206 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ef39d110f6ec50070e8e1002a933009c.pdf 37c4cc90e3e63e90dc40e023b67ebf4c PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo How Organizational Culture Affects the Motivational Antecedents of Job Outcomes: a Conceptual Model Aziz Bakay Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey aziz.bakay@gediz.edu.tr Jun Huang Texas A&M International University, United States junhuang@dusty.tamiu.edu This paper investigates into the relationship between motivation and job outcomes in work environment. The motivational antecedents of organizational outcomes are differentiated into extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. The influences of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on the job outcome variables, that are job satisfaction and job performance, are typified in our conceptual model. Therefore, this study looks into the moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between motivational variables and organizational outcomes. We identified four organizational cultures from the extant literature to be included in our conceptual model; competitive, bureaucratic, entrepreneurial, and consensual. Propositions are given regarding the moderating effect of organizational culture on the motivational antecedents of job outcomes. Future research directions are discussed. Keywords: Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Organizational Culture, Job Outcomes, Job Performance, Job Satisfaction. 49 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1494 Title A name given to the resource How Organizational Culture Affects the Motivational Antecedents of Job Outcomes: a Conceptual Model Author Author BAKAY, Aziz HUANG, Jun Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper investigates into the relationship between motivation and job outcomes in work environment. The motivational antecedents of organizational outcomes are differentiated into extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. The influences of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on the job outcome variables, that are job satisfaction and job performance, are typified in our conceptual model. Therefore, this study looks into the moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between motivational variables and organizational outcomes. We identified four organizational cultures from the extant literature to be included in our conceptual model; competitive, bureaucratic, entrepreneurial, and consensual. Propositions are given regarding the moderating effect of organizational culture on the motivational antecedents of job outcomes. Future research directions are discussed. Keywords: Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Organizational Culture, Job Outcomes, Job Performance, Job Satisfaction. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eeb64d52480aa1ec5fabf764e32d3e4d.pdf c8039123bf7fa7db518fd382998fb1c7 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Corporation Tax Rate-Revenue Paradox: Income Shifting and Corporatization Ahmet Aysu Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey ahmet.aysu@deu.edu.tr Gökhan Dökmen Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey gokhan.dokmen@beun.edu.tr Governments have reduced the corporate tax rate to attract foreign capital in the process of globalization especially after the 1980s. Additionally, they have taken some measures supportively such as tax incentives and tax exemption for this goal. These tax competition practices brought up some questions and concerns about financing public spending issue. But corporate tax revenue actual data shows relatively stable path over the time while corporate tax rates are reducing among countries. Some researches called this doubtful fact “corporate tax rate-revenue paradox” and explaining it with corporatization and income shifting effects. In this study we examine the development of corporate tax rates and revenues in EU countries briefly. Then we are trying to analyses which factors are dominant in this paradox using available annual panel data for EU countries. In empirical part of the study we employ panel unit root tests for determining the stationarity of data set. After this procedure we perform alternative estimation techniques and provide estimation results. According to these result threats and opportunities are evaluated at national tax policy perspective and at union level. Keywords: Corporate Tax, Corporate Tax Revenue, Corporate Tax-Revenue Puzzle, Panel Estimation, European Union. 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1457 Title A name given to the resource Corporation Tax Rate-Revenue Paradox: Income Shifting and Corporatization Author Author AYSU, Ahmet DOKMEN, Gökhan Abstract A summary of the resource. Governments have reduced the corporate tax rate to attract foreign capital in the process of globalization especially after the 1980s. Additionally, they have taken some measures supportively such as tax incentives and tax exemption for this goal. These tax competition practices brought up some questions and concerns about financing public spending issue. But corporate tax revenue actual data shows relatively stable path over the time while corporate tax rates are reducing among countries. Some researches called this doubtful fact “corporate tax rate-revenue paradox” and explaining it with corporatization and income shifting effects. In this study we examine the development of corporate tax rates and revenues in EU countries briefly. Then we are trying to analyses which factors are dominant in this paradox using available annual panel data for EU countries. In empirical part of the study we employ panel unit root tests for determining the stationarity of data set. After this procedure we perform alternative estimation techniques and provide estimation results. According to these result threats and opportunities are evaluated at national tax policy perspective and at union level. Keywords: Corporate Tax, Corporate Tax Revenue, Corporate Tax-Revenue Puzzle, Panel Estimation, European Union. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1edd54a8b6dcb34e1eb7c7cad9c91855.pdf d81c13be56aa3568ff5b9ee1a5546b22 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Impacts of European Economic Crisis on European Identity Nihat Aydeniz Batman University, Batman, Turkey nihat.aydeniz@batman.edu.tr Murat Silinir Batman University, Batman, Turkey murat.silinir@batman.edu.tr European identity is a concept that is constructed on the framework of European Union objective. This objective is an inevitable component of union and requires process to achieve its goals. The construction of European identity is considered as a crucial target in pursuing the establishment of a politically, economically and culturally powerful united Europe in the world. European Union is currently facing severe economic crisis. This crisis is not just an economic crisis, it also reflects identity crisis. European values, such as fundamental human rights, democracy, and rule of law, individual freedom and spread of welfare are under threat of economic crisis and higher uncertainty. Solution of economic crisis would be shield for these universal values of European Union and identity. That’s why, it is very important to construct new multi-dimensional paradigm. The construction of new multidimensional paradigm depends on real analysis of economic crisis and its other aspects. In addition, there must be long and short term problem solving approaches. In the short term, economic and political cooperation of members are very vital. Moreover, the end of debt crisis and weakness of competitiveness are staminal. Therefore, member states of union are obliged to leave the old habits of the nation - state. As is known, in the crisis times, nations prefer nationalist tendency to overcome structural problems and receive public support. Whereas, this classic reflex of states just deepen existing instability in regional and global levels. However, in the long term, economic structure of European Union depends on new market liberalization and political reforms. There are three main purpose of this study. First to analyze correlation between economic crisis of European Union and Identity. Secondly, to examine political reflections of EU’s economic crisis in the context of casual factors. Finally, projection will be made about the future of European Union. Keywords: European Union, Economic Crisis, European Identity, Identity Crisis. 229 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1655 Title A name given to the resource The Impacts of European Economic Crisis on European Identity Author Author AYDENIZ, Nihat SILINIR, Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. European identity is a concept that is constructed on the framework of European Union objective. This objective is an inevitable component of union and requires process to achieve its goals. The construction of European identity is considered as a crucial target in pursuing the establishment of a politically, economically and culturally powerful united Europe in the world. European Union is currently facing severe economic crisis. This crisis is not just an economic crisis, it also reflects identity crisis. European values, such as fundamental human rights, democracy, and rule of law, individual freedom and spread of welfare are under threat of economic crisis and higher uncertainty. Solution of economic crisis would be shield for these universal values of European Union and identity. That’s why, it is very important to construct new multi-dimensional paradigm. The construction of new multidimensional paradigm depends on real analysis of economic crisis and its other aspects. In addition, there must be long and short term problem solving approaches. In the short term, economic and political cooperation of members are very vital. Moreover, the end of debt crisis and weakness of competitiveness are staminal. Therefore, member states of union are obliged to leave the old habits of the nation - state. As is known, in the crisis times, nations prefer nationalist tendency to overcome structural problems and receive public support. Whereas, this classic reflex of states just deepen existing instability in regional and global levels. However, in the long term, economic structure of European Union depends on new market liberalization and political reforms. There are three main purpose of this study. First to analyze correlation between economic crisis of European Union and Identity. Secondly, to examine political reflections of EU’s economic crisis in the context of casual factors. Finally, projection will be made about the future of European Union. Keywords: European Union, Economic Crisis, European Identity, Identity Crisis. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/589e9ca6285f8f51e4d5050147b87741.pdf 25aec2348281af54812931ed254ee723 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Course of Change for Meeting the Global Responsibility Challenges for Business Ghulam Rasul Awan University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan drglamrasul@hotmail.com At present social, economic and political challenges are growing at a faster pace and affecting businesses, especially in developing countries, more than ever before. In the years to come, these challenges are expected to increase further. To determine the shape of business in future, there must be an identification of the forces that will shape the future. American Society for Quality (ASQ) conducts future studies after every three years, in which globalization and global responsibility have emerged as the top ranking forces that will shape the future of business. Developing countries exhibit a much lower understanding about both these forces, but they have to recognize the importance of future requirements for the longer term perspectives of business. This paper, taking into consideration the ASQ future studies, aims at developing a strategic approach for turning future challenges into opportunities and to meet the requirements of future businesses. A model has been developed as charting the course of change for developing countries by integrating the UN Global Compact with the organizational system. The integration of UN Global Compact in the proposed model finds its justification due to its initiative to spread the benefits of economic development globally while sharing values and principles for social responsibility. This model has been considered as the most convenient route to meet the requirements of business in future. Keywords: Future Studies, Globalization, Global Responsibility, Global Responsibility Challenges, UN Global Compact. 127 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1554 Title A name given to the resource The Course of Change for Meeting the Global Responsibility Challenges for Business Author Author AWAN RASUL, Ghulam Abstract A summary of the resource. At present social, economic and political challenges are growing at a faster pace and affecting businesses, especially in developing countries, more than ever before. In the years to come, these challenges are expected to increase further. To determine the shape of business in future, there must be an identification of the forces that will shape the future. American Society for Quality (ASQ) conducts future studies after every three years, in which globalization and global responsibility have emerged as the top ranking forces that will shape the future of business. Developing countries exhibit a much lower understanding about both these forces, but they have to recognize the importance of future requirements for the longer term perspectives of business. This paper, taking into consideration the ASQ future studies, aims at developing a strategic approach for turning future challenges into opportunities and to meet the requirements of future businesses. A model has been developed as charting the course of change for developing countries by integrating the UN Global Compact with the organizational system. The integration of UN Global Compact in the proposed model finds its justification due to its initiative to spread the benefits of economic development globally while sharing values and principles for social responsibility. This model has been considered as the most convenient route to meet the requirements of business in future. Keywords: Future Studies, Globalization, Global Responsibility, Global Responsibility Challenges, UN Global Compact. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6cd99a8304d30d72bc3faaa33bbb38ba.pdf 1ce2f8a336d4f43eea925e0e63774403 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Determinants of Crime Rate in EU: a Spatial Analysis Gökçe Atlıhan İnce Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey gokceatlihan@gediz.edu.tr It is essential to ensure peace and security for sustainable development. In recent years, economic and social factors are closely associated with the amount of increased crime, and economic crises increase the amount of crime has become a widespread notion. The purpose of this study is to determine how social and economic factors affect the occurrence of crime, and investigate the effects of the crisis on crime rate. Criminal investigations show that there is significant relation between crime and “place” of the crime. Crime rate shows different distribution characteristics, it decreases in some places, while increases in some places, hence; it is required a spatial perspective. Therefore, Techniques of Spatial Economic Analysis is used in this paper. The promise of using spatial data and analyses for crime control still remains to be demonstrated and depends on the nature of the relationship between crime and place. Theoretical concerns focus on how place might be a factor in crime, either by influencing or shaping the types and levels of criminal behavior by the people who frequent an area, or by attracting to an area people who already share similar criminal inclinations. While the crime rate in the model is the dependent variable, the net migration rate, unemployment rate, education level and per capita gross domestic product will be used as independent variables. Data covers the European Union countries and the year of data is 2010. The effect of these variables is observed to determine the amount of crime and whether or not it comes to a spatial effect is investigated. The relationship between migrations and crime is one of the problems on which for a long time now social research has been concentrating, mainly in countries characterized by important emigrational flows. This paper provides an empirical evaluation of whether one can uncover a link between crimes and, economic and social variables like unemployment rate, education level and per capita gross domestic product using a research methodology, additionally; impacts of last economic crisis on European Union countries are examined. Keywords: Crime Rate, EU countries, Spatial Analysis. 128 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1515 Title A name given to the resource Determinants of Crime Rate in EU: a Spatial Analysis Author Author ATLIHAN INCE, Gokce Abstract A summary of the resource. It is essential to ensure peace and security for sustainable development. In recent years, economic and social factors are closely associated with the amount of increased crime, and economic crises increase the amount of crime has become a widespread notion. The purpose of this study is to determine how social and economic factors affect the occurrence of crime, and investigate the effects of the crisis on crime rate. Criminal investigations show that there is significant relation between crime and “place” of the crime. Crime rate shows different distribution characteristics, it decreases in some places, while increases in some places, hence; it is required a spatial perspective. Therefore, Techniques of Spatial Economic Analysis is used in this paper. The promise of using spatial data and analyses for crime control still remains to be demonstrated and depends on the nature of the relationship between crime and place. Theoretical concerns focus on how place might be a factor in crime, either by influencing or shaping the types and levels of criminal behavior by the people who frequent an area, or by attracting to an area people who already share similar criminal inclinations. While the crime rate in the model is the dependent variable, the net migration rate, unemployment rate, education level and per capita gross domestic product will be used as independent variables. Data covers the European Union countries and the year of data is 2010. The effect of these variables is observed to determine the amount of crime and whether or not it comes to a spatial effect is investigated. The relationship between migrations and crime is one of the problems on which for a long time now social research has been concentrating, mainly in countries characterized by important emigrational flows. This paper provides an empirical evaluation of whether one can uncover a link between crimes and, economic and social variables like unemployment rate, education level and per capita gross domestic product using a research methodology, additionally; impacts of last economic crisis on European Union countries are examined. Keywords: Crime Rate, EU countries, Spatial Analysis. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/16e98bc98de305af53c7e0f9b35f3640.pdf f95e117ef715b0c0bcc5172026a4e9e2 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between Short Selling and Stock Market Liquidity: Evidence From İstanbul Stock Exchange H. Ali Ata University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey ata@gantep.edu.tr S.Gül Reis University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey greis@gantep.edu.tr M. Fatih Buğan University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey mfbugan@gantep.edu.tr Short selling is an important strategy that investors take short position on stock with the expectation of gain. Having a short position in a stock is that selling borrowed stock on a particular date and buying the stock on a later date in order to give the stock back to the stock lender. After giving the stock to the lender, investor closes out the short position. Individual and institutional investors can have short position for speculation, hedging or arbitrage. Short selling is expected to contribute to the stock price formation and stock liquidity. The positive relation between short sale process and stock liquidity reduce transaction costs and contribute market efficiency. Stock prices have become more informative with short selling. This result affect investor’s behavior and investor’s short term and long term investment decisions about the stock. In reviewing the literature on short selling strategy, the relationship between short sale process and stock liquidity is two-way. However, it has been determined that there are a few studies which test the relationship between stock liquidity, trade in İstanbul Stock Exchange, and short sale process. The purpose of our study is to provide evidence whether short sale process affects stock liquidity. The sample consists of the firms from ISE30 index. ISE30 index comprises of the stocks with the highest liquidity due to the intensity of trading volume. For this reason, the relationship between the stock liquidity and the short sale process is expected to be explained better. In the study by making use of daily stock data with the number of trading days. Furthermore, our sample period covers trading days between 1 January, 2011 and December 31, 2011. In this study, regression analysis was used and determined a relationship between short selling and stock liquidity. Keywords: Short Selling, ISE, Stock Market Liquidity, Market Efficiency, Regression Analysis. 138 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1571 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship between Short Selling and Stock Market Liquidity: Evidence From İstanbul Stock Exchange Author Author ATA H., Ali S. GUL, Reis BUGAN M., Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. Short selling is an important strategy that investors take short position on stock with the expectation of gain. Having a short position in a stock is that selling borrowed stock on a particular date and buying the stock on a later date in order to give the stock back to the stock lender. After giving the stock to the lender, investor closes out the short position. Individual and institutional investors can have short position for speculation, hedging or arbitrage. Short selling is expected to contribute to the stock price formation and stock liquidity. The positive relation between short sale process and stock liquidity reduce transaction costs and contribute market efficiency. Stock prices have become more informative with short selling. This result affect investor’s behavior and investor’s short term and long term investment decisions about the stock. In reviewing the literature on short selling strategy, the relationship between short sale process and stock liquidity is two-way. However, it has been determined that there are a few studies which test the relationship between stock liquidity, trade in İstanbul Stock Exchange, and short sale process. The purpose of our study is to provide evidence whether short sale process affects stock liquidity. The sample consists of the firms from ISE30 index. ISE30 index comprises of the stocks with the highest liquidity due to the intensity of trading volume. For this reason, the relationship between the stock liquidity and the short sale process is expected to be explained better. In the study by making use of daily stock data with the number of trading days. Furthermore, our sample period covers trading days between 1 January, 2011 and December 31, 2011. In this study, regression analysis was used and determined a relationship between short selling and stock liquidity. Keywords: Short Selling, ISE, Stock Market Liquidity, Market Efficiency, Regression Analysis. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f0b81554c014a1ad32a7bcc4f575fd08.pdf c1c67b405cc0e8fc8f379faed8bf0914 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between Inventory and Financial Performance: Turkey Case H. Ali Ata University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey ata@gantep.edu.tr M. Fatih Buğan University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey mfbugan@gantep.edu.tr Yunus Kılıç University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey ykilic@gantep.edu.tr Inventories, which are among working capital factors and have the least amount of liquidity, have an important effect on the financial performance of enterprises, especially in terms of productivity. Inventory management and determining of optimal inventory level have a vital role in the point of the productivity of firms’ operations especially for the firms which operate on manufacturing industry. This study has a vital importance because of several reasons. There are limited numbers of studies relevant to discrete components of inventory performance and financial performance in Turkey. This study is relevant to both inventory and finance departments of a firm. Cost of inventory and financing of these assets’ investment are important for financial managers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between inventory and financial performance in manufacturing firms in Turkey. In this respect, financial statements of manufacturing firms are used between 2002 and 2011. Financial data of firms are obtained from the İstanbul Stock Exchange database. Raw material, work-in-process, finished goods and total inventory are taken as indicators of inventory performance. Then the ratios of these indicators to total sales are used in analysis. Gross profit to total sales and operating profit to total sales are used as indicator of financial performance. The regression analysis was employed by using financial ratios obtained from financial statements of firms within the scope of analysis. As a result, the relationship between total inventory performance and financial performance are explained. Besides this, the relationship between discrete types of inventory performance and financial performance are summarized in the results. Keywords: Operating Performance, Inventory Performance, Financial Performance, Raw Material, Work-In-Process, Finished Goods. 137 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1570 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship between Inventory and Financial Performance: Turkey Case Author Author ATA H., Ali BUGAN M., Fatih KILIC, Yunus Abstract A summary of the resource. Inventories, which are among working capital factors and have the least amount of liquidity, have an important effect on the financial performance of enterprises, especially in terms of productivity. Inventory management and determining of optimal inventory level have a vital role in the point of the productivity of firms’ operations especially for the firms which operate on manufacturing industry. This study has a vital importance because of several reasons. There are limited numbers of studies relevant to discrete components of inventory performance and financial performance in Turkey. This study is relevant to both inventory and finance departments of a firm. Cost of inventory and financing of these assets’ investment are important for financial managers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between inventory and financial performance in manufacturing firms in Turkey. In this respect, financial statements of manufacturing firms are used between 2002 and 2011. Financial data of firms are obtained from the İstanbul Stock Exchange database. Raw material, work-in-process, finished goods and total inventory are taken as indicators of inventory performance. Then the ratios of these indicators to total sales are used in analysis. Gross profit to total sales and operating profit to total sales are used as indicator of financial performance. The regression analysis was employed by using financial ratios obtained from financial statements of firms within the scope of analysis. As a result, the relationship between total inventory performance and financial performance are explained. Besides this, the relationship between discrete types of inventory performance and financial performance are summarized in the results. Keywords: Operating Performance, Inventory Performance, Financial Performance, Raw Material, Work-In-Process, Finished Goods. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4d4cb279ec5406a6d9c5789e61709418.pdf 052351cb45b6da17f6158b98d1ed117c PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Factors Influencing Buying Behavior on Daily Deal Sites in Turkey Hilal Asil Fatih University, İstanbul, Turkey hilalasil@gmail.com Hilal Özen İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey hilalasil@fatih.edu.tr The Internet is experiencing a new fashion in the last two years. Daily deal sites have become popular also in Turkey like many other countries. They provide daily discounted offers to the customers for various items. Most of the people look at those sites for discounts before they start to work. This new way of shopping becomes almost a habit for them. Those sites are nearly a part of our daily lives. But, this means not that every person using the Internet for shopping purposes prefers daily deal sites for purchasing goods and services. There are some behavioral differences between customers. The factors that initiate the buying process differ across customers. This study will try to investigate the factors that influence Turkish consumers’ buying behaviors and satisfaction from daily deal sites in Turkey. A model is proposed of the buying process in the online shopping environment. Mostly price related constructs and the impulse buying tendencies of online consumers will be used as predictors of buying behavior. Satisfaction from daily deal sites is held a result of buying behavior. Hypotheses will be developed according to the effects of the factors on buying behavior and satisfaction from daily deal sites. The hypotheses will be tested using multiple regression analysis. A survey will be held through online daily deal site shoppers in Turkey who bought at least one item using those sites in the last three months. Findings of the study will be useful both for the academics and online retailers. Keywords: Daily Deal Sites, Online Shopping, Turkey, Multiple Regressions 157 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2ed56d7f1d7a8e7b8cc77c4c13e0dc17.docx 8374eb99dfde7753f1163e7672857cfe https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34fa4a6d06b352a2b7b33f5470812787.pdf 7549e0502fad81cf5241ead84f5f2192 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Factors Influencing Buying Behavior on Daily Deal Sites in Turkey Hilal Asil Fatih University, İstanbul, Turkey hilalasil@fatih.edu.tr Hilal Özen Istanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey hilaloz@istanbul.edu.tr Abstract The Internet is experiencing a new fashion in the last two years. Daily deal sites have become popular also in Turkey like many other countries. They provide daily discounted offers to the customers for various items. Most of the people look at those sites for discounts before they start to work. This new way of shopping becomes almost a habit for them. Those sites are nearly a part of our daily lives. But, this means not that every person using the Internet for shopping purposes prefers daily deal sites for purchasing goods and services. There are some behavioral differences between customers. The factors that initiate the buying process differ across customers. This study will try to investigate the factors that influence Turkish consumers’ buying behaviors and satisfaction from daily deal sites in Turkey. A model is proposed of the buying process in the online shopping environment. Mostly price related constructs and the impulse buying tendencies of online consumers will be used as predictors of buying behavior. Satisfaction from daily deal sites is held a result of buying behavior. Hypotheses will be developed according to the effects of the factors on buying behavior and satisfaction from daily deal sites. The hypotheses will be tested using multiple regression analysis. A survey will be held through online daily deal site shoppers in Turkey who bought at least one item using those sites in the last three months. Findings of the study will be useful both for the academics and online retailers. Keywords:Daily Deal Sites; Online Shopping; Turkey; Multiple Regression. Introduction The rapid change in the information and communication technologies today made consumers begin to spend much more time on the Internet. Hence, the number of the consumers’ online shopping activities is increasing day by day. According to the Interbank Card Center (BKM) data, e-commerce in Turkey has grown14% in 2013 compared to the same period in 2012 (BKM, 2013). On the other side, thisrevolution of the Internet has also forced organizations to adapt their marketing, sale, distribution and promotion efforts into the online environment. For retailers, these platforms represent a new marketing channel to promote their products and services and to attract new customers (Krasnova et al., 2013). Parallel to the developments in e-commerce, daily deal sites have become the latest Internet enthusiasm, providing discounted offers to customers for various items and have contributed to the transformation of the online shopping. This new concept is a growing 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo figure as a subset of online shopping, which has been also named as “private shopping” or “exclusive shopping” and it is really like a closed loop at which only members can take the advantage of deep discounts and high-end brands (Baybars and Ustundagli, 2011). Membership is free, but in some cases to become a member to one of the deal sites a person needs to be invited by another member. There are a number of daily deal websites where users have to sign up to be able to buy products at high discounts. Markafoni is the first website which applied the daily deal model in Turkey, Trendyol and Limango are the followers in the Turkish online market.After those three firms, the number and variety of daily deal sites are increasing continuously (Ekonomist, 2011). Despite the rapid development of the private shopping industry, research in this area appears to be insufficient. Thus, this paper represents an attempt to find out factors affecting consumers’ shopping behaviors and their satisfaction from daily deal sites, using a combination of data analysis and modeling. Conceptual Background Coupons and the promotions are widely studied by academics in the literature, but limited research exists about daily deal sites which is also a new form of price promotion (Kimes and Dholakia, 2011). Several concepts from the promotions literature are relevant to the study of daily deals. Among these, consumers’ price consciousness, price mavenism, sale proneness, coupon proneness which is price related constructs and impulse buying tendency were examined in the context of this study. Price Consciousness Price consciousness is "the degree to which the consumer focuses exclusively on paying low prices" (Lichtenstein et al., 1993; p. 235). The Internet itself is a very convenient channel for price conscious consumers; because it reduces the search costs by providing rapid access to information about products (Girard et al., 2003). Daily deal sites also provide low price opportunities to customers. Price conscious consumers have a tendency to find cheaper items and reduce their search cost. So, they may be more willing to shop from daily deal sites. Therefore, it is expected in this study that price consciousness has a positive effect on buying behaviors of online consumers. H1: Price consciousness is positively associated with buying behavior from online daily deal sites. Price Mavenism Some of the consumers may have a desire to be perceived as a "price maven" in their social environment (Lichtenstein et al., 1993). By the definition provided by Yu (2008; 67), price mavenism is explained as “the degree towhich an individual is a source for price information formany kinds of products and places to shop for the lowestprices”. Price mavenism concept could be accepted as the narrow interpretation of the market mavenism concept (Moore et al., 2003). Because, where market mavens are known as a market expert, price mavens are only focused on price information in a market. Price mavens are mostly concerned with low price information in the market so that s/he could share this with others. So, similar with price consciousness, price maven consumers could be more willing to shop from daily deal sites that are mostly popular with low prices. It is expected 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo in this study that price mavenism has a positive effect on buying behaviors of online consumers. H2: Price mavenism is positively associated with buying behavior from online daily deal sites. Impulsive Buying Tendency When consumers see an offer in the morning in a daily deal site they could buy the item without thinking. In a study held by Sharma and Khattri (2013) they also found that most of the e-shopping of the deals is taking place on impulse. So, the shopping made from daily deal sites may be strongly related to impulse buying tendencies of consumers. This study is also expecting a high relationship between those two constructs. H3:Impulsive buying tendency is positively associated with buying behavior from online daily deal sites. Sale Proneness Being on sale could be sometimes the foremost important reason for a consumer in order to decide to buy a product. Yu (2008; p. 67) defined sale proneness as “"an increased propensity to respond to a purchase offer when the price is presented in a discounted form”. Lichtenstein, Ridgway and Netemeyer (1993) stated in their study that people perceive sale prices more valuable than an equivalent price that is not presented in sale form. The buying intentions of consumers and being sale prone was found to be positively correlated in the literature (Alford and Biswas, 2002). In this study, it is also expected that sale proneness has a positive effect on buying behaviors of online consumers. H4: Sale proneness is positively associated with buying behavior from online daily deal sites. Coupon Proneness Coupons are important promotional tools in some product categories (Swaminathan, Bawa, 2005). They are also being used in daily deal sites in order to attract consumers. When they are offered a discount coupon after entering the website they become prone to use this coupon. So, consumers who respond to coupon offers are called as “coupon prone” consumers (Lichtenstein et al., 1990). Coupon proneness has a very similar rationale to that for sale proneness and suggests that the perception of the price cue may also be related to the form in which it is presented (Lichtenstein et al., 1993, p. 235). Coupon proneness is like sale proneness and is consistent with the negative role of price which means that higher prices result in lower purchases (Alford and Biswas, 2002). Lichtenstein et al. (1990) define coupon proneness as “increased propensity to respond to a purchase offer because the coupon form of the offer positively affects purchase evaluations”. This study is claims that coupon proneness has also a positive effect on buying behavior. H5: Coupon proneness is positively associated with buying behavior from online daily deal sites. 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Satisfaction The satisfaction concept has an important position in marketing practice (Ho and Wu, 1999). Satisfaction from a retailer refers to consumers’ overall evaluation of the organization based on their experiences with the organization (Park and Kim, 2003, p.18). When the consumers are dissatisfied after a purchase behavior, they generally do not want to try the same experience again from the same retailer or e-tailer. So, it can be said that satisfaction is a key component for designing an online retail store (Liu et al., 2008). In order to make customers repeat the purchase behavior e-tailers should try to satisfy them. So, it is expected in this study that buying behavior has a positive effect on satisfaction. H6: Buying behavior is positively associated with satisfaction from online daily deal sites. Research Methodology This study tries to analyze the effects of price related constructs and impulse buying tendencies of online consumers on their buying behaviors from daily deal sites in Turkey. Besides the effect of buying behavior on satisfaction will also be investigated. Figure 1: Research Model Price Consciousness Price Mavenism Impulse Buying Tendency Buying Behavior from Daily Deal Sites Sale Proneness Coupon Proneness 4 Satisfaction from Daily Deal Sites �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In order to test the research model, an online survey will be conducted. Respondents of the survey will be online consumers in Turkey that have bought a service or a product from an online daily deal site in Turkey in the last three months. A sample size of 400 online consumers is targeted. The price related constructs which are price consciousness’s, price mavenism, sale proneness and coupon proneness will be measured using multiple items, five-point, Likert scales ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Similarly impulse buying tendency and satisfaction from online daily deal sites will also be measured by multiple items. Buying behavior from online daily deal sites will be measured by asking the amount of money spent and the number of purchases made from an online daily deal site in the last three months. The respondents’ demographic profiles (i.e. gender, age, income level, education) will be also included in the survey. After collecting the data, first of all the reliabilities and validities of the variables will be analyzed. Multiple regression analysis is chosen in order to analyze the causal relationship among variables in the research model. Those analyses will be held with the help of SPSS 18 statistical program. References Alforda, Bruce L. and Abhijit Biswas (2002), “The effects of discount level, price consciousness and sale proneness on consumers’ price perception and behavioral intentions”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 55, pp. 775– 783. Baybars, Miray and Elif Ustundagli (2011), “Attitudes toward Online Shopping from the Aspects of Personal Characteristics and Shopping Motive through a Developing Concept: Private Shopping”, International Journal of Business and Management Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 201-210. BKM (2013), The Interbank Card Center Report, http://www.bkm.com.tr/bkmen/istatistik/sanal_pos_ile_yapilan_eticaret_islemleri.asp Available at: Ekonomist (2011), “e-Ticarette yeni trend tek ürüne odaklanmak”, Available at: http://www.ekonomist.com.tr/eticarette-yeni-trend-tek-urune-odaklanmakhaberler/2491.aspx Girard, Tulay, Pradeep Korgaonkar, and Ronnie Silverblatt (2003), “Relationship Of Type Of Product, Shopping Orientations, and Demographics with Preference for Shopping on the Internet”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 101-120. Ho, Chin-Fu and Wen-Hsiung Wu (1999), “Antecedents of Customer Satisfaction on the Internet: An Empirical Study of Online Shopping”, Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Kimes, Sherly E. and Utpal M. Dholakia (2011), “Customer response to restaurant daily deals”, SSRN eLibrary. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1925932. 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Krasnova, Hanna, Natasha F. Veltri, Klaus Spengler, and Oliver Günther (2013), “ “Deal of the Day” Platforms: What Drives Consumer Loyalty?” Business & Information Systems Engineering. Available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12599-013-0268-2# Lichtenstein, Donald R., Richard G. Netemeyer, and Scot Burton (1990), “Distinguishing Coupon Proneness From Value Consciousness: An Acquisition-Transaction Utility Theory Perspective”, Journal of Marketing Vol. 54, pp. 54-67. Lichtenstein, Donald R., Nancy M. Ridgway, and Richard G. Netemeyer (1993), “Price Perceptions and Consumer Shopping Behavior: A Field Study”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 30, pp. 234-45. Liu, Xia, Mengqiao He, Fang Gao and Peihong Xie (2008), “An empirical study of online shopping customer satisfaction in China: a holistic perspective”, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 36 No. 11, pp. 919-940. Moore, Marguerite, Karen McGowan Kennedy, and Ann Fairhurst, (2003), “Cross-cultural equivalence of price perceptions between US and Polish consumers”, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 268–279. Park, Chung-Hoon and Young-Gul Kim, (2003), “Identifying key factors affecting consumer purchase behavior in an online shopping context”, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 16-29 Sharma, Nidhi Vishnoi, and Varsha Khattri (2013), “Study of online shopping behavior and its impact on online deal websites”, Asian Journal of Management Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 394-405. Swaminathan, Srinivasan and Kapil Bawa (2005), “Category-specific coupon proneness: The impact of individual characteristics and category-specific variables”, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 205–214 Yu, Shu-Fen (2008), “Price perception of online airline ticket shoppers”, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 14, pp. 66–69. 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1611 Title A name given to the resource Factors Influencing Buying Behavior on Daily Deal Sites in Turkey Author Author ASIL, Hilal OZEN, Hilal Abstract A summary of the resource. The Internet is experiencing a new fashion in the last two years. Daily deal sites have become popular also in Turkey like many other countries. They provide daily discounted offers to the customers for various items. Most of the people look at those sites for discounts before they start to work. This new way of shopping becomes almost a habit for them. Those sites are nearly a part of our daily lives. But, this means not that every person using the Internet for shopping purposes prefers daily deal sites for purchasing goods and services. There are some behavioral differences between customers. The factors that initiate the buying process differ across customers. This study will try to investigate the factors that influence Turkish consumers’ buying behaviors and satisfaction from daily deal sites in Turkey. A model is proposed of the buying process in the online shopping environment. Mostly price related constructs and the impulse buying tendencies of online consumers will be used as predictors of buying behavior. Satisfaction from daily deal sites is held a result of buying behavior. Hypotheses will be developed according to the effects of the factors on buying behavior and satisfaction from daily deal sites. The hypotheses will be tested using multiple regression analysis. A survey will be held through online daily deal site shoppers in Turkey who bought at least one item using those sites in the last three months. Findings of the study will be useful both for the academics and online retailers. Keywords: Daily Deal Sites, Online Shopping, Turkey, Multiple Regressions Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c33b23d5ce5e144e01d126eb29081828.pdf d64b645b2919f99283cf61821413dbf2 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Trade as Engine of Growth: The Case of Turkey İbrahim Arslan Gaziantep University, Turkey arslan@gantep.edu.tr İsmail Taş Tunceli University, Turkey ismailtas@tunceli.edu.tr As a result of technological changes in the world, international trade has become very easy in practice and has shown a rapid increase in the volume. The increase in trade volume is closely related to the growth policies implemented by countries. While some of countries applying import substitution policies for economic growth, some of them applying export oriented policies for growth. Both import-led growth hypothesis and export-led growth hypothesis are an important discussion in applied economics. Turkey's economy implemented import substitution growth policies until 1980 then country's economy affected by oil crisis after that stabilization program applied in 24 January 1980. In this respect, the study is divided into two separate parts, which are the years between 1962 and 1981, years between 1982 and 2010. These two groups analyzed and evaluated separately. The main purpose of this study is to investigate relationship between export, import and growth in both periods for Turkey. Dickey Fuller (ADF) tested stationary of the variables. Granger causality test was applied to test the existence of causality between the variables. As a result of this paper, it is found that causal relationship from import towards economic growth from 1962 to 1981 and casual relationship from export towards economic growth between the years 1982 and 2010. Keywords: Export-Led Growth, Import-Led Growth, Economic Growth, Trade, Granger Causality Test. 165 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1673 Title A name given to the resource Trade as Engine of Growth: The Case of Turkey Author Author ARSLAN, Ibrahim TAS, Ismail Abstract A summary of the resource. As a result of technological changes in the world, international trade has become very easy in practice and has shown a rapid increase in the volume. The increase in trade volume is closely related to the growth policies implemented by countries. While some of countries applying import substitution policies for economic growth, some of them applying export oriented policies for growth. Both import-led growth hypothesis and export-led growth hypothesis are an important discussion in applied economics. Turkey's economy implemented import substitution growth policies until 1980 then country's economy affected by oil crisis after that stabilization program applied in 24 January 1980. In this respect, the study is divided into two separate parts, which are the years between 1962 and 1981, years between 1982 and 2010. These two groups analyzed and evaluated separately. The main purpose of this study is to investigate relationship between export, import and growth in both periods for Turkey. Dickey Fuller (ADF) tested stationary of the variables. Granger causality test was applied to test the existence of causality between the variables. As a result of this paper, it is found that causal relationship from import towards economic growth from 1962 to 1981 and casual relationship from export towards economic growth between the years 1982 and 2010. Keywords: Export-Led Growth, Import-Led Growth, Economic Growth, Trade, Granger Causality Test. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a20f53392be0918d6b64d5db013d2915.pdf cf21f95d86eb038508a0e30af0194a12 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Technological Structure of Export between Turkey and Brazil İbrahim Arslan Gaziantep University, Turkey arslan@gantep.edu.tr İsmail Taş Tunceli University, Turkey ismailtas@tunceli.edu.tr In recent years, the rapid growth of trade volume causes more rapid diffusion of new technologies to emerging economies. International Monetary Fund (IMF) labels Turkey and Brazil as emerging economies. Brazil is the sixth largest economy and Turkey is the eighteenth largest economy in the world in order of GDP in 2011. Turkey and Brazil are attracting attention among emerging economies lately. Turkey export was 614 million dollar and import was 1.3 billion dollar. Trade volume between Turkey and Brazil was 1.9 billion dollar in 2010 and it is reached 2.9 billion dollar by 52 percent increase and 1.1 billion dollar Turkish deficit in 2011. It is expecting to reach 10 billion trade volumes between two countries. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the technological structure of exports that may help to explain trade performance between Turkey and Brazil. The process of technology structure is analyzed from quantitative and qualitative aspects. This paper used a trade classification system which divided trade structure into ten technological parts such as primary products, resource based, low, medium and high technology products. The trade classification system prepared by Lall and OECD. The study used annual data in the form of STIC revision 2 and 3 digit for the years between 1992 and 2010. The data collected from United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. The reporter country is Turkey for Turkey’s export to Brazil and Brazil is the reporter country for Brazil’s export to Turkey. As a result of this study, it is expected to determine firstly technological structure of trade between two countries then how technological structure of trade changed between Turkey and Brazil over the years. Policy makers can decide future trade plans for both country according to result of this paper. Keywords: Trade Classification, Technological Structure, Export, Brazil, Turkey. 164 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1643 Title A name given to the resource Technological Structure of Export between Turkey and Brazil Author Author ARSLAN, Ibrahim TAS, Ismail Abstract A summary of the resource. In recent years, the rapid growth of trade volume causes more rapid diffusion of new technologies to emerging economies. International Monetary Fund (IMF) labels Turkey and Brazil as emerging economies. Brazil is the sixth largest economy and Turkey is the eighteenth largest economy in the world in order of GDP in 2011. Turkey and Brazil are attracting attention among emerging economies lately. Turkey export was 614 million dollar and import was 1.3 billion dollar. Trade volume between Turkey and Brazil was 1.9 billion dollar in 2010 and it is reached 2.9 billion dollar by 52 percent increase and 1.1 billion dollar Turkish deficit in 2011. It is expecting to reach 10 billion trade volumes between two countries. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the technological structure of exports that may help to explain trade performance between Turkey and Brazil. The process of technology structure is analyzed from quantitative and qualitative aspects. This paper used a trade classification system which divided trade structure into ten technological parts such as primary products, resource based, low, medium and high technology products. The trade classification system prepared by Lall and OECD. The study used annual data in the form of STIC revision 2 and 3 digit for the years between 1992 and 2010. The data collected from United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. The reporter country is Turkey for Turkey’s export to Brazil and Brazil is the reporter country for Brazil’s export to Turkey. As a result of this study, it is expected to determine firstly technological structure of trade between two countries then how technological structure of trade changed between Turkey and Brazil over the years. Policy makers can decide future trade plans for both country according to result of this paper. Keywords: Trade Classification, Technological Structure, Export, Brazil, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564