209 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0f367ba5ace6ab668c11f799d34f6f39.pdf 6587e6939526cbf829e4764cb24f6179 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Physiological characterization of dunaliella sp. (chlorophyta, volvocales) from çamalti saltworks (izmir-turkey) Fatih Aksoy 1 Edis Koru2 1Katip Çelebi University Fisheries Faculty Dept. of Aquaculture, Çiğli,35620, İzmir,Turkey 2Ege University Fisheries Faculty Dept. of Aquaculture Bornova,35100, İzmir,Turkey E-mail: fatih.aksoy@ikc.edu.tr Abstract Dunaliella (Cyanophyceae) microalgea is a species used for feeding live baits that are used in larval fish production. Dunaliella species are intensively cultivated in algal biotechnology. Because of the nutritional value and chemicals this microalgea contains, it is commonly used in industries such as pharmacy, cosmetics and bait industry. From this point of view, it can be said that this algea species has high economic value. It can be found in areas between ‰ 10 and ‰ 200 salinity content rate. In Turkey this species can be found in salinas near coasts and salty-soft drink lakes. In this research, Dunaliella sp. species which is in Turkey’s biggestmarine based saltworks “İzmir Çamaltı Saltworks” ecosystem isolated and cultivation in controlled circumstances determined. As a part of this research, physicochemical parameters such as optimum light, saltiness, density, biomass and pigment determined. Keywords : Dunaliella sp., saltworks, microalgea, Çamaltı, Izmir, Turkey. 1.INTRODUCTION Microalgae produce biomass and specific biomass in gredients from solar irradiation at high degrees so that it is possible to produce economically feasible materials by microalgae. The genus Dunaliella are wall-less eukoryatic algae and found in saline environments. They are flagellate and consist of 23 species. They exhibit ideal growth at various salt concentrations. In those conditions, their colours become orange-red (Massyuk, 1973). Dunaliella belongs to the phylum Chlorophyta and family Polyblepharidaceae. It is halotolerant and green (Avron and Ben-Amotz 1992; Garcia et al., 2007). It can live in aquatic condition between 0,5-5 M NaCI salinities (Shariati & Hadi, 2000, Phadwal & Singh, 2003; Jahnke & White, 2003). Dunaliella species produce some chemicals such as caretonids (Hosseini Tafreshi & Shariati, 2006; Hadi et al., 2008), glycerol (Hadi et al., 2008), vitamins and proteins (Ghoshal et al., 2002) tough conditions (Hosseini Tafreshi & Shariati, 2006; Hadi et al., 2008). The reason how it can adapt in various salt concentrations is that it can change the intracellular concentration of glycerol (Raja et al., 2007). People use glycerol in automotive, leather, pharmaceutical, paint, cosmetic, food, pulp and paper, textile industries and in the manufacture of microbial fermentation or it can be synthesized from petrochemical raw materials. It can also be produced from soap manufacture of fats the amount of glycerol produced in the world is 600,000 t/year (Wang et al., 2001; Taherzadeh et al., 2002). Dunaliella species are consireded to be the most known microalgae in the autotrophic production of glycerol (Borowitzka and Borowitzka, 1992). Dunaliella sp. are known as the most halotolerant eukoryatic livings and they can adapt even to low salt saturated conditions 113 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo such as 0.2%.On the other hand , it is the only eukoryatic photosynthetic organism found in extremely concentrated saline lakes (Ben-Amotz and Avron, 1990). Dunaliella salina, D. viridisare mostly found microalgae species in salty conditions (Davis, 1990). D. salina accumulates high amounts of β-caroten when there is a lack of nitrogen sources or in high salinities and in high levels of irridance. β-caroten is a pigment and it is added to health food products and is used as a food coloring agent (anti-cancer and antioxidant agent) (Ben-Amotz and Avron, 1990). 2.MATERIALS AND METHODS Dunaliella spp. were isolated from the Çamaltı solar saltworks and cultivated (Izmir, Turkey). The Çamaltı Saltwork is the largest one in Turkey. It is in Izmir City which experiences marine conditions. Its coordinates are 38°28’N and 26°50’E near the Izmir Bay. The reservoir initial in the saltworks is found approximately in 2-3 inches depth of water. The density of water is about 3 oBe – 5 oBe in November-May. Then, The water is pumped from the sea and the salinity increases by 6-8 oBe. After that the density goes on increasing up to 22–24 oBe. During this process micro algae appear and exhibit different colors. At higher concentrations micro algae collapse. The temperature varied between 6-7°C (December), 4-5°C (February), 20-22 °C (April) to 28-30 °C (June), 38-40 °C (August) throughout the year. We used single-cell isolation by micropipette.Dunaliella sp. were incubated and stored without any process during two month. Then 1L flaks were incubated and reproduced. And then different salinities determined growth parameters. Dunaliella sp. strain was cultivated at four NaCI concentration (‰40,‰100) in 1L flaks. Laboratory’s temperature was 24±1 °C, and lights were 1200 lux. Experiments were observed for 20 days. We used f/2 medium for experiments. Tablo 1. f/2 Medium (Guillard and Ryther 1962) Component Stock Solution Quantity Molar Concentration in Final Medium NaNO3 75 g/L dH2O 1 mL 8.82 x 10-4 M NaH2PO4 H2O 5 g/L dH2O 1 mL 3.62 x 10-5 M Na2SiO3 9H2O 30 g/L dH2O 1 mL 1.06 x 10-4 M trace metal solution 1 mL ….. vitamin solution 0,5 mL ….. f/2 Trace Metal Solution Component 114 Primary Solution Stock Quantity Molar Concentration in Final Medium �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo FeCl3 6H2O .... 3.15 g 1.17 x 10-5 M Na2EDTA 2H2O …. 4.36 g 1.17 x 10-5 M CuSO4 5H2O 9.8 g/L dH2O 1 mL 3.93 x 10-8 M Na2MoO4 2H2O 6.3 g/L dH2O 1 mL 2.60 x 10-8 M ZnSO4 7H2O 22.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 7.65 x 10-8 M CoCl2 6H2O 10.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 4.20 x 10-8 M MnCl2 4H2O 180.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 9.10 x 10-7 M f/2 Vitamin Solution Component thiamine (vit.B1) Primary Solution HCl …. Stock Quantity Molar Concentration in Final Medium 200 mg 2.96 x 10-7 M biotin (vit. H) 0.1 g/L dH2O 10 mL 2.05 x 10-9 M cyanocobalamin (vit.B12) 1.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 3.69 x 10-10 M For the extraction of chlorophlly-a, 5 ml of cultures incubated was taken daily from each flask. Absorbance measurements were made by using a spectrophotometer. Algal growth was monitored by counting number of cells in a counting chamber (Thoma Counting chamber). 3.RESULTS Growth of Dunaliella sp. Çamaltı strain at different salinities is shown in Fig. 1. Maximum cell density for Dunaliella sp. was obtained in 100 ‰ salinity and the lowest concentration was found in 40 ‰ salinity. Salinity clearly affected the cell density in Dunaliella sp. The optimum salinity for growth of Dunaliella sp. strain was around 100 ‰ salinity. A high salinity (100‰) was establisment chlorophlly-a (621,3 pg cell/1), a low salinity (40‰) (347,1pg cell/1). (Fig.2) 115 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cell density(x106 mL/1) 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 40 ‰ 100 ‰ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cultivation time (day) Fig. 1: Increase in cell density under the conditions of different salinities and 25 °C temperatures 700 Chl a (pg cell/1 600 500 400 300 40 ‰ 200 100 ‰ 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cultivation time(day) Fig. 2: Maximum chlorophyll-a concentration per cell in Dunaliella sp. grown at different salinities Optic density (680nm) Optical density was directly proportional the density of the cell. It is shown that a high optical density observed at high salinity. Increasing salinity caused optic density to increase (Fig. 3) 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 40 ‰ 100 ‰ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time (day) 116 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig. 3: The optical density of different salinities At 40 ppt, culture had reached the logarithmic and stationary growth phase on day 3rd and 6th, respectively. On day 20, culture collapsed at 40 ppt. At 100 ppt, culture had reached the logarithmic and stationary growth phase on day 5th and 9th. The highest physiological development in Duneliella sp. was obtained at 100 ppt. 4.DISCUSSION The Dunaliella species isolated from the solar saltworks on the Çamaltı Izmir differed in their capacity for growth and physiological acclimation to varying culture conditions. In the present study, the effect of salinity intensity, cell intensity, optic density, chlorophlly-a, on growth of Dunaliella sp. Çamaltı strain was determined. It has been observed to grow optimum at salinity around 100 ‰. Gibor (1956), Jimenez and Niell (1990) reported that the optimum temperature for the growth of Dunaliella viridis was around 30°C. Ak (2008) reported that the highest growth of D. viridis of Çamaltı saltworks was found 25°C. Our study shown that the temperature was 25°C the high salinity the best growing. InthestudyheldbyDurmazet al in theyear of 2006, theyisolatedDunaliellasalinathecellsfrom Konya Salt Lake bythemethod of dilution. Theymonitoredtheirgrowth in differentsalinities(0.62M, 0.85, 1.25 ve 1.71M). Inthisstudy, themostconvenient salt concentrationwasobservedto be 1.71M NaCI. In1.71M NaCI, morecellnumberandhigher Bcarotenevalueswerefoundout. Inthestudyheldby Dudu et al in 2001 on differentNaCI(10%, 15 %and20%)concentrations, theyannouncedthattheyattainedthemostgrowthin NaCI10 % concentration. REFERENCES Ben-Amotz, A. and M. Avron, 1983. Accumulation of metabolites by halotolerant algae and its industrial potential. Ann. Rev. Microbial., pp:95-119 Ben-Amotz, A., Avron, M., 1990. The biotechnology of cultivating the halotolerant alga Dunaliella. Trends Biotechnol. 8, 121–126. Ben-Amotz, A., Shaish, A., Avron, M., 1991. The biotechnology of cultivating Dunaliella for production of b-carotene rich algae. Bioresour. Technol. 38 (2–3), 233–235. Borowitzka, M.A., Borowitzka, L.J., 1992. Micro-algal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Davis, J.S., 1990. Biological Management fort he Productşon Salt from Seawater. In: Introduction Applied Phycology, Akatsuka, I. (Ed.). SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp:479-488. 117 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Dudu Evren, Ü., Ç. Kanlıtepe, C. Çıracı, G. Dönmez, 2001. Tuz Göl,’nden (Konya-Türkiye) izole edilen Dunaliella türlerinin gliserol üretim kapasitesinin belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 1. Alg Teknoloji Sempozyumu p, 225-232 (In Turkish). Durmaz, Y., Gökpınar Ş., 2006. Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyceae) Büyümesi Üzerine Tuzluluğun Etkileri. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, pp:121-124. Garcia, F., Freile-Pelegrin, Y., Robledo, D., 2007. Physilogical characterization of Dunaliella sp. (Chlorophyta, Volvocales) from Yucatan, Mexico. Bioresource Technology,pp:1359-1365 Javor, B., 1989. Hypersaline Enviroments: Microbiology and Biogeochemistry. 1st Edn., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp:328. Lamers, P.P., Janssen, M., De Vos, C.H.R., Bino, J.R. and Wijffels, R.H. 2008. Exploring and exploiting carotenoid accumulation in Dunaliella salina for cell-factory applications. Cell Press, pp:631. Kaçka, A., Dönmez, G., 2008. Isolation of Dunaliella spp. from a hypersaline lake and their ability to accumulate glyserol. Bioresource Technology, pp.8348. Massyuk, 1973. Morphology, taxonomy, ecology and geographic distribution of the genus DunaliellaTeod. and prospects for its potential utilisation. Kiev: Naukova Dumka. Massyuk. pp. 312. Taherzadeh, M.J., Adler, L., Liden, G., 2002. Strategies for enhancing fermentative production of glycerol-a review. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 31, 53–66. Wang, Z.X., Zhuge, J., Fang, H., Prior, B.A., 2001. Glycerol production by microbial fermentation: a review. Biotechnol. Adv. 19, 201–223. Interactions between chemicals used in aquaculture and environment in terms of sustainable development Muhammet Altunok , Fatih Gülec , Zerife Peker , Klaus Kümmerer Abstract Aquaculture that is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants, is the fastest growing animal production sector in the world. Global production from aquaculture for human consumption amounted to 73 million tonnes and the value of US$ 110 billion in 2009 and comprised almost fifty percent of the world’s fish supply. Aquaculture, thus, plays an important role in global efforts towards eliminating malnutrition and brings significant health benefits by nutritional well-being. It significantly dominates most devoloping countries in terms of contribution to development by increasing gross domestic product, providing employment opportunities and improving incomes. The potentially adverse impacts of aquaculture that is also threat the sustainability when the sector grows unregulated or under poor management, is of considerable current environmental 118 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1236 Title A name given to the resource Physiological characterization of dunaliella sp. (chlorophyta, volvocales) from çamalti saltworks (izmir-turkey) Author Author Fatih, Aksoy Abstract A summary of the resource. Dunaliella (Cyanophyceae) microalgea is a species used for feeding live baits that are used in larval fish production. Dunaliella species are intensively cultivated in algal biotechnology. Because of the nutritional value and chemicals this microalgea contains, it is commonly used in industries such as pharmacy, cosmetics and bait industry. From this point of view, it can be said that this algea species has high economic value. It can be found in areas between ‰ 10 and ‰ 200 salinity content rate. In Turkey this species can be found in salinas near coasts and salty-soft drink lakes. In this research, Dunaliella sp. species which is in Turkey’s biggestmarine based saltworks “İzmir Çamaltı Saltworks” ecosystem isolated and cultivation in controlled circumstances determined. As a part of this research, physicochemical parameters such as optimum light, saltiness, density, biomass and pigment determined. Keywords : Dunaliella sp., saltworks, microalgea, Çamaltı, Izmir, Turkey. 1. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a46b7b095ff1e2794726807d05e4f2ae.pdf 1adb250829f016f97e58e3ae3f5e469e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Phytoremediation: A Green Approach to Fight Heavy Metal Contamination in the Soil Author Author Jasmin Novalic Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this review paper is to present the extent and importance of the problem of heavy metal contamination in the environment, most notably in the soil. Phytoremediation is one approach for tackling this issue through the use of leafy plants for the uptake of excess heavy metals from the soil. An example of such plant species are the members of the Brassica genus which, when put in contact with different heavy metals present in soil, will act to remove them and therefore decrease their concentration. Heavy metals that are mostly observed in this context were copper, lead, and zinc, because of their abundance in different ecological environments. Different plants in general have a satisfactory phytoremediation potential, depending on the plant part, heavy metals in question, as well as used remediation technique. Therefore, introducing Brassica spp. into use would be a good way of enhancing the quality of the environment. Keywords Keywords. Brassica spp., Bioremediation, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Pollution. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2637-2835 (Print) DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706/JONSAE2022411 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Type The nature or genre of the resource Literature review https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f8b5737c4ea55c5920ba92bf14690154.pdf 795bd4272630597e6eeec480856741a9 PDF Text Text Pistillate Flower Abscission in Turkish Walnut Cultivars and Its Reduction by AVG Ayşe Gün Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute Yalova, Turkey aysegun2000@hotmail.com Veli Erdoğan Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture Ankara, Turkey verdogan@agri.ankara.edu.tr M. Emin Akçay Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute Yalova, Turkey akcay11@mynet.com Ayşe Fidanci Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute Yalova, Turkey aysefidanci66@hotmail.com Đsmail Tosun Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute Yalova, Turkey ismailtosun77@mynet.com Abstract: Level of pistillate flower abscission (PFA) in Turkish walnut cultivars was investigated in this study. Emasculated and bagged female flowers were pollinated with 5%, 50% and 100% pollen concentrations at receptivity. Control flowers left for open pollination. In addition, a whole tree was sprayed with 125 ppm ethylene inhibitor AVG (amino ethoxy vinyl glycine) when anthesis reached to 5-30% and a control tree was not treated for each cultivar. Number of aborted flowers at diameter of 3-4cm was counted and percent PFA was calculated. The results showed that Turkish walnut cultivars had medium (65.4%) to high (100%) levels of PFA including the leading cultivars ‘Şebin’ and ‘Bilecik’ (94.8% and 93.4% PFA, respectively). Application of AVG reduced PFA from 82.4% to 43.6% in average and increased fruit set significantly in all cultivars except ‘Şen-1’. Keywords: Walnut, PFA, fruit set, amino ethoxy vinyl glycine, AVG Introduction Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a monoecious and wind pollinated species. Pistillate flowers are produced terminally on shoots while staminate flowers (catkins) are borne laterally on one-year-old branches. Many fruit species exhibit flower and fruit drops which usually associated with competition phenomenon or lack of pollination. Walnuts present female flower drops called Pistillate Flower Abscission (PFA) (Catlin et al. 1987). Female flowers become receptive very shortly after emergence from the shoot apex when two stigma lobes begin to separate. However, ovary stops growing at 3-4mm in diameter, become necrotic, get brown and mumificated. These flowers drop with the peduncle attached from the shoot 2-3 weeks later (Catlin & 29 �Polito, 1989, Polito et al, 2005, Rovira & Aleta, 2006). In early studies, no association could be made with any known physiological, cultural, pathological or entomological influence (Catlin et al. 1987). Later, reports of Por & Por (1990) and McGranahan et al. (1994) showed that excess pollen was involved in PFA. Recently, the physiological mechanism leading to PFA was uncovered. When a pistillate flower receives high pollen load, pollen tubes growing down the style induce high rate of ethylene biosynthesis activating pre-formed abscission zones and resulting in flower abscission (Beede & Polito, 2003, Polito et al. 2005, Johnson et al. 2006, Lemus et al. 2007). Mechanically shaking catkins from pollenizer cultivars and main cultivar or removal of pollenizer rows altogether have been suggested to minimize PFA in existing orchards (Sibbett et al. 1995). An ethylene inhibitor amino ethoxy vinyl glycine (AVG) has been tested on walnuts to reduce PFA. The results showed increased yields especially on ‘Serr’ cultivar (Beede & Polito, 2003, Lemus et al. 2007). Severity of PFA varied among cultivars and ‘Serr’ was more seriously affected than others were. The yield could be reduced as much as 90% (Catlin & Olson, 1990). Many observations made in some countries such as Chile, France, Hungary, Spain, USA and Iran demonstrated that PFA exist in nearly all commercial cultivars (Rovira & Aleta, 1997, 2006, Hassani et al. 2006, Lemus et al. 2007). However, tendency of Turkish cultivars to PFA is not known. The objective of this study was to determine the level of PFA in Turkish walnut cultivars and to prevent PFA by applying ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor AVG. Materials and Methods Sixteen years old walnut trees of 11 Turkish cultivars and ‘Serr’ cultivar located at Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute, Yalova, Turkey were used in the study [Table 1]. Determination of the level of PFA in cultivars: Newly coming shoots with emerging female flowers were bagged with Tyvek bags before receptivity after emasculation. Female flowers were pollinated with 5%, 50% and 100% of walnut pollen when stigmas separated and reached to receptivity. Pollen mixtures were prepared with talc powder before application. Pollen numbers in each of concentration was determined under microscope. Control flowers left for open pollination. Dropping flowers due to PFA were distinguished by visual appearance (Rovira & Aleta, 2006); female flowers stopped growing at 3-4mm in diameter, became necrotic, got brown, and mumificated. The most distinct feature was the dropping of flowers with the peduncle attached to it from the shoot. Drops due to competition within flowers of the same inflorescence were different that flowers’ detachment occurred at the basis of ovary and the flowers dropped without peduncle. Number of healthy flowers and abscised flowers showing PFA symptoms were counted and the percent PFA was calculated after 3 weeks of pollinations. For each treatment, 25 bags were used on each of three trees. Number of female flowers in bags varied since multiple flowers could be produced at top of shoot apex. Determination of effect of ethylene inhibitor on reduction of PFA: AVG (amino ethoxy vinyl glycine) was used as an ethylene inhibitor. A whole tree was applied with 125 ppm of commercial product Retain® (Valent BioSciences, USA) when female flowers reached to 5-30% receptivity (Venburg et al. 2008). Second tree was not treated and used as control. Three branches were marked and approximately 100 flowers were counted on trees. Number of healthy and abscised female flowers due to PFA was counted and percent PFA was calculated after 3 weeks of AVG application. Cultivar ‘Kaplan-86’ gave inconsistent results that it was excluded from this experiment. In both of the experiments, the second set of counts was made nine weeks after pollination/AVG application to assess fruit set which gave the yield. Drops occurred at that period due to both PFA and other causes of drop such as nutritional deficiencies and competition phenomenon. 30 �Results and Discussion Determination of the level of PFA in cultivars: Percent PFA and percent fruit set values of cultivars, which were determined 3 weeks, and 9 weeks after pollination with different pollen concentrations, respectively are shown in Table 1. When female flowers pollinated with the lowest concentration of pollen (5%) PFA was the lowest (48.6%). As pollen concentration increased to 50% and 100% PFA incidence increased to 54.1% and 72.7%, respectively. Pollinations with 100% pollen concentration gave similar to open pollination. We counted the pollen number in the same amount of pollen sample, which was applied to the flowers under microscope. The average number of pollen grains was 17.6, 47.7 and 343.8 in pollen samples of 5%, 50 and 100% of concentrations, respectively. These findings indicated a positive relationship between pollen load and level of abortion of pistillate flowers as suggested by Por & Por, (1990) and McGranahan et al. (1994). Kaveckaja & Tokar (1963) reported that 10-18 pollen grains were necessary for regular fruit set on stigmas. McGranahan et al. (1994) counted 179 pollen grains on normally developing stigmas while there was more pollen grain (322) on flowers, which affected by PFA (ovary diameter was 3-4mm) in cultivar ‘Serr’. The researchers concluded that there was significant negative correlation between pistil size and number of pollen grains. Dose response curves of Polito et al. (1996) indicated that pollen doses in the range of 70100 grains per pistillate flower would induce 50% abortion in pistillate flowers; higher levels of pollen resulted in greater losses. The counts made after 9 weeks from pollinations showed that average fruit set was similar in all treatments being 17.6 to 20.2% that was unexpected. Although the reason for this is not known we thought that drops occurred at that period was due to both PFA and other causes of drop such as nutritional deficiencies and competition phenomenon. Polito et al. (2005) considered the drops at late stage primarily due to a lack of effective pollination. Rovira & Aleta (2006) reported that unfertilized flowers could reach advanced development stage without fecundation; they reach an appearance of small fruits, up to 8-10mm of diameter. They may remain attached for three weeks or longer. On the other hand, recently fertilized nut drops are usually attributed to nutrients competition and at this stage, fruit size is about 12-18mm in diameter. %5 pollen Cultivar Y-1 Y-3 Y-4 Şebin Bilecik Tokat-1 KR-1 KR-2 Şen-1 Şen-2 Kaplan-86 Serr Average %50 pollen %100 pollen Open pollination PFA (%) Fruit set (%) PFA % Fruit set (%) PFA (%) Fruit set (%) PFA (%) Fruit set (%) 21.9 24.1 54.9 59.4 51.9 63.1 55.5 16.8 47.6 77.1 83.3 26.3 25.1 27.8 0.0 17.4 34.6 29.5 16.7 48.1 17.0 0.0 12.5 14.1 28.5 49.2 76.6 54.1 55.1 68.6 33.3 16.0 54.6 73.6 93.3 46.8 35.7 10.3 0.0 26.9 34.9 13.8 37.5 36.0 36.5 2.1 0.0 13.7 65.7 72.2 83.6 62.8 71.8 54.5 77.1 85.0 77.8 82.8 78.8 60.9 22.6 10.7 12.8 30.6 19.5 27.3 19.4 10.5 18.6 0.0 21.2 33.6 87.9 67.9 68.8 88.4 88.9 63.0 81.7 85.2 53.8 59.8 100.0 53.5 10.6 25 9.3 11.6 7.6 37.0 10.1 13.7 30.8 18.9 0.0 36.5 48.6 20.2 54.1 20.6 72.7 18.9 74.9 17.6 Table 1. PFA (%) and fruit set (%) values of Turkish walnut cultivars and ‘Serr’ which were determined 3 weeks and 9 weeks after pollination with different pollen concentrations, respectively. 31 �Level of PFA in the cultivars to varied that it was the highest in ‘Kaplan-86’ followed by ‘Bilecik’, ‘Şebin’, ‘Y-1’ and ‘KR-1’ when the female flowers left for open pollination [Table 1]. The least affected cultivars were ‘Serr’ and ‘Şen-1’. These two cultivars also had about average values for PFA after pollinations with different pollen concentrations. In addition, these cultivars had very high fruit set values after open pollination. ‘Şen-1’ might have lower levels of PFA, while the results were unexpected for ‘Serr’ since it is highly affected by PFA. We observed that ‘Serr’ blooms later than most of Turkish genotypes. Thus, airborne pollen was drastically lower at the experimental site, which could result in lower PFA and higher fruit set compared to other cultivars. Researchers found that response of the cultivars to PFA varies with cultivars. ‘Chico’ showed the lowest levels of PFA, and ‘Chandler’ and ‘Vina’ were intermediate (Polito et al.1996). Similarly, Spanish selections were the most affected by PFA showing 73.4% of flower loss while Chilean selections had only 6.8% flower drop due to PFA. Californian and French cultivars showed medium values but closer to Chilean selections (Rovira & Aleta, 2006). PFA was found between 11 to 92% among Iranian genotypes (Hassani et al. 2006). Determination of effect of ethylene inhibitor on reduction of PFA: Percent PFA and percent fruit set values of the cultivars that were determined 3 weeks and 9 weeks after application of AVG, respectively are shown in Table 2. In general, PFA was very high (82.4%) in open pollination conditions (control). AVG is an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor and it has been applied predominantly to control abscission and ripening in apples. Use of AVG in walnuts to reduce PFA is a novel application. 125 ppm of AVG has been suggested as an adequate concentration to improve fruit set. In our study AVG treatment was effective on reducing PFA and increasing fruit set compared to the control. PFA was reduced from 82.4% to 43.6% and the reduction was about 50 percent. Fruit set was increased from 16.3% to 46.8% and the increase was almost three fold. Some cultivars such as ‘KR-1’, ‘KR-2’ and ‘Tokat1’, benefitted more from AVG application than others that they had the lowest PFA (12 to 18%) and the highest fruit set (84 to 87%) values. Although AVG application reduced PFA in ‘Serr’, fruit set was higher than the control. ‘Serr’ blooms later than most of Turkish genotypes, which are fruitful on terminal shoots. Our observations showed that terminal buds responded quickly to warm temperatures and development of pistillate flowers progressed fast in Turkish genotypes. When female flowers of ‘Serr’ reached to receptivity airborne pollen was drastically lower at the experimental site, which could result in higher fruit set in open pollination conditions. Polito et al. (2005) reported 57 to 70% yield increase in California and Lemus et al. (2007) obtained 35 to 83% yield increase in Chile in ‘Serr’. There was no improvement neither for reduction in PFA nor for increase in fruit set in ‘Şen-1’. The results indicated that this cultivar had lower levels of PFA than the others did. Buchner et al. (2006) reported similar results that AVG application did not improve yield in ‘Chandler’ cultivar. Cultivars ‘Y1’, ‘Y3’ and ‘Y4’ (Yalova series) have been widely planted in early plantings in 1980s and 1990s in Turkey. However, there have been AVG Application Cultivar Y-1 Y-3 Y-4 Şebin Bilecik Tokat-1 KR-1 KR-2 Şen-1 Şen-2 Serr PFA (%) 45.7 31.5 47.6 71.1 74.5 12.0 17.0 18.0 65.0 46.0 51.4 Fruit set (%) 54.3 52.3 43.8 27.9 16.7 87.0 71.7 64.0 27.8 28.7 40.5 32 Control PFA (%) 87.0 68.6 98.1 94.8 93.4 66.7 82.9 100.0 65.4 80.4 68.7 Fruit set (%) 12.0 25.4 0.0 5.2 3.2 33.3 11.4 0.0 28.9 10.7 49.0 �Average 43.6 46.8 82.4 16.3 Table2. PFA (%) and fruit set (%) values of Turkish walnut cultivars and ‘Serr’ which were determined 3 weeks and 9 weeks after 125pp AVG application, respectively. complaints about low yields in these cultivars. Our results showed that they had high levels of PFA and AVG significantly reduced PFA and increased fruit set. One of the important findings of this study was to show PFA levels of ‘Şebin’ and ‘Bilecik’ cultivars, which have a special place in Turkish walnut cultivation. Recently, there have been hundreds of orchards established with these two cultivars in the country; the former is main cultivar and the latter is pollenizer. The results highlighted that both cultivars are highly affected by excess pollen load and PFA occurs in large extend. On the other hand, AVG application was very effective in reducing PFA that fruit set increased 3 to 5 folds. Conclusions PFA is associated with excess pollen load on stigmas in walnuts. Excessive pollen tubes growing down the style of the female flower produce excessive amounts of ethylene, which is associated with organ senescence. Elevated ethylene levels are cause of flower abortion (Beede & Polito, 2003). PFA can be minimized in existing orchards by either mechanically shaking catkins from pollenizers, from both pollenizers and main cultivar, or removal of pollenizer rows altogether (Sibbett et al. 1995). However, in many cases these applications are not practical. Although the results are preliminary, we could be able to show that Turkish walnut cultivars had medium to high levels of PFA. Application of 125ppm AVG could effectively reduced PFA in all cultivars including the leading ones ‘Şebin’ and ‘Bilecik’ except ‘Şen-1’. Acknowledgement Authors thank Valent BioSciences, USA, for providing AVG (Retain®) chemical. References Beede, R.H., & Polito, V.S. (2003). Effect of ReTain® on reducing pistillate flower abortion in ‘Serr’ walnut. University of California Fruit and Nut Research Info Center. walnut research reports, p.197. Buchner, R.P., Fulton, A., Gilles, C.K., & Resch, K. (2006). Retain applications on Thema county ‘Chandler’ walnuts. University of California, Fruit and Nut Research Info Center, walnut research reports. p.113. Catlin, P.B, Ramos D.E., Sibbett G.S, Olson, W.H., & Olsson E.A. (1987). Pistillate flower abscission of the Persian walnut. HortScience, 22 (2), 201-205. Catlin, P.B., & Polito, V.S. (1989). Cell and tissue damage associated with pistillate flower abscission of Persian walnut. HortScience, 24(6): 1003-1005. Catlin, P.B., & Olsson, E.A. (1990). Pistillate flower abscission of walnut- ‘Serr’, ‘Sunland’, ‘Howard’ and ‘Chandler’. HortScience, 25 (11), 1391-1990. Hassani, D., Eskandari, S., & Jarrahi, K. (2006). Pistillate flower abscission of walnut genotypes. Acta Horticulturae, 705, 257-260. Johnson, H., Grant, J., & Polito, V. (2006). Pistillate flower abortion and ethylene production in walnut. University of California Fruit and Nut Research Info Center. walnut research reports, p.101. Kaveckaja, A.A., & Tokar, K.O. (1963). The unfavorable effect of large amount of pollen in the pollination of walnuts. Botanichnyi Zhurnal 48, 580-585. 33 �Lemus, G., González, C., & Retamales, J. (2007). Developing control of pistillate flower abortion in walnut trees as a novel usage of AVG, an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor. IPGSA, 19th Annual Meeting. July 21-25, 2007, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. McGranahan, G.H., Voyatzis, D.G., Catlin, P.B., & Polito, V.S. (1994). High pollen loads can cause pistillate flower abscission in walnut. The Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science. 119 (3), 505-509. Por, A., & Por, J. (1990). The effect of the excess pollen on the fruit set of walnuts in Balatonboglar. Acta Horticulturae, 284, 253-256. Polito, V., Coates, B., Grant, J., Hasey, J., Micke, W., Olson, B., & Pinney, K. (1996). Pollen, Pistillate flower abortion/ abscission. University of California, Fruit and Nut Research Info Center, walnut research reports. p.77. Polito, V., Grant. J., & Johnson, H. (2005). Walnut pollination and pistillate flower abortion. University of California Fruit and Nut Research Info Center. p.133. Rovira, M., & Aleta, N. (1997). Pistillate flower abscission on four walnut cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 442, 231-234. Rovira, M., & Aleta, N. (2006). Flower drop by precocious abortion in walnuts. Nucis Newsletter, 13, 27-30. Sibbett, G.S., Polito, V., McGranahan, G., Kelley, K. Olson, W., Hendricks, L., Catlin, P., & Grant, J. (1995). Minimizing PFA in walnuts. Sun Diamond Grower. 14 (1), 16-18. Venburg, G.D., Hopkins, R., Retamales, J., Lopez, J., Hansen, J., Clarke, G.G., Schroder, M., & Rath, A.C. (2008). Recent developments in AVG research. Acta Horticulturae, 796, 43-49. 34 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 326 Title A name given to the resource Pistillate Flower Abscission in Turkish Walnut Cultivars and Its Reduction by AVG Author Author Gün, Ayse Erdoğan, Veli Akçay, M. Emin Fidanci, Ayse Tosun, İsmail Abstract A summary of the resource. Level of pistillate flower abscission (PFA) in Turkish walnut cultivars was investigated in this study. Emasculated and bagged female flowers were pollinated with 5%, 50% and 100% pollen concentrations at receptivity. Control flowers left for open pollination. In addition, a whole tree was sprayed with 125 ppm ethylene inhibitor AVG (amino ethoxy vinyl glycine) when anthesis reached to 5-30% and a control tree was not treated for each cultivar. Number of aborted flowers at diameter of 3-4cm was counted and percent PFA was calculated. The results showed that Turkish walnut cultivars had medium (65.4%) to high (100%) levels of PFA including the leading cultivars ‘Sebin’ and ‘Bilecik’ (94.8% and 93.4% PFA, respectively). Application of AVG reduced PFA from 82.4% to 43.6% in average and increased fruit set significantly in all cultivars except ‘Sen-1’. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0aef3a18ba12c962363d3c483afac234.docx 29227332a5d6c93845d051cb42af0b34 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3e5a3cffe34c26f6a7836d775c271471.pdf 601a41220674d2b8a923a8eadca2e4a8 PDF Text Text Place Deixis in English Jovan Eranović University of Sarajevo/ Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: deixis, reference, demonstratives, pointing ABSTRACT The paper discusses English deictic expressions, the way they refer to various spatial dimensions, as well as different aspects and manifestations of place deixis in English. Such expressions, often accompanied by pointing or otherwise gestures, are anchored to their context of use, and their interpretation depends on both the speaker’s intentions and their linguistic and extralinguistic components. These expressions are usually pronouns and place and time adverbs. The paper also discusses a deictic center and its key role in understanding the relationship between the interlocutors and the objects of their conversation. It is deictic expressions that enable us create a mental picture of a discourse and follow its logic and development. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1825 Title A name given to the resource Place Deixis in English Author Author ERANOVIC, Jovan Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: deixis, reference, demonstratives, pointing ABSTRACT The paper discusses English deictic expressions, the way they refer to various spatial dimensions, as well as different aspects and manifestations of place deixis in English. Such expressions, often accompanied by pointing or otherwise gestures, are anchored to their context of use, and their interpretation depends on both the speaker’s intentions and their linguistic and extralinguistic components. These expressions are usually pronouns and place and time adverbs. The paper also discusses a deictic center and its key role in understanding the relationship between the interlocutors and the objects of their conversation. It is deictic expressions that enable us create a mental picture of a discourse and follow its logic and development. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 857 Title A name given to the resource Plagiarism: What are the Major Types and Causes among Iranian ELT Students? Author Author Weisi , Hiwa Mirzabeigi, Masoud Abstract A summary of the resource. The present study aims to investigate plagiarism and its major types and causes among Iranian MA students majoring in ELT. It also aims at finding the possible similarities and differences between male and female students in terms of committing plagiarism. To do this, three classes of MA students majoring in ELT from Ilam and Shiraz universities were selected randomly from Iranian National Universities. Relying on the results of the previous studies, the study divides the causes of committing plagiarism into three major types: Time, Motivation and Awareness. To investigate plagiarism and its causes a questionnaire with 19 five-choice items was designed and through pilot study its validity and reliability were obtained. Based on Rajeev (2009) classification, plagiarism was classified into five types: full, self, partial, minimalistic and source-citation plagiarism and these were embedded in the questionnaire. The results of the study showed that as far as gender difference is concerned no significant difference was found between male and female participants with regard to the extent of committing various types of plagiarism. However, it also showed that the males were more familiar with the rules of reporting, quoting, giving reference and citation than the females. As for the causes of committing plagiarism the results showed that concerning Time both males and females had similar attitudes, while their attitudes toward Motivation and Awareness was different. Finally, while most of the females knew the lack of knowledge as a major cause of plagiarizing most males knew Motivation (not being read their term papers by the professors) as the major reason for committing plagiarism. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9dbe6f11390ec7d16ae6c6de7245b900.docx 137a8e0eeb54c3951e73b16c47f72001 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/98979d437c8d28733cb11f7b8845f6dc.pdf 1f75c0555bd581ec9082f9d072d7abf6 PDF Text Text PLN: Teachers' Use of Social Media for Professional Development Daniel Xerri University of Malta/ Msida, Malta Key words: teacher education, continual professional development, social media, social networking, personal learning networks ABSTRACT This paper explores teachers’ use of Personal Learning Networks (PLN) for professional development purposes. On the basis of research conducted in an ESL environment, this paper demonstrates why a PLN is a necessary tool for language teachers. It also illustrates how they may exploit a variety of social media in order to enhance their knowledge and skills. In the digital era Personal Learning Networks are becoming increasingly significant as a means of acquiring new knowledge and enhancing one’s skills as a language teacher. In the 21st century teachers from all over the world are finding it much easier to create networks whose main purpose is that of facilitating the process of continual professional development. Using as its foundation the results of a study on secondary school teachers' use of social media, this paper will allow the audience to understand how teachers make use of their PLN. It will seek to show that the immediate effects of a PLN in language teaching are connected teachers who are constantly in tune with the most recent developments in the field and who are better able to contribute and share innovative ideas with a network of people that extends beyond the physical confines of the classroom. This paper will illustrate how some of the social media that teachers might already be using for non-educational purposes can be exploited as a means of achieving professional development. It will also provide the audience with the opportunity to discover social media that might not yet be so popular but which can redefine the way a teacher thinks about the process of acquiring knowledge and skills. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1722 Title A name given to the resource PLN: Teachers' Use of Social Media for Professional Development Author Author XERRI, Daniel Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: teacher education, continual professional development, social media, social networking, personal learning networks ABSTRACT This paper explores teachers’ use of Personal Learning Networks (PLN) for professional development purposes. On the basis of research conducted in an ESL environment, this paper demonstrates why a PLN is a necessary tool for language teachers. It also illustrates how they may exploit a variety of social media in order to enhance their knowledge and skills. In the digital era Personal Learning Networks are becoming increasingly significant as a means of acquiring new knowledge and enhancing one’s skills as a language teacher. In the 21st century teachers from all over the world are finding it much easier to create networks whose main purpose is that of facilitating the process of continual professional development. Using as its foundation the results of a study on secondary school teachers' use of social media, this paper will allow the audience to understand how teachers make use of their PLN. It will seek to show that the immediate effects of a PLN in language teaching are connected teachers who are constantly in tune with the most recent developments in the field and who are better able to contribute and share innovative ideas with a network of people that extends beyond the physical confines of the classroom. This paper will illustrate how some of the social media that teachers might already be using for non-educational purposes can be exploited as a means of achieving professional development. It will also provide the audience with the opportunity to discover social media that might not yet be so popular but which can redefine the way a teacher thinks about the process of acquiring knowledge and skills. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0d60641639555ddff1adc42b05a99f5b.pdf cc0d35776b8114d499d73bd7a6a828fa PDF Text Text ������          ���������������� https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9a1fcf958bac43f2a4e0f0369b87282f.docx 9872b384380fcf95cab467e1da309aea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3098 Title A name given to the resource Podržavljenje imovinskih dobara, te pravna priroda restitucije u Bosni i Hercegovini u svjetlu približavanja Bosne i Hercegovine evroatlanskim integracijama Author Author HAŠIĆ, Enes MUSLIĆ, Albin Abstract A summary of the resource. Restitucija kao proces uspostave pravnog stanja na imovinskim dobrima kakvo je bilo prije podržavljenja istih zauzima jako značajno mjesto u Bosni i Hercegovini. Naime, činjenica da je tokom dvadesetog stoljeća dolazilo do legalnih, ali upitno legitimnih aktivnosti u cilju uspostavljanja socijalne ravnopravnosti među stanovništvom, dovela je do praktičnog razvlašćivanja ranijih vlasnika na brojnim imovinskim dobrima. Zapravo, raniji vlasnici su prinudno bivali detitulirani, na način da su od vlasnika, postajali korisnici „svojih“ imovinskih dobara. Istovremeno su pojedini vlasnici bivali i deposedirani, ako je na određenim imovinskim dobrima došlo do izgradnje objekata, odnosno infrastrukture uopće. Danas, nekoliko decenija kasnije, na području Bosne i Hercegovine i dalje postoje problemi u vezi sa imovinskim dobrima, koja su potpala pod neku vrstu državne intervencije u imovinska dobra ranijih vlasnika (konfiskacija, arondacija, eksproprijacija, nacionalizacija itd.). U radu će se dati hronološki prikaz podržavljenja imovinskih dobara, ukazati na proces pretvorbe društvenog u državno vlasništvo, te na kraju analizirati stanje u vezi sa restitucijom u svjetlu usvajanja novog stvarnopravnog zakonodavstva, sa jedne, te nepostojanja državnog propisa o restituciji i problemima, koji su imanentni ovom procesu, sa druge strane. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e7ba5b629a700ece0cfe9a0ebd894958.docx a3179341a913ec3e0a5cf6b1bc81285a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d8d20c0d8d35926ee36250e8212a54de.pdf e845b3b3ebaf56d74d8fc0685c4cbea7 PDF Text Text Poetic Dictionaries in Our Tradition of Language Teaching Selim Tiryakiol & Asuman Akay-Ahmed Marmara University/ Istanbul, Turkey Key words:Language Teaching, Dictionary, Poetry, Poetic Dictionaries, Schools and Madrasahs ABSTRACT Dictionary is a reference book which keeps a language’s vocabulary in itself. In historic processes, dictionaries have been written in various categories depending on needs. One of these dictionary categories is poetic dictionaries. Poetic dictionaries have been prepared to teach students vocabulary based on memorability of poetry. Such works, which started to be drafted by Arabian linguists in the XIth century, were also taught in islamic countries in madrasahs, dervish lodges and schools within instrumental subjects after this century. Poetic dictionaries begin with a poetic “preface”. After giving the work’s purpose of compilation and construction characteristics, it passes to the dictionary part. Generally it ends with an “epilogue” giving its compilation date. Studying and revealing of poetic dictionaries, which have been utilized in language education by using the captivating and memorable aspects of poetry throughout the centuries, will shed light on today’s methods as well. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1926 Title A name given to the resource Poetic Dictionaries in Our Tradition of Language Teaching Author Author TIRYAKIOL, Selim AHMED, Asuman Akay Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words:Language Teaching, Dictionary, Poetry, Poetic Dictionaries, Schools and Madrasahs ABSTRACT Dictionary is a reference book which keeps a language’s vocabulary in itself. In historic processes, dictionaries have been written in various categories depending on needs. One of these dictionary categories is poetic dictionaries. Poetic dictionaries have been prepared to teach students vocabulary based on memorability of poetry. Such works, which started to be drafted by Arabian linguists in the XIth century, were also taught in islamic countries in madrasahs, dervish lodges and schools within instrumental subjects after this century. Poetic dictionaries begin with a poetic “preface”. After giving the work’s purpose of compilation and construction characteristics, it passes to the dictionary part. Generally it ends with an “epilogue” giving its compilation date. Studying and revealing of poetic dictionaries, which have been utilized in language education by using the captivating and memorable aspects of poetry throughout the centuries, will shed light on today’s methods as well Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/01ace9687a0691cbd7cbc5622660ad83.pdf c7ab497501bdd8c7fe3063e90354f2e9 PDF Text Text POGLED NA STILSKE FIGURE PRIPOVIJETKE MRAK NA SVIJETLIM STAZAMA IVANA GORANA KOVAČIĆA Ana Tereza Barišić University of Zagreb, Croatia Article History: Submitted: 03.05.2015 Accepted: 01.06.2015 Abstract The aim of this paper is to explore the stylistic authenticity of Dark on the Lit Paths, a short story written by Ivan Goran Kovačić, within the context of theory of stylistic devices. The short story abounds in expressive lyrical descriptions which portray characters and events from the author’s own homeland who, sympathising with the minor, ordinary, suppressed members of society emphasizes an idyllic harmony between Jačica Šafran, a peasant and nature, at the same time warning against poverty, envy and inhuman relationships among people. The paper presents an analysis of stylistic devices which, like skillfully interwoven threads in the plot of this short story, in presentation of characters and in problems presented in this work, are extremely important for the poetic segment of the author’s work of fiction. Gérard Genette (1985; 52) claims that a stylistic device is space which has its own form, space “between a sign and sense”, “inner space of language”, and that there are as many stylistic devices as there are forms of this space that can be identified. Therefore, the paper aims to present a review of figures of diction, figures of speech based on sentence structure, tropes and figures of thought, using the concrete examples from the short story in order to show the characterisation of the figurative features of Kovačić’s text, such as its picturesque features or expressive syntax. Figures of literary discourse have been exempt from this paper. Analysing the short story through various examples of anaphora, epiphora, onomatopoeia, epithets, inversion, similes, metaphors, antithesis, gradation, hyperbole, irony, personification and many other stylistic devices, the author wishes to present, determine or dispute the recent claims by numerous critics who do agree about one thing – that Kovačić's fiction is original �both in its structure and expression. She also wishes to emphasize a wide range of meaning and engagement of the writer's discourse. Key words: Ivan Goran Kovačić, Dark on the Lit Paths, figures of diction, figures of speech, figures of speech based on sentence structure, figures of thought. �1. Uvodne napomene Autorica će se u svom radu pozabaviti stilskom originalnošću pripovijetke Mrak na svijetlim stazama Ivana Gorana Kovačića, pisca koji kroz lirske opise prikazuje likove i događaje iz vlastitog zavičaja, suosjećajući s običnim ljudima, naglašavajući idiličan sklad između seljaka Jačice Šafrana i prirode, upozoravajući na siromaštvo, zavist i međuljudske odnose, a istovremeno priklanjajući se strani slabijih i potlačenijih pripadnika društva. Tekst njegove pripovijetke obiluje stilskim figurama koje su vješto upletene u fabulu ove priče, karakterizaciju likova i kao takve pridonose poetizaciji njegova proznog uratka. Cilj rada je prikazati ih i pokazati istinitost tvrdnje da je Kovačićeva proza originalna po svojoj strukturi i izrazu. Jezik književnoga djela obogaćuje standardni jezik na dva načina: svojim pamćenjem i svojom kreativnošću (Benčić i Fališevac 1995). U radu se analiziraju figure dikcije1, figure konstrukcije2, figure riječi3 i figure misli4. 2. Figure misli Budući da je Kovačić naslovom djela dao naslutiti da se u njemu radi o kontrastu, razumno je započeti analizu antitezom. Antiteza se sastoji u tom, da se po dva suprotna pojma ili misli jedno drugomu naprotiv stavljaju (Zima 1988). Ovaj pripovjedni korpus odiše suprotnošćui kroz prikaz glavnih likova što je uočljivo u njihovim imenima, Jačica Šafran i Franina Brdar. Da se pretpostaviti da je vlastita imenica Jačica izvedena od deminutivnog pridjeva jak (jak + ica = jačica), a da njegova karakterizacija dobije puniji izgled,autor imenu dodaje prezime Šafran (cvijet) i time determinira i izrazitu senzibilnost samog lika što se iščitavanjem redaka i potkrepljuje. Tradicionalna onomastička teorija promatra vlastita imena kao jezične znakove koji identificiraju objekte imenovanja (Brozović Rončević i Žic Fuchs 2005). Jačica5 je neshvaćen pa njegovu pojavu i sam svećenik metaforizira svojim komentarom „Grešna duša“. Da je njegova misija bezuvjetno poslužiti svakomu tko traži od njega pomoć i požrtvovno prionuti poslu, iščitava se iz teksta „Ali Jačica nije već trideset godina dolazio u selo o Martinju – jer su njegovu čuvarinu polizali kroz godinu volovi s dlana, pozobale ptice u šumama i raznijeli sijači vjetrovi što je ovima preteklo…“ što je opet u suprotnosti s njegovom sitnom građom vidljivom iz vanjske karakterizacije. „Malena tijela (…) sličio je grmičku koji se podigao iz čučnja i gegavo popošao“. Jačica je, dakle, po svemu suprotan Franini Brdaru, paralelnom glavnom liku ove pripovijetke čije se ime može izvesti iz �vlastite imenice Fran. Njegovo je prezime Brdar, najvjerojatnije složeno i postalo od imenice brdo. Jačica i Franina suprotni su likovi i u načinu izražavanja. Dok se Jačica,u svojim vrlo kratkim iskazima, služi mnoštvom umanjenica koji naročito odgovaraju govorniku koji govori pod utjecajem emocija (Aristotel 1989) te raznim deminutivima što je vidljivo iz navedenim primjera „Golubo, Golubičice moja, žalosnice…/Milosnice, i opet će Jačica ljubiti teoce u čelo, u gubičicu“, Franina je odrješit i nemaštovit u svojim iskazima, pomalo drzak i grub kao pravi ugljenar: „Hej, Jače, ljudino čobanska…što ruješ po tom blatu…ti si, junačino, utovio krda njihova!“ Kao dio stilske komponiranosti ove pripovijetke je i uporaba ironije, suprotnosti od onoga što želimo da se shvati (Škreb 1983) ili figure koja se dakle sastoji u tom, da govornik bira onaki izraz, kojim jedno kaže, a drugo, tomu protivno, misli i hoće (Zima 1988). Ironija je uočljiva u ovoj rečenici: „Dočuo za nj i velečasni, pa se duhovnik snebio što jedan od stada njegova ne dolazi u crkvu, ne ide, kao ostali pričesnici, da (…) umilostivi Boga slušajući riječ njegovu s prodikaonice“ u kojoj se naglašava dužnost svećenika, posrednika Božje riječi, da vrati na put posrnulu ovčicu iako je ona sa svim svojim karakteristikama daleko od toga. Ironičan je i zajedljivo sarkastičan način na koji se suseljani odužuju i zahvaljuju Jačici za tridesetogodišnju pastirsku službu „Kad je onemoćao (…) dogovori se selo da mu nađe zamjenika (…) razložili mu svoje stajalište – pružili mu nekoliko polovnika kukuruze i uputili ga da se nastani u ruševnoj samotnoj kućici s vrtom, daleko od sela, povrh općinske ceste (…) Od svoje ušteđevine ćeš lako otrgnuti“. Ovakvim stilom pisanja autor je potvrdio da je ironija izraz koji potiče iz osećanja genijalne nadmoći koje vodi duhovitom poigravanju s ljudima i odnosima. Ironijom se postižu najsnažniji efekti ukoliko je razumljiva svima sem onome kome je upućena. U tom slučaju njegov položaj postaje komičan (Živković 1986). Slikovitost pjesnikova izraza uočljiva je u predočavanju Franine čitatelju koji je najavljen osobitim prizorom u kojem je vidljivo personificiranje prirodnog fenomena u kojem njegovu veličinu i snagu predočuje uvećanicom imenice oblak ne bi li naglasio njegovu osobnost od koje, eminentno je kroz tekst, svi bježe kao od zatamnjenog neba očekujući neizbježnu elementarnu nepogodu. „Ali jedno jutro polegla grdna oblačina iznad sunčane kolibice…“ S druge pak strane ne bi li nam lakše i intenzivnije predočio povezanost pejzaža i Jačice te Jačičinu senzibilnost i veliku privrženost samoj prirodi i njezinoj ljepoti, kao i prirodne čari, autor koristi personifikaciju, najčešće shvaćenu kao osobitu metaforu, u kojoj se �stvarima, prirodnim pojavama, apstraktnim pojmovima, životinjama ili biljkama pridaju ljudske osobine (Solar 2006). „Raspjevale se ptičice po šumama, dolepršali oblačići kao bijeli anđeli i porosili pšenicu, osvježili livadu u boku nad kućom…“. Da je priroda oživljena u punom mahu, da se poigrava s njezinim stanovnicima, vidimo iz sljedećih primjera koji pridonose lirskim opisima Kovačićeva djela. „Poljubilo toplo sunce sočne klice i izvuklo za vrat iz zemlje zelene klasove i zlatnim šibama istjeralo kukuruzne stabljike iz tame, da ne ljenčare“. Personifikacijom pokazuje i susret Jačice i prvih sazrelih kukuruza „Odgurnuo jedno jutro lišće na klipu, a ovaj se nasmijao prpošno Jačici u brk bijelim, mliječnim zubićima…“ u kojima se nazire toplina odnosa između dva nevina bića. Kovačić nam vješto prikazuje i duševna stanja lika kroz rečenice u kojima je vidljiva ta stilska figura ne bi li nam zornije prikazao jačinu strepnji koje je Jačica osjećao. „Bijelio se papir pred njim (…) i ledenio mu srce…“ U konačnici, iz načina prikazivanja Jačice zaključujemo da je toliko stopljen s okolinom i postao njezinim suživljenim dijelom da je potpuno prirodno pročitati „…dopodne je kosio travu na livadi, a na njivici oponašali ga vjetrom zanjihani kukuruzi, koji su u ritmu s njime (…) mahali zelenim kosama, i o bokovima ljuljali im se klipovi…“ i složiti se da je autorova vještina predočavanja zaljubljenosti u vlastiti zavičaj trajna inspiracija za retke poput ovih u kojima je uočljiva njegova originalnost. Ne bi li naglasio određeni emocionalni stav prema predmetima ili pojavama te tako istaknuo vlastiti odnos govornika prema onome što želi reći, Kovačić se služi hiperbolom, pretjerivanjem koje postaje, kad se što s tom namjerom, da jače u oči pada, preko mjere umoljava ili uveličava (Zima 1988). Hiperbola, koju je Bagić(2012) opisao u svom radu kao mikrostrukturu pojačavanja koja osjećanja i zbivanja prikazuje u ekstremnom stupnju jačine, a predmete idealizira u pozitivnom ili demonizira u negativnom smislu vidljiva je u ovim primjerima „Iz njegovih su ruku (…) lizali sonajpakosniji bodači volovi; na njegov poziv pristupale bi mu najupornije junice, i najjogunastijiteoci…/Naš govedar tuli najljepše i najjače!/…gdje se popeo na najvišu bukvu i do noći promatrao s visoka daljine…“ gdje je ona izrečena superlativima navedenih pridjeva ne bi li ih dodatno istaknula izazivajući u čitatelja gdjegdje čuđenje gdjegdje divljenje. 3. Figure riječi Izražavanje metaforom koju je Zima (1988) definirao kao izraz prenesen od pravoga u nepravo značenje radi živoga prikazivanja jedan je od češćih6 oblika stilskog oblikovanja �diskursne slikovitosti Kovačićeve pripovijetke, a to dokazuju i primjeri poput „…sličio je grmičku (…) koji je gdjegdje bjelkasto procvjetao“gdje autor prikazuje zapravo starca Jačicu i njegove pozne godine. Kovačić svoju spoznaju svijeta i života povezuje s osjećajima koje je utkao u starčev lik i predočuje ju kao savršenstvo koje je moglo nastati samo posredstvom Boga„Činilo mu se kao da srče suze s njegovih očiju…/Pomoći će vam kišica (…) da se pozlatite…“S druge pak strane, prepoznatljiva je i određena odbojnost prema Jačičinom susjedu koja progovara iz svake njegove riječi pa je uočljiva i određena razlika u opisivanju tog antijunaka kojega se Jačica pomalo plašio„Ali jedno jutro (…) grdna oblačina (…) zamuti oči Jačičine, smrknu mu vedro čelo…/...grmio svojim dubokim, teškim glasom…/A i djevojke bi se raspršile pred njime“ Kovačićeva averzija prema ljudima na položaju i neodobravanje njihovih manipulacija nad siromašnima i bijednima još jednom dolazi do izražaja kroz metaforičnost sljedećeg primjera „S oproštenjem rečeno, malo mu se vrti već od djetinjstva…“ gdje je kroz izraz vrti mu se od djetinjstva naglašeno susjedsko nepoštivanje Jačice za sve one godine njegove službe. Kako je poredba posve jednostavna u svom jezičnom obliku, prozirna u svojoj jednoličnosti i kako se broji u najraširenije i najomiljenije mikrostrukture pojačavanja afektivnosti izražaja (Škreb 1983) nije neobično što je baš u ovoj pripovijetki autor izrazio svoje misli upravo kroznju i time pridonio slikovitosti. Naime, poredba ili poređenje je jezično izražajno sredstvo kojim se neko svojstvo, stanje ili djelovanje i slično objašnjava, čini bližim, stilistički ističe, afektivno pojačava dovođenjem u vezu, povezivanjem s nekim drugim, čitaocu poznatijim svojstvom… (Živković 1986). Zanimljiv je primjer poredbe u kojem svećenik opisuje Jačicu „…grub kao gorska trava i nijem kao zvijer….“ gdje je starčeva priroda poistovjećena s najgoropadnijim zvijerima čime se aludira i na starčevu nepristupačnost i tvrdoću u razgovoru s ljudima. Jačičina odvojenost od pastirske službe koja mu je teško pala, opisana je ovako: „Iz početka je ustajao u predjutarje (dok su zvijezde, poput cvjetova, blijedeći venule na nebu)…“ kao i njegova briga za Golubom „…i poniknu pred njom skrušeno kao pokajnik“. Opisi prirode i njezinih ljepota zbog poredbe naročito dolaze do izražaja i time ublažavaju ili pojačavaju osnovni ton, raspoloženje koje izaziva neka pojava (Živković 1986). Tako u primjeru „…dolepršali oblačići bijeli kao anđeli…“ uočavamo svu ljepotu bjeline �neba. U ovim oslikanim primjerima „…a kukuruzi stali na noge kao vitezovi/ i o bokovima ljuljali im se klipovi kao golemi vodiri…/…Jačica je sjedio pod borovima, na kojima su visjeli šešerikao nakiti…“ istaknuta je afektivna snaga autorovih riječi i misli predočenih na bjeline papira kao skladna harmonija. I u opisu Franine Brdara, njegova načina izražavanja i ponašanja prema drugima prožima se poredba i time se ukazuje na određeni poseban aspekt promatranja lika i svega što se uz njega veže. Iz primjera „Prozvali ga Oblačina, jer bijaše uvijek namrštena lica i neprestano s kletvom, kao s gromom, na ustima…“ saznajemo opravdanje za iznenadna djevojačka bježanja pred njim „…i djevojke bi se raspršile pred njime kao golubice…“, razlog njegovog grubog nastupa prema svima „…udari lopovske gazde po tikvi i pokolji im stado kao vuk…“ kao i način odnošenja prema iskorištavanom starcu „…tom starom strvinom ti začepiše gubicu, tom kravetinom mrhavom, umjesto da im kao ljudina rečeš…“ Tako je i Franinova snaga jasno prikazana ovom poredbom „…udarci sjekire odjekuju u sobici kao u mrtvačkom sanduku.“ Da bi dao posebnu notu naoko običnim riječima i ukrasio tekst, autor ga kiti ukrasnim pridjevima koji upozoravaju na neka posebna svojstva i određene odnose među riječima…(Solar 2006), tj. ukrašava ih epitetima, a pod tim pojmom Zima (1988) podrazumijeva svaki dodatak, koji s onom riječju, kojoj se dodaje, čini jedan ukupni pojam. Evo primjera: „riječi pogrdne/ žalosnice stara / kravetina mrhava / ljudina čobanska / svjetina bućoglava / srčetinasmrdljiva/ gnusna riječ / najpakosniji bodači / malena tijela / okrugle mahovinaste brade / zveketljiv prasak / ohladnjele jagode / grešna duša / bezuba kravica / ruševna samotna kućica / grčeviti jecaji / snažni vrat / jutarnja rosa / malo kovrčasto tele / slinasta njuškica / turobne, paćeničke oči / krhka starost / meke travčice / zarašteni vrtić / toplo sunce / zlatne šibe / zelene sablje / sunčani poljupci / grdna oblačina / mračni vojnici / isukani mačevi“. Iščitavajući tako tekst, pojedini epiteti u čitatelja izazivaju posebne utiske dok su drugi navedeni radi izazivanja emocionalne napetosti. 4. Figure dikcije Ne bi li postigao intenzivniji jezični izraz, Kovačić u svom pisanju koristi mikrostrukture ponavljanja. Anafora je ponavljanje iste riječi odnosno grupe riječi na početku više stihova ili strofa u poeziji, odnosno više rečenica ili rečeničnih dijelova u prozi (Živković 1986) koja je izražena već u početnoj rečenici pripovijetke „…bez drenovače u šaci, bez roga u ustima, bez riječi pogrdne…“te i u rečenici koja opisujeJačičinu kravicu i njezinu �svakodnevnicu: „Tako je glasno, tako je veselo žvakala dobra, bezuba kravica tvrdu gorsku travu…“ kao i u dijelu teksta Franina posprdna obraćanja na sramotnu i necijenjenu Jačičinu tridesetogodišnju pastirsku službu od koje se nije obogatio, a kamoli zbrinuo „Ti natravio bikove u koševinama, ti si, junačino,utovio krda njihova!/…tom starom strvinom ti začepiše gubicu, tom kravetinom mrhavom…/…Nećeš, vojsko, nećeš, narode…“ Ponavljanje se uočava u izražavanju njegova straha zbog nadolazećeg gubitka Golube „Svaki bi čas trčkarao u štalu i uvjeravao se da li je zasun dobro prebačen, da li Goluba u polutami zvekeće…“ te u završnom dijelu teksta gdje po prvi puta grubijan Franina pokazuje svoju suprotnost7, suosjećanje i brigu za Jačičino duševno stanje nakon odvođenja Jačičine kravice, njegova blaga „Kad je stigao pred kuću, priđe mu Franina blizu i stavi ruku na pleće: - Odveli su ti, Jače, kravu… Odveli su ti kravicu…“. Ovi primjeri obogaćuju smislenost rečenog u pripovijetki i izazivaju posebne emocionalne dojmove u srcima čitatelja koji mogu prodrijeti u razmišljanja i osjećanja likova. Jedina rečenica s izraženom epiforom, koju je Solar (2006) definirao kao pjesničku figuru iz skupine glasovnih figura, odnosno zvučnu figuru ili figuru dikcije, koja nastaje ponavljanjem riječi na kraju… je ona u kojoj Franina izražava nezadovoljstvo zbog ranjavanja svoje noge „…evo,nožurinu sam prebio, ali ne za drugoga, ali ne za drugoga!“ U svojim lirskim opisima autor često upućuje na idilu, skladnost između seljaka i prirode kako smo već ranije analizirali pa nije ništa neobično da će se u svom uratku poslužiti i onomatopejom koja je definirana (Bagić 2012) kao poseban tip ponavljanja odnosno glasovnog podudaranja. Ona uz ponavljanje pretpostavlja i oponašanje zvukova iz prirode, pa se jezični elementi kojima se takvo oponašanje predočuje katkada nazivaju imitativima. Ta je stilska figura prepoznatljiva u dijelu teksta gdje je neka mještanka, provocirajući Jačicu Šafrana i njegovu izolaciju od suseljana, izazvala smijeh i ludorije za vrijeme večere. „Prosuo se zveketljivprasak tanjura.“Onomatopejom je prikazan zvuk plača „…objesio se o vrat Jakanuzagušujući na dlaci grčevite jecaje…/…grčevito zaplače…“, način smijanja „…a ovaj se nasmijao prpošno…/…grohotali se Jačičini vršnjaci…“, cvokotanje zubi „…drugi drvosječe cvokotali zubima…“, zvuk šapata „…sipio je njegov šapat…“, zvuk zveckanja „…su sitno zveckale kolajne…/…zvekeće lančićem na koritu“. Dakle, autor je upotrebom tih određenih glasovnih skupina u čitatelja htio izazvati određene osjetilne podražaje. 5. Figure konstrukcije �Anadiploza pojašnjena kao jedna ili više rieči, koje na kraju jedne izreke stoje, ponavljaju se u početku druge izreke (Zima 1988)i koja se shvaća kao govornička ili pjesnička figura (fonetička), figura ponavljanja riječi ili izraza (…) čijim se ponavljanjem pojačava izražajnost riječi ili izreke (Simeon 1969) prepoznatljiva je u pretposljednjem dijelu pripovijetke „Plati vojnicu! Vojnicu plati!“ kada su gospoda došla pokupiti Jačičin dug jer u mladosti, kako doznajemo, nije izvršio svoju domovinsku dužnost. Autor ukazuje na ljudsku grubost prema onima koji zbog određenog razloga nisu bili ukalupljeni u društvo toga doba. Da bi jednostavnije prikazao uzbuđeno duhovno stanje Jačice Šafrana i snažnu emocionalnost, autor je posegnuo za inverzijom (Živković 1986), tj. obrtanjem uobičajenoga reda rečenice ili reči ne bi li istaknuo onu rečenicu ili riječ koju želi posebno naglasiti pri tome pazeći ne bi li izazvao određen učinak i na čitatelja. Kroz primjere „bez riječi pogrdne/ napokon se velečasni odluči i uz pomoć crkvarovu popne se/ Golubičice moja, žalosnice stara/ on bi se svaki put trgnuo kao knutom udaren, zamrmoljivši glasnije / sjede mrko na prag“ je jasno da nisu napisani na navedeni način, ne bi izazvali takvu ekspresiju. 6. Zaključak Analizom pripovijetke Mrak na svijetlim stazama Ivana Gorana Kovačića proničemo u neizmjerno lijep i individualiziran svijet prepun stilski ukrašenih rečenica, lirskih opisa, predodžbi kao i problematiku svijeta i ljudskih odnosa. U tome nam uvelike pomažu karakteristike Kovačićeva teksta iskazane brojnim stilskim figurama, od onih koji pridonose slikovitosti njegova izraza do onih koje njegove misli i razmišljanja čine izraženijima. Svoju povezanost za zavičajem i ljudima s kojima je odrastao najbolje je iskazao upotrebom metafora, personifikacija i slikovitih poredbi i epiteta pomoću kojih je načinio ponajljepše lirske opise. Kroz uočljiv naslov, odnose među likovima otkrio nam je šaroliku lepezu trzavica, suprotnosti i rastrganosti koje mogu nastati posredstvom ljudskih nastojanja u svim oblicima komunikacije pa tako pročitavši djelo zaključujemo da je mrak na svijetlim stazama zapravo zloba suprotstavljena dobroti, grubost suprotstavljena nježnosti, nehumanost suprotstavljena humanosti, neljudi suprotstavljeni čovjeku. Uspješnim stvaranjem izražajnih predodžbi posredstvom inverzija, izazivanjem emocionalne napetosti pomoću hiperbola, gradacija i posebnih utisaka posredstvom onomatopeja, ironije i drugih, Kovačićeva pripovijetka itekako ostavlja traga na svakog čitatelja koji se, htio to ili ne, mora zamisliti pred zadaćom koju nam je zadao sam autor – �angažman na strani slabijih i obespravljenih. No, iza svih tih poruka progovara ona najglasnija – sjeti se odakle si nastao i budi čovjek. Bilješke 1 Anafora, epifora, onomatopeja. 2 Inverzija, anadiploza. 3 Metafora, epitet, poredba. 4 Antiteza, hiperbola, ironija, personifikacija. 5 Jačici su suprotstavljeni svi navedeni likovi bilo da je riječi o fizionomiji (Franina Brdar), razmišljanju (suseljani) ili odnosu prema prirodnim ljepotama i životinjama. Dok Franina nemilosrdno siječe drveće, svima se obraća s nepoštovanjem i grubošću, Jačica brine o svakoj travci, skroman je i sretan s onim što ima, izbjegava kontakte s ljudima. 6 Ni jedna stilska figura nije po opširnosti kao metafora zastupljena u djelu. 7 Prvi je i jedini put Franina Brdar prikazan kao osjećajan čovjek koji razumije tuđu nevolju. Literatura Aristotel,(1989). Retorika, Zagreb: Naprijed. Benčić, Ž. i Fališevac, D. (1995). Tropi i figure, Zagreb: Zavod za znanost o književnosti. Bagić, K. (2012). Rječnik stilskih figura, Zagreb: Školska knjiga. Brozović Rončević, D. i Žic Fuchs, M. (2005). Metafora i metonimija kao poticaj u procesu imenovanja, Foliaonomastica Croatica, 12/13, 96. Kovačić, I.G. (2001). Pripovijetke, Zagreb: Naklada Fran. Simeon, R. (1969). Enciklopedijski rječnik lingvističkih naziva I/II., Zagreb: Matica hrvatska. Solar, M. (2006). Rječnik književnoga nazivlja, Zagreb: Golden marketing-Tehnička knjiga. Škreb, Z. (1983). Mikrostrukture stila i književne forme, u:Uvod u znanost: teorija, metodologija, ur. Z. Škreb i A. Stamać, Zagreb: Rotulus. Zima, L. (1988). Figure u našem narodnom pjesništvu, Zagreb: Globus. Živković, D.(1986). Rečnik književnih termina, Beograd:Nolit. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2905 Title A name given to the resource POGLED NA STILSKE FIGURE PRIPOVIJETKE MRAK NA SVIJETLIM STAZAMA IVANA GORANA KOVAČIĆA Author Author Barišić, Ana Tereza Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this paper is to explore the stylistic authenticity of Dark on the Lit Paths, a short story written by Ivan Goran Kovačić, within the context of theory of stylistic devices. The short story abounds in expressive lyrical descriptions which portray characters and events from the author’s own homeland who, sympathising with the minor, ordinary, suppressed members of society emphasizes an idyllic harmony between Jačica Šafran, a peasant and nature, at the same time warning against poverty, envy and inhuman relationships among people. The paper presents an analysis of stylistic devices which, like skillfully interwoven threads in the plot of this short story, in presentation of characters and in problems presented in this work, are extremely important for the poetic segment of the author’s work of fiction. Gérard Genette (1985; 52) claims that a stylistic device is space which has its own form, space “between a sign and sense”, “inner space of language”, and that there are as many stylistic devices as there are forms of this space that can be identified. Therefore, the paper aims to present a review of figures of diction, figures of speech based on sentence structure, tropes and figures of thought, using the concrete examples from the short story in order to show the characterisation of the figurative features of Kovačić’s text, such as its picturesque features or expressive syntax. Figures of literary discourse have been exempt from this paper. Analysing the short story through various examples of anaphora, epiphora, onomatopoeia, epithets, inversion, similes, metaphors, antithesis, gradation, hyperbole, irony, personification and many other stylistic devices, the author wishes to present, determine or dispute the recent claims by numerous critics who do agree about one thing – that Kovačić's fiction is original both in its structure and expression. She also wishes to emphasize a wide range of meaning and engagement of the writer's discourse. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-09 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PN Literature (General),PN0080 Criticism https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4f22ca891f718d4d755b30064d06cc54.pdf 5799be9e57a6c740e73d7b3530dab340 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Point of View from the Perspective of an Accountant to Independent Auditing with the New Turkish Commercial Code Güler F. Ünal Uyar Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey gulerferhan@hotmail.com Halit Görmez Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey Bülent Kınay Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey In 01 July 2012, the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Law (no 6102) led to significant changes, especially in the field of independent auditing. These changes include the determination of the persons or organizations for independent audit companies and auditors. These regulations with the other regulations in the new Turkish Commercial Law, will mostly affect Professional groups. For this reason, 29 females, 64 males, including 93 public accountants registered in the Chamber of Certified Public Accountants of Antalya asked for expectations by a survey about the new Turkish Commercial Law. In the first part of the questionnaire includes demographic data such as age, education and gender, the second part includes multiple-choice questions concerning the audit process, the last part includes five-point Likert scale questions about how professionals will be affected. The results were analyzed by SPSS package program. Keywords: New Turkish Commercial Law, Independent Auditing, Accountants. 132 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1545 Title A name given to the resource Point of View from the Perspective of an Accountant to Independent Auditing with the New Turkish Commercial Code Author Author UNAL UYAR, Guler F. GORMEZ, Halit BULENT, Kinay Abstract A summary of the resource. In 01 July 2012, the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Law (no 6102) led to significant changes, especially in the field of independent auditing. These changes include the determination of the persons or organizations for independent audit companies and auditors. These regulations with the other regulations in the new Turkish Commercial Law, will mostly affect Professional groups. For this reason, 29 females, 64 males, including 93 public accountants registered in the Chamber of Certified Public Accountants of Antalya asked for expectations by a survey about the new Turkish Commercial Law. In the first part of the questionnaire includes demographic data such as age, education and gender, the second part includes multiple-choice questions concerning the audit process, the last part includes five-point Likert scale questions about how professionals will be affected. The results were analyzed by SPSS package program. Keywords: New Turkish Commercial Law, Independent Auditing, Accountants. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564