207 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/af3cb5c7c491c10be9cf468e3b2f49ee.pdf a1b04e6ccdd0b74a6348620fb6cf9cf8 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Globalization, Welfare State and Turkey Ayhan Gencler,Aytul Colak Trakya University Abstract Globalization entails challenges, opportunities and realities. The multiplying flows of goods and capital are grounded in the global extension of the free market and fostered by the neoliberal doctrine of economic liberalization and rationalization. Global economic forces limit States in their ability to independently determine economic and social policies. One of the defining ideals of the European Union has been its social support system, often referred to as the European welfare state. But the European welfare system is under pressure. In the other hand, both the national public institutions’ searching for new solutions and Turkey’s legal reform efforts on its way to European Union membership have an important role. Like other welfare regimes, Turkey’s welfare regime displays new tendencies signaling a new period. This article is aimed at analyzing of the recent social policy reforms and dynamics in Turkey in the framework of the welfare state transformation. Keywords: globalization, welfare state, social policy,Turkey 1.Welfare State Regimes in Advanced Democracies Welfare state today is challenged by the globalization and a major subject of debate in important academic, political and economic circles has been the impact of the globalisation of economic activities on the ability of the world's developed capitalist countries to sustain their welfare states. During the last 50 years, European welfare states have gone through very significant transformations. The term “welfare state“ describes those institutionalized forms of social protection that secure its citizens from the risks of modern society on the basis of social rights. Furthermore, these rights granted on the basis of citizenship shape and determine the individual’s position within society. In cross-national comparisons, the activities of the welfa re state, the policies embraced, its level of protection, as well as its linkage to the market’s and the family’s role in social provision vary significantly (Esping-Andersen, 1990). 299 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A welfare state is a state in which organized power deliberately used in an effort to modify the play of the market forces in at three directions (Brigss, 2006:18); -by guarenteeing individuals and families a minimum income irrespective, -by narrowing the extent of insecurity by enabling individuals and families to meet curtain social contingencies like as sickness, old age; unemployment, which lead otherwise to individual and family crises, -by ensuring that all citiziens without distinction of status or class are offered the best standards avaible in relation a certain agreed range of social services. In relation to this definition of the term “welfare state”, the term “welfare regime” denotes the fact that legal and organizational features of the welfare state, the family, and the economy are systematically interwoven. As a result, the term “welfare regime” stresses that cross-national clusters in welfare arrangements unveil not only regarding social policies but a variety of social structures (Esping-Andersen,1990). With some simplification, we can distinguish three distinct regimes. This section draws heavily on Esping-Andersen (1990; 1999). His typology is an attempt to classify contemporary western welfare states as belonging to one of “three worlds of welfare capitalism”. It is shown that the idea of ordering welfare states according to ideal-typical models dates back to the late 1950s and was elaborated substantially during the early 1970s, though rather unnoticed. The publication of Esping-Andersen's The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism in 1990 is identified as the starting point for what has now become a whole academic industry, here entitled the Welfare Modelling Business (Abrahamson:1999:394). Esping-Andersen (1990;1999) makes a distinction between three different clusters of welfare states, characterised by specific institutional arrangements and imprinted by the main political ideology behind their development; Anglo-Saxon welfare states together as liberal regimes; the universal welfare states in Scandinavia (Nordic countries) are translated into Social Democratic regimes, Continental Europe as Conservative regimes. The Anglo-Saxon countries represent the ‘liberal’ regime; the liberal welfare state, in which means-tested assistance, modest universal transfers, or modest social insurance plans predominate. These cater mainly to a clientele of low income, usually working class, state dependents. (Esping-Andersen,1990:26). Entitlement rules are therefore strict and often associated with stigma; benefits are typically modest. In turn, the state encourages the market, either passively by guaranteeing only a minimum, or actively by subsidizing private welfare schemes. The archetypical examples of this model are the United States, Canada, and Australia. Nations that approximate the model are Denmark, Switzerland, and Great Britain (Esping- Andersen,1998:25). 300 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Nordic countries represent a second, ‘social-democratic’, regime that is, above all, characterized by its emphasis on universal inclusion and its comprehensive definition of social entitlements. These welfare states are committed to universal coverage of citizens and egalitarianism (Esping-Andersen, 1999: 78). The social democratic regime is furthermore distinct for expanded provision of public services as day-care, kindergarten, health, and education. Not least in respect to welfare service have Nordic countries struggled to close off the market (Esping-Andersen, 1999: 78-79). Esping-Andersen labels the welfare states in continental Europe as conservative regimes. The third, and somewhat more heterogeneous, regime embraces the majority of Continental European countries, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. These welfare states all have conservative origins. Conservative regimes are characteristic for their blend of status segmentation, and the role of the family and church for promoting welfare (Esping-Andersen, 1999: 81) Yet, at a closer look particularly the conservative regime type proves to be a highly problematic category. Table 1: Goals and policy instruments in Esping-Andersen’s three welfare regimes typology Conservative-corporatist Main goal Workers’ income Social-democratic Liberal egalitarian redistribution poverty alleviation citizenship / residence economic need flat-rate means-tested general taxation general taxation state administration state administration maintenance Claiming principle employment Benefit structure earnings- or / and contributions-related Financing employment-related contributions Actors tripartite administration Source:Bertozzo;2004 ;transferred from Palier (2000; 2001) and Ploug and Kvist (1996: 53). In these ‘corporatist’welfare states, the liberal obsession with market efficiency and commodification was never pre-eminent and, as such, the granting of social rights was hardly ever a seriously contested issue. What predominated was the preservation of status differentials; rights, therefore, were attached to class and status. The state’s emphasis on upholding status differences means that its redistributive effects are negligible. The corporativist regimes are also typically shaped by the Church, and therefore influenced by a strong commitment to the preservation of traditional family patterns. Social insurance typically excludes non-working wives, and family benefits encourage motherhood. Day care, and similar family services, are conspiciously underdeveloped, and the ‘subsidiarity principle’ serves to emphasize that the state will only interfere when the family’s capacity to service its memnbers is exhausted.(Esping- Andersen,1989:25). This welfare state have been strongly characterized by the principle of social insurance and social isndurance schemes have been 301 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo generally based on labour market participation and performance. Social rights have been linked generally to class and status and the capacity reduce income inequality has been small(Esping-Anderson,1990:60). This regime has been the commitment to the defence and the maintenance of the tradational family and its fonctions. Social insurance has protected the family against the distruptive impact of the market (Bussemaker, Kersnergen,1999:18). The foundations were built around social insurance, often along narrowly defined occupational distinctions. This implies that entitlements depend primarily on life-long employment which has, historically, helped cement the male-breadwinner logic of social protection. With the partial exception of Belgium and France, this regime is strongly familialistic, assuming that primary welfare responsibilities lie with family members. Policies that help reconcile motherhood and careers are relatively undeveloped. Hence, these welfare states are transferheavy and service-lean (Esping-Andersen and Myles). According to Abraham, in his ThreeWorlds of Welfare Capitalism Esping-Andersen renames Titmuss's models into the Liberal (residual) the Conservative/Corporatist (performance achievement) and the Social Democratic (institutional-redistributive) regime by using the names for the ideologies supporting the three distinctly different social policy models. This exercise has proven exceptionally popular, and whether in agreement or disagreement, every scholar writing on the contemporary welfare state has made a reference to Esping-Andersen's tripolar scheme since then. Here the usual reference is Esping-Andersen’s welfare regimes typology (liberal, conservative-corporatist and social-democratic welfare regime) to which is often added a fourth regime, i.e. the southern European model of welfare (Ferrera 1996). Ferrera found the following to be characteristic of the ``Southern model'': 1. a highly fragmented and ``corporatist'' income maintenance system,displaying a marked internal polarization: peaks of generosity (e.g. as regards pensions) accompanied by macroscopic gaps in protection; 2. the departure from corporatist traditions in the field of health care and the establishment (at least partially) of national health services based on universalistic principles; 3. a low degree of state penetration of the welfare sphere and a highly collusive mix between public and non-public actors and institutions; 4. the persistence of clientelism and the formation in some cases of fairly elaborated ``patronage machines'' for the selective distribution of cash subsidies (1996: 17). The southern welfare states do not only share similar characteristics and a similar genesis, but also are currently confronted by similar developmental challenges of both external and internal nature (Ferrera 1996: 31). It is possible to meet in the narrow sense of the social welfare state applications in all countries. On the other hand, the wide sense of the social 302 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo welfare state applications signifie a system which is more comprehensive and extensive resources have been transferred to. 2.Globalization and Welfare States Globalization is the process where the economies of various countries in the world become more and more connected to one another. During the last 50 years, European welfare states have gone through very significant transformations. Usually, this time frame is analytically divided into two main distinct phases. In the first period, what has been labelled the golden age and that has last up to the mid 1970s, national welfare states have experienced significant expansion. The context of continuous and robust economic growth, full employment and ideological support has sustained this trend. The first oil crisis and its socio-economic consequences as well as the move from a Keynesian mode of economic policymaking to a monetarist one have created a new context for social policy, which has led to the second period. This phase has been often described as the age of retrenchment29(Bertozzi,2004). The hyperglobalization or neoliberal convergence thesis postulates that the pressures of economic competition will or should drive governments to adopt neoliberal best practices and thus reduce social expenditures along with government intervention in general (Ohmae ,1995). There are two cases of radical cuts of welfare state entitlements, which were ideologically driven and occurred in Britain under Thatcher and Major and in New Zealand under the National (conservative) government. In both of these cases one can speak of a real regime transformation, from welfare state regimes that provided basic income security to welfare state regimes that are truly liberal in the sense of being residualist, providing a large proportion of means-tested benefits. Both countries share a peculiar set of political institutions, where power is highly concentrated in the executive (unicameral or very weakly bicameral parliamentary governments in unitary political systems) and it is possible to rule without majority popular support (single member districts and plurality elections that favor the largest party). One could argue that the transition from a heavily protected to an open economy in New Zealand was the decisive factor, but the comparison to Australia where the same economic change occurred but the welfare state was adapted and the essential programs were protected underlines the importance of ideology in New Zealand. The third case of 29 Taylor-Gooby (2002) suggests the term silver age to refer to this period. He avoids the term retrenchment since he argues that in this time frame we are mainly confronted to resilience of the welfare states, and not to retrenchment 303 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ideologically driven cuts, the United States under Reagan, entailed cuts in benefits to the poor and did not change the regime that was already residualist ( Huber and Stephens;2003:5-6). Particularly, the effect of globalization on welfare states or policies has been the popular subjects since 1970s, the so-called “welfare crisis” had begun to be discussed. Among welfare policies, socail security programs were discussed to be influenced by globalization. This era has witnessed a changing understanding of social welfare and a restructuring of state responsibilities. Modern welfare states developed primarily to meet the ‘old social risks’ that confront the mass of the population during a standard industrial life course – retirement pensions, health care services, sickness and disability provision. Most analysis of the current wave of reforms focusses on these areas, and tends to emphasise retrenchment, restructuring, and decommodification(Taylor-Gooby:2004). The debt crisis of the 1980s gave strong leverage to IFIs, particularly the IMF and the World Bank, and those institutions pushed strongly in a neoliberal direction in both economic and social policies. These are pressures that advanced industrial countries simply did not have to deal with.Social policy underwent dramatic changes over the last two to three decades of the twentieth century as well. At the aggregate level, social expenditures dropped steeply in the 1980s, along with government expenditures in general, in the wake of the debt crisis, both as a percentage of GDP and even more so in absolute terms. In the 1990s, they recovered again and by 1999 reached a level slightly above that of 1980. At the same time, however, social policy reforms took place that reduced general social insurance schemes and increased the role of the private sector in the provision of pensions and health care and emphasized targeting of social policies on the poorest groups. In part, such targeting was effective in channeling scarce resources to the most needy, but in part it was abused for political purposes and served to hide an overall reduction of state commitments ( Huber and Stephens;2003:56). It concludes that welfare state regime and policy‐making structure makes an important difference to the emergence and development of new social risk policies. Scandinavian social democratic regimes have the best developed policies, liberal regimes develop policies rapidly but are handicapped by reliance on market solutions; corporatist countries develop new social risk provision slowly, typically through compromise with a range of entrenched policy actors; and Mediterranean countries also move relatively slowly, in the context of an expanding welfare state and great reliance on family systems. Existing old social risk policies are also influential, both through the resources that they take up and the interest groups of political actors they create, who are likely to resist reform. New social risk policy‐making is highly important at the EU level for two reasons: the relatively undeveloped national policies in this area mean that cross‐national agencies can offer new policy directions; the policies are congruent with the open market ‘pragmatic monetarist’ approach of EU economic policy. The 304 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo politics of new social risks differs from that of old social risks. Employers’ groups and modernising parties and unions play an important role and progress is often slow and dependent on compromise. By focussing on areas where reforms are urgent, to meet new needs, but also feasible, because they fit with the context of more globalized and competitive economies, the new social risks approach offers a new perspective on welfare state reform in Europe (Taylor-Gooby:2004) The most important current developments, however, are in the area of ‘soft law’ through the Open Method of Co‐ordination and the National Action Plans in relation to employment, social exclusion, pensions, health and social care. The European Employment Strategy, with its stress on ‘flexicurity’, is the most advanced of these. It is at present unclear to what extent this process will achieve substantial changes in comparison with the importance of the economic pressures from the Single European Market (Larsen, Gooby:2004). On the other hand, The EU’s ability to excel under globalisation is challenged with the problem of an ageing population. The current social protection mechanism in the face of ageing populations needs to change. Pension age needs to be re-examined, over generous pensions need to be cut and assets need to be correctly allocated. In 1999, Sweden introduced NDC (national defined contribution). This kind of pension reform has been successfully applied in other countries such as Latvia and Poland and Italy as opposed to PAYG (pay as you go schemes). It has been proven as a common choice for reform. Furthermore the World Bank has endorsed this form of pension scheme. The drastic changes in demographics affect health care and pensions system in-turn has an effect on economic performance. The European commission carried out a project called DEMWEL (Demographic Uncertainty and the Sustainability of Social Welfare system), which sought to "focus on the sustainability of welfare systems in EU countries in the face of ageing and demographic uncertainty (Centre of European Policy Studies 2003) . Trade integration and the consequent loss of export competitiveness in countries with generous welfare states are the reasons for cuts in welfare state entitlements. The increase in trade flows in advanced industrial countries over this period has been modest the most generous welfare states were built up in highly open economies and had proven their compatibility with export competitiveness. The export sectors of countries such as Germany and Sweden continued their very strong performance in the 1990s, a period when these governments introduced welfare state cuts (Huber and Stephens 1998; Pierson 2000). Globalization is often credited with the expansion of the welfare state and increased spending on social insurance programs. The two key drivers of increases in social spending period have been increased support for the (growing) retired population and health expenditure; population projections suggest further spending increases in these two areas in future (Adema and Ladaique, 2009). On average across OECD countries, public spending on old age increased from 5.1% of GDP in 1980 to 6.4% in 2007. Similarly, public expenditure on health increased from 4.5% of GDP in 1980 to 5.8% in 2007. On average across the OECD (and the 305 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo same holds for EU-21), spending on family benefits has increased by half a percentage point of GDP since 1990 (there was no significant change in the 1980s) (Adema and et al,2011). A major subject of debate into the new century has been the impact of the globalisation of economic activities on the ability of the world's developed capitalist countries to sustain their welfare states. A prevalent position in these circles is that the deregulation of international capital flows and trade has considerably narrowed the scope of governments to pursue expansionist and redistributive policies, forcing all governments to cut social public expenditures and deregulate labour markets in order to make their countries more competitive. Accordingly, the political colour of governing parties loses its importance, since left- and right-wing parties, once in government, are compelled to follow the same or similar policies, moving towards a more diminished welfare state (Navarro and et al ,2004 ) Since the early 1980s the welfare state has been restructured in an age of neoliberalism. 3.Welfare State and Restructuring the Social Security System in Turkey Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, established the Republic of Turkey on 29 October1923. In the 21th century, Turkey is a democratic secular, social and legal state, it is a republic with unconditional and unrestricted sovereignty. The literature review focuses mainly on Esping-Andersen’s welfare regime typology and its critics to categorize the current welfare regime of Turkey. Esping-Andersen didn’t categorize the welfare regime of Turkey. The classification of the Turkish welfare regime shows that Turkey matches the characteristics of the so-called Southern European Model of welfare and falls within one group with Spain, Greece, Italy and Portugal. The cross-national comparison unveiled only a few deviations from the Southern European Model. Besides, the similarities are remarkable. its welfare regime, simply understood as the division of social responsibilities among the state, market and the family. In this regime family has got the most important role as main institution of welfare.The other hand one of the characteristics of the Southern European Model is a social state governed by the rule of law according constitution but there are problems into practice. Turkey is the social state governed by the rule of law according to 1961 and 1982 constitutions and there are problems about coverage, quantity, quantify. The three insurance institutions together cover around 81% of the population in 2008 (see table 3). Such states can be called as state of promises (Koray,2003). On the other hand, in terms of assessment criteria such as level of protection, covered population, risks and condition of benefiting, the existing welfare system in Turkey is 306 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo "minimal and indirect” (Arın, 2003:72). The socio-economic inequalities we live can not be accounted only in the context of economy, of growth and even of welfare state that the necessity to analyze all these problems on the basis of democracy problem should not be forgotten (Koray,2005:27). The Turkish social security system strongly protects an occupational core, the level of state penetration in the social realm is extremely low and a safety net in form of a social assistance scheme is absent [inadequate]. The most significant common trait of the welfare regimes in Turkey and the rest of Southern Europe is the importance of the family as a main institution of welfare. For a significant part of the Turkish population the family is the main and often the only safety net and provider of social services. Focusing on the impact of the recent social policy reforms it becomes obvious that Turkey on the one hand follows the path of Southern European Welfare (Grutjen,2008). According to the level of social expenditures, we can consider three groups of countries in Europe: high (Iskandinav Countries), middle (Continental Europe ), low (Mediterranean countries) (Koray,2005:27). In terms of assessment criteria such as level of social expenditure, Turkey is in low group so Mediterranean group. Turkey’s public social spending was 11.6 percent of the GDP in 2003. For 2004, the share of public social spending in GDP is 12.5 percent in Turkey. This figure is 27.6 for EU-15, 26 for Greece, 24.9 for Portugal and 20 for Spain. Turkey lags behind Europe when the categories “old age”, and especially “health” and the category “other” are considered separately. In Turkey, the share in GDP of public spending on old age is 6.0 percent in 2004. The comparable figure is 10.9 for EU- 15, 11.9 for Greece, 9.3 for Portugal and 7.9 in Spain. Public health expenditures in Turkey, equal to 4.9 percent of the GDP in 2004, compare with 7.5 percent in EU-15, 6.7 percent in Greece, 7.1 percent in Portugal and 6.0 percent in Spain. As far as the category “other” is concerned, public spending in Turkey is very low in comparative terms, 1.3 percent compared with 7.2 percent for EU-15, 6.6 percent for Greece, 6.8 percent for Portugal and 5.6 for Spain in 2004. This category includes benefits for disability, survivors, unemployment, housing and social assistance. As such, it is not limited to but significantly includes means-tested social assistance and is an important aspect of combating poverty. EUROSTAT provides data that disaggregates non-means tested and means-tested expenditures for European countries. We compare this EUROSTAT data with our estimations on Turkey. This comparison clearly shows how insignificant the means-tested social expenditures are in Turkey. The share of such expenditures in GDP is 0.5 in Turkey while the comparable figure is 2.8 for EU- 15, 2 for Greece, 2.5 each for Portugal and Spain (Buğra,Adar, 2007:24). 307 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In social policy literature, means-tested benefits are seen part of a “residualist” approach and often regarded as being incompatible with social citizenship rights that should be realized through benefits that are in line with “universalist” approaches. It is indeed true that universal old age and health benefits and non-means tested basic income schemes are more in line with equal citizenship rights than means-tested schemes. However, in socioeconomic contexts where poverty is a serious problem and resources are scarce, means-tested benefits could be the only way to prevent social exclusion due to the inability of certain segments of the population to have access to basic minimum means of social integration. This is undoubtedly the case of Turkey where the incidence of poverty is higher that in any European country (Buğra,Adar, 2007:25). In the historical process, since 1980 Turkey has taken important steps toward liberalizing and opening up her economy. On the other hand the social security system of Turkey has been restructured particularly since early 1990s in line with the neo-liberal paradigm. The IMF, the WB and the EU policies were (are) main guidance in this transformation process (Şahin and et al.:116). The EU accession period and Turkey’s efforts to comply with the EU regulations will also make positive contributions to the reform program (invest.gov.tr) Before the reform, Turkey social security system was highly complicated and composed of different social security institutions. Three main institutions which provide social security services in Turkey ; The Social Insurance Institution (SSK), The Retirement Fund (ES), and The Social Security Institution of Craftsmen, Tradesmen and other Self-Employed (Bağ-Kur). The Social Insurance Institution was set up in 1946 for blue-collar workers employed in the public sector and all workers in the private sector. The Government Employees Retirement Fund was set up in 1950 and provides social benefits within a retirement system for government employees and military personnel. Social Security Organization of Craftsmen, Tradesmen and other Self-Employed was established in 1971 to cover the self-employed outside the coverage of the Social Insurance Law30. In ”Social Security Reform: Problems and Proposals for Solutions”, which is called the ”white book, to legitimize the reform, the Ministry of Labour and Social Security referred to the aging of population, the inadequacy of the current system in covering and taking all population under protection, hence, to inadequacy of protecting the population against poverty and finally to the financial deficits of the system.”. It is asserted that the current system is inefficient and the aim of the reform is to decrease the deficit of the system to the 1 percent of the GNP with ensuring the norm unity of the system. Turkey faces two simultaneous fiscal 30 such as craftsmen, artisans and small businessmen, technical and professional people who are registered to achamber or professional association and shareholders of companies other than cooperatives and joint stock companies and some farmers 308 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo challenges maintaining fiscal discipline, while creating the fiscal space needed to meet pressing development challenges an sustain a fast pace of medium-term growth (World Bank, 2006). Pension reforms can be very powerfull method of adjustment; because they not only reduce spending directly, but can also be designed to extend the age of retirement and boost labour supply, hence contributing to raise growth and and fiscal revenues. In order to establish a more sustainable system, fiscal targets have been set in line with IMF recommendations. Hence, Turkey is in the process of desining a comprehensive reform of its social security system (Verbeken, 2007:4). Two major reforms (in 1999 and 2006) were proposed to solve these problems. The 1999 reform covered only the pension system and beside an increase in the retirement ages, an extension of the minimum contributory periods was intended. The aim of the reform is gradual increasing of the retirement age to 65 for both men and women bye the year 2048. Ministery of Labour and Social Security has anticipated a new model including to introduce a rooted change in the system with the aim of finding proper solutions for actual problems of social security system. This new model which is named as “the model of single roof” aims to establish a single social security institution by removing all different institutions of social security system exist today (Guzel, 2005:62). After the 2006 reform, all three were collected under one institution: Social Security Institution (SSI). Parallel to this reform the General Health Insurance (GHI) system was established. The main objective is to integrate all health insurance benefits and cover all citizens. This scheme is financed by obligatory premiums, which will be paid by all citizens. The health insurance of the poor will be provided by the state. Turkey has reformed her social security system as well and introduced a privately managed individual pension scheme, namely the Individual Pension System (IPS) in 200331. The social security system of Turkey has been restructured particularly since early 1990s in line with the neo-liberal paradigm. Turkey, adopted a two pillar system, where the private pension scheme, namely the Individual Pension System, has been introduced as the second pillar that is complementary to the traditional pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system. The public pension in Turkey is PAYG defined benefit scheme which is the consist of a minimum pension (a flat rate basic pension plus a means tested special suplement) and a non31 The Turkish private pension law was drafted in 1999 and approved by parliament in October 2001. However the legal and institutional framework of the Turkish Private Pension System was completed in 2002. 309 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo actuarial earnings-based supplementery pension all integrated in the state budget. The old age pension scheme has its historical roots in tradational for redistributive minimum protection in old age (Verbeken, 2007:4). The Individual Pension Savings and Investment, which opened the Turkish market to private providers of pension funds. On the other hand, The most signicant resemblance is the importance of the family as a main institution of welfare (Grutjen, 2012:119). Since its rise to power, the AKP government has systematically promoted non-state actors, the private sector and voluntary initiatives, especially charity mobilized through nongovernmental organizations and municipalities, as leading actors for poverty alleviation and the provision of social services. For the provision of social care, the AKP has turne, to "the family" as the best agent to alleviate "social burdens" on the state (Yazici, 2012). Moreover, it is an informal security regime, in which informal networks play an important role in provision and redistribution of welfare. In addition to the state, other institutional mechanisms have been playing an important role in contributing to the well-being of individuals, families, communities and societies. They are informal sector because half of the population in rural and urban informal sector are excluded32. In Turkey, the presence of large informal sectors is one of the most important problem. Accordıng to TUIK (2007), ın 1990 ,% 56 of total nonagricultural employment is not registered in the institution of a social security, this rate in agricalture sector is % 25. In 2006 these rates are respectively % 49 and % 33. Social expenditures as a percentage of GDP are a measure of the extent to which governments assume responsibility for supporting the standard of living of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups. Public social expenditure comprises cash benefits, direct “in-kind” provision of goods and services, and tax breaks with social purposes. To be considered “social”, benefits have to address one or more social goals. Benefits may be targeted at low-income households, but they may also be for the elderly, disabled, sick, unemployed, or young persons. Programmes regulating the provision of social benefits have to involve: a) redistribution of resources across households, or b) compulsory participation. Social benefits are regarded as public when general government (that is central, state, and local governments, including social security funds) controls relevant financial flows (OECD, 2007). In 2003, on average, public social expenditure amounted to 21% of GDP and 20% in 2005 although there are significant cross-country variations. In Sweden, public social spending is about 29% while it is 6-7 % in Mexico and Korea and its 13,7 % in Turkey in 2005. 32 Restating the welfare regime frame work we thus conceptually distinguash three broad groups of welfare regimes: welfare state regimes, informal security regimes, insecurity regimes (Gough, Wood, 2004:9,33) 310 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 2. Public and private social expenditure As a percentage of GDP, 2005 Source: OECD, 2010:201 According to the latest develepmonts the number of participants of the private pension system has 2 million 694 thousand and private pension fund has reached 15,6 billion TL in Turkey (Milliyet,2012). Private pension and health insurance schemes still play a negligible role. On the other hand, While the AKP government tries to back out of the pension system and delegates more responsibilities to the market, the Mediterranean EU-member states have shown a remarkable performance in increasing their social expenditures towards European average. Without a doubt, some of the recent changes in Turkey, i.e. the fact that the state pays for the health contributions of all citizens under the age of 18 years, are of fundamental importance. Nevertheless, if a contribution based health system has the capacity to protect the Turkish citizens from health risks appears questionable. In a modern society, welfare cannot be left to the realm of the family and private actors only, but has to be based on citizenship and guaranteed by social right( Grutjen, 2008). Tablo 3.Labour Force, Social Security in Turkey, 2008-2010 (Thousand TL) 311 2008 2009 2010 Total polulation 69.724 70.542 71.343 -Urban population 48.349 48.747 49.170 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo -Rural population 21.375 21.795 22.172 Labour force 23.805 24.748 25.641 Employed 21.194 21.177 22.594 Labour force participation rate ( %) 46,9 47,9 48,8 -male 70,1 70,5 70,8 -famele 24,5 26,0 27,6 21.194 21.277 22.594 Employment status (%) - - 100,0 -Paid workers - - 60,9 -Self Employed and Employers - - 25,4 -Unpaid family workers - - 13,6 11,0 14,0 11,9 16.177 16.037 16.911 29,8 30,1 29,1 4.814 4.825 4.915 43,5 43,8 43,3 15.259 - - 9.534 - - 2.464 - - 3.261 - - 95 - - 1.330 - - 483 - - 72,0 - - 8.046 - - 33.198 - - 1,90 - - 2,70 - - 57.203 - - Employment Unemployment rate (%) Nonagricultural employment Nonagricultural informal employment (%) Nonagricultural informal employment Informel employment (%) Social security (1) Active insureds Social Insurances Institution Puclic Servants Pension Fund Social security Ins.for the Self Employment Private funds(2) Actived insured in agricultural sector Voluntary active insureds Active insured/ employment(%) Pensioners (3) Dependents Active insured/ pensioners Dependency Rate Total ınsured populatıon Insured populatıon/total populatıon(%) 312 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Deficit of Social Security Instituon(4) 81,0 - - -25.901.978 -28.702.655 -26.724.118 Notes: (1)TISK,2009, (2).2008 estimates, (3).Number of folders (4).TUIK,2011:157 Source: Bicerli,2011,TUIK,2011,TISK;2009 In 2008, Insurance Institution covers more than 9 million workers, The Pension Fund covers more than 2 million white-collar workers and Finally, the Social Security Institution for the Self-Employed provides compulsory insurance for 3 million self-employed and artisans. The three insurance funds, namely SSK, Emekli Sandığı and Bag-Kur, were merged under a sole body called the Social Security Institution (SSI) in 2007. The three insurance funds together cover around 81% of the population as of 2008. The system started to be fully operational at the beginning of 2008(see table 3). Since 2003, workers insured with the Social Insurance Institution are also covered by an unemployment insurance organized by the Turkish Labor Agency (Is-Kur). Furthermore, a number of services are offered outside the social insurance system. However; although the main aim of social security reforms in Turkey is a more sustainable system, deficit of social security Institution is still high. 4.CONCLUSION The welfare regimes has been facilitated by the ongoing discussions of globalization and Europeanization. So Turkey welfare regime politics is challenged by globalization and EU. In the last years the Turkish Government has established some lines of changes to harmonize Turkish law with the European Union Legislation. In line with the neo-liberal paradigm, many countries have “restructured” their social security systems toward a more market-oriented structure. Before the reform, Turkey social security system was highly complicated and composed of different social security institutions. Populist politics such as early-retirement strategy of the 1980s-1990s overburdened the system. The current system is inefficient and the aim of the reform is to decrease the deficit of the system. Two major reforms in 1999 and 2006 were proposed to solve these problems. After the 2006 reform, all three were collected under one institution: Social Security Institution(SSI). Turkey, adopted a two pillar system, where the private pension scheme, namely the Individual Pension System, has been introduced as the second pillar that is complementary to the traditional pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system. Parallel to this reform the General Health Insurance (GHI) system was established. The implementation of the GHI legislation also constitutes one of the important aspects of the adoption of the legislation in the field of EU Social Policy. The 1999 reform covered only the pension system and beside an increase in the retirement ages. the Ministry of Labour and Social Security referred to the aging of population, the inadequacy of the current system in covering and taking all population under protection, hence, to inadequacy of protecting the population against poverty and finally to the financial deficits of the system. While the AKP government tries to back out of the pension system and delegates more responsibilities to the market and, the AKP has turne, to "the family" as the best agent to 313 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo alleviate "social burdens" on the state for the provision of social care, the Mediterranean EUmember states have shown a remarkable performance in increasing their social expenditures towards. Private pension and health insurance schemes still play a negligible role. Turkey is included in the Southern European model which has common features in welfare regime. For example, the Turkish social security system strongly protects an occupational core. The family has assumed the function of social welfare because the public social welfare system does not cover everyone as a whole or offers inadequate service and because of the lack of economic power taken market . In Turkey, is still dominated by patriarchal family structure, althouhg in urban areas is a bit dissapointed. According to Emre Kongar, in contrast to patriarchal structure in the cities it is developed the family extending of mother's descendants, because of inadequate nursery service, child care and the cost of these services if you buy . The family has to solve that own problem itself; especially if woman works and woman calls own mother for child care and hence they start to live together until to growing child, because of the inadequacy of the current system. According to Esping AndersenMyles, welfare states provide resources to citizens that affect their earnings potential. These derive primarily from services, such as education, health care, training programmes or support to working mothers. Moreover , the presence of large informal sectors is one of the most important problem in Turkey. Turkey is a social law state in the Constitution but there are problems in practice. Also the existing welfare system in Turkey can be called such as minimal and indirect, state of promises, informal security regime or Southern European Model or low group (Mediterranean group) according to social expending. The perception that the state is the main responsible for the social security should be differentiated. In line with reforms, The Ministry of Labour and Social Security has referred to the aging of population, inadequacy of the current system in covering and taking all population under protection, hence, to inadequacy of protecting the population against poverty and finally to the financial deficits of the system. Leaving aside the inadequacies of the system, the main aim of social security reforms in Turkey is a more sustainable system like another countries and reforms has focused on pension and health. We think that the main problem in the 21th century in line with globalization is sustainable and will be. REFERENCES Abrahamson,Peter (1999), Social Policy & Administration,Vol. 33, No. 4, December 1999, pp. 394-415 Adema, Willem: Pauline Fron, Maxime Ladaiqu(2011), Is the European Welfare State Really More Expensive?,OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS OECD Printing, DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM 314 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Bicerli, Kemal M.(2011),Çalısma Ekonimisi,Beta Yay. ARIN, Tülay. (2002), The Poverty of Social Security: The Welfare Regime in Turkey. In The Ravages of Neo-Liberalism: Economy, Society and Gender in Turkey, edited by N. Balkan and S. Savran, 73-91. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York. Bertozzi,Fabio(2004), ‘Reforming labour market policies in Europe: towards increasingly similar national policy models’, European Social Policy: Meeting the Needs of a New Europe, September 9-11, 2004, University of Oxford. Brigss,Asa (2006), “The Welfare State in Historical Perspective”,The Welfare State reader, C.Pierson and F.G castles editors, 2006 by Polity press.s/29 Bugra Ayse,Sinem Adar(2007), “ An Analysis Of Social Protection Expenditures In Turkey In A Comparativeperspective”,Social Policy Forum,April, 2007,ss.1-55. Bussemaker,Jet-Kees van Kersbergen(1999), “Contemprory social capitalist Welfare States and Gender Inequality”, Gender and Welfare State Regimes, edited by Diane Sainsbury,Oxford univ.press’1999,pp.15-45 Centre of European Policy Studies (2003), Demographic Uncertainty and the Sustainability of Social Welfare Systems (DEMWEL). Available at: http://www.ceps.eu/project/demographicuncertainty-and-sustainability-social-welfare-systems-demwel (Accessed: 2012) clasen ,jochen and wım van oorschot(2002), “Changing Principles in European Social Security”, European Journal ofSocial Security, Volume 4/2,89-115,2002.s.’94 89-115 Esping-Andersen, G. (1989), “The Three Political Economies of the Welfare State”,Canad. Rev. Soc. & Anth. I Rev. mad. Soc. & Anth. 26(1),pp.10-36 Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge, Polity Press. 315 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Esping-Andersen, Gosta (ed.) (1996), Welfare Sates in Transition. NationalAdaptations in Global Economies, Princeton University Press, London: Sage Esping-Andersen, Gösta (1999). The Social Foundations of Post Industrial Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press Esping-Andersen G,John Myles, “The Welfare State and Redistribution” http://dcpis.upf.edu/~gosta-esping-andersen/materials/welfare_state.pdf(01.03.2012) Ferrera, M. (1996). “The "Southern Model" of Welfare in Social Europe.” Journal of European Social Policy 6(1),pp: 17-37. Gough Ian,Geoffrey D.Wood (2004), Insecurity and Welfare Regimes in Asian,Africa and Latin America:Social Policy in Development Context, Cambridge Press, First Published Grütjen,Daniel (2008) “The Turkish Welfare Regime: an Example of the Southern European Model? The Role of the State, Market and Family in Welfare Provision”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, vol.7, no.1, pp.111-129. Guzel ,Ali, “Turk Sosyal Guvenlik Sisteminde Ongorulen Reform Mevcut Sorunlara Cozum mu”,Çalışma ve Toplum, 2005/4,ss:6- Huber ,Evelyne and John D. Stephens(2003) , ‘Globalization and Social Policy’,Paper prepared for the Conference on Globalization, the State and Society; School of Law, Washington University in St. Louis; November 13-14, Kolberg and Esping Anderson, “Welfare State and Employment Rejimes” , The Study of Welfare State Regimes,Edited Jon Eiviend Kolberg,1992 by M.E.Sharp Inc.,pp.3-35 Larsen,Trine P., Peter Taylor-Gooby (2004), “New Risks at the EU Level; A Spillover from Open Market Policies?”, New Risks New Welfare,edit. Peter Taylor-Gooby, Oxford published Koray, Meryem(2003), “Avrupa Refah Devleti: Anlamı, Boyutları ve Geleceği”, Görüş Dergisi, TÜSİAD Yay., Sayı: 57, Aralık 2003 Koray, Meryem (2005), “Görülmek Istenmeyen Gerçek: Sosyal Refah Politikaları ve Demokrasi Iliskisi”, Çalısma ve Toplum, 2, ss.27-59. 316 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Milliyet, “Bireysel Emeklilik Cosacak”, http://ekonomi.milliyet.com.tr/bireysel-emeklilikcosacak/ekonomi/ekonomidetay/16.03.2012/1515977/default.htm(20.03.12). 16.mart.2012, Navorra, Vicente.John Smith and Javier Austidillo(2004), “Is Globalization Undermining the Welfare State”, Cambridge Journal of economies,vol 28,pp.131-152 OECD(2007), FACTBOOK 2007 http://www.oecdilibrary.org/docserver/download/fulltext/3010061ec075.pdf?expires=133538 2390&id=id&accname=freeContent&checksum=3BCF2893AF5681396889DA56384DF88E OECD(2010). Factbook 2010, Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics, pp.200-202 http:/www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/factbook 2010en/10/02/01/index.html?contentType=&itemId=/content/chapter/factbook-2010-75en&containerItemId=/content/serial/18147364&accessItemIds=&mimeType=text/html Ohmae, Kenichi(1995), The End of the Nation-State: the Rise of Regional Economies. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. pıerson,paul(2000), “three worlds of welfare state research”,comparative political studies, Vol. 33 No. 6/7, August/September 2000,pp.791-821 Raffaele,Ivan -Silvio Pacifico,Welfare in the Mediterranean Countries Republic of Turkey, C.A.I.MED.Centre for Administrative Innovation in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Şahin, Şule. Helga Rittersberger-Tılıç, Adem Yavuz Elveren, “The Pensıon System in Turkey:A Gendered Perspective”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, Cilt.21, Sayı.77,pp.115-142 Taylor-Gooby ,Peter (2004), “New Risks and Social Change”,New Risks New Welfare,edit. Peter Taylor-Gooby, Oxford published Verbeken,Dirk (2008), “The Pension Reform Challenge In Turkey”,ECFIN Country Focus, Vol.4 World Bank(2006), Turkey Public Expenditure Review, Report No. 36764-TR 317 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo World Bank Pension Reform Primer (n.d.), Notional Accounts: Notional Defined Contribution Plans as a Pension Reform Strategy. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPENSIONS/Resources/3954431121194657824/PRPNoteNotionalAccts.pdf (11.12.2011) www.invest.gov.tr, “Turkish Social Security System” (01.02.12) Yazici,Berna, “The Return to the Family: Welfare, State, and Politics of the Family in Turkey”,http://readperiodicals.com/201201/2592689941.html#ixzz1swIsiFRFhttp://readperio dicals.com/201201/2592689941.html#ixzz1svtHJz7Y (01.02.2012) TISK,Turkey in Figures,July 2009 TUIK,Turkiye Istatistik Yıllıgı,2011 A Critique On The Consistency Ratios Of Some Selected Articles Regarding Fuzzy Ahp And Sustainability Bülent Başaran Affiliation: Bilecik University, the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Bilecik, Turkey Abstract Consistency ratio (CR) is a very important indicator for achieving the reliability of an individual’s pairwise comparisons in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Although the applications of fuzzy AHP need this kind of CR results as well, only a few of studies include these results. The most accepted method to calculate CR for fuzzy pairwise comparison matrices (PCMs) is to transform fuzzy numbers to crisp versions and to proceed as in the ordinary CR calculations of AHP. Triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are usually used to present linguistic terms of an individual’s pairwise comparisons. In this research, CRs of 242 PCMs presented with TFNs, found in 39 articles, have been calculated based on four widely used defuzzification methods. The aim of this research is to find out if the PCMs of some available articles regarding sustainability issues in literature are reliable. After CR calculations of those PCMs, it has been found that some of them are reliable while many others are not. After reviewing these findings, researchers in fuzzy AHP field are expected to give much attention to those CR issues and try to obtain PCMs that are more reliable. 318 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1127 Title A name given to the resource Globalization, Welfare State and Turkey Author Author Ayhan, Gencler Abstract A summary of the resource. Globalization entails challenges, opportunities and realities. The multiplying flows of goods and capital are grounded in the global extension of the free market and fostered by the neoliberal doctrine of economic liberalization and rationalization. Global economic forces limit States in their ability to independently determine economic and social policies. One of the defining ideals of the European Union has been its social support system, often referred to as the European welfare state. But the European welfare system is under pressure. In the other hand, both the national public institutions’ searching for new solutions and Turkey’s legal reform efforts on its way to European Union membership have an important role. Like other welfare regimes, Turkey’s welfare regime displays new tendencies signaling a new period. This article is aimed at analyzing of the recent social policy reforms and dynamics in Turkey in the framework of the welfare state transformation. Keywords: globalization, welfare state, social policy,Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/db50917493ddfbaaab05365d693c6132.pdf 38c35c3281ca5bb17a4982fa1137dedb PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Plus Value In Health Sector: Total Quality Management Aynur Toraman1, Hasan Yüksel2, Yasemin Tarcan1 1 Süleyman Demirel University, Rektörlük Özel Kalem Müdürlüğü, Isparta, Turkey, 2Süleyman Demirel University, Rektörlük Dış İlişkiler Ofisi, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: atoraman@yahoo.com, hasanyuksel37@gmail.com, yasemintarcan@sdu.edu.tr. Abstract Total Quality Management (TKY) is a method which aims to obtain correct product and service initially and at the beginning of the process and to repeat this process over and over, to activate the organization as a whole, to make the organization gain the flexibility and competitive power. Total Quality Management brings the processes appealing to all activities under control and provides the continuation of service quality in each level. Hence, the hospital managements as they take humans into account as their first priority are to put the system of Total Quality Management into practice so that they can render this service as a value. This system will enable the hospitals to have more productive, efficient and competitive structure. The criterion that separates health sector from the others is the fact that it is directly related to the human life based service area. So, the health sector services are to be given utmost care and the service quality is to be as high as possible. That the service which is in the framework of Total Quality Management will make the hospitals institutionally successful and competitive is an undeniable fact. The objective of the study is to lay an emphasis on the importance of Total Quality Management for hospitals, and to create awareness, and to reveal the implicational differences with the other sectors as well. Keywords: Quality, Total Quality Management, Perceptional Service Quality 1.INTRODUCTION The businesses must strive hard to compete with the other ones and to develop sustainability. Therefore, the firms must develop perpetually, search for perfection, and compete with zero error. Within this context, the term quality occurs as a concept to be laid emphasis. The term quality is the philosophy that makes all the employees potentials higher than expected and embraces the needs and the expectations of the customers with the organization. Total Quality Management is tried to be implemented in the hospital management rapidly as a service sector. The health services are an area of service which is crucial and which does not accept any error and which is directly related to the human life itself. When compared to many other state services, the health services are to be given utmost care than the others and 46 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo it is inevitable responsibility to suggest it with the highest quality (Yüksel, Sadaklıoğlu, 2007). Health services consist of a great many multidimensional and comprehensive processes including its offer, financial issues, providing processes all which is to be analyzed by shareholders elaborately as well. So, the assessment of the services quality of health institutions can be achieved only through examining all these procedures holistically (Zerenler, Öğüt, 2011). 2.The Quality in Health Sector The hospitals where the health services are provided are the organizations in which all types of health services are produced economically and constantly as well as educational, research and community health care services are carried out without any concern for profit, and they are as complex institutions in which various types of inputs are converted into useful outputs (Sevin,1999:181). In this context, Total Quality Management is based upon the idea to meet the needs and expectations of the patients on time. Therefore, from the perspective of Total Quality Management, both the employees and patients are of great significance and the organizations are to take into account this issue (Gurnani, 1999). The elements of quality in health sector can be regarded as “patient happiness” and can defined as the whole procedures that include correct diagnose, correct treatment, the services with smiling face, clean hospital, fresh atmosphere, convenient price and so forth and that aim to the happiness of the patients (Morgil ve Küçükçirkin, 1995: 33). The implementations of the total quality management that initiated in 1980s, patient satisfaction is taken into account the important dimension of quality in providing health services and the feedbacks of patients in this process gained importance too. The perceptions and the assessments of patients on service quality depend upon not only their own preferences but also their friends’ impact on the choice of hospitals and their advices which is demonstrated through the researches (Pres, 2002:88). Currently today, in parallel to the increase in the educational, cultural, and social level of the communities, the questioning of the health services come to the fore. In the past, the patient profile as a customer who accepts the pill and the decision of a doctor without any hesitation is replaced by those who want more information about his health, who search, and who consider the other alternatives to be treated by other doctors. This case actually makes the hospitals’ job more difficult as the days pass on the basis of satisfying the patients as customers (Yanmaz, 2005). Bringing the quality upon the agenda frequently on health services has various reasons. Among these, the three of them are preliminary. On account of the fact that the health services are the ones which are mostly provided by state, the state itself play a very effective role in this process. Secondly, customers and the other shareholders have demands on health quality. Lastly, the interest occurs as a result of the priorities of hospitals. The role of the state as a service provider has increased the interest in the studies of quality. Initially, many 47 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo governments take over the financial issues, today they are concerning with organization, management, and quality and many countries also take over responsibility on quality amendment (Kunst ve Lemmink, 2000: 1124). The studies on quality in health services have differences with the other businesses for the characteristics of the service itself. The health businesses have characteristics as stated below (Kiymir, 1995:15): Each patient has strikingly different from one another in terms of diagnostic and treatment procedures. The demand for particular times to hospitals cannot be estimated correctly. The hospitals cannot adapt themselves to the changes in the demand in a short of time. The production of the services cannot be stocked up. They are consumed when it is produced. The division of labour and specialization brings about an increase in the labour cost. The certificate given to guarantee the quality of the services in terms of all the procedures included is named after ISO 9000 quality security system. The ISO 9000 certificate is composed of these features as mentioned below (Efil, 1999: 218). Table 1. The Series of ISO The Name of The Explanation Standard 48 ISO 9000 Quality management and quality assurance standard choice and user manual ISO 9001 Quality systems-design / development, production and a model for quality assurance ISO 9002 Quality systems, and a quality assurance model for production and in the business ISO 9003 Quality assurance model in the latest treatments and experiments ISO 9004 The manual for quality management and quality systems ISO 9004-2 The quality guide dictionary for services ISO 9005 Quality dictionary ISO 10011-1 The quality systems scrutiny, guidebook and scrutiny ISO 10011-2 The quality systems scrutiny, the criteria for quality system scrutiny �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ISO 10011-3 The quality systems scrutiny, guidebook and scrutiny programs management Source: EFİL, İ., Toplam Kalite Yönetimi ve ISO 9000 Kalite Güvence Sistemleri, Alfa Basım Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul, 1999. By means of forming a system compatible for ISO 9001 quality assurance system, its management enables more systematic and controllable way of working. And this implementation makes the institution gain respect due to the fact that it has the most well known standard all over the world (http://www.standartkalite.com/saglikta_kalite_akreditasyonu.htm). 3.CONCLUSION Total quality management is on the fore owing to patient rights, ethics, the implementation of health services in plan, the motivation of the employees, the following of service takers’ and shareholders’ full satisfaction and assessment, taking into account the results, the assessment of the services in regards to quality is possible to be achieved only through quality management perception. The increasing knowledge level of the patients as well as their expectations paves the way for an increase in the importance of Total Quality Management (http://www.saglik.gov.tr Retrieved: 01.02.2012). The Total Quality Management studies are directly related to the diagnosis, treatment and treatment procedures. The health systems are to apply diagnostic and treatment procedures in line with scientific norms and standards on the one hand; on the other hand, the expectations and the wishes of the patients are not to be ignored in the service providing processes. In spite of the fact that it is not reached certain definition on the health service quality, in the discussions, it is ascertained that it is focused on the fulfillment of the customers in terms of social, cultural, and economic ways. (Devebakan, Yağcı, 2005). The researchers conducted reveal that the customers share their satisfaction with a minimum number of 6 while they share their dissatisfaction with 25 people. The main idea that lies behind the customer satisfaction is to satisfy the customers and to make them loyal to the institutions for their further needs. The privatization of the state hospitals which is on the agenda today, the main basis of customer satisfaction in both state and private hospitals is to overlap the customers’ expectations and the services of the institutions provided. 49 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The implementations of Total Quality Management in Health Services are the set of procedures through which the hospitals get familiar with their deficiencies and define them and determine the policies and strategies for the improvement of service quality which will direct the feedbacks of the patients (Songür, 1998). It is strategically important to give all the employees in the hospitals the educations of total quality management for them to carry out the responsibilities, to qualify the general service of hospitals and to satisfy the patients as well. In this context, it is actually of great importance to give education considering the factors that create dissatisfaction among the patients. The utmost care given to the patients, giving necessary information to them depending upon their expectations, being patient and kind to them will go up the service quality that the patients perceive (Zerenler, Öğüt, 2007). Moreover, the implementation of the Total Quality Management will stem in positive results such as the effective use of the insufficient hospital resources, the decrease of the financial issues, the increase the rivalry capacity of the employees, the increase in the satisfaction of the patients and employees. Through quality in service providing, the motivation and the job satisfaction of the employees, the modernization of the management and organizational procedures, the rationalism in the decision making mechanisms, the documentation of information systems, and lastly the operability of the communicational mechanisms are expected. In addition to these, via quality, it is aimed at patient satisfaction, the development of team spirit with team work and more than anything else “Common Good” (Aslantekin ve diğerleri, 2007). The important thing to be concerned about Total Quality Management is the fact that these procedures will not bare results in a short of time. The study conducted in 1991 by American General Accounting Office, it was put forward that the implementations of the Total Quality Management will result in its usefulness after 2.5 years on average (Terziovski and et al., 1999:916). The managers of the health institutions can only increase their institutions’ power of competition and performance only when they are aware of the patients’ expectations and the performance of the service given. To sum up, providing reachable and continually renovated health service will increase the level of satisfaction of both employees and customers, in other words, patients. REFERENCES ASLANTEKİN, F., GÖKTAŞ, B., UULUŞEN, M., EERDEM, R., (2007). ‘‘Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Kalite Deneyimi: Dr. Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Hastanesi Örneği’’, Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, cilt 2, sayı 6, pp.55-71 50 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo DEVEBAKAN, N., YAGCI, K. (2005). “Sağlık İşletmelerinin Algılanan Hizmet Kalitesi Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılmasında Servqual Yöntemi” Sağlık ve Hastane Yönetimi 2. 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(2000). “ Quality Management and Business Performance in Hospitals: A Search for Success Paremeters’’, Total Quality Management, 11, pp.1123-1133 MORGİL, O. , KÜÇÜKÇİRKİN, M.(1995). “ TOBB’in Sağlıkta Toplam Kalite Yönetimine Bakışı’’, Birinci Basamak Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Toplam Kalite Yönetimi, Haberal Eğitim Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara. PRESS, I., (2002). ‘‘Patient Satisfaction: Defining, Measuring, And Improving the Experience of Care’’, Chicago: Health Administration Press. SEVİN, D., (1999). “Hastanelerde Bir Otelcilik Görevi Olarak Yiyecek-İçecek Hizmetlerinin Verimli Sunulması”,Verimlilik Dergisi.MPM Yayınları,Ankara SONGÜR, N. (1998). “TÜSİAD-KALDER Kalite Ödülü İş Mükemmelliği Modelinin Sağlık Kuruluşlarında Uygulanabilirliği”, Gazi Kalite Günleri 51 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TERZIOVSI, M., SOHAL, A., MOSS, S.,(1999) “Longitudinal Analysis Of Quality Management Practices in Australian Organizations”, Total Quality Management, Vol:10, NO:6, s.915-926. YANMAZ, Ö., (2005). ‘‘Hastane İşletmelerinde Kalite Fonksiyon Göçerimi’’, Ahmet Yesei Üniversitesi, İşletme Yüksek Lisans Tezi, YÜKSEL, F., SADAKLIOĞLU, H. (2007). “Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Kalite ve Yerel Yönetimler”,Uluslararası Sağlık ve Hastane Yönetimi Kongresi, 01-03 Haziran 2007 Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Lefkoşa Kıbrıs ZERENLER, M., Öğüt, A., (2007). "Sağlık Sektöründe Algılanan Hizmet Kalitesi ve Hastane Tercih Nedenleri Araştırması: Konya Örneği", Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı:18, s.35-40. Sustainable Security: The Role of Promoting Democracy and Protecting Human Rights Selim Kanat1, Bahadır Eser2 1Vise Chairman of Dept. of International Relations. Suleyman Demirel University. I.I.B.F Oda no. 210 Isparta/Turkey 2Dept of Public Administration Suleyman Demirel University. I.I.B.F Oda no. 209 Isparta/Turkey Abstract Today’s security threats are more complex than traditional ones, such as HIV, climate change, human rights violations, anti-democratic laws and measures forced us to think about the definition and the context of security again. With the effect of these new threats, sustainable security concept emerged from a post- Cold War multi-disciplinary understanding of security. Sustainable security redefines how we think about national security in today's shifting, after Cold War era. Struggling with these new threats, especially struggling with 52 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1097 Title A name given to the resource The Plus Value In Health Sector: Total Quality Management Author Author Aynur, Toraman Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract Total Quality Management (TKY) is a method which aims to obtain correct product and service initially and at the beginning of the process and to repeat this process over and over, to activate the organization as a whole, to make the organization gain the flexibility and competitive power. Total Quality Management brings the processes appealing to all activities under control and provides the continuation of service quality in each level. Hence, the hospital managements as they take humans into account as their first priority are to put the system of Total Quality Management into practice so that they can render this service as a value. This system will enable the hospitals to have more productive, efficient and competitive structure. The criterion that separates health sector from the others is the fact that it is directly related to the human life based service area. So, the health sector services are to be given utmost care and the service quality is to be as high as possible. That the service which is in the framework of Total Quality Management will make the hospitals institutionally successful and competitive is an undeniable fact. The objective of the study is to lay an emphasis on the importance of Total Quality Management for hospitals, and to create awareness, and to reveal the implicational differences with the other sectors as well. Keywords: Quality, Total Quality Management, Perceptional Service Quality Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8b221aaf7b199548beae27a3257a5322.pdf 8feae5c80c776e933767364fbf3bce32 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ethical Foundations of the Sustainability and the Sustainable Development Ayça Berna Görmez, Fatih Yaman Abstract The concept of sustainability or sustainable development emerged as a concern in early 1980’s. It was equated with the environmental issues firstly. Then, it attained economic and social meanings as well. Nevertheless, the value of the lastly attained meaning of sustainability, which is social, is highly neglected. Sustainable development or sustainability is not just about ecology or natural resources. It is about the relationship between these resources and individuals and thus sustainability encompasses all kinds of issues related to human beings as sustainable, i.e ecological development, cannot be imagined without human beings living in it. In this study, sustainability will be evaluated as a value system that highlights the importance of continuation of natural as well as cultural resources. Although the term sustainability or sustainable development became famous in late 20th century, as a value system, its existence may be traced back to the ancient Greece. In the writings of early political philosophers, it is possible to find the emphasis on the importance of nature, reproduction, importance of future generations, significance of continuation of cultures and human kind, which are the core intentions behind the need for sustainable development and the term sustainability embraces all of these subjects. In the context of this study, the writings of Aristotle, Kant, Mill, will be analyzed with an aim of finding the foundations of the concept of sustainability 1.INTRODUCTION There are remarkable turning points, which change and shape the rest of the human life and its environment and there have been changes that are irreversible and have tremendous effects throughout the history. There is no need to highlight all of them for the prevailing discussion, yet, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution are the two of them that seem to pave the way for the current discussions on sustainability and sustainable development as French revolution is the creator of modern values such as “liberté, égalité, fraternité” and the industrial revolution is the turning point for capitalist development. The new modes of production, at first, immediately celebrated and spread throughout all Europe and the motto of French revolution is still in the agenda of liberals. However, there have been side effects of industrialization. Due to the increase in population, rapid urbanization led to the unplanned urbanization, labor force exploited, pollution emerged and so on and the celebrated motto of the French revolution, which highlights the importance of equality, did not realize itself in the sense that the new mode of production has brought the 425 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo new type of inequalities. Nearly two centuries, everything has changed both in appearance and in essence. From the 1970’s and on, there have been new waves of concerns, might be called postmodern concerns, which seek for a remedy for damages that have done both to the nature and human existence itself. Now the bringing of the industrialization is being discussed. The level of pollution increased and spread all over the world, natural resources are exploited and in some places, they are consumed off, we face with the extinction of animal species. Besides the damage that has given to the nature, individuals also have faced with crucial problems. Inequality increased among nations and individuals, the gap between rich and poor is tremendously opened, hunger becomes a vital problem for most of the countries in the world, and cultures are assimilated and disappear. So the world has changed very rapidly and from 1970’s and on, people are trying to fix this situation and trying to find new ways for maintenance of nature and humankind. There have been many discussions on sustainable development and each area of study might state different types of argument according to their research area. Environmentalist might offer different solution on the basis of their priorities and economist might propose an entirely different and also controversial one. However, in essence, each area seeks to maintain something, something that is crucial for human existence, for nature. Therefore, this paper seeks to provide that common point embraces all area. In this study, sustainability and sustainable development will be evaluated as a moral value that highlights the importance of continuation natural as well as social resources. As a moral value, its existence can be traced back to the writings of ancient Greek philosophers. In their writings, there are emphases on the importance of nature, reproduction, importance of future generation. Most importantly, there is emphasis of “knowledge” and consciousness of individual behavior of all kind, which is important for the preservation of resources. Sustainability and sustainable development, ideally, construct its agenda on the concept of justice, equality and redistribution and these concepts were best understood in the writings of philosophers. To define sustainability as a moral value clearly indicates that all individuals are subject in this issue and there is a common point that can embrace economic, social and environmental sustainability, regardless of their own ‘agenda’ to sustainable development. 2. What is Sustainable Development? Sustainable development is defined in famous Brundtland Report as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs” (WECD, 1987, 43). What is needed to highlight is that the concept of sustainable development encompasses all people and all nations, without discriminating the poor or the rich. The sustainable development necessitates 426 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the development of the poor regions, protection of environmental resources in a way so that both current and future generations will be benefited from it equally. It is a global concern. Sustainable development is not only about the development or environment. It binds three different dimensions and proposes us a kind of understanding. It has environmental, economic and social aspects and without these three aspects, it is hard to speak about sustainable development. Brandl defines sustainability as “the relationship between the social and ecological systems, which needs to be shaped in such a way that it will not destabilize the system as a whole” (2002: 13). Sustainable development is not about conservation of resources for future generations, it is about the proper use of them so that both current and future generation can profit from them and this is why economics is crucial as through economics all sources of capital can be restructured. 2.1 Environmental Aspect Sustainability Environmental Sustainability is one of the crucial aspect and the key figures of the concept of Sustainable Development. Environmental Sustainability, in other words, environmental protection is an approach which aims to restore and re-establish the disturbed balance of the world and thus, to sustain this order for the future generations. According to John Morelli, “environmental sustainability could be defined as a condition of balance, resilience and interconnectedness that allows human society to satisfy its needs while neither exceeding the capacity of its supporting ecosystems to continue to regenerate the services necessary to meet those needs nor by our actions diminishing biological diversity” (2011: 23). Environmental concerns dated back to second half of 20th century. Especially, after the Second World War, the development efforts, arm races, nuclear tests began to threaten the world and quash the biosphere balances. With the rapid increase in world population and the rising of life standards, pollution increased and this situation has led to a rapid depletion of natural resources. In addition to these problems, climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, trans-boundary air and water pollution, acid precipitation, loss of biodiversity, desertification and deforestation pose a threat to the achievement of sustainable development objectives. The increase in environmental problems reached the level of threatening the life and human beings began to find out some preventive solutions to be able to deal with these difficulties. Due to the struggle among scholars to find solutions, an environmental ethics emerged. Arzu Özyol argues that there are two main approaches in term of ethics related to environment. The first one is briefly, nature is valuable because of it is useful for human beings. According to second approach, each entity, whether useful to human beings or not, has a specific value. In this context, while the concept of sustainable development containing the development strategies, at the same time it takes attention to the set of moral values. ( -- ) 427 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Numerous recent studies have offered solutions to the problem of achieving environmental sustainability, the long-term preservation of environment for the future (Whitford, Wong, 2009: 190). However it seems that more solid and urgent measures must be taken as soon as possible. Robert Goodland takes attention to a point and he states that “every passing year means sustainability has to be achieved for an additional 100 million people. This is why environmental sustainability has a time urgency” (1995: 13). Today’s world unfortunately is not encouraging according to many important indicators and if the world continues to change negatively, the future generations may not be able to maintain healthy and productive lives. Now there are still many problems which are seriously threatening the whole world day by day. The environmental inequalities increasingly continue and everything is becoming more complex. 2.2 Economic Aspect of Sustainability The relation between the economy and the concept of sustainability may be the most controversial topic within the discipline. Economy is based on utility and this utility comes with the consumption. However, as it occurs in all social science, there is a return in economics, return maybe the ancient understanding of interrelatedness of all branches of science. For instance, economics, by some scholars, began to be interpreted from different areas like social and environmental. Costanza and O’Neill argues that “we need to move from economics that ignores this interdependent to one that acknowledges and builds upon itan economics that is fundamentally ecological in its basic view of the problems that now face our species at this crucial point in its history” (1996: 975) There are many different interpretation of economic sustainability. However, two of them are highly debated, and in a sense, are controversial ones. First one is the neoclassical approach to sustainability and the other is ecological approach to economical sustainability. Neoclassical approach can be characterized by not development but growth and accumulation of capital. Another important aspect of the neoclassical approach is substitutability. Economics, in neoclassical sense, is about utility and consumption. Robert Nelson argues that if people derive much pleasure from nature, then, preservation of natural conditions may be a high social priority” (1995: 138) When the subject is sustainability, orthodox economists “are concerned with sustainability in the sense of maintaining acceptable levels of human well-being over time and thus are concerned with the capacity of natural environment and other social assets to meet human wants and needs… If economic substitution possibilities are high, natural disruption is not a special cause for concern in the economic model” (Norton and Toman, 1997:555). On the other hand, if utility of the nature is higher than its disruption, then, it will be sustained by necessary precautions. Neoclassical economists state that environmental characteristics, which are necessary for growth in economy, can be replaced or ‘substituted’ by human made substitutes. Any source of capital can be replaced by any other, namely, natural capital can be replaced by human made or manufactured capital. 428 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo On the other hand, ecological economics is in favor of greater sustainability or strong sustainability. Supporter of this realize the fact that natural capital may not be substituted by any other capital, at least, not each of them can find substitute. There are renewable and nonrenewable resources and if nonrenewable resources are diminished, then, it means, there is no substitution for them. Ecological economists argue that natural capitals as well as any kind of resources should be maintained so that they help to the productive process. In economics, it is important not to forget that there is no substitution for everything in the world and even demand in something is not high right now, that doesn’t mean that, demand will not increase in the long run. In economical term, in order to reach a sustainable development, it is crucial to see the effect of our actions in the long run. Economic aspect of sustainable development can be reached through this way, through not wasting any kind of resources for the sake of short run interests and think about the future and necessities of future, so to foresee the long term effects of actions. 2.3. Social Aspect Sustainability As it is stated above, sustainable development should encompass three spheres, namely, ecological, environmental and social and try to reach these goals. So the third aspect of sustainability is the social one. Sustainable development cannot be thought without its social dimension, it is the management of natural, social and human capital. Economic and environmental sustainability may provide necessary environment to growth and maintenance of natural as well as human made capital, but, with a thin interaction among individuals, with poverty and hungry spread around the world, with inequality or in general without quality of life, human kind cannot reach a high level of civilization, even they own a perfect environment. For this reason, social sustainability should be equally treated and understood for the sake of sustainable development. Due to the very ambiguity of the term social, social sustainability cannot be defined in a single, comprehensive definition. There is no consensus among scholars about social sustainability. However, this cannot be interpreted as irrelevance of the term in sustainable development or lack of scientific background. Dissensus among the interpretation of the term, in a way, creates a comprehensive understanding of the social sustainability, diverse statements and components are added to the term by different scholars. As Ranciere (2001) puts it dissensus creates real democracy through invoking others to act in order to be seen or heard. So the term social sustainability, by being characterized differently, becomes more influential by being analyzed and defined in every aspect. Littig and Grießler define social sustainability as “a quality of societies. It signifies the nature-society relationships, mediated by work, as well as relationships within the society. Social sustainability is given, if work within a society and the related institutional arrangements satisfy an extended set of human needs and are shaped in a way that nature and its reproductive capabilities are preserved over a long period of time and the normative claims of social justice, human dignity and participation are fulfilled” (2005: 72). Littig and 429 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Grießler put great emphasis on the dimension of work. Their definition is closely related with work as satisfaction of human needs and reproductively and also exchange between societies are created by work. For them, social sustainability is rather a socio-ecological process. Their claim is that there are three core indicators to evaluate the social dimensions of sustainability which are “satisfaction of basic needs, social justice and social coherence” (2005: 75) Polese and Stren argue that “development that is compatible with harmonious evolution of civil society, fostering an environment conducive to the compatible cohabitation of culturally and socially diverse groups while at the same time encouraging social integration, with improvements in the quality of life for all segments of the population” (2000: 15-16). In their understanding of social sustainability, again, the quality of life has a great meaning. Communities and cultures should be protected while at the same time integrated to the society. For them, civil society is crucial, which helps to reorganize society and create an harmony within it. Sachs argues that “a strong definition of social sustainability must rest on the basic values of equity and democracy, the latter meant as the effective appropriation of all human rights – political, civil, economic, social and cultural- by all people” (1999: 27) In the beginning of this work, the motto of French revolution is given and as it is clear that these are highly related with the motto, especially with the two of them, namely, equality and liberty. To sum up social sustainability is as crucial as environmental or economical sustainability, as “sustainability describes a topic of research that is basically social, addressing virtually the entire process by which societies manage the material conditions of their reproduction, including the social, economic, political and cultural principles that guide the distribution of environmental resources” (Becker et al., 1999: 4). Social dimension is concerned with individuals, rather than nations, it is, at least, satisfaction of all humanly and all basic needs. 3.Sustainability, Sustainable Development and Ethics All three dimensions that construct the sustainable development is explained, it is clear that, although they use different discourses and pay attention on different sides of sustainable development, they have something in common, the need for the maintenance of what we have now for the future generations. They are complementary in some respects. They all emphasize distribution of resources among individuals, importance of harmony among and between societies, the value of a quality of life, justice and cohesion. These concepts are not irrelevant for us, these are the modern values that should encompass all people and should be encouraged to apply by all. These are the values that all liberal democracies and individuals should internalize. In this paper, the argument is that commonalities of these three aspects ensure that sustainable development cannot be understood without philosophy in general or ethics in particular. “If sustainability is, as is often suggested, found at the intersection of the domains of environment, society and economy, it must follow from an underlying rationality that is common to all three and more basic than that which is peculiar to each one 430 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo individually. We argue that this unifying underlying rationality is ethics” (Banon Gomis et al., 2011:179) In the context of this paper, it will be argued that, sustainable development is a moral obligation, an ethical issue. It is not a matter of choice to sustain something at the expense of another thing. It cannot be simply put into an area of science. As Solow argues “sustainability is a moral obligation is a general obligation not a specific one. It is not an obligation to preserve this or preserve that. It is an obligation, if you want to make sense out of it, to preserve the capacity to be well off, to be as well off as we” (1991:13). If we explain and understand sustainability as such, it is the job of all individuals to preserve what they have. Science only may not manage to spread the notion of sustainability but if individuals start to realize this as a moral or ethical value, it would be great step towards sustainable development. In this section, as it is stated above, the ethical foundations of sustainability and sustainable development will be analyzed. These analyses will be around the concepts of justice, equality, importance of nature, human development, economic development and maintenance of certain values as well as resources. These concepts are closely related to the sustainability and sustainable development as sustainability and sustainable development include the ideas of promoting the well being of all human beings, poor as well as the riches, diminishing the inequalities in terms of access to natural resources and their use, of income and of all sorts of services. So, sustainability and sustainable development may enter our scientific literatures in the late twentieth century but context of them have always been in our lives. 3.1.Aristotle As we know, Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. He was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. We can clearly find many traces about sustainable developments on Aristotle’s works. For instance, he says that “man is the noblest of creatures on earth and so that, it’s clear human being originated in accordance with nature” (2007: 30). As a result, he stressed that people should live in a harmony with the nature as a course of its nature. Sustainability has already this sense which aims to maintain the world’s balance while preserving the nature.From another aspect, he taught in one sentence that excess of anything is bad. In here, that phrase implies that too much of even a good thing is bad. He argues that “we must not exert ourselves nor relax our efforts too much nor too little, but to an intermediate extent and as the right rule dictates” (1999, 91). Aristotle drew attention to the importance of the mind and he considered the ignorance as something harmful. According to him “a man of practical wisdom to be able to deliberate well about what is good and expedient for himself, not in some particular respect, e.g. about what sorts of thing conduce to health or to strength, but about what sorts of thing conduce to the good life in general”(1999, 94). By following this comment, it’s possible to reach a 431 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo conclusion: maybe a century ago, it was not possible to perceive these negative changes about the natural world balance and maybe for this reason people continued to destroy the nature unconsciously. But today, with the increase in technology and the level of knowledge it is possible to identify the things which are harmful to the environment and to find the ways how to avoid or deal with these difficulties. For example, it is so obvious that if the world’s exposition continues in this way, most of the natural resources will not regenerate itself and as a result of this, many plants and animal species will disappear and as a strong possibility, without healthy ecosystems, human beings will not survive on this World as well. Consequently, Aristotle emphasized the importance of wisdom and the necessitation of compliance with nature for a good living. Sustainable development also aims to increase the level of prosperity in less developed countries and the World is portrayed as a global village at present. From here, we can come to such a conclusion: people should live as a whole for the sake of a common interest. In fact, this idea is parallel with Aristotle’s taught. He considered that “he who is unable to live in society, or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or a god: he is no part of a state. A social instinct is implanted in all men by nature”. So people should also live compatible with themselves as well as the nature. Aristotle argues “there must be a union of those who cannot exist without each other”( Politics, 1999: 4). Therefore, here what is important is that no one can remain insensitive to the developments in the world. Each individual has a responsibility to himself and his society. 3.2.John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill is one of the most influential philosopher or political economist that contribute to the liberal values, such as liberty, private property, individual freedom and minimum state control. In the context of our current discussion, these our crucial concepts. Sustainability and sustainable development contain these concepts as it requires decrease in the level of poverty, equal redistribution of resources, freedom in the context of being sufficient and independent in maintaining lives. So it is important to explore Mill when discussing the ethical foundations of sustainability and sustainable development. It is now questionable whether private property is necessary and something beneficial or not but this is irrelevant for our discussion. Mill has a chapter on property, he explains why it is necessary, under which circumstances it should be distributed, what are conditions to own a property in his book called Principles of Political Economy. For Mill, private property is something important but equality and just sharing is necessary and should be kept in mind when distribution happens. “If private property were adopted, we must presume that it would be accompanied by none of the initial inequalities and injustices which obstruct the beneficial operation of the principle in old societies” (Principles of Political Economy, Book II, Chapter I). Its relevance to our discussion is that, social aspect of sustainable development contains housing and security, which for us are closely related with each other. Social aspect contains basic human needs and housing is one of them. 432 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Another important issue that Mill takes into account is about the raw materials. It is also one of the most crucial concerns of the sustainable development. Mill argues that “the essential principle of property being to assure to all persons what they have produced by their labour and accumulated by their abstinence, this principle cannot apply to what is not the produce of labour, the raw material of the earth… it would be height of injustice, to let the gift of nature be engrossed by individuals” (Book II, Chapter I). Now if we apply this to our current situation, developed countries have both the capacity and the will to use raw materials for their own sake. However, this produces injustice among both individuals and the nations. Raw materials do not belong individuals or nations; so, it is not apt to the nation to deplete them. “No man made the land. It is the original inheritance of the whole species. Its appropriation is wholly a question of general expediency” (Book II, Chapter II). In the later chapters, Mill again turns to the subject of natural resources and called them “inheritance of human race” and argues that “there must be regulations for the common enjoyment of it. What rights, and under what conditions, a person shall be allowed to exercise over any portion of this common inheritance cannot be left undecided” (Book V, Chapter I). Now, with the increase in the environmental pollutions, some standards and some limits have been put to generate sustainable development. The ethics behind the statements of Mill can be called utilitarianism but not in a negative sense. Utility is now being understood as something negative and material. However, for Mill this is not the case. As it is obvious from the previous statements above, Mill desires a life that is most favorable by all individuals not only by the self. “The happiness which forms the utilitarian standard of what is right in conduct, is not the agent's own happiness, but that of all concerned…utility would enjoin, first, that laws and social arrangements should place the happiness, or (as speaking practically it may be called) the interest, of every individual, as nearly as possible in harmony with the interest of the whole” (Utilitarianism, Chapter II). The utility in Mill can be similar to eudomania in Aristotle if not the same. So the contents of sustainability and sustainable development, can be found in Mill’s writings 3.3. Kant In the Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant explains what morality is, how it can be achieved, what is the source of morality. Through this work, Kant, clarifies what make moral principles universal and can be applicable by all rational beings, namely, by all humans. “we have to admit that morality’s law applies so widely that it holds •not merely for men but for all rational beings as such, •not merely under certain contingent conditions and with exceptions but with absolute necessity ·and therefore unconditionally and without exceptions” (15). He defines two kinds of imperative (imperative is the demand of rationality, the reasons behind the action, it is the motivating principle of the action), one is hypothetical and the other is categorical. Hypothetical imperative is, he defines, “the practical necessity of some possible action as a means to achieving something else that one does or might want” (19), this kind of imperative is about reaching another aim through doing something. So the 433 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo action, is itself, is not the end, the consequences of the action is the inspired end. Whereas, the categorical imperative, he explains, “is represented an action as being objectively necessary in itself without regard to any other end” (19). So the action that is derived from the categorical imperative should be an end in itself, it is done without measuring the consequences, it is done for itself. Kant explains two types of imperative in detailed. He argues that categorical imperative “is only law that carries with it the concept of a necessity(·’This action must be performed’·) that is unconditional and objective and hence universally valid; and commands are laws that must be obeyed even when one would prefer not to…it can be called a command in the strict sense” (20). What makes categorical imperative is universal is its objectivity and unconditionality, it doesn’t serve a specific purpose, there are no expected consequences and there might not be a result at all, it is done for its own sake, for the sake of morality. From this point, it can be easily related to the concept of sustainability and sustainable development. Even though there is an expected result in sustainable development, this result would not affect us in near future. Previous and current generations are not in an immediate danger of violation of natural as well as cultural resources. However, we are aware of the fact that the next generations may not be as lucky as we are because we are not as cautious as the previous generations were. Kant offers universal law of nature, which holds three principles, which are (i)“act as though the maxim of your action were to become, through your will, a universal law of nature” (24) (ii)”act in such a way as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of anyone else, always as an end and never merely as a means” (29), and (iii)“the idea of the will of every rational being as a will laying down universal law (30). These three principle can be easily applied to the sustainability and thus, to sustainable development. First principle argues that one should act as if s/he determines the universal law, a law that is applicable by all people and preferred to be applied. Prosperity is something that have both subjective and objective imperative. For instance, I want to be rich, this is something subjective, but everyone wants to live a good life, this makes it objective. If our generation desires to live in a perfect harmony with nature and its resources, if our generation prefers a world in peace and if our first concern is to decrease the level of poverty, then, these should be our maxims and we should take necessary cautions but while doing this next generations should be in our considerations as they will also prefer such an environment, and as they have equal share with the current generation. This is also related to the second principle. The needs and desires of humans are, at least when speak of basic ones, similar. So no human being can be seen as a mean, they are end in themselves. This is applicable to nation-states as well. Nations, as they are composed of human beings, cannot be seen as mean to reach to an end, i.e, a natural resources. Poor countries are threatened by developed countries if they have natural resources; they are in a constant danger of civil wars or external threats. So if a nation does not prefer to become a mean of other individual state to reach an end, it should not treat a nation as such. 434 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.CONCLUSION Sustainability and sustainable development are crucial for human beings. There are many responsibilities for individuals to sustain what we have now and leave a peaceful and well organized society to the next generations. It is also important to note that everyone has a responsibility in this process. To show the ethical foundations of sustainability and sustainable development makes it clear that it is not only the business organizations or civil society organizations are responsible in this process, rather, it is obvious that each individual should take place and do what is necessary. All three aspects of sustainable development and the concept of sustainability itself require human beings’ endeavor to maintain the existence of natural as well as other forms of resources. Ethics, in this process, ensure an obligation for human beings, it is not a technical process that can be kept outside of the most intimate human relations. Therefore, individuals should internalize this process, and do the best they can because it is a moral obligation, it is a way of conducting virtues live REFERENCES Ökten, Kaan. (2007) Fikir Mimarları 13 – Aristoteles, Say Yayınları, İstanbul Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics (1999) (W.D. Ross Translation) Batocho Books Kitchener Aristotle, Politics (1999) (Benjamin Jowett Translation) Batocho Books Kitchener Banon Gomis, A.J, Parra, M.G et al (2011). Rethinking the Concept of Sustainability, Business and Society Review 116:2 pp. 171-191 Becker, E., Jahn, T. and Stiess, 1. (1999) 'Exploring uncommon ground: sustainability and the social sciences', in Becker, E. and Jahn, T. (Eds.): Sustainability and the Social Sciences, A Cross-Disciplinary Approach Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation, Zed Books, London, pp.1-22. Colantonio, A. Social Sustainability: Linking Research to Policy and Practice Constanza, R. O’Neill, R.V. (1996). Introduction: Ecological and Economics and Sustainability, Ecological Applications, Vol. 6 No.4 pp.975-977 Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals <http://www.stolaf.edu/people/huff/classes/GoodnEvil/Readings/kantgw.pdf> 25.04.2012 Mill,John S. The Principle of <http://www.econlib.org/library/Mill/mlP.html> 15.04.2012 Political Economy Mill, John S. Utilitarianism http://www.utilitarianism.com/mill2.htm 20.04.2012 Nelson, Robert. (1995) Sustainability, Efficiency, and God: Economic Values and the Sustainability, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic, Vol. 26 pp.135-154 Nortan, B.G., and Toman M.A (1997) Sustainability: Ecological and Economic Perspectives Land Economics 74 pp. 553-568 435 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Goodland, R. (1995). “The Concept of Environmental Sustainability”, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 26, pp. 1-24. Morelli, J. (2011). “Environmental Sustainability: A Definition for Environmental Professionals”, Journal of Environmental Sustainability, Volume 1, pp. 19-27. Özyol,A. (n.d ). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma”, http://www.hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf, Polese, M. Stren, R.E (2000) The Social Sustainability of Cities: Diversity and the Management of Change , University of Toronto Press, Canada Ranciere, J. (2001) Ten Thesis on Politics <http://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CGkQFj AB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fabahlali.org%2Ffiles%2FTen%2520Theses%2520on%2520Politi cs.doc&ei=9XanTnlJoXl4QS406jSCQ&usg=AFQjCNG96ViKGJr2bCQR9qD9VcpF4yJ0vg&sig2=WOEtQIC QOuskYmX7dedr5w > 10.04.2012 Sachs, I. (1999), Social sustainability and whole development: exploring the dimensions of sustainable development. In: B. Egon and J. Thomas, Editors, Sustainability and the social sciences: a cross-disciplinary approach to integrating environmental considerations into theoretical reorientation, Zed Books, London Solow, R.M., (1991) Sustainability: an economist's perspective. Marine Policy Center, WHOI, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development), (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England Whitford, Andrew B., Wong, K. (2009). Political and Social Foundations for Environmental Sustainability, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 62, No. 1. pp. 190-204. 436 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1139 Title A name given to the resource Ethical Foundations of the Sustainability and the Sustainable Development Author Author Ayça, Berna Görmez Fatih Yaman, Yaman Abstract A summary of the resource. The concept of sustainability or sustainable development emerged as a concern in early 1980’s. It was equated with the environmental issues firstly. Then, it attained economic and social meanings as well. Nevertheless, the value of the lastly attained meaning of sustainability, which is social, is highly neglected. Sustainable development or sustainability is not just about ecology or natural resources. It is about the relationship between these resources and individuals and thus sustainability encompasses all kinds of issues related to human beings as sustainable, i.e ecological development, cannot be imagined without human beings living in it. In this study, sustainability will be evaluated as a value system that highlights the importance of continuation of natural as well as cultural resources. Although the term sustainability or sustainable development became famous in late 20th century, as a value system, its existence may be traced back to the ancient Greece. In the writings of early political philosophers, it is possible to find the emphasis on the importance of nature, reproduction, importance of future generations, significance of continuation of cultures and human kind, which are the core intentions behind the need for sustainable development and the term sustainability embraces all of these subjects. In the context of this study, the writings of Aristotle, Kant, Mill, will be analyzed with an aim of finding the foundations of the concept of sustainability Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/73528c3460986ec752f1d2e00907f0a6.pdf 8e44facaef1be7a6a73f90db9783fe8c PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sustainability Dilemma of Pluralistic Social Structure in Western Democracies Bahadır Eser1,Selim Kanat2, Adem Ali İren2 1Suleyman Demirel University Dept. of Public Administration 2 Suleyman Demirel University Dept. of International Relations 1.INTRODUCTION Different groups in a society have several powers to access the ruling system. One of them is highly organized to reach governing mechanism to affect decision-making process while the others really suffered from not being part of it. Some state mechanisms adopt very embracing policy for minority groups of society in opposition to other states insisting on implying majoritarian policies. Majoritanism which is a political theory based on prioritizing the will of majority is more prone to exclude minor parts of society from involving state system. Thus a problematic situation is given rise to emerge “other” concept known as not being a part of majority. 2.Pluralism Pluralism is a term used for diversity of multiplicity or a descriptive concept standing for coexistence of different moral and political values in terms of political science. Pluralism is used to characterize the attitude of open-mindedness and the willingness to non-repressively tolerate the diversity of worthwhile pursuits to which humans may devote themselves (Talisse, 2011:88). Pluralism enables to disperse power more equally within alls sections of a society. When we look at European democracies and state mechanism from pluralistic view, it is easy to find many critical points that do not fit with this approach. However not only developing but also current western democracies whose social structures composed of pluralistic view sometimes ignore their democratic character. Xenophobia, Islamophobia and racism are different kind of terms which damages pluralism by suppressing minority groups in the developed countries. Cultural pluralism explains the dynamic by which minority groups fully participate in the dominant society while maintaining their cultural differences. A pluralistic society is a community where different groups have a certain degree of tolerance for one another while interacting. Different cultures can coexist without major conflicts, and where minority cultures are encouraged to uphold their customs in pluralistic societies (Ratulea, 2009:43). The relation between the "majority culture" on one side and the "culture of minorities" another side as a relation of possible antagonism can lead to mutual social exclusion through the necessity of preserving some particular cultural identities within the context of a cultural pluralism. (Bercea, 2007:195-196). Multicultural politics produce a collective Muslim 437 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo identity “as a shared immigrant experience and as a representational identity” (Humphrey, 2001:35) 3.Islamophobia Islamophobia is a word that is practically in many places at the same time in today’s discourse on Islam. The situation of Muslim minorities in the West is frequently framed both by academics and by pundits in terms of the ‘need’ to combat the ‘evils’ of Islamophobia (Zuquete, 2008:321). Islamophobia “has fed racist hostility against people of Middle Eastern, Arab and South Asian origin and has in turn been bolstered by racial prejudice and xenophobia” (Rudiger, 2001). Unnecessary hostility against Islam refers to the practical consequences of such hostility in unfounded discrimination against individuals and societies whose religion is Islam (Trust, 2002). Muslim minorities have recently emerged in most Western countries; for instance; some European countries (England, France and Germany in particular. Muslim immigration has been more recent in other countries such as the USA and Canada) have been receiving Muslim migrants of various origins since the 1950s (Bloul, 2008:9). Moreover, Muslim contact with the Australian landmass has dated back to the 17th century (Kabir, 2004). The Muslim population of Australia is relatively small and comes from different origins ‘Muslimness’ of Australian immigrants is open to negotiate within the wider social, legal and political environment (Humphrey, 2001:40) 4.Xenophobia The style of immigrants becoming sources of economic threats is perceived in terms of labor market theory (Bonacich, 1972; Boswell, 1986), which assumes that xenophobia is strengthened when immigrant workers work for decidedly lower wages than the majority population. Many immigrants are more willing to work for low wages with poor working conditions in a receiving country due to low incomes and living standards in their home countries. Accordingly, immigrants lead to decrease job opportunities for the majority populations as well as undermine the wage standard in the host society – thus becoming a threat to the majority population (Hjerm and Nagayoshi, 2011:4). As it is accentuated by Bonacich and Boswell labor market theory is one of very crucial part in rising hatred towards foreign people in a society. The origin of anti-immigrant voices is related to cultural tensions between ethnic groups where foreigners are viewed as potential threats to national identity, social order and values of the majority population (Hjerm and Nagoyashi, 2011:5). Cultural aspects are emphasized as a significant factor for creating prejudices towards immigrant groups (McLaren and Johnson, 2007). The focus on cultural threat has either been somewhat neglected or, alternatively, has been overtly on perceptions of cultural threat instead of their objective sources. However, the existing empirical studies which has importance suggest that social and economic variables were mostly insignificant in explaining support for anti-immigrant parties in seven European countries (Van der Brug et al. 2000). Furthermore, cultural threat is a more beneficial and an analytical tool to explain prejudice than economic threat. (Scheepers 438 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo et al., 2002:22). The size of non-European population of immigrants is often used as an indicator of objective sources of cultural threat (Schneider, 2007), but ‘non-European’ implies various differences: linguistic, religious, or perhaps physical appearance. (Hjerm and Nagoyashi, 2011:5) 5.Rise of Extreme Right The 1990s were a period of tremendous growth in electoral support for radical right-wing parties across Western Europe. When we look at seven prominent radical right parties from 1990 to 2000, we can see that one study showing a mean increase of 55% in vote share during during this period (Norris, 2005:8). Particular importance of radical right-wing parties for the investigation, they have often been defined by their positions in opposition to immigration (Williams, 2006). However, the specific enemies and the degree to which they are looked down on change from state to state in spite of the common rhetoric of xenophobia among radical right-wing parties, because each country has the unique history and context (Williams, 2010:112). For instance, , Turks have formed a sort of Parallelgesellschaft (“parallel society”) in Germany which remains separate and distinct in many forms from German society (Caglar, 2001:604). Far right parties defended cultural purity during 1980’s and 1990’s through accentuating anti-immigrant expressions. Immigrant values conveyed by workers whose cultural background stemming from non- European societies are important threats against native culture or life style. Thus different values and cultures can eradicate or erode the basic principles of native societies. Therefore, extreme right wings brought protecting traditional life characteristics up to the agenda on account of high damaging possibilities of immigrant values. Following this logic, the self-proclaimed spiritual leader of the Danish Progress Party, Mogens Glistrup, made anti-immigrant sentiment an issue of patriotism saying “Of course I am a racist—all good Danes are. Either you’re a racist, or else you’re a traitor” (Widfeldt, 2000:490). Glistrup has also stated that Muslims should be “chased away” or else “they will kill us all.” The French FN expressed its policy of “national preference” in the 1993 party program by second-in-command leader Bruno M´egret. The “300 measures” in the 1993 program recommended that French and European Union nationals be considered the primary recipients of welfare state benefits such as unemployment compensation, housing, and health care. The policy was criticized widely as a form of anti-foreigner apartheid, racist in its intention. However, the National Front defended the aims of the plan, which it said were to preserve the French nation, a rooted, “historic, traditional, ethnically-inspired entity that can easily be undermined by alien values, groups, culture and influences.”(Hainsworth and Mitchell, 2000:445). The Swiss People’s Party, which won 22.5% of the popular vote, emphasized “abuse of asylum” and opposed illegal immigration on the ground that immigrant use resources of local 439 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo people (Husbands, 2000:508). Another example of anti-immigrant policy in Europe was the Danish People’s Party claiming that Denmark is not an immigrant country (Widfeldt, 2000:491). On the other hand the Norwegian Progress Party claimed that immigrants cause to drain national sources (Gibson, 2002:25). In Holland Pim Fortuyn’s List Party opposing immigrants due to cultural reasons says that previous government ignored the effects by which Muslim immigrations were caused (Migration News, 2002). German National Democratic Party claimed that foreign influence infiltrated into Germany and expressed that American culture and non-Europeans immigrants undermined German cultural heritage (Winkler and Schuman, 1998:102). 6.Anti-Discrimination Laws in Europe Religious discrimination in Europe is very critical issue, so the EU adopted some principles in order to combat religious discrimination in Treaty of Amsterdam in Article 13 says: This Article complements Article 12, which prohibits discrimination on grounds of nationality. The new Article enables the Council to take appropriate action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation (Treaty of Amsterdam, Article 12) Few European countries developed and overhaul their legislation on discrimination based on religious grounds. There are some instances about this tendency by European states. Even though the anti-discrimination legislation in the United Kingdom did not cover religious Discrimination area, the Race Relations Act of 1998 include discrimination against ethnoreligious groups which has been used by the Commission for Racial Equality to argue that religious discrimination in effect amounts to unlawful indirect racial discrimination against a particular racial group covered by the Race Relations Act (Religious Discrimination: Your Rights in Bloul, 2008). Some other example in Europe for anti-religious discrimination can be arrayes as Finland’s Penal Code (1995, Section 9) explaining sentences for discrimination because of religion, civil and administrative law in Austria contains provisions prohibiting public expressions of prejudice against persons on the ground of religion or creed. The 1987 Penal Code In Denmark provides punishments for discrimination and harassment on the grounds of belief (Article 266b, Act 626 of 1987), The Penal Code in France, (1985, Art. R624-3, 4, 7) punishes verbal hatred on grounds of religion. Discrimination on grounds of religion is also prohibited and punished in Holland (Penal Code 1992), Norway (Penal Code 1981, Paragraph 135a), Sweden (Act 134, 1994), Spain (Cooperation Agreement 1992, Institutional Law 10/1995) (Bloul, 2008:14). 7.CONCLUSION 440 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Pluralism is a term used for diversity of multiplicity or a descriptive concept standing for coexistence of different moral and political values in terms of political science. Pluralism enables to disperse power more equally within alls sections of a society. When we look at European democracies and state mechanism from pluralistic view, it is easy to find many critical points that do not fit with this approach. However not only developing but also current western democracies whose social structures composed of pluralistic view sometimes ignore their democratic character. Xenophobia, Islamphobia and racism are different kind of terms which damages pluralism by suppressing minority groups in the developed countries. The most important thing of pressure on different groups in a society is to create an “other” notion which is not welcomed by the majority of community. From this perspective the other concept can easily appear in the societies that does not internalize pluralism. In other words, majoritarian or no pluralistic structure of societies complicates co-existence of different groups. In that context, we aimed at investigating unpluralistic structure, which creates xenophobia, Islamphobia and racism in European democracies post Sept 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bercea, R. (2007), Communitarian Law. Principles, C.H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest. Bonacich E. (1972), “A theory of ethnic antagonism: The split labor market” , American Sociological Review 37 (5), pp. 547–559. Boswell Terry E. (1986), “A split labor market analysis of discrimination against Chinese immigrants, 1850–1882”, American Sociological Review 51 (3), pp. 352–371. Caglar, Ayse S. (2001), “Constraining Metaphors and the Transnationalisation of Spaces in Berlin”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27 (4), pp. 601–613. Gibson Rachel K. (2002), The Growth of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe, Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press. Hainsworth P. and Mitchell P. (2000), “France: The Front National from Crossroads to Crossroads?”, Parliamentary Affairs 53 (3), pp.443-456. Hjerm M. and Nagayoshi K. (2011), “The composition of the Minority Population as a threat: Can Real Economic and Cultural Threats Explain Xenophobia?”, International Sociology, 26 (6), pp. 1-29. 441 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Husbands C. (2002), “Switzerland: Right-Wing and Xenophobic Parties, from Margin to Mainstream?” Parliamentary Affairs 53 (3), pp. 501–516. Kabir, N. (2004), Muslims in Australia: Immigration, Race Relations and Cultural History, London: Kegan Paul. M. Humphrey (2001), “An Australian Islam? Religion in the multicultural city”, in Muslim Communities in Australia, eds A. Saeed and S. Akbarzadeh, Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, pp. 33–52. McLaren L.M.and Johnson M.(2007), “Resources, group conflict and symbols: Explaining anti-immigrant hostility in Britain”, Political Studies 55 (4), pp. 709–732. Migration News (2002), “France, Netherlands: Le Pen, Pim Fortuyn,” http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/Archive MN/jun 2002-08mn.html (accessed 12 March 2012). Norris P. (2005), Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market, New York: Cambridge University Press. Ratuela G. (2009), “Minorities, Protection, Democracy, and Cultural Pluralism”, Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov, 2 (51), pp. 42-51. Religious Discrimination: Your Rights, London: CRE, 1996. Rudiger A. (2001), “Crisis or More of the Same?” Connections, available online at: http://www.cre.gov.uk/publs/connections/conn_01au_crisis.html. (accessed April 2012). Scheepers .P, Gijsbert M. and Coenders M. (2002), “Ethnic exclusionism in European countries: Public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived ethnic threat”, European Sociological Review 18 (1), pp. 17–34. Schneider LS (2007), “Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat” European Sociological Review 24 (1), pp. 53–67. 442 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Talisse, Robert B. (2011), “Value Pluralism and Liberal Politics”, Ethical Theory & Moral Practice 14 (1), pp. 87-100. The Amsterdam Treaty: A Comprehensive Guide, available online http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/ leg/en/lvb/a10000.html (accessed April 15 2012). at: Trust R. (1997), “Islamophobia: AChallenge for Us All”, available online at: http://www.runnymedetrust.org/publications/pdfs/islamophobia.pdf. (accessed February 2012). Van der Brug W., Fnennema M. and Tillie J. (2000), “Anti-immigrant parties in Europe: Ideological or protest vote?”, European Journal of Political Research 37 (1), pp. 77–102. Widfeldt A. (2000), “Scandinavia: Mixed Success for the Populist Right”, Parliamentary Affairs 53 (3), pp. 486–500. Willams Michelle H. (2010), “Can Leopards Change Their Spots? Between Xenophobia and Trans-ethnic Pouplism among West European Far Right Parties”, Nationalism and Politics 16 (1), pp.111-134. Williams Michelle H. (2006), The Impact Of Radical Right-Wing Parties In West European Democracies, New York: Palgrave. Winkler, J.and S. Schumann (1998), Radical Right-Wing Parties in Contemporary Germany. in The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies, edited by Betz H. G., ImmerfallS.. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp.95-110. Zuquete, Jose P. (2008), “The European Extreme Right and Islam: New Directions?”, Journal of Political Ideologies, 13 (3), pp. 321-344. 443 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1140 Title A name given to the resource Sustainability Dilemma of Pluralistic Social Structure in Western Democracies Author Author Bahadır, Eser Abstract A summary of the resource. Different groups in a society have several powers to access the ruling system. One of them is highly organized to reach governing mechanism to affect decision-making process while the others really suffered from not being part of it. Some state mechanisms adopt very embracing policy for minority groups of society in opposition to other states insisting on implying majoritarian policies. Majoritanism which is a political theory based on prioritizing the will of majority is more prone to exclude minor parts of society from involving state system. Thus a problematic situation is given rise to emerge “other” concept known as not being a part of majority. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/61943e1a9cab7217b72e923627a9bbf8.pdf ac29c16826953794065cd9d2c6edd3cd PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Length-length and length-weight relationships of the round sardinella Sardinella aurita Valenciensis, 1847 (Osteichthyes, Clupeidae) from the Aegean Sea Bahar Bayhan, Ali Kara Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey E-mail: bahar.bayhan@ege.edu.tr Abstract This study describes the length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships of round sardinella Sardinella aurita (Linnaeus, 1758) from Izmir Bay, Turkey. A total of 1948 specimen of S. aurita collected from fisherman’s catch with gillnets from November 2004 to October 2005 were used for this study. Fish size ranged in total length (TL, minimum) 15.0 cm for males, 14.2 cm for females and 14.2 cm for both sexes. The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationships were calculated as W=aLb and LWRs for males, females and the total sample population determined to be W=0.0033L3.279, W=0.0025L3.375 and W=0.0027L3.340 respectively. The values for allometric coefficient b of the LWRs showed positive allometric growths in the both sexes. LLRs were measured as TL=a+bFL, FL=a+bSL and SL=a+bTL equation in all sexes and combined. In all the samples together, LLRs are as follows: TL=-1.3284+1.2087FL, FL=1.4623+0.9581SL and SL=0.0000+0.8382TL. The results further indicated that LLRs were highly inter correlated (r2˃0.9, p˂0.01). Keywords: Round sardinella, Sardinella aurita, length-weight relationship, condition factor, Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea. 1. INTRODUCTION Length-weight relationhips, LWRs, are important because they; (a) allow the conversion of growth-in-length equations to growth-in-weight, (b) for use in stock assessment observations; (c) allow an estimate of the condition of fish and (d) are useful for between region comparisons of life histories of a certain species (Wooton, 1990; Pauly 1993; Petrakis and Stergiou, 1995; Gonçalves et al., 1997; Binohlan et al., 1998; & Moutopoulos and Stergiou, 2002). Relationships between different types of length (length-length relationships, LLRs), are also very important for comparative growth studies and also useful in local and interregional morphological and life historical comparisons in species and populations. In fish studies, fish length is often more rapidly and easily measured than mass. Thus information on the lengthweight relationships makes it more convenient to determine mass where only the length is known. In the field, the tail flukes of fish are often cut, making it difficult to measure the total 110 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo length correctly to measure the total length. Knowledge of the standard length should allow the total length to be determined (Binohlan et al., 1998; & Lalèyè, 2006). The aim of this study is to determine relationships of length-weight and length-length in S. aurita captured from Izmir Bay in central Aegean Sea and find out monthly differences in view of the parameters involved. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fish samples were collected monthly during commercial fishing trials using gillnets from Izmir Bay (Fig. 1). The study period was from November 2004 to October 2005. Gillnets used to catch S. aurita in Izmir bay have the characteristics below: twine thickness 210 D/3 no, multiflament mesh size (bar length) 23-25 mm, 105-210 meshes deep, hanging ratio of the float line, E=0.67. Gillnets are utilized as drift nets ranging from 800 to 1600 m in length. They are usally used within 5m from surface down to bottom. Mean annual temparature of sea water in Izmir bay is 18.5 Cº with the lowest 10.5 Cº in February and the highest 25 Cº in July. Figure 1 Sampling locality of Sardinella aurita in Izmir bay (central Aegean Sea) . 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Length-weight and length-length of S. aurita inhabiting Izmir Bay of central Aegean Sea in Turkey were estimated by sexes and sampling time. All relationships were found to be significantly linear in all cases. 111 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A total of 1948 individuals were sampled during the study period and the shortest, 14.2 cm TL and the longest, 28.5 cm TL individuals obtained in August. It was determined that 52.4% of the fish were female (n=1014), 47.5% male (n=921) and 0.07% immature (n=13). Because immature individuals did not reach adult body shape, length-weight relationship was not measured (Froese, 2006). The sex ratio was not significantly different from parity (x2=4.469; p˂0.01). female:male ratio was calculated as 1:10. Erkoyuncu (1995) and Avşar (1998) pointed out that female:male ratio may vary between 1:1 and 1:1.3 in a typical population. The values obtained in our study were within the reasonable range expected for a natural population. Monthly length-weight relationships for males, females and the total sample population were determined as W=0.0033L3.279, W=0.0025L3.375 and W=0.0027L3.340 respectively (Table 1). The b value was used in the length-weight relationship as the indicator of the growth type of S. aurita, to find out whether there deviation from isometric growth had occurred between the sexes and among the sampling times. Monthly LWRs of S. aurita presented in Table 1 show that the calculated allometric coefficients vary between 2.121 (May) and 3.777 (February) in males and between 2.350 (October) and 3.762 (December) in females. As expected, an allometric relationship was observed between length and weight of the species. In males, allometry was closer to isometry, however total population found a positive allometry including males and females. Gonadal development affected the relationship between length and weight of the individuals positively, of females in particular. The t-test was used to compare a significant distinction between the calculated slope (b) values and the cube of the length (Table 1). Male and female individuals did not exhibit a significant difference during spring summer and autumn months, however they showed a significantly defined variation especially in winter months, which was found to be caused by the fact that gonads mature in winter when the slope value of female individuals was highest in particular. On the other hand, slope values (b) of males began to increase in autumn to reach maximum in winter in the same way as in females. In winter months, abdomen of the fish increased most just because of gonadal development, with a even more positive allometric growth. The intercept a values diminished in winter for both female and male individuals as compared to the rest of the year. The index of length-weight pointed to winter months when reproduction occurs intensively and condition is minimum. All allometric coefficients (b) estimated in this study were within the expected range 2.1-3.7, and according Benegal and Tesch (1978); Koutrakis and Tsikliras (2003) allometric coefficients may range from 2 to 4. 112 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1235 Title A name given to the resource Length-length and length-weight relationships of the round sardinella Sardinella aurita Valenciensis, 1847 (Osteichthyes, Clupeidae) from the Aegean Sea Author Author Bahar, Bayhan Abstract A summary of the resource. This study describes the length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships of round sardinella Sardinella aurita (Linnaeus, 1758) from Izmir Bay, Turkey. A total of 1948 specimen of S. aurita collected from fisherman’s catch with gillnets from November 2004 to October 2005 were used for this study. Fish size ranged in total length (TL, minimum) 15.0 cm for males, 14.2 cm for females and 14.2 cm for both sexes. The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationships were calculated as W=aLb and LWRs for males, females and the total sample population determined to be W=0.0033L3.279, W=0.0025L3.375 and W=0.0027L3.340 respectively. The values for allometric coefficient b of the LWRs showed positive allometric growths in the both sexes. LLRs were measured as TL=a+bFL, FL=a+bSL and SL=a+bTL equation in all sexes and combined. In all the samples together, LLRs are as follows: TL=-1.3284+1.2087FL, FL=1.4623+0.9581SL and SL=0.0000+0.8382TL. The results further indicated that LLRs were highly inter correlated (r2˃0.9, p˂0.01). Keywords: Round sardinella, Sardinella aurita, length-weight relationship, condition factor, Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/526af53602e113658824c2078ccb6f9a.pdf 39f93afce0d809081027cb4a0ea905ed PDF Text Text Watkıns K. And Marsick V. (1997) Dimensions of The Learning Organization Questionnaire [survey] (Warwick, RI: Partners for the Learning Organization) Civil Law Notaries in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Actors in Preventive Justice Bakšić Šukrija1, Oruč Esad2 1University of Zenica, Faculty of Law, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E –mails: sukrijabaksic@gmail.com,eoruc@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Civil law notaries are professional lawyers and public officials appointed by the State to confer authenticity on legal deeds and contracts contained in documents drafted by them and to advise persons who call upon their services. Institution of the notary was introduced for the first time in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2007. Introduction of the office of notary was one of the steps taken to ensure independent and impartial judiciary and to adapt legal system with European Union law. Before its introducing there was no institution or legal profession which acted impartially on behalf of all parties to a contract or transaction. Notarial services are very wide and complex. It encompasses all judicial activities in noncontentious matters, ensure legal certainty to clients, thus averting disputes and litigation. As a guarantor of legal certainty, notary is one of the most important actors of preventive justice which include all means of reducing resort to the courts for the settlement of controversies. In this study we analyzed contribution of notary office to preventive justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: civil law notary, preventive justice, legal certainty, realising justice, avoiding disputes 412 �1.INTRODUCTION The 1995 General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina ended the 1992-95 war and created the independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). BiH consists of two entities and one district: The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Republika Srpska (RS), as well as Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BD BiH), which is an autonomous district. The entities and the BD BiH have their own government and assemblies and enact their laws and regulations, which are typically harmonized, but yet separate and distinct. Furthermore, the FBiH consist of 10 administrative units – cantons, which have their own constitutions and administrative organization. We can conclude that BiH has a specific and very complex constitutional and legal system which remains inefficient and is subject to different interpretations. The complicated decision-making process has contributed to delay in structural reforms and reduce the country's capacity to make progress towards the EU.25 Few credible steps have been taken to improve the adoption of key legislation relevant to EU integration. One of those steps was introduction of notary office into domestic legal system. It represents an effort of getting closer to the European standards governing legal services, especially in the fields of civil and business law.26 Before the Second World War the office of notary did exist in the region of the ex Yugoslavia but was abolished by enactment of the Implementing Statute relating to the Office of Notary passed on 17th November 1944. After abolition of the office of notary the notary's duties were at first taken over by the courts; later some of the notarial duties were also transferred to the advocates and administrative bodies.27 Although a number of notarial positions were determined by the Ordinance on the Number and Location of Notarial Positions for BiH as well, they never start with performance of the duties.28 Institution of the notary was introduced for the first time in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in 2007. As a consequence of constitutional organization of the State, three different laws have been introduced: the Notary Law of the Federation of Bosnia and 25 European Commition, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 Progress Report, page 11. 26 M. Povlakić, Country Reports on Notary Service in Southeast European Countries, German Organisation for Tehnical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH Open Regional Fund for South East Europe Legal Reform, 102. 27 E. Braniselj, Notarius International, No 3-4/2004, page 169. 28 Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia No 7610 413 �Herzegovina (FBHLN)29, the Notary Law of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BDLN)30 and the Notary Law of the Republic of Srpska (RSLN)31. First notaries started to perform their duties in 2007 in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Brčko District, while notaries of the Republic of Srpska began their work in March 2008. The Notary as existing today in BiH belongs to the Civil law or Latin notarial system. The specific structuring of preventive justice differs from country to country. In general preventive justice include all means of reducing resort to the courts for the settlement of controversies. The term should cover the following things: - the legal settlement of issues of fact through administrative tribunals, leaving a resort to the courts on issues of law; the prevention of litigation through the settlement of disputes out of court and the prevention of disputes through care in the avoidance of grounds of disputes, when entering into transactions giving rise to legal rights.32 Notaries are part of prevetive justice and they can contribute to development of legal system in general troughout the strengthening of legal certainty, protection of public interest and avoiding disputes. 2.Entry to the profession and powers of notaries A notaries are appointed to a vacant notarial position by the Justice Minister of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Justice Minister Republic of Srpska and President of Judiciary Commission of Brčko District BiH (hereinafter: Justice Minister). Advertising of a free notarial position is announced by the Justice Ministry in the Official Gazette of the relevant entity/District. In order to be appointed as notary, a candidate must fulfill the following requirements: - Bosnian nationality, Legal capacity and sound health, An academic title as graduate in law, Successfully completed the bar exam, Successfully completed the notary exam, 29 Official Gazette of the FBiH No 42/02 30 Official Gazette of the BDBiH No 09/03 31 Official Gazette of the RS No 86/04, 02/05, 74/05, 76/05, 91/06, 37/06, 50/10 32 W. F. Dodd, Progress of Preventive Justice, American Bar Association No 6-1920, 151. 414 �- - Not to have been convicted of crimes against humanity and international law, offence against duty or any other premeditated offence that is still a matter of criminal public record with the relevant body at the time of appointment, Not to be a member of a political party.33 In accordance with the BiH Law notaries draw up authentic documents relating to legal transactions or for proceedings establishing a legal right; they take documents, money and securities for delivery to third parties or to state bodies into safekeeping and on behalf of the court or other state body handle matters which can be passed on to them in accordance with the law.34 Certain legal transactions require the form of a notarial act in order to be valid, in particular: - Contracts relating to the settlement of financial relations between spouses, Contracts relating to the disposal of the assets of a minor or persons without legal capacity, A promise of a gift, Incorporation documents for a legal entity, All types of real-estate contracts. All of the aforementioned legal transactions have to be authenticated by a notary. Transactions that are concluded without observing the statutorily or contractually required form or that are not given corresponding approval will be null and void.35 3.Functions of the notary office in BiH Notaries in BiH, like a most of notaries in civil law countries all over the world, exercise a public power. Their primary task is to confer authenticity on the legal instruments and contracts they establish for their clients, mainly in area of civil law. Although notaries in BiH are not paid by the State, this does not make their role any less of a public role. They hold a portion of public power and have the status of public official. The notary’s role contributes to preventive justice and increasing legal certainty in BiH in several ways: 33 Article 26 FLN,208 RSLN, 5 BDLN 34 Articles 69-72 FLN, 64-67 RSLN, 43-46 BDLN 35 Article 73 FLN, 68 RSLN, 47 BDLN 415 �3.1.Ensuring legal certainty Although one of the most important principle of the Contract law in BiH is freedom of contract it does not eliminate the need for supervision regarding its implementation. The notarial function is particularly important in ensuring an effective legality check.36 By placing the State's seal next to the signatures of the parties on the instruments they draw up, notaries are responsible for the content and the form. They ensure that the authentication process has been respected perfectly and that the authenticated instrument expresses the wishes of its signatories, their correct identity and the date and substance of their commitments.37Authentic instruments in general have almost same value as a judgment and can be contested only through judicial proceedings. Furthermore, each notary has a legal duty to be aware of the provisions of the 2009 Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorist Activities (hereinafter Act) to prevent and detect the commission of money laundering and terrorist financing.38 The 2009 Act transposes the Third EU Money Laundering Directive (2005/60/EC) and associated implementing Directive 2006/70/EC into domestic legal system. When performing duties notary, if they found that there are reasons to suspect money laundering or funding of terrorist activities, in connection with transaction or certain person, they are obliged to inform the State Investigation of Protection Agency -Financial-Intelligence Department without delay (FID). Every time when a client requests an advice in relation to money laundering or funding of terrorist activities, notaries have to inform the FID immediately and not later than three working days from the date when the client requested such advice. 39 Throughout this function notaries protect not just consumers but public interest as well. 3.2.The notarial function in avoiding disputes Notaries act as independent, impartial and objective advisers to all parties to contract or a transaction. The independence and impartiality is ensured by an incompatibility of notary's 36 C. Jaquet, Notariat without borders: legal security at the service of Europeans, 1st Congress of EU Civil Law Notaries 37URL http://www.cnue.be/ 38 Official Gazette of BiH, No 53/09 39 Article 41 of the Act. 416 �work with any other for-profit work with the exception of the administration of his/her own assets. Nevertheless, a notary public may perform any scientific, publishing, teaching, interpreting, expert witnessing and artistic work against payment.40 The impartiality of the notary in all his activities is the foundation of the Notary profession in BiH. The notary must exercise his office faithfully to his oath. He is not the representative of one party, but an independent and impartial guide for the parties concerned - unlike an advocate who always looks for the benefits for his client. The impartiality of the notary guarantees a new contractual order which is characterised by the search for balance between the parties and the protection of the consumer.41 They examine the intentions of the parties, draft the contracts and instruments necessary to carry out the intended transaction and ensure that the contractual provisions are in full compliance with the law. They also verify that the parties have full capacity to enter into the intended agreement and that they have fully understood the legal implications of their commitment.42 Otherwise, the civil law notary is required by law to refuse his participation. Essential idea of notaries impartiality is to establish a preventive legal control by informing and advising clients on the legal and financial consequences of their transactions. This is why notaries are thought of as amicable settlement magistrates, practicing preventive justice.43 3.3.Realising justice Realising justice is also very important function of the notaries in BiH as well as important part of a system of preventive justice. The backlog of cases remained one of the most acute problems facing the BiH judiciary and court proceeding are generally lengthy. Despite the many reforms conducted by the State bodies, the backlog still stands at over 2.1 million cases country-wide. The fragmented legal framework across the country restricts effectiveness of 40 Article 56 FLN, 51 RSLN, 35 BDLN 41 XXIV International Congress of the Latin Notariat, Mexico City, October 2004, Impartiality of the Notary: ensuring certainty in contractual relationships, http://www.uinl.net/congreso.asp?idioma=ing&submenu=CONGRESOEJORNADAS&submenu2=CON CLUSIONESANTERIORES 42 Article 80 FLN, 70 RSLN, 53 BDLN 43 http://www.cnue.be/ 417 �judiciary system in BiH. Also existence of 14 different ministries of justice with its own budget continues to adversely affect the independence of the judiciary in BiH.44 Notarial documents enjoy a presumption of legality and exactness of content and may only be contradicted through judicial proceedings. They have evidentiary value and enforceability which reduces the costs of lawsuits as it avoids the reiteration during the proceedings of proof that had already been declared extra judicially. Enforceability avoids long and costly lawsuits and evidently represents a saving on costs. Like judicial decisions, they are enforceable, enabling the parties to have their obligations enforced directly by the judicial officers, without having to pass before the courts. 4.CONCLUSION By introducing the notary profession, BiH has made a big step towards improvement of consumer protection, independent and impartial judicial system, as well as adaptation domestic legal system with European Union law. In our study we have found that notaries have contributed to the development of preventive justice in BiH by ensuring legal certainty, avoiding disputes and realising justice. As independent, impartial and objective advisers to all parties to a transaction, notaries lead to the strengthening of legal certainty and protection of public interest. They also provide the market and development with trust. The main idea by introducing notary office into the legal system of BiH was to establish a preventive legal control in order to avoid costly and time-consuming litigation. Additional improvement in the context of the administration of preventive justice can be made by transferring more powers to the notary office, such as process of mediation which makes process of dispute resolution simpler, quicker and less costly in the interest of citizens. REFERENCES C. Jaquet, Notariat without borders: legal security at the service of Europeans, 1st Congress of EU Civil Law Notaries E. Braniselj, Notarius International, No 3-4/2004 European Commition, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 Progress Report High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2010 Annual Report 44 High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2010 Annual Report, 144. 418 �Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorist Activities, Official Gazette of BiH, No 53/09 M. Povlakić, Country Reports on Notary Service in Southeast European Countries, German Organization for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH Open Regional Fund for South East Europe - Legal Reform Notary Law of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Official Gazette No 09/03 Notary Law of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Official Gazette No 42/02 Notary Law of the Republic of Srpska, Official Gazette No 86/04, 02/05, 74/05, 76/05, 91/06, 37/06, 50/10 Ordinance on the Number and Location of Notarial Positions, Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia No 7610 W. F. Dodd, Progress of Preventive Justice, American Bar Association No 6-1920 XXIV International Congress of the Latin Notariat, Mexico City, October 2004, Impartiality of the Notary: ensuring certainty in contractual relationships, http://www.uinl.net/congreso.asp?idioma=ing&submenu=CONGRESOEJORNADAS&subm enu2=CONCLUSIONESANTERIORES http://www.cnue.be/ 419 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1197 Title A name given to the resource Civil Law Notaries in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Actors in Preventive Justice Author Author Bakšić, Šukrija Oruč, Esad Abstract A summary of the resource. Civil law notaries are professional lawyers and public officials appointed by the State to confer authenticity on legal deeds and contracts contained in documents drafted by them and to advise persons who call upon their services. Institution of the notary was introduced for the first time in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2007. Introduction of the office of notary was one of the steps taken to ensure independent and impartial judiciary and to adapt legal system with European Union law. Before its introducing there was no institution or legal profession which acted impartially on behalf of all parties to a contract or transaction. Notarial services are very wide and complex. It encompasses all judicial activities in noncontentious matters, ensure legal certainty to clients, thus averting disputes and litigation. As a guarantor of legal certainty, notary is one of the most important actors of preventive justice which include all means of reducing resort to the courts for the settlement of controversies. In this study we analyzed contribution of notary office to preventive justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: civil law notary, preventive justice, legal certainty, realising justice, avoiding disputes Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a864d6420187fb0f9e46500edcea31a0.pdf aa99f2b030f03eeb428f4cc4725ee7ab PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Socıal Anxıety And Usage Of Onlıne Technologıcal Communıcatıon Tools Among Adolescents Bilal Sisman1 ,Sinan Yoruk2, Ali Eleren1 1Economics and Administrative Science Faculty, Department of Administrative Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey 2Education Faculty, Department of Education Science Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey E-mails: bilalsis@hotmail.com, syoruk@aku.edu.tr,aeleren@hotmail.com Abstract With the growing popularity of Internet communication applications among adolescents, the Internet, online social sites, instant messaging and cell phones have become an important social tool for their development. For adolescents who perceive low friendship quality, Internet use for communication purposes predicted less depression, whereas Internet use for non-communication purposes predicted more depression and more social anxiety. This study examined teens’ use of social interactive technologies and the role that social anxiety plays on how adolescents communicate with others (technology or face-to-face). The questionnaire was prepared to apply in Afyonkarahisar, Manisa and Uşak cities in order to measure any relationship between social anxiety and choise of communication options among adolescents. Questionnaire datas were gathered from High School adolescents (ranged from 15-18; freshman, sophomore, junior and senior) included 544. Adolescents almost don’t use messanger sites and mail address. They generally use instant message with their cell phones. They spend 1-2 hours for a day by listening music and avarage 30 minutes during the day by using Facebook. More than half of teens have cell phones that able to call, message and access to Internet. The findings of the current study found that females are using text messaging more than males. However, males are playing games for a long time than females. In addition, females are feeling more uncomfortable talking with others face-to-face than males. And, females also prefer talking with some on computer instead of talking face-to-face than males. Similarly, females prefer making new friends with someone on computer more than males. Keywords: Social Anxiety, Communication Tools, Technology, Adolescents 1.INTRODUCTION The use of socially interactive technologies, such as online social sites, text messaging or instant messaging is rising among young people (Pierce, 2009). Among adolescents, the Internet has become indispensable for instrumental purposes such as school work information gathering as well as for communication purposes. The communication applications of the Internet, such as e-mail, instant messaging (IM), blogs and chat rooms have entrenched 67 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo themselves in the lives of adolescents and the Internet has become an important social context in the lives of adolescents today. In fact, a national survey of adolescents (10-17 years of age) revealed that in the year before they were surveyed 25% of Internet users had formed casual online friendships (Wolak et al., 2002; Subrahmanyam and Lin, 2007). Instant messaging is also an increasingly popular form of communication. A study by the Pew Internet and American Life Project found that 53 million Americans use IM, and 36% of these users reported using IM on a daily basis (Shiu and Lenhart, 2004). IM is a textbased form of communication in which two or more people exchange text messages in realtime using the Internet (Lenhart, 2005). Some researches suggest that socially interacitve technologies allow users to avoid or replace face-to-face communication (Nie and Erbring, 2000). If the person is shy (socially anxious) and feels uncomfortable withy face-to-face interactions, these technologies may serve as a useful tool for avoiding such unpleasant situations and therefore may replace face-to-face communication (Pierce, 2009). US, Canadian and Dutch studies have shown that the vast majority of adolescents spends several hours daily online. Further surveys show that adolescents consider the Internet a highly important medium in their everyday social life and use it to form and maintain social relationships (Selfhout et al., 2009). Social anxiety, social fobia and shyness are features that seen every individuals of all ages. Both adolescents and adults who have social anxiety against life and their environment scope, has led to more research on them. This study is related on teens that high school level about 15-18. The reason selecting this age range takes plece the beginning of puberty and the end of puberty. Because, puberty is a vital phase for growing of young people and determine their personalities. The study is not only for Afyonkarahisar teens but also Uşak and Kütahya provinces are included. The purpose of this study is to research adolescents’ use of online sites, computers, text messaging, cell phones and instant messaging related to social anxiety effectives technological tools versus face-to-face communication. Because, especially 15-20 years-old-teens have been noticed to use on-line communication means having faster and interactive features rather than having face-to-face communication while talking to their friends or their parents. Consequently, in this study, whether the reason for this choice has a connection with social anxiety or gender will be researched. 1.1.Internet Use Among Teens Usage of the Internet continues to increase worldwide. Colley and Maltby (2008) indicated that, in the UK 57% of households now have access, in comparison to 46% four years ago (National Statistics, 2006). The Digital Future Project in the US has found that 78.6% of Americans went online in 2005, with an accompanying increase in the amount of time spent per week on the Internet (Centre for the Digital Future, 2005 ). Many of the studies in this area have been conducted with university students, in part because of their widespread use of the Internet as a social tool; indeed such use among students is increasing. In addition, a number of studies have found a high prevalence of social anxiety among university students who may then turn to the Internet as a way of regulating, challenging or escaping their social fears (Shepherd and Edelmann, 2005). Many university students commenting that thety are shy in social stuations, but are more open, easy going on 68 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the net, in chat rooms. They are shy about approaching people at a party or in large group, for example, but not about talking to people in chat rooms. 1.2. Cell Phone Use Among Adolescents Auter (2007) researched thatsome of them related to adolescents and young adults use the cell phone differently than their parents and other older users. They prefer to consider it their primary phone – in lieu of the traditional landline phone – for its. Some studies have found little or no difference in use based on gender (e.g., DeBaillon, 2003; DeBaillon and Rockwell, 2005). Other studies have found, however that boys tend to be more intrigued with technical aspects of the devices, while girls tend to prefer the interpersonal connectivity – and spend more time using their phones for voice calls (Henderson et al., 2002; Rakow and Navarro, 1993; Skog, 2002). In fact, while women in one study felt the phones resulted in more freedom, male teens found the additional connectivity a constraining inconvenience (Auter, 2007). A recent Pew Internet research study found that approximately 33% of teens have a cell phone. Of the 33% of teens who reported owning a cell phone, approximately 64% said they had sent text messages. In addition, the Pew study found that of the young cell phone users, teenage girls tended to use text messaging much more than their male counterparts. Older teens (17 year olds) also reported sending more text messages on average than younger teens. Although cell phone use and text messaging have risen among U.S. teens, their popularity remains considerably less than European teens (Lenhart et al., 2005; Pierce, 2009). Seventy-five percent of teenagers now own cell phones, and 25% use them for social media, 54% use them for texting, and 24% use them for instant messaging. Thus, a large part of this generation’s social and emotional development is occurring while on the Internet and on cell phones (Hinduja and Patchin, 2007). 2. SOCIAL ANXIETY Social anxiety has variously been referred to as both shyness and social phobia. Social phobia, (also known as social anxiety disorder) is at the more extreme end of the continuum of social anxiety and “includes a collation of symptoms which unlike shyness can vary in severity throughout one’s life” these symptoms are only elicited in certain social situations (Leary, 1983). In contrast shyness while at the less severe en of the social anxiety continuum is more likely to be a life long charecteristic of an individual’s temperament which is experienced in every social occurences (Lecrubier et al., 2000; Shepherd and Edelmann, 2005). Individuals are often motivated by a need to feel a sense of belonging, however, those with social anxiety may find it difficult to fulfill this social need because of the Internet. For socially anxious individuals, the Internet and socially interactive technologies (text messaging) can have both positive and negative results. Kraut et al (1998) found that online interaction greatly reduced face-to-face social interaction. 2.1.Social Anxiety, Gender Differences and Online Communication The two previously mentioned theoretical approaches might adhere to different types of Internet activities that may have differential effects on well-being. One type of activities 69 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo surfing, which can be described as visiting web sites on the Internet for non-communication purposes. In contrast to surfing, Instant Messaging (IM-ing) consists of sending messages directly to others one has invited to the online conversation. Because of its dyadic, real-time, and private format, IM-ing has been seen as an excellent ‘training ground’ for adolescents in terms of their social skills ( Morgan & Cotten, 2003; Valkenburg & Peter, 2007). A survey study showed that among freshmen college students whereas increased time spent IM-ing was uniquely associated with less reported depression, increased time spent surfing was uniquely associated with more reported depression (Morgan and Cotten, 2003). Females usually have more negative attitudes toward computers and greater computer anxiety than males. Researhes on computer self-efficacy in general also revealed that males on average have better computer self-efficacy than females (Hackett, 1985). Similarly, one might expect adolescent girls to be more worried than boys about peers' negative evaluations of them. Indeed, surveys have found that adolescent girls are more concerned than boys about others' judgments of their appearance and behavior. Moreover, rates of internalizing problems are higher among girls than boys and adult women are about twice as likely to be socially phobic as men (Schneier et al., 1992). Thus, adolescent girls may be more vulnerable than boys to feelings of social anxiety, and this may have implications for their social functioning (La Greca and Lopez, 1998). On the other hand, Shaw and Giacquinta (2000) discovered that educational technology students reported using computers more frequently, for a wider array of purpose, and for greater number of hours each week than students in the Educational Administration, Business Education and Higher Education programs. They also reported completing more formal instruction and more positive attidudes toward the value of computers in academic students (Sam et al., 2005). Jackson et al. (2001) predicted that women would use e-mail more and men use the Web for information more, based on the greater interpersonal orientation of women and greater task orientation of men. This prediction was supported in a large sample of Anglo-American undergraduates, even after computer self-efficacy, loneliness and depression were controlled for. Wasserman and Richmond-Abbott (2005) found that women use e-mail slightly but not significantly more than men but that men use chat rooms more. Shepherd and Edelmann (2005) study to explore social anxiety and Internet use in relation to regulation of social fears. It is hypothesised that high social anxiety will be associated with low ego strength as well as greater scores on the Internet. 3.METHODS 3.1.Purpose Given the significant popularity of instant messaging, text messaging and other socially interactive technologies among teens, it is important to examine their use. Since social anxiety can effect one’s type of social interaction, it is prominent to examine if social anxiety is influencing how adolescents communicate with others and which technology. The purpose of this study is to research adolescents’ use of online social sites, cell phones, test messaging and instant messaging and if social anxiety influences technology versus face-to-face communication. So, the following hypotheses are proposed: H1: Females use socially interactive technology (text messages, cell phones, e-mail, instant messages) more than males. 70 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo H2a: There is a relationship between not feeling comfortable talking with others in person and feeling more comfortable talking with others online. H2b: There is a relationship between not feeling comfortable talking with others in person and feeling more comfortable messaging with others. H2c: There is a positive relationship between social anxiety (social phobia) and making new friends online. H2d: There is a relationship between the amount of their families’ monthly income and social anxiety. H3: Males are more social anxiety with face-to-face interactions than females. H4: Males are feeling more comfortable talking with others through a social interaction technology than females. 3.2.Participants and Datas Participants consisted of 544 students from six High Schools in Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya and Uşak cities. The age of the participants ranged from 15 to 18. 32.4% were freshman, 24.1% were sophomore, 28.1% juniors and 15.4% were seniors. The sample consisted of 227 (41.7%) males and 317 (58.3%) females. We first were contacted the principals and asked permission in order to survey some classes on school. After that teachers was choosen to gain a sample of students from each school year. After obtaining permission from teachers, each students were warned about survey able to tell it their parents. The survey was applied in the students’classrooms and teachers was present during all testing. All students received the same instructions and their identity would remain secret. Each participant completed a report questionnaire. 3.3. Measures The first two questions of the questionnaire consisted of primarily demographic questions such as age, sex, year in school, and general informations. The next series og questions included items of the students’ comfort level in interacting with others face-to-face, online talking, cell phone or text messaging. Questions were prepared by using both nominal (yes or no) and 5 point likert-type scales. Cronbach α for social anxiety and technological communication is acceptable. (α=62.4) 4.RESULTS 3.7% stated the amount of chlidren who separate from their families is not adequate for measuring the relationship between social anxiety and family stuation. First of all, participants were asked about type of technological tools they had use. 88.9% reported having Personel computer. 79.2% reported having Internet on their PC. 92.6% stated that having messanger adress. 71 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 73% reported having e-mail accounts. 96.7% reported having cell phones. 72.2% reported having text messaging capabilities on their cell phones. 84.3% stated having online social sites and most of them are using facebook (49.2%). Most of the other have more than one membership in social sites (twitter, myspace, linkedin etc). The fallowing next questions asked how much time adolescents use each of their time on their technological tools on average day. Table 1 shows the results. Table 1. Technological tools use 9 h (%) + 7-8 (%) h 5-6 (%) h 3-4 (%) h 1-2 (%) h 30 (%) min None(%) Msn 0.4 0.4 0 0.6 4.3 13.6 80.7 İnstant message 3.7 2.2 4.6 10.8 17.5 23.6 37.5 Cell phone 0.6 0.2 0.4 2.2 11.9 56.9 27.8 Social sites 0.7 1.7 1.5 8.0 29.0 33.3 25.8 Music 3.9 2,4 5.0 10.3 39.0 31.8 7.6 Game 0.7 0.9 1.3 4,3 17.7 24.0 51.0 Mail 0.9 0.2 0.2 1.1 3.9 12.8 80.9 İnternet 1.1 0.4 1.1 6.7 26.8 40.1 23.8 As shown in Table 1, adolescents almost don’t use messanger sites and mail address. They generally use instant message with their cell phones. They spend 1-2 hours for a day by listening music and avarage 30 minutes during the day by using Facebook. More than half of teens have cell phones that able to call, message and access to Internet. All following hypothesis were examined to 95% level of confidence. Hypothesis 1 stated that females use socially interactive technology (text messages, cell phones, e-mail, instant messages) more than males. Females (M:1.08, SD:1.9) reported that they are using text messaging more than males and significant relationship between text messaging and interactive technology (M:1.52, SD:2.31, p:0.019). In addition, males (M:0,3, SD:0.75) reported that they are playing games for a long time than females and there is a gender differences between playing games on computer and social technology using (M:1.06, SD:1.66, p:0.000). There is not gender differences in use of instant messaging, e-mail, social network sites and chat rooms. 72 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Hypothesis 2a posited that there could be a relationship between not feeling comfortable talking with others in person and feeling more comfortable talking with others online. When someone have to talk face to face, feeling anxiety was positively correlated with feeling comfortable with others through cell phones and social media sites (r:0.445, p: 0.000). Hypothesis 2b related that there would be a relationship between not feeling comfortable talking with others in person and feeling more comfortable messaging with others. Results revealed, there isn’t a relationship between social anxiety of face-to-face interaction and feeling comfortable with others via messaging (p:0.204). Hypothesis 2c reported that there would be a positive relationship between social anxiety (social phobia) and making new friends online. There isn’t any relationship between social anxiety and making new friends online (p:0.072, t: 1.801). but, there is a negative relationship between online communication without face-to-face interactions and feeing anxiety when having to talk face-to-face (p:0.024). Hypothesis 2d revealed that there would be a relationship between the amount of their families’ monthly income and social anxiety. The regression analysis showed, their isn’t a relationship between the amount of families’ monthly income with social interaction technologies (p: 0.230, r: 0.134). Hypothesis 3 stated that males are more social anxiety (not comfortable with others by talking) face-to-face interactions than females. Significance was not found for this hypothesis. However, females are feeling more uncomfortable talking with other face-to-face than males (Levene’s test p:0.017). There is just significant differences feeling comfortable by talking with social media sites with gender (p:0.003), that is; famales (M:2.12, SD:0.92) are more uncomfortable than do males (M:1.86, SD:0.99, p: 0.000). Hypothesis 4 posited that males could more prefered talking with others through a social interaction technology than females. There are significant difference, but only prefer talk with someone on computer instead of talking and make new friends with someone on computer. Females (M:3.71, SD:0.96) prefer talking with some on computer instead of talkin face-toface than males (M:3.48, SD:1.05, p: 0.009). Similarly, females (M:4.14, SD:1.04) prefer making new friends with someone on computer more than males (M:3.62, SD:1.19, p: 0.000). 5.DISCUSSİON AND CONCLUSION In Turkey, cell phone, text messaging, instant message and social sites membership are recognized as the most important medium of communications among adolescents. Internet access via PCs and mobile phones plays very significant role Turkey adolescents. Technology tools effect teens’ social emotions against their families and friends. This study demonstrated that teens are using socaily interactive technology to communicate with others and it serves social anxiety and decreasing face-to face communication. The findings of the current study found that females are using text messaging more than males. However, males are playing games for a long time than females. In addition, females are feeling more uncomfortable talking with others face-to-face than males. And, females also prefer talking with some on computer instead of talking face-to-face than males. Similarly, females prefer making new friends with someone on computer more than males. Beyond the results of this study, we examined something very important stuation related to adolescents’ today currents. While the age of participants were increasing, the time spend in social media is decreasing. The reason for such conclusion revealed that, senior students have 73 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo to work more for university exams during education session. So, they can’t spend their time on social media sites. Many studies in this area is conducted for university students. The use of Internet as a social tool is more common among at this age adolescents. But this study is related to high school level for students and we examined the relationship between social anxiety and the use of Internet, cell phone as a technological tools. Further studies may apply for university students.Finally, adolescents who may be shy, have social fobia, and feel anxiety about talking with someone, vairous and different technologies provide reliable opportunity for them to contact with them. It is possible to reproduce the contributions of technology for our world. Althought this technology facilities the lives of people, it sometimes breaks the peace. Technology has changed the way we live todayand also changing our communication skills with high costs. Only time will tell what is going on in the future. Parents and teachers have great responsibilities for this subject. REFERENCES Auter P. J., (2007) Portable Social Groups: Willingness To Communicate, Interpersonal Communication Gratifications, and Cell Phone Use Among Young Adults, Inetrnational J. Mobile Communications, 5(2) 139-156. Colley, A., and Maltby, J., (2008) Impact Of The Internet On Our Lives: Male and Female Personal Perspectives, Computers In Human Behavior, 24, 2005-2013. Hinduja S, Patchin J. (2007) Offline Consequences Of Online Victimization: School Violence And Delinquency. J Sch Violence. 6(3): 89 –112. La Greca, A. M. and Lopez N., (1998) Social Anxiety Among Adolescents: Linkages With Peer Relations and Friendships, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(2), 83-94. Lenhart, A. (2005) Protecting Teens Online. Pew Internet and American Life Project. URL: http://www.pewInternet.org/. Morgan, C., and Cotten, S. R. (2003) The Relationship Between Internet Activities and Depres-sive Symptoms in a Sample of College Freshmen. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 6(2), 133–142. O’Keeffe, G. S., and Pearson, C., (2011) The İmpact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents and Families, Journal of American Academy Of Pediatric, 800-805. Pierce, T., (2009) Social Anxiety and Technology: Face-To-Face Communication Versus Technological Communication Among Teens, Computers İn Human Behavior, 25, 13671372. Sam, H. K., Othman, A. E. A., and Nordin, Z. S. (2005) Computer Self-Efficacy, Computer Anxiety, and Attitudes Toward The Internet: A Study among Undergraduates in Unimas. Educational Technology & Society, 8 (4), 205-219. Selfhout, M. H. W., Branje, S. J. T., Delsing, M., Bogt, T. F. M., and Meeus W. H. J., (2009) Different Types Of Internet Use, Depression, and Social Anxiety: The Role Of Perceived Friendship Quality. Journal of Adolescence, 32 819-833. Shepherd, R. M., and Edelmann, R. J., (2005) Reasons For İnternet Use and Social Anxiety, Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 949-958. Subrahmanyam S. and Lin, G., (2007) Adolescents On The Net: Internet Use and WellBeing, Adolescence, 42(168), 659-677. 74 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1151 Title A name given to the resource Socıal Anxıety And Usage Of Onlıne Technologıcal Communıcatıon Tools Among Adolescents Author Author Bilal , Sisman Abstract A summary of the resource. With the growing popularity of Internet communication applications among adolescents, the Internet, online social sites, instant messaging and cell phones have become an important social tool for their development. For adolescents who perceive low friendship quality, Internet use for communication purposes predicted less depression, whereas Internet use for non-communication purposes predicted more depression and more social anxiety. This study examined teens’ use of social interactive technologies and the role that social anxiety plays on how adolescents communicate with others (technology or face-to-face). The questionnaire was prepared to apply in Afyonkarahisar, Manisa and Uşak cities in order to measure any relationship between social anxiety and choise of communication options among adolescents. Questionnaire datas were gathered from High School adolescents (ranged from 15-18; freshman, sophomore, junior and senior) included 544. Adolescents almost don’t use messanger sites and mail address. They generally use instant message with their cell phones. They spend 1-2 hours for a day by listening music and avarage 30 minutes during the day by using Facebook. More than half of teens have cell phones that able to call, message and access to Internet. The findings of the current study found that females are using text messaging more than males. However, males are playing games for a long time than females. In addition, females are feeling more uncomfortable talking with others face-to-face than males. And, females also prefer talking with some on computer instead of talking face-to-face than males. Similarly, females prefer making new friends with someone on computer more than males. Keywords: Social Anxiety, Communication Tools, Technology, Adolescents Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/29691458d3acf33ad62557735791a029.pdf cb036e1e44b431540eef36ca7dcdf26a PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Globalization and Youth Unemployment Paradox: Turkey Sample Boran Toker1, Çiğdem Demir2 1Akdeniz University, Ayşe Sak School of Applied Sciences, Antalya, 07197, Turkey 2Akdeniz University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Antalya, 07058, Turkey E-mails: borantoker@akdeniz.edu.tr,demircigdem@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Globalization process, which has developed with the application of neo-liberal policies in the world, is the primary and most discussed concept in terms of its positive and negative effects on developing and developed countries. Aforesaid process has caused power imbalance between the developed countries that have completed their industrializations and developing countries that have not completed their industrializations; and with the liberalization of capital and commerce, it has made the capital sovereign on labor. In this context, the most important disadvantage of globalization, which is a knife-edge situation for developing countries, is unemployment. Unemployment for a developing country like Turkey, which has large young population, is a serious problem that globalization causes in economic and social field. The reason that underlies this problem is that globalization causes unemployed growth in Turkey that has a young and dynamic population. The relative height of young unemployed in the rates of unemployment affects the Turkish nationality growing unemployed with its economic, social and psychological dimensions deeply. In this study, it is aimed to determine the dynamic economic effects of globalization process exercising power over Turkey with 1980s onwards on youth unemployment. In this context, the relationship between youth unemployment and globalization was econometrically analyzed with VECM approach by using the annual data of 1980-2011 periods. With Johansen Co-integration Test, long term relationship between youth unemployment and globalization variables was researched and with error correction variable the time to adjust the deviation that may occur in long term balance was determined. Moreover, with the results of Impulse-Response Function and Variance Decomposition, solutions are offered for sustainable economic development and effective employment policy by revealing how youth unemployment reacts to globalization and how it has been affected from globalization. Keywords: Globalization, Youth Unemployment, Sustainable Economic Development, Employment Policy, VECM. 1. INTRODUCTION Globalization is a new world economic system, which prescribes and describes ways in which businesses, concepts and events are organized around the world. It is a phenomenon that has affected people differently in every sphere of life (Ukpere and Slabbert, 2009). Globalization is defined as the free movements of goods, services and capital across borders. It is a contentious process by which the western market economies have effectively spread across the globe 460 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo (Heshmati, 2003). Globalization also has been viewed as; it is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world (Globalisation101.org, 2012). Although it does not constitute a new phenomenon, it is viewed as an inexorable integration of markets, nations and technologies to a degree never witnessed before in a way that is enabling individuals, and corporations to reach around the world further, faster, deeper and more economically than ever before (Heshmati, 2003). Globalization and technological advances have been changing labor markets around the world. Young workers are facing new challenges in making the transition from school to work. While for some the opening of national economies to international competition through trade and investment as well as information and communications has generated income and improved welfare, for others the process of globalization has been a source of persistent inequality and social exclusion (Morris, 2006). Youth employment creation is a critical component of a country’s long-term economic stability and growth. There are difficulties in Turkey in employment generation in general, in youth employment generation in particular (Ercan, 2007). The 15-24 years75 old composed 16% of the Turkish labor force in 2011. The unemployment rate for youth aged 15-24 is 18.4% in 2011 (832.000 unemployed). The unemployment rate among university educated youth is 30% (TURKSTAT Household Labour Force Survey, 2012). Employment remains a problem for this group and oddly enough more so for the educated youth group. Paradoxically, with such low average education levels and the demand by employers for better-qualified workers, educated young people (high school and above) have higher relative unemployment rates in urban Turkey. Turkey has a serious bottleneck in job creation for its young cohorts, especially for the educated portion (Ercan, 2007). 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Meidani and Zabihi (2012) investigate the dynamic effect of globalization on unemployment rate in Iran during the period 1971 to 2006 using Johansen-Juselius co-integration test. In the study, the trade intensity index (ratio of total exports and imports to GDP) as a measure of globalization have used. Also in this model, gross domestic product, the consumer price index as well as other variables affecting the unemployment rate have considered. They show that the globalization has a significant and negative effect on unemployment rate. The value of error correction coefficient is equal to -0.46 implying that around 95% of the unemployment rate adjustment occurs after two years. 75 The United Nations defines youth as young women and young men aged 15–24 years. This group includes teenagers aged 15–19 and young adults aged 20–24. National definitions for youth do not necessarily correspond to this age group. These often depend on such factors as voting rights, land rights, the end of compulsory education and eligibility for military service, liability for criminal offences (Morris, 2006). 461 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ukpere (2011) posits that there is a strong linkage between globalization, unemployment, income inequality and poverty in Africa. He reveals that the current globalization seems to have aggravated the problem of unemployment, the corollary of which is endemic income inequality and mass poverty in Africa. He also maintains that capitalist globalization undeniably, created wealth but also intensified inequality and poverty, particularly in Africa. African countries need to develop comprehensive strategies to create jobs locally. Aremo, et al. (2010) investigated the impact of globalization on labor force utilization in Nigeria was addressed with a view to assessing the extent to which globalization has influenced the structure of development in Nigeria. They showed that globalization practice could generate negative impact on employment in both short and long run periods suggesting that if globalization continues as being practiced, globalization could further worsen the extant decrepit state of unemployment in Nigeria other things being equal. Yusof (2010) investigates the link between globalization and the Malaysian labor market by applying the autoregressive distributed lag approach, a relatively new-time series technique to the analysis. The findings of this study indicate that globalization does not significantly affect the labor variables in the long-run. Dutt, et al. (2009) presents a model of trade and search-induced unemployment, where trade results from Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) and/or Ricardian comparative advantage. Using crosscountry data on trade policy, unemployment, and various controls, and controlling for endogeneity and measurement-error problems, they find fairly strong and robust evidence for the Ricardian prediction that unemployment and trade openness are negatively related. This effect dominates the positive H-O effect of trade openness on unemployment for capital-abundant countries, which turns negative for labor-abundant countries. Using panel data, they find an unemployment-increasing short-run impact of trade liberalization, followed by an unemployment-reducing effect leading to the new steady state. Lee and Vivarelli (2009) use an ex-post measurable definition of globalization, namely increasing trade openness and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). A general result is that the optimistic Heckscher-Ohlin/Stolper-Samuelson predictions do not apply, that is neither employment creation nor the decrease in within-country inequality are automatically assured by increasing trade and FDI. Jenkins (2006) considers the impact of foreign direct investment on employment in Vietnam, a country that received considerable inflows of foreign capital in the 1990s as part of its increased integration with the global economy. Despite the significant share of foreign firms in industrial output and exports, the direct employment generated has been very limited because of the high labour productivity and low ratio of value added to output of much of this investment. In this study also shows that the indirect employment effects have been minimal and possibly even negative because of the limited linkages which foreign investors create and the possibility of “crowding out” of domestic investment. Harms and Hefeker (2003) demonstrate that international portfolio diversification can help to reduce unemployment. If workers earn a capital income that is negatively correlated with domestic labor demand shocks, the wage set by a monopoly union may be lower and thus expected employment higher than in the case of a positive correlation. 462 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ghose (2000) reveals that in the case of industrialized economies, growth of manufactured imports from developing countries has had a small adverse effect on manufacturing employment but virtually no effect on wages. Thus unemployment and growing wage inequalities cannot really be attributed to trade. He maintains that in those developing economies which emerged as important exporters of manufactures to industrialized countries, growth of trade had a large positive effect on manufacturing employment and wages. In some of these economies, moreover, growth of trade was also associated with declining wage inequality. Thus, on balance, the global effects of trade liberalization on manufacturing employment and wages appear to have been significantly positive even though there have been job-losers in both industrialized and developing economies. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this section, the VECM approach which has been used to analyze the relationship between globalization in Turkey and young unemployment with 1988-2010 annual data has been introduced and the results have been presented. 2.1. DATA In the model the young unemployment rates in Turkey (YI) are dependent variable and economical globalization (EG), sociological globalization (SG) and political globalization (PG) are explanatory variables. Furthermore, in order to find out the effects of economic instability together with globalization on young unemployment, the inflation rates have also been included. For the data of these variables, World Development Indicators (WDI) of The World Bank and the KOF Index of Globalization tables have been used. 2.2. VECM APPROACH Starting point of this approach is an adequate statistical description of the linear relation between the k nonstationary variables. The usual way is the modelling as a vector autoregressive process of finite order p. where U denotes a normally distributed k-dimensional white noise process, D represents the deterministic terms, and Aj, j = 1, 2, …, p, are kxk dimensional parameter matrices. The reparametrisation as a vector error correction model leads to 463 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The matrix  represents the long-run relations between the variables. Since all components of Yt are I(1) variables, each component of Yt,…, Yt-p+1 is stationary and each component of Yt1 is also integrated of order one. This makes relation (2) unbalanced as long as  has a full rank of k. In this case the inverse matrix exists and we could solve equation (2) for Yt-1 as a linear combination of stationary variables. However, this would be a contradiction. Therefore,  must have a reduced rank of r < k. Then, the following decomposition exists: where all matrices have rank r. B'Yt-1 are r stationary linear combinations which guarantee that the equations of system (2) are balanced. The columns of B contain the r linearly independent cointegration vectors and the matrix Γ contains the so-called loading coefficients which measure the contributions of the r long-run relations in the different equations of the system. The adjustment processes to the equilibria can be derived from these coefficients. (Kirchgässner & Wolters, 2007:219) It can be shown that for a given r, the maximum likelihood estimator of defines the combination of that yields the r largest canonical correlations of with after correcting for lagged differences and deterministic variables when present. Johansen proposes two different likelihood ratio tests of the significance of these canonical correlations and thereby the reduced rank of the matrix: the trace test and maximum eigenvalue test, shown in equations (4) and (5) respectively. (4) (5) 464 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Here T is the sample size and is the i:th largest canonical correlation. The trace test tests the null hypothesis of r cointegrating vectors against the alternative hypothesis of n cointegrating vectors. The maximum eigenvalue test, on the other hand, tests the null hypothesis of r cointegrating vectors against the alternative hypothesis of r +1 cointegrating vectors. Neither of these test statistics follows a chi square distribution in general; asymptotic critical values can be found in Johansen and Juselius (1990) and are also given by most econometric software packages. (Hjalmarsson & Österholm, 2007:4 In the study, in order to analyze the stationary of the variables used, “Augmented Dickey-Fuller” (ADF) developed by Dickey and Fuller (1979) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests have been used and the obtained results have been presented in Table 1. Table 1. Unit Root Test Results ADF VARIABLES (constant) YI (Lag Lenght) 465 -1.0134 (0) ADF PP PP (constant trend) (constant) (constant trend) -2.2697 -1.0760 -2.2697 (0) (1) (0) SG -2.2656 -5.0074 -1.5182 -2.5918 ( Lag Lenght) (5) (4) (0) (0) PG -2.9232 -2.2288*** -1.3754 -1.8523 ( Lag Lenght) (5) (1) (3) (1) EG -2.0258 -1.3735 -2.0195 -1.0593 ( Lag Lenght) (0) (0) (4) (3)  YI -4.2456*** -4.2343*** -4.2380*** -4.1946*** ( Lag Lenght) (0) (0) (1) (2) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  SG -2.9120* -2.9179 -5.5809*** -5.4989*** ( Lag Lenght) (5) (5) (0) (0)  PG -5.1870*** -5.4243*** -5.2272*** -5.5823*** ( Lag Lenght) (0) (0) (1) (1)  EG -4.4412*** -4.8041*** -4.4412*** -4.9752*** ( Lag Lenght) (0) (0) (0) (5) Note: ***, ** and* indicate statistical significance at 1% ,5% and 10% levels, respectively. Lag lengths, determined by AIC, are in parenthesis. Critical values are from MacKinnon (1996). Johansen Cointegration Test results which reveal the long term relationships between the I(1) variables have been shown in Table 2. Table 2. Cointegration Tests based on the Johansen Approach Eigenvalue value % 5 critic value value % 5 critic value 0.874759 99.9679*** 69.8188 43.6277*** 33.8768 0.740981 56.3402*** 47.8561 28.3679** 27.5843 0.576180 27.9723* 29.7970 18.0273 21.1316 Note: ***, ** and* indicate statistical significance at 1% ,5% and 10% levels, respectively. In both trace and the max test results, three cointegration relationships among young unemployment, economical-social-political globalization and the inflation rates have been determined. It has been found that there is a power balance which these variables will move together. (0.099) (0.370) (0.311) (0.022) 3. CONCLUSION In the study, the effects of globalization on young unemployment in Turkey have been modelled with 1988-2012 annual data by using VECM method. Although several studies assessing the relationship between unemployment and globalization in Turkey theoretically are available in the 466 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo literature, an empirical study has not been found. Another difference of this study comes at this point. The paradox between young unemployment and globalization has been presented by using econometric analysis which has been conducted to find out how globalization with its economical, social and political dimensions together with the instability in the country affect young unemployment. It has been found that social globalization and the inflation rate increases young unemployment significantly in the long term, and this result shows consistency with economical expectations. REFERENCES Aremo, A.G., & Adele, A.M. 2010. Empirical analysis of the impact of globalization on labour force utilization: Evidence from Nigeria. African Economic and Business Review, 8 (1), 1-18. Dutt, P., Mitra, D., & Ranjan, P. (2009). International trade and unemployment: Theory and cross-national evidence. Journal of International Economics, 78 (1), 32-44. Ercan, H. (2007). Youth Employment in Turkey. Ankara: International Labour Office. Ghose, A.K. (2000). Trade Liberalization and Manufacturing Employment, ILO Employment Paper, No.3. Geneva: International Labour Office. Harmsa, P., & Hefeker, C. (2003). Globalization and unemployment: the role of international diversification. Economics Letters, 78, 281–286. Heshmati, A. (2003). The relationship between ıncome inequality and globalization. Last Accessed on 4.20.2012, from http://www.soc.iastate.edu/sapp/globalizationoutcomes4.pdf Hjalmarsson, E. and Österholm, P. (2007) Testing for Cointegration Using the Johansen Methodology whenVariables are Near-Integrated, International Finance Discussion Papers, No.915 Jenkins, R. (2006). Globalization, FDI and employment in Viet Nam. Transnational Corporations, 15 (1), 115-142. Kirchgässner, G & Wolters, J. (2007). Introduction to Modern Time Series Analysis. Springer. Lee, E., & Vivarelli, M. (2006). The Social Impact of Globalization in the Developing Countries. Discussion Paper No.1925. Meidani, A.A.N., & Zabihi, M. (2012). The dynamic effect of globalization on unemployment rate in Iran: a co-integration analysis. International Business Research, 5 (1), 120-126. Morris, E. (2006). Globalization and its effects on youth employment trends in Asia. Regional Expert Group Meeting on Development Challenges for Young People. Bangkok. Ukpere, W.I. (2011). Globalisation and the challenges of unemployment, income inequality and poverty in Africa. African Journal of Business Management, 5 (15), 6072-6084. Ukpere, W.I., & Slabbert, A.D. (2009). A Relationship between current globalisation, unemployment, inequality and poverty. International Journal of Social Economics, 36 (1/2), 3746. 467 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Yusof, S.A. (2010). Globalization and the Malaysian labor market: an empirical investigation. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 31 (1), 17-40. Factors Affecting The New Vehicle Registration In The Eu Countries Cumhur Erdem1, Şaban Nazlioğlu2 1Department of Economics ,Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat-Turkey 2Department of Econometrics, PamukkaleUniversity, Denizli-Turkey E-mails: Cumhur_erdem@yahoo.com,snazlioglu@pau.edu.tr Abstract Theobjective of this study is to determine whether economic factors (namelyprice, consumer preferences, consumer income, interest rate, fuel prices, industrial production, and trade)have any explanatory power on new vehicle registry in the EU member countries. To meet this objective, a panel cointegration analysis was applied to the panel of thirteen EU countries for the time period spanning from January 1999 to August 2010. This study concludes that while the vehicle sales in the EU are determined by the macroeconomic factors instead of the factors in the demand theory, the consumer preferences are impetuses for passenger car sales in the EU countries. Keywords: newvehicle sales, demand theory, macro economic variables, EU countries, panel cointegration, 1. INTRODUCTION Automotiveindustry has become very dynamic and competitive sectors on a global scale in recent years. Since the industry is considered as a crucial contributor to economic growth, it has been observed that most of the developed countries (such as. the USA, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain and South Korea) and many of the less developed ones (such as China, India, Malaysia, Thailand) have policies for becoming major players on world market by improving their own industry. Therefore, prediction of new vehicle registry is of great interest for policy makers, legislators, transport and urban planners, and traffic engineers in nations whose economies highly depend on the vehicle industry because the prediction of future vehicle registry has a vital importance in terms of forecasting national accounts as well as future energy and infrastructure requirements (Abu-Eisheh and Mannering, 2002). Predicting the new vehicle registration and having information about the determinants of the vehicle demand has also crucial importance for the strategic planning of vehicle manufacturers. The industryplays a vital role in the economies of European Union (EU) member countries, the world’s largest vehicle producer and playground for a highly competitive and innovative 468 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1354 Title A name given to the resource Globalization and Youth Unemployment Paradox: Turkey Sample Author Author Boran , Toker Abstract A summary of the resource. Globalization process, which has developed with the application of neo-liberal policies in the world, is the primary and most discussed concept in terms of its positive and negative effects on developing and developed countries. Aforesaid process has caused power imbalance between the developed countries that have completed their industrializations and developing countries that have not completed their industrializations; and with the liberalization of capital and commerce, it has made the capital sovereign on labor. In this context, the most important disadvantage of globalization, which is a knife-edge situation for developing countries, is unemployment. Unemployment for a developing country like Turkey, which has large young population, is a serious problem that globalization causes in economic and social field. The reason that underlies this problem is that globalization causes unemployed growth in Turkey that has a young and dynamic population. The relative height of young unemployed in the rates of unemployment affects the Turkish nationality growing unemployed with its economic, social and psychological dimensions deeply. In this study, it is aimed to determine the dynamic economic effects of globalization process exercising power over Turkey with 1980s onwards on youth unemployment. In this context, the relationship between youth unemployment and globalization was econometrically analyzed with VECM approach by using the annual data of 1980-2011 periods. With Johansen Co-integration Test, long term relationship between youth unemployment and globalization variables was researched and with error correction variable the time to adjust the deviation that may occur in long term balance was determined. Moreover, with the results of Impulse-Response Function and Variance Decomposition, solutions are offered for sustainable economic development and effective employment policy by revealing how youth unemployment reacts to globalization and how it has been affected from globalization. Keywords: Globalization, Youth Unemployment, Sustainable Economic Development, Employment Policy, VECM. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b80bb3fedd1819ac964e4ef4e3b9ce69.pdf 825193b27d7d92bb232b283aead4ab42 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Importance Of Strategic Management And Intellectual Capital In Sustainable Development: The Case Of Suleyman Demirel University Boşgelmez Günseli1, Öksüz Mehmet Kürşat2, Alduğan Kevser2 1Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta Vocational School, Isparta-Turkey 2Suleyman Demirel University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty Department of Industrial Engineering, Isparta–Turkey E-mails: gunselibosgelmez@sdu.edu.tr,m.kursat.oksuz@hotmail.com, kevseraldugan@hotmail.com Abstract Universities are one of the main elements of current notion of development since they are the institutions that produce the knowledge. They also hold a significant position in social and economic development in addition to their conventional roles of education and research. In this sense, they are expected to support sustainable development on local, regional and national basis through conducting research in cooperation with industrial establishments. Because producing professionals of the future is an important activity related to sustainability. In terms of sustainable development, intellectual capital and strategic management are two essentials to create a vision for the future. In the study, Süleyman Demirel University, which started in a small town in 1976 with only 40 students and has expanded to 50,000 students today, was discussed in terms of its developmental influence on Isparta and its surroundings. The implementations of intellectual capital and strategic management that originated this development were described as a model. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Entrepreneurial University. Strategic Management, Intellectual Capital, 1. INTRODUCTION Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from “Our Common Future”, also known as the Brundtland Report(WCED, 1987): "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” It contains within it two key concepts: 134 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1. The concept of needs , in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and 2. The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs." 1.1.Sustainable Development Strategies Strategies for Sustainable Development can be summarized under six topics: Environment: The natural world has a value on its own. No one mustn’t mishandles physical carrying capacity of nature in order to meet the needs of their own use. The Future: While meeting our own needs, we shouldn’t forget that we have to leave the world for future generations to meet their own needs. Quality of Life: Human welfare depends on, not only materially, but also social, cultural, moral and spiritual dimensions. Justice: Welfare, opportunities, rights and responsibilities between countries and between different social groups in the same country must be apportioned fairly. The needs and rights of the poor and those who are face to face with some limitations should be considered. The same fair share must be done on natural resources, between future generations and today's people. Precautionary Principle: If we don’t sure effects of any movement or development, we should take more precaution. Because environmental issues are global, taking measures should be ascertained with special emphasis on social benefits. Holistic thinking: If we are faced with a complex problem of sustainability all the factors should include the solution of this problem. For each problem with based on scientific data and special emphasis on social benefits, solution must be produced. Therefore, any decisions taken, the individuality of each application should be removed then moved to an international platform. 1.2.Dimensions of Sustainable Development There are 3 dimensions of sustainable development: 1. Social Dimension: With permanent education, the benefits of "Enhancement of Quality of Life," should be explained to public for themselves and future generations. 2.Economic Dimension: Every source on earth is limited. Therefore, we have whatever the source, this resource must be distributed the fairest way to improve the quality of human life. 3.Environmental Dimension: Recycled or not, the use of every natural resource is aimed to provide continuity. 135 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.3.STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 1.3.1.Definition of Strategic Management Strategic management is a management technique that analyzes the process "What an organization do, reason of existence, demonstrate the goals which want to reach in the future and show how to reach these objectives "(Bryson, 1988). 1.3.2.Characteristics of Strategic Management The main features of Strategic Management (Aktan, 2008): Strategic management enables to the organization's organization, coordination, implementation and control. future activities, planning, Strategic Management helps to think strategically. In this to determine the correct strategy and tactics then these are applied. respect, they try Strategic management emphasizes the importance of organization's goals based on the teamwork . Strategies that are executed with a wide range of participation by senior management and the most optimal one is chosen for the company from decisionmaking techniques. Strategic management helps to determine the most effective way to solve problems. In this respect, total quality management techniques are used extensively. 1.4.INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL Stewart, in his book published in 1997, defined the intellectual capital the most general way as “obtained useful information” and noted that it includes the information about organization's processes, technologies, patents, skills of employees and customers, suppliers and other related parties. (Demirkol, 2007). 1.4.1.Sustainable Development and Human Capital The most important element of intellectual capital is human capital. Human capital is the most difficult elements of intellectual capital within the definition of capital, employees of business have collective knowledge, which is the value of their abilities and experiences, constitute the main source of renewal and innovation process. In 136 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo addition, employees receive training, examined in this type of capital. (Ecer, 2004) behavior patterns and attitudes are The most important element of sustainable development is human capital. The only way of transforming sustainable development as a life style is raising it passes individuals who believed sustainable development as a philosophy of life. The principal elements of human capital are as follows (Demirkol, 2007):        Know-how, Training, Business-oriented features, Work-related information, Work evaluation, Work-related competition, The power of entrepreneurship, innovation, insight before and after the process, variability. 2. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND UNIVERSITIES 2.1. University in Regional Development • • • Intra-regional division of development task between different institutions in a region Does the university has the internal capacity in responding to growing expectations directed at it with regard to social, cultural and economic development in terms of economic and social capital? Rising question: What is the role of universities in regional development 2.2. The Contribution of Universities in Regional Development • • • • • • 137 Generating revenue, spending this revenue in the region and attracting students who will spend money on their education Conducting scientific researches regarding regional questions or commercial studies for the firms in the region Improving the social and cultural life of a region Researches which takes place at universities stimulates regional development through an increase in GDP and employment and has a strong, deep effect on the productivity of the economy in a region Universities affect regional development through training students to create new ideas and innovations University students assist firms in increasing their productivity, effectiveness, and in the introduction of new products which generates growth in the region �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo • • • Creating new industries by science & engineering researches, technology licensing policies, promoting/assisting local entrepreneurial businesses (incubation services, etc.) Upgrading existing industries by problem-solving for industry through contract research, faculty consulting, etc. and education/manpower development Importation/transplantation of industries: advancement of education, manpower development, research and training of human resources. 2.3.Changing Role of Universities in Turkey by time through Changing Economic and Social Structure • • • • 1923-1950: Nation building 1950-1980: Modernization 1980-1990: Reorganization 1990-2011:Internationalization, Marketisation and Harmonization along with European Higher Education System. 2.4.Changing Nature (Antonelli,2003) of Knowledge and its Implications on Universities Knowledge as a Public Good :     Public funding of universities and other public research centers. Top-down view about the generation of technological knowledge. Linear approach: technological knowledge is the eventual result of the application of new scientific discoveries. Universities and public research centers were better equipped to perform scientific research. Application of scientific discoveries for the actual generation of technological knowledge and the introduction of technological innovations is assigned to corporations. Knowledge as a Proprietary/Private Good:     138 The new enclosures substitute the knowledge commons. Universities enters the markets for the technological (knowledge) outsourcing of large corporations. The mobility of human capital is more and more regarded as a sensitive issue. New effective tools of stimulating the distribution of knowledge and increasing the incentives to its production: Academic patenting and scientific entrepreneurship. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.5. Changing Roles of Universities TRADITIONAL ROLES NEW ROLES Nation Building: National demands for Higher Education Region Building: Local demands for HE (Role in socialeconomic-cultural development of regions and growing needs for local technology & skills) Raising general education level: Basic HE Facilitating learning at various levels: Lifelong Learning Increasing the stock of formal knowledge University as a knowledge producing actor: Creating internal/external spillovers of knowledge Transferring global to local space In addition to traditional role: transferring local to global space Research based activities Being an institution which is capable of producing commercialisable research based activities & technologies Helping entrepreneurs: Increasing the stock of researches University as an entrepreneur: Using output of its own researches Part of central governance approach Part of local governance approach Disciplinary (integrated) approach for teaching & research Non rigid (flexible) approach: Growing separation between teaching & research 3.MODEL Strategic thinking is the basic way to success. Süleyman Demirel University’s intellectual capital and strategic management decisions guided development of Isparta city. The university's strategic plan changed the fate of the Isparta city and it became a small example of sustainable development. Professional strategic planning process began in 2005 at Süleyman Demirel University. University is one of the cornerstones of sustainable development. Süleyman Demirel University has become an institution with the awereness that change and development has become conditions of looking the future. The university has made its first strategic plan for 2006-2010 which its physical and institutional structure largely completed. Then, for the years 2011-2015, S.D.U revised its strategic plan and determined the mission, vision, core values and principles. 139 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mission: Süleyman Demirel University provide international, national and local levels education and training, execution scientific research, publications and consulting activities, his research and projects on a national and international level in science, art and technology is committed to producing nation and the sake of all humanity. Vision: The university aims to be a pioneer, be preferable and have the high mobility in higher education network. This mission, vision, core values and principles through with SWOT analysis and stakeholder analysis, strategic goals and objectives identified.Affecting factors of Süleyman Demirel University evaluated under two main headings; internal analysis and external environmental analysis. With the internal analysis, internal environments affect of the future conditions and trends are examined. In the study of external environmental analysis, non control external conditions and trends to university are evaluated. With the external environment analysis, opportunities and threats were determined by taking opinions of internal and external stakeholders.(Suleyman Demirel University's Strategic Plan, 20112015) 4.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Today, Universities has become one of the basic elements of sustainable development because of producing knowledge, qualified labor force and technology for humanity and universe. Universities also hold a significant position in social and economic development in addition to their conventional roles of education and research. In addition, illumination of society routing, transformation and lead the change are functions too. As shown in this study, Süleyman Demirel University has important role on creating vision for the future with using intellectual capital and strategic management in sustainable development. REFERENCES AKTAN, Coşkun Can (2008) “Stratejik Yönetim ve Stratejik Planlama”. ANTONELLI, Cristiano (June, 2003) “The Governance Of Technological Knowledge: Strategies, Processes And Public Policies”. BRYSON, John M. “Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations”, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988. DEMİRKOL, İsmet (2007) “Entelektüel Sermayenin Firma Değerine Etkisi ve İMKB’de Sektörel Uygulamalar”. 140 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ECER, H. Ferhat (2004) Yüksek Lisans Tezi “Entelektüel Sermayenin Firma Değeri Üzerindeki Etkisi ve Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. HATİBOĞLU, Z. (1986) “İşletmelerde Stratejik Yönetim” İstanbul: İrfan Yayıncılık. KÖSE & AKGÜN (2004) “Süleyman Demirel University’s 10. Year Gift”. Isparta. Süleyman Demirel University's Strategic Plan (2011). Isparta. TUIK (2011) Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Veri Tabanı. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987) “Our common future” Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. Institutionalization In Hotel Management And An Applied Study On Cappadocia’s 4 And 5 Star Hotels Mustafa Caliskan, Hayrullah Cetin Nevsehir University, Nevsehir, Turkey 1.INTRODUCTION In the simplest terms, institutionalization means that the specific rules are to be valid in all the relevant issues. In other words, certain rules are dominated in all of the social processes such as from the one’s individual life to the family life and to the institutions and organizations, societies, and inter-communal relations. Institutionalization is not just a question of top management. A general management philosophy covering the entire of the enterprise is a corporate culture.The decision or personal behavior of salesman working at the endpoint of organization is an indication of the level of institutionalization of the company. Recently, it is seen that many enterprises enter into the process of institutionalization so that they have more stable and more planned growth path. The most important element of the tourism sector is the hotel enterprise. Revealing that hotel enterprises give importance to which points to institutionalization and determining the viewpoint of them on the institutionalization constitute the basic question of the study. In the study, primarily by considering the institutional framework; institutionalization term, principles, the importance of institutionalization in terms of hotel enterprises and the concept 141 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1107 Title A name given to the resource The Importance Of Strategic Management And Intellectual Capital In Sustainable Development: The Case Of Suleyman Demirel University Author Author Boşgelmez, Günseli Abstract A summary of the resource. Universities are one of the main elements of current notion of development since they are the institutions that produce the knowledge. They also hold a significant position in social and economic development in addition to their conventional roles of education and research. In this sense, they are expected to support sustainable development on local, regional and national basis through conducting research in cooperation with industrial establishments. Because producing professionals of the future is an important activity related to sustainability. In terms of sustainable development, intellectual capital and strategic management are two essentials to create a vision for the future. In the study, Süleyman Demirel University, which started in a small town in 1976 with only 40 students and has expanded to 50,000 students today, was discussed in terms of its developmental influence on Isparta and its surroundings. The implementations of intellectual capital and strategic management that originated this development were described as a model. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Strategic Management, Intellectual Capital, Entrepreneurial University. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5d68af629fe27c641c6636337d23e6f0.pdf 33fabf6bac700a4af0b8471073a2d165 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Whıte, T.H. (1996). Working in Interesting Times: Employee morale and business success in the information age. Vital Speeches of the Day”, , Vol XLII, No. 15. Whitney, D. and Trosten-Bloom, A. (2003). The Power of Appreciative Inquiry. San Francisco, CA: Berrett Koehler, pp. 69-71. Yurdakul, S. (2009). “Olumlu Sorgulama (AI): Teorik Temelleri; Pratikte Uygulanması,” www.ikedaconsulting.com, Date of access: 17.03.2012. Yüksel, M. (2000), “Yönetişim Kavramı Üzerine”, Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 58(3):145-159. Effects Of Hoshin Kanri And Balance Scorecard With Integrated Strategic Plan To Sustainable Development: Application To Chamber Of Commerce And Industry Buket Karatop1 Zeynep Kahraman2 Cemalettin Kubat3 Özer Uygun3 Adem Korkmaz4 1Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Uluborlu Selahattin Karasoy MYO, Elektronik ve Otomasyon Bölümü, Isparta 2Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü, Isparta 3Sakarya Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü, Sakarya 4Isparta Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası, Isparta E-mails: buketkaratop@sdu.edu.tr, zeynepkhrmn11@hotmail.com,kubat@sakarya.edu.tr ouygun@sakarya.edu.tr,ademkorkmaz@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Strategic management can be defined as an administrative technique in taking decisions for the future in an organization, implementation and evaluation. In fact, It can be said that, applications of strategic management provides sustainable development. Strategic management has a dynamic structure and it requires continuous improvement. When Strategic management is used integrated with management tools such as Total Quality Management, Process Management, Hashin Kanri can be more efficient and effective. Using Balance 358 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Scorecard (BSC) as a tool for performance assessment in strategic management and Hoshin Kanri for continuous improvement İs resulted as increase in efficiency. Strategic management which has a vital importance in institutions and organizations and which is a derivative of its strategic plan is been more practical with Hoshin Kanri. Hoshin Kanri which has a process-oriented structure and it is a method that works to enrich the process, is proved with studies in strategic planning help us to be more effective results. On the other hand, BSC is a comprehensive system for focusing on strategies to manage in organizations that combines and evaluates both financial and non-financial (physical) strategic criterias. So, it can be understood from title of the BSC is based on the balanced examination of performance parameters’. Thus, performances are emphasized on the enterprises not only for short-term but also for long term at the same time in organizations and its impact on sustainable development. BSC has become the ideas and efforts combination for enterprises to make a difference to its competitors such as strategies becoming a form of action to use in business. Therefore, BSC to be an important performance measurement system and it has become entrenched system with more widespread in the business life. In turkey, a strategic planning which was made mandatory in public institutions and organizations is chamber of industry agenda in recent years. The chamber of commerce and industry is an organization that directly effects to sustainable development. Strategic plans of the chamber of commerce and industry is important in this regard. The relationship investigated between Strategic plans of the chamber of commerce and industry with Hoshin Kanri and BSC applications and sustainable development. In this research, the integrations of Strategic planning with Hoshin Kanri and Balance scorecard has been investigated to sustainable development. Aim of this study is Hoshin Kanri and balanced scorecard applications to illustrate the effectiveness in strategic planning and its impact of sustainable development to discuss by making an application in Isparta Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ICCI). Keywords: Hoshin Kanri, Balance Scorecard, Strategic Management, Strategic Planning, Sustainable Development, Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 1.INTRODUCTION The strategic plans which are tools to ensure the continuous development of organizations, become more meaningful when there is a performance evaluation. Thanks to the performance evaluation, the advancement of the targets within the strategic plan is followed. However, the fact that performance evaluation is multi-dimensional increases the quality of the evaluation. Performance indicators like customer, quality, finance, strategy with a multidimensional performance evaluation is used and provides managers explicit information during the rational use of resources. One of the performance evaluation methods, BSC performs the evaluation in four dimensions. These are: financial, customer, internal, learning and development. 359 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In strategic planning, performance evaluation is important in a few ways and it may be considered as a new starting point. For the unreachable targets we need to make improvements. According to Akao “Hoshin is the center of continuous improvement method”. Hoshin Kanri is the application of cycle of PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) into the management processes. For this reason, the evaluation of Unreachable targets with Hoshin Kanri method may be beneficial (AKAO, 1999: 22). With the first studies of quality circle in Japan the philosophy of “Firstly human develops, as a result of human development, workshops, factories, and the company develops” is adopted (Yenersoy,1997:). Considering the same philosophy, as the factories, workshops and companies develop, they improve the environment they work in. So development can be achieved. For a sustainable development, environmental, economic and social sustainability should be ensured (Vikipedi,2012). Strategic plans are road maps ensuring the development of the companies. The correctly prepared and applied strategic plans provide the development of companies and at the same time contribute to the development of their environment. If a country prepares and implements the strategic plans properly it may be concluded that it will have a direct impact on the sustainable development. 2.STRATEGY The concept of strategy appears as a term that emerged with the presence of people and used mostly in the military field. Strategy is everywhere where there is competition; in wartime, sport, companies etc. Strategies may be at the country,company or individual level. According to Saatçioğlu “Enterprise-level strategy utilizing the corporate resources and cempetencies with the aim of meeting the expectations of stakeholders, consists of routing and actions that provide companies superiority in the long-term changing environment ( Editör: Öztemel, 2009: 66). According to Ülgen and his friends, “Strategy is defined as the final result-oriented dynamic group of decisions determined to reach the goals by examining the activities of competitors” (Ülgen, Mirze, 2004: 33). According to Şişman, “strategy requires to do a different job or to do the same work in different ways. This is similar to map out in earthquake zone in short, “Strategy is a revolution” (Şişman, 2007). Strategy is a phenomenon need to be planned. According to Eisenhower “plans are nothing but planning is every thing.” 360 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 1: Creative fields of the strategy (Wittman, Reuter: 2008,6) Firstly, man should make an analysis to create a strategy. These analyses are carried out by comparing the risks, opportunities and threats from the outside of outside and resources of companies. With these analyses, better understanding (conception) of competition and information is provided. When the application comes into effect, progress must be measured. Otherwise, you can not measure how much you have developed. Controlling the execution completes the loop. Strategic plans are the fields of creating strategy. (Figure 1) 3.STRATEGIC PLANNING Strategic planning, enables strategic thinking and acting in a rapidly changing competitive environment (Söyler, 2012:106). Strategic plans have the characteristics of a router enabling the distribution of resources in regard to strategic priorities and a reference document guiding the organizations ( DPT, 2006:3). According to Brauers and Weber “The purpose of strategic planning is to guide an organization to achieve her desired goals of the long-term development under the variation of environment. Therefore, strategic planning is based on the forecasting” (Wang, Chang: 2001: 193). Strategic planning, describes and defines the path between the the location of the company and the point it desires to go. To do these things it is necessary to determine its position correctly and determine the place it desires to arrive clearly. Analysis determining the current position of the company is the situation analysis. The situation analysis consists of internal analysis, environmental analysis, stakeholder analysis, PESTS (Politic, Econimic, Social, Tecnologic, Sectorial) analysis. SWOT consists of internal and environmental analysis. The SWOT analysis for the strategic planning is just like the backbone of the human body. 361 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo So, the SWOT analysis forms the basis of the strategic plan. In addition, stakeholder analysis, analysis of pests also can not be underestimated. Steakholder analysis, is important for the image the company will constitute. PESTS analysis is important as it will provide the correct identification of the company in the environment. According to Akgemci and his friends “In order to actulize the vision specified for the future of the enterpriese in the junction of resource, environment and values, SWOT analysis is helpful in establishing a balance between these factors” (Akgemci, Güleş, 2010: 42). There are four questions that are essential in strategic planning: ( DPT, 2006: 8) 1. 2. 3. 4. Where are we? Where do we want to go? How do we get where we want to go? How do we follow and evaluate our success? Answer of question “Where are we?” is given by the situation analysis. Answer of question “Where do we want to go ?” will give the company's mission, vision, goals and objectives. Answer of the question “How do we get where we want to go?” will be found with the strategies, objectives, activities and projects. The purpose of the strategic objectives is to bring the company’s performance to the desired direction and desired size. Converting the data collected during the strategic planning to a resolution is at this stage. In this sense, this is an important step. Answer of the question “How do we follow and evaluate our success?” will be found with process monitoring, performance measurement and evaluation. Final goal of a company is its strategic plan. (Figure 2) Because, it describes the last place company wants to be. The sub-goals that contribute to the formation of the final target is the SWOT analysis, mission. Sub-sub goals are required for the creation of sub-goals. Sub-sub goals are datum creating the sub-goals. 362 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 2. Goal-oriented view of strategic planning.(Orwig, Chen, Vogel, Nunamaker: 1996: 39) 4.BALANCE SCORE CARD Companies care about planning the future by evaluating the past. Balance scorecard allows organizations to see where they were in the past, their current status and where they will go. As balance scorecard directs organization’s all resources towards the targets, it is a quite effective managment system. According to Güner “BSC provides to managers a framework in which management mission, vision and strategy are converted into a set of financial and non-financial power measures” (Güner, 2008: 247). BSC tries to establish a strategic balance between strategic performance values in a strategic dimension (Özbirecikli, Ölçer, 2002: 2). According to Kaplan and Norton, indicator of overall success BSC is a performance management system based on measurement and it transforms the mission, and strategy of the companies into a set of evaluation criteria and creates a framework for the strategic performance evaluation and management (Coşkun, 2006). BSC was originally designed forprofit businesses. The method has started to be used over time in nongovernmental organizations and public institutions. BSC are examined in four area to measure the performance of the strategic decisions: 1) Financial dimension 3) Inner functional dimension 2) Costumer dimension 4) Learning and development dimension Financial Dimension: Performance criteria in the financial dimension is used to describe long-term goals (Kaplan, Norton, 1996). Financial dimension shows if operational strategies are applied or not, if it is applied weather it provides contributions to the improvments of the operating results or not (profit / loss statement) (Utkutuğ, 2007). Costumer Dimension: In the present age with the increasing consumer awareness with an acceleration, companies have started to develop costumer-focused strategies. The new economic structure have changed the balance of power between manufacturer, dealer and costumer on behalf of the costumers (Özbirecikli, Ölçer, 2002: 2). Customer perspective of the evaluation is carried out according to different customer evaluation criteria. Customer / stakeholder assessments are performed on the perception of the company. Inner Functional Dimension: Financial profits acquired by improvement of inner functional dimensions emerge at certain periods (Kaplan, Norton, 2001: 94). In inner functional dimension studies must be done 363 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo through bussiness processes which should be improved. Strategies must be created over processes that create value. These processes are the ones mostly directed to increase the customer satisfaction. Learning and Development Dimension: Creating value and ensuring the continuity of improvements are the goals of this dimension. According to Ergüder and his friends “A company's ability of learning, continuous improvement and creativity are linked directly to company’s value” (Ergüden, Sağdıç, 2000: 42). 5.HOSHIN KANRI It is the combination of two Japanese words: Hoshin and Kanri.   Hoshin: Compass, followed path, route, policies and objective. Kanri: Managment control of companies’ focus (Planning) (Jolayemi, 2008). Hoshin Kanri emerged from the principle continuous improvment of tranquality in total quality managment is a system devoted to quality control and continuous improvment activities (Akao, 1999: 49). At the same time Hoshin Kanri provides an oppurtunity to measure the level of reaching the goals defined by improvements (Akao, 1999: 43). Hoshin Kanri which is the center of managment of continues improvment has worked in two stages: 1. Jumps and strategic objectives 2. Business principles of administrative control over day Hoshin Kanri enables deciding the companies’goals and reaching the goals which are designed. It encourages to promote a dialogue during the development of strategies and measures. So Hoshin Kanri is a method which is applied by considering what are the needs of costumers (Akao, 1999: 22). According to the descriptions we can say Hoshin Kanri is a method which is used to decide a strategic way -without losing sight of the focus point-. Hoshin Kanri is a processbased approach. It is not only intrested in results but also focuses on how to enrich the process (Asan, Tanyaş, 2007: 1001). Hoshin Kanri is adopted as a FAIR (Focus, Arrangement, Integration, Remark) cycle by Deming’s PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act). Hoshin Kanri cycle has 4 stages. The cycle begins with the stage of prevention (Focus) which business executives review the previous managment performance (Strategy). At this stage, the previous year’s performance is examined and focusing on the next year, strategy (goals and priorities) is generated. In subsequent planning (Arrangement) stage, strategic priorities are arranged according to units’ priorities. Application (Integration) stage is a stage which is integration of priorities with daily activities and project works. Control stage (Review) includes appropriate managment of daily activities in accordance with the strategic goals and supervision. The datum which are 364 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo obtained from this supervision and review provide feedback to focus stage (Asan, Tanyaş, 2007: 1002). 6.APPLICATION Companies, in order to gain an advantage in the competition think and approach decisions strategically. The common ground of strategic planning, common denominator of Hoshin management and BSC is their vision, Objectives, strategies and performance. (Figure 3) In the strategic planning, action plans are prepared taking into consideration the vision, objectives and strategies. By evaluating the action plans, performances are presented or emerge. BSC evaluates the performance in 4 perspective. It used to analyze the tasks fast with Key Performans Indicator (KPI). Hoshin is based on continuous improvement and process oriented. When there is a need of improvement in the targets evaluated by BSC within four dimensions, Hoshin management steps in. Figure 3. Comparison of strategic planning, BSC and Hoshin management. (source:yang,yeh,2009: 996) This paper is based on the 2010-2014 strategic plan of ICCI. This paper is based on the 2010-2014 strategic plan of ICCI. Performance of 2010 was evaluated by BSC (Tablo 1-2-3-4-5-6). How to brought achieving these targets with the BSC, so the performance was measured. As the table shows some of the indicators, there is a discrepancy between planned and actual. So, target was 365 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo missed for various reasons. Accordance with ITSO’s mission, most of these causes, stems from stakeholders. To achieve these goals, while Hoshin Kanri form (Form 1) was filling, improvement team is established. We followed the conversion of PDCA (FAIR) in forms, then improvement is made. With the unemployment rate and the rate of entrepreneurship was achieved success inthe studies. ICCI continued evaluation studies of strategic plan with the BSC and Hoshin Kanri in 2010, targets were gaining momentum with the development of industry and city in 2011-2012. For example; ICCI has entered the top ten a study conducted in Turkey with Turkish Employment Organization (ISKUR) and Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, although the pilot province of unemployment. In entrepreneurship while average of Turkey is the 5%, with studies was achieved in 14%. This is a leap. This is indication of the result reached with training and fieldwork. 366 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.1. Criteria of Strategic Goal DIMENSIONS Financial Dimensions Customer/ Steakholder /Member Dimension Functional Dimension to in ICCI Learning and Development Dimension 367 CRITERIA To Contribute To An Increase In Exports(1.1. ) Raise the Level of Activity Satisfaction (5.12.) Members' Contact Information (5.11) Training of Employees (5.6.) Activity To Increase The Added Value Of Agricultural Products(2.1.) Studies To Increase Tourism Revenue(1.3. ) Increase the Contribution Of The Economy Of Antalya To Isparta(1.4) To Start the Works To Support in the the Branding Steakholders of and members Products (4.6.) (4.9) Upgrade the image (4.3.) Participation in Exhibition With Members (4.4.) Activation the Professional Committees(5.1. ) Making the Infrastructur e work for Web-based To Complete Member the Electronic Services and Archiving Disclosures Project(5.3.) (5.5) Training of Members (5.7.) Satisfacton Surveys for Members and Staff (5.4.) To Create the a Unit of Consulting and Projects (5.2.) EU Vision (5.8.) Activity for Isparta's Rose and Carpet (4.11.) Working for Collaboration Between UniversityIndustry (2.11.) Follow-up Study for Reducing Unemploymen t (2.12.) Control Of Workings The Quality andAccreditation(5.10 ) Works of Reconstruction and Rational Use of Resources(5.14 ) Activity in Renewable Energy(2.3.) Works for Developing the Entrepreneurshi p (2.7.) Activities for Increasing Worksho the Product p for Give Range in Direction Volume of to the the Industry Domestic (2.8.) Trade(1.2.) To Cooperate with Commodit y Exchange (1.7.) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.2. Classification and Description of Strategic Goals CLASSIFICATION STRATEGIC GOALS DESCRIPTION F1 To Contribute To An Increase In Exports(1.1.) increase in profit/end of period F2 Activity To Increase The Added Value Of Agricultural Products(2.1.) Units of Activity/end of period F3 Studies To Increase Tourism Revenue(1.3.) % increase in income/end of period F4 Increase the Contribution Of The Economy Of Antalya To Isparta(1.4) unit of Thematic working/year C1 Raise the Level of Activity Satisfaction (5.12.) % increase C2 Upgrade the image(4.3.) Pieces of positive news/year C3 Participation in Exhibition With Members(4.4.) total of fair/year C4 To Support the Steakholders and members(4.6.) kind of activity/year C5 To Start the Works in the Branding of Products(4.9) total of working/end of period C6 Activity for Isparta's Rose and Carpet (4.11.) total of working/end of period C7 Working for Collaboration Between University-Industry (2.11.) total of network/end of period C8 Follow-up Study for Reducing Unemployment(2.12.) total of working/year C9 Works for Developing the Entrepreneurship (2.7.) total of entrepreneur/year C10 Workshop for Give Direction to the Industry (2.8.) total of workshop/end of period C11 Activities for Increasing the Product Range in Volume of the Domestic Trade(1.2.) total of product/end of period C12 To Cooperate with Commodity Exchange (1.7.) total of cooperation/year I1 Members' Contact Information(5.11) % increase I2 Activation the Professional Committees (5.1.) total of report/year I3 To Complete the Electronic Archiving Project (5.3.) Adet proje/end of period I4 Making the Infrastructure work for Web-based Member Services and Disclosures(5.5) time (Project completion time-2010) I5 EU Vision(5.8.) Units of Activity/end of period I6 Control Of Workings The Quality and Accreditation (5.10) total of monitoring activity/year I7 Works of Reconstruction and Rational Use of Resources(5.14) total of project/end of period I8 Activity in Renewable Energy(2.3.) kind of activity/year L1 Training of Employees(5.6.) kind of education/year L2 Training of Members(5.7.) kind of education/year L3 Satisfacton Surveys for Members and Staff(5.4.) survey/year L4 To Create the a Unit of Consulting and Projects(5.2.) total of unit/end of period 368 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.3. Financial Dimensions FINANCIAL DIMENSIONS STRATEGIC GOALS DESCRIPTION ADDED DESCRIPTION GOALS FULFİLLED To Contribute To An Increase In Exports(1.1.) This will take place too is subject end of the 5 yeras. increase in profit/end of period 20% Activity To Increase The Added Value Of Agricultural Products(2.1.) 7activity/5year Units of Activity/end of period Studies To Increase Tourism Revenue(1.3.) end of the period %80 % increase in income/end of period 8% 7% Increase the Contribution Of The Economy Of Antalya To Isparta(1.4) 4 activity of a year unit of Thematic working/year 4 4 18% 1,4 2 Table.4. Customer’s Dimensions CUSTOMER'S DIMENSIONS/STEAKHOLDER'S DIMENSIONS/MEMBER'S DIMENSIONS STRATEGIC GOALS DESCRIPTION ADDED DESCRIPTION Raise the Level of Activity Satisfaction (5.12.) Upgrade the image(4.3.) 369 3 times a year GOALS FULFİLLED % increase 80% 92% Pieces of positive news/year 3 5 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Participation in Exhibition With Members(4.4.) total of fair/year 2 2 To Support the Steakholders and members(4.6.) kind of activity/year 1 1 To Start the Works in the Branding of Products(4.9) total of working/end of period 3 3 Activity for Isparta's Rose and Carpet (4.11.) total of working/end of period 2 3 Working for Collaboration Between University-Industry (2.11.) 5ativity/5year total of network/end of period 1 1 Follow-up Study for Reducing Unemployment(2.12.) 4 times a year total of working/year 4 3** Works for Developing the Entrepreneurship (2.7.) total of entrepreneur/year 3 2** Workshop for Give Direction to the Industry (2.8.) total of workshop/end of period 1 1 Activities for Increasing the Product Range in Volume of the Domestic Trade(1.2.) 5total/5year total of product/end of period 1 3 To Cooperate with Commodity Exchange (1.7.) 2times/1year total of cooperation/year 2 2 ** Hoshin Karni Form, organized. 370 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.5. Functional Dimensions FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONS TO IN ICCI ADDED DESCRIPTION GOALS FULFİLLED % increase 100% 100% total of report/year 4 6 To Complete the Electronic Archiving Project (5.3.) Adet proje/end of period 100% 100% Making the Infrastructure work for Web-based Member Services and Disclosures(5.5) time (Project completion time-2010) 100% 100% EU Vision(5.8.) 5activity/ 5year Units of Activity/end of period 1 2 Control Of Workings The Quality and Accreditation(5.10) 4total/year total of monitoring activity/year 4 4 Works of Reconstruction and Rational Use of Resources(5.14) 1 working total of project/end of period 1 1 Activity in Renewable Energy(2.3.) 1variety/year kind of activity/year 1 1 STRATEGIC GOALS DESCRIPTION Members' Contact Information(5.11) Activation the Professional Committees (5.1.) 371 4total/year �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.6. Learning and Development Dimensions LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION STRATEGIC GOALS DESCRIP ADDED TION DESCRIPTION GOA LS FULFİLLED Training of Employees(5.6.) 3varietyi/y kind of ear education/year 3 2 Training of Members(5.7.) 5variety/ye kind of ar education/year 5 5 Satisfacton Surveys for Members and Staff(5.4.) To Create the a Unit of Consulting and Projects(5.2.) 372 1total/year survey/year 1 1 total of unit/end of period 100 % 100% �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Form.1. Hoshin Kanri Form 373 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 7.CONCLUSION Accordance with its mission, ICCI, plays an important role in the development of the country. For this reason, strategic plan of ICCI is important. Ensuring sustainable development of strategic plans, will have a positive impact on sustainable development. 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(1997) “Toplam Kalite Yönetimi”, Rota Yayınları, İstanbul. 375 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1132 Title A name given to the resource Effects Of Hoshin Kanri And Balance Scorecard With Integrated Strategic Plan To Sustainable Development: Application To Chamber Of Commerce And Industry Author Author Buket, Karatop Abstract A summary of the resource. Strategic management can be defined as an administrative technique in taking decisions for the future in an organization, implementation and evaluation. In fact, It can be said that, applications of strategic management provides sustainable development. Strategic management has a dynamic structure and it requires continuous improvement. When Strategic management is used integrated with management tools such as Total Quality Management, Process Management, Hashin Kanri can be more efficient and effective. Using Balance Scorecard (BSC) as a tool for performance assessment in strategic management and Hoshin Kanri for continuous improvement İs resulted as increase in efficiency. Strategic management which has a vital importance in institutions and organizations and which is a derivative of its strategic plan is been more practical with Hoshin Kanri. Hoshin Kanri which has a process-oriented structure and it is a method that works to enrich the process, is proved with studies in strategic planning help us to be more effective results. On the other hand, BSC is a comprehensive system for focusing on strategies to manage in organizations that combines and evaluates both financial and non-financial (physical) strategic criterias. So, it can be understood from title of the BSC is based on the balanced examination of performance parameters’. Thus, performances are emphasized on the enterprises not only for short-term but also for long term at the same time in organizations and its impact on sustainable development. BSC has become the ideas and efforts combination for enterprises to make a difference to its competitors such as strategies becoming a form of action to use in business. Therefore, BSC to be an important performance measurement system and it has become entrenched system with more widespread in the business life. In turkey, a strategic planning which was made mandatory in public institutions and organizations is chamber of industry agenda in recent years. The chamber of commerce and industry is an organization that directly effects to sustainable development. Strategic plans of the chamber of commerce and industry is important in this regard. The relationship investigated between Strategic plans of the chamber of commerce and industry with Hoshin Kanri and BSC applications and sustainable development. In this research, the integrations of Strategic planning with Hoshin Kanri and Balance scorecard has been investigated to sustainable development. Aim of this study is Hoshin Kanri and balanced scorecard applications to illustrate the effectiveness in strategic planning and its impact of sustainable development to discuss by making an application in Isparta Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ICCI). Keywords: Hoshin Kanri, Balance Scorecard, Strategic Management, Strategic Planning, Sustainable Development, Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General)