted and endorsed by thousands of governmental, corporate, and other organizations worldwide (Gladwin, Kennely and Krause, 1995:876). Since the time of the Commission report, scores of alternative definitions of sustainable development, sustainable economies and sustainable societies have been proposed. Table 1, presents an abbreviated gallery of some of the more detailed and leading conceptions in recent years. ●To maximize simultaneously the biological system goals (genetic diversity, resilience, biological productivity), economic system goals (satisfaction of basic needs, enhancement of equity, increasing useful goods and services), and social system goals (cultural diversity, institutional sustainability, social justice, participation) (Barbier, 1987: 103). ●A Sustainable society is one that can persist over generations, one that is far-seeing enough, flexible enough, and wise enough not to undermine either its physical or its social systems of support (Meadows, Meadows and Randers, 1992:209). ●Living well within the limits of nature (Hitchkock and Willard, 2006:8). ●Sustainable development refers to social, economic, and environmental development that meets the needs of current society without compromising or limiting future development and growth (Cantor, 2011:5). Table 1: Represantative Conceptions of Sustainable Development. Today, sustainable development is a well-known societal guiding model that asks for the integration of economic, social and environmental issues in all societal spheres and levels in the short- and long-term (Steurer et al., 2005:264). Businesses have long referred to this as the ‘triple bottom line’. Instead of trading these realms off against one another (jobs or the environment; economic growth or environmental health; development or habitat), sustainability aims to optimize all three (Hitchcock and Willard, 2006:8). These three realms are intimately interwined. Without a healthy economy, unemployment is high, leading to a host of social problems; and without a healthy economy, governments don’t have the revenues to handle these increased social ills. Without a healthy environment, we deplete the resources upon which our economy depends and contribute to human illness (Hitchcock and Willard, 2006:9). 1.3.Multinational Corporations and Sustainable Development The role of multinational corporations (MNCs) in sustainable development has probably been one of the most controversial debates among scholars. The environment has been at the 66 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo centre of the contoversy. On the one hand, environmentalists are generally pessimistic about the contributions of MNCs to the protection of the natural environment, particularly in host developing countries. In sharp contrast to the above assessment, neoliberal economists contend that MNCs are perhaps the most significant catalysts for sustainable development because they typically possess newer and cleaner technology, and have beter management practices that can be transferred to the their subsidiaries in the developing world. Thus, rather than “pollution halos” in developing countries through the export of modern technologies (Abdul-Gafaru, 2009: 50-51). 1.4.Stakeholders Management Various scholars have contributed to the development of stakeholder theory over the last decades (Freeman, 1984: 21). The term “stakeholder” first formally appeared with reference to business in a 1963 internal memorandum at the Stanford Research Institute. Researcers at the Institute postulated that instead of an exclusive focus on shareholders, corporations were also responsible for a wider range of entities or interest groups ‘without whose support the corporation would cease to exist (Freeman, 1998:602). Freeman popularized the ‘stakeholder’ concept in a groundbreaking book in 1984; Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, and consolidated a strategic approach to stakeholder management. Freeman (1984) defined a stakeholder more broadly as “Any group or individual who can affect by the achievement of the firm’s objectives” (p.25). Since then, an energetic academic debate has arisen around stakeholder theory. This theory focused on managerial decision-making and based on several complementary premises that include following (Jones et al., 1999:207): Corporations have relationships with many constituent groups that affect and are affected by its decisions. Those relationships affect corporate processes and outcomes. The intrest of all (legitimate) stakeholders have intrinsic value and no set of interests is assumed to dominate the others. 1.5.Multinational Corporations and Stakeholder Management Stakeholder theory without differentiating between market development levels, empasizes difficulties MNCs have adapting to expectations of different stakeholder groups. However, the potential for inconsistencies and conflicts between stakeholder expectations regarding MNCs may be stronger within lesser economic development levels, where stakeholder groups may compete for prioritization in local economic development –creating difficulties for managers assessing their local roles (Chen, Newburry and Park, 2009:319). 67 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Today multinational corporations face a wide range of different demands from their stakeholders. Steger examined the business case for incorporating social and environmental issues into business strtegies and operation. Based on personal interviews with 300 managers (plus 100 external stakeholders) and 1100 analysed self-completion questionnaires in nine industries (oil and gas, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, etc.) he concluded that issues’ significance to companies did not result from a few make it break it issues but from their sheer number and variety. He managed to cluster 350 responses into 225 distinct categories of social, environmental and economic challenges (Steger, 2004:5). In addition in an other study, Clement (2005) identifies five important lessons from the stakeholder model for today’s leaders of MNCs. These five lessons may be summarized as follows (p. 256): Corporations are facing increasing pressures to respond to their stakeholders. Corporations have a legal basisi for responding to a wide range of stakeholders. Corporations are being led by executives no longer guided by the principles of their professions. Corporations respond to powerful stakeholders with legitimate, urgent claims. Corporations can improve the bottom line by responding to stakeholder concerns. 1.6.Business Diplomacy Management Nowadays, civil society organisations have exerted increasing pressure on MNCs, especially in the social and ecological spheres. The now accepted Corporate Social Responsibility charter and the UN-initiated Global Compact are just two of the most prominent examples of how companies are trying to manage mounting environmental pressures from non-business stakeholders (Saner and Yiu, 2005:301). Demands from local communities on a global company’s corporate conduct can significantly limit the freedom of a MNC’s behavior and actions. Incompetently managed external constituencies and pressure groups could quickly result in millions of dollars of costs, lost business opportunities and market share (e.g., consumer boycotting), and reputational capital (Saner and Yiu, 2005:301). Thus managing a multitude of business and nonbusiness stakeholders at the international level requires diplomatic skills-calls business diplomacy management- to safeguard a MNC’s reputational capital and to seize business opportunities embedded in nonbusiness environments (Saner et al., 2000:83). In this context, business diplomacy pertains to the management of interfaces between the global company and its multiple non-business counterparts (such as NGOs, government, political parties, media and other represantatives of civil societies) and external constituencies (Saner and Yiu, 2005:303). The goals of business diplomacy management; influencing economic and social actors to create and seize new new business opportunuties, working with rule-making international bodies whose decisions affect international business, forestalling potential conflicts with stakeholders and minimazing political risks, using multiple international forums and media 68 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo channels to safeguard corporate image and reputation (Saner and Yiu, 2005: 303; Saner et al., 2000:85). Business diplomacy management has got four dimensions. In other word, business diplomacy managers need to be competent at international, national, community and firm levels. At the firm level, they help define business strategy and policies in relation to stakeholder expectations, conduct bilateral and multilateral negotiations, coordinate international public relations campaigns, and collect and analyze pertinent information emanating from host countries and international communities. Internationally, competent business diplomats lobby with finesse, are gracious hosts, and know how the comply with protocol according to local customs and practices. They are able to develop local connections and relationships and conflictual interfaces. When dealing with stakeholder groups, business diplomats are called in to mediate potential or on-going conflicts of an economic, social, environmental, or political nature. More importantly, business diplomats scan the environment and identify potential conflict areas with the stakeholders before implementing a project (Saner et al., 2000:85-86). A corporation’s ability to obtain a license to operate by matching the expectations of numerous stakeholders has become one of the most important assets for corporations, especially in a world post Enron and other corporate scandals that promised to ruin the trust in corporations. The legitimacy of the contemporary corporation as an institution within society its social charter, or license to operate depends on its ability to meet the expectations of an increasingly numerous and diverse array of constituents(Saner et al., 2000:83; Post et al., 2002:9). Some of the domains of these competencies could express as follows; knowledge of international relations and diplomacy, multicultural sensitivity, political skills as mastering political negotiations, oration and handling of media and mastering analytic tools (Saner and Yiu, 2003: 28). Business diplomacy management (BDM) is part of a corporate response to the external environment when dealing with the international business environment involving vanous stakeholders seeking a non-zero sum solution to underlying conflicts. The tasks of BDM thus contain environmental scanning, stakeholder management and issue management pertaining ton on-business counterparts (Saner and Yiu, 2005: 309). 1.7.Case Study: DaimlerChrysler One important factor contributing to sustainable development success of MNCs operations in foreign markets is the competent use of business diplomacy. Business diplomacy management (BDM) refers to the ability of MNCs to effectively interact with non-business stakeholders wherever the MNCs have business interests, be they in the form of local production, distribution of open and participatory societies around the world. (Saner and Yiu, 2005:298) As mentioned before, while the need for business diplomacy is evident, it is less clear how MNCs actually conduct business diplomacy around the world and how they develop this core competence. It is also unclear how this function is actually structured within MNC. To 69 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo answer some of these questions and to see the tasks of BDM better, we preferred the method of case study by means of Alman- American MNC as known DaimlerChrysler. Business diplomacy management (BDM) is part of a corporate response to the external environment when dealing with the international business environment involving vanaus stakeholders seeking a non-zero sum solution to underlying conflicts. The tasks of BDM thus include/contain environmental scanning, stakeholder management and issue management pertaining to non- business counterparts. (Saner and Yiu, 2005:309) Case study of DaimlerChrysler presents to any of MNC set appropriate policies and develop organizational competence in this emerging three tasks domain. Figure 1: The tasks of Business Diplomacy Management Towards to Non-Business Counterparts. ( Saner ve Yiu, 2005) On 6 May 1998, Daimler- Benz of Germany signed a merger agreement with Chrysler Corporation of the United States. The merger marked the beginning of the ambitious goal of merging two styles of auto-making two approaches to business and the proud but distinct cultures of two nations. Thus Daimler‘sengineering skill and tecnological advances could be complemented by Chrysler’s skills for innovation, speed in product development and bold marketing style. After signed the merger agreement German car maker Daimler-Benz AG and Amerkan’s third largest automobile company, Chrysler Corporation transformed to be one of the wold’s biggest automakers. While Chrysler has the reputation of being a “lean” car manufacturer producing “cuttingedge” vehicles, Daimler Benz was the symbol of Germans conservative, high class quality craftsmanship (Johann, 2006:4). For this study one multinational company was selected with an outstanding track record in managing their broader business environment in accordance with its sustainability over the last five years: DaimlerChrysler. 70 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo With DaimlerChrysler (DM) case, the focus is on the processes needed to comprehensively manage the business environment and anything that may affect the brand. The efficient design of global processes and their back-up with a tailored IT infrastructure, is as important as its “fit” with the organizational structure and its alignment with corporate strategy (Steger, 2003:23) DaimlerChrysler: Responsiveness And Determination Via Business Diplomacy Management Practices At the company’s 2001 General Assembly, at the top of the agenda there was clearly disappointment with the share price. But, as on similiar occasions, pressure groups used the platform to voice their concern: DaimlerChrysler’s “Dodge” supports bullfights in Mexico; there are no female managers in top positions; DaimlerChrysler subsidiaries are stil producing landmines etc. Since November 1998, after the merger euphoria faded and now exacerbanted by heavy losses in the Chrysler Group and Freightliner, DaimlerChrysler came under criticism by financial analyts due to an underperforming share price. But otherwise you have to go back many years to find DaimlerChrysler in negative headlines; being the first to implement a new but controversial law for sick payment brought massive protests from the metal-workers union, worker council and ordinary employees. In 1991 the new Mercedes S-Class was the focus of a broad coalition of critics as being an irresponsible product, neglecting environmental concerns and resource conservation and increasing traffic jams due to its sheer size. Greenpeace staged a major demonstration at the door of Frankfurt Automotive Fair, piling up all the barrels of oil that an S-Class car would consume during its life cycle. After the unsuccessful but ambitious strategy to transform the car company into a technology concern, Daimler-Benz, like the S-Class, were considered the dinosaurs of German Industry. Chrysler was faced with another situtition with regard to its business environment, different from that of the high profile Daimler Benz subsidiary. Being the smallest of the “Big 3” in Detroit, Chrysler tended more to follow theindustry mainstream and was less visible and risk exposed than were the more global General Motors and Ford. 1.7.1. Issue Management & Environmental Scanning As a sub task domain of BDM, issues management tends to be one of the most important techniques to work for the mentioned corporate and social values symbiosis and to map the relevant stakeholders’ expectations. In words of Heath (1997), “Issues communicators discuss values to establish the standarts of acceptable corporate responsibility, the foundations of corporate policy and operations” (p.217) Global issue management at DaimlerChrysler has an important distinction (Figure.2). Here, the system is based on the assumption that there is a pattern in the dynamic of issues and that you can detect it early. You then have to respond differently, depending on how the 71 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo escalation has worked out. Therefore, extensive scanning of leading media companies in Europe and the US, based on a set of criteria, is an ongoing activity: In addition, relevant chat rooms are visited – the themes raised there often serve as an early warning system too. From product-related (for example a recall), corporate themes (for example, financial reports) to general, political, social or environmental trends relevant to Daimler Chrysler (Steger, 2003:259-260) Figure 2: Global ıssue management at DaimlerChrysler. (Steger, 2003:260) On these issue, a large number of communications professionals and other observers provide their input weekly, and the end of the week the CEO and the management board receive a “key issue briefing” of not more than three pages. The amount of processed information should not be underestimated: 20.000 quotes on Daimler Chrysler per month is not extraordinary. Sophisticated IT equipment in the “war room” makes this possible. Financial analysts increasingly dominate the reports in business news papers with their quotes, where as environmental and social issue are driven by NGO activities (Steger, 2003:260-261) To be able to match internal and external expertise and to understand, evaluate and privatize the input from the external world, you need in-house competence that can process the information, make sense of it and put it into a framework that allows management conclusions for strategy, products and organization (Amann et al., 2007: 34). At Daimler Chrysler, an interdisciplinary internal research group “society and Technology” is fulfilling this role. Based in Berlin, Palo Alto and Kyoto, the research group focuses on the future- oriented identification of societal “needs”, using scenario us to understand upcoming “battle-necks” and to complement market research with a better understanding of context 72 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo factors (for examples, ageing) trends (for example, multicultural societies), individuality and environmental values ( for example, leisure time). With its approximately 25 multi- disciplinary teams, however, it is not only shaping new technologic in the Daimler Chrysler group. An important product is the annual “Delta Report”, which documents research into the socio- economic environment as a basis for decision- making in all business units. In addition, the group supports the innovation process and internal organizational learning with “laboratories of the future”, where decision- makers from all disciplines learn to understand the complexity of the business environment, conflicting views and expectations and test the available contributions in different scenarios. (Steger, 2003:261). To monitor information is one thing, to act on it is another. When one issue is identified (for example, the Kerkonian legal attack against the manager in late 2000), a master plan is developed. In the case of issue that are expected to be around for a longer period of time (for example, slave labour compensation payments for slave labour in Nazi camps), on IT-based platform is the focal point of all activities (Steger, 2003:262) 1.7.2. Stakeholder Management Dialogue with stakeholders is regarded as a top priority for corporate Sustainabılity Management (CSM) In automotive companies and especially in Daimler Chrysler some stakeholders has got mone impartance: NGOJ are usually open to dialogue to achıeve their aim of improving the social and environmental responsibility. Financial markets are always open to dialogue on sustainability. They treat sustainable development as a niche investment market. And goverment, other regulatory authorities are only marpinally interested in the concept of sustainable development. Their focus is mainly on product related lepislation. (Brunner, 2004:93) But apart from these stekeholders, the workforce and investment communities are currently of special importance for DC. Whereas the US media jumped enthusiastically at the chance of “Coerman-bashing” – when economic problems hit Chrysler – The European media like to ridicule the quality of Chrysler cars. To prevent a deep division “them” and “us”, internal communicetion has become even more important noted Ulrike Becker, Director for Internal Communicetions. She has built a system of commonication channels, aimed at specitic target groups and time-frames. Heving established a process to do this, top management can bypass middle- men and outside advisors, creating space for face-to-face meetings with institutional investon, major shareholders and rating agencies (Steger, 2003:264) A special unit copes with non-brand – specific corporante themes and sponsoring. They maintain good relations with environmental groups or NGOS and conduct regular dialogue. Sponsoring has a philanthropic dimension, which builds mainly on the Chrysler tradition of community involvement and promoting opportunities for minorities and disadvantaged people. Senior executives serve therefore as sponsor of internal interest groups (for example, 73 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Afro – Americans) and purchasing rules ease access for small-and-medium-sized businesses, especially when these are owned by minorities (Steger, 2003:265). In addition, the DC Corporation recently concluded an agreement with labor representatives to promote the employment of women and remove barriers to remove barriers to their career development. Continuing along these lines, in 2000 the DC Fund sponsored, for an amount of Us32 million, a wide variety of education, community development and cultural groups across the world-from the society of Women Engineers in Michigan , Nelson Mandela’s Children’s Charity fund to the Charities Aid Foundation in the U.K (Steger, 2003:266) Beyond the philanthropic dimension, corporate-sponsoring is also related to leveraging DC’s core competence for the solution of ecological, social and scientific problems, The branch of corporate sponsoring has therefore set up projects that relate to the key corporate goals and help to establish the image of a “troubleshooter”: for example, satellites from the aerospace division collect data for an environmental project, researchers in sophisticated transportation simulations models receive support from Daimler Chrysler engineers, as do road safety education programmers ( Steger, 2003:266) 2.CONCLUSION In order to succeed a business and ensure sustainable economic viability of their investments, MNCs must draw on competencies which will allow them to manage multiple stakeholders at home and abroad. Faced with these challenges, these companies need to acquire greater diplomatic capacities and competencies in handling both the internal stakeholders and the external non-business stakeholders. We have elaborated on one case study that illustrated the need for business diplomacy systematically. MNCs are challenged to manage their business environment systematically and professionally so that a formal and informal licence to operate is sustained. This can be achieved by: ● Detecting and understanding emerging issues, via early warning systems. ●The key to success when dealing with a broad range of stakeholders lays in managing a double tension: a) to have a set of clear messages on issues and on your corporate values, but to be responsive to the questions with which you are confronted, b) to decentralize all stakeholder activities as far as posible, but make sure that all who are communicating externally use the same song book. ● Extensive scanning of leading media companies in Europe and the USA based on a set of criteria is ongoing activity. ●With sophisticated IT equipment in the “war room”, to know and to process information regarding media report before. ●The group names “Society and Technology” focuses on the future-oriented identification of societal needs, thus to be able to match internal and external expertise. 74 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ● By the way of “The Global News Bureau” to integrate the different communication units that either focus on a brand, a subsidiary or corporate issues. ● A special unit copes with non-brand-specific corporate themes and sponsoring. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1099 Title A name given to the resource Business Diplomacy Management As A Key Role In The Sustainable Development And Stakeholder Management In The Multinational Corporations: Daimlerchrysler Case Author Author Dinç, Mehmet Abstract A summary of the resource. In the last two decades a dramatic shifts within the business community have been occurred. Globalization has offered business opportunities to companies around the world and has led to the development of a multitude of standards that govern business behavior. It is no longer sufficient to know the business and legal conditions of a multinational companies’ headquarters country and some of the countries where it operates foreign subsidiaries. Multilateral and intergovernmental organizations are increasingly defining industry standards that become mandatory for multinational companies. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), operate at multiple levels ranging from national civil society issues like environmental protection to observation and investigation of possible human rights violations of multinational companies or foreign states. They often operate at national, regional and transnational levels focusing on economic, social and political issues. In addition, growing internationalization has became increasingly complex, civil society organizations have exerted increasing pressure on MNCs, especially the concept of sustainable development has expanded to include the simultaneous consideration of economic growth, environmental protection and social equity. Thus, in response to these kind of shifts, many have made a commitment to apply the principles of sustainable development to their activities. To meet and to handle these commitments, MNCs have required a multitude of policies and new business competencies. One important factor contributing to the sustained success of MNCs’ operations in foreign markets in the competent use of business diplomacy. Business Diplomacy Management (BDM) refers to the ability of MNCs to effectively interact with non-business stakeholders wherever the MNCs have business interests, be they in the form of local production, distribution channels or sales offices. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d5ed895be4c5fc4800254fcf22c1ce77.pdf b1a7eb731c2701055e85cd56e21ccb85 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Özdevecioğlu, M. ve Aktas, A., 2007. Kariyer Bağlılığı, Mesleki Bağlılık ve Örgütsel Bağlılığın Yaşam Tatmini Üzerindeki Etkisi: İş-Aile Çatışmasının Rolü. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 28, Ocak-Haziran, ss.1-20. Pindyck, R. S., ve Rubınfeld, D., 1991. Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts. Mc Graw-Hill, Inc, New York. Rode, J., 2004. Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction Revisited: A Longitudinal Test of an Integrated Model. Human Relations, Volume 57(9), ss. 1205-1230. ICT Infrastructure for Sustainable Society: A Story of BH Telecom Dzihad Zlatar,Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Sarajevo, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mails:dzidzmir@gmail.com, mhandzic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract World-class ICT infrastructure is the key to rapid economic and social development ofa country. Past studies show that the growth of ICT, particularly telecommunicationservices has a direct link with the economic growth of the country. However,the access to ICT infrastructure, services and applications and thus the level ofdevelopment varies among the countries. The focus of this study is on the currentsituation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The main objective of the study is toexplore the penetration of telecommunication in B&H and the role of BH Telecom inthis process. Keywords:ICT, infrastructure, sustainable society, case study 1. INTRODUCTION The war that has ravaged Bosnia (1992-1995) did not just take its toll in casualties and material damage but has left the communications infrastructure crippled as well. While the other countries in the region introduced beginnings of information technologies, Bosnia had just started an arduous task of rebuilding its communications network. That task fell to the 198 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo shoulders of the state held PTT Company (Post, Telephone, Telegraph) more accurately to its offspring company - BH Telecom. It is not against logic that ICT development and spread infrastructure has a beneficial effect of economic and social development. If we just take the basic economic principles of effectiveness and efficiency we can assume that a functional ICT can help reduce costs and redundancy and point out faults and bottlenecks which the system needs to address. To understand what kind of impact the ICT provided by BH Telecom had we would have to have an extensive study of IT environments conducted in the private sector so that we can have a comparable ratio of increase in development compared to services provided. Sadly that kind of study has never been done which makes this hard to compare and contrast this relation in retrospect. However, previous projects, studies and activities had been conducted to promote usage of ICT technologies in the government, educational and private sectors. These activities were funded both by foreign agencies as well as local decrees and can provide the necessary comparison data for the case. 2. BH TELECOM 2.1.History The firsts steps of the renewal and reconstruction of the new information and telecommunication system were taken by the mother company already in the war period. After the breakthrough of the telephony barrier in September 1993, the management board in the former Public Enterprise PTT B&H devised the interest in new technologies in the field of communications,and in doing so prepared the company for the inevitable market race in the aftermath of the war. Its courage and visionary orientation was proven in 1996 by investing significant financial assets into the GSM technology enabling the population a access to the world by new digital PSTN access points as well as mobile telephony and Internet. At the beginning of 2001 the company Public Enterprise PTT B&H was divided and into BH Postal Services and its offspring BH Telecom. 2.2 Services BH Telecom had a long standing streak as the biggest provider of the telecommunication services in Bosnia – Herzegovina in the field of PSTN, mobile and data network. In the area of the mobile telephony it introduced the GPRS/ WAP, MMS and SMS info and fun services on the VAS platform as well as EDGE technologies. At the end of 2006 BH Telecom had over 1.000.000 users with market participation of over 50% and annual increase 199 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of the number of users for approximately 150.000 accompanied by continuous improvement and work on coverage of the territory and signal quality in the entire B&H. In the field of PSTN numerous activities were conducted on application of the broadband network on the basis of the ADSL technology ensuring that BH Telecom has a very reliable and safe network accompanied by digitalization of total installed capacities of over 95%. In order to even more improve its predispositions and promote the economc sector BH Telecom implemented new technologies in the domain also, such as IVR, SMS and VMS. In recent years BH Telecom continually increased its broadbands speeds, removed the long standing limit on downloadable traffic, introduced VoIP, IPTV with video on demand and PayPerView options and continues to spread its network by reaching remote users via wireless technology. 2.3.Government support and internal operations The business model of BHT allowed for special contracts to be offered to private, government and educational sectors. While the private sector offers were most concerned with stability and security, educational sectors are cost conscious options for users who require wide range of users with no specific requirements. The government sector is a cross between the two incorporating both a large scale of smaller, constant transactions with big emphasis on security and reliability. Being a state held company as well (the government is a majority share-holder) BHT had regarding its own problems regarding its internal organization and operation redundancy. All available technologies (landline, internet, GSM service) started further improving in their own direction with no coherent relationship between the users. Therefore it was normal for one user to regular receive 3 or more bills monthly all coming from the same company all due to be paid in different times. In 2009 in cooperation with local software companies a new information system has been devised to unify the subscriber tree and provide a single platform from where all customer operations can be conducted. By doing so instead of juggling between several different applications and multiple entries on different databases everything can be done from one place with added monitoring and customer history. This not only allowed faster and more reliable service but also helped decrease the costs to the company. Regarding the topic of the paper this could be a proving case for itself but for the purpose of exploring the impact on society we will focus on government institutions as a measure of improvement to society. 200 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.EFFECTS OF ICT DEVELOPMENT IN B&H The development of informational society in BIH was abruptly stopped by the fall of Yugoslavia and the following war. The drawback in development was even more dramatic because it happened it the time of explosive global expansion of ICT development and practical usage. It is important to note that in 2002 it was estimated that there were over 300.000 PC in households, over 5000 web sites and 100.000 internet users. However most of thesestatistics is centered on urban population and the “digital divide” between urban and rural population is one of the greatest obstacles in enabling ICT infrastructure. 3.1. Government According to the results of the study conducted by UNDP in cooperation with the Council of Ministers n 2009 government institutions have made significant progress towards incorporating and overall acceptance of ICT in their work. The results showed that 95.74% of government employees use computers in their daily work. This study does not allow us to see the quality of hardware nor the sophistication of usage but does show the results of penetration of ICT in administrative usage. 201 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Another important statistic that has improved over recent year is the presence of local area networks within government institutions. This is an essential prerequisite for electronic information exchange in the daily work of government employees. Finally, the study examined the quality of the internet connection provided to the institutions which showed a dramatic increase in percentage of broadband connections as opposed to previously dominant Dial-up and ISDN connectivity. 202 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The survey, done in 2009 would probably encounter even more dramatic results since, in the case of BH Telecom the overall shift to broadband connectivity will result to entirely terminating its offering of Dial-up and ISDN service due to the lack of subscribers (and the need of) by the end of the current year. The largest improvements in the government sector had been seen in its judiciary system both in terms of the infrastructure and project development. The judiciary system had made the biggest leap to automatization of its services and support and as the process matures the citizens will see the increasing benefits of ICT enabled administration. Some of the project conducted in the process of improving the judicial system is LAND ADMINISTRATION PROJECT (GTZ) - project on the Implementation of laws related to land registers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. LEGISLATION DATABASE PROJECT (UNDP and EU) - This webpage allows users to search, browse and access all laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina. JUSTICE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (USAID) - The JSDP was designed to strengthen capacities within the justice sector in order to maintain and strengthen the rule of law. The primary goal is the provision of institutional support in order to strengthen the independence of the justice sector 203 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.2. Education One of the main indicators of ICT usage within educational institutions is the ratio of pupils/studentsper computer. In comparison with the collected data from the 2005 eReadiness Report we can observe an increase in pupils/students per computer ratio: Though the increase is promising (especially considering the data dates to 2005) it is far away from adequate. Another problem is that the rate of acquisition of ICT technologies varies amongst different educational institution. While some have embraced information technologies and help/improvement that it brings other reluctantly implement new methods due to either financial reasons or unwillingness to learn new technologies. 3.3. Private sector The reliability on ICT technologies is present in all branches of economy but the impact on society is best measured observing the development of IT market itself. According to the International Data Corporation (IDC) the IT market in Bosnia and Herzegovina stagnated at $167 million in 2010. When measured in local currency, the market expanded 5.0% from the previous year. According to a recent report from market research company IDC, per capita IT spending in Bosnia and Herzegovina reached $36 in 2010, or 4.3% of the EU average. Between 2011 and 2015, IDC expects the Bosnia and Herzegovina IT market to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.8% to reach $291.49 million in 2015.Like in many developing counries benefits from ICT technologies in Bosnia are predominantly that of it’s mobile operators and service providers. Survey done in 2003 conducted by UNDP showed that 8,6 % of countries GDP is shared between ICT service providers. To effectively 204 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo use the resources provided this trend has to be reversed: The service providers must be second to the market which benefits from the service and creates value. Although in recent years the IT market has significantly expanded, most of the companies are foreign subsidiaries who use the local work force for “cheap labor” because of the difference of standards in the regional industies. The same standards apply for platforms, standards and equipment needed therefore it is hard to be competitive in foreign markets. This can be attributed as the largest reason for stagnation in the industry because even if ICT technology is present and suffice the needs of IT developement the lack of financial investment and high prices due to economies of scale hinder their development. 3.4 Role of BH Telecom in ICT industry In terms of the three sustainable society branches spoken of BH Telecom was involved in all aspects. In the goverment sector as the state owned operator it provided majority of the infrastructure (at least in the Federation entity). Most if not all goverment institutions are connected with broadband internet and connected via local area networks. In the educational sector there is a wide gap left by the discontinuation of the academic research newtork which has never been filled. BHT has on numerous occasions collaborated with educational institutions and promoted programs in the educational sector but the task of establishing an unified network falls upon the legislation of the goverment. If and when the goverment decides that the need for such a network cannot be ignored BHT has the resources to create it. Concerning the private sector BHT is a long time partner with two of the worlds leading plaform solutions – Oracle and Microsoft and in that way enabled all its customer to use and develop their own solutions based on that platform. Regarding other branches of the industry BHT offered specialized business packages suited for the needs of companies either operating on the internet or using its benefits. This feature did expirience a decline due to the appearance of smaller ISPs which are focused on delivering more customized and suitable offerings but some of which still use BHT infrastructure.In this sector services of BHT provided operational requirement for e-banking, virtual private networks or even such services as Mparking.It is also important to note the distribution of IPTV, although BHt is not the fist operator to offer the service, the service it does offer is not just centered in the urban areas but all over the country enabling suburban and rural areas the quality of IPTV service which can compare to world standars. 4.CONCLUSION The facts presented in this paper that there is indeed an increase in development of ICT in all aspects of the society, although it is less than desirable. It would be unfair and incorrect to attribute all of it to the services provided by BH Telecom but it cannot be denied that BH 205 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Telecom was in all recent years and still is the largest provider of ICT services all across the country. Furthermore where other ISP providers are mostly profit oriented the role of BHT as the state operator is to provide service everywhere regardless of the profits involved. Development of ICT undeniably affects the society as a whole in a beneficial manner but B&H has reached a point where future development is not hampered by the lack of its infrastructure but rather a lack of financial investment in further improvements. Though the lack of resources is high compared to world standards or even countries in the region it is the usage of these resources that creates the demand. Until our society does not promote and invest in incorporating ICT in our daily routine the stagnation is inevitable and furthers the gap between B&H and the countries of the developing world. If that demand does happen and is adequately supported by the ruling structures, BH Telecom has the necessary resources and skill to answer that call. “For a country to put ICT to effective use it must be ‘e-Ready’ in terms of infrastructure, the accessibilityof ICT to the population at large and the effect of the legal and regulatory framework on ICT use”. Source: bridges.org, http://www.bridges.org/e_readiness_assessment REFERENCES Last accessed on 4 29, 2012, from United Nations Development program E-Readiness report 2009 : http://www.undp.ba/upload/News/e-Readiness%202009.pdf Last accessed on 4 26, 2012, from BH Telecom Web Portal, History of BH Telecom : http://www.bhtelecom.ba/1210.html Last accessed on 4 26, 2012, from United Nations Development program, Strategy for IS Development in BH, IS and sustainable development : http://www.undp.ba/upload/publications/Strategy%20for%20IS%20Development%20in%20 BH.pdf Last accessed on 4 28, 2012, from LAND ADMINISTRATION PROJECT (GTZ), http://www.zkk.ba Last accessed on 4 28, 2012, from LEGISLATION DATABASE PROJECT (UNDP and EU), http://www.legislativa.ba/ Last accessed on 4 28, 2012, from JUSTICE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (USAID), http://www.usaidjsdp.ba Last accessed on 4 27, 2012, from Internation Data Corporation (IDC), IT Market in Bosnia and Herzegovina http://www.idc-cema.com/?showproduct=41456 Last accessed on 4 27, 2012, from bridges.org http://www.bridges.org/e_readiness_assessment 206 E-Readiness assessment, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1169 Title A name given to the resource ICT Infrastructure for Sustainable Society: A Story of BH Telecom Author Author Dzihad , Zlatar Abstract A summary of the resource. World-class ICT infrastructure is the key to rapid economic and social development ofa country. Past studies show that the growth of ICT, particularly telecommunicationservices has a direct link with the economic growth of the country. However,the access to ICT infrastructure, services and applications and thus the level ofdevelopment varies among the countries. The focus of this study is on the currentsituation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The main objective of the study is toexplore the penetration of telecommunication in B&H and the role of BH Telecom inthis process. Keywords:ICT, infrastructure, sustainable society, case study Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/90cc2e6c5d61303196cae1ac7b01a119.pdf e31c54ff96e238d928ec453c520529bf PDF Text Text Bardakçı, S. (2007) ―The Determination of Optical Properties of TiO2 Thin Film Prepared with Sol-Jel Method ‖, MSc Thesis, Sakarya University, SAKARYA. Soo, W.L. Carlos, M. Joaquin L.O. Seung, H.K. Tohru, S. Koichi N. and Bernard, J.H. (2003) ―Tribological and Microstructural Analysis of Al2O3/TiO2 Nano composites to Use in the Femoral Head of Hip Replacement‖, Wear, 255, 1040-1044. Sathiyakumar, M. and Gnanam, F.D. (2002) ―Influence of MnO and TiO2 Additives on Density, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al2O3‖, Ceramics international, 28, 195-200. Barsoum, M.W. (1997) ―Fundamentals of Ceramics‖, Mc Graw Hill, New York, USA. Kalpakjian, S. (1997) ―Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials‖, Prentice Hall 4. Edition, USA. Yıldırım, İ. (2002) ―The effect of Production Condition and Composition on The Strength Properties of Al2O3 and SiC‖, PhD Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, ISTANBUL Aneziris, C.G. Scharfl, W. and Ullridch, B.(2007) ―Microstructure Evaluation of Al2O3 Ceramics with Mg-PSZ and TiO2 Additions‖, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 27, 3191-3199. Glass Foams Containing Fly Ash And Sheet Glass By Adding Calcite As Foaming Agent Ediz Ercenk1, Gunhan Bayrak2, Senol Yilmaz1, Volkan Gunay3 1Sakarya University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Esentepe Campus, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey, 2Sakarya University, Arifiye Vocational School, 54580 Arifiye, Sakarya 3TUBITAK-MAM, Material Institute, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey Abstract Glass foam is a porous isolation material used for heat isolation. In this study, the possibilities of glass foam production using calcite as a foaming agent was investigated. The mixture was prepared 10% wt. of waste window glass and 90% wt. Seyitömer thermal power plant fly ash. 2.5 to 10% wt. calcite was added to mixture and pressed under 75 MPa pressure by uniaxial cold pressing to obtain cylindrical specimens. Pressed samples sintered at 750-950 °C temperature range for 1 hour according to differential thermal analysis (DTA) results. The effect of calcite addition and sintering temperature on the porosity, density, compressive strength, microstructure and crystalline phases were investigated. It was determined that the 284 �properties of glass foams was changing depend on calcite addition as foaming agent and the sintering temperature. The results showed that calcite provide foaming in specific proportions for glass foam production. Keywords: Calcite, fly ash, glass powder, glass foam 1. INTRODUCTION Calcite is an abundant rock-forming mineral in the Earth's upper crust. It is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It has a defining mohs hardness of 3, a specific gravity of 2.71, and its luster is vitreous in crystallized varieties. Color is white or none, though shades of gray, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, brown, or even black can occur when the mineral is charged with impurities. The dissolution and precipitation behavior of calcite has been widely studied since it plays an important role in rock weathering and soil chemistry and therefore these processes impose controls on the natural sequestration of CO2. The carbon dioxide gas (CO2) is given off as bubbles and the calcium dissolves in the calcinations reactions. Because of this features, some minerals including carbonate can be used for foaming process (Vavouraki 2008, Wikipedia 2012). Foam glass is a porous heat-insulating and soundproof material, with true porosity up to 90 vol.%. Foam glass is a heterophase system consisting of the gaseous and the solid phases. The solid phase is glass that forms thin walls of single cells several micrometers thick. The cells are filled with the gaseous phase. These materials have many properties such as high surface area, high permeability, low density, low specific heat for high thermal and acoustic insulation and high chemical resistance. Glass foams are resistant to water and water vapor and do not burn. Commercial glass foams exhibit porosity, apparent density and compressive strength values of about 85–95 vol.%, 0.1–0.3 g/cm3 and 0.4–6 MPa, respectively (Fernandes 2009). Several synthesis routes are available to produce foam materials such as bubbles generation in slurries or in a green body during a specific thermal treatment, reaction sintering, sol–gel methods, direct foaming, pyrolysis of organic additives and polymeric sponge method (de Sousa 2008). There are a lot of investigations for production of glass foam materials. To investigate the effect of different additives and different raw materials on foaming process is popular issue, recently. In the current study, the production possibilities of glass foam materials including sheet glass, fly ash and calcite were investigated. It is possible that this study can provide new view point for producibility of more economical glass foam material. 285 �2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In the present study, cullet of commercially produced soda lime sheet (SLS) glass and power plant fly ash (Seyitömer-Turkey) were used as raw materials and their chemical analysis was performed by x-ray fluorescence (PHILIPS PW2404). The chemical compositions of fly ash and sheet glass were given in Table 1. and Table 2., respectively. Firstly, cullet glass was crushed and then dry milled using a ring mill (RETSCH). The main mixture was prepared fly ash 10 wt. % and sheet glass 90 wt. %. Calcite was added to mixture in the proportions of 2.510 % against sheet glass proportion in main mixture decreased by calcite addition for using more waste fly ash. Four different compositions were prepared from glass and fly ash with calcite addition by using ball mill for 1 h. The code schedule for samples was given in Table 3. Table 1. Chemical composition of fly ash Oxi de SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 Mg O Ca O SO 3 K2 O TiO 2 NiO Na2 O Wt. % 56.8 96 17.2 46 10.6 28 5.13 4.31 2.39 1.55 0.67 0.23 0.31 7 6 8 4 7 6 1 P2O Cl 5 L.O .I 0.12 0.02 0.44 8 8 5 Table 2. Chemical composition of sheet glass Oxid e SiO2 Na2 O CaO % 73.19 5 9.916 8.59 0 MgO Al2O 3 Cl K2O TiO2 Fe2O 3 SO3 L.O. I 5.99 8 0.02 5 0.10 8 0.04 0 0.33 8 0.09 1.515 0.185 Table 3. Sample code schedule 286 Sample code Cullet (wt.%) Fly ash(wt.%) Calcite (wt.%) 25C 87.5 10 2.5 50C 85 10 5 75C 82.5 10 7.5 100C 80 10 10 �In establishing an optimal heat treatment procedure for foam reduction the thermal behavior of glass cullet, fly ash and carbonates lays a key role. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) (SEIKO Exstar 6000) was used to determine glass transition and crystallization temperature for raw materials. The cylindrically shaped samples with diameter of 25 mm and thickness of 15 mm obtained by uniaxial pressing (800 kg/cm2) were sintered between 750 °C and 950 °C for 1 h according to DTA results of sheet glass, fly ash and calcite. To characterize the prepared samples apparent density, porosity, compressive strength and visual observation were performed. Leica stereo microscopy was used for visual studies. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used for phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL 6060) was carried out for microstructural investigations. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) using analyze phases present in the coatings over a 2Ө range of 10o–90o were used for characterization of the glass foam samples. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION DTA results of raw materials used glass foam production are shown in Figure 1. Glass transition temperature was determined 550 °C for sheet glass (Figure 1a). Calcite exhibits a strong endothermic peaks corresponding to moments of weight loss (Figure 1b) characteristic of this material. The endothermic peak (790 °C) was due to the decomposition of calcium carbonate (calcite) with release of CO2, according to the Eq. (1). The total weight loss was about 45%. CaCO3 CaO+ CO2 (1) An exothermic peak in DTA analysis of fly ash was detected at 460 °C (Fig. 1c). Accordingly, the weight loss of 3.1% occurs at the same temperature. This exothermic peak occurs due to the unburned carbon reaction in fly ash. In this study sintering and foaming temperatures were selected according to DTA results shown in Figure 1. 287 �(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. Thermal analysis (heating rate 5 °C/min) of (a) sheet glass, (b) calcite and (c) fly ash Tridymide (ASTM chard no: 42-1401), Cristobalite (ASTM chard no: 82-0512), Diopside (ASTM chard no: 75-1092) and Augite (ASTM chard no: 78-1391) phases were determined by XRD analysis. Augite was determine in sample including calsite 10 % but not determined for the sample including calcite 2.5 %. The first significant point in XRD results is that peak intensities and numbers increase with increasing sintering temperature due to better crystallization. The intensities of Diopside and Augite peaks increase with increasing calcite addition and sintering temperature, clearly. The zone under the XRD patterns illustrates glass structure in body. The changing volumes of this zone infer to crystallization. When the sintering temperature was 950 °C, this zone got narrow, markedly. The effect of sintering temperature on crystallization is seen this way, clearly. Especially, Tridymide and Augite are characteristic phases for glass foam material in literature (Fernandes 2009). After the sintering process, dimensional change test was performed for the samples. These results were given in Figure 2. It was shown that there are two important parameters influencing dimensional change. The first parameter is sintering temperature, the second is calcite addition. In general, dimensional change increases with increasing sintering temperature up to 900 °C. Above the this temperature, vitrification effect of liquid phase sintering mechanism cause firing shrinkage due to better sintering. Calcite addition has a positive effect on dimensional changes for calcite addition 2.5-5 %. When the calcite addition increased, dimensional changes decreased because of over gassing reactions. When the reaction between CaCO3 and O2 occurs, CaO and CO2 gases form. Released gas provide softening and expansion for matrix. This mechanism is related to foaming process. When the foaming agent volumes increased excessively, gas pressure increases and the gas bubbles consisting of porosities explode due to high pressure. It is possible that the pressure of CO and CO2 gases force glass matrix and thus, gas pores shrinkage happen (Hasheminia 2012). That the highest dimensional change value is 41.17 % was determined in calcite 5 % reinforced sample sintered at 900 °C. Calcite addition has negative effect on dimensional changes for some situation. 288 �45 Dimensional Change, % 40 35 30 25 20 25 C 50 C 75 C 100 C 15 10 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 Sintering Temperature, ° Figure 2. Dimensional test results versus sintering temperature The macro photographs of samples can be seen in Figure 3. It is clear that dimensional changes and sintering temperatures increase in direct proportion. Increasing sintering temperature provide better sintering. The highest dimensional changes and the most foaming were observed in samples sintered at 900 and 950 °C. The samples including calcite 5 % were exposed to deformation. At 750-850 °C, pores and cracks on the surfaces formed due to the escaping gas from the decomposition of CaCO3. This situation infers that gas pressures in these samples are maximum point. When it comes to other samples, the volume expanded and the surfaces became smooth with increasing temperature. Figure 3. The macro photographs of samples The curves of porosity values of the samples depending on sintering temperature are given in Figure 4a. Porosity values are correlation with dimensional change results. The highest porosity value was measured in coded 50 C sample sintered at 850 °C. The samples sintered at low temperatures have higher density and lower porosity due to the occurrence of a higher viscosity. The maximum porosity values in this study were calculated as 49.25 % in sample including calcite 5 % sintered at 850 °C. This value for commercial glass foam material is about 85-95 % (Scheffler 2005). The porosity values are correlation with macro photographs of samples. The samples containing higher calcite content have lower porosity values. 289 �The density changes with sintering temperature are shown Figure 4b. The lowest density was measured as 0.43 gr/cm3 in 25 C coded samples sintered at 850 °C. The samples including calcite 5 % sintered at 800-850 °C have lowest density because of their pore structure. In these samples, pore size is not big compared to other groups but pore numbers are too much, comparatively. Density values in commercial glass foams are about 0.1-0.3 gr/cm3 (Scheffler 2005). Apparent density of the glass foam obtained from glass-calcite mixture is about 0.4-1 gr/cm3. The density increases with increasing calcite addition. Extensive calcite addition cause negative effect on foaming process. Higher sintering temperatures have similar effect on foaming and densities due to better sintering and lower viscosity. 1,2 60 25 C 50 C 75 C 100 C 1,0 Density, gr/cm Prosity, % 3 50 40 0,8 0,6 30 25 C 50 C 75 C 100 C 0,4 20 0,2 700 750 800 850 900 950 700 1000 (a) 750 800 850 900 950 1000 Sintering Temperature, ° Sintering Temperature, ° (b) Figure 4. a) Porosities versus sintering temperature, b) Density values versus sintering temperature The curves of compressive straight depending on sintering temperature were given in Figure 5. These results are correlation with porosity and density values. Porosity values are inversely proportional to the compressive strength. Compressive strength decreases with increasing the amount of porosity. The highest compressive straight values (4.75 MPa) are gained from the samples including calcite 10 %. In general, compressive straight decreases with increasing sintering temperature. Calcite addition has adverse effect compared to sintering temperature effect. 290 �Compressive Streight, MPa 5 25 C 50 C 75 C 100 C 4 3 2 1 0 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 Sintering Temperature, ° Figure 5. Compressive straight versus sintering temperature Figure 6 shows the typical aspect of the glass foams of all the investigated compositions. The amount of calcite in the batch considerably affects the size and the shape of the pores. In general, the glass foam samples have inhomogeneous microstructures with irregular pores with a high scattering in their size (0.1–1 mm). Some pores were smaller than others, these pores were then sealed by the glassy phase when the sintering temperature increased due to the increasing viscosity. Since the addition of more calcite produced more gas, the pores became larger, suddenly. This situation is also observed in similar studies (Fernandes 2009, Bernardo 2007, Chong Liao 2012). Figure 6. Stereo microscopy visions of samples of cross-section surface 4. CONCLUSION XRD analysis showed that Tridymide, Cristobalite, Diopside and Augite crystalline phases formed in the glass foams. 49.25 % is the highest porosity value in coded 5C sample sintered at 850 °C. The lowest density 0.43 gr/cm3 was measured in coded 25C sample sintered at 850 °C. The porosity sizes increases with increasing sintering temperature. In the same time, calcite addition has a positive effect on foaming process in general. But calcite addition caused adverse effect on foaming process in some condition due to gas reactions. Micro and macrostructure analysis shown that the pore sizes and shapes are very irregular and the structures seem inhomogeneous. 291 �REFERANCES Vavouraki A. I. Putnis C. V. Putnis A. and Koutsoukos P. G. (2008) An Atomic Force Microscopy study of the growth of calcite in the presence of sodium sulfate, Chemical Geology, 253, 243–251. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite (2012). Fernandes H.R. Tulyaganov D.U. and Ferreira J.M.F. (2009) Preparation and characterization of foams from sheet glass and fly ash using carbonates as foaming agents, Ceramics International, 35, 229–235. de Sousa E. Rambo C.R. Hotza D. Novaes de Oliveira A.P. Fey T. and Greil P. (2008) Microstructure and properties of LZSA glass-ceramic foams, Materials Science and Engineering A, 476, 89–97. Hasheminia S. Nemati A. Eftekhari Yekta B. and Alizadeh P. (2012) Preparation and characterisation of diopside-based glass–ceramic foams, Ceramic interanational, 38, 20052010. Scheffler M. and Colombo P. (2005) Cellular Ceramics: Structure, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications, wiley-vch verlag gmbh&co. , Weinheim. Bernardo E. Cedro R. Florean M. and Hreglich S. (2007) Reutilization and stabilization of wastes by the production of glass foams, Ceramics International, 33, 963–968. Liao Y.C. and Huang C. Y. (2012) Glass foam from the mixture of reservoir sediment and Na2CO3, Ceramics International, 38, 4415–4420. Sustainable Urbanization And Ecocities Çiçek Eda, Demirkiran Özlem, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkiye E-mails: edacicek@sdu.edu.tr,ozlemdemirkiran@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Nowadays, fears about leaving a liveable world to next generations are increased. While sources are decreasing rapidly, demands are increasing more swiftly. In order not to restrict next generations‘ right to live, some measures must be taken. At this point, sustainable urbanization concept came forward. Therefore the governments brought ecocities to agenda. In this study, the phenomena of urbanization, sustainability, sustainable urbanization are examined briefly. Problems caused by urbanization are detected. And the ecocity approach that implemented for the realization of sustainable urbanization is discussed. Lastly, sample ecocities from different places are dealt with. 292 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1258 Title A name given to the resource Glass Foams Containing Fly Ash And Sheet Glass By Adding Calcite As Foaming Agent Author Author Ediz , Ercenk Abstract A summary of the resource. Glass foam is a porous isolation material used for heat isolation. In this study, the possibilities of glass foam production using calcite as a foaming agent was investigated. The mixture was prepared 10% wt. of waste window glass and 90% wt. Seyitömer thermal power plant fly ash. 2.5 to 10% wt. calcite was added to mixture and pressed under 75 MPa pressure by uniaxial cold pressing to obtain cylindrical specimens. Pressed samples sintered at 750-950 °C temperature range for 1 hour according to differential thermal analysis (DTA) results. The effect of calcite addition and sintering temperature on the porosity, density, compressive strength, microstructure and crystalline phases were investigated. It was determined that the properties of glass foams was changing depend on calcite addition as foaming agent and the sintering temperature. The results showed that calcite provide foaming in specific proportions for glass foam production. Keywords: Calcite, fly ash, glass powder, glass foam Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/78b61ae77abdda48b13a5564b99d1896.pdf 3e6bf77347fd2d912952e29c172a68ac PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2009. In 2010 government made a strategic plan with several strategic goals in order to move forward. Among the goals they put macroeconomic stabilization, competiveness, employment, sustainable development and EU integration. In order to succeed government has to implement policies developed in this strategic plan efficiently and has to coordinate among these five goals, because the only way to have results is to implement them in the same time. REFERENCES Agency of statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Last Accessed April 29, 2012, http://bhas.ba/?option=com_saopstenje&cbgodina_saopstenja=2012&pregled=1&lang=ba A. Hodžić (2008). Geo-economic and geopolitical importance of the Balkan region in the expansion of European Union. Center for Security studies. Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Council of Ministers, Directorate for Economic Planning (2010). Development strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency, Last accessed on April https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html 28, 2012, N.L. Dobretsov, A.V. Kanygin, and A.E. Kontorovich, Paper on Economics and Environment as Factors of Sustainable Development of Siberian Mineral Resources Quotations Page, Last Accessed on April 22, 2012, http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/ 26032.html Tutor2u, Last Accessed on April 10, 2012, http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2macro-causes-of-inflation.html Wikipedia, Last Accessed April 29, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations The Applicability of Green Economy Policies: Governance Approach and Sustainable Development Fatma Neval Genç, Gülizar Seda Çorak, Murat Yılmaz Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 09900, Nazilli, Aydın, Turkey. E-mails: fatmanevalgenc@gmail.com, seda.corak@adu.edu.tr, muratyilmaz@adu.edu.tr Phone: +90 256 347 70 11 Abstract This report tries to focus on how the “governance” approach can enable “green economy” that develops along with change in the field of energy. As is known, governance approach emerged as a product of public administration paradigm starting to change at 1970s, and is 330 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo specially emphasized by supranational organizations like The United Nations, The European Commission and The World Bank. This is because; the increasing energy demand leads the world to a new energy economy and the search for renewable energy sources. While financial policies are crucial for sustainable development, applicability and consistency of these policies can be succeeded by networks and tight relationships between the actors that governance has developed. Keywords:Green Economy, Governance, Sustainable Development, Global Warming and Climate Change, Carbon Tax. 1.INTRODUCTION Our world experiencing Global Crisis in 2008 continues to discuss effects of this crisis on one hand while it goes through global climate change on the other hand. We encounter with new serious signs indicating that nature becomes more and more unbalanced every passing day. In addition, it becomes difficult to meet unlimited needs of the world population, which increases day by day, through limited resources. Accordingly, search for new resources is launched. Principally aiming at growing after crisis, the world targets sustainable development by giving weight to renewable ones among existing resources in addition to search for new resources. Today, global climate change is not an agenda topic for only scientists, heads of state and summits but also civil society and economists. This is because; it is possible to recover this problem by adopting “green economy” policies that bring about energy transformation and focus on efficiency, growth and employment in investments. In brief, four main conditions of sustainable development are human, environment, energy and economy. Aiming at creating an active and conscious civil society as a sector, governance approach can introduce a model that is capable of meeting this deficit. This model can be developed through relationships of sectoral and social networks. This is because; global climate change is not a problem that can be overcome by states alone. It is not low-cost, and it does not have boundaries. This study will focus on global climate change, renewable energy resources, energy-economy relationship and “green economy”-related alternative policies developed/expected to be developed by supranational organizations and governments (states) generally and by Turkey specially within the framework of “sustainable development” concept emphasized by governance approach. The present study will also deal with approaches and activities of “civil society”, which is expected to take an active role in formation of these policies and is one of main components of governance. The first chapter focuses on global climate change and the process concerning recognition of the problem. The second chapter deals with birth of the concept of governance and its importance in sustainable development. The third chapter chronologically examines global and local steps taken in the matter of climate change (Rio UN Conference on Environment, IPCC, KYOTO, HABITAT etc.) and touches upon paradigm changes experienced in the administrative mentality and appearance of governance in these steps. The fourth and last chapter focuses on policies and financial instruments developed by developed and developing 331 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo countries in the field of green economy, theoretically examines carbon Tax in particular, and discusses possible effects of Turkey’s accession to Kyoto Protocol. 1.1. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: RECOGNITION OF THE PROBLEM The change our world has gone through since its existence has determined living space, class and cycle of living beings at the present time. The “moment” we are in also bears witness to this change and affects natural change of the world. Considering that earth assumedly started to be formed approximately 5.5 billion years ago and the first living being assumedly appeared 3.5 million years ago, and the first human being started to live on the earth just nearly 100 thousand years ago, it is possible to say that there is a difference of 5.4 billion years between formation of earth and start date of human being to live on the earth. Apart from problematique of evolution and physical development of human beings, which is included in the field of study of anthropologists, looking at universal content historical data we have, we can say that human being got acquainted and started to interact with earth not a very long time ago from the point of earth. This interaction, which covers the entire history of human being, is a process still continuing. It is accepted that human beings have deformed earth and atmosphere within this process as a result of invention of machinery, industrialization and rapidly increasing growth of technology. The surmise that natural cycle of the world was deformed due to human factor was reached upon examination of external effects (seasons, weather events etc.) and movements (rotation of the world, crustal movements etc.) experienced by human beings that come from “nature”. It was stated for the first time in declaration of 1972 UN Stockholm Conference that everyone had a right to have good living conditions in a quality environment. This right was included in “third-generation rights”. The 56th article of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey says, “Everyone has the right to live in a healthy, balanced environment.” and emphasizes that it is the duty of the state and citizens to improve the natural environment, to protect environment health and to prevent environmental pollution. Limitedness of bearing capacity of the environment was also suggested for the first time at Stockholm Conference. In this context, a basis of the sense of sustainable development was formed. Environmental problems had been categorized as air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution until the last twenty years. However, the earth started to get heated as a result of increase in technology use, non-controllable growth in industrialization, and emission of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and ozone gases having heat retention features), therefore global warming and climate change problem came to be more important than all other environmental problems. This is because; no other problem than global climate change and global warming has directly threatened humanity to this degree. Global warming is a deepened problem, which is also associated with other environmental pollutions. Global warming was a topic discussed only in a couple of academia of developed countries in the 1980s. The importance of the problem was recognized at a lated speed. Upon recognition of the problem, The World Climate Conference was held in 1979, and a scientific infrastructure was prepared through establishment of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 (Karakaya, 2008:11). 332 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Global warming and environmental problems have no boundaries. It is not possible to expect that a pollution experienced in Asia will not affect other lands and oceans of the world. From this point of view, global climate change is a common problem of all individuals, all states and all organizations, and can be overcome only through cooperation and common will. One should not regard policies developed in regard to global climate change as of special power groups. Global order is not static, but dynamic. In fact, governance approach is an important paradigm to avoid this idea. Decisions should be made through participation of different actors from each level. They should be implemented through efforts, interaction and supervision of these actors. A large number of international studies, meetings and agreements have been carried out up until today regarding environmental problems and global climate change, which are considered common problem of the entire humanity. However, active “stakeholder” participation, openness, transparency, accountability, measurability, effective communication channels and a fair environment are needed in decision making, implementation and evaluation processes for adoption, applicability and consistency of generated ideas, prepared plans or alternative policies. Considering that environmental problems are regarded as a common problem of the entire humanity, governance approach is closely related to ensuring green economy and sustainable development with participation paradigm and principles it has developed. It would be appropriate to touch upon dynamics and history of governance approach prior to proceeding to relationship of governance with sustainable development and green economy and mentioning financial policies implemented for green economy. 2. PARADIGM CHANGE EXPERIENCED IN ADMINISTRATIVE MENTALITY: GOVERNANCE General propositions made concerning classical administrative mentality and traditional public administration organization (Weber Bureaucracy) started to remain incapable as expectations and demands from states increased because different administrative mentalities were adopted by different countries as a result of new world order after the World War II and need-based consumption approach of citizens changed. Firstly, in the 1960s, different bureaucratic models were compared through Comparative Public Administration. At the end of this comparison, non-functionality of principles of classical public administration approach (rules set in detail, strict hierarchy, specialization, unity of command, over-monitoring) was revealed. New Public Administration and New Public Management approaches, which shifted public administration to business administration axis and aimed at eliminating democracy and representation crisis having gone on in public administration in a certain way, survived until the 1990s. It can be thought that these approaches emerged as alternative models to criticisms addressing to interventionist structure of state. However, both mechanisms of state and citizens should internalize behavioral changes required by democratization within the process where democratic systems and constitutionalism are questioned, and they should go through different experiences in order to advance their political cultures and levels of consciousness in this direction. Efforts that were launched by democratic systems on the way to achieving best as of the 1980s in particular focused on new models and concepts allowing for direct participation of people in government and aiming at 333 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo removing jacobinism and fanaticalness. Public administration order experiencing a crisis of concept and identity (Kalfa, 2011:404) adopted an utterly different identification with the concept of “governance”. Although the concept of governance had appeared in some academic studies in the USA beforehand, it took the first serious stage in the Report named, “Sub Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth; A Long Term Perspective Study” published by The World Bank in 1989 as “good governance”. Then, it was generalized by United Nations, OECG and IMF in the following years (Uysal et al., 2011: 15). The concept of “governance” taking shape with the slogan, “State that does not row, but steers” (Koçak, 2010:470) enabled necessary meanings to be attributed to it in a field having certain meaning deficits. Governance approach, which includes active and effective urban administrations within the framework of the participation-localization-demilitarization triangle instead of clumsiness of traditional public administration mentality in provisions of services and fulfillment of demands, covers more flexible and horizontal organization instead of complicated traditional public organization allowing participating at minimum level and includes active civil society as a sector, has adopted the following principles as general administration principles: transparency, openness, participation, accountability, flexibility, effectiveness and efficiency in use of public resources. Governance approach develops partnership and cooperation model in administration. According to Public Administration dictionary of TODAIE, governance is a structure or order formed by results obtained through joint efforts of all relevant actors in a social political system (Bozkurt and Ergun, 2008:274). Versatility and participation of governance as a model refers to participation and coming together of all actors/parties in a public administration system in terms of order (Gündoğan, 2010:16-17). Development of methods aimed at solution of problems by the society itself is of great importance for legitimacy of decisions and achievement in solution of problems. In governance, society consists of relationships between networks of public, private and voluntary organizations. Thanks to relationships and partnerships between networks, active participation of different segments of the society is ensured. These partnerships bring about a special link. Networks with different characteristics (civil–military bureaucracy, private sector, non-governmental organizations) play an active role in the process of constituting public policies within interaction and communication with one another (Üstüner, 2003:4950). What is important is to enable for networks with different structures and different characteristics to meet on a common ground in policies to be constituted and decisions to be implemented. Civil society, which is now regarded as a sector, has started to lead the state. In this sense, governance puts an emphasis on active citizen and civil society participation at each level (local-national-international), but on a local scale in particular. Governance should be adopted as a model and system in order for green economy policies, which are developed to ensure sustainable development, to be set and implemented. It is an inevitable requirement to determine financial-economic solution models developed or to be developed concerning global warming and climate change, which are common problem of today and future, through participation and support of multi-stakeholder partnerships and active civil society. 3. SUSTANABLE DEVELOPMENT-GOVERNANCE RELATIONSHIP Having summarized multi-level and participatory structure of governance, it is necessary to emphasize the meaning carried by governance in terms of sustainable development. 334 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sustainable development is a concept representing the relationship, more precisely the compromise between economic development and environment (Sönmezoğlu, 1989:547). In this context, we think that it would be more useful to touch upon history of sustainable development and its link with governance without proceeding to economic dimension of the issue. 3.1. Governance, Rio UN Conference on Environment and Agenda 21 Recognition of problems related to environment and natural cycle of the world took place in the 1960s when the Cold War made its presence felt. The fact that habitat, living space of human beings, and future of humanity were in danger was understood during discussion of dimensions of nuclear armament and disaster scenarios likely to emerge during nuclear war. Following these discussions, a rapid increase occurred in studies on environmental problems and future of humanity. Club of Rome, which regarded itself as “world citizen” and expressed its anxieties about future of humanity, published the report named “The Limits to Growth” in 1972, which made its mark on the last forty years (Bardi, 2011: ix). This report emphasized that facilities of environment for human beings to live in the next generations were decreasing more and more. The fact that this report was followed by UN Conference on the Human Environment, foundation of the UN Environment Programme, acceptance of Declaration of the Human Environment and establishment of World Commission on Environment and Development in 1983 revealed that environmental problems could not be ignored by governments or supranational organizations, and that sustainable development approach should absolutely be adopted when constituting both economic and political policies. A frightening picture was drawn in Bruntland Report (Our Common Future) run by UN in 1987 concerning future habitable spaces and resources in the world, and a basic definition was made for sustainable development in parallel with that. The report defines sustainable development as, “sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Çetin, 2006:2). According to this report, the only way out of humanity against environmental problems, which got harder and harder every passing day, was to establish a bridge between environmental development and economic growth and to make development sustainable (Yıkmaz, 2011:17). Certain recommendations and warnings were given to governments concerning revision of growth, risks associated with technology use, controlling population increase, adoption of economic policies in accordance with environmental problems and sustainable development. Evaluations made in the period until 1992 demonstrated that consciousness about the matter and precautions taken for preventing environmental problems fell short of the expectations. Decisions having the characteristics of a recommendation and investigations performed in the form of an assessment did not have any deterrent force. 1992 Rio UN Conference on Environment (Rio Summit/1992 Earth Summit) became an important step for adoption of sustainable development with action strategies and outputs it developed. Sustainable development constituted main agenda of 1992 Rio UN meeting. At the end of Rio Summit, Rio Declaration was published to indicate rights and obligations of countries in the matter of 335 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo global climate change and development and to determine principles of sustainable development. Agenda 21 action plan, which is referred to as an expression of a global consensus and political commitment at the highest level aiming at actualizing “sustainable development” which targets establishment of a balance between development and environment (Aydın Kent Konseyi [Aydın City Council], 2011), was drawn up as an annex to the declaration.Prepared with the aim of reducing destruction on nature and abandoning all kinds of technologies harming the environment, Agenda 21 set the agenda of the 21st century as “sustainability of humanity”. Agenda 21 highlighted inevitability of global partnership for achieving the said sustainability. In addition, Agenda 21 is different from other studies in that it argues that non-state actors should also share the responsibility for preventing environmental problems and ensuring sustainable development (Göktürk, 2008:3). Agenda 21 emphasized the importance of participation and cooperation of local governments in process for planned activities to be carried out and goals to be achieved. In parallel with that, it was decided to set Local Agendas 21 to determine problems on site, to monitor activities, to ensure local participation and to do principal local plans (The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992: the article 28). In this scope, establishment of Local Agenda 21 mechanisms became another output of the conference whose main theme was sustainable development. Within the framework of this idea, local Agenda 21 aims at preparation and implementation of a long-term strategic plan concerning achieving goals of Agenda 21 and bringing solutions to local sustainable development problems, and requires actualization of governance based on participatory and multi-actor local partnerships within the scope of this target (Göktürk, 2008: 2). It would not be wrong to say that Local Agenda 21 mediates localization and legitimation of global decisions. Local Agenda 21 introduced governance model, which was based on partnership and participation, instead of urban administration based on centralization and hierarchy. The first organization in which the concept of governance became a subject to international strategies is meaningful in terms of our topic. As mentioned above, it was planned in the third chapter of 1992 Rio UN Conference on Environment to constitute units close to people in order to ensure participation and cooperation via governance approach through becoming a field and instrument of collective administration with common participation of all actors in the system by setting aside a one-way administrative mentality. In this context, it was aimed at establishing a governance network based on participation by means of Local Agenda 21 mechanisms. From 1992 UN Rio Summit to the present, many studies and meetings have been conducted on sustainable development at both national and international scales. Among these efforts, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1994), Istanbul HABITAT II Summit (1996), KYOTO protocol (1997), UN Millennium Summit (2000) Johannesburg Summit (2002) and projects and compressive studies carried out for Rio+20 Summit (2012) can be regarded as held within the body of United Nations. As a founding member of the United Nations, Turkey did not remain indifferent to efforts performed. Turkey developed policies on the basis of sustainable development and governance, and consistently emphasized sustainability and a participatory administration model in its development plans. As a matter of fact, the seventh chapter of the 9th Development Plan includes the article, “Fulfillment of 336 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo international obligations will be realized in the framework of the principle of sustainable development and the principle of common but differentiated responsibility” (SPO, 2006). In 2010, SPO prepared the comprehensive Turkey 2010 Millennium Development Goals Report, and set the target of integrating sustainable development principles with country policies and programmes and reversing annihilation of environmental resources (SPO, 2010). In the 2012 programme of the 9th Development Plan, policy priorities and measurements are mentioned following the article, “Main goal is to reach adequate environmental protection level and to make cities clean and safe places with high life quality through protection of human health, natural resources and aesthetic values in accordance with sustainable development principles” (SPO, 2011). Specialized Commission Report on Good Public Governance discussed the actions to be taken in order to ensure participation at each level and to activate civil society. National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan (2007) and finally National Experience on Carbon Markets and Future Outlook (2011) reports indicate that Turkey is included in, willing for and interested in environmental sustainability process. Since main purpose of our study is to establish the link between governance, sustainable development and green economy within a theoretical framework and under particular limitations, it is not possible for us to present information pertaining to all studies and activities conducted from Rio up to the present. 3.2. Governance in Constitution of Sustainable Development Policies Measurable targets can be set and these targets can be accomplished if policies and practices concerning environmental problems are developed based on cooperation of various stakeholders/partners (central government, local governments, civil society and private sector), that is, governance. It is important to focus on governance approach concerning how to ensure sustainable development. In this scope, reports such as “governance for sustainable development” (UNED, 2001) and “global environmental governance” (Halle and Najam, 2011) were prepared, and policies suggested in these reports were implemented. It was emphasized in the Governance for Sustainable Development report that governments, supra-national organizations and civil society had a general deficiency in implementation of sustainable development following the 1992 Rio Summit, that the deficiency stemmed from nonexistence of sufficiently harmonious actions of the said networks, and that common policies for future should be generated and implemented within the framework of governance. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) holds the idea that administration of networks and partnerships is not same as that of classical organizational management. While classical administrative mentality makes mention of use of personnel and financial resources, business plans and work evaluation, governance approach focuses on shaping relationships between actors and stakeholders and accountability of structures acting in cooperation and actions of these structures. This is because; it is difficult to ensure transparency and accountability of multi-stakeholder partnerships within classical organizational management approach. Accountability is a concept answering the question, 337 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo “Why is a work performed; who is responsible for this work; in which aspect is this person responsible for work?” Accountability becomes bidirectional when processes and plans are distributed to exercise one’s authority and obligations are expressly indicated and responsibility is shared. While a vertical accountability-based partnership is formed in the top management mechanism, there is a horizontal accountability between stakeholders/partners. A fair process which includes transparency of information and decision making processes as well as negotiation and participation methods is required for policies constituted and decisions made by administration mechanisms, courts and all kinds of decision making bodies to acquire public confidence and support. According to International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), key aspects of governance that should be discussed in terms of sustainability include (IISD,2011); Vision, mission, goals and objectives – what is the network or partnership all about? “Network principles" or "partnership principles" – operating values that guide collaboration. Decision-making process - what types of decisions does the membership have the authority to make, or to delegate their representatives to make? Accounting / reporting – how will the network or partnership report to its stakeholders and broader communities/audiences on its work and its financing? Other issues that may be of concern - e.g., project proposals and results of projects; role of the secretariat; roles of special committees; procedures for withdrawing from the collaboration; dispute-resolution mechanisms; and limitations on advocacy. Upon looking at the above-mentioned key aspects, it is observed that governance steers sustainable development discussions in the matter of determination of international strategies at a local and global scale. Governance approach also focuses on civil society-government partnership, a public organization mechanism’s hosting a partnership for sustainable development, and possibility/impossibility of ensuring a cooperation between organizations completely independent from governments (IISD, 2008: 10-21). International organizations established for sustainable development have generally focused on the concept of multi-stakeholder governance. In a public system, authority and power generally come from state. However, this power is legitimized only when it is shared. During environmental governance discussions, legitimacy basis of green economy policies is sought in common decisionmaking processes. Relevant international organizations and supra-national organizations, the United Nations in particular, accept that consistency can be achieved in implementation of these decisions only through a multi-actor participation which is parallel with governance approach. It is possible to see this situation in reports, studies and plans published. Green economy policies, which are expected to make sustainable development possible, undoubtedly include technical issues and require establishment of initiatives/networks with high technical capacity. At this point, recommendations and opinions related to targets are expected from groups of specialists in order to set measurable targets and develop technical strategies. 1992 Rio Declaration (UNCED 1992) demonstrated that consciousness of and responsibility for environmental and social issues were inevitable, and emphasized that this 338 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo responsibility had to be distributed among all stakeholders. Participation of people and all actors in the system (a whole of pieces interrelated with one another) is of great importance for regulations made for solution of the problems to bring about public benefits. It is undoubtedly a basic truth that each one of stakeholders has different characteristics, and they are not actors with the same importance level. Pre-determination of goals and expectations helps us concerning which organizations should make what kinds of attempts, and what kind of roles the stakeholders will take within initiative. Pre-determination of goals and expectations is a necessary stage in terms of attribution of different characteristics to each stakeholder and differentiation of roles of stakeholders. Multi-stakeholder process is an effective model for development and implementation of environmental and social responsibilities, and leads actions in accordance with sustainable development approach. In conclusion, governance of stakeholders is an approach that should be primarily adopted for ensuring conformity between new institutional structures formed to overcome environmental problems, which is a public issue. IISD developed various strategies to ensure sustainable development in particular. Sustainable development strategies are not a simple documentation. These plans are an adaptable and consistent process of strategic and coordinated activities (Figure 1). The model can be expressed as follows (IISD, 2011b);  It is necessary to develop a vision for an effective and progressive process based on mutual consensus, to continue to set new goals and to determine returns of achieving these goals, and to use this achievement as a guide for the next step of learning process.  A particular importance should be attached to establishment of coordinated mechanisms and continuous monitoring of operation of such mechanisms.  Model of the governance, which creates a difference, has a special place in the sense that it adopts harmonious strategic processes rather than big planning schemes, competition rather than authoritativeness, a strong relationship between networks and hierarchical structure rather than strict hierarchy, monitoring, learning, progressing and feed backing rather than controlling, and learning more rather than being content with what is known. Figure 1:Components of Strategic and Coordinated Activities Aimed at Sustainable Development: National Sustainable Development Strategy and Process 339 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Reference: (International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2011) According to this model, leadership, planning, implementation and monitoring processes are followed on the basis of participation and coordination. Leader should determine strategic approach, show his/her commitment to and concentration in the issue, internalize sustainable development principles aimed at intergenerational and mutual solidarity, and have other stakeholders adopt the same. Plans should build on a legal and organizational basis and be subjected to a political evaluation. In the implementation process, a particular attention should be paid to accountability, financing and intervention of policy initiatives in the process. In the monitoring process which is the last component; evaluations should be made in regard to strategies, sustainable development approach should have been understood, and learning and adaptation process should have been gone through. Other examples of efforts of UN and its affiliated organizations on governancesustainable development relationship are “National Strategies for Sustainable Development” (NSSD) research project and “Governance Structures for National Sustainable Development Strategies” (GSNSDS) studies. NSSD is an international common research project concerning strategies undertaken and stakeholders efforts conducted for sustainable development on a national scale in various countries. GSNSDS is an effort in which a study group constituted by OECD within the body of International Institute for Sustainable Development examines good governance examples and their effectiveness regarding sustainable development strategies in approximately 20 countries. 4. ECONOMIC and FINANCIAL POLICIES DEVELOPED IN THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF GREEN ECONOMY Although recognition of Global Warming and Climate Change problem, attraction of attentions to this issue, and rise of level of consciousness have made up the first step, it is a fact that deterrence can be achieved only through economy. Therefore, the most effective way of protecting the environment is adopting methods such as making polluters to compensate for harms of their activities harmful to environment, introducing tax incentives for activities not damaging the environment, legally prohibiting practices harming the environment or imposing additional tax burden on these kinds of practices (Bilgin and Orkunoğlu, 2010: 80). In this way, production and consumption channels will turn to encouraged eco-friendly mode of production or consumption of substitute goods instead of carrying out an activity within the scope of environment tax in order to avoid additional tax burden. Considering from the point of public revenues, the fact that administrative costs of environment tax practices are lower than other practices38 and they have an impact reducing tax burden on other sources of taxation thanks to income-generating feature will create a positive impact (Bilgin and Orkunoğlu, 2010: 80). 38 Financial instruments reduce administrative expenses as the cost for decreasing sourcing through command-control mechanism is several fold more than the cost for decreasing it by implementing environment tax (FULLERTON et al., 2008:3). 340 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.1. Financial Instruments Used in Environmental Policies Environmental policies phase of sustainable development includes guiding decisions and acts of economic actors in favor of environment by increasing costs of choices bringing a high level of damage to environment and encouraging the choice with a high social benefit. Among many components of environmental policies, the most effective ones are policies built on the market basis in that they are cost-effective and enable new production techniques to be created and expanded through supporting eco-friendly technologies. Financial instruments related to environment can be examined under two groups. However, scope of the present study only theoretically deals with purpose and effects of environment taxes and, focuses on Carbon Tax collected over carbon-content fuels, which are the most important cause of global warming and climate change. 4.1.1. Environment Taxes: The fact that right of possession and disposition of global collective goods (free goods) belongs to entire world and environmental resources do not have any price set under market conditions causes these resources to be used abusively. In addition, environmental effects lead to externalities that mean social benefit or cost. While beneficial externalities increase social welfare, the cost aspect of it lays a burden on the society. Accordingly, the most important instrument in environmental policies is to enable environmental externalities spreading as social cost to be compensated by those causing this externality by imposing an additional tax burden, that is, to “internalize externalities” as stated in the literature. In the European Union and OECD countries, taxes are implemented within the framework of environmental policy through adapting existing taxes to environment39 and loading an additional tax burden on polluters for their activities causing negative externalities in the environment. Accordingly, the expression of environment tax includes both taxes and duties and charges (Çelikkaya, 2011:99). Environment taxes have double dividends in the sense that they internalize negative externalities, and reduce tax burden on labor and capital thanks to revenue earned from this tax (Fullerton et al., 2008: 3; Monrgenstern, 1995: 6). 4.1.1.1. Purposes of Environment Taxes 39 That tax collected over lead gasoline, which is more harmful to environment due to lead content, is higher than the tax collected over unleaded gasoline, which is less harmful to environment, can be given as an example for this practice which is called tax discrimination. 341 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.1.1.1.1. To Internalize Negative Externalities:Economic units that carry out activities harmful to environment create a cost that does not reflect on market price of these harmful goods, which is social cost. This is a market failure (Çelikkaya, 2011: 99). An additional tax should be imposed on those causing social cost as a price to eliminate this failure. This is because, environmental resources are public goods, and if an additional tax is collected over use of these resources, market price of the resource subject to tax will increase, and therefore a decrease will be achieved in consumption, which is the goal desired to be accomplished. In addition to fall in environmentally hazardous consumption, new, cleaner and eco-friendly production technologies will be adopted from the side of production. 4.1.1.1.2. To Reduce Tax Burden on Labor: It is aimed for special tax on environmentally hazardous activities to reduce burden of taxes such as income tax, special security premiums and corporate tax by increasing tax burden on these activities, that is, to enable for tax burden to be distributed more fairly (Çelikkaya, 2011:99). Chart 1: Reducing Effect of Environment Tax Revenue on Tax Burden on Labor Price SMC P’ --------------------------------------------------------- PMC+Environment Tax P PMC Demand 342 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Q QAmount of Consumption of Goods Polluting the Environment Reference : (Fullerton et al., 2008:11) “Let’s assume that we will examine the market of an environmentally hazardous goods under a circumstance where there is no state control concerning environmental pollution. Demand curve indicates marginal utility provided by this goods for consumer at the end of consumption. In this market, marginal utility (demand curve) and private marginal cost (PMC) intersect at P price and Q amount levels. However, negative externality caused by consumption of environmentally hazardous goods creates a cost on the rest of the society. Accordingly, Social Marginal Cost (SMC) is higher than Private Marginal Cost (PMC). In this market,  ratio of tax to be applied according to who pollutes pays for it approach (Piqovian approach) will reduce the difference between social marginal cost and private marginal cost (by increasing PMC), accordingly price of this goods will rise from P level to P’ level. Rise in price will lead consumers to consume less by guiding them to substitutes of the said goods” (Fullerton et al., 2008: 11). Increased revenue obtained by state through environment tax will reduce the tax collected over incomes. In this way, the difference between gross revenue and net revenue of employees will decrease, accordingly labor supply will increase. As a result, tax burden on labor will be decreased (Fullerton et al., 2008: 11). 4.1.1.1.3. To Generate Revenue:Sustainable development and green economy mean protecting the nature for today's generation as well as next generations (Regional Environmental Center REC Turkey, 2006: 9). Many financial policies adopted for this purpose fulfill their financial functions as other taxes do in the sense that they generate revenue for state. 343 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Chart 2: Environment Taxes in EU (Billion Euro, GDP %) Energy Transportation Environmental Percentage of Taxes in GDP Pollution and Natural Resources Total Reference: (Stamatova and Steurer, 2011: 1) 4.1.1.2. Economic Effects of Environment Taxes 4.1.1.2.1. Effect of Environment Taxes on Distribution of Income: Taxes levied on investments are already addressing to rich people who have a chance to replace their investments with eco-friendly investments supported by state. Since low-income families allocate higher amount of money to fuel in comparison to high-income families (Akkaya, 2000:3) and use fossil fuels like coal, they may be negatively affected by carbon tax. However, this situation is prevented through exceptions granted up to certain energy consumption levels40(Akkaya, 2000: 3). On the other hand, carbon tax is seen to have neutral effect on distribution of income (Akkaya, 2000: 3) considering other indirect effects such as restriction of environmentally 40 In The Netherlands, no tax is collected for consumption of 800 cubic meters natural gas and consumption of 800 kwh electricity. It is seen that tax imposed for decreasing energy consumption keeps its effectiveness as this exception amount is not set as very high (Akkaya, 2004:4). 344 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo hazardous consumption, use of revenues for encouraging investments, fall of tax burden on labor and provision of compensatory payments (Özdemir, 2009: 22–23). 4.1.1.2.2. Effect of Environment Taxes on Competition: In countries implementing green tax reform, some sectors recommend ways such as voluntary participation instead of environment taxes because of possibility of these taxes to affect international competition negatively. There will as many winners as losers in sectoral or international competition at the end of environment tax practices. In fact, an effective taxation in fight with pollution will also decrease costs in the long term. In addition, the more countries adopt implementation of environment taxes, the less international competition is affected. After all, it is tried to prevent loss of competitiveness through implementing exemption, exception and tax return mechanisms in many sectors, and revenue of environments taxes collected is returned to these sectors as incentives. 4.2. Carbon Tax Among environmental problems, the most hazardous one is global warming and climate change. The basic reason for that is greenhouse gases emitted during burning of fossil fuels whose usage has gradually increased since the Industrial Revolution (Koç and Garip, 2008:151). Carbon dioxide gas has the greatest share in greenhouse gases concerning which policies are directed by the Kyoto Protocol. Karbon Tax, which is a specific tax collected over carbon emission amount, is the most important phase of fight with climate change in terms of financial instruments. When there is an activity of an economic actor causing a negative externality in the environment, this externality turns into social cost if it is not included in the market price. Accordingly, policy instruments may be deterrent only if they directly increase costs of relevant activities through affecting prices. Therefore, Carbon Tax collected over carboncontent fossil fuels based on the principle, ‘who pollutes pays for it’ seems to be the most effective instrument. Although environment is a global property and the problem should be solved by taking global-scale measurements, it is not possible to implement a global taxation. However, Carbon Tax is undoubtedly the most important tax as it appears in many international agreements and introduces inter-country partnerships in terms of implementations. Even though cost of environmental problems and fights with these problems is high, it is seen that marginal cost of protection by carbon tax is less than marginal benefit to be obtained through protection of the environment (Hotunluoğlu and Tekeli, 2007: 112). Carbon taxation is a practice aimed at reducing the difference between private costs occurring in the situation where no tax is imposed and social cost imposed by negative externalities, which occur at the end of activities causing carbon emission, on society by adding carbon tax 345 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo burden to cost functions of those performing such activities (Hotunluoğlu and Tekeli, 2007:111). Reduction of carbon emission was suggested in 1988 Toronto Conference, and a reduction target of 20% was set for the first ten years (Repetto, 1992: 54). It was decided to determine emission strategies for a common purpose in UN Convention on Climate Change, which was signed in 1992 with participation of more than 150 counties (Repetto, 1992: 54). In the first ring of production chain; taxation is implemented starting from fossil fuel sources such as mines and wells, which affects all stages of fossil fuel use as it reflects on producers and companies processing these sources or using them as inputs and consumers such as households purchasing carbon-content goods and services. Consumers will respond to rise of energy prices by carbon tax by using less fossil fuel, and producers will react to it by turning to less carbon-content inputs (Repetto, 1992:54). However, effectiveness of carbon tax depends on price flexibility of fuel41 and return of carbon tax revenues to clean investment and production techniques (Çelikkaya, 2011:104–105). In regard to development process of carbon tax in practice, we can say that it started to be discussed for the first time in England in the 1970s. However, carbon taxation was firstly implemented by Finland in 1990, and Norway and Sweden in 1991. Then, the Netherlands and Denmark put it into effect. These countries were the first EU member countries adopting carbon tax (Hotunluoğlu and Tekeli, 2007:115; Çelikkaya, 2011:104–105)). 4.2.1. Effectiveness of Carbon Taxation in Practice Carbon tax transfers right of possession from those polluting the environment to state. Therefore, individuals have to pay tax to state in order to get back their right to pollution. In this context, carbon tax, which is effective as an economic instrument, intervenes in the market, and accomplishes environmental purpose through equalization of marginal social benefit and marginal social cost. In addition, financial purpose is accomplished by generating public revenue (Hotunluoğlu and Tekeli, 2007). While some people argue that since tax increases costs, it will create a disadvantage for domestic producers especially in energy-intensive sectors, opponents state that carbon tax will encourage new technological developments and bring about positive results in terms of competition in the long term (WRI, 2008: 1–2) Some econometric analyses demonstrated that environment taxes collected in countries implementing carbon taxation did not have any significant effect on carbon dioxide emission. This situation can be attributed to three reasons (Hotunluoğlu and Tekeli, 2007:121-122): 41 Environment-related taxes are mostly implemented in the sectors of energy and transportation. According to estimations, flexibility is high in the energy sector in the long term. Therefore, environment taxes have a very important effect on reduction of energy demand in the long term. Studies on gasoline demonstrate that price elasticity is quite high (Kulu, 2001:3). 346 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Environment taxes do not cover the entire carbon dioxide emission, and requirement for tax to cover the entire emission mentioned in the carbon theory tax cannot be achieved. Energy-intense sectors using significant amount of fossil fuels have an influence on government for giving exceptions and exemptions as they become disadvantageous as a result of rise in costs by tax (WRI, 2008:1–2), they fail to proceed to clean production techniques in the short term, and accordingly they face the danger of falling behind in international competition. This tax cannot completely accomplish its environmental and financial purpose due to exemptions granted in this manner. Although the primary purpose of this tax is to restrict environmentally hazardous activities and carbon emission in theory, financial resource-related purpose is attached more importance because of large amount of tax revenues (Yıldız, 2006: 104). In addition, it is seen that environment taxes, which must directly regard the environmental goal and are “primarily” categorized as environmental taxes, are shaped as taxes collected over goods due to ease of implementation instead of adoption as a pollution tax (Akkaya, 2000:3). How these tax revenues are used is of great importance for effectiveness of implementation of carbon tax. Obtained tax revenues can be used for meeting budget deficits in order to ensure macro-economic stabilization independently from the purpose of taxes. This, however, requires tax ratio to be at a level to keep tax revenues at maximum42. Accordingly, if Carbon Tax is not raised to a level sufficient to be deterrent for obtaining large amounts of tax revenues, it will not be possible to reduce harmful gas emission to the level targeted within the framework of sustainable development (Tekin and Vural, 2004:325). Ratios in goods and services on which all types of environment taxes will be implemented must be correctly set in order to accomplish the purpose effectively. Considering Carbon Tax, which is collected in direct proportion to carbon content, tax to be imposed on coal must be higher in comparison to natural gas as it is a more polluting fossil fuel due to carbon content it contains (Akkaya, 2000:3) 4.3. Kyoto Protocol and Turkey The most important legal document concerning reduction of carbon emission is Kyoto Protocol. According to this Protocol, countries appearing on the Annex-1 list of the Protocol (EU member countries being in the first place) have to reduce their emission levels by %5 from levels observed in 1990 during the 2008-2012 period. Turkey became a party to Kyoto Protocol with a Law accepted on 05/02/2009, and made a commitment to reduce carbon emission until 2013. In this way, parties to the Protocol entered into an important obligation regarding prevention of environmental pollution (Regional Environmental Center REC Turkey, 2006: 31). 42 Laffer Curve. 347 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Unlike other agreements, Kyoto introduces three flexibility mechanisms in order to decrease costs in reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2009:24-25): Joint Implementation: This is a project-based mechanism to be implemented by countries appearing in Annex-1. If necessary conditions are fulfilled with this implementation, Annex1 countries can conduct emission reduction project among themselves. That is to say, when an Annex-1 country achieves emission reduction, it wins an “Emission Reduction Unit”, and can sell this amount to another Annex-1 country. The Clean Development Mechanism: This mechanism is implemented between Annex-1 countries and non Annex-1 countries. Annex-1 countries are regarded to realize an actual reduction in emission ratios through technology transfer within the scope of projects they carry out in non Annex-1 countries. Annex-1 countries use Certified Emission Reduction Credits they have won at the end of the project within the scope of their own reduction obligations, and gain right to generate more emissions in the country up to this amount. Emissions Trading: In this market-based implementation, if any country included in Annex-1 list achieves more emission reduction than it commits, it can sell this additional reduction defined in Annex-B to parties included in Annex-1. Table 2: Turkey’s Current Participation in Flexibility Mechanisms Kyoto Instruments Host Country The Clean Development Mechanism NO Guest Country . YES . Joint Implementation NO NO Emissions Trading NO NO Reference:(Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2011:80) 4.4.1. Turkey as a Party in Fight with Global Warming and Climate Change Since Turkey was an OECD member, it was included in both Annex-1 and Annex-2 lists in 1992 when UN Framework Convention on Climate Change was opened for signature. Although Turkey supported purposes and general principles of the convention, it did not become a party to convention until 2004. In the 7th Parties Conference held in Marrakech in 2001, it was decided to “delist Turkey from Annex-2 and to give it a place in Annex-1 in another position different from the Annex-1 countries by recognizing its ‘special circumstances’”. Upon this decision, Turkey became a party to UNFCCC on the 24th of May 2004 and to Kyoto Protocol on the 26th of August 2009 (Possible Effects of Kyoto Protocol on Turkish Energy Sector, 5). 348 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.5. A Critical Perspective on Environment Taxes and Carbon Markets It is possible to criticize effectiveness of environment taxes from many aspects. Possibility of polluting environment as much as affording taxation does not generate a healthy result. In addition, it does not seem to be a fair solution for those who are already low-income and have to use fossil fuels like coals which are supplied much and relatively cheaper. Considering carbon markets, although emissions trading seems to encourage countries for emission reduction by allowing them for generating revenue through selling emission reduction they achieve more than the set amount, it does not seem that it will eliminate fossil energy dependency because it gives other counties to generate emission more than the limitation. “Turkey is also in voluntary carbon market with some clean energy production projects, and aims at increasing its share in this market. This is because a company developing clean production techniques will sell its own emission credit to a company polluting environment and avoiding facing heavy costs of it within the scope of Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism. This will cause purchasing company to continue hazardous production by paying the price for it” (Konak, 2011:154). The fact that developing countries have a chance to purchase pollution they generate instead of adopting industrial production techniques that bring less damage to environment will delay new structural changes in industrialization. Although renewable energy type projects like energy efficiency, solar energy, biogas, geothermal, wind, hydroelectricity, which can make the greatest contribution to sustainable development, are large in number among The Clean Development Mechanism projects, these projects bring about low amount of emission reduction and introduce few credits (Konak, 2011:164). On the other hand, the fact that carbon markets have turned even environmental issues into an instrument of speculation tarnishes plausibility of solution seeking. That The Czech Republic, The Netherlands, Estonia, Sweden and France declared their national emission data in April 2006 early and it was realized that they generously distributed carbon credits led to speculations in the carbon market (Konak, 2011:163 ) and carbon prices fell instantly. Therefore, fall in cost of purchasing carbon credits and decrease in profit of selling emission reduction surplus caused companies not to prefer emission reduction. In short, Kyoto flexibility mechanisms mediate not reduction, but transfer of emission from one place to another. Another problem the world faces within global climate change is food problem. Turkey has productive soils and a high bio-diversity. Complementary component of making a direct investment in protection of nature is making an investment in biological capacity. 349 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Among ways of increasing productiveness of land are returning distorted lands to their previous conditions, improving land tenures, improving land management, product management and crop productivity. To achieve this, factors such as land tenures of landowners, land ownership problems and lack of infrastructures should be solved (WWF, 2010:94). Considering the problem and developed solutions together, it is seen that more concrete and realistic solutions are needed in terms of justice of income and environment. Approaches such as making existing fuel sources less hazardous through techniques like filtering and making investment in heat insulated and energy-efficient buildings and transport systems that consume less energy, that is, making production energy-efficient seem to be beneficial solutions at this stage. Since increase in GDP is not enough alone today, changing consumption habits and raising awareness concerning the fact that resources of our world are limited and gradually decreasing are the primary solutions to be adopted. 5.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS It is environment which has suffered most in the process of fulfilling unlimited needs through limited resources. The fact that this damage which is “human” related returns again to human to damage him caused seriousness of this problem to be recognized and become a topic focused on by not only marginal groups and scientists but also national and international organizations, heads of states, media and economists. Although nature has selfperpetuation feature, technology and industrialization, which advance at a speed impossible to keep pace with, destroy this ability of nature in the ratio of their own speeds. Continuing its rapid economic growth, the world has encountered a big problem which is impossible to be compensated and threatens “today” and “future”: Global warming and climate change. A new concept appeared in the 1970s in which not only physical capital but also human capital and environment increased their importance: Sustainable development. To develop by meeting the needs of the present without limiting the future generations. Economy, public administration, social policies, civil society, media, national and international organizations should progress shoulder to shoulder in order for sustainable development to be really ”sustainable”. Especially multi-national companies shifted their production to developing countries as a result of removal of limitation on international trade. Capital mobility and search for cheap labor also had an impact on this tendency of the companies. These companies concentrating in petrochemical, automotive, electronics, rubber and pharmaceutical sectors that bring the greatest damage to environment started to rapidly pollute these regions which had remained naturally intact until their intervention. Green economy (environmental economics) developed within the framework of sustainable development aims at minimizing the damage to environment at the stages of production, consumption and leaving waste on 350 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo nature, and requires use of efficient and more renewable energy resources. While national and international steps taken for environment increase every passing day, they bring along certain responsibilities. Since implementation of these policies arouses fear of missing foreign capital among developing countries that desire to achieve a rapid growth even though they are subjected to industrial waste, these countries cannot properly implement green economy policies. In this case, it is thought that a choice has to be made between environment and economy. However, environmental policies will already show their benefits in the long term. In this context, the most effective solution is adoption of green economy policies aimed at achieving production, growth and economic development without polluting environment or by bringing minimum damage to environment instead of falling into a dilemma and making a choice between giving up production for environment or growing even if it results in damaging the environment. Environment is a global common property. Sustainability of environment can be achieved only through an international cooperation. Within this framework, the most important international step is Kyoto Protocol, to which Turkey became a party in 2009, and the most prominent financial instrument is carbon tax. Taking into consideration environmental negative externalities, which occur in production and consumption stages, in production and pricing besides this tax and other environmental taxes will be deterrent due to obligation of bearing cost of destroying environment. These taxes should be homogenously imposed on a global scale as much as possible, and rise in prices and costs in the entire world should not negatively affect sectoral and international competition in order for these taxes to fulfill their environmental and financial purposes duly. Governments should regulate exemptions and exceptions without tarnishing the purpose of taxation. Revenues obtained from additional environment taxes should be used for encouraging eco-friendly activities and developing new production techniques. In this sense, progress should be achieved through technology transfers. At this point, social policies including training should be developed, and specialists should be trained and employed in these fields. In Turkey, environment taxes do not absolutely serve their purposes. There are many answers to the question, “Is it possible to implement Carbon Tax in Turkey?” On the other hand, effect of this taxation on citizens should be taken into consideration besides introduction of an emission reduction. The fact that our economy, in which foreign investments have a big share, does not have the luxury to lag behind international competition in this period makes it probable for industrial segment, which comes first to be affected by carbon tax, to put leverage on government for receiving exemptions and exceptions. In addition, it is possible for carbon tax to negatively affect low-income families considering that they allocate greater part of their incomes to fuel consumption in comparison to high-income families and most of these low-income families use fossil fuels like coals that contain high level of CO2. Natural gas, which emits less carbon than coal, appears to be first alternative for households. In this context, local governments have a great responsibility for carrying out necessary infrastructure works. Since enterprises in Turkey cannot take part in emission trading as a purchaser until 2012 within the scope of Kyoto Protocol, they can perform sales only in foreign voluntary carbon markets. Important changes will occur in their tax burdens as they will become both purchaser and seller as of 2012 351 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Actors of sustainable development are environment, society and economy. 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Identifying The Dimensions Of Attitudes Toward Vocational Economy And Commerce Education: A Research In Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegovina A.Tuba Duman, Uğur Ergün Internatıonal Burch Unıversıty, Faculty of Economıcs, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovına E-mails: d.aybalatuba@yahoo.com, uergun@ibu.edu.ba Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the dimensions of attitudes toward vocational economy and commerce education in high schools in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 354 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1343 Title A name given to the resource The Applicability of Green Economy Policies: Governance Approach and Sustainable Development Author Author Emil, Knezović ERGÜN, Uğur Abstract A summary of the resource. This report tries to focus on how the “governance” approach can enable “green economy” that develops along with change in the field of energy. As is known, governance approach emerged as a product of public administration paradigm starting to change at 1970s, and is specially emphasized by supranational organizations like The United Nations, The European Commission and The World Bank. This is because; the increasing energy demand leads the world to a new energy economy and the search for renewable energy sources. While financial policies are crucial for sustainable development, applicability and consistency of these policies can be succeeded by networks and tight relationships between the actors that governance has developed. Keywords:Green Economy, Governance, Sustainable Development, Global Warming and Climate Change, Carbon Tax. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f967d3b24ffc69c1eac2badc691dfef4.pdf 194545d27cd5d8001587e0fed92f5540 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ERGENEKON, S. (1996), Tasarruf Eğilimini Etkileyen Sosyolojik Faktörler, PhD Thesis, Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences , İstanbul İBNİ MACE, (1986), Taharet, Kütübü Sitte, Akçağ Yayınları, İstanbul ŞAMİL İSLAM ANSİKLOPEDİSİ, (1998), “İsraf”, Şamil Yayınları, İstanbul Meaning of The QURAN, http://www.kuranikerim.com/english/m_indexe.htm YAZIR, E.H.( 1992), Hak Dini Kur’an Dini, Zehraveyn Yayınları, İstanbul TİRMİZİ, (1986), Kıyame, Kütübü Sitte, Akçağ Yayınları, İstanbul Macroeconomic determinants of Sustainable Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina Emil Knezović, Uğur Ergun International Burch University, Faculty of Management, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: kinez88@hotmail.com Abstract The origin of term sustainable development comes from forestry and it means the extent of cutting and putting the new trees on the planet. Synonymous for it is sustainability and it refers to ability to endure as much longer as it is possible. This paper shows the degree of correlation between sustainable development in Bosnia and Herzegovina and five macroeconomic determinants: unemployment, export, import, average salaries and CPI as a measure for inflation. The paper provides information about importance of economy in this process and it explains all variables that are used. It is based on the period of five consecutive years (2007-2011). Research for all of five variables was conducted on monthly basis for this period, so in total it provides 58 data (January and February of 2007 are excluded) for each variable. Next thing that this paper shows is the current position of the country in terms of its development. The paper represents a combination of basic research (provides a lot of useful information about the topic) and quantitative research (shows numerical results that are gotten by the analysis of the problem). Unemployment, as one of the biggest and growing problems in the country, is dependent variable and paper tries to prove relationships among this variable and the others. Results in the paper are obtained through descriptive analysis. The paper provides data about causes for high unemployment in our country and it shows how much impact each variables mentioned above have or does it have at all. Finally, paper shows on what country should put more emphasize in order to improve its current position and to be able to compete with more developed countries. 324 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords: sustainable development, unemployment, export, import, salary, inflation, CPI, economy, GDP 1. INTRODUCTION Actions done should not affect people that are inhabited there. Sustainable development represents holding the balance among consumption, savings and regeneration of all our resources. Sustainable development is a process of change and it has to start from each individual and it continues by transmitting it to each area of our lives. One quotation describes, in the best way, change that sustainable development influences. It says: “Insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting different result”.36 As starting point of process, known as sustainable development, it refers to year 1970, when World leading countries made an agreement to allocate 0.7% of their total gross national income in order to help those countries which are struggling. In 1992 at conference in Rio de Janeiro sustainable development became a leading term in field of politics about environment. Sustainable development implies four ways of consolidation (use of resources, investments, technical development and institutional changes). During the process the understanding of sustainable development has been spread to two fields more: economic and social. All three are making so called “magic triangle” of sustainable development. Today, UN represents the leading international organization that deals with it. It was founded in 1945, right after the Second World War in order to harmonize the situation and to make “relationships” among countries. It represents an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace.37 Today, this organization is consisted of 193 countries members. This paper defines basic terms related with sustainable development, explains data used in the research and provides the results on five consecutive years. The aim of the paper is to examine and analyze macroeconomic determinants of sustainable development in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Bosnia and Herzegovina is positioned on the Balkan Peninsula with total area of 51 172 square kilometers and estimated population of 4.5 million people. Country is bordered with Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro. Capital city is Sarajevo. 2.1 History First recorded appearance of name Bosnia has happened in 10th century in a geo-political handbook of Byzantine emperor Constantine VII. Since ninth century Bosnia was an independent country and it was governed by Bans. Independency was kept on until 1463, when last Bosnian Ban was removed and Ottoman Empire conquered this region. In 1878 36 Albert Einstein, (attributed) US (German-born) physicist (1879 - 1955), http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/26032.html 37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations 325 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Bosnia became a part of Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1914 Gavrilo Princip, a member of youth movement called “Young Bosnia”, assassinated Austro-Hungarian heir Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. This event was, as most of historians say, an event that started the First World War. After the end of the War, in 1918 Bosnia becomes a part of country called country of Slovenians, Croats and Serbs, which was renamed in 1929 in Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After Second World War Kingdom Yugoslavia became Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and was operating under that name until October 1991. In that year Bosnian people vote for sovereignty and in February of 1992 for independency. In May 22 of 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina became a member of UN. Dayton agreement in November of 1995 marked the end of four years war in the country. Bosnia and Herzegovina is consisted out of two administrative units: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. The special status in the country has region of Brcko-District and it is not part of neither of those two units. 2.2 Politics and Political structure Based on its state organization, Bosnia and Herzegovina represents unique state structure in the world. Legislative power is given to bicameral Parliament consisted of House of Representatives and House of People. At the top we have presidency that is made out of three members. Each of them elected based on his ethnic characteristics. So, one is representative of Bosniaks, one is representative of Serbs and one is representative of Croats. Council of ministers represents central government and is consisted out of six ministers with positions in fields of external affairs, international trade and economy, civil affairs and communication, human rights and refugees, European integration, and finally treasury. On the state level we have established several agencies whose primary occupation is to create reports about sustainable development. 2.3 Sustainable Development As a part of Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina was specialized in raw and energy production. Additionally, most of military production was done in the country. It was hugely due to huge amount of resources that were available especially for hydro and energy production. Among that, Bosnia and Herzegovina was and still is rich by coal and metal. Highly intensive production and exploitation of these resources were not what Sustainable development policies imply. It was totally opposite since there was imbalanced relationship between economy and ecology. In time when idea of Sustainable Development was formed and developed in Rio de Janeiro, Bosnia and Herzegovina was going through war. When in 1997 Rio 5 conference was done, this country was occupied by its own reconstruction and could not participate in developing the process of sustainable development. However, later on through several international programs, Bosnia and Herzegovina succeed to join the process of sustainable development and participated in forming MAP – Mediterranean Action Plan. 2.4 Economy Since the end of the war, Bosnia and Herzegovina had two main issues. One was to rebuild its infrastructure that was totally destroyed during the four years of war. The second one was to change the “style” of economy. Before, in this country is so called central economy, where most of institutions were government owned and now they had to privatize them. The main 326 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo help for rebuilding were FDI. Total FDI in period from 1994 to 2011 is around 8 billion of BAM, where the “best” year of FDI in Bosnia and Herzegovina was 2007 where this country total around 2.4 billion of dollars. This year represent 30% of all FDI since 1994. Among the main investors (2010 estimated) we have Austria (1.88 billion of BAM), Serbia (1.72 billion of BAM), Croatia (1.35 billion of BAM) and Slovenia (1.07 billion of BAM). When it comes to sector investments were mainly done in manufacturing where main companies of steel production faced joint venture. In the second place of FDI we have banking services which results in many foreign banks in our countries. In this sector we have highest investments from Dubai, Croatia and Austria. Economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina has faced the wall in last few years after continues growth in period before it. As whole world faces today, this country also feels the consequences of global crisis. The 2009 was the worst year where it GDP felt for 3%. However, this country started to recovering and in the last two years has increasing GDP. 3. DATA USED 3.1 Unemployment Based on International Labor Organization we define the unemployment as situation in which people without job could not find one in past four weeks. Another definition adds that unemployment represents a situation in which qualified worker, who are willing to work in current conditions can not find the job. This problem is presented in each country in the world and all governments are dealing with it. Among the reasons we can find: labor costs, low investments from companies, political reasons, low qualifications, personal behavior, job dissatisfaction, national policies, new technologies, economic crisis and discrimination. Having in mind the current structure of labor market economists differentiate three main types of unemployment; structural (the gap between availability of jobs and demand for the workers), frictional unemployment (when people change their jobs or they move on to the other regions or countries) and cyclical unemployment (there is generally low number of available jobs in the market). In order to measure unemployment economists use unemployment rate. Several international organizations are dealing by comparisons of unemployment among the countries. Among them we have Eurostat, OECD and ILCP. Based on the latest information Bosnia and Herzegovina takes 188th place among 200 ranked countries. This data shows that Bosnia is dealing with big issues regarding unemployment and that big part of its labor force is unemployed. 3.2 Trade Trade is term that we use every day. It represents a situation in which good or service change its owner. In order to earn money trade must happen and place where it happens is called market. We can identify two types of trade in economy: domestic trade and international trade. Domestic trade represents the situation where all transactions are done within a country. On the other hand, international trade represents situation in which two or more countries made transactions among themselves. Import happens in situation when a domestic country buys goods and services from foreign one. In most cases two main reasons stand for doing import. One is that domestic company can import products that have higher quality and/or lower price than the ones that are produced within the country. On the other hand some services such as computer equipment, for example Apple is not produced in Bosnia and 327 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Herzegovina, and so the only way to have it on the market is to import it. Export refers to opposite situation. It happens when goods and services are produced at home and sold in other country. As for import several reasons stand for export too. Among them there are possibilities to earn higher profit, because export gives ability to company to produce and sell more. 3.3 Inflation Inflation represents the degree by which price level of goods and services has raised in certain period. At the same time value of money has decreased, since for the same money buyer can buy less now. Inflation can result in real decrease of money value, which results in uncertainties in future. This is seen as negative effect of inflation. On the other hand inflation can give authorities and government possibility to adjust nominal rates and to call promotes investments in nonmonetary areas. However inflation is normal from time to time and in some cases shows how economy is doing. Inflation may be divided into cost push inflation (companies decide to increase their prices because their costs have increased) or demand pull inflation (demand for certain product increases so much that it is far more above the supply of that product). Formula for CPI is new price / old price x 100. 3.4 Salary Salary represents a payment from company, organization or other legal entity to an employee on a periodical basis. Salary is important to economy since it provides finance to population so they can spend and move money around. Based on the contract terms between employer and employee we may distinguish salary by time (workers are paid for the time they work in their companies), salary by work (company pays its worker regarding the work done such as time spent on work and quality of finished work) or salary by results (workers are paid based on quantity they have produced). Economy ranges workforce based on its income. The main part of household income is its salaries and that why today there are several categories or salary grades. Those often called “levels of salaries” distinguish employees and importance of position they occupy. Same as in other areas of economy there has to be levels of income so economy could produce different products that have different prices and etc. Beside national or in modern time, global economic reasons, salary provides information to individuals so they can be able to see their current position. 4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Unemployment has varied in the period of five years. As already mentioned unemployment may be the reason of several factors. As we can see from the chart one the left, unemployment was decreasing until 2009. It is assumed that world crisis from 2008 stroke. 328 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2009, and it results in increase of 5.98% of unemployment rate in 3 years. Analysis of 58 data for each variable on 5 year basis shows the following: Descriptive Statistics N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Unemployment 58 66761.00 469967.00 536728.00 511660.1552 17367.22390 Import 58 824155.00 719309.00 1543464.00 1205184.3793 171683.70156 Export 58 346719.00 385687.00 732406.00 562313.4310 90477.96194 Inflation 58 3.30 -1.20 2.10 .2931 .60491 Salaries 58 203.00 625.00 828.00 764.9483 59.53693 Valid N (listwise) 58 Standard deviation for unemployment shows that most of the data is somewhere around the mean. When it comes to trade, import counts for 69,900,694.00 of BAM (68.19%), while export counts for only 32,614,179.00 of BAM (31.81%). This shows that in almost five year (January and February of 2007 excluded) Bosnia and Herzegovina made trade deficit of 37,286,515.00 of BAM. Inflation in 58 months totaled to 17% which means that if people could buy certain things for 100 BAM in February of 2007 in December of 2011 they had to paid 117 BAM. Average salaries increased from 625 BAM to 828 BAM or for 32.48%. It increased until 2009 and from that point it has almost a flat curve. In December of 2011 Bosnia and Herzegovina counted 536,728.00 of unemployed people or 43.83% of its total workforce. Even if this number of unemployed people is the record for five years the percentage of unemployed people is not the biggest one (44.74% in March 2007). Beside unemployment standard deviation is low only in salary while higher standard deviation we have in import and export and extremely high in inflation which means that results varying hugely from the mean. 5. CONCLUSION The aim of this paper was to examine five determinants of economic sustainable development of Bosnia and Herzegovina and to see how they impact situation. From the results we could see that the main reason for unemployment, among the variables mentioned, is trade. Huge trade deficit is among the leading reason why this country stagnates in sustainable development. In order to operate with profit, company s revenue has to exceed the expenses. Same goes for economy; if there is no positive outcomes out of trade, in that case country cannot operate positive. However, it is important to increase export, because based on several economic theories it increases employment. On the other hand, economic researches show that relationship among unemployment and import is strongly negative, which means that increase in import also increases employment. Reason for that is that there is more consumption, which represents that economy is growing and that more money is available. The upcoming years will be crucial for the country since data shows slight stabilization in the last year. It shows that country started to recover a little bit from the crisis that hit it in the 329 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2009. In 2010 government made a strategic plan with several strategic goals in order to move forward. Among the goals they put macroeconomic stabilization, competiveness, employment, sustainable development and EU integration. In order to succeed government has to implement policies developed in this strategic plan efficiently and has to coordinate among these five goals, because the only way to have results is to implement them in the same time. REFERENCES Agency of statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Last Accessed April 29, 2012, http://bhas.ba/?option=com_saopstenje&cbgodina_saopstenja=2012&pregled=1&lang=ba A. Hodžić (2008). Geo-economic and geopolitical importance of the Balkan region in the expansion of European Union. Center for Security studies. Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Council of Ministers, Directorate for Economic Planning (2010). Development strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency, Last accessed on April https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html 28, 2012, N.L. Dobretsov, A.V. Kanygin, and A.E. Kontorovich, Paper on Economics and Environment as Factors of Sustainable Development of Siberian Mineral Resources Quotations Page, Last Accessed on April 22, 2012, http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/ 26032.html Tutor2u, Last Accessed on April 10, 2012, http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2macro-causes-of-inflation.html Wikipedia, Last Accessed April 29, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations The Applicability of Green Economy Policies: Governance Approach and Sustainable Development Fatma Neval Genç, Gülizar Seda Çorak, Murat Yılmaz Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 09900, Nazilli, Aydın, Turkey. E-mails: fatmanevalgenc@gmail.com, seda.corak@adu.edu.tr, muratyilmaz@adu.edu.tr Phone: +90 256 347 70 11 Abstract This report tries to focus on how the “governance” approach can enable “green economy” that develops along with change in the field of energy. As is known, governance approach emerged as a product of public administration paradigm starting to change at 1970s, and is 330 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1342 Title A name given to the resource Macroeconomic determinants of Sustainable Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author Emil, Knezović ERGÜN, Uğur Abstract A summary of the resource. The origin of term sustainable development comes from forestry and it means the extent of cutting and putting the new trees on the planet. Synonymous for it is sustainability and it refers to ability to endure as much longer as it is possible. This paper shows the degree of correlation between sustainable development in Bosnia and Herzegovina and five macroeconomic determinants: unemployment, export, import, average salaries and CPI as a measure for inflation. The paper provides information about importance of economy in this process and it explains all variables that are used. It is based on the period of five consecutive years (2007-2011). Research for all of five variables was conducted on monthly basis for this period, so in total it provides 58 data (January and February of 2007 are excluded) for each variable. Next thing that this paper shows is the current position of the country in terms of its development. The paper represents a combination of basic research (provides a lot of useful information about the topic) and quantitative research (shows numerical results that are gotten by the analysis of the problem). Unemployment, as one of the biggest and growing problems in the country, is dependent variable and paper tries to prove relationships among this variable and the others. Results in the paper are obtained through descriptive analysis. The paper provides data about causes for high unemployment in our country and it shows how much impact each variables mentioned above have or does it have at all. Finally, paper shows on what country should put more emphasize in order to improve its current position and to be able to compete with more developed countries. Keywords: sustainable development, unemployment, export, import, salary, inflation, CPI, economy, GDP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c384f6d9aaebba9c94c965ef03baccaa.pdf bbbbbc2606dc9021b2af09484d98a326 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Model Of Kayseri In Enterpreneurship Emin Karataş1, Mustafa Gülmez2, Hasan Erdoğan3 1Akdeniz Univercity Social Sciences Institut Department of Econometrics Antalya/Turkey 2Akdeniz Univercity School of Tourism &Hotel Management Antalya/Turkey 3 Akdeniz Univercity Ayşe Sak school of Applied Sciences Antalya/Turkey E-mails: emin@ebitech.com, mgulmez@akdeniz.edu.tr Akhism: an organized brotherhood in Anatolia related to trade guilds. Abstract Kayseri, is a historical Anatolian city, has been attracting the attention with its rapid economic growth in recent years. In the past, the region of Kayseri was known as the centre of Akhism.3 Today, the ancient values and philanthropy as well as entrepreneurial spirit and commercial intelligence have an important role on its rapid development. Nowadays, because of the request of commercial activities that come from the past, and the high entrepreneurial spirit; Kayseri with its basic model, is seen as an exemplary city to other provinces in Turkey. Emphasizing the increasing ratio of entrepreneurial activities in Turkey, this article describes the entrepreneurial characteristics of Kayseri, and also describes the presence of an exemplary model of Kayseri as a factor of entrepreneurship. The model features, and its acquisitions will be expressed. A sustainable model of Kayseri in the culture of entrepreneurship and the reflections of this model will be discussed. Making use of the surveys conducted on entrepreneurship, the features and the differences of entrepreneurs of Kayseri will be emphasized. Finally the results of the survey made by us about Kayseri and entrepreneurship will be interpreted by comparing the range of indicators with other provinces. Keywords: the model of Kayseri in industry, commerce and entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs of Kayseri, culture of entrepreneurship 1. INTRODUCTION Entrepreneurship is the core mechanism of economic growth and sustainable development. Entrepreneurship introduces the society with new resources, and new technologies and thus earned to previously unused or less used resources to the economy and the increase in production occurs. Restructured company or a brand-new company in a country increase the volume of employment and as a result of all these records, it makes a positive impetus 3 Akhism: an organized brotherhood in Anatolia related to trade guilds. 126 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo to economic development. By examined levels of international development, resource allocation in the backward countries are not as good as the developed countries, as an efficient resource allocation requires successful entrepreneurs who may develop it, and may transfer information from other countries. So countries have successful entrepreneurs are more advantageous than other countries. (Ulusoy et al., 2007) Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity rate (TEA), can be defined as Entrepreneurship performance, is continuously increasing in Turkey. Also this ratio reached to 11% in 2011, is the Europe's highest level of entrepreneurship. With 7% of the EU average level of entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship in European Union countries could not yet the desired size, and lags far behind of Turkey and the United States. (GEM, 2012) Turkey, with the increase of conscious entrepreneurs and the increasing economic growth ratio due to the biggest increase of loans and supports that given to entrepreneurs since 2005 indicates that entrepreneurial performance of Turkey has also increased a very large proportion since 2000. Nowadays, Turkey begins to represent the entrepreneurial spirit of Europe. While entrepreneurial activities were very few amounts in the early 2000s, behind this great leap in 10 years, it is said to spread the effect of the spirit of entrepreneurship in some Anatolian cities to other cities and it leads to increase in the number of entrepreneurial, conscious individuals. In short, we must emphasize that the number of entrepreneurs has increased and established enterprises in the market and the economy gained continuity in Turkey. Among the most important reasons for Turkey to acquire a break through in entrepreneurship, the widespread entrepreneurial culture is shown. Having this culture since time immemorial, some Anatolian cities such as Kayseri set an example to other cities. Kayseri, pulling head to the nation with this kind of expansion of entrepreneurial activities, leads Turkey to quickly become the European leader in entrepreneurship. Urban development model and this entrepreneurial culture of Kayseri form the basis of our research. Entrepreneurs can be described as a person who invests his capital in order to produce goods and services by taking the risk into profit or loss. In general, we can easily say that Kayseri citizens have the spirit of entrepreneurship because of working perseverance that coming from family traditions and aiming to invest money into various sectors by getting the risks instead of saving money up. In addition, when the entrepreneurial spirit scores are calculated by provinces, Kayseri with 7.9 score is over on the average of Turkey’s 6.2. Kayseri plays the role of a pioneer with some factors such as; planned development, the expectation of future economic, industrial potential, the trade potential, entrepreneurial spirit, and competitiveness of firms in Turkey. One can easily interpret from the table that the reasons such as, lacking of agricultural potential, low labor costs and seeming to be a very attractive city for investors, cause Kayseri citizens give the more importance to commerce and industry sector developments and make investments to produce new lines of business. 127 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Due to lack of suitable land for agriculture and livestock, Kayseri keeps back in plant and livestock production value of the order of values than Turkey indicators. This leads Kayseri citizens’ to turn out another line of business and commerce. In export rankings, Kayseri is one of the foreground cities in Anatolia, which indicates the importance of industry and production for the city. Moreover, being in the background in consumption shows the widespread saving culture. Having much more opened/closed companies, SME investment incentive certificates, cash loan usage, patent and trademark applications, and industrial design registration and taking the front place of the rankings of ISO first 500 companies shows how Kayseri has the high level of entrepreneurship. Kayseri is a city that prides itself with entrepreneurs. In the 2011 rankings of Forbes 100, there were 17 rich people from Kayseri. Anyone living in Turkey and even strangers has always expressed entrepreneurial culture in Kayseri. (Tercan, 2011: 22) 2. MODEL OF KAYSERİ IN ENTREPRENEOURSHIP: CONSTITUTION AND ITS FEATURES Latterly, Kayseri has been one of the most spoken cities in Turkey with its huge entrepreneurial investments and city planning developments. City has a great influence on Turkish economy and politics. Representing the conservative but also accommodating face of Anatolia and with fast growing economy and using equity capital for investments without any subsidy from the government, the city also attract attention of the foreign investors. In Kayseri Report, that has been prepared by Open Society Foundation, world’s one of the leading non-governmental organization (ngo), and European Stability Institute (ESI) which based in Austria, the researchers named the city as “Islamic Calvinists” by comparing the economic performance of the city with the work ethics of the Protestants. (Özcan, 2005) Although the economic growth in Kayseri made climax in last 20 years, we have to indicate that it has a 50 years background. We can say that “Mercantile intelligence, diligence and high power of production” are some of the reasons that helped this development but maybe the most important ones are the individual specialities of the society with old traditions and ancient values. Today, the economical growth which is based on “entrepreneurship, saving and charity” shows us the absolute development of Anatolia. We can search out that using a model from the past experiences helped out the development of the city. (Özcan, 2005) There is a historical background of the city's trade tendency. Kayseri’s geography had been the center of commerce and urbanization last 1500 years. “Yabanlu Bazaar” which is the first known commercial purpose fair in the world, is one of the indicators of this tendency. Entrepreneurial spirit of Kayseri, has known to hold the remaining commercial heritage of the Greeks and Armenians, and moved it even further. "The most well-thought-of human is that producing” philosophy has been adopted here. (Özcan, 2005) One of the important features that should be underlined in the economic success of Kayseri is the tradition of Akhism. Akhism is the name of an economic Anatolian struggle between 128 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Turkish trade guilds against the Byzantines which for many years lived on this land and hold the commercial life in their hands, at the first years when Turks began to settle in Anatolia. A strong economic life is required in order to become permanent on the lands obtained from the wars. Ahi Evran who first established this business called Akhism, assumed leadership of this business. Stated, that people brought the first quality standard on production, after centuries we can say this development here, has carried the traces of this culture. (Özcan, 2005). Today's entrepreneurs in Kayseri can be described as “modern Akhis”. Kayseri’s this modern Akhis offer a powerful proposal model for the future of Turkey with respect to their forces of production, business morality, remaining from the public, charity, strong ties with each other, and the dominant cultural and religious values. 2.1. SUSTAINABILITY OF THE MODEL It is possible to mention about sustainability of this basic sample development model in the long term. Prepared according to the answers given by 100 businessmen from Kayseri, a sustainability model for Kayseri with subjective criteria was transferred to the findings below: (Yerlikhan, 2011: 134) Sustainability Index score; 6.87, taking 2nd place in cities ranking. Economic Performance score; 6.54, taking 4th place in cities ranking. Social Performance score; 7.40, taking 1st place in cities ranking. Kayseri is an extremely well developing city in the eyes of the business world. It is obvious that Kayseri is a business-oriented city. Kayseri’s business people indicate that the reaching point of the sustainability of Kayseri is not fully reflected to the quality of Kayseri life. Kayseri business expects a jump in the economy and increase in the number of young entrepreneurs in future. 3. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND APPLICATION OF MODEL In the light of all the data and explanations mentioned above, we get the following hypothesizes that their accuracy can be demonstrated with some applications: 1. Business intelligence, diligence, and the high level of production are specific characters of Kayseri citizens, and this is usually acquired from family. 2. Kayseri’s entrepreneurial potentials are higher than other provinces. 3. Susceptibility to trade is an important factor on entrepreneurial potentials in Kayseri and predisposition to this trade for entrepreneurs comes from usually family (especially in the profession of the father being a merchant and industrialist). 4. Investment is seemed to be a civic duty in Kayseri, by the awareness of that, forprofit investments are located. 129 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.1. RESEARCH RESULTS OF KAYSERİ MODEL To compare Kayseri citizens and non-Kayseri citizens and in order to identify some of the distinct features Kayseri’s entrepreneurs; a basic multiple-choice survey especially in the southern provinces, is made and SPSS statistical package program was used for the analysis and assessment of results. Using SPSS software on the survey data, the frequency distribution, mean, percentages and t tests were used. Some demographic information about the entrepreneurs participating in the survey is summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Some Demographic Characteristics of Participants Homeland f % Distribution of Father Profession f % Kayseri 42 70 Farmer 6 6 Out of Kayseri (others) 18 30 Worker 13 36 Total 60 100 Officer 15 35 Education f % Merchant 12 16 Primary 4 6 Industrialist 8 7 Secondary 19 32 Other 6 10 University 37 62 Total 60 100 Total 60 100 According to Table 1, 70% of research participants are from Kayseri, and 30% from out of Kayseri. Looking at the education, as high as 62% portion of entrepreneurial participants graduated university. Also, the vast majority of participants’ father professions are workers (36%) and employees (35%). Table 2. Reasons for entrepreneurial investment Birthplace 130 Kayseri Out of Kayseri Reasons for entrepreneurial investment % % Family support 60 40 Predisposition to trade (Experience) 67 33 Perseverance to work 77 23 Other 57 43 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As can be seen from Table 2, Kayseri’s perseverance to work, comparing to those outside of Kayseri is very high. This data supports the 1st hypothesis. Table 3. Forms of Setting up entrepreneurs’ business Birthplace Kayseri Out of Kayseri How did you set up your business? % % By working as a apprentice, monitorial or master 75 25 Father job 67 33 By education 67 33 Doing partnership 77 23 According to Table 3, the majority of entrepreneurs in Kayseri, starting their business by working as apprentice, monitorial, or master, they trained in this way, and formed a partnership while setting up their own business. A previous study (Esen, 1999: 104) also showed the similar results, that Kayseri had the maximum number of trade entrepreneurs by grown in the bottom. From this perspective, the apprentice-master concept is seemed to be an indicator of work ethic in Kayseri also effective on sustainability of the model. Table 4. Distribution of Investment Ideas for Entrepreneurs between Kayseri citizens and non Kayseri citizens Birthplace Kayseri Out of Kayseri Thoughts on Investment and Employment % % Investment is a virtue 62 38 Investment is a civic duty of every citizen 80 20 Investment is profitable 72 28 Other 50 50 As shown in Table 4, the majority of participants in Kayseri (80%) are aware that investment is a civic duty. Difference is significant from those observed in non Kayseri citizens. This confirms our 4th hypothesis. T-test 131 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo T-test was used to determine whether or not there exist differences between two independent groups (with Kayseri’s citizens, and those out of Kayseri) in terms of entrepreneurship expressions (variables). T-test (distribution) which is useful especially when the observation size is below 30, its symmetric structure forms a bell curve (Altunışık et al., 2002: 158). On the assessing of t-test primarily variances are checked whether they are different or not, for that 'Levene' test results were examined. T-test results are in the following table (Table 5). Table 5: t Test Results for Entrepreneurial Variables Regarding the Differences between the Groups Entrepreneurial Expressions Birthplace N Meana St. Dev.a t test Kayseri 42 1. In my city, many people know how to set up and manage to a business that may grow faster. Out of Kays. 18 3,71 1,01 Supported 2,72 1,31 t= 3,157 Kayseri 42 2. In my city, to establish a new business is perceived as an appropriate method to become rich. Out of Kays. 18 3,73 1,30 Not Supported 3,77 1,11 t= -0,112 Kayseri 42 3. In my city, the physical infrastructure (roads, communication tools, waste expenses) are properly Out of Kays. 18 organized for new and emerging companies. 4,02 1,09 Supported 2,88 1,27 t= 3,502 42 3,90 1,14 Supported Out of Kays. 18 3,22 1,16 t= 2,106 42 3,33 1,18 Supported Out of Kays. 18 2,27 0,95 t= 3,341 Kayseri 4. In my city, many people can evaluate new business opportunities without losing any time. 5. For young people, the possibility of making their own affairs in my city is higher than the possibility of working for someone else. p* 0,003 0,911 0,001 0,04 Kayseri 0,001 a: Scale range (Likert Scale) - 5: Strongly Agree,- 1: Strongly Disagree *p<0,05 According to t-test in Table 5, those can be said briefly: about entrepreneurship; with respect to 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th expressions, the significant difference are observed between Kayseri’s entrepreneurs and out of Kayseri entrepreneurs. Only 2nd statement no difference was observed. The 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th statements are basically about entrepreneurship, and their mean for Kayseri is higher than other provinces. This is a clear indication that Kayseri’s entrepreneurship potential is higher than other provinces. This confirms our 2nd hypothesis. Moreover, as can be seen from the 3rd expression related especially infrastructure, Kayseri has a very good infrastructure for entrepreneurs thus supports the creation of a sample entrepreneurial culture structure in our model with the high level of infrastructure services. 4.CONCLUSION 132 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The majority of entrepreneurs in Kayseri make commercial investments, detecting the awareness of the investment as a civic duty. The present study result that we have also supports the earlier research findings on this issue. (Esen 1999:148). Adem Esen et al's study, reported that 67.5% of Kayseri's entrepreneurs, take the awareness of that as a civic duty. Today, we can observe an increase in our study that, this ratio has reached a value as high as 80%. This shows the model of entrepreneurship in Kayseri is adopting by more and more people every day and shows the continuity of this culture. Kayseri's entrepreneurs catch up with the kernel. They started their business as an apprenticeship then by working hard, they improve themselves and up in their job, and then they started to become a partner in that business, so that companies today have formed multimember liability partnerships. Whose father’s profession is trader or industrialist is considerable amount. Today, Kayseri is a city that prides with its diligence, and entrepreneurial activities. Kayseri also is a model city with continuous improvements. REFERENCES Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Yıldırım, E. & Bayraktaroğlu S. (2002). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, Geliştirilmiş 2. Baskı, Sakarya Kitabevi: Sakarya. Esen A. & Çonkar K. (1999). Orta Anadolu Girişimcilerinin Sosyo-Ekonomik Özellikleri, İşletmecilik Anlayışları ve Beklentileri Araştırması, No: 18, 104-149, Konya. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), Last Accessed on 15 02, 2012 from http://www.gemconsortium.org Özcan Z. (2005). “Akla ve paraya ihtiyacı olmayan şehir: Kayseri”, Aksiyon Dergisi, Last Accessed on 19 04, 2012 from http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-13192-34-akla-veparaya-ihtiyaci-olmayan-sehir-kayseri.html Tercan M. (2011). Girişimcilik ve Kayseri, Kayseri Ticaret Odası Dergisi, No: 8. Ulusoy F., Karaköse B. & Güngör İ. (2007). Yönçiz “Girişimcilik Projesi”TRO405.02/LDI/149, Last Accessed on 17 03, 2012 from http://www.kayserito.org.tr/media/girisimcilik02.pdf Yerlikhan M. (2011). “Sürdürülebilirlik Araştırması”, Kayseri Ticaret Odası Dergisi, No: 8. 133 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1106 Title A name given to the resource Model Of Kayseri In Enterpreneurship Author Author Emin, Karataş Abstract A summary of the resource. Kayseri, is a historical Anatolian city, has been attracting the attention with its rapid economic growth in recent years. In the past, the region of Kayseri was known as the centre of Akhism.3 Today, the ancient values and philanthropy as well as entrepreneurial spirit and commercial intelligence have an important role on its rapid development. Nowadays, because of the request of commercial activities that come from the past, and the high entrepreneurial spirit; Kayseri with its basic model, is seen as an exemplary city to other provinces in Turkey. Emphasizing the increasing ratio of entrepreneurial activities in Turkey, this article describes the entrepreneurial characteristics of Kayseri, and also describes the presence of an exemplary model of Kayseri as a factor of entrepreneurship. The model features, and its acquisitions will be expressed. A sustainable model of Kayseri in the culture of entrepreneurship and the reflections of this model will be discussed. Making use of the surveys conducted on entrepreneurship, the features and the differences of entrepreneurs of Kayseri will be emphasized. Finally the results of the survey made by us about Kayseri and entrepreneurship will be interpreted by comparing the range of indicators with other provinces. Keywords: the model of Kayseri in industry, commerce and entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs of Kayseri, culture of entrepreneurship Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/41dd06da6902bd226cce52ecef68aa9a.pdf 698b7aa1ed9ef0efcd2fd542503a86f1 PDF Text Text Sucuoglu, H. (2006) The Turkish seismic rehabilitation code, First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland, 3-8 September. Sengoz, A. (2007) Quantitative evaluation of assessment methods in the 2007 Turkish Earthquake Code, Master Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, METU, Ankara. TEC 2007, Specifications for buildings to be built in seismic areas, Turkish Earthquake Code 2007. Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, Turkey.Tuncer O. Celep, Z. Yılmaz, M.B. (2007) A comparative evaluation of the methods given in the Turkish Seismic Code, WCCE–ECCE– TCCE Joint Conference: EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI. Medical Decision Support System for Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases using DWT and k-NN Emina Alickovic, Abdulhamit Subasi International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mails: ealickovic@ibu.edu.ba, asubasi@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Heart disease is a cardiovascular disorder that is most widespread cause of death in many countries all over the world. In this work, k-Nearest Neighbor machine learning tool was used to classify Electrocardiography (ECG) signals and satisfactory accuracy rate was achieved in classification of ECG signals. The model automatically classifies the ECG signals into 5 different kinds: normal, Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC), Atrial Premature Contraction (APC), Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) and Left Bundle Branch Block (RBBB). The best averaged performance over randomized percentage-split is also obtained by k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) classification model. Some conclusions concerning the impacts of features on the ECG signal classification were obtained through analysis of different parameters of kNN. The analysis suggests that kNN modeling is satisfactory performances in at least three points: high recognition rate, insensitivity to overtraining and computational time it takes for classification. The combined model with DWT and k-NN achieves the good. Obtained result shows that the suggested model have the potential to obtain a reliable classification of ECG 346 �signals, and to support the clinicians for making an accurate diagnosis of cardiovascular disorders. Keywords: Electrocardiogram (ECG); Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT); k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN); Heart Arrhythmia; Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC); Atrial Premature Contraction (APC); Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB); Left Bundle Branch Block (RBBB). 1. INTRODUCTION Heart diseases are a major cause of mortality in most of the countries around the world. In 2008, approximately 17 million people die each year due to this disease or 48 % of all deaths in 2008. It is estimated that this number will even grow. In 2030, it is estimated that 23.6 million people will die from cardiovascular diseases (WHO | Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)). In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 35000 or 66% of all deaths were due to cardiovascular diseases (BiH). In Turkey, almost 31500 people (49 % of total mortality) died from cardiovascular diseases (Turkey). Because of this many researchers have conducted in this field in the world. The Electrocardiography is noninvasive tool for detecting the electrical activity that originates in the heart. Expression cardiovascular arrhythmia is used to describe any irregular electrical activity originating from heart. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the most significant apparatus for diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. The ECG signal classification into different cardiovascular disease groups is a complex pattern recognition problem. These signals are highly nonlinear also. Therefore, different techniques such as signal processing techniques, machine learning methods, were used for this purpose. The aim of this study is to introduce a method for detection of heart diseases in ECG recordings. We propose a method for differentiating normal heartbeats (N) from left bundle branch blocks (LBBB), right bundle branch blocks (RBBB), atrial premature contractions (APC) and premature ventricular contractions (PVC) heartbeats (Clifford, Azuaje, & McSharry, 2006). In this study, k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) classifiers combined with statistical features extracted from DWT is used to classify ECG signals. To contribute to the quantification of the routine ECG examination, a methodology has been developed for ECG signal classification which consists of three steps. In the first step, the ECG signals are decomposed into different frequency bands using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In the second step, statistical features extracted from these subband decomposed ECG signals to get better accuracy for diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. In the last step, an unknown ECG signal is classified as normal heartbeats (N) from left bundle branch blocks (LBBB), right bundle branch blocks (RBBB), atrial premature contractions (APC) and premature ventricular contractions (PVC) heartbeats using k-NN classifier. 347 �The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In the next section, information is given about the materials and datasets used in this research. This section also explains methods applied in each step of the ECG signal classification process. Also, three different k-NN methods are discussed and compared. Section 3 gives discussion on the results achieved in this study. Finally, the conclusions are summarized in Section 4. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Database The ECG signals for training and testing datasets are obtained from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. Records were obtained by the Beth Israel Hospital Arrhythmia Laboratory between 1975 and 1979. This database is available online24. It contains two leads for upper and lower ECG signals for all 48 records from 47 different patients. Patients are 25 men aged 32 to 89 and 22 women aged 23 to 89. Two records (201 and 202) came from same patient. Each of these records is 30 minutes long with sampling frequency of 360 Hz. Each beat has been labeled by at least two cardiologists. There are more than 109,000 labeled ventricular beats from 15 distinct heartbeat types. There is an immense diversity in the amount of examples in each heartbeat category. The biggest category is “Normal beat” and the smallest is “Supraventricular premature beat” (with only two examples) (MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database Directory). 2.2. Discrete wavelet transform The DWT is a signal-processing technique having a lot of applications in science and engineering. The wavelet transform (WT) permits the non-stationary signals discrimination with diverse frequency characteristics [14]. It disintegrates a signal into wavelets (group of simple functions. These wavelets result from a single function ψ, called the mother wavelet, by dilations and translations as (Daubechies, Mallat, & Willsky, 1992; Vetterli & Herley, 1992).  a ,b t   1 a t b   a   (1) where a is positive number. Typically, a is 1 for the mother wavelet and growing a > 1 dilates the wavelet, getting bigger on the interval over which it takes non-zero values. 24 http://physionet.ph.biu.ac.il/physiobank/database/html/mitdbdir/mitdbdir.htm 348 �The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used to disintegrate a signal. It uses filters to extract out of the ordinary frequency resolution components within the signal. The DWT has compact support in time and frequency domain (Mallat, 1999; Marchant, 2003; Semmlow, 2004; Sornmo & Laguna, 2006). It examines the signal at different frequency bands, with different resolutions. It separates the signal into two parts: a coarse approximation and detail information. DWT uses two function sets called scaling functions and wavelet functions. These two sets are allied to low-pass and high-pass filters, respectively. Every phase of this scheme has two digital filters and scale changes by power of 2. In the process of reducing the sampling rate, outputs of first high-pass and low-pass filters give the detail, D1 and the approximation, A1, respectively. The first approximation, A1 is later decomposed and this process is continued. Approximation and detail records are rebuilded from the Daubechies 4 (DB4) wavelet filter. More detailed explanation is given in (Mallat, 1999; Marchant, 2003; Semmlow, 2004; Sornmo & Laguna, 2006; Adeli, Zhou, & Dadmehr, 2003; Akay, 1997; Subasi, ECG signal classification using wavelet feature extraction and a mixture of expert model, 2007; Subasi, Automatic recognition of alertness level from EEG by using neural network and wavelet coefficents, 2005). The extracted wavelet coefficients give a firm illustration showing the energy distribution of the ECG signal in time and frequency. 2.3. k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) is proper mechanism for solving biomedical engineering problems and, particularly, in evaluating biomedical signals, because of their wide range of applications and usage and their potential to learn difficult and nonlinear relations. It is very simple machine learning tool. The k-NN algorithm is object classification tool based on nearest training samples in the feature. The algorithm does not depend on any kind of statistical distribution of training examples. A number of distance measures are capable of being used in k-NN algorithm. Still, the most popular distance is Euclidean. An object classification is done by a mass election of its neighbors. Object is assigned to the class being most frequent one its k nearest neighbors. k is usually selected to be small. When k is selected to be 1, the object is just prescribed to the class of its nearest neighbor. Due to this, the algorithm is called as the k-Nearest Neighbor (Jekova, Bortolan, & Christov, 2008). In Our study, we used three different techniques implementing k-NN algorithm. All these three methods are implemented in Weka (Weka 3 - Data Mining with Open Source Machine Learning Software in Java). These three different techniques are called as: IBk, KStar and LWL. Detailed description of these three different k-NN techniques is given in (Aha, Kibler, & Albert, 1991; Cleary & Trigg, 1995; Frank, Hall, & McShary, 2003). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 349 �In this study five different heartbeat classes were analyzed. These are: N (normal heart beat), RBBB (Right Bundle Branch Block), LBBB (Left Bundle Branch Block), APC (Atrial Premature Contraction) and PVC (Premature Ventricular Complex). The classification abilities for three different implementations of k-NN method applied on the morphological ECG descriptors are estimated set obtained by processing all heartbeats from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. Two statistical indices; sensitivity (Sej) and specificity (Spj); were computed for every heartbeat class j (N, PVC, APC, LBBB and RBBB). They are calculated as (Jekova, Bortolan, & Christov, 2008): Sp j  TN j TN j  FPj Se j  TPj TPj  FN j (2) where TPj (true positives) represents the amount of correctly classified heartbeats of jth class (e.g. RBBB classified as RBBB); TNj (true negatives) represents the amount of heartbeats not being part of the jth class and not classified in the jth class (e.g. PVC, APC, LBBB and RBBB not classified as N); FPj (false positives) is the amount of incorrectly classified heartbeats in the class j (e.g. PVC,APC, LBBB and RBBB classified as N); FNj (false negatives) is the amount of heartbeats of class j, classified in a different class (e.g. RBBB not classified as RBBB) (Jekova, Bortolan, & Christov, 2008). 66 % percentage split gave the best results in this research and results are given in Table 1 and their graphical representation is illustrated in Fig. 1. Table 1. ECG Signal Classification Results for k-NN Classifiers. IBk LVL Se Sp Se Sp Se Sp N 0.897 0.897 0.891 0.897 0.891 0.908 APC 0.909 0.995 0.848 0.991 0.879 0.99 PVC 0.639 0.958 0.656 0.953 0.754 0.967 RBBB 0.907 0.991 0.893 0.993 0.92 0.993 0.951 0.975 0.971 0.978 0.931 0.969 LBBB 350 KStar �Accuracy obtained for these three different k-NN methods are also compared. For IBk accuracy obtained is 88.24 %, for KStar accuracy is 87.91 % and for LVL, accuracy obtained is 88.73 %. As we can see from Figure 2, accuracies obtained LVL k-NN gave the best result. Beside these results, time required for classification is small compared to other two methods, what is showing that LVL kNN is the most appropriate k-NN method for ECG signal classification. Figure 1 Graphical representation of evaluation performance of k-NN classifiers Figure 2 Graphical representation of accuracies achieved by using k-NN classifiers 351 �4. CONCLUSION In this study, we developed an efficient combination of classifier and signal processing technique, which proved by the different experiments is applicable for the classification of the ECG signals. This was accomplished using combination of DWT and kNN methods. These three kNN methods are IBk, KStar, and LVL. Because the experiments proved, the combination represented as LVL k-NN and DWT subbands can achieve a better performance than other two k-NN classifier methods over the five ECG signal patterns: normal (N), Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC), Atrial Premature Contraction (APC), Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) and Left Bundle Branch Block (RBBB). The proposed LVL k-NN classifier together with DWT subbands meets the requirements for five ECG signal patterns characterization and is able of classifying the ECG signals accuracy rate. In addition, the suggested LVL k-NN classifier shows guarantee as a clinically valuable method of providing numerical inputs to the next step of the interpretation phase of an ECG examination. This proves that the LVL k-NN classifier can be important for capturing and expression of knowledge helpful to a clinician. These results provide encouragement to develop and evaluate a LVL k-NN method for quantifying the level of contribution of a cardiovascular disorder. REFERENCES Last Accessed on 2 22, 2012, from Weka 3 - Data Mining with Open Source Machine Learning Software in Java: http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/ BiH, Last Accessed on 2 22, 2012, from BiH: http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/bih_en.pdf Adeli, H., Zhou, Z., & Dadmehr, N. (2003). Analysis of EEG records in an epileptic patient using wavelet transform. Journal of Neuroscience Methods (123), 69-87. Aha, D. W., Kibler, D., & Albert, M. (1991). Instance-Based Learning Algorithms. Machine Learning 6 , 37-66. Akay, M. (1997). Wavalet Application in Medicine. IEEE Spectrum , 5 (34), 50-56. Cleary, J. G., & Trigg, L. E. (1995). K*: An Instance-based Learner Using an Entropic Distance Measure. 12th International Conference on Machine Learning, (pp. 108-114). Clifford, G. D., Azuaje, F., & McSharry, P. E. (2006). Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Data Analysis. Norwood, MA: Artech House. Daubechies. (1990). The wavelet transform time-frequency localization and signal analysis. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory , 5 (36), 961-1005. Daubechies, I., Mallat, S., & Willsky, A. S. (1992). Introduction to the special issue on wavelet transforms and multiresolution signal analysis. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory (38), 529-532. 352 �Frank, E., Hall, M., & McShary, P. E. (2003). Locally Weighted Naive Bayes. 19th Conference in Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (pp. 249-256). Acapulco, Mexico: Morgan Kaufmann. Jekova, Bortolan, G., & Christov, I. (2008). Assessment and comparison of different methods for heartbeat classification, ScienceDirect, 30. Medical Engineering & Physics (30), 248-257. Mallat, S. (1999). A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing, Second Edition (Wavelet Analysis & Its Applications). Academic Press. Marchant, P. (2003). Time-Frequency Analysis for Biosystem Engineering. Biosystems Engineering 85(3) , 261-281. MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database Directory. Last Accessed on 2 22, 2012, from http://physionet.ph.biu.ac.il/physiobank/database/html/mitdbdir/mitdbdir.htm Semmlow, J. L. (2004). Biosignal and Biomedical Image Processing: MATLAB-Based Applications. 270 Madison Avenue, New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Sornmo, L., & Laguna, P. (2006). Bioelectrical Signal Processing in Cardiac and Neurological Applications. Elsevier Academic Press. Subasi, A. (2005). Automatic recognition of alertness level from EEG by using neural network and wavelet coefficents. Expert Systems with Applications (28), 701-711. Subasi, A. (2007). ECG signal classification using wavelet feature extraction and a mixture of expert model. Expert Systems with Applications 32 , 1084-1093. Turkey, Last Accessed on 2 22, 2012, from http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/tur_en.pdf Vetterli, M., & Herley, C. (1992). Wavelets and filter banks: theory and design. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing , 2207-2232. WHO | Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). (n.d.). Last Accessed on 2 22, 2012, from http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/ 353 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1184 Title A name given to the resource Medical Decision Support System for Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases using DWT and k-NN Author Author Emina , Alickovic Abstract A summary of the resource. Heart disease is a cardiovascular disorder that is most widespread cause of death in many countries all over the world. In this work, k-Nearest Neighbor machine learning tool was used to classify Electrocardiography (ECG) signals and satisfactory accuracy rate was achieved in classification of ECG signals. The model automatically classifies the ECG signals into 5 different kinds: normal, Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC), Atrial Premature Contraction (APC), Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) and Left Bundle Branch Block (RBBB). The best averaged performance over randomized percentage-split is also obtained by k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) classification model. Some conclusions concerning the impacts of features on the ECG signal classification were obtained through analysis of different parameters of kNN. The analysis suggests that kNN modeling is satisfactory performances in at least three points: high recognition rate, insensitivity to overtraining and computational time it takes for classification. The combined model with DWT and k-NN achieves the good. Obtained result shows that the suggested model have the potential to obtain a reliable classification of ECG signals, and to support the clinicians for making an accurate diagnosis of cardiovascular disorders. Keywords: Electrocardiogram (ECG); Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT); k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN); Heart Arrhythmia; Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC); Atrial Premature Contraction (APC); Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB); Left Bundle Branch Block (RBBB). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e243ae494dc09bd66daf024d23f34373.pdf 5558a96095356ea7613d49ed5a02831d PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo LEGACY of TURGUT ÖZAL and THE SUSTAİNABLE TRANSFORMATİON of TURKEY with AK PARTY GOVERNMENTS Erdoğan Selami, Acar Eray Dumlupinar University, Kütahya, Turkey, E-mails: erdogans274@mynet.com,acar_eray@hotmail.com Abstract Turgut Özal is one of the most important actors in the Turkish Political life. He made fundamental changes in Turkey between 1983-1993 as a Prime Minister or President of Turkish Republic. He not only tried to liberate Turkish economy but also political sphere. Özal, especially focused on freedom of speech, freedom of belief and freedom of enterprise. At the same time, the latest refers to the free market economy. Until Özal's period Turkish political leaders applied the model of mixed economy, not free market economy, that is, the structure of Turkish economy wasn't entegrate with global markets. İnitially, Özal changed it and he started to set up export-oriented economic model, free interest rates, privatization, etc... and then, made political reforms; like freedom of speaking the Kurdish language, dissolution of 141, 142 and 163. articles of Turkish Ciriminal Code, application for full membership to the European Union. Unfortunately, his succesors could not able to sustain his revolutionary political and economic vision. İn this respect, 1990s can be considered as lost years for the Turkey. Until AK Parti governments Turkey encountered deep economic and political crises such as April 1994 and 28 February 1997. After from this miserable period, with the AK Parti government Turkey returned to the Özal's reformist politics both politically and economically. According to the arguments which are mentioned below, Özal's transformation efforts will be examined from today's view. Besides, what are the main characteristics of Özal and the AK Parti leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, can we say continuity or divergence between them. İn Today's Turkey, what is the importance of Turgut Özal, can we say that, Özal's ideas particularly in economic field-is being applied by the AK Parti government. Keywords: Özal, AK Parti, Free Market Economy, Economic Crises, Political Reforms, Turkish Economy. 1.Turgut Özal And ANAP (Motherland Party) Turkey encountered two important problems which were the political and economic crises in the late of 1970s. 24 January 1980 Desicions (Özal architect of desicions), a series of fundamental economic policy changes, couldn’t be carried out by the weak Demirel’s minority government. These problems paved the way for the military intervention of Turkey in September 12, 1980. The Junta came to power with overriding objectives, the first one was to repress the political sphere by applying rigid measures against extremists and the second objective was for economic restructuring (Boratav, 1998: 122 ; Topal, 2000: 122).The 1980 102 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Military Coup in Turkey was an attempt by the General Kenan Evren and his friends who were called NSC (National Security Council) to reshape the Turkish political system for the sustainabledemocratic order. Forthat reason, some measures were implemented between September Coup 1980 and November 1983 by the military government to reestablish the Turkish political arena. The new constitution was approved by a referendum in 1982. (Ergüder, 1991: 152). After that, İn order to regulate party formation and electoral system the new Political Parties Lawand Electoral Law were enacted in April 1983. Also, It was decided that, new general elections would be realized in November 1983. On the other hand, the ruling military government did not want coalition government for the stability of political sphere. To provide this target they introduced %10 election threshold which was very high. Similarly, according to this aim, they thougt to allow only two political parties to attend the 1983 General Elections, one of them is moderate-right MDP (Nationalist Domocracy Party), the other is moderate-left HP (Populist Party). But, the powerful Generals gave permission reluctanly Özal’s Party ANAP to enter into elections due to foreign pressure (Akdoğan, 2001:88; Ahmad, 2007: 189-190). However, the junta supported his own party (MDP) strongly. İndeed, President Evren had already made a television speech before the elections, he clearly criticized Turgut Özal and his party (MP), favoured MDP. İn any case, Evren’s speech didn’t contributeMDP, but it damaged.At the end, NSC allowed to compete of the three political parties for the 6 November General Elections. Duringthe elections campaing it was understood that, Özal was ready for government, he was talking abuot the measures to recover corrupted (ruined) economy, economic transformation, free market economy, also selling to the Bosphorus Bridge etc. On the other hand, the other two leaders (Necdet Calp and Turgut Sunalp) couldn’t say concrete projects. Especially, MDP was presenting itself as the reprasantative of 12 September Military Coup.Unlike Özal’s political meetings, their meetings were not exciting to Turkish voters. Morever, Özal and his party managed to present itself as a civilian force, the most competent among other two parties to normalize Turkish democracy and economic system. At the same time, Özal were using more civilian discourse, he meant that his party autonomous from the military (Akdoğan, 2001: 88). ANAP was advocating consensus and toleration in political sphere unlike MDP and HP. According to Özal, economic problems could be resolvedonly by decisive and logical methods. That is, he meant that their government could overcome these problems. Turkish People believed him. Only Özal’s Party used positive discources and formulations, other parties preferred to say state-oriented rhetoric (Özkazanç, 1996: 1221). At the same time, conversation programmes on TRT (Turkish Radio and Television) contributed Özal’s success. At these programmes Özal told his economic projects simply and clearly instead of ideological issues, (Heper, 2011: 206). Özal persuaded Turkish People on economic issues easily. And, ANAP was able to win the elections getting a little more votes than 45 percent (%45.2) 211 deputies (400/211) in the Elections of November 1983 and come to the power only by itself (one-party government). 1.1. Özal’s Governments and Economic Transformation of Turkey 103 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The ideology of the ANAP was based on four different political views, nationalism, conservatism, social justice, and market economy (ANAP programme, 1983). İn this respect, Özal claimed that our party was the represantative of the whole society rather than a part of it. Prime Minister Özal and his party acted carefully in order not to do an action to disturb the soldiers (NSC), as it was transition government and comletely signed the desicions about the economy can be seen. While noticing the conditions of that time, it is seen that this was a logical preference. During those years Özal introduced himself as a calculating man by using a rather moderate language and stressed on economical issues(Kalaycıoğlu, 2002: 46). On the other hand, Özal accused the previous governments of being too closed in international community and economy. According to him, Turkish politicians were hesitating to be open to the international arena and attempting to built a wall around Turkey. İn this context, closed society and closed economy meant an isoleted country. Özal aimed to changed these closed policies (Topal, 2001: 40).The primacy aim of Özal was to make structural changes in economy and to make the economy open to the out side (Kazdağlı 2003: 460) He eventually started to make his decisions into practice which he had planned before. The major reforms of Özal roughly (Morgil, 1996: 104-105; Akad: 2000: 267). - He abolished “The Law of the Protection of the Value of Turkish Lira” that he had come from the years of 1930. The flexible exchange rate policy was started (It means no devaluation suddenly) The control of prices was abolished (Black Market ended) The importing limitations and quotas were almost completely abolished Out of budget funds applications were established in order to get rid of the bureaucratic formalities Reduced beuraucracy for taking driver’s license and passport Privatization efforts, the industrialization policies which are open to foreign competition and the encouragement of the industrial and service investments. Özal is usually remembered for his infrastructural projects that he had made for supporting the investments. For instance, Fatih Sultan Mehmed Bridge (2.Bosphorus Bridge), Atatürk Dam, highways, roads, harbours, airports, the commonization of the telephone networks of the villages are appearing at the first sight for evaluating in this respect. İn the different centres of Anatolia (Denizli, Konya, Kayseri etc.) the firms which were called as “Anatolian Tigers” were able to exist by means of incentives that Özal had given (Öniş, 2000: 289). By means of Özal’s radical economical transformations which we have counted above, the import-substitution period in Turkish economy finished, an economical model that is exportoriented had been started with Özal (Çalık, 1992: 6). Thanks to these reforms, it wasn’t anymore guilt to have foreing currency or foreign cigarettes in your pocket in Turkey. Also, The absences of goods and queues of goods were no longer problems though they had been very common before 12th September. Özal said that we souldn’t be afraid of making competition with the World and gave to importance to the freedom of enterprising. İnstead of being afraid globalisation, Özal made it stress that it was an oppurtunity for us. He often went to on journeys abroad by making his plane full of businessman. İn his opinion, our age was an age of individuals’, freedoms and oppurtunities. İn this context, ANAP governments gave 104 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo incentives to the businessmans in every field, for that reason, big success were realized in private sector, e.g tourism(Kazdağlı, 1996: 100). Besides successful enterprisers emerged in all the parts of Anatolia. They started to export different goods to all around the World. Between the years 1983-1989 in which Özal was ruling the country, the average growth rate in a year in Turkey was more than 5 percent. Again in this period the export of Turkey had been increased up to 350 percent (Öniş, 2000: 289). On the other side, the economic crises that Turkey was used to, were not seen in Özal’s period. However didn’t only apply policies based on economy, but he also wanted to entegrate the economical liberalism with the political liberalism in the following period. We realize that serious steps were made in his time in the field of democratization. 1.2. Özal and Democratization Özal is generally accused of giving importance and first side to the liberalization in economy rather than not making a serious liberalization in political field. When Özal started to rule the country in 1983, the guardianship of the soldiers (NSC) was still continuing. Whether Özal wanted political liberalization or not, there wasn’t a possibility for this in those times. The sings of political liberalization can be seen from the year 1987. Later, when we look at his reforms during his being the President of Republic (1989-1993), we can say that the political liberalization was at the top. His most common reforms are the followings (Dağı, 2003: 249269; Acar, 2008: 202; Özbudun, 2003: 110, Barlas, 1994: 287): - - İndividual application right to the European Human Rights Commission was given to the Turkish citizens (1987) Turkey made its application for being a full membership of the European Union(1987) The authority of the European Court of Justice was started to be accepted The European and United Nations convention was accepted against torture The 141st, 142nd, and 163rd articles of Turkish Criminal Code (TCK) which prohibited the socialist and the islamic views, were abolished by the personal efforts of Özal in April, 1991 He was the main actor in abolishing the prohibition of speaking in Kurdish Turkey signed The European Social Charter and The Charter of Paris On the other side, Özal signed some critical events that decreased the influence of the soldiers and increased and showed the strength of the civilian rulers. İn 1987, he opposed to the chosing of the General Staff without being asked to him and he appointed the person he preferred as the General Staff (Necip Torumtay), not the one who was dictated to him (Necdet Öztorun). Moreover, he checked a military force with his bermuda short (Heper, 2011: 223). But the most important of all, he always underlined three freedoms througout his career: 105 The Freedom of Thougt �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo - The Freedom of Religion and Conscience The Freedom of Enterprise İn fact, the political philosophy of Özal is hidden in these three sentences. However, Özal had given importance mostly to the economic liberalism in his first ruling period (1983-1987) as the military guardianship was going on, but, especially when he was the president, he was able to make fundamental reforms in the field of democratization, he signed many important progressions. 2. Stagnation Period of Turkey (1990s) The coalition governments period started again in Turkey from 1991. The years of 1990s were the years of economical and political crises with the coalition governments (1994etc.) On account of the short lasting governments, political chaoses were always lived through. Worse than this, 28th. February 1997 Post-modern Coup was realized. Turkey lost its reformative identity in this period, failed the improvments througout the World as it was struggling with the artificial problems inside the country, its macroeconomic balances were damaged, its banks were robbed etc. On the other hand, the military and civilian bureaucracy intervened in every part of public life. Also, elected governments and politicians were threatened. That’s why the years of 1990s are called as the years in which Turkey went back in economic and political liberalism. Nevertless, the most positive thing in this period was that achieving the full membership status to the European Union in 1999. 3.The Governing of AK Party and Restarting of Transformation Period As the DSP-MHP-ANAP Coalition Government took the country towards financial crises and was unsuccesful at solving the problem of corruption, it carried the AK Party to the government in the November 2002 Elections. İt was unsuspicious that the success that the politicians working at AK Party had shown at the municipalities and except from this, the KOBİs’ and the bourgeoise of Anatolian’s support was effective in this success (Öniş, 2010: 259). Two parties got the right to enter to TBMM after the elections. AK Party and CHP. AK Party became the governing party. İn fact, AK Party came to the government after a similar period of ANAP. Because ANAP had also come to the government as a result of a very deep economical and political crises. Undoubtedly, a charismatic leader (Erdoğan) played an important role in the success of AK Party as it had been like in ANAP (Özal). AK Party promised that it would do reforms in the field of economics, in addition to this, it would get rid of the problem of basic rights and freedoms. At the same time, AK Party preferred to make stress on economical issues and European Union process insistently instead 106 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of classical ideological polarizations. People showed their support to AK Party’s liberal policies in the 2002 elections (Altun, 2009:4). 4.AK Party Governments and Re-transformation of The Turkish Economy Turkey regained its reformative identity that it had lost in the 1990 years with AK Party. The Party stayed loyal to the free market economy and which had been started by Özal in the period that was after 1980. İn addition to this, Erdogan declared the loyality to European Union Process. İt started to apply the targets that it had put forward with patience in 2002 November after it came to government despite some political disadvantages (soldiers and civilian bureaucracy). Erdogan’s Party also started to work intensely in many fields like education, healt, building, transportation and others (Koç, 2011). Besides, it stayed faithful to the IMF agreement that the former government had signed. By means of successful financial discipline and decisive economical reforms, AK Party has signed a lot of successes. Undoubtedly the European Union process has been one of the most important supporting factors to achieve these successes (Öniş, 2010: 269). Once AK Party became the government, it gave too much importance to this process, at the same time, by means of this process it strengthened its legitimacy. İt should be pointed that the IMF criteria are important about decreasing the inflation and net debt amount. The records of Republic History has been achieved again in this period in the flow of foreing capital (Altun, 2009: 19). Likewise it had been in ANAP’s (Özal’s period), big successes have been achieved in national income and export during AK Party government. İf we look at these rougly (www.tüik.gov.tr) - The export which has been 36 billion$ in 2002 increased to 134 billion$ in 2011 National income which was 230 billion$ in 2002 increased to 735 billion$ in 2011 The record was done in privatization between 2003-2011 (TÜPRAŞ. etc) 34 billion$ İf we look at the results in other fields in order to undertand the dimensions of the transformation in Turkey (www.akparti.org.tr) : - Turkey has been introduced with High Speed Train 13.500 kilometres doubled-road has been built TOKİ has been built about 500.000 flats Service has been carried even to the farthest villages with the KOYDES and BELDES projects There hasn’t been any city without a university Six zeros have been abolished for Turkish Liras On the other hand, Likewise Özal The Prime Minister Erdoğan took the businessman with him abroad so as to increase the trade. He abolished the vizas with a lot of countries. İn addition to these the number of turists coming to Turkey has increased to 32 million from 13 107 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo million in 2011 (www.dha.com.tr). Accordding to these datas, It is clear that Erdogan’s Party is developing to Turkey successfully, for that reason a large majority of Turkish voters support his party increasingly. 5. Democratization and AK Party AK Party had given the signals that it would make democratization steps from the time it came to the government. The Prime Minister of that period, Abdullah Gül, stressed in his speech of İCO’s Tahran Summit in May 2003 that the Muslim Countries had needed to care more about the democratization, human and women rights (Duran, 2010: 341). İn the following period, it could be seen that AK Party government was much sincere about this subject by the motivation of European Union as well. İf we have to make notice to the most known reforms (Dağı, 2010: 132-140; Koç, 2011: 15-20, Altun, 2009: 15; www.akparti.org.tr). - - The applications of state of emercency was abolished The closing of political parties have been made difficult State Security Courts were abolished The Law of Getting İnformation has been enacted The political propaganda with an other language (Kurdish) than Turkish has been abolished Broadcasting in Kurdish has been made free for private TV and radios. 24 hour Kurdish broadcasting has been started in TRT 6. İt has been allowed to established Kurdish Language and Literature Departments and İnstitutions at Universities. National Unification and Brotherhood Projects have been started A lot of workshops about Alevi Problem has been done On the 12th September, 2010, a large change of Constitution which decreased the influence of the military in politics and brought a positive discrimination to the women and children has been adopted. On the 27th April, 2007, the civilian ruling (AK Party) has objected to the ememorandum, which was broadcasted in the internet by the General Staff, but AK Party refused this memorandum and declared counter-memorandum in 28 April 2007 unexpectedly. The success of AK Party both in the field of economy and its democratic standing has been appreciated by the Turkish public. AK Party has achieved an effective success by increasing its votes in the 3 general elections that followed one other. On the other hand, in 1990s influence of the military was very high in political sphere, but with AK Party governments, İt changed. When we look at the relationship between soldiers and AK Party, Tayyip Erdoğan has signed a cautious reform without damagining and destroying, by thinking the institutional reputation of TSK (Turkish Military Forces) (Aydın, 108 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2012: 4). İn a new period Turkey has entered, the Generals have been giving applications for retirement instead of memorandum now (İdiz, 2011: 17). Then, Turkey has been normalizing. REFERENCES Alev Özkazanç, “Türkiye’de Yeni Sağ”Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, C.15, İletişim Yayınları, 1996: Ankara ANAP Programı (1983) Argun Akdoğan, Mapping Özal New Hegemonic Project, Doktora Tezi, ODTÜ, 2001: Ankara Asaf Savaş Akad, “The Political Economy of Turkish İnflation”, Journal of İnterntional Affairs, V.54, 2000 Aylin Topal, The New Right and Özalizm, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bilkent, 2000: Ankara Burhanettin Duran, “AKP ve Dönüşümün Aracı Olarak Politika”, H.Yavuz (Editor), AK Parti ve Toplumsal Değişimin Yeni Aktörleri, Kitap Yayınevi, 2010: İstanbul Celal Kazdağlı, “Turgut Özal’ın İktisadi Reformları”, İ.Sezal, İ.Dağı (Editoryal), Kim Bu Özal?, Boyut Kitapları, 2003: İstanbul Ergun Özbudun, “Özal ve Demokratikleşme”, İ.Sezal (Editör), Devlet ve Siyaset Adamı Turgut Özal, 20 Mayıs Vakfı, 1996: İstanbul Ersin Kalaycıoğlu, “The Motherland Party: The Challange of İnstitutionalization in a Charismatic Leader Party” M.Heper, B.Rubin (Editoryal), Political Parties in Turkey, Frank Cass Pub., 2002: Londra Ertan Aydın, “Erdoğan’ın uzlaştırıcı reformizmi” Star Gazetesi Açık Görüş, 26.02.2012 Fahrettin Altun, “12 Eylül’den 12 Haziran’a Siyasi Partiler, AK PARTİ”, Seta Analiz, S.41, 2011: Ankara Feride Acar, “Turgut Özal” (Çev: Zuhal Bilgin), M.Heper, S.Sayarı (Editoryal), Türkiye’de Liderler ve Demokrasi, Kitap Yayınevi, 2008: İstanbul 109 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Feroz Ahmad, Bir Kimlik Peşinde Türkiye, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2007: İstanbul İhsan Dağı, “Kimlik Siyaset ve İnsan Hakları Söylemi”, H.Yavuz (Editör), AK Parti ve Toplumsal Değişimin Yeni Aktörleri, Kitap Yayınevi, 2010: İstanbul Korkut Boratav, Türkiye İktisat Tarihi, 1908-1985, Gerçek Yayınevi 1998: İstanbul Mehmet Barlas, Turgut Özal’ın Anıları, Sabah Kitapları, 1994: İstanbul Metin Heper, Türkiye’nin Siyasal Hayatı,Doğan Kitap, 2011: İstanbul Mustafa Çalık, “Özal: Türkiye’nin Önünde Hacet Kapıları Açılmıştır”, Türkiye Günlüğü, sayı.19, 1992 Orhan Morgil, “Turgut Özal ve Ekonomi Politikaları”, İ.Sezal (Editor), Devlet ve Siyaset Adamı Turgut Özal, 20 Mayıs Vakfı, 1996: İstanbul Semih İdiz,“Muhtıra Değil Emeklilik Dilekçesi Veriliyor” Milliyet Gazetesi, 01.08.2011 Üstün Ergüder, “The Motherland Party (ANAP) 1983-1989” M.Heper, J.Landau (Editoryal), Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey, I.B.Tauris Publishers, New York and London: 1991. Yusuf Ziya Öniş, “Neo-Liberal Globalization and the Democracy Paradox: The Turkish General Elections of 1999” Journal of İnternational Affairs, V.54, Fall 2000 Yusuf Ziya Öniş, “Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi’nin Ekonomi-Politiği”, H.Yavuz (Editör), AK Parti Toplumsal Değişimin Yeni Aktörleri, Kitap Yayınevi, 2010: İstanbul Yaşar Taşkın Koç, “Değişim ve Statüko Kıskacında Ak Parti”, Seta Analiz, S.6, 2009: Ankara www.dha.com.tr www.akparti.org.tr www.tüik.gov.tr 110 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1158 Title A name given to the resource LEGACY of TURGUT ÖZAL and THE SUSTAİNABLE TRANSFORMATİON of TURKEY with AK PARTY GOVERNMENTS Author Author Erdoğan, Selami Abstract A summary of the resource. Turgut Özal is one of the most important actors in the Turkish Political life. He made fundamental changes in Turkey between 1983-1993 as a Prime Minister or President of Turkish Republic. He not only tried to liberate Turkish economy but also political sphere. Özal, especially focused on freedom of speech, freedom of belief and freedom of enterprise. At the same time, the latest refers to the free market economy. Until Özal's period Turkish political leaders applied the model of mixed economy, not free market economy, that is, the structure of Turkish economy wasn't entegrate with global markets. İnitially, Özal changed it and he started to set up export-oriented economic model, free interest rates, privatization, etc... and then, made political reforms; like freedom of speaking the Kurdish language, dissolution of 141, 142 and 163. articles of Turkish Ciriminal Code, application for full membership to the European Union. Unfortunately, his succesors could not able to sustain his revolutionary political and economic vision. İn this respect, 1990s can be considered as lost years for the Turkey. Until AK Parti governments Turkey encountered deep economic and political crises such as April 1994 and 28 February 1997. After from this miserable period, with the AK Parti government Turkey returned to the Özal's reformist politics both politically and economically. According to the arguments which are mentioned below, Özal's transformation efforts will be examined from today's view. Besides, what are the main characteristics of Özal and the AK Parti leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, can we say continuity or divergence between them. İn Today's Turkey, what is the importance of Turgut Özal, can we say that, Özal's ideas particularly in economic field-is being applied by the AK Parti government. Keywords: Özal, AK Parti, Free Market Economy, Economic Crises, Political Reforms, Turkish Economy. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General)