206 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/38362b4b9fab8161e5da8597e31a7de8.pdf aad0288ae4061b9c627a3b20450da342 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Women’s Environmental Network (WEN) 2007, Women’s Manifesto on Climate Change Wiley 2009, Social sustainability. [Online] Wiley. http://eu.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/egec/ [Accessed 20 April 2010]. Available at: WWF-UK, 2006, Let Them Eat Cake: Satisfying the New Consumer Appetite for Responsible Brand Wiley 2009, Social sustainability. [Online] Wiley. http://eu.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/egec/ [Accessed 20 April 2010]. Available at: WBCSD 2008, Sustainable Consumption Facts and Trends, [Online] Available at: http: //www.wbcsd.org/templated/ TemplateWBSCD/layoutap?MendID=1 [Accessed 25 April 2010]. WWF-UK, 2006, Let Them Eat Cake: Satisfying the New Consumer Appetite for Responsible Brand Persuade to Buy: Implications for Online Advertising Alma Jeftić1, Dženan Đonko International University of Sarajevo1, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: ajeftic@ius.edu.ba Abstract The aim of this article is to explore the development of a variety of online advertising tools and the implications that the characteristics of these tools have on their effectiveness, as well as to discover how important are the amount and nature of cognitive processing that a person does about a persuasive message in order to determine the kind of persuasion that occurs. Even though advertisements are a necessary and important component of the Internet, most users are merely concerned with the quality of online experience and do not appreciate pop-up ads. However, the majority of previous researches in the area of online advertising lack in application of psychological theories of information processing and attitude change. This article seeks to explore the connection between cognitive processing and consumers' online experience as well as behaviour change in order to provide the most important factors that attract customers. The study 18 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo is designed in qualitative research approach in which literature review method has been chosen. The overview of contemporary researches in the area of online advertising will be provided together with the analysis of psychological aspects of information processing. Moreover, this study aims to obtain deeper understanding of elaboration likelihood model with the special emphasize on two routes an individual will take in a persuasive situation and its application to online advertisements. It is concluded that cognitive aspects of information processing as well as elaboration likelihood model need to be taken into account when creating online advertisements, especially banners and pop-up ads. Also, the list of major factors that attract customers' and should be elaborated in each advertisement is result of this qualitative research study. Keywords: online advertising; persuasion; cognitive processing; banners; pop-up ads; elaboration likelihood model; consumer behaviour; perceived intrusiveness. 1. INTRODUCTION Even though advertisements are a necessary and important component of the Internet, most users are merely concerned with the quality of online experience and do not appreciate pop-up ads. Recent researches that explored forced viewing of online advertisements provided an understanding of how consumers experience forced exposure situations in interactive environment and also shed some light on feelings of irritation and avoidance as two major consequences of perceived intrusiveness. However, the majority of previous researches in the area of online advertising lack in application of psychological theories of information processing and attitude change. This article seeks to explore the connection between cognitive processing and consumers' online experience as well as behaviour change in order to provide the most important factors that attract customers. Moreover, this study aims to obtain deeper understanding of elaboration likelihood model with the special emphasize on two routes an individual will take in a persuasive situation and its application to online advertisements. Two factors that most influence which route an individual will take in a persuasive situation are motivation and ability. Which route is taken is also determined by the extent of elaboration. Under high elaboration, a given variable can either serve as an argument, or as a biasing factor, while under conditions of low elaboration, a given variable can act as a peripheral cue. The persuasion is either increased or decreased depending on the strength of the argument presented. Also, variables can affect the extent to which a person has confidence in, phenomena known as self-validation role. By linking missing parts together, this article connects the achievements of marketing research, information science and psychology in order to explore the role and impact of online advertising on consumers' behaviour. Also, the list of major factors that attract customers' and should be elaborated in each advertisement is result of this qualitative research study. 19 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2. METHOD The study is designed in qualitative research approach in which literature review method has been chosen. The overview of contemporary researches in the area of online advertising will be provided together with the analysis of psychological aspects of information processing. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Online Advertising: When, Why, How According to the psychologist Carl Jung, every individual has a primary mode of operation in each of the following four categories (Brook, 2000): 1. 2. 3. 4. our flow of energy how we take in information how we prefer to make decisions the basic day-to-day lifestyle we prefer. Within each of these categories, people tend to be either extraverted or introverted, sensing or intuitive, thinking or feeling, judging or perceiving. Advertisers should target their ads to appeal to people with specific personality traits. There are different types of creative advetising that can be used in order to attract consumers' attention. The most popular are: 1. banner ads - attract customers’ attention through color, graphics, and, sometimes, animation; 2. e-mail massages - companies use the e-mail model of advertising to cross-sell and up-sell their products, to try to acquire potential new customers, to persuade existing customers to buy again, to enhance customer loyalty, and to build long-lasting relationships with customers; 3. interstitial ads - ads appear automatically as customers move between the pages of a Web site, making customers wait for another page to load; 4. online directories - allows companies to gain visibility through online directories that help customers find them easily, using a search engine; 5. pay-per-click ads – since advertisers pay only when customers click their ads, the companies that display these ads benefit only when customers click them, and many companies depend on this form of advertising to generate revenues; 6. pop-up ads - appear in a separate window, therefore they interrupt the flow of customers’ current tasks. The only way to move ahead is to close the window in which the ad appears or click the window containing the site that caused the ad to appear; 7. pop-down banner ads - appear beneath the content on a Web page, on a banner at the bottom of the page, so customers have to look at and click these ads to get rid of them; 8. search engine optimization - seeks to promote a company’s Web site by increasing its visibility on search engine results pages; 9. sky scrapers - ads have the same function and properties as banner ads, but the rectangular boxes containing them have a vertical rather than a horizontal layout. These ads usually appear on the right side of a page and are linked to the advertiser’s Web site; 20 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 10. social networking - works best when it results from word-of-mouth or when a group exists for people who want to know what is happening with a company or product; 11. sponsorship - companies can sponsor a Web site or a certain section of a Web site where their ads appear. Companies must also begin using advertising techniques that evoke an emotional response from customers and that can be obtained through strategic planning and development of new marketing touchpoints. Behavioral advertising observes customers’ behavior as they move from one Web page or site to another (Sutherland&Sylvester, 2000). When following this advertising model, companies target ads to specific individuals, based on each customer’s past surfing behavior. Because behavioral advertising tracks customers’ interests, there is an increased likelihood that they will want the product or service advertised and be motivated to click an ad (Sutherland&Sylvester, 2000). With this method, different customers do not see the same ads on a Web page. There are several factors that help people to identify an ad that would bring them benefit, therefore these variable factors should be motivating enough to ensure people act on the information. Table 1 provides a summary of these advertising approaches and the factors that attract particular customer to particular ad. Table 1: Factors that attract customers to ad (Sutherland&Sylvester, 2000) TYPE OF AD BEHAVIORAL CONTENT LURE CONTEXTUAL APPROACH CREATIVE ATTRACTION 21 HIGH ATTRACTION Targets individual customers Based on context and customers’ needs Motivates customers to process information Appealing to customers’ emotions Moves customers to their next steps Makes customers want to know more Based on customers’ needs Culturally significant Blends in with surrounding content - MODERATE ATTRACTION - - Rarely used, but when used, is highly attractive Provides a different flavor Moves away from the mundane associations of advertising �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo HUMOR INFORMATION INTERACTIVITY GEOGRAPHY PRODUCT PLACEMENT SPECIAL OFFER TARGET AUDIENCE VISUAL LURE 22 - Based on context and customers’ needs Relevant to customers Motivates customers to process information An excess of information can add to customers’ cognitive load Gets customers’ attention Engages customers’ motor and cognitive skills Motivates customers to process information - Non-intrusive Subliminal information processing affects the psyche positively Shows the product in a reallife scenario Most persuasive Motivates customers to process information Based on customers’ needs Based on customers’ needs Culturally significant Blends in with surrounding content Makes a good first impression Customers subjectively perceive creativity Rarely used, but when used, gets customers’ attention Provides a different flavor Moves away from the mundane associations of advertising Customers subjectively perceive humor - Based on customers’ needs Culturally significant Blends in with surrounding content For a specific audience; ignores the rest - - - - �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo WELCOMING IMAGERY Gets customers’ attention Emotionally appealing Motivates customers to process information Warm imagery attracts customers’ attention Emotionally appealing Motivates customers to process information - It is evident that information processing, cognitive functioning and emotional responses have an important role in shaping consumers' responses. Therefore, psychological aspects of advertising need to be explored briefly. 3.2 Psychology of Online Advertising The physiological changes that accompany customers’ emotional responses to advertisements determine their next action, therefore the context in which an advertisement appears determines whether the ad constitutes an effective call to action. Depending on what advertisers want to convey particular advertisement type will be chosen. While the advertising approaches that typically result in moderate attraction do affect customers, their perception of them can be subjective (Schuman&Thorson, 1999). Effective communication must begin by obtaining the attention of the consumer. Then, the consumer must process the information carried in the advertisement. Such processing of information may be followed by an evaluation of the information, the source of the information, and ultimately the desirability of any actions suggested by the communication. This evaluation process may, in turn, give rise to the formation of attitudes, the development of intentions for future action, and, eventually, an action. Different characteristics of an advertisement have effects at different points in this hierarchy. Recent researches have proven that pop-up ads elicit orienting responses (OR) (Diao&Sundar, 2004). The psychological data also revealed the superior effect of pop-up windows over the commonly used banners with respect to ad recall. This is consistent with contemporary theories of OR and visual attention,which suggest that people tend to orient automatically toward those mediated messages that are novel and unexpected in the immediate visual domain (Diao&Sundar, 2004). The larger implication of this finding is that formal features of media messages can evoke involuntary attention, ORs in particular, not only in traditional media as has been previously demonstrated but also in the new Web environment. A recent study by Lang, Borse, et al. (2002) emphasizes the importance of considering content when it found that not only animated banners but also textual warnings about one’s immediate environment shown on a computer screen (e.g., There is someone behind you!) elicit ORs. As for the effects on memory, it was found that banner ads had higher ad recognition than pop-up ads, quite contrary to expectations derived from limited-capacity theory (Diao&Sundar, 2004). 23 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Pop-ups may not only orient users’ attention to a specific location on the screen and thus influence which stories will be processed and which will not (Johnson & Proctor, 2004), but they may also elicit frustration and therefore induce a shift in the locus of attention from a global towards a local type of processing (Clore, Gasper, & Garvin, 2001). The absence of new modalities from informational Websites or the mere presence of a text-heavy site may increase frustration, and a relatively low number of pop-ups can perhaps serve to provide a release. It is needed to consider previous experience with computers and Internet along with other media experiences as contributing factors that can provide a deeper understanding of this proposition. 3.3 Elaboration Likelihood Model The elaboration likelihood model is a theory that states that the amount and nature of thinking that a person does about a persuasive message is a very important determinant of the kind of persuasion that occurs. According to this model there are two routes to persuasion: peripheral route that does not require full cognitive processing and relies on a simple, low-effort decision strategy such as source attractiveness or message length, and the central route that involves carefully thinking about and thoroughly examining information relevant to a topic. The extent of elaboration determines which route will be taken. Motivational factors include (among others) the personal relevance of the message topic, accountability, and a person's need for cognition, their innate desire to enjoy thinking (Petty, Briñol & Tormala, 2000). Ability factors include the availability of cognitive resources or relevant knowledge needed to carefully scrutinize the arguments. The subject's general education level, as well as their education and experience with the topic at hand greatly affect their ability to be persuaded. Since the pop-up ads are not strong enough to catch consumers’ attention, advertisers develop pop-under ads that remain hidden until the user have not completed her/his task on the main website. Therefore, the pop-under ads remain visible only after user has completed her/his job and become able to process the advertisement. By using pop-under ads, advertisers hope to take advantage of the permanent staying power of centrally processed pop-up ads. 3.4 Practical Implications From a practical standpoint, the findings indicate that Web-site developers and marketing practitioners should not be discouraged by the potential of pop-up windows to cause annoyance and frustration, but carefully take advantage of this formal feature in catching online viewers’ attention and, hence, increasing brand awareness. Although awareness is generally considered by advertisers to be positively related to purchase intention, it might also motivate a negative behavioral response. At least one recent industry study has made the claim that online users actively penalize brands that use pop-ups and mistrust the companies that use and host pop-ups (Best, 2004). Another practical implication for advertising industry is to develop more innovative types of advertising. The lack of animation effect and the relatively inferior effect of banner ads on OR demonstrate the necessity for exploring more-creative executional cues to increase advertising effectiveness accruing from novelty effects. The pop-under ads should be concidered in order to fill in the gap of peripherally processed pop-up ads, hence the purpose of the elaboration likelihood model cannot be neglected. 24 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. CONCLUSION In this study, the overview of contemporary online advertising techniques is provided together with users’ psychological reaction towards them. It is concluded that cognitive aspects of information processing as well as elaboration likelihood model need to be taken into account when creating online advertisements, especially banners and pop-up ads. These results provide encouragement to develop and evaluate pop-under ads, as one of the effective advertising tools. REFERENCES Best, J. (2004). Pop-ups “commercial suicide” for firms. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/workspace-it/2004/02/25/pop-ups-commercial-suicide-for-firms40145254/?s_cid=938 Brooke, R. (2000). Pathways into the Jungian World: Phenomenology and Analytical Psychology. New York: Routledge. Clore, G. L., Gasper, K., & Garvin, E. (2001). Affect as information. In J. P. Forgas, (Ed.), Handbook of Affect and Social Cognition (pp. 121-144). Mahwah, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Diao, F., Sundar, S.S. (2004). Orienting Response and Memory for Advertisements: Exploring Effects of Pop-Up Window and Animation. Communication Research, 31(5), 537-567. Johnson, A., & Proctor, R. W. (2004). Attention: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Lang, A., Borse, J., Wise, K., & David, P. (2002). Captured by the World Wide Web: Orienting to structural and content features of computer-presented information. Communication Research, 29, 215-245. Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., & Tormala, Z. L. (2002). Thought Confidence as a Determinant of Persuasion: The Self-validation Hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82, 722741. Schumann, D.W., & Thprson, E. (1999). Advertising and the World Wide Web. Philadelphia, PA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Sutherland, M., & Sylvester, A.K. (2000). Advertising and the Mind of the Consumer: What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin. 25 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1359 Title A name given to the resource Persuade to Buy: Implications for Online Advertising Author Author Alma , Jeftić Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this article is to explore the development of a variety of online advertising tools and the implications that the characteristics of these tools have on their effectiveness, as well as to discover how important are the amount and nature of cognitive processing that a person does about a persuasive message in order to determine the kind of persuasion that occurs. Even though advertisements are a necessary and important component of the Internet, most users are merely concerned with the quality of online experience and do not appreciate pop-up ads. However, the majority of previous researches in the area of online advertising lack in application of psychological theories of information processing and attitude change. This article seeks to explore the connection between cognitive processing and consumers' online experience as well as behaviour change in order to provide the most important factors that attract customers. The study is designed in qualitative research approach in which literature review method has been chosen. The overview of contemporary researches in the area of online advertising will be provided together with the analysis of psychological aspects of information processing. Moreover, this study aims to obtain deeper understanding of elaboration likelihood model with the special emphasize on two routes an individual will take in a persuasive situation and its application to online advertisements. It is concluded that cognitive aspects of information processing as well as elaboration likelihood model need to be taken into account when creating online advertisements, especially banners and pop-up ads. Also, the list of major factors that attract customers' and should be elaborated in each advertisement is result of this qualitative research study. Keywords: online advertising; persuasion; cognitive processing; banners; pop-up ads; elaboration likelihood model; consumer behaviour; perceived intrusiveness. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eca8177dfbdf91ea590519f3e5d808a0.pdf a3209db2b8bfa76fb7f0bc1585e347c5 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Organizational Culture and Change in Sarajevo Almira Kulovic International Burch University, Faculty of Management 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: almirakulovic@hotmail.com Abstract Main aim of this paper is to explain and analyze the importance of organizational culture in an organization, and the organizational change. Paper will define organizational culture, its characteristics, impacts and functions in an organization. Also, it will analyze the organizational change and the possibility of cultural change in an organization. There would be different opinions and arguments about this topic and also the example of Sarajevo company Elektropriveda will be presented. In this paper, both secondary and primary data will be used. Considering the case of Elektropriveda, primary data will be presented and used and secondary data will be presented through various definitions and theoretical part. Established organizational culture has a lot of impact on organization performance and development, and also on creating a competitive advantage of a company. It is very hard to achieve the organizational change especially in the organizations with the strong culture. Paper will try to answer on few questions such as is it possible to change organizational culture and in what ways, and if change happens is it possible to manage it and how? Keywords: Organizational culture, Organizational cultural change, resistance to change, competitive advantage, and uncertainty 1. INTRODUCTION Main aim and focus of this paper will be presenting the importance of organizational culture in an organization and evaluating the possibility of organizational change. It is a concept that serves companies to perform better and improve their outcomes. This paper examines the possibilities of changing the organizational culture and the barriers that aggravate the change. Main focus will be on difficulty of changing and managing the cultural change. The paper explains it all, with linking an examples with theory. 213 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE 2.1 Definition and explanation of the term In the recent years, the term organizational culture becomes very popular topic of huge interest among academics and practitioners. The concept of organizational culture is very complex and broad because it is not possible to put it in some firm boundaries or limits, but it is one of the most important aspects of an organization or company due to the fact that it facilitates adaptation to change and innovative conditions of society. It is also one of the main factors in determining the successfulness of the company, its competitive advantage and the overall results and profit. Due to enormous interest for organizational culture, the definition of it should be understood and explained in a very clear way. It cannot be defined so easily, but it is very visible. The most prominent and useful definition is given by Schein and he noted that organizational culture is: "A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems that has worked well enough to be considered valid and is passed on to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems." Organizational culture is basically set of same and shared beliefs and opinions among the organization's employees and it distinguishes one company from other companies, and it is generally recognized by its employees. It has an enormous impact on the behavior of organization's members and it is one of the main characteristics which organization values. Organizational culture actually brings people closer and it makes easier to conduct reconciliation of business and the workplace. The organizational culture which is on the high level is a subtle and sophisticated condition that certainly contributes to the increase in efficiency and effectiveness of the organization. Defining and creating good culture helps in predicting the company's success and position on a global market. There is a general consensus that culture is the main part of an organization and it has to fit into strategy of organization. So without a culture the company cannot have the effective strategy or the effective strategic goals. Different organizations have different organizational cultures which makes personality of the company very unique and stable. When it comes to external innovations and changes, the existence and the type of the organizational culture plays a significant role in habituating a change and determining a company's role in global market. It is very important to mention that managing the organizational cultural change is very important skill required by today's managers, leaders and the employees of the organization due to rapid changes that companies face. 2.2 Importance and Impact In the past 30 years, the term organizational culture is used to describe and analyze a human systems and their behavior. Organizational culture and its types, aspects and norms are seen as an important factor that affects the company's success, competitive advantage and performance. 214 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The set of integrated concepts becomes the manner or strategies through which an organization achieves its specific goals. It can therefore be postulated that an organization's collective culture influences both the attitudes and subsequent behaviors of its employees, as well as the level of performance the organization achieves. (Marcoulides and Heck, 1993) Therefore, it has become a key factor in the development of an organization or the company. Managing the organizational change can provide a foundation for competitive advantage. There are lot of reasons for the company to possess a culture, and due to globalization and increased competition, the need for organizational culture created an important step and skill for every organization that wish to go in the raising direction. A common hypothesis about this role suggests that if an organization possesses "strong culture" by exhibiting a wellintegrated and effective set of specific values, beliefs, and behavior patterns, then it will perform at a higher level of productivity (Dennison, 1984). A big number of members who accept the core values and if they posses greater commitment to those values, will result in a stronger organizational culture. There are lot of key factors that makes organizational culture the important term in organizational theories and development. The primary importance of organizational culture is improving the organizational performance. The cultural setting of the organization will affect the outcome of the methods and also the performance of the organization (Naor et al., 2008). It makes people or employees of the company as very important and empowers people to be innovative and to work together in order to achieve desired goals. Organizational culture determines the effectiveness, capacity and the organization's long term existence. It determines the relationship among internal and external environment of the company and the maintenance among them. One of the most important impacts of organizational culture is that it highly affects and contributes to the image or brand of the company and it creates energy among members of the organization to achieve desired outcome. Culture improves the stability of social system and it helps to hold the organization together, in the context of what employees should do and say. Organizational culture has a lot of impact on company's business strategy and its strategic goals. In order to determine its vision and mission, company must look in its internal environment and culture in order to implement the certain strategy. In other words, what the companies do is determined by the culture. 3. ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE 3.1 Factors causing change In today's world, the organizations face a dynamic and rapid change. The increased competition, globalization and the opportunity for more growth brought a wide variety of expectations and needs from the organizations. This requires these organizations to adapt. The ability to manage a change has become a very important and in some way required skill for managers, leaders and employees of the organizations. To increase effectiveness, improve efficiency, gain market share, or simplify the organizational design, managers are constantly creating new programs, streamlining procedures, evaluating proposed courses of action, and encountering new opportunities in their organizations' environments. All of these activities 215 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo involve change. (Glick et al. 1990)There are lot of reasons and factors that cause change and adaptation of the companies but the most important and prominent ones are to be explained in further text. Technology is one of the main causes of change in companies. Technology is changing organizations and jobs. The improvement and advances in technology have a lot of impact on the employees work. It is foundational thing for almost every organization, and it is considered as one of the main ingredients for company to be successful and competitive. The technological networks or computer networks are changing and shaping the whole industries due to need of having access to many specters and aspects in a market. Nowadays with the complex challenges that companies are faced, the economic changes or so called economic shocks play a major role in causing a change. The reasons for this are the creation of new businesses, declining or increasing of stock market and of course the innovation. As we live in no certain world, the so called economic shocks are constantly imposing the changes on the organizations. Another one factor of causing the changes is competition. As we live in a fast environment, there are lots of competitors in a global perspective. Global means that competitors can came from every side and every corner of the world, so the organizations has to be very quick and fast in order to defend themselves from competitors with a new innovative products and services. Social trends are also one of the concepts that impose change on organizations. It is widely known that people are get used on buying through Internet, so the companies have to invest not just in regular commercials and marketing, they also have to advertise through Internet or some social networks. All this can develop and cause resistance to change by employees of the company but also by managers and leaders. It is widely known that the organizations and its members resist change. It can be very beneficial and positive for the company because it proves that company has a strong organizational culture, behavior and norms that respects. Resistance to change gives stability but also can cause conflicted sides due to adaptation and the changing nature of the workforce. The reasons for resistance to change are usually based on the individual characteristics and security. It is very hard to change the habits of people or their personality in a way. When people in the organization are confronted with the change, they fell as their security is harmed due to reason that change always leads us into unknown situations. The uncertainty may be one of the main reasons to resist a change. Uncertainty is an aversive state that motivates strategies aimed at reducing or managing it (Bordia et al. 2004). It can be very hard to successfully achieve organizational change because it is similar to changing person's habits and personality. As it is mentioned it is very hard to manage change, but even harder to manage cultural change in the organization. 3.3 Managing Organizational Cultural Change 216 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Why do organizations are forced to change and transform its culture? This situation is most likely to occur when the organization's environment is dynamic. When the company is surrounded by rapid change and the environment is faced with fast change, the organization's entrenched culture may no longer be appropriate. The organization can face the lack of ability to respond on changing process and changing its cultural environment. According to Cummings and Worley (2005), organizational culture cannot be changed easily because the employees need time to acquaint themselves to a new culture. It is hard to change personality and habits of employees and it would be much harder if the employees are not innovative and conductive to change. Although it is very hard to change culture of an organization, it is not impossible. There are certain plans for implementing the change of the organizational change. First of all, the certain approaches and strategies have to be identified to identify the change. Second action would be developing the teams in order to implement identified actions. Plans have to be documented and when change is visible, managing change is the next process. The focus question here is if the organizational culture is eventually changed, can it be easily managed? Even though there is lot of reasons why cultural change is so difficult process, it is not impossible act. Effective cultural change is possible if certain conditions are implemented. According to Stephen and Timothy (2007) cultural change is most likely to take when most or all of the following four conditions exist: the existence of dramatic crises, turnover in the leadership, young and small organization and weak culture. It is very important to explain these four conditions in detail because cultural change is a lengthy process and it cannot be done in couple of a months, it can take even few years. It is widely known that some executives create a crisis to actually encourage a change of culture. Also crises could be financial, technological or losing major competitor. Turnover in leadership can be very efficient in an introducing and managing new culture. If someone from outside comes to be new leader of the company, it is more likely that new values, norms and beliefs will be established. If the organization is young and small, there is a huge opportunity and possibility that cultural change will happen and the company can easily share and manage its values if the company is small. If the company has a weak culture, it is more possible to change it than to change the strong one. Changing culture is a very complex and hard process; it is lengthy process which takes a large period of time and in which managers and employees have to be very careful in order to continue with company’s normal functioning after the change is done. 3.4 Organizational Cultural Change in Sarajevo Sarajevo is a capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a very distinct population within it. Sarajevo companies possess a very strong organizational culture with committed employees to their norms, values, beliefs and behaviors. Sarajevo market is consisted of many domestic and international companies. 217 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The example of the domestic or state owned company in BiH is Elektroprivreda. It is very successful company, with a high budget and the great opportunities and possibilities for its employees. It is exposed to change, because it is on international market, but the company is still working under old system and does not give the prior interest toward changing their organizational culture. They are satisfied with the existing profit that they operate, and its employees are not prepared for cultural change. Why? It is known that 30 or 40 years ago, socialism system was represented, and still the organization is working by the old system, values and norms. The employees are very much resistant to change, because the older generations are not used to technology usage and advancement, they are not prepared to a new system and culture after many and many years of working under one certain system and rules. Employees are used to strong rules and regulations, and are not used to modern system leading of the company. In Elektroprivreda there are not any training courses for its employees, there are not any kind of yield to its employees, and strong culture of strong rules and regulations is represented. Individual based resistance to change is also included, because it is hard to change the strong habits of an employee who feel uncertain to go with the change, because change is leading them into uncertain future and situation in which they never were, and never experienced. 4. CONCLUSION In order to understand the nature of organizational culture and its change it is important to evaluate all the positive and negative sides that organizational cultural change brings and to analyze all the important aspects and characteristics of organizational culture. This paper gave the explanations of all important definitions of organizational culture, its characteristics and possible outcomes. Also it presented the impact and importance of organizational cultural change on companies. It can be said that organizational culture is one of the most important things that the organization values and change of culture is very difficult especially in the organizations with a strong culture. However, even though it is difficult to change the culture of an organization, paper also gives reasons, ways and arguments toward the possibility of such kind of act. Although it is difficult, it is not impossible. To support the argument that it is difficult to change a strong culture in companies, paper presents the example Elektroprivreda as of one of the most successful companies in Sarajevo and the overall BiH. It is presented that employees in Elektroprivreda are resistant to change and that they feel uncertain considering the cultural change, which leads to lack of security among employees and uncertainty to go in unknown situations and business. However, organizational culture is a significant factor considering organizational performance and its outcomes, and one of the most important ingredients toward creating and sustaining a competitive advantage of a company. If the company desires to compete on a global stage against all innovative and new offerings from their competitors it is important to have strong organizational culture and ability to change it. Even though it is difficult to achieve this goal, and even though rapid changes are reshaping the entire industries, 218 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo companies should evaluate different planes of implementing changes, and try to adapt to a new environment in order to stay stable, competitive and successful on global market. REFERENCES Bordia Prashant, Hobman Elizabeth, Jones Elizabeth, Gallois Cindy, Callan J. Victor (2004), Uncertainty during Organizational Change: Types, Consequences, and Management Strategies. Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 4, Springer Cummings and Worley (2005), Organization Development and Change, 8th Ed., Thomson South-Western, USA. (491-492) Dennison, D. (1984), "Bringing Corporate Culture to the Bottom Line," Organizational Dynamics, 13, 2, 5-22. Fuller, B., K. Wood Glick H. William, Huber P. George, Miller C. Chet, Doty D. Harold, Sutcliffe M. Kathleen (1990). Studying Changes in Organizational Design and Effectiveness: Retrospective Event Histories and Periodic Assessments. Organization Science, Vol. 1, No. 3, 293-312, INFORMS Stable Hofstede Geert. (1980). Culture's Consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Marcoulides A. George and Heck H. Ronald (May, 1993). Organizational Culture and Performance: Proposing and Testing a Model. Organization Science, Vol. 4, No. 2, 209-225, INFORMS Stable Naor Michael, Susan M. Goldstein, Kevin W. Linderman, and Roger G. Schroeder (2008). The Role of Culture as a Driver of Quality Management and Performance: Infrastructure Versus Core Quality Practices. Decision Sciences, 671-702. Robbins P. Stephen, Judge A. Timothy (2007). Essentials of Organizational Behavior, Prentice Hall; 9th edition, 253- 257 Stanley J. David, Meyer P. John, Topolnytsky Laryssa (2005). Employee Cynicism and Resistance to Organizational Change, Journal Business and Psycology, Vol.19, No. 4, 429459 Schein Edgar, Organizational Culture Definition, URL http://www.organizationalculture101.com/definition-of-organizational-culture.html 219 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1116 Title A name given to the resource Organizational Culture and Change in Sarajevo Author Author Almira, Kulovic Abstract A summary of the resource. Main aim of this paper is to explain and analyze the importance of organizational culture in an organization, and the organizational change. Paper will define organizational culture, its characteristics, impacts and functions in an organization. Also, it will analyze the organizational change and the possibility of cultural change in an organization. There would be different opinions and arguments about this topic and also the example of Sarajevo company Elektropriveda will be presented. In this paper, both secondary and primary data will be used. Considering the case of Elektropriveda, primary data will be presented and used and secondary data will be presented through various definitions and theoretical part. Established organizational culture has a lot of impact on organization performance and development, and also on creating a competitive advantage of a company. It is very hard to achieve the organizational change especially in the organizations with the strong culture. Paper will try to answer on few questions such as is it possible to change organizational culture and in what ways, and if change happens is it possible to manage it and how? Keywords: Organizational culture, Organizational cultural change, resistance to change, competitive advantage, and uncertainty Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f557ed6de5ea04616c4da7a09d60884f.pdf 472d946624ef724a7c841648c72f2f4a PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Öniş, Z. (2000), “Luxembourg. Helsinki and Beyond: Towards an Interpretation of RecentTurkey-EU Relations”, Government and Opposition, 35 (4), pp. 463-483. Öniş, Z.. (2003), “Domestic Politics, International Norms and Challenges to theState: Turkey-EU Relations in the post-Helsinki era”, Turkish Studies, 4 (1), pp.9-35. Pike, A., Rodriguez-Pose, A. & Tomaney, J. (2006) Local and Regional Development, Abingdon, Routledge. Reeves, T., (2005) “Turkey’s Regional Policy on the Road to the EU”, Turkish PolicyQuarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Fall 2005). Shearlock, James, Phillip James and Jo Phillips (2000) Regional Sustainable Development: Are the new Regional Devlopment Agencies arned with the Information that they require? Sustainable Development8, 79–88 (2000) Sungar, M., (2005) “Turkish-EU Negotiations:Prospective Effects on Public Administration and Regional Development”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Fall2005). Comparison Study of Approaches to Measuring Poverty Implementing Fuzzy Set and Classic Set Using The Household Data of Turkey Alparslan Abdurrahman Basaran1, Murat Alper Basaran2 1Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Finance, 06800, Ankara, Turkey 2Akdeniz University, Faculty of Engineering, Management Engineering Department, 07425,Alanya, Turkey E-mails: aab@hacettepe.edu.tr, muratalper@yahoo.com Abstract Poverty is one of the issues several industrialized and developing countries encounter in the world. No country is exempt from this problem and its consequences. The top list item of the agendas of both countries and international agencies is related to diminishing poverty. Before taking action against it, countries and agencies need to measure poverty based on collected data. It is a sophisticated issue having several dimensions. So far measuring it with available data has resulted with indicators which show some deficiencies. When poverty is considered, it is a linguistic term and has a vague concept as mentioned in the theory of fuzzy set. Therefore, a new approach is proposed in the literature to examine it in order to overcome those deficiencies mentioned when classic tools are employed. On the other hand, fuzzy set 117 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo theory is a mathematical tool used for linguistic calculations. For example, when said that income level is low. Actually everybody knows what it means. But what it means changes depending upon the perception of the person. Therefore, measuring low income is a problematic area. Fuzzy set theory enables practitioners to calculate those linguistic terms. In this study, the household data of Turkey of the year 2003 collected annually based on almost 25000 is used to calculate both classic poverty indicator(s) and fuzzy poverty indicator in order to compare those measures. In the end we will show that fuzzy poverty indicator can be comprehensive in some comparisons. Also, it provides more information in terms of understanding the concept of poverty Keywords: Poverty, fuzzy set, fuzzy index, Sustainable development 1. INTRODUCTION In the past few decades the measurement of poverty traditionally took place by determining whether an individual or a household could be classified as poor depending on whether their income or expenditure was above or below a specific value, the poverty line. In the measurement of poverty, after determining concrete poverty line the next step is to select available indices which shows the fraction in the total population, the intensity of poverty and the degree of inequality among the poor called such as respectively the head count, poverty gap and the severity of poverty index. Contrary to these classical approaches, there is a considerable and growing both theoretical and empirical, on the multi-dimensional measures of poverty. According to this approach poverty is a complex and vague phenomenon to separate the population poor and non poor. (Cerioli & Zani, 1990) criticized the vagueness concept of income and proposed a multi dimensional measure of poverty using fuzzy set theory to evaluate living conditions in Italian county. (Cheli & Lemmi, 1995) enhanced the fuzzy concept method, called Totally Fuzzy and Relative (TFR), by deriving deprivation indices directly from the distribution function. According to (Bantilan, Bantilan & Castro, 1992) the theory of fuzzy set provides a new approach to the use of traditional economic variables such as income or expenditure to derive new measures of poverty. Moreover the approach can readily make use of the extensive information contained in the set of standard of living indicators. (Miceli, 1998) assess living conditions in Switzerland following (Cerioli & Zani, 1990) multi dimensional fuzzy measure of poverty. In this paper, in the light of technique suggested by (Cerioli & Zani, 1990) and (Miceli, 1998), fuzzy index poverty is calculated for Turkey from the household survey conducted in 2003 (The State Institute of Statistic of The Republic of Turkey, Households Survey, 2003). Also, classic set theory, which is used in the calculation of regular poverty measures, is employed to calculate classic poverty measure to compare the fuzzy one with classic poverty measure. 2. Background Fuzzy set theory first was introduced by (Zadeh, 1965). Since then it has been widely employed in many disciplines where the data are imprecise. In the classic set theory, an 118 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo object is either a member of a set which is defined by sharp boundaries or not. This implies a certain membership. However, in the fuzzy set theory, an object is a member of a set with a degree of membership taking values from the interval [0 1]. In the classic set theory, an ordinary subset A of a set U is determined by its indicator function, or characteristic function defined by (1) The indicator function of a subset A of a set U specifies whether or not an element is in A. There are only two possible values the indicator function can take. However, in fuzzy set theory, any element belonging to a given fuzzy subset A of set U takes a value between 0 and 1 depending on its compatibility with this set. A fuzzy set A of set U is a set whose elements are ordered pairs which are shown as follows: (2) where x is a generic element of U and μ (x) is called the degree of membership of x in the fuzzy set A. Actually fuzzy set A of set U is a function from U → [0,1]. Also any fuzzy subset V is a function. In the fuzzy set terminology µ is called membership function with the defined domain which means that the function which will be defined according to some data or some linguistic term, for example poverty, is specified by the experts. For a fuzzy set : U → [0,1], the function A is called membership function. Instead of A, μ is used as a membership function throughout the paper. For a fuzzy concept, different functions A can be considered. The choice of the function A is subjective and context dependent. For example, “young” is a fuzzy concept and can be defined as follows: (3) where 40 and 25 are upper bound and lower bound respectively and x is generic term for the fuzzy set “young”. It is easily verified that this membership function can take various values between [0,1]depending on values of x . With this background information, poverty which is a fuzzy term can be modeled by fuzzy set theory. The classic approach draws a line called poverty line separating poor and non-poor. But this is not really helpful in differentiating the difference between a person or a household just above the poverty line and other person or household just below the poverty line in terms of understanding who is in fact poor or nonpoor. We are not saying that classic approaches are useless but they have deficiencies and fuzzy set theory might provide remedies for them. Instead of classic approaches, in this paper fuzzy index of poverty is employed for the data which are gathered by the Survey of Households conducted by The State Institute of Statistics of The Republic of Turkey in 2003. 119 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As mentioned in the related literature, poverty is a multidimensional structure and requires to combine different kinds of data. These data include continuous and categorical variables, which are dichotomic and polytomic. In searching one index measuring poverty, both categoric and continuous variables are generally employed and incorporated. This causes problems both in interpretation and calculation. 3. Fuzzy Index of Poverty Instead of classic approaches, in this paper fuzzy index of poverty is employed for the data which are gathered by the Survey of Households conducted by The State Institute of Statistics of The Republic of Turkey in 2003. Instead of making composite index which consists of both categoric and continuous indicators, only continuous variables are selected. In fuzzy set theory, fuzzifying is very useful means that help calculations much easier. The four variables, which are annual disposable income, food expenditures, cloth and footwear expenditures, and habitable area of the apartment, in this study are continuous. To calculate fuzzy index of poverty, the first step is to fuzzify variables. Half of the median of the distribution is set to minimum and twice the median of the distribution is set to maximum [4]. Half of the median as a minimum is used to calculate the relative poverty of income by World Bank [6]. Twice of median as maximum is used in the paper written by [4]. These lower and upper bounds are adopted for all the four fuzzy indicators due to the fact that 25000 households have many outlier cases and median is a robust statistic. The membership function used in calculating degree of poverty of households is given as follows: = (4) where i, j denote persons belonging to poor set (i= 1, 2,...,n) and indicators (j=1,...,k) respectively and max min u ,u denote twice median and half median values of the distribution respectively. In our study there are 25000 households and 4 indicators. Based on the membership function above, the persons between lower bound and upper bound are thought to be poor with different fuzzy grades in terms of four indicators. First indicator is calculated based on income variable, second one is for food expenditure variable; third one is for clothing and footwear expenditure variable and the final one is for habitable area variable. For example, 0.6 which is that the subscript of 23 denotes second person in the third indicator which means food expenditures with fuzzy grade 0.6. After calculating indicators, it is crucial to combine these indicators in a sensible way to obtain a single indicator that provides information about the deprivation of the households. In the literature, there are many proposed ways of combining indicators to obtain a single indicator measuring deprivation of households, for example, weights can be given by experts or some calculations are made based on the proportion of poor in the population in terms of the given indicator. Here the method used in [4] is employed to calculate the weights. The weights have to satisfy some conditions: 120 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo and (5) In order to find the weights used in the calculation of fuzzy poverty index, the formula below is employed. (6) where denotes the fuzzy proportion of the poor persons according to indicator Weights related to indicators are given in Table 2. Then the indicator that measures poverty can be calculated as follows: (7) The last step to obtain fuzzy index of poverty is to find a way of incorporating indicators. In the literature, fuzzy index of poverty is derived as follows: (8) However, this is the case when the samples for all indicators are equal. In our calculations samples are not equal size so each corresponding mean for the indicator is calculated then mean of the means are derived based on the formula in (8). 4. EMPIRICAL STUDY AND CONCLUSION In this paper fuzzy index of poverty is calculated for the data which are gathered by the Survey of Households conducted by The State Institute of Statistics of The Republic of Tukey in 2003. There exist issues in both calculation and interpretation when both categoric and continuous variables are taken into account in measuring poverty in a single indicator. Therefore only continuous variables are employed when calculating fuzzy index of poverty. Based on the calculations, all information is summarized in Table 1. 121 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1 Disposable Income 0.2219 Food Expenditure 0.2383 Clothe Expenditure 0.1219 Habitable Area 0.1843 FIP 0.1917 Table 2 Weights Disposable Income 0.32 Food Expenditure 0.35 Clothe Expenditure 0.14 Habitable Area 0.19 As seen from the membership function in (4), when the values get close to zero, it means that the personhas a membership grade close to zero is not considered poor in terms of the indicator. In this study the composite single index shows 0.1917 membership grade. If we examine each indicator carefully, food expenditure and disposable income indicators show relatively high membership grades, which denote deprivation of the households, when compared to cloth-footwear and habitable area indicators; especially cloth-footwear indicator is a surprising result. This can be explained by the fact that textile industry is the one of the most developed industry in Turkey and there is always excess supply which reduces prices. Also habitable area shows that despite of relatively poor conditions in poor houses; square meter area per person is wide. Although 25000 households are surveyed, available data for disposable income are 8421 households. This makes FPI reduce for disposable income. This might increase FIP. Also, we summarize the results obtained from the classic measure in Table 3. This work is the extension of the study conducted and presented in EUSFLAT-LFA 2005 in BarcelonaSpain. Table 3 Classic Poverty Measure Food Expenditure Poverty except food 0.2812 Relative Poverty 0.1551 REFERENCES 122 0.1290 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Bantilan, M.C.S, Bantilan F. T. and de Castro M. M., (1992). “Fuzzy Subset Theory in the Measurement of Poverty”, Journal of Philippine Development, Num: 34, Vol. XIX, pp 97127. Cerioli A., Zani S. (1990). “A Fuzzy Approach to the Measurement of Poverty”, Income and Wealth Distribution, Inequality and Poverty, in Dangum, C. and Zenga, M. (eds). Cheli, B., Lemmi, A. (1995). A Totally Fuzzy and Relative Approach to the Multi Dimensional analysis of Poverty, Economic Notes, vol 24, pp115- 134. Miceli, D., (1998). Measuring Poverty Using Fuzzy Sets, Discussion Paper no.38, NATSEM, University of Canberra. The State Institute of Statistic of The Republic of Turkey, Households Survey 2003. World Bank, “Development Reports”, Attacking poverty, World Bank 2000/2001 Washington, D.C. Zadeh A, Fuzzy sets, Information and Control 8 (1965) 338-353 The Importance Of Erp (Enterprise Resource Planning) Software And Choosing Criterias For Business Hakan Çetin1 ,Hakan Akar2 1Akdeniz Universiy, Faculty of Education Department of ComputerEducationandInstructionalTechnology 2Akdeniz University, Department of Informatics E-mails: hakanc@akdeniz.edu.tr, hakanakar@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract With the increase of competition and being used information technologies by business’ effectively, the software that organize flow of information and develop the interdivisional integration have increased. While this study is emphasizing the importance of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) software for business, reveals choosing criteria. In this study, firstly, for business ERP system’s basic features, modules and profits are discussed. In next parts, key considerations when choosing ERP software are emphasized and lastly discussed how to ERP system put out an approach for business. In consequence of the discussion, it is seen that Enterprise Resource Planning software for companies' internal control activities and interdepartmental integration is successful and necessary. Keywords: ERP, Information Technologies, Planning 123 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1160 Title A name given to the resource Comparison Study of Approaches to Measuring Poverty Implementing Fuzzy Set and Classic Set Using The Household Data of Turkey Author Author Alparslan , Abdurrahman Basaran Abstract A summary of the resource. Poverty is one of the issues several industrialized and developing countries encounter in the world. No country is exempt from this problem and its consequences. The top list item of the agendas of both countries and international agencies is related to diminishing poverty. Before taking action against it, countries and agencies need to measure poverty based on collected data. It is a sophisticated issue having several dimensions. So far measuring it with available data has resulted with indicators which show some deficiencies. When poverty is considered, it is a linguistic term and has a vague concept as mentioned in the theory of fuzzy set. Therefore, a new approach is proposed in the literature to examine it in order to overcome those deficiencies mentioned when classic tools are employed. On the other hand, fuzzy set theory is a mathematical tool used for linguistic calculations. For example, when said that income level is low. Actually everybody knows what it means. But what it means changes depending upon the perception of the person. Therefore, measuring low income is a problematic area. Fuzzy set theory enables practitioners to calculate those linguistic terms. In this study, the household data of Turkey of the year 2003 collected annually based on almost 25000 is used to calculate both classic poverty indicator(s) and fuzzy poverty indicator in order to compare those measures. In the end we will show that fuzzy poverty indicator can be comprehensive in some comparisons. Also, it provides more information in terms of understanding the concept of poverty Keywords: Poverty, fuzzy set, fuzzy index, Sustainable development Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c643b98c1f965c25953c6a7bef893643.pdf ba9de6edd3133b17a98b469ef34fcb46 PDF Text Text Biotechnology and Aquaculture in Sustainable Development Altunok Muhammet, Peker Zerife, Serezli Ramazan, Tekinay Ahmet Adem, Kizak Volkan Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Fisheries, Izmir, Turkey, Tunceli University, Faculty of Fisheries, Tunceli, Turkey, E-mails: muhammet.altunok@hotmail.de,zerifesude@hotmail.com,ramazan.serezli@hotmail.de, aatekinay@yahoo.com, volkan.kizak@tunceli.edu.tr Abstract Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector in the world with its increasing role for economy and safe food strategy of countries. Due to the continuing depletion of the fish stocks, farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants, is now a substantial global industry supplying a significant proportion of the aquatic products consumed. Shortage in food supply and high prices are the possible important risks in the future, and aquatic products are the valuable sources of protein and essential nutrient components for global food security and eliminating malnutrition. Aquaculture also plays an important role in rural economies through the creation of new employments. In these cases, aquaculture outputs will need to be enhanced several fold in order to meet the rising demands for fish and other aquatic products in coming years. Biotechnology options seem to be good potential for increasing aquacultural productivity, food security and environmental quality worldwide. Biotechnology is offering valuable options such as protein expression, microsatellite, gene mapping and genomic, DNA vaccines, DNA chips, proteomics, transgenic technology and embryonic stem cell technology. This technology provides genetic manipulations, molecular cloning, embryo manipulation, genetically-engineered diagnostics, immunoprophylactic agents. All of these applications could help improve the selective breeding, hybridization, productivity, health, growth, nutrition, cryopreservation and conservation of genetic resources in aquacultural stocks for the benefit of mankind. However, there is need for the regulation of biotechnology activities in terms of the potential adverse impacts on the environment and human health. There is also increasing concern about the impact of biotechnology on sustainable development in various fields. The main environmental safety issue of these applications is the effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on biodiversity and gene transfer in the environment. Therefore, this review discussed the integration of biotechnology and biosafety in aquaculture, and policies for the environmentally sound use and management of aquacultural biotechnology in sustainable development. Keywords: Biotechnology, Aquaculture, Sustainable Development, Food security, Public health 182 �1.INTRODUCTION Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants under controlled conditions. Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector in the world with its increasing role in the economic development and safe food strategy of countries. Recently aquaculture sector is faced with several challenges such as low productivity, low diversification of species, high competition in the market and environmental impacts that have resulted from the intensification and global development of aquaculture industry. Seasonal fluctuations in environmental conditions and in the supply of resources with good quality and stable costs such as feeds are also prevalent. Biotechnology is one tool that holds much promise towards addressing these aquacultural problems. The relatively new tools of biotechnology offer significant opportunities to improve aquacultural productivity and environmental quality worldwide. Today biotechnology has developed creative new methods to detect the gene liable for specific characteristics, such as disease resistance, nutrient composition, and insert them into another fish or aquatic organism (Fletcher et al., 2011). Biotechnology offers tremendous potential for improving production and it provides opportunities to reduce the need for additives in feeds and the use of chemicals (e.g. hormones). Advanced biotechnology in feed are rapidly evolving and promise to improve the composition, digestibility and bio-availability of feed towards high growth rate (Brinker and Reiter, 2011). All of these contribute to increase the intensity and produce more products at less economic and environmental cost, thereby helping to build global food security and more sustainable and environmentally friendly farming. Aquacultural biotechnology could generally be separated into techniques; biochemical and molecular markers, protein expression technology, microsatellite, RFLP and QTL analysis and applications (gene mapping, gene cloning, transgenesis, population genetics, chromosome (ploidy) manipulation, gynogenesis, androgenesis, sex reversal, proteomics, DNA chips technology and embryonic stem cell technology. Protein expression technology allows producing many bioactive molecules such as hormones, gonadotropins and enzymes. DNA fingerprinting and mapping technologies are principally used in stock idenfication, breeding selection and identification of genetic markers for significant traits such as growth enhancement and disease resistance in the genome (Hew and Fletcher, 2001). This technology is more effective and faster than traditional breeding techniques to develop new strains. 2.Sustainable development of aquaculture According to the current trends in food sectors, wild fisheries, natural stocks and demand for aquaculture products, it is awaited that aquaculture will become a major driving force to increase food production worldwide. Products from aquaculture will need to be increased several fold in order to meet the rising demands for fish and other aquatic foods in coming years (Figure 1). It was recently estimated that aquaculture provides about 50% of all the fish consumed by human today (FAO, 2010). On the other hand, the aquaculture industry will have to double its food produce with less land and water in the next decades, mainly because of growing pressures from urbanisation, industrialisation and climate change. Moreover, water scarcity that results in competition for water amongst local people, farmers and industry, is raising the potential for conflict. 183 �Figure 1. Projected supply of food fish originating from aquaculture and capture fisheries; based on assumed constant capture fisheries production, constant production of fish meal, constant demand for food fish and projected population increases. The line at 2015 represents the point where the food fish supply from aquaculture is projected to equal that from capture fisheries.(FAO, 2007): The intensification of aquaculture has led to concerns attached to environmental impacts, food safety, animal health and welfare, and socio-economic issues (Subasinghe et al., 2009). All of these factors influence the sustainability in development of current aquaculture system. As a principle for the sustainable development of aquaculture, it can be said that as the improvement of economic productivity for aquaculture is necessary and this must be environmentally acceptable. Therefore, the ecosystem where the aquaculture operation takes place has to be identified to control unwanted interactions. The identifying process includes a wide range of topics relevant to ecological equilibrium and biodiversity conservation. Hence, environmental acceptability is the most difficult component of the sustainable development. In addition to this, as an indicator, economic viability and improving the economic performance of the aquaculture practices are also critical to achieve the improvements in aquaculture efficiency and to meet the world's increasing demand for aquatic food. General trends in development of the aquaculture sector are the following (Subasinghe, 2007): (a) continuing intensification of aquaculture production; (b) continuing diversification of species use; (c) continuing diversification of production systems and practices; (d) increasing influence of markets, trade and consumers; (e) enhancing regulation and improving governance of the sector and (f ) increasing attention on better management of the sector. Aquaculture production increases but there is a question remains whether the industry grows in a sustainable manner and fast enough to meet the future projected demand while preserving the natural resources. To cope with this global uncertainity, biotechnology plays a key role in the sustainable development of aquaculture includes economic and social development as well as environmental protection throughout the world. Application of biotechnology to production 184 �of aquatic species has great potential to improve aquaculture and to meet demand for aquatic foods. Along with increasing production of aquatic food products, biological techniques should be applied to increase productivity and improve product quality. In parallel, there are several potential key contributions of biotechnology both to increase resistance against diseases and to increase growth rates of aquatic species. Biotechnology contributes to sustainable aquaculture by reducing the dependence on chemicals, particularly antibiotics, through the deployment of genes conferring resistance to diseases. Biotechnology also provides powerful tools for the enhancement and protection of wild and cultured aquatic species, particularly the improvement of fish stocks in commercial aquaculture production. Also, biotechnology allows the production of species in more quantities on the same area (intensification) at a lower cost, the support biodiversity and vital ecosystems, and the reduction of environmentally damaging aquacultural practices. 3.Aquacultural biotechnology Biotechnology has potential to affect aquaculture and can provide at least a partial solution to the problem of feeding the world‘s growing population because without dramatic increases in production this cannot be achieved. Exploiting more resources such as more water, fish for meal and oil, and heavy use of chemicals for aquacultural use is environmentally unsustainable. Modern biotechnology has also opened up opportunities to increase production and enhance the quality of fresh and processed farmed species. In addition, farmed species are now being developed to resist disease, and this will reduce losses and allows increased production on same area, and therefore bring possible benefits to rural areas. Finally biotechnology can contribute significantly to aquaculture industry, for example by helping to make more diversification in farmed species that will more attractive to consumers. Modern biotechnology will be a useful for the genetic improvement of aquacultured species and the protection and management of wild aquatic populations. 4.Genetically modified species (Transgenics) Recently, aquaculture sector is growing and developing in biotechonogy advance for genetic improvements in aquatic species. As a main application of modern biotechnology transgenics are new varieties of species have been bred by cross of two strains in order to transfer desirable traits from each into the new variety to improve the genetic traits of the species used in aquaculture. Transgenics involves the selective transfer of one or more genes for desired traits from one variety to another. These traits may include improvement of growth rates, larger size, more efficient feed convertion into muscle and control of sexuel maturation (Elzaeems, 2004). growth hormone genes from human or animal sources was successfully introduced into several fish species such as salmon, trout and tilapia, resulted several times faster growth than their natural counterparts. This is a faster and more accurate method of breeding new varieties. If desired traits cannot be achieved by traditional breeding, the transfer of genes between species also is possible. For exemple, better tolerance to environmental stresses and increasing of resistance to extreme environments are important applications to establish unique characteristics and produce a valuable biological product such as antifreeze protein gene (AFP) transfer in fish for adaptation to a freezing environment (Hew at al., 1992). In this regard, one more constraints should be the potential impacts of climate change on aquaculture. Biotechnology responsible for the practical response to climate change and can help to strengthen the adaptive capacity and resilience of the sector. Tolerant of low oxygen levels in the water is a desirable genetic trait that can also be 185 �developed in the aquatic organisms by using different transgenic techniques. Intensification and sustainable development of aquaculture will rely on disease prevention, and therefore, biotechnology is essential way for greater resistance to pathogens and improvement of farmed species health through selection for disease resistance (El-Zaeem and Aseem, 2004). Also, by using this technique disease transfer between cultured and wild populations can be reduced. New products and market opportunities can be developed related to aquatic species welfare. There are two main techniques to transfer genetic material in fish. These are micro-injection (injection of genetic material into newly fertilized fish eggs) and electroporation (transferring of DNA into embryos or directly into tissues through the use of an electrical current). RISK: However recent concerns about genetically modified species and food products derived from them may curtail their widespread use. GMOs have not gained worldwide acceptance. At this point, there is not enough independent scientific research to introduce their potential risks to human health. Horizontal gene transfer from genetically modified plants to microorganisms was shown in a previous study that genes from a transgenic crop move quickly into weedy population (Snow at all., 1999). Questions concerning the transfer of allergenic proteins and potential ecological impact of virus-resistant transgenic plants have been also raised (Tepfer, 2002). Transgenic fish is offered new species for aquaculture development but any escapes into the environment can threat wild populations and biodiversity8. 5.Hybridization Hybridization is a simple genetic technology that is the most practical way is the crosses in captivity of males of one species and females of the other. Inter-specific hybridisation have been practiced for aquaculture to increase growth rate, transfer or combine desirable traits of two species and increase resistance to culture conditions. Hybridization also produces monosex populations for the advantage of sexual dimorphism when the sex-determining mechanisms in the parental lines are different such as hybridisation of tilapias. It is also preferred for stocking programmes to reduce unwanted reproduction through production of sterile fish or mono-sex populations and increase environmental tolerances. It is widely practiced with many fish species throughout the world such as hybrid striped bass in the USA, hybrid clarid catfish in Thailand and salmonids in general. This helps diversification and to ensure a steady and consistent supply of fish to the market. The development of artificial breeding techniques and the improvements in reproductive technologies allows more domestication of aquatic species and mating many of them through artificial fertilization after hand striping eggs and milt from fish. In marine fish culture, sterile hybrid fish should be usefull because of the environmental concern (unwanted reproduction). Despite its widespread use, hybridization has still to cope with some problems depend on the genetic structure of the parents, particularly in the context of unexpected and undesirable results in hybrid progeny, such as failure to produce sterile fish, loss of color pattern, and reduced viability. RISK: Hybridization does represent a genetic modification wherein genes are moved between different species. Thus, escaped hybrids may be aquaculture industry's biggest environmental challenges regarding to the genetic resources and biodiversity. 6.Hormonal applications Biotechnological tools can be applied to induce breeding of fish and early development of aquatic species. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is the most used now in the induced breeding of fish and marked commercially throughout the world (Alok et al., 2000). 186 �Hormonal stimulation allows year-round production of gametes and fry of economically valuable species. Domestication of species for aquaculture is necessary and the number of domesticated aquatic species is still rising rapidly. Hormone therapy is applied to improve and control of reproductive cycles during the domestication. Similarly, this tool may provide techniques for improving the reproductive success and survival of endangered species, thereby helping to preserve the biodiversity in wild. Higher growth of species in aquaculture sector is one of the main goals for farmers, and therefore various types of growth hormone is applyed in fish and other aquatic animals. Hormone treatment also includes inducing sterility and triploidy. RISK: Hormones are issues of great public concern because they pose a serious threat to human and environment. The significance of these substances for the environment and human health is not yet fully understood but they accumulate in environment and play important role on sexsual dimorphism, fertility and toxicity in ecosystem. 7.Chromosome set manipulation Chromosome manipulations have been applied extensively in the improvement of fish breeding for gonadal sterilization, sex control and clonation. It is important practical way in cultured fish species to induce polyploidy and uniparental chromosome inheritance. There are two types of uniparental inheritance: gynogenesis that is the process of development with maternal inheritance and androgenesis that is paternal. Poliploidy used to induce triploids to produce sterile progenies. Induction of tetraploidy provides sterile triploids through interploidy crosses between tetraploids and diploids. The technique also can be used to generate homozygous lines in fish such as tilapias, cyprinids and salmonids. 8.Cryopreservation Cryopreservation is a process where biological material is long-term preserved by cooling to low temperatures usually at −196 °C in liquid nitrogen. As any physiological activities and biochemical reactions is tranquilized and effectively stopped at these low temperatures, therefore making it possible to keep them viable for long period. Cryoprotectant solutions are used in the process to prevent preserved cells from damage due to freezing during the cooling and thawing process. The development of cryopreservation technology provides short and long term storage of gametes, and thus the technology has been adapted to cryopreservation of fish spermatozoa. Application of the method to aquaculture increases the flexibility in breeding of species; specificly if the sexes mature at different times (in hybridization) or spawning season is very short. Cryopreservation overcomes problems of low amount of semen from males in photoperiod treatment. The resulting benefits could include year-round production of gametes and creation of new markets (cryopreservation of genetically improved or phenotypic sperm). Gene banking of cultivated and wild aquatic organisms is also essential and the technique may help to conserve genetic resources and biodiversity. 9.Aquatic species health and vaccines Disease has become a primary constraint to sustainable aquaculture production and improvements in aquatic animal health are coming from modern biotechnology. Biotechnological tools such as gene probes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has showed great potential in this area. Genetically engineered (DNA) vaccines are also being developed to protect fish against pathogens and are expected to replace other methods of vaccine 187 �production. In general, DNA vaccines contain only genes of the pathogen, which produce the antigen whereas conventional vaccines are made from live, weakened or killed pathogen. The cost of this technique is low compared to producing weakened live organisms and these vaccines more stable at normal temperatures. Previous studies showed that the non specific defense system can be stimulated using microbials such as lipopoliysacharides, peptidoglycans or glucans (Soltanian at al., 2009). This technology has been adopted for aquaculture to improve the health and well being of cultivated aquatic organisms. The development of new vaccines help the organisms recognize and fight diseases causing losses to millions of dollars annually throughout the world. It also prevents the using chemicals in aqauaculture, means preventing chemical pollution in environment and potential hazardaous effects to human health. RISK: However, genetically modified vaccines carry significant unpredictability and a number of inherent harmful potentials and hazards such as potential risks about the vaccine DNA to invade the host‘s genome and possibly trigger genes relating to tumour development. Effects of these vaccines on the non-targeted species, possible genetic recombinations with naturally occurring relatives and hybrid virus progenies are other unpredictable options. There is, therefore, a great deal of caution surrounding the development of DNA vaccines at this time. Feed production Nutrition is essential in maintaing a healthy stock in a sustainable and profitable aquaculture and still in the developing stage. As feed costs rise and markets become more competitive, biotechnological aplications are currently being used in the feed sources and the improvement of the feed composition. In the farming of aquatic species fish meal is the most common protein source in diets. However, wild fish stocks are declining and the available fish resources will not be enough to meet the increasing demand for fish meal and fish oil. Therefore, there are environmental concerns regarding fish feed such as conservation of wild stocks and waste dischargers into the water due to excess phosphorus in diets causing eutrophication. These are main limiting factors regarding to feed in sustainable development of aquaculture, thus biotechnology are used to produce alternative plant based protein sources because plants contain anti-nutritional compounds and requires processing to improve its quality. In this regard, biotechnology allows the producing feed enzymes that help to improve the utilization of plant-protein based feed by aquatic species. As another environmental concern regarding the problem of phosphorus pollution, modern biotechnology is working on the development of low environmental-loading feed. 10.CONCLUSION Aquacultural biotechnology is now evolving very rapidly and making a significant contribution to the development of sector. In general, the technology promises immense gains in food security, economic issues and environmental protection. Efforts are directed to: the improvement of fish feed quality; genetic engineering in order to improve the protein value of fishes; the reproduction of species; disease diagnoses; hybridization technology 188 �genetic engineering for the production of vaccines. the treatment of pollutants generated by aquaculture. All of these factors influence the sustainability of an aquaculture system and may play fundamental role in future aquacultural development policies. Improved productivity and the resulting increase in production would benefit the rural poor by providing more food, poverty reduction and through improved employment opportunities. Advances in biotechnology applied to aquaculture can be useful in understanding waste treatment and reducing pollution risks. To eliminate uncertainties and vulnerabilities in the risks, governmental support is the essential element in enhancing aquaculture development without any environmental impact. Thus, sustainable biotechnological applications in aquaculture have to be identified and developed according to the risk assessments of the product and method. There are some principles that aquacultural biotechnology must adhere to in order to be sustainable, namely; environmentally acceptable in terms of methods, improved species and discharges. safety for human health large scale and heavy restrictions for non-native and geneticly modified species (farming in land-based tanks) supporting the long-term economic and social well-being of local communities ensuring a strong healthy and welfare for farmed species economically feasable and sustainable more investment for biotechnology industry. achieving a sustainable feed resources promoting good menagment involving human resource development regulations of the modifications Biotechnology is almost becoming an industry but still there is no any knowledge what the impacts will be. Moreover, biotechnology has raised important ethical and morality issues which need to be carefully addressed before its application to aquaculture. Therefore, to ensure maximum social benefit at minimal risk is high on the policy agenda of the countries In addition development of biotechnology will need to be shared among diferent disciplines and stakeholders. In this regard, educating of decision-makers in food safety and biotechnology regulation will be also very important. In conclusion biotechnology is important key for aquaculture, but it might still be too early to judge the future impact of biotechnology on its sustainable development. REFERENCES Alok D., Talwar G.P., Garg L.C. 2000. In vivo activity of salmon gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), its agonists with structural modifications at positions 6 and 9, mammalian GnRH agonists and native cGnRH-II on the spawning of an Indian catfish. Aquaculture International 7, 383-392. Brinker, A., Reiter, R. 2011. Fish meal replacement by plant protein substitution and guar gum addition in trout feed, Part I: effects on feed utilization and fish quality. Aquaculture 310:350-360. 189 �El-zaeems, S.Y. 2004. Alteration of the productive performance characteristics of Orechromis niloticus and Tilapia Zillii under the effect of foreign DNA injection. Egypt J. Aquat. Boil. Fish. 8(1): 261-278. El-Zaeem, S.Y., Aseem, S.S. 2004. Application of biotechnology in fish breeding: 1 – production of highly immune genetically modified Nile, tilapia Orechromis niloticus with accelerated growth by direct injection of Shark FAO. 2007. The role of aquaculture in sustainable development. Thirty-fourth Session. 17-24 November 2007, C 2007/INF/16 Rome. FAO. 10 pp. FAO. 2010. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome. 197 pp. Fletcher, G. L., Hobbs, R. S., Evans, R. P., Shears, M. A., Hahn, A. L., Hew, C. L. 2011. Lysozyme transgenic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture Research, 42: 427–440. Hew CL, Davies PL, Fletcher G. 1992. Antifreeze protein gene transfer in Atlantic salmon. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 1(4-5):309-17. Hew, C.L., Fletcher, G.L. 2001. The role of aquatic biotechnology in aquaculture. Aquaculture 197, 191-204. Snow, A.A, Andersen, B, Jørgensen, R. 1999. Costs of transgenic herbicide resistance introgressed from Brassica napus into weedy B. rapa. Molecular Ecology 8:605–615. Soltanian, S., Stuyven, E., Cox, E., Sorgeloos, P., Bossier, P. 2009. Beta-glucans as immunostimulant in vertebrates and invertebrates. Critical Reviews in Microbiology , 35: 109–138. Subasinghe, R.P. 2007. Aquaculture: Status and Prospects. In ―Role of Aquaculture in Sustainable Development. FAO Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Rome, Italy. Subasinghe, R., Soto, D., Jia, J. 2009. Global aquaculture and its role in sustainable development. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1: 2–9. Tepfer, M. 2002. Risk assessment of virus-resistant transgenic plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 40, 467-491. Environmental Impact of Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) and Fishways Mehmet Kocabaş1, Nadir Başçinar2, Filiz Kutluyer3, Önder Aksu3 1 Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Wildlife Ecology & Management, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey 2Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, 61530, Trabzon, Turkey 3Tunceli University, Fisheries Faculty, 62000, Tunceli Abstract Hydroelectric power plants (HPP), which are not cause environment pollution relatively and renewable, inexpensive, has increased importance. However, there are positive and negative impacts on the ecological balance of these systems. One of the main environmental impact of hydropower development is related to fish passage both upstream and downstream. 190 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1243 Title A name given to the resource Biotechnology and Aquaculture in Sustainable Development Author Author Altunok , Muhammet Abstract A summary of the resource. Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector in the world with its increasing role for economy and safe food strategy of countries. Due to the continuing depletion of the fish stocks, farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants, is now a substantial global industry supplying a significant proportion of the aquatic products consumed. Shortage in food supply and high prices are the possible important risks in the future, and aquatic products are the valuable sources of protein and essential nutrient components for global food security and eliminating malnutrition. Aquaculture also plays an important role in rural economies through the creation of new employments. In these cases, aquaculture outputs will need to be enhanced several fold in order to meet the rising demands for fish and other aquatic products in coming years. Biotechnology options seem to be good potential for increasing aquacultural productivity, food security and environmental quality worldwide. Biotechnology is offering valuable options such as protein expression, microsatellite, gene mapping and genomic, DNA vaccines, DNA chips, proteomics, transgenic technology and embryonic stem cell technology. This technology provides genetic manipulations, molecular cloning, embryo manipulation, genetically-engineered diagnostics, immunoprophylactic agents. All of these applications could help improve the selective breeding, hybridization, productivity, health, growth, nutrition, cryopreservation and conservation of genetic resources in aquacultural stocks for the benefit of mankind. However, there is need for the regulation of biotechnology activities in terms of the potential adverse impacts on the environment and human health. There is also increasing concern about the impact of biotechnology on sustainable development in various fields. The main environmental safety issue of these applications is the effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on biodiversity and gene transfer in the environment. Therefore, this review discussed the integration of biotechnology and biosafety in aquaculture, and policies for the environmentally sound use and management of aquacultural biotechnology in sustainable development. Keywords: Biotechnology, Aquaculture, Sustainable Development, Food security, Public health Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8e386699bb96dd22a3ffdea8a4e9fe3f.pdf 26eb6b708c90f9c1cbb64e31e32c85cc PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo practice contributes to the greater transparency of business, better supervision of the company, and therefore its better reputation. For the aim of further promotion of corporate governance, special care should be taken of the greater promotion of good corporate governance practice, greater protection of the interests of minor shareholders, strengthening the role of the supervisory board, greater compliance of entity laws, as well as greater transparency in company's business transactions. In the past years, corporate governance gained more importance, and many studies have shown that the application of good corporate governance practices leads to the greater value of the company and a smaller risk of financing. REFERENCES Ana Bobirca, and Paul-Gabriel Miclaus (2007), Extensiveness and Effectiveness of Corporate, Governance Regulations in South-Eastern Europe. Corporate Governance Country Assessment, Bosnia and Herzegovina, June 2006 , http://www.worldbank.org/ifa/rosc_cg_bih_eng.pdf. Corporate Governance in FBiH – the results of research in 2011., SEE Business Solution d.o.o. Sarajevo , http://conference.capitalmarket.ba/6/prezentacije/Sanja%20Jokic.pdf Corporate Governance Codex SASE ( 2009. ), http:/www.sase.ba and Standards of Corporate Governance BLSE ( 2011 ) http://www.blberza.com Corporate Governance, News in international standards, legislation and practice in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2008 ), Revicon. Dr. Hubertus G. Tschopp ( 2002 ), Corporate governance, The Key to Success of Failure, Boardroom, Magazine of Corporate Governance, Leadership and Quality of Life. Mc Kinsey ( 2000 ), Global investor Opinion Survey on corporate Governance. OECD Principles of corporate governance ( 2001 Edition ). Robert W. McGee ( 2008 ), Corporate Governance in Transition Economies, Springer. White paper on Corporate Governance in South East Europe (2003.), OECD 2003 www.stabilitypackt.org Economic Diplomacy and Business Negotiation- managerial approach Amra Nušinović, Erkan İlgun International Burch University, Faculty of Management, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mail: amra.nus@gmail.com Abstract Economic Diplomacy explains how states conduct their external economic relations in the 21st century: how they make decisions domestically; how they negotiate internationally; and 284 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo how these processes interact. Economic diplomacy in the global environment has become essential for all countries. The contemporary world is painted with constant changes, where the key of economic success lies in their ability to understand and a good adjustment to the new business environment. This newly created environment is nothing more than globalization. If we bear in mind that the global economy is characterized by high levels of competitiveness, the question is how the economic operators of small countries, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, can gain market share and how they can achieve competitive advantage. Research shows that a very important role may be played by effectiveness and efficiency of diplomacy, or more precisely its economic component, relatively economic diplomacy. It is a fact that highly-educated and motivated diplomacy is indispensable to every nation which ties its economic prosperity to constant and fruitful exchange on the world market, to the free circulation of people, goods, and capital, and to its successful economic performance in the world. In today's world of global world economy, it is especially necessary. Negotiation is constantly present in our lives, and according to some, it represents one of the skills necessary for survival. Regardless if the aim of the negotiation is victory over an opponent, compromise, or the development of good mutual international relations, a manager must know competitive tactics to be able to achieve the best negotiation results. Possession of negotiation skills is crucial in the interaction of the manager with the employees, the head manager, or with stockholders outside of the company. Business negotiation is the very essence of diplomacy, that is its basic activity. Diplomacy and negotiation are terms which always appear together. Keywords: Economic diplomacy, global economy, business negotiation, global environment, international relations, Economic diplomacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1. The Term and Significance of Economic Diplomacy Economic diplomacy is a specific combination of classic diplomacy, economic sciences, and managerial sciences, methods and techniques for negotiation with foreign partners, public relations, and collecting economic information of interest for the economy of one's country or company, in the aim of penetration onto the world market. Economic-diplomatic and diplomatic action do not have magical powers, nor can they resolve inner structural problems of the economy and the country. They must be in service of economic and political recuperation and the country's stabilization, as well as its successful representation and penetration in the world. Therefore, they do not only follow but they assist the economic development of the country, its performance in foreign policy and foreign economy in the world. From the Renaissance up to today, economic issues has been one of the narrowest tasks of diplomacy, parallel to politics. The term Economic Diplomacy is of a relatively new date and is rooted in the French language- la diplomatie economique. Economic Diplomacy can be looked at from two perspectives. One is Economic Diplomacy in the larger sense, and it is more comprehensive and relevant to all the subjects of a society who participate in strengthening the economic competitiveness of a nation with diplomatic methods; the second definition of Economic Diplomacy in the narrow sense concerns the exclusive activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the defense of the economic interests of its country. Economic diplomacy promotes national economic interest and business in other countries. It is associated with trade, business, market, and investment promoted through political diplomacy. Economic diplomacy depicts how states conduct their economic relations 285 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo with other countries by using political influence and promoting trade and investment to find a market for its products and services. We will state some of the interesting and up-to-date definitions of Economic Diplomacy: „Economic Diplomacy represents a type of government service to the economy or the business sector of a country, whose main goal is the achievement and development of socioeconomic benefits out of international business activity.“ „Economic Diplomacy incorporates within itself negotiation skills, followed by the process of collecting information of interest for the economy of the country it is representing. Subsequently, economic diplomacy lobbies with the goal of positioning economy in the foreign market on the one hand, as well as with the goal of protection of the economy of its own country on the other.“ „Economic diplomacy represents a specific combination of diplomacy in the classical sense of the word, as well as economic sciences and management, whose main goal is to create, sustain, and develop a positive environment for multilateral and bilateral economic cooperation.“34 Economic diplomacy is functional at three levels: bilateral, regional, and multilateral. Bilateral economic diplomacy plays a major role in economic relations. It includes bilateral trade and treaty; agreements on investment; employment or avoidance of double taxation; and range of formal and informal economic issues between two countries. Bilateral Free Trade Agreements have been the order of the day, and are being implemented by many countries around the world. Regional cooperation is of growing importance in economic diplomacy. National interest and economic liberalization is easily accepted when it is confined to a particular region. The opening of borders and markets becomes easier within a regional framework. Multilateral economic diplomacy takes place within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and UN agencies. When speaking of human potential in economic diplomacy, a representation is not possible without the help of managerial concepts. The term that is increasingly being used in management is the so-called „human ware“, that is, the element in an organization which is becoming more and more appreciated on the market (intangible assets). It is worth nothing that economic diplomacy represents a type of multicultural management, that is, it is made up of people from various cultural value systems, which have to form a complete team, which also represents one of the most frequent problems for all those who work in international business. The differences in size and economic strength of a country, the differences of the political and economic systems, the various characteristics and systems of market regulation influence the fact that countries also develop differing concepts of economic diplomacy. Economic diplomacy is faced with very complex standards which regulate the organizations responsible for economic policies such as for example, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), or the Organization for Economic Collaboration and Development (OECD). 2. The role of diplomacy in a country's economic development 34 Mile Sadžak, (2008).Synopsis, Sarajevo. Economic Diplomacy- managerial approach 286 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The role of economic diplomacy is becoming more significant, in international business, as well as in the process of economic universilization and the need for export-oriented companies. Economic diplomacy has great influence on the economic development of a country. Researching economic diplomacy imposes the need to consider its role in the development and promotion of a country's economy. It is necessary to establish the relationship of: national business- state administration – economic diplomacy. The basic task of the state administration is to establish relations between the business subjects of its country with economic diplomacy and its representatives, which represent their country abroad. Economic diplomacy is dealing with a new concept of international economic collaboration, but also with the connection between economic diplomacy and business. Therefore, it has common ground in the fields of foreign trade, finances, industrial relations, negotiations and contracts in politics, as well as in business. Economic and diplomatic actions must be in the service of the state, as well as its successful representation and penetration into the world markets. With the globalization of world economy and international politics, the interest of certain economies in being promoted abroad and earning greater participation in the world market and a share in the realized profits, becomes the state interest of their countries. Today, an economic representative is an economic observer of economic developments on the world market in the country he/she is sent to. In daily communication with skilled economic diplomats of interested countries, they expect information and guarantees that all conditions and full security for their investment are provided. In economic life, aside from all other factors, economic diplomacy helps with quality information and advice on current trends, scope, types, and quality of similar or sought-for products of competitor-companies and countries, analyses of the needs and saturation of foreign markets, acceptable prices and deadlines, all the way to the designs or product samples of competitor companies. It is a fact that a rational and thought-out concept of the economic representation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the world still does not exist, one that complies with the needs and abilities of our economy. 3. Economic diplomacy and business negotiation Business negotiation is the very essence of diplomacy. It is a skill which a diplomat must possess if he/she wishes to successfully fulfill his/her mission. Diplomacy and negotiation are two terms which always go together. This is also pointed out by Berridge: „diplomacy is the leading of international relations more by negotiation than by force, propaganda or the application of rights“or Kovačević who states that negotiation is the way in which diplomatic activities are achieved and represents the core of diplomacy.35 The interesting aspect is how a diplomat enters into the challenges of modern times. Domestic companies can lose a great part of their money if an investment is brought into question because a manager does not understand or has missed the chance to acquaint him/herself with the latent political opposition which is key to the realization of the investment or the export of products, while the country can lose great amounts of money on the international market because its trade negotiators do not understand the need for a political conflict to be resolved in mutual negotiations. An economic diplomatist is responsible for representing the interests of his/her country in his/her work; so consequently, the result of the  Assistant Prof.; Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences (İİBF), Department of Public Administration. 287 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo negotiation has great influence on the entire economic development. Due to this, the skill of negotiation is one of the most important priorities, and with the strengthening of the negotiating power itself, it becomes of particular importance. Cultural differences play a significant role in international business negotiations. Ignorance of the behavior, needs, and customs of a different environment can represent problems in negotiations, as well as be negatively reflected on the relationships between the negotiators, as well as the countries. Taking into account cultural differences means a certain level of tolerance and understanding. For most negotiations, the rule that „nothing is agreed upon until everything is agreed upon“ applies, which means that any provision of the agreement is subject to change until the parties approbate it completely. However, international agreements and contracts enter into force by way of ratification by a state organ, which is usually parliament. Fulfilling the contract and agreement affects the credibility and mutual trust between negotiators. A once violated or canceled agreement can permanently hinder relations between the countries. Failure to fulfill the agreement negatively affects the country's image itself, and this can also negatively reflect on its economy. Of course, it is in every country's interest to have the contract and agreement fulfilled by the other party. Economic diplomacy should play a major role in this business. Therefore, an economic diplomat must be aware of all the contractual relationships between his/her country and the host country, as well as their essence in order to be able to react on time, but also to mediate in contentious situations in order to prevent eventual unwanted consequences. International business negotiations are extremely complex activities. For their successful execution, it is necessary that every country in the best and most efficient way changes and prepares its resources. Naturally, developed countries have great advantage here. The question arises of how small countries and developing countries can be equal partners in negotiations with developed countries. Experience indicates more and more that even developing countries can have a large and important influence in international negotiations, insofar as they have the correct procedure. In order for developing countries to strengthen their negotiation positions in international frameworks, it is necessary for them to provide maximum attention to the elimination of causes for their deficiencies. 4. Economic diplomacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina Economic diplomacy is a very powerful term in the world, while it is still an unknown one in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Developing economic diplomacy for the government in B&H is still not on the list of priorities. Our country does not have a developed web of representatives in potential markets, which would additionally encourage the broadening of economic cooperation of B&H firms in these areas. The extremely unfavorable economic situation in which our country finds itself in forces upon it the need to speed up integrative processes, in order to, in conditions of heightened interdependence with highly-developed countries, achieve a more powerful speeding-up of development, and above all in the economic sphere. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in transition with a difficult heritage of war which burdens both the transition process as well as the process of economic development, and it has an almost non-existent economic diplomacy. The diplomacy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is very weak, bureaucratic, and insufficiently equipped to support our economy. The export our country achieves, and which is not on a satisfactory level, best tells us how much the economy is suffering due to not establishing economic diplomacy. According to the opinion of Mr. Sven Alkalay, the minister of foreign affairs in B&H, the markets of Libya, Turkey, the countries of the Middle East, but also Germany, Italy, and Austria, should be better treated and we should significantly activate ourselves towards them. These are the countries in which pre-war B&H was extremely esteemed for its quality. There are many chances for export in 288 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo these countries, receiving significant jobs, but also potential investors who would invest in B&H, its economy and development. Economic diplomacy is the best way to give information about our potential, our possibilities, products, and services. There are countless possibilities opening up for B&H companies, those which would with the adequate diplomatic engagement, lead to business success, and one of them is the placement of certified „halal“ products, which are increasingly sought in EU countries, as well as better promotion of the natural and touristic beauties of B&H in the world. The export achieved by B&H, which is not at a satisfactory level, best tells of the way the economy is suffering due to not establishing economic diplomacy, and it is problematic also that 95% of export is achieved on the markets of ten to twelve countries, ignoring the enormous markets such as Russia or the Arab countries. Our products have little or no participation in these markets, while it is exactly these countries that are the area we need to look for our chance in. Faced with a new market environment and new market rules, the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina finds itself in a very difficult and unenviable position. Technological obsolescence, non-existence of political consensus, non-existence of clear economic and political goals result in the difficult and unfavorable economic position of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the international economic scene. The wish of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the development of international economic collaboration enforces the need for intensifying economic and diplomatic activities, whose goal is the protection of national economic interests. Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have its own economic representatives in the world. 5. Conclusion- Economic diplomacy as the future of diplomacy It can be said that economic diplomacy is the future of diplomacy because in the circumstances of the globalization of the world economy, it has become the basic source for penetration onto world markets. It is a fact that highly-educated and motivated diplomacy is necessary for every nation which connects its economic growth to the constant exchange on the world market, the free movement of people, goods, and capital, its successful economic performance in the world. None of us can live and produce on our own all that is necessary for the normal functioning of the economy and satisfying the needs of the citizens. The main function of economic diplomacy is the protection of national interests in international economic relations. On the other hand, we are facing a world economic crisis which, aside from everything, is heavily burdening international relations and having an important effect on the profiling of current economic diplomacy. Considering that the basic goal of economic diplomacy is to stimulate economic exchange between countries, it is clear that it is an important factor in its development. The opinion prevalent in the West is that the opening of markets, free movement of goods, services, and capital are necessary elements for the successful economic growth of a country. Economic diplomacy promotes such an idea, and in this way contributes to the openness and greater exchange and collaboration of the developed world with developing countries. The global goal of world development is that those parts of the world where poverty rules, destitution, starvation, and the like, that these states are brought to a minimum and in the end, completely eliminated. It is for this reason that it is necessary to fight with all resources and with human solidarity, and in this, a great role is played by economic diplomacy. REFERENCES Economic diplomacy powerful lobby in the world, in Bosnia is still a mystery, http://www.ekapija.ba/website/bih/page/399438 289 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Economic Diplomacy: Positioning in the era http://www.gmbusiness.biz/index.php/arhiva/21-30/gm_24/3321.html of globalization, Economic Diplomacy, http://economicsanddiplomacy.blogspot.com Ilija J. Džombić, (2008). Economic Diplomacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mile Sadžak, (2008).Synopsis, Sarajevo, Economic Diplomacy- managerial approach. Mirza Pašić, (2008). TKD Šahinpašić , Diplomacy. Nicholas Bayne, Stephen Woolcock, (2007). Ashgate, The New Economic Diplomacy: Decision-Making and Negotiation in International Economic Relations. Vladimir Prvulović, (2006). Megatrend, Beograd. Economic Diplomacy. An Analysis Of Relationship Between Economic Growth And Selected Economic Indicators With Regression Trees And Ols: 1990-2009 Period In Turkey Ali Avci1, Harun Sulak2 1.Pamukkale University, Department of Economics 2.Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Econometrics E-mail: aliavci20@hotmail.com,harunsulak@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between economic growth and selected economic indicators during the economic crisis in Turkey between 1990-2009 with regression trees and OLS method. Important crises in Turkey were April 1994, February 2001 and August 2008 crises. For economic growth, industrial production is used as the dependent variable and eight variables were used as independent variables which are commonly mentioned in the literature. In both method, there is a negative relationship between industrial production and trade balance and domestic loans, on the other hand a positive relation to other variables. For international reserves, a positive relationship is found with industrial production in regression trees method, however there is a negative correlation in the method of least squares. Keywords: Economic growth, financial crisis, regression trees 1.INTRODUCTION Since 1980s both domestic and external financial liberalization policies that put into practice without adequate infrastructure in developing countries led to economic crisis and markets become more vulnerable to shocks. These crises are; 1992-1993 European Monetary System (ERM), 1994 Latin America, 1997 South-East Asia, 1998 Russia, 1999 Brazil, 1994 and 2001 Turkey, 2002 Argentina and 2008 Global financial crises. Applications of financial liberalization in Turkey, has been implemented in an environment of macroeconomic stability 290 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1336 Title A name given to the resource Economic Diplomacy and Business Negotiation- managerial approach Author Author Amra, Nušinović ERGÜN, Uğur Abstract A summary of the resource. Economic Diplomacy explains how states conduct their external economic relations in the 21st century: how they make decisions domestically; how they negotiate internationally; and how these processes interact. Economic diplomacy in the global environment has become essential for all countries. The contemporary world is painted with constant changes, where the key of economic success lies in their ability to understand and a good adjustment to the new business environment. This newly created environment is nothing more than globalization. If we bear in mind that the global economy is characterized by high levels of competitiveness, the question is how the economic operators of small countries, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, can gain market share and how they can achieve competitive advantage. Research shows that a very important role may be played by effectiveness and efficiency of diplomacy, or more precisely its economic component, relatively economic diplomacy. It is a fact that highly-educated and motivated diplomacy is indispensable to every nation which ties its economic prosperity to constant and fruitful exchange on the world market, to the free circulation of people, goods, and capital, and to its successful economic performance in the world. In today's world of global world economy, it is especially necessary. Negotiation is constantly present in our lives, and according to some, it represents one of the skills necessary for survival. Regardless if the aim of the negotiation is victory over an opponent, compromise, or the development of good mutual international relations, a manager must know competitive tactics to be able to achieve the best negotiation results. Possession of negotiation skills is crucial in the interaction of the manager with the employees, the head manager, or with stockholders outside of the company. Business negotiation is the very essence of diplomacy, that is its basic activity. Diplomacy and negotiation are terms which always appear together. Keywords: Economic diplomacy, global economy, business negotiation, global environment, international relations, Economic diplomacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8009f63f610aab7be5cdf46ce68a6943.pdf 0e84350651069e075d2051065a311a59 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Tiryaki, G. and Akbay, C. (2010) Consumers’ Fluid Milk Consumption Behaviors in Turkey: An Application of Multinomial Logit Model, Quality and Quantity, 44,87–98. TURKSTAT (2009). Regional Statistics, URL http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr TURKSTAT (2011). Turkey’s Statistical Yearbook, 2010. Publication No: 3522, Ankara. WMDA (2011). Dairy and Products Sectoral Report, West Mediterranean Development Agency, http://baka.org.tr/uploads/1303486719SUT-URUNLERi-TURKCE-KATALOG.pdf Yamane, T. (2001). Basic Sampling Methods, Literatur Publishing, Istanbul. UN (2011). World Statistics Pocketbook. URL http://data.un.org/CountryProfile Integration And Sustainability Of Technology-Enhanced Systems Into Learning Environment: Cankiri Karatekin University Case Study Ari Murat1, Pekel Abdullah2 1Cankiri Karatekin University, Chairman of Informatics Department, Cankiri, Turkey 2Marmara University, School of Foreign Languages, Istanbul, Turkey E-mails: mari@karatekin.edu.tr, abdullah.pekel@hotmail.com Abstract As a result of the continuous search for global competitiveness through providing the society with high quality education in the light of emerging technologies, Cankiri Karatekin University has embarked on a strategic planning and a pilot study on transition to Distance Education (DE). Providing on-demand training for professional development, lifelong learning, career change aimed at quite varied groups in society, Cankiri Karatekin University sets its sight on maximizing the quality of communication and intellect sharing between academic staff as well as enabling the effective assessment of their academic performance thanks to the integrated e-learning/distance education and corporate communication platform. According to this tested project based model, distance education infrastructure and educational e-materials have been prepared and used as a supplement to formal education. By this means, ensuring students’ and teachers’ readiness is aimed for the success of the future pure distance education programs. The study evaluates the pilot project titled “Integrated Elearning and Teaching Environment” by Cankiri Karatekin University, which was founded in 2007 and strives for developing as a globally competitive academic institution by employing an effective and efficient model in the use of technology in education. The technical background features as well as results of the pilot project have been evaluated and further suggestions have been presented, considering distance education practices in the world in general and, in particular, the potential that Turkish Higher Education and Cankiri Karatekin University carry in the field. Keywords: Distance Education; e-learning; Communication; Teaching Environment 16 Life Long Learning; Institutional �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.INTRODUCTION The biggest difference between an online, virtual classroom and the traditional classroom is the way instruction is delivered. In a traditional classroom, the instructor is the center of learning and information is presented orally or through tangible text. The text can be engaged through active reading activities like highlighting, making notes in margins, and underlining and circling important information. The course material can be discussed in class and whatever questions or arguments arise can be answered and discussed face to face during the class period. In a traditional classroom setting, the teaching and learning happen on a synchronous schedule. Conversely, online instruction occurs asynchronously. The instructor and the learners are separated by time and space. Online courses take advantage of the Internet as a teaching and learning environment; it’s open, distributed, dynamic, globally accessible, filtered, interactive and archival in nature, (Elmore 2008). In online learning, the instructor acts as a guide to the process of learning rather than its director. Dependence on the instructor is reduced and students are empowered to take responsibility for their own learning referred to as Kosak et al. (2004). Text still plays an important role in online learning but now the text can be manipulated, searched, revised and updated and appears in short, and concise chunks, which can be distributed through a wide array of multimedia. Discussion of the text is done through online forums, live chats or e–mail messages. This situation involves references to Maguire (2002). The rapid advancement in Information Technologies has globally influenced the education systems, and the integration of technology into education has increased the inclination towards Distance Education (DE). Online courses are becoming increasingly popular especially with the non–traditional student. The online students tend to be a mid-career adult returning to school. Also, many students see online courses as a more convenient way to go to school (Yang 2010). The trend does not seem to be slowing. In 2007, there was a 12.9 percent growth rate for online enrollments which exceeded the 1.2 percent growth of the overall higher education student population (Zhen 2008). Universities are offering more online courses to meet the demand. It is important to draw attention to two issues. First of all, DE is not a supplement to traditional formal education. Tailor-made hardware, lesson materials and technology-based assessment methodology is employed in DE. Such a system is composed of the latest hardware technology available. Secondly, DE is not a form of instruction that underdeveloped countries use, on the contrary, most developed countries utilize DE systems within formal – informal education system. Newly-formed universities face numerous challenges, on rather limited institutional budget, in competing with the universities that have long educational background. Thus, only the institutions, which appreciate and keep pace with the latest technology, can go beyond the existing frontiers in higher education and elevate their competitiveness. In this study, Cankiri Karatekin University’s DE need analysis has been discussed. Besides, system features and the results of the pilot study titled “Integrating e-Learning-Teaching Environment Project” have been evaluated. It is evident that the system is likely to play a prominent role in determining training systems according to Lifelong Learning practices. 17 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.1. Advances in Distance Education Field in Turkey and the Present Situation In parallel with the competitive global conditions, Turkey has been intensively working on the targets and strategies involving open and distance education in pursue of its targets related to higher education. Beginning with THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BANK LOANS and ECONOMIC GROWTH in TURKEY: 1995-2010 Emre Sezici, Murat Yaman the Open Education System at Anadolu University, the efforts has gained perspective through TUBITAK-BILTEN DE Feasibility Study in 1997, and within this framework Feasibility Analysis of Nation-Wide Distance Education Alternatives study has probed then-current telecommunication infrastructure, needs analysis, alternative models and cost-benefit along with copyrights in DE. As an addition to that, DE Regulations was accepted and The National Committee of Informatics was founded in 1999. Such operation areas as The Regulation of Cross-University Communication and IT-Based Distance Higher Education, provision of lessons delivered via client/server matching between universities, regulation of independent course/program launch with the authorization of YOK, and course crediting are within The National Committee of Informatics’ scope of authority. As the final step, UADMK-TUBA has been founded to provide support for the DE efforts (YOK 2011). Turkey is a dynamic country and has a rather young population with 35 million people under 30 years old. Large portion of the young population are students. According to the recent statistics by The Ministry of National Education (MEB), a total of 14.115.892 students attend various schools and institutions of MEB. Additionally, around 3.180.000 students receive education at more than 170 universities. When calculated, these figures comprise almost 25% of the total population of the country. 1.7 million students take university admission exam every year; however, only 400.000 of these are able to be placed in a higher education program due to the lack of capacity problems (MEB 2011). Countries from the Balkans and Caucasus, Central Asia, Middle East, North and Central Africa demand higher education opportunities from Turkish higher education institutions as these countries are within the regional and cultural sphere of influence of Turkey, which emerges as a center of attraction in terms of education. IT potential has been used effectively in supporting DE. It is preferred and promoted, thus increases its popularity day by day. 2.ÇANKIRI KARATEKIN UNIVERSITY AND DE As of January 2012, there are a total of 176 universities, 108 of which are state universities and 68 which are the ones belong to foundations, in Turkey. As more than 110 of these universities were founded after 1992, they have yet to fully complete their physical or academic development stage. According to Student Selection and Placement Center (OSYM) 2009 statistics, more than 3.180.000 students are within Turkish Higher Education System. While 1.366.000 of these students continue their studies at Open Education Faculty, 1.640.000 students attend state universities and 176.000 students attend private universities. 31 associate degree programs at 14 universities, 1 degree completion program, 3 degree programs at 1 university, and 19 masters programs at 15 universities are available via Distance Education. Around 24.000 students receive education through distance education. Besides, according to OSYM statistics, 111.000 teaching staff are employed within Turkish Higher Education System. 50.000 of these currently work at the underdeveloped universities that were opened in 1992 and after. Academic staff training and academic staff support programs through DE are increasing their popularity as an effective in-service training tool (YOK 2011) 18 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Çankırı Karatekin University (CKU), established in 2007, is rapidly developing with 6 faculties, 4 institutes, 1 college, and 4 vocational schools and serves around 5500 students through 266 academic personnel and 199 administrative staff. CKU appreciates the advantages that DE technologies will bring as an effective tool in competing within higher education sector. As a newly established university, CKU develops its technological infrastructure in order to meet the hardware-related and physical needs. Technological and topological features of the platform used in the pilot application shown in Figure 1 will be presented in the following section. Figure 1: CKU Blended Learning Online Schema 3. APPLICATION OF PILOT PROJECT 3.1 Project Goal Delivering the Integrated Learning-Teaching Environment (ILE) solution that enables the existing Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) and other Learning Toolsets to function as one individual Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) towards University. Our immediate ILE Objectives will transform the existing IWB from its initial stage into an integrated learning-teaching environment for the masses built on a reusable and sustainable learning-teaching framework envisioned by the University. 3.2. Standard ILE Features Included in the following subsection but not limited to Assessment, Lesson Solution, Wiki Solution, Glossary Solution, The Choice Activity, Course Solution, Workshop Solution, and Photo Gallery are existing components within this ILE. Herein, we will briefly elaborate on one of the solutions within the ILE. The overall ILE software and all existing components given below are shown in Figure 2. 19 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 2: ILE Architecture diagram describing the 3 main working groups (stakeholders/executives, teachers, and students) and its integration into the system. 4. INSTRUMENTS, DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS In order to interpret the impact that the ILE had on the students’ learning outcomes, two instruments will be used in this study: 1) the students’ final exam marks in the different courses that same group of students attended during the same academic year by means of data obtained from faculty archive about final exam results, and 2) a twelve item survey, which measures students’ assessment of ILE usefulness based on the instrument developed by Wang (2009). This survey included items relating to student interaction and active learning by means of the ILE system, and based on a five point Likert scale. The scale ranged from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree”. Students’ satisfaction total score could range from a very low satisfaction level of 10 to a very high satisfaction level of 50. The data collected via first instrument is going to be analyzed for group comparison using the independent samples t-test for students’ exam outcomes. The statistics assess whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other in order to be able to compare them. The data will be analyzed further with the SPSS. We hope that, we will get all statistics data at the end of this semester. In this study the first outcomes and system architecture were evaluated without statistics. 5. DISCUSSION We have structured the DE organization in two steps: step one is to transform traditional teaching practices into technology-enabled ones, in order to keep up with modern teaching methodologies in higher education as well as to establish institutional background for future DE practices. There are numerous instances of such approaches which merge traditional classroom practices with the online collaborative work, also called blended-learning or hybrid learning. We have agreed that gradual transition from the traditional practices to the blended learning and further, distance learning phase, is necessary for the successful structuring as well as positive outcomes. Blended courses make good use of advantages both face-to-face and online teaching practices would provide. To illustrate, the students are able to discuss and analyze the topics that were already covered online through digital self-study materials, Q&A sessions, topic forums, self assessment quizzes. Besides, online discussions enabled the students in the way that they could not in classroom environment. As everyone has a say without time or other social pressures, online discussions give many students the opportunity to express themselves more openly compared to the ones done in a regular class. Many students are reluctant to speak in class because of shyness, uncertainty, or language issues. The ability to take their time to compose questions and answers in an online discussion is an advantage to many students, and instructors report much higher participation levels online than in class. Many students tend to avoid contribution in classroom because of introversion, difficulty with oral expression and for some other personal issues. 6. CONCLUSION 20 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Online courses are growing in popularity and demanded particularly by non-traditional students. Even though more and more universities are offering online courses, faculty members are still reluctant to teach online courses. They are concerned about planning and developing the courses, the overall quality of online courses and the lack of credit toward merit, promotion and tenure. Cankiri Karatekin University is a newly formed university and it is yet to complete its physical and academic structure. Thus, CKU aims at setting high standards by integrating technology based systems into its programs, consequently eliminating the drawbacks of the structural weaknesses. With this aim in hand, it prepares its academic background for setting up DE programs by analyzing DE systems and launching pilot projects. There are two components in DE: first one is to have academic staff that possess the required know-how and expertise in using basic IT skills; second one is to create quality and pre-leveled content. Therefore, universities are required to have the necessary academic background and hardware infrastructure regarding these two components. Otherwise, seemingly capable systems can turn into technological waste. CKU has chosen to merge the opportunities that the accumulated know-how in the area brings and its own dynamics in order to create academic and intellectual value. Towards the target set ahead, gradual and proportional growth of the technological and relevant academic prerequisites have been sought for. Therefore, blended-learning practices are intended to form academic and system related basis of the future DE programs by avoiding trial-error programs in distance education and developing the programs that address the specific needs of the target group. In this study, Cankiri Karatekin University’s DE needs analysis has been discussed within DE course development in the world and Turkey and as an alternative solution, an integrated learning and teaching environment platform provided by Birtel as well as Corporate Communication Platform has been piloted as an assisting tool in formal education and its first outputs have been evaluated. Further outputs will be analyzed with SPSS after collecting all the data at the end of semester. The following study will evaluate the statistical data and compare the success and system competence levels of the teachers and students, who are adapted to the distance education system, and those, who have directly started distance education program. Preparation of a survey has been started in order to determine comparable success determining competencies of the teachers and students, who earlier attended distance education programs without probationary period in different universities. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The installation and maintenance of the platform that constitutes the infrastructure of the distance education system, Softfoundry and Vmeet, has been provided by Birtel Network Technologies free of charge. REFERENCES Elmore, H.W. (2008). Toward objectivity in faculty evaluation. Academe, volume 94 number 3, URL, http://aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2008/MJ/ Kosak, L., Manning,D., Dobson, E., Rogerson, L., Cotnam, S., Colaric, S. & McFadden, C., (2004). Prepared to teach online. Perspectives of faculty in the University of North Carolina 21 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo system. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, volume 7, number 3. URL, http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall73/kosak73.html Maguire, L.L., (2002). Literature review-Faculty participation in online distance education: Barriers and motivators. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, volume 8, number 1, 2002. URL, http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring81/maguire81.html Yang, Y., (2010). Roles of administrators in ensuring the quality of online programs. Knowledge Management & E–Learning, volume 2, number 4, 2010. URL, http://kmeljournal.org/ojs/index.php/online-publication/article/viewArticle/80 Zhen, Garthwait,Y. A. & Pratt, P., (2008). Factors affecting faculty members’ decision to teach or not to teach online in higher education. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, Volume 11, number 3. URL, http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall113/zhen113.html Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education (MEB). URL, http://www.meb.gov.tr/english/indexeng.htm The council of Higher Education (YOK). URL, http://www.yok.gov.tr/en/content/view/527/222/ Garrison, D. R., & Vaughan, N. D., (2008). Blended learning in higher education: framework, principles, and guidelines. San Francisco, CA: Wiley & Sons, Inc. [Holden, J. T. & Westfall, P., (2010). An Instructional Media Selection for Distance Learning-Implications for Blended Learning. United States Distance Learning Association. Wang, W., & Wang, C., (2009). An empirical study of instructor adoption of web-based learning systems. Computers & Education, Vol. 53, No.3, pp. 761-774. H2O persistence framework for column oriented distributed (NoSQL) databases Dino Kečo, Dženana Đonko University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Electrical Engineering Zmaja od Bosne bb, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E - mails: dino.keco@gmail.com, ddonko@etf.unsa.ba Abstract Cloud architectures are most commonly used in cases when large scale data processing is required. Building applications for cloud architectures requires a lot of engineering experience, especially in cases of data persistence. Persistence in cloud architectures is solved using NoSQL database models. In this paper we are working with column oriented NoSQL database model. Main research goal of this paper is building of new persistence framework 22 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1144 Title A name given to the resource Integration And Sustainability Of Technology-Enhanced Systems Into Learning Environment: Cankiri Karatekin University Case Study Author Author Ari, Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. As a result of the continuous search for global competitiveness through providing the society with high quality education in the light of emerging technologies, Cankiri Karatekin University has embarked on a strategic planning and a pilot study on transition to Distance Education (DE). Providing on-demand training for professional development, lifelong learning, career change aimed at quite varied groups in society, Cankiri Karatekin University sets its sight on maximizing the quality of communication and intellect sharing between academic staff as well as enabling the effective assessment of their academic performance thanks to the integrated e-learning/distance education and corporate communication platform. According to this tested project based model, distance education infrastructure and educational e-materials have been prepared and used as a supplement to formal education. By this means, ensuring students’ and teachers’ readiness is aimed for the success of the future pure distance education programs. The study evaluates the pilot project titled “Integrated Elearning and Teaching Environment” by Cankiri Karatekin University, which was founded in 2007 and strives for developing as a globally competitive academic institution by employing an effective and efficient model in the use of technology in education. The technical background features as well as results of the pilot project have been evaluated and further suggestions have been presented, considering distance education practices in the world in general and, in particular, the potential that Turkish Higher Education and Cankiri Karatekin University carry in the field. Keywords: Distance Education; e-learning; Life Long Learning; Institutional Communication; Teaching Environment Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/80b1f6ac780d173c5a773936b9671913.pdf 39a9489d522b6cb79b0a9abe92d7ede5 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Knowledge Economy And Effect On Women’ S Employment In Turkey Arslan İbrahim1, Dineri Eda1, Taş İsmail2 1Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey, 2Tunceli University, Tunceli, Turkey E-mails:arslan@gantep.edu.tr, egursel@gantep.edu.tr,ismailtas@tunceli.edu.tr Abstract In recent years, information and communication technology has changed remarkable by effect of globalization movement that occurring in the world. This changing also affected world economy significantly at the same time. Nowadays the new economic relations based on information technologies, such as labor and capital have reduced the importance of production factors and information has been the most important elements in the production factors. Continuously variation in technology with the creative power of information causes a change in the employment parallel. The main purpose of the study is to examine how information and communication technologies have changed the direction of the woman’s employment. Along with the development of information and communication technologies, computer and communication tools take place of the labor force could be decreased the number of employment, may also increase with the emergence of new business opportunities. Like many other developing countries, Turkey is implementing various projects and taking some steps to adapt and take advantages of benefits of the knowledge economy. With all other economic variables women’s employment is also affected by the steps thrown and this response has socially importance. This paper aims to investigate Turkey's harmonization process in the knowledge economy and how knowledge economy impacted on female employment in Turkey and make some assumptions for future. Keywords: Economy Knowledge economy, Woman’s Employment, Unemployment, Turkey’s 1.INTRODUCTION From primitive society to present, highlighted changes in the all life was formed by the accumulation of knowledge. The center of civilization moved from primitive society to agriculture sector by years. Over time, the importance of the agricultural sector has decreased and industrialization replaced of agricultural sector by the improving of technology. After the process of industrialization in the knowledge economy has been the only representative of civilization. According of Toffler, agricultural sector is the first stage of economic development, after that industrialization period took place, in the last stage service economy has emerged (Toffler, 1970). Knowledge economy is production and services based on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technical and scientific advance, as well as rapid obsolescence. The key component of a knowledge economy is a greater reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources (Powell and Snellman, 180 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2004). Many sectors have key input for itself. In an agricultural economy land is the key resource. In an industrial economy natural resources, such as coal and iron ore, and labor are the main resources. A knowledge economy is one in which knowledge is the key resource. it is not new how knowledge important for economy (Houghton and Sheehan, 2000). Knowledge economy is revolution for the world’s gaining a new dimension to itself. In the whole world all limits are eliminated and economic, cultural and social life became accessible anytime, anywhere by the effect of knowledge economy with information and communication technologies. When developed countries are using possibilities of information and communication technologies in the most effective way, developing countries staying behind the time for catching new technologies. Turkey begins to take a part in the global economy re-integrated micro-and macro-economic changes in this process by the advantages of information and communication technologies. This paper aims to investigate how women employment affected by the knowledge economy and information and communication technologies taking place in Turkish economy. This paper also examines if women employment went up or went down as result of using knowledge economy in economic activity intensively. 2.Structure of Employment in Knowledge Economy and Literature Review The new economic relations which based on the knowledge economy is reduced the importance of factors of production such as labor and capital, notwithstanding information has been the most important element for production factors. People needed financial capital in past but today they needed knowledge, patents, copyrights, information assets, brain power and experience except financial capital (Akolaş, 2000). Technology is changing by the creative power of information this also causes a parallel change in employment. Depending on technological developments, new industries have emerged and nature of the personnel employed has also changed. Information technology and communications sector has controlled market conditions in present and as a result of this change certified importance of information (Yeloğlu, 2004). This situation leads to change in the qualities of those who were employed. The development information and communication technologies help to people show their expertise and skills. If a country does not make investment to improve human capital that country will have inequality for using information and communication technologies in global world. Developments in computer and communication technologies are forcing businesses to follow the development in perspective of cost, time, quality and service issues (Şahin, 2010). When they are following this development they are also changing qualify of their employment. The increasing prevalence of information and communication technologies are increasing demand for qualified people and also decreasing demand for unqualified people. Toffler stressed "the technology is feeding itself in three stages, the first one is creativity and the second one is practical applicability, last one is diffusion of technology to society. (Toffler: 1970). It may take certain time for work force to conform to changes in the employed labor force. Developments of internet and information technologies are named as the new economy in the 1990s in America. Then labor productivity has increased in EU and unemployment rates remained low compared previous years (Freeman, 2002). Women workforce in the service sector was 92% and male workforce was 74% in 2008 in the world. In addition to woman workforce more than male workforce in service sector, male 181 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo workforce more than female workforce in science, engineering and technology sectors (www.wrc.org.uk. Accessed 04/26/2012). Employment rate of female labor in the agricultural sector went down to 42.2% from 50% in Turkey between the years 2004 and 2011. At the same period employment rate of male labor in the agricultural sector moved to 18% from 21%. Employment rates of male in the industry sector raised up to 31% from 28% despite of fact that female employment rate went down from 16% to 15%. When the service sector is examined we show that female employment increased from 33% to 42%. Male employment in service sector remained around 50% at the same period (http://www.tuik.gov.tr. accessed: 26.04.2012). Atik and Tombak (2012) examined women employment in knowledge economy and employment structure in turkey compared to US, Japan, EU, BRIC countries. They figure out that women employment could not take enough place in knowledge economy, women mostly work in agriculture sector in Turkey. Atik and Altınparmak (2010) tested contribution of knowledge economy to employment in Turkey compared with 27 EU countries. As a result of analysis, female labor force more employed then male labor force. According to the paper contribution of knowledge economy to employment is about 28,7 in 2008. Freeman (2002) tested relationship between earnings per hour and computer usage in the early 2000’s. he found positive relationship between variables. Yeloğlu (2004) compared Turkey with EU countries about variables of knowledge economy and changing in years between 1995 and 1999. He figured out Turkey similar to North European counties about knowledge economy. Arslan (2010) investigated the relationship between woman employment and knowledge economy. They used panel data analyses to test relationship between the years 2000 and 2009. According to results, significant relationship has been identified between the variables. In addition it has been found long term causality from knowledge economy to woman employment. 3.Employment Structure of Women Labor Force In the late of 1970’s economy began to liberalization by the effect of development in the computer and liberal views. at the beginning of the 1990s new media, digital networks and information and communication technologies replaced of electronic age. This innovation brought by the knowledge economy leads people to do all transactions through a virtual environment. The internet users and ratio between total population and internet users in Turkey are given in following table comparison with other countries. Table 2. 1. Internet Users and Population Statistics for 2011 Estimated Population Ratio of Total Countries Internet Users in 2011 Population 182 USA 313,232,044 245,203,319 78.20% Japan 126,475,664 99,182,00 78.40% Germany 81,474,834 65,125,000 79.90% France 65,102,709 45,262,000 69,50% Italy 61,016,814 30,026,824 49.20% �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Spain 46,754,824 29,093,984 62.20% Turkey 78,785,548 35,000,000 44.00% Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm Some countries where highest numbers of internet users are given in the table above. Turkey ranked 10 from 20 countries in 2011 also Turkey ranked 11 from 20 in 2010. The woman internet users in Turkey are shown in the table following over years. Table 2. 2. Internet and Computer Using Rates for women in Turkey between 2004 and 2011 Years 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Numbers of Internet Users 6,1 5,6 20,7 26,6 28.0 31,7 35,3 Numbers of Computer Users 8,2 8,0 23,7 28,5 30,0 33,2 36,9 Source: http://www.tuik.gov.tr After 2005 woman internet users are increased rapidly. It is reached 35,3% in 2011. In the same way numbers of woman computer users are increased rapidly. It is reached 36,9% when it was jus 8,2% in 2004. Table 2. 3. The Relationship between Education Level and Computer Usage For Woman in Turkey Not High Years Elementary Secondary Faculty Graduated School School 2004 0,3 0,4 6,0 26,2 2005 0,4 1,2 16,9 64,9 2007 0,3 5,3 30,1 82,4 2008 1,2 7,1 38,3 85,5 2009 1,3 9,3 47,1 86,7 2010 1,6 10,6 48,5 68,2 89,9 Table 2.3. showed that women who do not graduated from any school used computer almost zero percent but this rank reached just 1.6 percent in 2010. Women who graduated elementary school use computer more then not graduated ones but increased from 0.4% to 10.6% in six years. For the secondary school level almost half of women used computer in 2010. For high school level we could not find more data but table showed that 68,2% of women used internet graduated from high school. This rank is reached high level for the woman who graduated faculty. It was almost 90 % in 2010. That is quite sure number of woman who use computer increased after 2004 rapidly. Table 2. 4. The Relationship between Education Level and Internet Usage For Woman in Turkey Not Years Elementary Secondary High Faculty Graduated School School 183 2004 0,2 0,2 3,6 8,3 22,6 2005 0,2 0,3 9,8 27,1 57,9 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2007 0,2 3,9 23,3 49,1 80,7 2008 0,8 5,9 35,6 57,0 85,1 2009 1,1 7,7 43,5 62,4 85,8 2010 1,1 9,6 46,2 66,4 88,8 Table 2.4. showed that Turkey has same characteristic for Computer and internet usage for woman. Both of table almost have same ranks. Woman who graduated from faculty using internet more than 80% after 2005. The use and access of women to information and communication technologies is lower than in men. Reasons for this problem;  Low level of literacy rate and educational level  Women have less time because of her role in society  Woman have less financial resources in society  Geographical location: women are living in rural areas more than men in developing countries. Traditionally, the sectors separated such as agriculture, industry and services. Table 2. 5. Female Employment Rates in Agriculture-Industry-Service Sector Years Agriculture Industry Service 2004 50.8 16,1 33.1 2005 46.3 16,6 37.0 2006 43.6 16,4 40.0 2007 42.7 16,1 41.2 2008 42.1 15,7 42.2 2009 41.6 15,3 43.1 2010 42.4 15,9 41.7 2011 42.2 15,2 42.6 Woman labor force in agriculture was 50.8% in 2004. Then woman labor force decreased by 8 percent over years and it was 42,2% in 2011. Woman labor force in industry did not change much. It was on the line between 15-16%. Woman who worked in service sector increased by 9 percent at the same period and reached to 42,6 in 2011. This table also showed 8 percent loss in agriculture moved to service sector for women employment. 3.1.Result In recent years, the technological developments have led to a new social and political dynamics. Activities of the economic units are faster and cost effectively with effect of information and communication technologies. Information is a today's most important 184 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo production factor. Source of value creation in the knowledge economy are education, information technology and science. Knowledge economy moved location of business areas to virtual environment based on technology. As a result of this, the way of employment has also changed using. Using information became more important than using physical strength to employee. In this case government must generate some policies for individuals to adjust them to conditions that knowledge economy brought. Women's employment is an issue that needs to be emphasized even more important. Women, non-governmental organizations to adapt to these improvements in technology, the state has to undertake the activities. It is important problem for developing and underdeveloped countries that women were left out of the labor force. Woman in society mostly has not and has no money for developing her personal skill. this issue important especially for their competitive strength against male workforce in knowledge economy. Woman work force mostly employee in agriculture sector and woman work force increased in the last decade in turkey but still so far from developed countries. Government should make policies to increase using of information technologies. Otherwise it could be so hard for the woman change their work sector and employee in knowledge sector. Government also leaves some budget for developing personnel skills. At the same time woman adopt herself to technology age to employee in knowledge sector. Developing countries should follow new technology age’s requirement and adopt it to economy for catching developed countries. REFERENCES Akolaş, A.(2000).Bilişim Sistemleri ve Bilişim Teknolojisinin Küreselleşme Olgusu ve Girişimcilik Üzerine Yansımaları. www.sosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/sos.../D.Arzu%20AKOLAŞ/29-43+.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 26.04.2012. Arslan, İ., Özkan, G. S., Bayraktutan, Y.(2011). Woman Employment İn Information Economics (An Analysis For OECD Members). International Journal of Business and Social Sciences. Vol.2, No:11. Atik, H. , Tombak, F.(2012). Bilgi Ekonomileri ve Türkiye’de Kadın İşgücünün İstihdam Yapısı. Bilgi Ekonomisi Ve Yönetim Dergisi. Cilt VII. Sayı. I. Atik H., Altınparmak, A.(2010). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Bilgi Sektörünün İstihdama Katkısı. 8. Uluslar arası Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi Bildiriler Kitapçığı, 28-31 Ekim 2010, İstanbul, sayfa:607-617. Freeman, B. R.(2002), The Labour Market in The İnformation Economy, Working paper , Cambridge. Huyer,S., Sikoska,T.(2003). Overcoming The Gender Digital Divide: Understanding ICT’s and Their Potential For The Empowerment Of The Women” INSTRAW Research Papers. Series. No:1 185 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Kılıç, S., Kendirli, H. Ç. (2005). Endüstriyel pazarlarda ilişkisel pazarlamanın yeni ekonomideki yeri ve önemi. Üçüncü Sektör Kooperatifçilik Dergisi, 148 (2). ss: 20-36 Oktay, E., Balkanlı, A. ve Salepçioğlu, A.(2004) Bilgi Toplumunda Yeni Ekonomi ve Dönüşüm Stratejileri, http://iibf.ogu.edu.tr/kongre/bildiriler/04-02.pdf. Öztürk, L.(2005), Türkiye’de Dijital Eşitsizlik: TÜBİTAK –BİLTEN Anketleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı :24, S.11-131. Pau, F. L.(2002) The Communications and İnformation Economy: issues, tarrifs and economics research areas. Journal of Economic Dynamics& Control, 26:1651-1675. Sabuncuoğlu, A., Vural, B. A.(2008). Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri ve Ütopyan Bakış Açısı. Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, Cilt:5, Sayı: 3, 5-19, Temmuz. Şahin, L., Çetin, B. I., Yıldırım, K. (2010). Bilişim Teknolojilerindeki Gelişmelerin İşletmelerin Strateji ve Maliyetleri Üzerine Etkileri. www.iudergi.com/tr/index.php/sosyalsiyaset/article/view/98. Toffler A.(1970), Future Shock, A Bantom Book, United States America. Yeloğlu, H. O.(2004). Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Değişkenleri: Türkiye ve OECD Karşılaştırmaları, 3. Ulusal Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kariyeri, Eskişehir. www. tuik. gov.tr. (18.08.2010), Haber Bülten, Sayı : 148 http://www.tuik.gov.tr/VeriBilgi.do?tb_id=25&ust_id=8: 26.04.2012 http://www.wrc.org.uk/includes/documents/cm_docs/2011/s/1_statistics_about_women_in_th e_uk_2009_25_5_10_latest_nn_sr1.doc.:26.04.2012. unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/.../unpan023829.pdf. 26.04.2012. Walter W. Powell and Kaisa Snellman (2004) “The knowledge economy”, Annu. Rev. Sociol. 30:199–220 John Houghton and Peter Sheehan (2000). “A Primer on the Knowledge Economy” Centre for Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University Economic Costs And Benefits Of The Eu Enlargement: The Impact On The Eu And Seec’s Kurtagić Haris, Nuroglu Elif International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, B&H E-mails: kurtagic.h@hotmail.com,enuroglu@ius.edu.ba Abstract The South-eastern enlargement of the European Union will be the sixth enlargement since establishing the European Community in 1957. The research uses the Gravity model, and measures the factors that have an influence on trade. The Gravity model involves coefficients 186 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1324 Title A name given to the resource Knowledge Economy And Effect On Women’ S Employment In Turkey Author Author Arslan, İbrahim Abstract A summary of the resource. In recent years, information and communication technology has changed remarkable by effect of globalization movement that occurring in the world. This changing also affected world economy significantly at the same time. Nowadays the new economic relations based on information technologies, such as labor and capital have reduced the importance of production factors and information has been the most important elements in the production factors. Continuously variation in technology with the creative power of information causes a change in the employment parallel. The main purpose of the study is to examine how information and communication technologies have changed the direction of the woman’s employment. Along with the development of information and communication technologies, computer and communication tools take place of the labor force could be decreased the number of employment, may also increase with the emergence of new business opportunities. Like many other developing countries, Turkey is implementing various projects and taking some steps to adapt and take advantages of benefits of the knowledge economy. With all other economic variables women’s employment is also affected by the steps thrown and this response has socially importance. This paper aims to investigate Turkey's harmonization process in the knowledge economy and how knowledge economy impacted on female employment in Turkey and make some assumptions for future. Keywords: Knowledge economy, Woman’s Employment, Unemployment, Turkey’s Economy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e0ff577c6c1fe90ab11cd2dfa963a1aa.pdf 17aa09ea221c886e1fc0c2d0bda97d28 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sevier, R. (2001), Brand as Relevance, Journal of Marketing forHigherEducation, 10 (3), 77-96. Sevier, R. and Johnson, R. (1999), Integrated Marketing Communication: A Practical Guide toDevelopingComprehensiveCommunicationStrategies, Case Books. Sheehan, K. andDoherty, B. (2001), Re-wearingthe web: IntegratingPrintand Online Communications, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 15 (2), 47-59. Smith, P.R.,Berry, C. andPulford, A. (1999), Strategic Marketing Communications, KoganPage, London. Temple, P. (2006), BrandingHigherEducation: IllısionorReality?,Perspectives, 10 (1), 15-19. Varey, R. and White, J. (2000), TheCorporateCommunicationSystem of Managing, Corporate Communications, 5 (1), 5-11. Residents’ Perceptions towards Sustainable Tourism Development: The Case of Alanya Aydin Cevirgen, Furkan Baltaci, Onur Oku Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Tourism Administration, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: acevirgen@akdeniz.edu.tr, fbaltaci@akdeniz.edu.tr, onuroku@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Sustainable development approach is of utmost importance for the future existence of tourism destinations. Therefore, enabling tourism development based on sustainability principles economically, socially and environmentally is considered to be a necessity. All stakeholders of the tourism sector have important roles in this development process. Especially, the inclusion of residents to this process and their involvement in decision-making mechanisms represent a focal point in sustainable tourism development. Any tourism development that does not take into consideration the needs and expectations of residents does not have much chance for success. There have been many studies made about residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism and tourism development in tourism literature. However, only a few studies use sustainable development perspective in order to determine residents’ perceptions towards tourism development. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the residents’ perceptions towards sustainable tourism development in Alanya, an important tourism destination of Turkey and Mediterranean region. Data gathered from 134 residents in Alanya were analyzed using factor and correlation analysis, t-tests and ANOVA. Results presented a four-factor perceived sustainable tourism development measurement scale: environmental sustainability; perceived social costs; maximizing community participation; and perceived economic benefits. Findings have shown that there is a significant correlation between perceived economic benefits and two of the other three factors, which are environmental sustainability and maximizing community participation. Another main finding of the study is that residents are not fully aware of nor have 65 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo much knowledge about the concept of sustainability and its principles, yet they still have shown positive attitude towards its principles. Keywords: Alanya, Residents, Residents’ Perceptions, Sustainability, Sustainable Tourism Development, Sustainable Development, Tourism. 1. INTRODUCTION The sustainability phenomenon has emerged from the negative impacts of the continuously increasing world population’s pressure on environmental resources. Mankind realized that a balance was needed to be set between development and consumption of environmental resources. At that stage, the notion of “sustainable development” came up at the end of 1980s and started to be widely used. Sustainable development approach is not against the idea of economic progress. The fundamental idea here is taking into consideration the needs of the present day and future generations, while using all natural or man-made resources without depleting them or spoiling their quality (Demir & Cevirgen, 2006: 93-94). Sustainable development approach refers to development in all sectors all together. This statement also applies to tourism sector, which is a huge driving force in yielding economic growth. Parallel to the discussions related to the notion of sustainable development, concept of “sustainable tourism” has been talked about frequently since the early 1990s. The main resources of tourism consist of the physical, social and cultural attractions of the tourism destination. Transforming these resources to economical value that is beneficial to residents will only be possible by sustainable tourism development. Sustainable tourism is considered as a tool for decreasing the negative effects of tourism to a minimum and ensuring the existence of the destination in the long term, therefore is vital for tourism destinations. Tourism stakeholders should base tourism development on environmental, economic and socio-cultural principles of sustainability for the future success of their destination. Although all stakeholders have important roles in sustainable tourism development, residents are the most affected from and need to show full support to the process. If residents are not sold on a tourism development and do not participate in its decision making process, there is not much of a chance for the development to succeed in the long-term, simply due to the fact that residents will take a negative stance against the existing or future developments. This study aims to determine the perceptions of residents towards tourism developments in Alanya from sustainability perspective. It also attempts to explore the relationship among the factors of sustainable tourism development. 2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Sustainable development concept was introduced by the World Commission on the Environment and Development (WCED), who published the Brundtland Report, also known as “Our Common Future”, in 1987. In this report, sustainable development was defined by the WCED as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Corakci, 1991: 71; Demir & Cevirgen, 2006: 96). In order 66 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo to achieve this development, there needs to be a social structure that helps the resolution of conflicts, an economic system that enables the production of continuous source of surplus, and a source of technical knowledge. More importantly, environment must be protected (Byrd, 2007:9). Tourism has been one of the earlier and more active sectors that adapted to sustainability principles and sustainable tourism development concept have been widely discussed since 1990s. Sustainable tourism development could be defined as all kinds of tourism developments that make a notable contribution to or, at least, do not contradict to the principles of sustainable development without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs and desires (Tosun, 2001: 290). Another view describes sustainable tourism within sustainable development in the sense that if tourism is to contribute to sustainable development, it must be economically viable, environmentally sensitive and socio-culturally appropriate. Sustainable tourism has been generally viewed as a vehicle by which the negative impacts of tourism can be addressed and by which long-term viability can be achieved (Kitnuntaviwat & Tang, 2008: 47-48). In order for any form of tourism development to be sustainable, residents should be the focal point in its development (Dyer et al., 2007: 410; Choi & Sirakaya, 2005: 381). Residents’ attitudes are crucial for successful sustainable tourism development because an understanding of the community’s attitudes and perceptions and how these perceptions are formed would be valuable knowledge for decision makers. (Esheliki & Kaboudi, 2012: 335). Understanding the prerequisites for support by local residents towards tourism development is crucial for local governments, businesses, decision makers and policymakers, because success of any sustainable development depends on active support of residents. Any active opposition may hinder or slow the development (Gursoy & Rutherford, 2004: 495). Residents’ participation in planning and development stages is also a fundamental necessity for sustainability of the development (Dyer et al., 2007: 410; Oviedo-Garcia et al., 2008: 95). Active participation of the community can make sustainable tourism viable for the community. This viability can be created by opening carefully developed management communication channels with receptive governments (Choi & Sirakaya, 2005: 382). Understanding local residents’ attitudes toward tourism development is vital for the success and sustainability of any type of tourism development. Community involvement is one of the important factors that may significantly influence the sustainability of any tourism development. Involvement of residents in the planning and operational stages may ensure that development will be socially and environmentally responsible and that resulting impacts will be perceived as more appropriate by residents (Gursoy et al., 2010: 381, 383). The measurement of residents’ perceptions of tourism development plays a vital role in the future success of any destination (Andriotis, 2005: 68). Many studies have examined resident attitudes and the factors that are likely to influence those attitudes. Most of these studies suggest that residents tend to have positive attitudes because they see tourism as an economic development tool (Gursoy et al., 2010: 381). 67 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. METHODOLOGY This study was conducted in April, 2012 in the resort town of Alanya, which lies on the coast of Gulf of Antalya. Alanya, as one of the major tourism destinations of Turkey with a bed capacity of 146,533; received 1,848,607 foreign tourists in 2010, which constituted 6,45% of total foreign tourists who visited Turkey. Alanya also received 4,85% of Turkey’s total tourism receipts in 2010 (Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 2011: 120,124; Turkish Statistical Institute, 2011: 46). According to 2010 census, the population of Alanya Centrum is 104,000. In order to gather data, a structured questionnaire survey was applied to 134 local residents of Alanya. With this respect, the study is preliminary for any future research in the related fields. The questionnaire consisted of two sections, one being general profile of the respondents, and the other part being 26 questions about residents’ perceptions on sustainable tourism development. After the revision of empirical and theoretical research of the related literature, 26 questions about residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards sustainable tourism development and tourism impact were adapted to this study (Brida et al.,2011; Cevirgen & Kesgin, 2007; Oviedo-Garcia et al., 2008; Prayag et al., 2010; Sirakaya-Turk et al., 2008). A 5-point Likert scale was used in this second part of the questionnaire, ranging from 1=”completely disagree” to 5=”completely agree”. The data collected were analyzed by using SPSS software. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics, frequency distributions, factor analysis, correlation analysis, t-test and ANOVA. 4. FINDINGS According to the profiles of the respondents as shown on Table 1, 66% were male; 45% were between the ages 26-33; 50% were married; 88% were actively working; 50% were working in tourism sector; and 52% had a university or a further degree. 40% of the respondents were living in Alanya for 1 to 5 years, while 18% were in Alanya for more than 26 years. 44% of the respondents earn between 1,000 TL to 2,000 TL monthly. Table 1. Respondent Profile Gender n % Age n % Male 88 66 18-25 28 21 Female 46 34 26-33 60 45 34-41 12 9 Marital Status Married 67 50 42-49 18 13 Single 67 50 50 & above 16 12 Are you working right now? 68 Is your job tourism-related? �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Yes 118 88 Yes 65 50 No 16 12 No 64 50 Is anyone in your family (spouse / children) working in tourism sector? (n - %) Education Elementary 12 9 Yes 29 22 Secondary 10 8 No 101 78 High school 20 15 Duration of Residency in Alanya (years, n - %) Vocational 21 16 Less than 1 7 5 Bachelor’s 28 20 1-5 54 40 Master&PhD 42 32 6-10 17 13 11-15 15 11 Monthly Salary (¨ - TL) None 8 6 16-20 10 8 Min Wage-1000 28 21 21-25 5 4 1001-1500 29 22 26 & above 24 18 1501-2000 30 22 2001-2500 24 18 2501 & above 15 11 Firstly, reliability of the whole scale was tested. Cronbach’s alpha was found as 0,762; well above the generally agreed lower limit of 0,60 for research at exploratory stage (Sencan, 2005: 170). Then, the principle component analysis was performed to identify the underlying dimensions of the perceived sustainable tourism development items. The Keiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0,688, and the Barlett Test of Sphericity was statistically significant at 0,000 level, indicating that the data were suitable for factor analysis. These 26 items were subjected to factor analyzed with Varimax rotation. Minimum item loading of 0,50 was selected to interpret variables considered significant. Two of the 26 items were dropped because their loading was below 0,50. These two items were “Alanya is overcrowded because of tourism development”, and “Full participation in tourism decision making by everyone is a must for successful tourism development”. The factor analysis revealed four major factor areas; environmental sustainability (8 items), perceived social costs (5 items), maximizing community participation (5 items), and perceived economic benefits (6 items). Table 2 shows the results and Cronbach’s Alpha of each factor. 69 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Reliability of the four factors ranged from 0,749 to 0,867. The four factors explained a total of % 52,62 of the variance. Residents showed their highest perception to perceived economic benefits with mean of 4,16 among the four factors. Residents generally are positive towards all of the factors except their neutral approach towards maximizing community participation with a mean of 3,09. Table 2. Results of Factor Analysis ITEMS Factor Loading Factor 1. Perceived Economic Benefits (PEB) % of Variance Mean Alpha Explaine (α) d 5,23 16,51 4,16 PEB23 – Tourism creates new sources of income ,924 4,23 PEB24 – Tourism is good for local economy ,908 4,34 PEB22 – Tourism diversifies the local economy ,897 4,19 0,867 PEB21 – Tourism is a strong economic contributor ,883 to community 4,36 PEB25 – Tourism creates new markets for local ,593 products 3,72 PEB26 – Tourism increases awareness for ,535 protection of natural resources 4,10 Factor 2. Environmental Sustainability (ES) ES7 – Tourism protects the environment 70 Eigenvalue 3,26 14,88 3,52 ,761 3,58 ES2 – Tourism enables better public services ,748 (roads, etc.) 3,53 ES1 – Tourism has improved the infrastructure ,687 (electricity, etc) 3,64 ES8 – Community environment must be protected ,671 now and for the future 3,84 ES4 – Tourism development helps the protection ,660 of natural life 2,78 0.840 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ES6 – Biological diversity is being protected ,637 3,57 ES3 – Tourism encourages the creation of parks ,628 and leisure areas for residents 3,70 ES5 – Tourism is being developed in harmony ,583 with natural and cultural environment 3,53 Factor 3. Maximizing Community Participation (MCP) 2,76 11,41 3,09 MCP16 – Residents are given opportunities in ,802 tourism decision making 3,11 MCP19 – Residents should be encouraged to assume leadership roles in tourism planning ,764 committees 2,93 0.761 MCP20 – Tourism promotes positive environmental ethics among all parties with a ,710 stake in tourism 3,30 MCP18 – Residents should be given more ,693 opportunities to invest in tourism developments 3,15 MCP17 – Tourism industry must embrace the ,621 values of residents 2,94 Factor 4. Perceived Social Costs (PSC) 10.20 2,69 PSC12 – Residents’ quality of life has deteriorated ,802 because of tourism 2,33 PSC10 – Tourists disrupt the quality of life in the ,768 region 2,61 PSC11 – Residents often feel irritated because of ,758 tourism 2,53 PSC14 – Tourism negatively affects the life style ,687 of residents 2,90 PSC13 – Tourism causes problems in security and ,636 crime 3,06 Overall Reliability of the Scale (α) 71 2,43 0.749 0.762 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Total Variance Explained 52,62 KMO 0.688 Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity Sig. 0.000 According to the correlation analysis as shown in Table 3, positive and statistically significant correlation was found twice, between three factors: environmental sustainability with perceived economic benefits (p<0,05); and maximizing community participation with perceived economic benefits (p<0,01). Table 3. Correlation Analysis Groups 1 Environmental Sustainability 1 Perceived Social Costs -0,105 1 Maximizing Participation 0,119 -0,112 1 0,213* -0,046 0,254** Community Perceived Benefits Economic 2 3 4 1 *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). ANOVA and t-tests were applied in order to test whether there were any statistically significant differences between residents’ perceptions towards sustainability tourism development and their characteristics. According to these tests, no significant difference was observed between the four sustainable tourism development factors and gender, work status, tourism related work, tourism related working family member, and age. On the other hand, results of statistically significant differences were presented on the tables below. According to Table 4, single and married respondents showed statistically significant difference in terms of their perception towards environmental sustainability (p=0,001<0,01). Table 4. Summary of t-test results for Marital Status 72 Dependent Components Marital Status Mean Standard Deviation t p Environmental Married 3,65 0,69 1,873 0,001** �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sustainability Single 3,39 0,91 Married 2,55 0,86 Perceived Social Costs Maximizing Community Participation Perceived Benefits Economic Single 2,83 0,75 Married 3,19 0,72 Single 2,98 0,78 Married 4,34 0,57 Single 3,97 0,85 -2,029 0,626 1,631 0,233 3,000 0,185 According to Table 5, respondents’ perception towards maximizing community participation showed statistically significant differences with respect to their level of education (p=0,000<0,01). A post-hoc Tukey test was used to detect the differences in means among education levels. Vocational school graduates (3,44) responded significantly higher than Master and PhD graduates (2,69). There were not any other significant differences between the other levels of education. Table 5. Summary of ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey multiple comparison test results for Education Factors df Mean Square F Sig. Environmental Sustainability 132 1,098 1,708 0,137 Perceived Social Costs 132 0,627 0,961 0,445 Maximizing Participation 132 2,392 4,800 0,000** 132 0,819 1,515 0,190 Perceived Benefits Community Economic According to Table 6, respondents’ perception towards maximizing community participation showed statistically significant differences with respect to their monthly income (p=0,003<0,01). A post-hoc Tukey test was used to detect the differences in means among monthly income. Residents earning 1,001 to 1,500 TL (3,52) responded significantly higher than residents earning 1,501 to 2,000 TL monthly (2,78). There were not any other significant differences between the other levels of monthly income. 73 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 6. Summary of ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey multiple comparison test results for Monthly Income Factors df Mean Square F Sig. Environmental Sustainability 133 1,350 2,129 0,066 Perceived Social Costs 133 1,255 1,971 0,087 Maximizing Participation 133 1,998 3,872 0,003** 133 0,745 1,375 0,238 Community Perceived Economic Benefits According to Table 7, respondents’ perception towards environmental sustainability showed statistically significant differences with respect to their duration of residency in Alanya (p=0,003<0,01). A post-hoc Tukey test was used to detect the differences in means among duration of residency. Residents who have been living in Alanya for 16-20 years (2,82) responded significantly lower than residents living in Alanya for more than 26 years (4,00). There were not any other significant differences between the other levels of duration of residency. Table 7. Summary of ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey multiple comparison test results for Duration of Residency in Alanya Factors df Mean Square F Sig. Environmental Sustainability 131 2,083 3,452 0,003** Perceived Social Costs 131 1,619 2,599 0,021 Maximizing Participation 131 1,205 2,196 0,048 131 1,102 2,088 0,059 Community Perceived Economic Benefits 74 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5. CONCLUSION According to the results of this empirical study, residents in Alanya have shown positive perceptions towards sustainable tourism developments. Yet, they have shown neutral approach towards maximizing community participation, which is one of the most important principles of sustainable development. This situation shows that residents do not have strong awareness about the concept of sustainability. Another point to mention is that residents do not feel they are a part of the decision making process of tourism development of the region. Residents of Alanya think that tourism developments generally have a positive contribution to environmental sustainability, but their belief that tourism does not protect the natural life limited their level of support towards tourism developments. Tourism developments in Alanya do not create significant level of perceived social costs, according to residents. This positive attitude of residents towards tourism developments is of critical value for the sustainability of tourism in the region. Residents of Alanya also think that tourism contributes greatly towards regional economy. In order to maximize the economic benefits of tourism, more involvement and participation of residents into tourism decision making mechanisms is needed. In the light of these findings, tourism leaders and planners need to make substantial effort in order to raise the awareness of residents on sustainability principles and to maximize community participation, because residents’ involvement in tourism developments is of utmost importance for sustainable development of the destination. It would be beneficial for any future studies to focus on including the other stakeholders of tourism sector and comparing the results of each stakeholder’s perceptions. REFERENCES Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry. (2011). Alanya economic report 2010, Alanya. Andriotis, K. (2005). Community groups' perceptions of and preferences for tourism development: evidence from Crete, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 29 (1), 67-90. Brida, J.G., Osti, L. & Faccioli, M. (2011). Residents’ perception and attitudes towards tourism impacts: A case study of the small rural community of Folgaria (Trentino–Italy), Benchmarking: An International Journal, 18 (3), 359-385. Byrd, E.T. (2007). Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development, Tourism Review, 62 (2), 6-13. Cevirgen, A. & Kesgin, M. (2007). Local authorities’ and NGOs’ perceptions of tourism development and urbanization in Alanya. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal. 55(3), 309-322. Choi, H.S.C. & Sirakaya, E. (2005). Measuring residents’ attitude toward sustainable tourism: development of sustainable tourism attitude scale, Journal of Travel Research, 43, 380-394. Corakci, B. (1991). Ortak Geleceğimiz, Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı Yayını, 3. Baskı, Ankara: Önder Matbaa. 75 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Demir, C. & Çevirgen, A. (2006). Turizm ve Çevre Yönetimi Sürdürülebilir Gelişme Yaklaşımı, Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Dyer, P., Gursoy, D., Sharma, B. & Carter, J. (2007). Structural modeling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia, Tourism Management, 28, 409-422 Eshliki, S. A. & Kaboudi, M. (2012). Community perception of tourism impacts and their participation in tourism planning: a case study of Ramsar, Iran, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 36, 333-341. Gursoy, D., Chi, C. G. & Dyer, P. (2010). Locals' attitudes toward mass and alternative tourism: the case of Sunshine Coast, Australia, Journal of Travel Research, 49 (3), 381-394. Gursoy, D. & Rutherford, D. G. (2004).Host attitudes toward tourism: an improved structural model, Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (3), 495-516. Kitnuntaviwat, V. & Tang, J.C.S. (2008). Residents’ attitudes, perception and support for sustainable tourism development, Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 5 (1), 4560. Oviedo-Garcia, M. A., Catellanos-Verdugo, M. & Martin-Ruiz, D. (2008). Gaining residents’ support for tourism and planning, International Journal of Tourism Research, 10, 95-109. Prayag, G., Dookhony-Ramphul, K. & Maryeven, M. (2010). Hotel development and tourism impacts in Mauritius: Hoteliers' perspectives on sustainable tourism, Development Southern Africa, 27 (5), 697-712. Sirakaya-Turk, E., Ekinci, Y. & Kaya, A.G. (2008). An examination of the validity of SUS-TAS in cross-cultures, Journal of Travel Research, 46, 414-421. Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal Davranışsal Ölçümlerde Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. Tosun,C. (2001). Challenges of sustainable tourism development in the developing world: the case of Turkey, Tourism Management, 22, 289-303. Turkish Statistical Institute. (2011). Tourism statistics 2010, Ankara. 76 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1365 Title A name given to the resource Residents’ Perceptions towards Sustainable Tourism Development: The Case of Alanya Author Author Aydin , Cevirgen Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainable development approach is of utmost importance for the future existence of tourism destinations. Therefore, enabling tourism development based on sustainability principles economically, socially and environmentally is considered to be a necessity. All stakeholders of the tourism sector have important roles in this development process. Especially, the inclusion of residents to this process and their involvement in decision-making mechanisms represent a focal point in sustainable tourism development. Any tourism development that does not take into consideration the needs and expectations of residents does not have much chance for success. There have been many studies made about residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism and tourism development in tourism literature. However, only a few studies use sustainable development perspective in order to determine residents’ perceptions towards tourism development. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the residents’ perceptions towards sustainable tourism development in Alanya, an important tourism destination of Turkey and Mediterranean region. Data gathered from 134 residents in Alanya were analyzed using factor and correlation analysis, t-tests and ANOVA. Results presented a four-factor perceived sustainable tourism development measurement scale: environmental sustainability; perceived social costs; maximizing community participation; and perceived economic benefits. Findings have shown that there is a significant correlation between perceived economic benefits and two of the other three factors, which are environmental sustainability and maximizing community participation. Another main finding of the study is that residents are not fully aware of nor have much knowledge about the concept of sustainability and its principles, yet they still have shown positive attitude towards its principles. Keywords: Alanya, Residents, Residents’ Perceptions, Sustainability, Sustainable Tourism Development, Sustainable Development, Tourism. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/90eb5e31fed644ba9368a225e4d29241.pdf d8464e9c368ed74abb636012756d2842 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Usage Of E-Health In The Sustainability Of Attitude And Behavioral Changes: An Example On The Health Management Students Aygen Oksay1, Didar Büyüker İşler2, Gaye Atilla1, Münire Çiftçi2 1 Health Management Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta-Turkey 2Tourism Management Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta-Turkey Abstract The aim of this study is to find out the effects of e-health on the undergraduate students. This study also tries to examine the results of attitude and behavioral changes of the participants. A questionnaire was done on the first and second grade students as well as some MBA students of Health Management Department of Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. The answers given to the questionnaire was tested by using the appropriate statistical tests in SPSS 16.0 program. According to the results the participants perception of the concept ‘health communication’ is not definite. The results also show that the participants use Internet but not very efficiently. Keywords: e-health, sustainability in health, health behavior, behavior change, health system. 1. Sustainability in Health One can’t ignore the importance of health in sustainable development. For the nations to reach their goals of sustainable development; they must have a strategy to create a healthy society. Thus the mass media especially the Internet must be used very actively and efficiently. The Internet has proven to be a powerful and very popular vehicle for distributing health information to millions of individuals; it is interactive, user controlled and provides an effective means for communicating detailed information (Erdem & Harrison-Walker, 2006: 387). In fact, the word ‘patient’ is being slowly replaced, at least implicitly, by the word ‘consumer’ (Ball & Lillis, 2001: 2). In that respect e-health, which can help the knowledge and technology in the health services spread to a wide range of people, is a very important communication channel that should be used for the sustainable development of health. The Alliance for Natural Health (ANH) first defined sustainable healthcare in 2006 in the UK journal The Nutrition Practitioner. The definition is as follows: "A complex system of interacting approaches to the restoration, management and optimization of human health that has an ecological base, that is environmentally, economically and socially viable indefinitely, 401 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo that functions harmoniously both with the human body and the non-human environment, and which does not result in unfair or disproportionate impacts on any significant contributory element of the healthcare system." (http://www.anh-europe.org/campaigns/sustainablehealthcare ). 1.1. E-Health: Sustainable Healthcare Health is defined as a ‘state of complete physical, mental and social well-being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948. But according to King (1990: 4) WHO’s celebrated definition should be transformed into “health is a sustainable state of complete…..”. As one can see sustainability is highlighted in this new version of definition. For health to be a sustainable state the changes in health attitudes and behaviors must be sustainable as well. But the technology driven demand changes, the demographic driven demand changes, workforce and funding challenges and also the quality and safety challenges all add up to an unsustainable health system. Coordination, integration and sharing of information in context of organizational change are the necessities of a sustainable system. Therefore e-health is an answer to this kind of development. Many nations have started to use e-health. According to World Health Organization e-health is the combined use of electronic communication and information technology in the health sector (http://www.ehealthinfo.gov.au/, 21.3.2012). Similarly Eng (2001) defines it as ‘the use of emerging information and communication technology, especially the Internet, to improve or enable health and health care’ (Eng, 2002: 267). E-health systems can improve access to information, thus increasing awareness of what is known in the health sciences, while selective dissemination by electronic means can facilitate targeting of information on those who either request it or are most likely to use it (Kwankam, 2004: 800). Since e-health could tailor information to unique needs and attributes of individuals and communities; it will use improved customization, contextuality and interactivity. Thus it’s very important to use this tool for the sustainability of the health attitudes and behaviors. There are over 100 000 web sites worldwide, proffering health information of varying quality that is used by both professionals and laypersons. In 2001, 86% of all adults in the United States with access to the Internet had consulted it for health-related information and 55% of primary care physicians in Germany and 90% in the United States had made use of it (Risk & Dzenowagis, 2001: 28). Studies present that communication mediated by computers and other digital technologies can result in positive outcomes across a wide range of behaviors (Neuhauser and Kreps, 2003: 15). For example in an online study of people who frequently visit health and medical websites, 90% of respondents felt they could manage their own health and 82% stated that the Web offers better information on new medications than what physicians or pharmacists have in their offices (Lach, 1999). One reason why so many people are turning to the Internet for health information is the belief that today’s doctor—patient relationship lacks the attention to 402 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo detail and personal touch that once existed. Patients go online because they want more than what they typically receive from an office consultation (Erdem & Harrison-Walker, 2006: 388). 1.2. The Changing of Health Behavior Since the 1960’s considerable research has appeared on the effect of attitudes on behavior (Liska and friends, 1984: 15). Attitude has been found to be the most significant factor influencing behavioral intention. Compelling reason why attitude is so important is the fact that attitude can be changed through persuasion and other means. An abundance of research regarding attitude change and persuasion exists in the psychology literature. Since attitude is the most significant predictor of intention (which in turn, is the best predictor of the actual behavior), then behavior could possibly be influenced through attitude change and persuasion. Attitude has been shown to significantly affect intention. If attitude can be changed, then intention may be influenced (and subsequently behavior may be influenced). (Al-Rafee and Cronan, 2006: 238). From this point on one can say that for the health behavior change to occur as well as to achieve sustainable development in the health area; the nations should use e-health systems effectively. 2. The Research The main aim of this study done is to measure the use of e-health in between the health management students. The study is done in Health Management Department of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences in Suleyman Demirel University. 1st and 2nd grade along with some MBA students participated in the study. A questionnaire was distributed to the whole population which was 200. Only 182 of them were able to be used in the analysis. Thus 91% of the population is reached. The questionnaire was made up of three sections. The first part consisted of demographic questions whereas the second part had questions towards Internet usage. The last part consisted of e-health questions. The answers were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. 3. The Results 3.1. The Demographic Findings Every demographic question in the questionnaire has been analyzed in order to see the frequency distribution of the participants. The findings are shown in Table 1. As seen in Table 1 the % 58,8 of the participants are men and %41,2 are women. Half of the participants are 1st grade students. %78 of the participants are 17-21 years old. The participants who have a PC is around %56 and % 43,4 doesn’t have a PC. When this finding is considered the percentage of not having a PC is relatively high. The duration of Internet 403 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo usage (1-10 years) has a big percentage of % 88 which is an expected situation. A same result is seen in the usage of Internet. The findings show that %41,2 of the participants use Internet every day and %42,9 of them use Internet a few times in a week. Table 1: The Demographic Findings of the Participants Variables Valid Frequency % Variables Valid Frequency % Gender Men 107 58,8 Yes 102 56,0 Women 75 41,2 Having a PC No 79 43,4 Total 182 100,0 Total 181 99,4 1st Grade 92 50,5 1-5 years 86 47,3 2nd Grade 78 42,9 6-10 years 74 40,7 MBA 12 6,6 11-15 years 4 2,2 Total 182 100,0 1 0,5 165 90,7 Every day 75 41,2 A few times in a week 78 42,9 A few times in a month Total 26 14,3 179 98,4 Grade Age 17–21 years 22–26 years 142 78,0 33 18,1 27–31 years 32 years and above 3 1,6 2 1,1 Total 180 98,9 The Duration of Internet Usage How often do you use Internet 16 years above Total and 3.2. The Reasons of Internet Usage The reasons of Internet usage are given in Table 2. As seen in Table 2 the %20,9 of the participants say that they use Internet for fun. However the ones who use it for shopping is only %8,8. %55,5 of the participants have indicated that they use Internet for social network sites. On the other hand only %28,6 of them stated that they use Internet for individual communication. The highest ratio (%64,8) is seen in the usage of Internet as a tool to gain information. It is also seen from Table 2 that %51,1 of the participants use Internet for doing homework, projects, etc. Table 2: The Reasons of Internet Usage The Attitudes 404 For fun Frequency % For gaining information Frequency % No 144 79,1 No 64 35,2 Yes 38 20,9 Yes 118 64,8 Total 182 100,0 Total 182 100,0 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo For shopping Frequency % For individual Communication Frequency % No 166 91,2 No 130 71,4 Yes 16 8,8 Yes 52 28,6 Total 182 100,0 Total 182 100,0 For social network sites Frequency % For preparing projects, homework Frequency % No 81 44,5 No 93 51,1 Yes 101 55,5 Yes 89 48,9 Total 182 100,0 Total 182 100,0 3.3. The Perception of the Concept Health Communication Table 3 gives information on the participants’ perception of the concept health communication. The result that stands out in Table 3 is that only 117 of the 182 participants have answered the question on “What do you think is health communication?” When analyzed there is no significant difference between the answers. Thus one might say that most of the participants don’t really have an idea of this concept. Table 3: The Perception on Health Communication What is “Health Communication” Frequency The way to get information on health in general The announcement of developments in health by using mass media Have no idea 36 19,8 26 14,3 11 6,0 Forum sites 10 5,5 A relation between the one who gives and gets the health service The communication in between the health personnel The transferring of knowledge on health truly Getting information about doctors and also getting an appointment The cognitive system 10 5,5 7 3,8 6 3,3 6 3,3 5 2,7 117 64,3 65 35,7 182 100,0 Total Lost data Total 405 % �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo When the answers given are analyzed in detail one can see that only %5,5 of the participants indicated that health communication is a relation between the one giving and the one getting the health service. Similarly a small amount of %3,8 stated that health communication is the communication which is in between the health personnel. As seen from Table 3; one can easily see that %19,8 of the participants perceive health communication as “getting information on health in general.” This answer is the highest answer given to this question. The second highest answer given to this question is “the announcement of developments in health by mass media” which %14,3 of the participants stated. 3.4. The Forum Sites on Health When asked the participants whether they are a member of a forum site on health; only %32,4 have said “yes.” On the other hand %67,6 have stated that they weren’t a member of a forum site. When taken into account that the participants were university students, this result is natural. Table 4: Forum Sites on Health Are you a member of a forum site on health? Frequency % No 123 67,6 Yes 59 32,4 Total 182 100,0 3.5. Usage of the Health Institution’s Web Page Table 5 shows the answers given to the question asked to the participants whether they use a health institutions’ web site before going there. As seen from Table 5 almost half of them (%47,3) said “yes.” This actually helps us understand why the participants explain health communication concept as to get information on health. Table 5: Usage of the Health Institution’s Web Site Before going to any health institution do you visit its web site? Frequency % No 93 51,1 Yes 86 47,3 Total 179 98,4 3.6. The Most Visited Web Pages on Health The participants were asked to write down the web sites on health that they visited the most. According to the answers of the 119 participants who answered this question; it seems that 406 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the most visited (%38,5) web site on health is the official web site of Ministry of Health. Table 6 shows the first three web sites visited by the participants. Table 6: The Usage of Web Sites on Health Write the names of the web sites on health you frequently visit Frequency % www.saglik.gov.tr (Ministry of Health) 70 38,5 www.ailehekimliği.gov.tr (Family practice) 13 7,1 The web pages of hospitals 11 6,0 119 65,4 Total 3.7. The Ways of Getting Information on Health The participants were asked to choose from a 5 point Likert scale how they would get information on health. The answers are shown in Table 7. As seen from Table 7 only the %24,2 of the participants say that they generally watch TV programs on health. On the other hand %54,4 state that they rarely watch those kinds of programs. A similar situation is seen when asked whether they listen to the radio programs made on health. %88,1 of the participants have given negative answer to this question. Only %23,1 of the participants state that they frequently read the health columns in the newspaper. The answers given to the statement that “I get advice from a doctor” is interesting. The % 26,9 of the participants state that they rarely get advice from a doctor whereas only %23,6 of them state that they frequently ask a doctor. % 50 of the participants has claimed that they never consult a doctor from the web. The ones who say that they can rarely consult a doctor from the web is %23,1 only. On the other hand %24,2 of the participants say that they always use the net to get information on health. Table 7: The Ways of Getting Information on Health To get information on health in general Never (%) Rarely (%) Usually (%) Frequently (%) Always (%) Total (%) 5,5 54,4 24,2 9,3 6,0 99,5 B2: I listen to the radio programs on health. 44,8 43,3 8,8 2,2 ,6 99,5 B3: I read the news on health in the newspapers. 8,2 28,0 31,9 23,1 8,2 99,5 B4: I get advice from a doctor 8,2 26,9 25,8 23,6 13,2 97,8 50,0 23,1 13,7 8,2 4,4 99,5 6,0 18,7 28,6 22,5 24,2 100,0 B1:I watch TV programs on health B5: I consult a doctor from web. B6: I try to get information from web. 407 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.8. The Reasons of Visiting the Web Site of a Health Institution The answers participants chose from a 5-point scale to the statements as to learn the reasons of visiting a health institution’s web site are showed in detail in Table 8. As seen in Table 8 % 37,4 of the participants stated that they never use the health institution’s web site to get an appointment; whereas % 17 said always. The %36,8 of the participants claimed that they never use the web site to get information on doctors. On the other hand %13,2 stated that they use it frequently for this reason. The ones who use the health institution’s web site to learn about the physical conditions of the hospital are only %3,2. Similarly % 64,3 of the participants stated that they never use the web site to learn the agreed insurance companies. % 29,7 of the participants indicated that they would in general use the web site to get the contact numbers whereas %12,1 of them said that they would use the web site for this reason frequently. Almost half of the participants (%40,1) stated that they would never use the net to learn the results of the samples done in the hospital. Once more almost half of the participants said that they would never use the web site of the health institution to make complaints or suggestions. According to these results one can say that the participants of this study use the web site of the health institution mostly to get information on doctors, to learn the contact numbers and the way to get to the hospital and also to learn the physical conditions of the hospital. Table 8: The Reasons of Visiting the Web Site of a Health Institution I visit the health institutions’ web site to… Never (%) Rarely (%) Usually (%) 37,4 19,8 14,8 the 36,8 27,5 B9: see the physical conditions of the hospital. B10: learn about the insurance companies the hospital has an agreement with. B11: get the contact numbers and learn how to get there. 40,1 B12: learn the results of the analysis (exp:blood sample) done in the hospital. B13: to make complaints and give suggestions. B7: get an appointment. B8: get doctors. information about Frequently (%) Always (%) Total (%) 9,9 17,0 98,9 15,4 13,2 3,8 96,7 29,7 17,0 8,2 3,2 98,9 64,3 20,3 9,9 3,8 1,1 99,5 25,3 24,7 29,7 12,1 6,6 98,4 40,1 25,3 19,8 9,3 3,8 98,4 43,4 34,1 10,4 8,2 2,7 98,9 3.9. The Usage of Mass Media Table 9 shows the answers given to the statements on trusting mass media. %39 of the participants state that they rarely trust the health news on Internet. %35,7 of them on the other hand state that they usually trust those kinds of news. From this result one can say that the 408 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo participants are confused about the news in the net. The %36,3 of the participants stated that they rarely trust the doctors’ advice who works a s a consultant in a forum site. Only the %14,8 of them indicated that they frequently trust such doctors. Similarly %43,4 of the participants indicated that they never trust the health campaign messages that come to their cellular phones. % 19,8 of the participants stated that they usually keep track of a health journal. Table 9: The Usage of Mass Media Never (%) Rarely (%) Usually (%) Frequently (%) Always (%) Total (%) B14: I trust the news on health I see in the net. 10,4 39,0 35,7 10,4 3,3 98,9 B15: I trust the doctors’ advices who work as a consultant of a forum site. 14,8 36,3 28,0 14,8 4,9 98,9 B16: I take into consideration the messages that come to my cellular phone on health campaigns. 43,4 29,1 14,3 7,7 4,9 99,5 B17: I keep track of health journals. 25,3 37,9 19,8 9,9 6,6 99,5 Items When Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9 are analyzed deeply; one can say that the participants use Internet but not efficiently. 4.CONCLUSION 60 % of the participants, who are mostly 17-21 years old, are males. Because of the fact that the participants are university students, this actually explains why the Internet usage ratios are high. This fact also affects the reasons of Internet usage. When looked at Table 2, one can see that the first reason of Internet usage is to gain information while the second reason is to visit social network sites. Besides these one can’t see the similar attitudes and behaviors towards e-health usage. The thing that takes attention is the fact that e-health is used especially for getting an appointment or gaining information about the health institutions, like contact numbers or access to there. The results also show us that the participants don’t trust a physician who gives advice on the web. Similarly the participants still use the traditional ways to learn the analysis (for example: blood sample) done in the hospitals. In general we can say that the participants of this study use the Internet; but not e-health very efficiently. In other words we can say that the participants haven’t gained positive attitude and behavioral changes toward e-health usage yet. REFERENCES AL-RAFEE, Sulaiman and Timothy Paul Cronan, Digital Piracy: Factors that Influence Attitude Toward Behavior, Journal of Business Ethics (2006) 63: 237-259. 409 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo BALL, Marion J. and Jennifer Lillis, E-health: Transforming the Physician/Patient Relationship, International Journal of Medical Informatics 61 (2001) 1–10 3 (Volume 61, Issue 1, April 2001, Pages 1–10). DROLET, Aimee and Jennifer Aaker, Off-Target? Changing Cognitive-Based Attitudes Journal Of Consumer Psychology, 12(1), 2002. 59-68. ENG, T. R., EHealth Research and Evaluation: Challenges and Opportunities, Journal of Health Communication, Vol 7, p. 267-272, 2002. ERDEM, S. Altan and L. Jean Harrison-Walker, The Role of the Internet in Physician— Patient Relationships: The issue of Trust, Business Horizons (2006) 49, 387—393. GLANZ Karen (Ed), Barbara K. Rimer, K. Viswanath, 2008, Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4.th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, USA. JACKMAN, Mary R. The Relation between Verbal Attitude and Overt Behavior: A Public Opinion Application, Social Forces, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Mar., 1976), p. 646-668. KARACA, Erol, Öğretimde Planlama ve Değerlendirme Dersine Yönelik Bir Tutum Ölçeği Geliştirme, Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, No 16, December 2006, 213230. KAYA, Mevlüt and Bayramali Nazıroğlu, Din Görevlilerinin Mesleki Tutum Ve Motivasyon Düzeylerini Etkileyen Bazı Faktörler, http://dergi.samsunilahiyat.com/Makaleler/1779187485_20082702035. pdf, 25-53. (03.04.2012). KING, M. H., Health is a Sustainable State, Lancet,336, p. 664-667, 1990. KOÇAKOĞLU, Melih and Lütfullah Türkmen, Biyoloji Dersine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği Geliştirilmesi, Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol 11, No 2, Ağustos 2010, Sayfa 229-245. KWANKAM, S. Yunkap, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, October 2004, 82 (10). LISKA, Allen E. Richard B. Felson Mitchell Chamlin William Baccaglini, Estimating Attitude-Behavior Reciprocal Effects Within A Theoretical Specification, Social Psychology Quarterly Vol. 47, No. 1, 15-23. 1984. NEUHAUSER L. and Gary L. Kreps, Rethinking Communication in the E-Health Era, Journal of Health Psychology, Vol 8, no 1, p.7-23, 2003. RISK A and J. Dzenowagis, Review of Internet Health Information Quality Initiatives, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 3:e28, 2001. SMITH, Robert E. and William R. Swinyard, Attitude-Behavior Consistency: The Impact of Product Trial versus Advertising, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Aug., 1983), pp. 257-267. http://www.anh-europe.org/campaigns/sustainable-healthcare http://www.ehealthinfo.gov.au/ , 21.3.2012. 410 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1136 Title A name given to the resource The Usage Of E-Health In The Sustainability Of Attitude And Behavioral Changes: An Example On The Health Management Students Author Author Aygen, Oksay Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this study is to find out the effects of e-health on the undergraduate students. This study also tries to examine the results of attitude and behavioral changes of the participants. A questionnaire was done on the first and second grade students as well as some MBA students of Health Management Department of Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. The answers given to the questionnaire was tested by using the appropriate statistical tests in SPSS 16.0 program. According to the results the participants perception of the concept ‘health communication’ is not definite. The results also show that the participants use Internet but not very efficiently. Keywords: e-health, sustainability in health, health behavior, behavior change, health system. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2eb262891ec9302ca711e0db8a884afd.pdf 0ae6110530333c34ba71ffd5c5797b69 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Engle, R.F. (1982) Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of the Cariance of UK Inflation, Econometrica, 50, 987-1008. Erden, L. and Sağlam, G. (2009) Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru Oynakliğinin Sektörel Ithalata Etkileri: Bir Ardl Ithalat Modeli Analizi, H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 19-44. Gül E. and Ekinci A. (2006) Türkiye’de Reel Döviz Kuru İle İhracat ve İthalat Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: 1990 – 2006, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16, 165190. Hwang H. and Lee, J. (2005) Exchange Rate Volatility and Trade Flows of the U.K. in 1990s, International Area Review, 8(1), 173-182. Pesaran, M.H. and Shin Y. (1999) An Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis, in: Strom, S.(Ed.), Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century, Camridge University Press, Cambridge. Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.J. (2001) Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. Sarı A. (2010) Döviz Kuru Oynakliğinin Ithalata Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği, İstanbul Üniversitesi Iktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, 11, 31–44. Cox Regression Models with Time-Varying Covariates Applied to Survival Success of Young Firms (*) Aygül Anavatan, Murat Karaöz Akdeniz University, İİBF, Department of Econometrics 07058, Kampus, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: aygulanavatan@akdeniz.edu.tr, mkaraoz@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Cox proportional hazards model assumes that independent variables remain constant throughout the observation period. Model can give biased results in cases which this assumption is violated. One of the methods used modelling the hazard ratio in the cases that the proportional hazard assumption is not met is to add a time-dependent variable showing the interaction between the predictor variable as parametric function of time. In this study, we investigate the factors that affect the survival time of the firms and the time dependence of these factors using Cox regression considering time depedent independent variables. (*) This paper is an extension to the findings of the scientific research project “The Factors Affecting Survival and Growth Performance of Newly Established Enterprises in Business Incubators: A Survey on the KOSGEB Business Development Centers (İŞGEM)”, 109K139, which has been funded with grant from TÜBİTAK. We also acknowledge the administrative support to the project from KOSGEB. 49 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords: Survival analysis; Cox Regression Model; Proportional Hazard Assumption; New Firms 1.INTRODUCTION Survival analysis deals with the probability of occurrence of a given event at a set of particular points in a time interval (Cox and Oakes, 1984). The typical survival anaylsis may include the reports of hazard rates, ratios and survival curves while relating a likely set of independent variables to a specific event. In the small business and entrepreneurship literature, survival analysis has been used to track the start-ups over the years. A survival curve of a cohort of newly established firms reports what percentage of the cohort continue to survive since its inception over time, indicating whether some of the firms are failed over the years (Karaöz and Albeni, 2011). Cox proportional hazards (PH) model is the most preferred model in order to investigate the effect of variables on survival time. The key assumption of Cox model is that hazard rate related to different levels of the factors is constant throughout the follow-up period (Başar, 2006). Violation of the PH assumption requires additional measures for unbiased results of Cox Survival regression. In this paper, Cox regression has been applied to investigate the survival of newly established firms under incubation. Violation of PH assumption has been tested and further Cox regressions are performed considering time-varying effects of independent variables to survival. 2.SURVIVAL ANALYSIS In a survival analysis, it is usually referred to the time variable as survival time, because it gives the time that an individual has “survived” over some followup period (Geiss et al., 2009). It is also typically referred to the event as a failure, because the event of interest usually is death, disease incidence, or some other negative individual experience (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). When survival time ( ) is defined as a random variable with cumulative distribution function and probability density function , survival function is explained by Equation (2.1) (Yay, Çoker and Uysal, 2007); (2.1) Survival function gives the probability that the random variable exceeds the specified time (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). All survival functions have the characteristics that i) they are nonincreasing; that is, they head downward as increases, ii) at time , ; that is, at the start of the study, since no one has gotten the event yet, the probability of surviving past time 0 is one, iii) at time , ; that is, theoretically, if the study period increased without limit, eventually nobody would survive, so the survival curve must eventually fall to zero (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). The hazard function , with its complement of survival function , is given by Equation (2.2), where denotes a small interval of time (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005); (2.2) 50 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The hazard function gives the instantaneous potential per unit time for the event to occur, given that the individual has survived up to time (Tabatabai et al., 2007). In contrast to the survival function, which focuses on not failing, the hazard function focuses on failing, that is, on the event occurring (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). 2.1.The Cox Proportional Hazards (PH) Model The Cox PH model is usually written in terms of the hazard model formula shown at equation (2.3). This model gives an expression for the hazard at time for an individual with a given specification of a set of explanatory variables denoted by . That is, represents a collection of predictor variables that is being modeled to predict an individual’s hazard (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). (2.3) The Cox model formula says that the hazard at time is the product of two quantities. The first of these, , is called the baseline hazard function. The second quantity is the exponential expression to the linear sum of , where the sum is over the explanatory variables (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). A hazard ratio is defined as the hazard for one individual divided by the hazard for a different individual. The two individuals being compared can be distinguished by their values for the set of predictors, that is, the X’s. HR is shown by the following formula, where denotes the set of predictors for one individual, and denotes the set of predictors for the other individual (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005); (2.4) Once the model is fitted and the values for and are specified, the value of the exponential expression for the estimated HR is a constant, , which does not depend on time (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005); (2.5) Running the Cox regression, observations should be independent of each other and HR should remains constant with time. This assumption related to hazard ratio is known as PH assumption. If the HR is increasing over time, the estimated coefficients assuming PH is overestimating at first and underestimating later on (Bellera et al., 2010). 2.2.Extension of the Cox Proportional Hazards Model An important feature of this formula, which concerns the PH assumption, is that the baseline hazard is a function of , but does not involve the ’s. The ’s in the formula are called time-independent ’s (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). It is possible, nevertheless, to consider ’s which do involve . Such ’s are called time-dependent variables. If timedependent variables are considered, the Cox model form may still be used yet in an extended form, as the orginal model do not satify the PH assumption (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). 51 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In the case of being time-dependent explanatory variables, Cox regression model expands to a model which contains time-independent variables and some functions of the time the product with these variables. Independent variables are, , where time-independent variables and time-dependent variables (Sertkaya et al., 2005). Then, Cox regression model is, (Sertkaya et al., 2005); and which denote vector of coefficients of explanatory variables (2.6) Where is defined as a function of time. or as step function (Sertkaya et al., 2005). usually is defined in the form of , , 3.AN APPLICATION INTO NEW FIRM SURVIVAL UNDER INCUBATION Although the Survival analysis extensively been used in medical research on individuals, recently it becomes widely popular in Business Success and survival research. Thus, rather than on individuals, in this paper, we apply Cox regression to investigate the survival of newly established firms under incubation. There are studies applying survival Violation of PH assumption has been tested and further Cox regressions are performed considering time-varying effects of independent variables to survival. Our 414 observations on firm characteristics acquired from 12 different incubators, İŞGEMs, located across Turkey. The data includes almost all firms that currently exist İŞGEMs or the firms that resided in the past yet left İŞGEMs by graduation or failure. The survey data consists the total of. A business incubator can be identified as an organization which mentors the development of newly founded firms by specialized services such as providing office space, specialized staff, machinery, equipment, facilities and business assistance (Aernoudt, 2004). 3.1.Variables Used in the Analysis For our analysis, factors affecting the initial success of young enterprises can be summarized as i) Human capital characteristics of new enterprise's owner such as education level and sector experience, ii) Firm characteristics such as scale, age and human capital, iii) Industry characteristics such as market growth rate and entry barriers, vi) Incubation features, v) Other external factors such as macroeconomic fluctuations, regional factors and public policies (Hackett and Dilts, 2004). All of the data and variables used in our analysis are taken from Karaöz and Albeni (2011) and descriptive statistics and definitions are presented at Table 3.1. Table 3.1: The variables used in analysis and descriptive statistics VARIABLE DEFINITION Observation s Mean Minimum Maximum 414 - 0 1 EVENT OF INTEREST exit If the firm is closed (failed) during or after the incubation 1, otherwise 0 52 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo DEPENDENT VARIABLE incubage The elapsed time from the firm's entry into incubation until it's closed (month) 404 41,52 2 158 income If entrepreneur's income only comes from the incubated firm 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 gender If entrepreneur is female 1, male 0 (If there are both male and female partner 0) 414 - 0 1 lnentage Entrepreneur’s age (If there is a partnership, it is taken as the oldest entrepreneur’s agelogarithmic scale) 367 3,64 3 4,25 enteduuni If entrepreneur is a college graduate 1, otherwise 0 (if there is a partnership and one of the partners is college graduate 1) 414 - 0 1 entexp Entrepreneur's prior experience before arriving İŞGEM (year) 414 5,83 0 40 family If there is a role model for entrepreneurship in entrepreneur's family or surrounding 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 partner The number of partners witin the established firm 414 1,24 1 4 export If the firm export 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 lnempini initial firm size (logarithmic scale) 392 1,31 0 5,70 onlyloan If firm's founding capital is completely loan 1, otherwise 414 - 0 1 FEATURES OF THE FIRM CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTREPRENEUR INDEPENDENT VARIABLES 53 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo EXTERNAL FEATURES INDUSTRIAL PROPERTIES INCUBATION SERVICES AND PROPERTIES 0 networking If entrepreneur is in cooperation with stakeholders within and outside the incubator 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 innova If entrepreneur has made innovation 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 advert If the firm has had an advertising 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 brand If the firm is a brand owner 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 comserv If entrepreneur has used at least one of the common services offered by incubation 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 whenest If the incubated firm entered the incubation center within first 3 years (36 months) of incubation center 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 incubsize The number of incubation's workshop 414 43,14 14 84 sector If the firm is in the manufacturing industry 1, in the service sector 0 411 - 0 1 compete Intensity of competition in the sector (1-5 Likert scale) 410 - 1 5 prorank (%) Share of the GDP per capita of the province in the Country GDP where the incubation center is located 414 1,51 0,59 2,07 cycle If the firm has experienced an economic crisis 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 Source: Karaöz and Albeni (2011). 54 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo According to our data, Firm Survival Curve has been presented at Figure 3; Surivors diminish to about 20% with 158 months. 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 Kaplan-Meier survival estimate 0 50 100 150 analysis time Figure 3.1: Survival curve of firms with failures during or after incubation 3.2. Results All Cox Regression results with and without considering time effects are presented in Table 3.2. Our PH tests indicate that further estimations are necessary using time-dependent variables. Model 2 estimates include the variables which in Model 1 and all of the interaction terms created by each of these variables multiplying , which is a function of time, in order to handle variable-time interaction. The Model 3 are obtained by using only the relevant variables of (incubsize) and (prorank), which are found to be the time-dependent variables. 55 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 3.2: Estimates of the basic and with time-dependent Cox model variables Coefficients Variable income gender lnentage enteduuni entexp family partner export lnempini onlyloan networking innova advert brand comserv whenest incubsize sector compete prorank cycle 1.18 -0.056 0.265 0.659 -0.084 -0.307 -1.71 0.827 0.214 -1.03 -1.47 -1.67 0.636 0.865 0.264 0.010** * 0.892 0.732 5.16 1.14 6.45 0.253 0.745 0.422 0.924 1.75 -0.093 0.000** * 0.826 -1.18 -0.02 -0.156 0.044** 0.042** 0.402 0.015** 0.308 0.278 0.063* 0.004*** 0.006** * 0.17 0.275 0.592 0.013** 0.002*** 0.738 -0.157 -1.16 0.46 0.416 0.013** 0.21 Model 1 0.289 -0.307 -4.63 1.07 6.47 0.274 -6.97 4.45 -2.24 -2.74 -4.22 -6.63 -0.985 -0.261 -4.39 0.342 0.205 0.844 0.576 0.847 0.215 0.333 0.74 0.522 0.685 0.217 0.813 0.015** 0.291 0.721 0.762 -0.101 -0.249 -2.39 0.951 0.196 -1.88 -1.54 -2.46 0.615 1.61 0.638 -2.25 -0.253 -0.425 0.364 0.024** 0.013** 0.518 0.001** * 0.303 0.298 0.002*** 0.004*** 0.001** * 2.92 19.4 10.5 Model 2 0.23 0.003*** 0.085* -0.341 16.9 0.791 Model 3 0.198 0.074* 0.234 0.000*** 0.009*** 0.362 0.099* 0.002*** 0.040* * gender lnentage enteduuni entexp family partner export lnempini onlyloan networking innova advert brand comserv whenest incubsize sector compete prorank cycle income Model 2 (cont.) -0.959 -0.352 -1.48 0.139 0.055 1.23 -1.08 -1.25 -0.023 1.3 0.427 0.699 0.474 0.861 0.505 0.212 0.457 0.678 0.954 0.378 56 -1.7 -0.147 0.177 0.937 0.924 1.48 1.99 -0.415 0.418 0.582 0.161 0.718 0.059 1.03 0.030** 0.344 -0.903 -5.74 -2.5 0.17 0.001*** 0.108 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Model 3 (cont.) *, **, and *** indicate significance at the 1, 5 and 10% levels, respectively. Log-likelihood and prob values of Model 1, 2 and 3, respectively, are -190.632 [0.000***], -165.552 [0.000***] and -173.255 [0.000***]. 57 0.058 -5 0.017** 0.001*** �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Considering all the model estimates, we obtain various results regarding the variables. The possibility of failure of the firms, whose owners only dependent on earnings coming from its new-born firm higher than other firms. In this case it has been seen that the entrepreneurs having income from other sources are more likely to be successful in start-up business. It is interesting to see the result that the firms whose owners are university graduates have about two times higher risk of failure than other firms. An increase in the number of partners in the firm decreases the possibility of failure of firms. It is interesting to see that failure risk of firms, whose founding capital is formed entirely by loans, are lower than whose initial capital is partially or fully self-financed. If an entrepreneur is in collaboration with stakeholders within and outside the incubation, survival probability of the firm becomes higher. Moreover, it has been seen from the estimates that innovation activity of new firms increases chance of survival. Brand ownership also increases the chance of the firm's survival. Establishing a firm within an incubation center that is within its first 3-years increases survival probability. Finally, firms those experience a macroeconomic crisis have nearly two times more likelyhood of failure than others. 4.CONCLUSIONS Cox proportional hazard model, besides others, rest on proportional hazards assumption that independent variables do not vary with time. When PH assumption is violated and Cox regression estimates become biased. Then, Cox survival estimates can be corrected by including the time-varying effects to the analysis. Identification and calculation of timedependent effects give the oppotunity to obtain some otherwise unseen valuable special time pattern information. In our analysis, initially, the Cox regression was performed by considering that all explanatory variables are constant over time. Then, extended Cox regression models were estimated by including the time-dependent explanatory variables in the model. Our extended model results have shown that it become usefull to estimate the Cox Proportional Hazards regression by also including the time-varying explanatory variables to the analysis. Both the time-independent and time-dependent variables create significant effects on the probability of survival of the İŞGEM firms. REFERENCES Aernoudt, R. (2004). Incubators: Tool for Entrepreneurship?. Small Business Economics, 23, 127-35. Başar, E. (2006). Orantılı Olmayan Hazard Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Paper presented at 5. İstatistik Günleri Sempozyumu, Antalya,111-16. Bellera, C.A., MacGrogan, G., Debled, M., De Lara, C.T., Brouste, V., & MathoulinPélissier, S. (2010). Variables with time-varying effects and the Cox model: Some statistical concepts illustrated with a prognostic factor study in breast cancer. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10-20. Cox, D.R., & Oakes, D. (1984). Anaylsis of Survival Data. London: Chapman and Hall. Geiss, K., Meyer, M., Radespiel-Tröger, M., & Gefeller, O. (2009). SURVSOFT—Software for nonparametric survival analysis. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Elsevier Ireland LTD., 96, 63–71. 58 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Hackett, M., & Dilts, D.M. (2004). A Systematic Review of Business Incubation Research. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29, 55-82. Kleinbaum, D.G., & Klein, M. (2005). Survival Analysis: A Self-Learning Text (2nd Ed.). New York: Springer. Sertkaya, D., Ata, N., & Sözer, M. T. (2005). Yaşam çözümlemesinde zamana bağlı açıklayıcı değişkenli Cox regresyon modeli. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 58, 153-58. Tabatabai, M. A., Bursac, Z., Williams, D. K., & Singh, K. P. (2007). Hypertabastic survival model. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, 4-40. Karaöz, M., & Albeni, M., (2011), İş Kuluçkalarında Yeni Kurulan Girişimlerin Hayatta Kalma ve Büyüme Performansını Etkileyen Faktörler: KOSGEB İş Geliştirme Merkezleri (İŞGEM) Üzerine Bir Araştırma. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK). (Issue Brief No. 109K139). Yay, M., Çoker, E., & Uysal, Ö. (2007). Yaşam Analizinde Cox Regresyon Modeli and Artıkların İncelenmesi, Cerrahpaşa Tıp Dergisi, 38, 139-45. Seeking Debt Crisis And Solution In Europe Ali Yavuz,Ceyda Şataf,Dilek Göze Kaya, Serap Gül S.D.Ü. İ.İ.B.F. Maliye Bölümü, E-mails: aliyavuz@sdu.edu.tr, ceydasataf@sdu.edu.tr, dilekgozkaya@hotmail.com gul_serap19@hotmail.com Abstract In this study, the European Union (EU) countries, the countiries of their lives go down to the root causes of the debt crisis by making suggestions in search of solutions to the debt crisis will be examined. Emerging in the U.S.A. mortgage market crisis in 2007, quickly spread to the real sector from the financial sector in the years 2007-2009. And so the U.S.A. economy, increased unemployment and stagnation in 2008 and 2009 a major problem encountered. The economic crisis in the U.S. especially in EU countries, especially spread through strong financial relationships. Cause of the crisi spreading, the U.S.A., its foreign trade with third countries EU’s countries and possble recession and real income loses, narrowed. Foreign demand for exports of goods and services of third countries. Another reason for the crisi, said that the U.S.A. debt-based consumer spending growth can’t be prevented. E.U.’s main causes of debt crisi, the misappropriation of resources, competition loss, and therefore can’t be seen in this negative economic revival began participation in the Euro. Falling ineterest rates in euro countries participating in the pre-crisis period, the total demand by facilitating increased borrowing opportunities. GIIPS( Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain) countries in paralel with an increase in demand has increased in both public and private debts. Increased demand led to an increase in the prices of goods and services increase in investment. In the last part of study, the debt crisis of the EU countries should take measures to release the elimanation of 59 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1313 Title A name given to the resource Cox Regression Models with Time-Varying Covariates Applied to Survival Success of Young Firms (*) Author Author Aygül , Anavatan Abstract A summary of the resource. Cox proportional hazards model assumes that independent variables remain constant throughout the observation period. Model can give biased results in cases which this assumption is violated. One of the methods used modelling the hazard ratio in the cases that the proportional hazard assumption is not met is to add a time-dependent variable showing the interaction between the predictor variable as parametric function of time. In this study, we investigate the factors that affect the survival time of the firms and the time dependence of these factors using Cox regression considering time depedent independent variables. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance