204 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e4fc784f4041c0bd98bd823b1a5cdec4.pdf 490b30bb4c2468996e7e8de07ec3d546 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Employment Discrimination of Romani People in Bosnia and Herzegovina Emir Čičkušid International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ecickusic@hotmail.com Nataša Tandir International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ntandir@ibu.edu.ba The Romani are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe originating from the northwestern Indian Subcontinent. Romani are widely known in the English-speaking world by the exonym "Gypsies". There are no certain data about total population of the Romani people all around the world but it is assumed it estimates from 2 million to more than 12 million. In Bosnia and Herzegovina approximately there are 80,000 of Romani people which were faced with much discrimination during their life mostly on field of education, employment and health care. This research should provide insight how much Romani people are discriminated when applying to a job. Research has been undertaken with the survey which was shared among the Romani people groups, relevant NGOs, and representatives of local communities who are dealing with the problems of minorities. Results can be used to show how largest minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina is facing discrimination in any aspect each day, especially in professional life. Keywords: Romani People, Employment Discrimination, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 94 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1454 Title A name given to the resource Employment Discrimination of Romani People in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author CICKUSIC, Emir TANDIR, Natasa Abstract A summary of the resource. The Romani are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe originating from the northwestern Indian Subcontinent. Romani are widely known in the English-speaking world by the exonym "Gypsies". There are no certain data about total population of the Romani people all around the world but it is assumed it estimates from 2 million to more than 12 million. In Bosnia and Herzegovina approximately there are 80,000 of Romani people which were faced with much discrimination during their life mostly on field of education, employment and health care. This research should provide insight how much Romani people are discriminated when applying to a job. Research has been undertaken with the survey which was shared among the Romani people groups, relevant NGOs, and representatives of local communities who are dealing with the problems of minorities. Results can be used to show how largest minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina is facing discrimination in any aspect each day, especially in professional life. Keywords: Romani People, Employment Discrimination, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/74713e0181a688affa3fc7fb814a3726.pdf a99c86786ca618271eed308d0b1186a4 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Multi-Period Efficiency Measurement and Performance Changes of Taiwanese Commercial Banks Chiang Kao Department of Industrial and Information Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ckao@mail.ncku.edu.tw In measuring the overall efficiency of a set of decision making units (DMUs) in a time span covering multiple periods, the conventional approach is to use the aggregate data of the multiple periods via a data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, ignoring the specific situation of each period. This paper proposes using a relational network model to take the operations of individual periods into account in measuring efficiencies. The overall and period efficiencies of a DMU can be calculated at the same time. Notably, the overall efficiency is a weighted average of the period efficiencies, and the weights are the most favorable ones for the DMU being evaluated. This model, together with two existing ones, the aggregate and the connected network, is applied to measure the efficiency of twenty-two Taiwanese commercial banks for the period of 2009 to 2011. The three-year multi-period analysis shows that the proposed model is more discriminative than the existing ones in ranking the performance of the banks. The period efficiencies for the three years increased steadily, indicating that the performances of the Taiwanese banks examined in this work were improving over this period. Moreover, the period efficiencies calculated from the relational network model have a similar theoretical basis to those calculated from the global efficiency frontier. The ratio between two efficiencies of different periods thus is a kind of global Malmquist productivity index (MPI), which indicates the performance change of a DMU during the two periods. This paper found that East Sun Bank, the one being evaluated as the best based on the overall efficiency, has MPIs less than one in two consecutive periods. This is a warning to this bank that its performance is declining, although it is doing well compared with other banks. If this situation continues, it may encounter operation difficulties in the future. The multi-period efficiency measurement thus help decision makes detect unforeseen problems. Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis; Efficiency; Malmquist Productivity Index; Banking; Parallel System. 80 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1544 Title A name given to the resource Multi-Period Efficiency Measurement and Performance Changes of Taiwanese Commercial Banks Author Author CHIANG, Kao Abstract A summary of the resource. In measuring the overall efficiency of a set of decision making units (DMUs) in a time span covering multiple periods, the conventional approach is to use the aggregate data of the multiple periods via a data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, ignoring the specific situation of each period. This paper proposes using a relational network model to take the operations of individual periods into account in measuring efficiencies. The overall and period efficiencies of a DMU can be calculated at the same time. Notably, the overall efficiency is a weighted average of the period efficiencies, and the weights are the most favorable ones for the DMU being evaluated. This model, together with two existing ones, the aggregate and the connected network, is applied to measure the efficiency of twenty-two Taiwanese commercial banks for the period of 2009 to 2011. The three-year multi-period analysis shows that the proposed model is more discriminative than the existing ones in ranking the performance of the banks. The period efficiencies for the three years increased steadily, indicating that the performances of the Taiwanese banks examined in this work were improving over this period. Moreover, the period efficiencies calculated from the relational network model have a similar theoretical basis to those calculated from the global efficiency frontier. The ratio between two efficiencies of different periods thus is a kind of global Malmquist productivity index (MPI), which indicates the performance change of a DMU during the two periods. This paper found that East Sun Bank, the one being evaluated as the best based on the overall efficiency, has MPIs less than one in two consecutive periods. This is a warning to this bank that its performance is declining, although it is doing well compared with other banks. If this situation continues, it may encounter operation difficulties in the future. The multi-period efficiency measurement thus help decision makes detect unforeseen problems. Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis; Efficiency; Malmquist Productivity Index; Banking; Parallel System. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3bd3d4ca322de6e35bd8545950ca12ba.pdf 56b21b40bffeed9d673b2d24dcc5ee69 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A Research of Burnout Levels on Vocational School Students Hakan Çetin Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey hakanc@akdeniz.edu.tr Osman Nuri Demirel Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey onuridemirel@mynet.com Yusuf Yılmaz Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey yusufyilmaz@akdeniz.edu.tr Sebahattin Taş Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey yusufyilmaz@akdeniz.edu.tr Engin Üngüren Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey enginunguren@akdeniz.edu.tr In the present study, the burn-out level of the students Vocational School of Social Sciences at Akdeniz University was determined and also the relation of some demographic variables with burn-out level was investigated. 376 students participated in the study. As data collection instruments, Burnout Measure (BM) developed by Pines and Aronson (1988) and demographic information form were used. The data collected from the sample were subjected to descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results were firstly tabulated using frequency and percentages. Later, independent t-test was used in order to examine two group differences while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means scores of more than two groups. For the pair-wise comparison, Post hoc with LSD was utilized to assess the source of significance. Keywords: Pines and Aronson Burnout Measure, Burnout Level, Burnout, Vocational School Students, Management 140 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1506 Title A name given to the resource A Research of Burnout Levels on Vocational School Students Author Author CETIN, Hakan NURI DEMIREL, Osman YILMAZ, Yusuf TAS, Sebahattin Unguren, Engin Abstract A summary of the resource. In the present study, the burn-out level of the students Vocational School of Social Sciences at Akdeniz University was determined and also the relation of some demographic variables with burn-out level was investigated. 376 students participated in the study. As data collection instruments, Burnout Measure (BM) developed by Pines and Aronson (1988) and demographic information form were used. The data collected from the sample were subjected to descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results were firstly tabulated using frequency and percentages. Later, independent t-test was used in order to examine two group differences while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means scores of more than two groups. For the pair-wise comparison, Post hoc with LSD was utilized to assess the source of significance. Keywords: Pines and Aronson Burnout Measure, Burnout Level, Burnout, Vocational School Students, Management Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/485c4c2ee83614b309977a2e900d4ee6.pdf ba375f78484a386116da8542c7ea7b26 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Inter-national Factors Affecting Tourism Demand among Balkan Countries and Turkey Gürel Çetin İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey gurelc@İstanbul.edu.tr Besides having land in Balkans geographically, Turkey has strong historic, cultural and political ties with Balkan geography. Those relations that were established during the reign of Ottoman Empire in the region have been developing during the Turkish Republic as well. Although there was a considerable amount of migration to/from Balkan countries and Turkey, there still is a large amount of Turkish origin citizens in Balkans. Besides cultural ties; international politics and economic relations are important factors affecting tourism flows between countries. In this context Turkey has been playing a pioneer role in establishing stronger relations with Balkan countries. This paper explores impact of political and economic agreements on incoming tourism in the light of Balkan countries and Turkey within the past decade. Over the last ten years both Turkey and Balkans have been undergoing a major transformation both economically and politically. Turkey and Balkan countries have also been enjoying rapid tourism growth for the past decade, despite global problems such as economic crises (e.g. mortgage funds), acts of terrorism (e.g. 9/11), wars and conflicts (e.g. Iraq), epidemics (e.g. H1N1) an extreme weather conditions (e.g. volcanic ash clouds). The current situation and reasons behind the development of bipolar tourist movements within these countries are discussed based on economic and political facts and tourism statistics. Keywords: Inter-national Factors, Tourism, Balkan Countries, Turkey. 136 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1538 Title A name given to the resource Inter-national Factors Affecting Tourism Demand among Balkan Countries and Turkey Author Author CETIN, Gurel Abstract A summary of the resource. Besides having land in Balkans geographically, Turkey has strong historic, cultural and political ties with Balkan geography. Those relations that were established during the reign of Ottoman Empire in the region have been developing during the Turkish Republic as well. Although there was a considerable amount of migration to/from Balkan countries and Turkey, there still is a large amount of Turkish origin citizens in Balkans. Besides cultural ties; international politics and economic relations are important factors affecting tourism flows between countries. In this context Turkey has been playing a pioneer role in establishing stronger relations with Balkan countries. This paper explores impact of political and economic agreements on incoming tourism in the light of Balkan countries and Turkey within the past decade. Over the last ten years both Turkey and Balkans have been undergoing a major transformation both economically and politically. Turkey and Balkan countries have also been enjoying rapid tourism growth for the past decade, despite global problems such as economic crises (e.g. mortgage funds), acts of terrorism (e.g. 9/11), wars and conflicts (e.g. Iraq), epidemics (e.g. H1N1) an extreme weather conditions (e.g. volcanic ash clouds). The current situation and reasons behind the development of bipolar tourist movements within these countries are discussed based on economic and political facts and tourism statistics. Keywords: Inter-national Factors, Tourism, Balkan Countries, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/08e418189988748b84616f00e7b12648.pdf 8ea9ce77cd3a8fa3200c734ea62ee880 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Effects of Knowledge and Information Technology on the Performance of Workers and Also Power of Competition: Example of Yalova University Cihat Çetin Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey cihatcetin@gmail.com Ayşegül Karagöz Private Lider Şişli College, İstanbul, Turkey aysegulkaragoz00@gmail.com For to continue their lives businesses must have accommodate to the changing and developing technology and must have own knowledge in the same time too. These two factors are the key elements which can redound competitive power of the strategic decisions. Technological developments have influenced and still continue to affect all functions of enterprises. Nowadays, the knowledge and information technology are critical success factors for organizational strategic decisions which related with innovation and competitiveness. When considering how knowledge development is related with personal characteristics and personal development, this study provides useful insights to understand relationship between innovation and competitiveness. This approach point out the importance knowledge development and the role of knowledge management in order to be competitive. In this study, the effect of knowledge information on professional productivity examined. Keywords: Knowledge, Productivity, Information Technology, Innovation, Competitiveness, Management. 82 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1559 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of Knowledge and Information Technology on the Performance of Workers and Also Power of Competition: Example of Yalova University Author Author CETIN, Cihat KARAGOZ, Aysegul Abstract A summary of the resource. For to continue their lives businesses must have accommodate to the changing and developing technology and must have own knowledge in the same time too. These two factors are the key elements which can redound competitive power of the strategic decisions. Technological developments have influenced and still continue to affect all functions of enterprises. Nowadays, the knowledge and information technology are critical success factors for organizational strategic decisions which related with innovation and competitiveness. When considering how knowledge development is related with personal characteristics and personal development, this study provides useful insights to understand relationship between innovation and competitiveness. This approach point out the importance knowledge development and the role of knowledge management in order to be competitive. In this study, the effect of knowledge information on professional productivity examined. Keywords: Knowledge, Productivity, Information Technology, Innovation, Competitiveness, Management. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7021bf78a36c6a65dffc56962daee74a.pdf bca2949eca1a4cf12602335ba6cc22bb PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Do Migrant Transfers cause Dutch Disease in Albania? Cakrani Edmira University of Vlora “Ismail Qemali”, Vlora, Albania edmira.cakrani@gmail.com Resulaj Pranvera University of Vlora “Ismail Qemali”, Vlora, Albania pranveraresulaj@yahoo.com Koprencka Luciana University of Vlora “Ismail Qemali”, Vlora, Albania lucianakoprencka@yahoo.it Dutch Disease is the model, which tries to explain the contradictory relationship between the greater exploitation of natural resources and a decline in the sector of natural resources. Theory suggests that an increase in foreign inflows currency from export of natural resources is associated with overvaluation of the real exchange rate, which makes tradable sector less competitive, resulting in less competitive country and even reduced exports in natural resources sector. The purpose of this article is to study the possibility of occurrence of Dutch Disease phenomenon in Albania, as a result of increased foreign currency inflows, not from increased resource exports, but from migrant transfers. Almost 30% of Albanian population is living and working abroad, most of them in Europe. Due to high trade balance deficit, migrant transfers in Albania are important source of ease pressures on the domestic currency lek. Recently, migrant transfers from abroad accounted for 10% to 20% of GDP and constitute the largest influx of foreign finance, even more than foreign direct investment and official development assistance. In the empirical model, real exchange rate is the dependent variable and migrant transfers, real GDP per capita, government consumption and trade openness are explanatory variables. All the variables are tested for stationary through Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. The results of test showed that are not stationary in the level, but become stationary in First Difference I(I), so they are included in model in First Difference. Johansen Cointegration test results showed that there is a long-run relationship between real exchange rate and the variables included in the model. Results suggest that migrant transfers have a significant impact on the real exchange rate in Albania and an increase in their flows lead to the overvaluation of the real exchange rate in the country, causing the Dutch Disease phenomenon to occur. Keywords: Dutch Disease, Real Exchange Overvaluation, Unit Root, Cointegration. 73 Rate, Migrant Transfers, � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/052f54494e9f34a93ed119e5d297ab29.docx c34e6a1e30fdc5e31e2e7a5f0208fc3a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/187cf4f023645beb906ae367a8d6b0f5.pdf 654ff26458db7c8d2b85490b9c632b6e https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6ea3a08f099e1f6d3c20031e1a7cdad5.pdf 74a6ed3db667fc8ccf43d9d6fffab5b7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1516 Title A name given to the resource Do Migrant Transfers cause Dutch Disease in Albania? Author Author CAKRANI, Edmira PRANVERA, Resulaj LUCIANA, Koprencka Abstract A summary of the resource. Dutch Disease is the model, which tries to explain the contradictory relationship between the greater exploitation of natural resources and a decline in the sector of natural resources. Theory suggests that an increase in foreign inflows currency from export of natural resources is associated with overvaluation of the real exchange rate, which makes tradable sector less competitive, resulting in less competitive country and even reduced exports in natural resources sector. The purpose of this article is to study the possibility of occurrence of Dutch Disease phenomenon in Albania, as a result of increased foreign currency inflows, not from increased resource exports, but from migrant transfers. Almost 30% of Albanian population is living and working abroad, most of them in Europe. Due to high trade balance deficit, migrant transfers in Albania are important source of ease pressures on the domestic currency lek. Recently, migrant transfers from abroad accounted for 10% to 20% of GDP and constitute the largest influx of foreign finance, even more than foreign direct investment and official development assistance. In the empirical model, real exchange rate is the dependent variable and migrant transfers, real GDP per capita, government consumption and trade openness are explanatory variables. All the variables are tested for stationary through Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. The results of test showed that are not stationary in the level, but become stationary in First Difference I(I), so they are included in model in First Difference. Johansen Cointegration test results showed that there is a long-run relationship between real exchange rate and the variables included in the model. Results suggest that migrant transfers have a significant impact on the real exchange rate in Albania and an increase in their flows lead to the overvaluation of the real exchange rate in the country, causing the Dutch Disease phenomenon to occur. Keywords: Dutch Disease, Real Exchange Rate, Migrant Transfers, Overvaluation, Unit Root, Cointegration. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b35ae5e6d163dbd6415cbc75a14b5ef2.pdf ea74c509186659052937fd1812cda53a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Experimental Analysis of Organizational Commitment within the Scope of Downsizing Threat and Empowerment Opportunity Celal Cahit Ağar Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey celalcahitagar@selcuk.edu.tr Aykut Beduk Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey abeduk@hotmail.com Murat Sezgin Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey msezgin@selcuk.edu.tr The main aim of this study is to analyze the impact of downsizing threat and empowerment opportunity on organizational commitment at the beginning phase of the implementation process. This aim occurs because of lack of knowledge in related literature, which only concentrates on during/after phases and situations of downsizing and empowerment implementations. In this research, the field experiment and survey method were selected in order to collect the data of study, and applied in two experimental stages on 126 (n=252) subjects in an international textile company. The results demonstrate that organizational commitment is increased at the beginning of both downsizing and empowerment processes. This finding contains a significant distinction from the existing literature, especially which asserts a negative relation between downsizing and organizational commitment. Practical implications and directions for the future research are also discussed in this paper. Keywords: Organizational Commitment, Downsizing, Empowerment 74 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1527 Title A name given to the resource Experimental Analysis of Organizational Commitment within the Scope of Downsizing Threat and Empowerment Opportunity Author Author CAHIT AGAR, Celal BEDUK, Aykut SEZGIN, Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. The main aim of this study is to analyze the impact of downsizing threat and empowerment opportunity on organizational commitment at the beginning phase of the implementation process. This aim occurs because of lack of knowledge in related literature, which only concentrates on during/after phases and situations of downsizing and empowerment implementations. In this research, the field experiment and survey method were selected in order to collect the data of study, and applied in two experimental stages on 126 (n=252) subjects in an international textile company. The results demonstrate that organizational commitment is increased at the beginning of both downsizing and empowerment processes. This finding contains a significant distinction from the existing literature, especially which asserts a negative relation between downsizing and organizational commitment. Practical implications and directions for the future research are also discussed in this paper. Keywords: Organizational Commitment, Downsizing, Empowerment Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e510aabab52cafcad84a7186cff72ff2.pdf e27290be231f4f81958b868bfa5ab345 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Social Constructivist Approach as an Instrument for Understanding the “Identity” Dimension of the EU Enlargement Process Begüm Burak Fatih University, İstanbul, Turkey bburak@fatih.edu.tr This study deals with the emergence of European Union (EU) enlargement process as a kind of common political identity formation. It can be said that, the case of EU points to the need to re-conceptualize the relationship between self and other in the international relations literature. The central argument of the study is that fundamental structures of international politics are social rather than strictly material and these structures shape actors’ identities and interests, rather than just their behavior. In this context the enlargement process of the EU can well be analyzed from a social constructivist perspective. Keywords: Social Constructivism, European Union, EU Enlargement, Identity, European Identity, National Interest. 54 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1501 Title A name given to the resource The Social Constructivist Approach as an Instrument for Understanding the “Identity” Dimension of the EU Enlargement Process Author Author BURAK, Begum Abstract A summary of the resource. This study deals with the emergence of European Union (EU) enlargement process as a kind of common political identity formation. It can be said that, the case of EU points to the need to re-conceptualize the relationship between self and other in the international relations literature. The central argument of the study is that fundamental structures of international politics are social rather than strictly material and these structures shape actors’ identities and interests, rather than just their behavior. In this context the enlargement process of the EU can well be analyzed from a social constructivist perspective. Keywords: Social Constructivism, European Union, EU Enlargement, Identity, European Identity, National Interest. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f248e1c2ac714543b1049b08ebe3e786.pdf bb505260c8653f864973c16c2f77c66a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Managers' Power Distance in Bosnia and Herzegovina Azra Brankovic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina azrabrankovic@yahoo.com Power distance is a cultural dimension developed by Dutch scientist, Geert Hofstede and determines how different societies handle inequality. Inequality is a fact that exist in the family, school, organization and society. The Gini index shows that Bosnia and Herzegovina is a very unequal country, just behind the poor African countries such as Namibia, Botswana and Sierra Leone. Bosnia and Herzegovina is also the most unequal country in the region. The paper will present Gini index for selected countries and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper will explain characteristics of cultures with high and low power distance and present index of power distance for selected countries based on secondary research. Bosnia and Herzegovina, according to these dates, has a high index of power distance. The paper will try to explain the reasons for high power distance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inequality is present in organization in manager-subordinate relation. The power is concentrated in the hands of the boss and different opinions and critics can be dangerous. Not agreeing with the decisions of the chiefs, or public criticism or exposing irregularities can lead not only to problems in the work, but also to loss of job. Primary research has been done on the sample of 50 managers from all parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Managers participating in research belong to the different ethnic groups. Managers are genders, approximately half of managers included in the research are men and the other half is women. Managers have different jobs. Half of the targeted managers work as civil servants for the ministries, parliaments and government agencies. The other half of managers work for international organizations, business or business related to international clients. The purpose of this research is to determine if there is difference in power distance related to gender, ethnicity or job of managers. The purpose of the research is to determine if there is a difference in power distance between managers and average citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Date was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Keywords: Managers, Culture, Power Distance, Inequality, Bosnia And Herzegovina 51 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c7a67723a8fd6ffd9fc51434425c8962.docx 1707ab013675c2acbf3a358e1e0e60e7 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c662b3c6cbf6595e2466c5614bd38e6c.pdf 760e14e6e317336386e896577e3c6c57 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Managers' Power Distance in Bosnia and Herzegovina Azra Brankovic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina azrabrankovic@yahoo.com Abstract Power distance is a cultural dimension developed by Dutch scientist, Geert Hofstede and it determines how different societies handle inequality. Inequality is a fact that exists in the family, school, organization and society. The Gini index shows that Bosnia and Herzegovina is a very unequal country, just behind the poor African countries such as Namibia, Botswana and Sierra Leone. Bosnia and Herzegovina is also the most unequal country in the region. The paper will present the Gini index for selected countries and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper will explain characteristics of cultures with high and low power distance and present the index of power distance for selected countries based on secondary research. Bosnia and Herzegovina, according to these dates, has a high index of power distance. The paper will try to explain the reasons for high power distance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inequality is present in organizations in manager-subordinate relation. The power is concentrated in the hands of the boss and different opinions and critics can be dangerous. Not agreeing with the decisions of the chiefs, or public criticism or exposing irregularities can lead not only to problems in the work, but also to loss of job. Primary research has been done on the sample of 51 managers from all parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Managers participating in research belong to the different ethnic groups. Managers are of different genders, approximately half of the managers included in the research are men and the other half is women. Managers have different jobs. Half of the targeted managers work as civil servants for the ministries, parliaments and government agencies. The other half of managers work for international organizations, international business or business related to international clients. The purpose of this research is to determine if there is difference in power distance related to gender, ethnicity or jobs of managers. The purpose of the research is to determine if there is a difference in power distance between managers and average citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Key words: Managers, Culture, Power Distance, Inequality, Bosnia And Herzegovina Introduction Power distance determines how different societies handle inequality.It is a cultural dimension developed by Dutch scientist, Geert Hofstede, who conducted a study in IBM subsidiaries in over 70 countries around the world between 1967 and 1973. He empirically 80 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo demonstrated the existence of differences in national cultures and the power of distance, as one of the cultural dimensions.1 Primary research has been done on the sample of 51 managers from all parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011 and 2012. The purpose of the primary research is to determine the degree of power distance of managers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The purpose of the research is also to determine if there is a difference in power distance between managers and average citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The purpose of this research is also to determine if there is difference in power distance related to gender, ethnicity or jobs of managers. The survey was sent by e-mail, however due to the lack of responses, in many cases managers answered questions in direct interviews. Thus the managers had the opportunity to discuss questions and give their comments, explanations and objections. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) has been applied to analyze the surveys. Power distance as a measure of inequality Inequality exists in every society. “Globalwealthpyramidhas abroad baseanda very narrowandsharp peak. The richest1% of the population controls43% ofthe world's wealth, the richest10% has83% ofthe world's wealth. 50% at thebottom of the pyramidhas only2%. The richest10% controls theworld capital and they choose where toestablishnewjobs, whichpoliticians will be electedandto which charities money willbe given. “ 2 Different societies have different attitudes toward inequality. Some societies think that it is an acceptable and even good thing. Other societies think that inequality is an inevitable fact of life, however, it is a bad thing and should be minimized as much as possible. This attitude depends on national culture and the cultural dimension called power distance. Power distance is the measure to which members of the national culture approve and expect that power is distributed unequally in society. Thus, power distance indicates which degree of inequality between people can be tolerated in this society. Inequality is a very complex and interdisciplinary phenomenon, which is the focus of anthropologists, sociologists, historians, and those who deal with management and organization. The legal system states that all people are equal in front of the law. The UN resolution on human right declares that all people are born free and equal. However, inequality exists in all societies, institution and relations. Inequalityexistsin all institutions andsocial relations.Inequalityexists in thefamily, schools, organizations and countries.In the family,parentshavepower overchildren; teachershave power over students in the schools.Inequalityis reflected in theexistenceof differentsocial classesin society. In the organization, jobs thatrequirethe minimaleducationandthe 1 See Hofstede, G., Hofstede G.J., and Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the mind. 3rd edition. New York: McGraw Hill Companies, page 53-89 and Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions and Organizations across Nations. Thousand Oaks, Ca : Sage publications, Inc., page 79-137 2 See The Economist (2011). More millionaires than Australians, A special report on global leaders. January 22nd-28th, 2011, page 6-7 81 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo loweststatus,asunqualified workers,have a large power distance. Jobswith the greateststatus andeducational level,like managersandprofessionalworkers, havea small power distance. Power distance in the organization Inequality is present in the organization in manager-subordinate relation.In the countries with high powerdistance,inequalityis seenas the basisfor the functioning ofsocietyand organizations.There is a hierarchyin an organization thatreflectsinequalitybetweensubordinatesandsuperiors.The idealmanagerisan autocrat, who makes all decisions. Decision-making iscentralized; there is a highconcentrationof authority.Power isconcentrated inthe fewest possiblehands. Managersrely onformal rules. Subordinatesexpectto be toldwhattodo.The organizationalpyramidis high;there are manysuperiors anda lot of reporting oneachother.Access to informationisrestrictive. Managers are seen assuperiorpersonswhose decisionsmust be respectedwithout question. Subordinatesquickly learnthat it is dangerousto oppose thedecision of the manager and he/she neveropenlyopposes the decisions ofthe superior. There is noprotectionfrom superior’s harassment. Managersare seen asmorevaluablethanthesubordinates and it is normal for them to haveexpensive homes, cars,privileges andtodemonstrate it publicly. It is also considered normalthat managers use thepowerfor theirenrichment. The distribution of income is unequal. There is a high differenceinsalariesamongthose at the topandbottom of theorganizationalpyramid.The range isbiggerif thepowerdistanceis bigger. In countrieswith smalldistance,it is considered thatall people haveequal rights. There are nosignificant differencesbetween superiors and subordinates. Superiorsandsubordinatesare considered equal, the position in the hierarchyis unevenbecause ofthe job requirements,buttheroles maychange, if someone is the manager today,he/shemay not betomorrow. The organizationis decentralized, the organizationalpyramidis flat, and the number of supervisorsissmall.There is a lowconcentrationof authority. The decision making structure is decentralized. Information is shared. Differences insalariesbetween the top andbottom of the pyramidare small. Managers should not have any privileges because they have power in organization. Managers should not especially show that power. In countries with small power distance those whoarein higher positionsdo not havethe privileges, all use the samerestaurant, parking, and toilets. Employeeswill relatenegativelyto themanagerwhohas theexpensivecaror shows his/hers position in any otherway.Supervisorsare availableto subordinates. The idealmanageris ademocrat, whoconsultsthe subordinatesbeforemaking a final decision. If the employeebelieves thatthe manager violates his/hers rights, there are ways toappealthat are alreadyembeddedin theorganization. 82 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A survey3 that was conductedamong managersinnineWestern European countries, the United States andthree Asiancountries(Indonesia, Japan and China) showsthe differences inpowerdistance. When asked whetherthe main reasonfor the existence ofa hierarchy is the needto knowwho has the authorityover whom, American managers haverespondednegatively.Americanmanagersbelieve ina flatorganizationwithout a lot ofhierarchical levels, where all behave ascolleaguesrather than assubordinates andsuperiors. Hierarchy for American managers exists only in order to organize the workand to solve the problem. UnlikeAmericans,83% ofIndonesia'smanagershaveagreedwith this statement. It is the most important for them toknow whoreports to whom. It is the most importantto determinewho willbe the managerand who willbe the subordinate; everything else comes later. Different cultureshave alsoshowndifferences in responseto the question whetherit is necessary tobypasshierarchical linesin order to achieveeffectiveworking relationship, and whether themanager mustknow theprecise answerto allthe questions thatemployees mayask.Swedishmanagersdid not seeanyprobleminbypasshierarchicallines.They believethat it is normalto referto the person whoknows the answerto the question, not his/hers manager,regardless ofhierarchy.Swedishmanagers do notbelievethat there is amanager whoknows everything. Therefore, they see bypassinghierarchical lines as natural,logical, and the only real wayfor employeesto worksuccessfullyintoday's world ofconstantchange.Similaranswerswere givenby the Americans. However, theIndonesians, the French and theItaliansbelieve thatbypassing thehierarchy isinsubordinationanda bad thingin an organization. They strongly believe that all the questions have to be addressedto the manager who hasall the answers. There are a lotof researches in theory of management andorganization that prove that small power distance leads thehigher efficiencyof the organization. Participationof workersin managementwas very popularin themanagementliteraturein the 1970’s. Manyresearchers have shownthat the participationof workersin the management isbeneficial from the economicpoint of view,and that thegreater participation ofworkersin managementis positively correlatedwith the growthof the gross domesticproduct. The ranks of countries in the world according to power distance index for selected countries are shown below. 4 3 See Adler, N. J. (2002). International Dimension of Organization Behavior. 4th edition. Cincinnati,OH: South Western Thomas Learning, page 48 -51. 4 See Hofstede, G., G.J.Hofstede, and M. Minkov, (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the mind, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill Companies, USA, page 57-59 83 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 1. Rank and power distance index for selected countries Country Index Rank (out of 76 countries) Malaysia 104 1-2 Guatemala 95 3-4 Russia 93 6 Arab countries 80 12-14 China 80 12-14 India 77 17-18 Turkey 66 32-33 Italy 51 50 Germany 35 65-67 Sweden 31 69-70 New Zealand 22 73 Denmark 18 74 Israel 13 75 Austria 11 76 Source: Hofstede, G., G.J.Hofstede, and M. Minkov. (2010). Small power distance countries are rich countries, as Scandinavian countries, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Power distance in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina has a high power distance. There is no power distance index value for Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, there is data for former Yugoslavia, which Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of in the time when this research was done. InHofstede's calculations, Yugoslavia was locatedveryhigh,at19th position with an index of 76,which meansthat YugoslaviaandBosnia and Herzegovina, aspart of it, belong to the countrieswhere thepowerdistance is quitehigh.5 Data onneighboring countries, Serbia, Croatiaand Slovenia, which was recalculatedbased onthe originalresearch,also suggeststhatall these countrieshave a highpower distance, which, based on the principleof correlation,can be claimedforBosnia and Herzegovina. Country Table 2. Power Distance Index Value for ex-Yugoslav countries6 Index Rank (out of 76 countries) Serbia 86 8 Croatia 73 20 Slovenia 71 21 Source: Hofstede, G., G.J.Hofstede, and M. Minkov (2010). 5 See Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions and Organizations across Nations. Thousand Oaks, Ca : Sage publications, Inc., page 500 6 See Hofstede, G., G.J.Hofstede, and M. Minkov, (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the mind, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill Companies, USA, page 57-59 84 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo It is easy to notice high power distance in Bosnia and Herzegovina in everyday life and media. Parents take care ofchildren, try toprotect themand make decisionsfor them.Childrenin turntake care oftheir parentsas long astheylive. Big part in the structureof the gross domesticproductof Bosnia and Herzegovina belongs to remittances, which Diasporas send in order to helptheir parents.Remittancesamounted to11.9% of gross domesticproduct in the year 2004.7This informationapplies only toformalbankingtransfers;the amountisprobablyhigher due toinformalmethodsof transferringmoneythrough friends, relatives, etc. Obedience is afeaturethat parentsand teachersexpect from the children, managers from the subordinateand politiciansfrom citizens. Opposition orpubliccriticismis not desirable. Thismay not only causeinconvenience,but can have also more serious consequences, as the lossof jobs. In Bosniaand Herzegovina, as well asin all societieswith highpowerdistance, people who have the power have rights.It is normalfor those whoarein powerand for thecitizens. Everybody is equal before the law, but those who have the power,getthe case in the court. Or they canlegallypayto avoidjail.Newspapersreportedthe changesof the CriminalCode of the Federationof Bosnia and Herzegovina, which enteredinto force on 21July2010. Changes in the lawsallowthose who aresentenced toup to one yearto payandgain freedom. The priceis36,000marksa year. It is normal forpeople whohave power to make scandals, but it is always covered.Ifthings go wrong, the blame is on theone who isat the bottom. In thesecultures, the people who have powertry tokeep itat any cost.They usethis powertomaximize theirwealth. Taxesandsocial policies do not favorredistribution of incomeasin the Scandinavian countries, but they are designedsothat the richbecome richerand the poorpoorer.World Bank researchshows that4% of the gross domesticproduct is spent onsocial benefits in Bosniaand Herzegovina. It ismorethanany other countryin Europe and CentralAsia.However, theimpact of thesebenefitson poverty reductionisalmost nonexistent, becausethey are merit based instead of need based. Three-quartersof thesebenefitsgo topeople who have hadcreditin the last war, and the bearersof variousmedals.8 There are big differences inthe distribution of incomein Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are afewrich peopleand a lot ofpoor people. The Giniindexshowsthat Bosnia and Herzegovinais one of themostunequalcountries; it is immediately behindpoorAfrican countriessuch asNamibia, BotswanaandSierraLeone. 7 See Branković, A. (2005). Economic reality and vision ofBiH. Sarajevo: Parliamentary Assembly of BiH, page 3 8 World Bank (2009). Social safety nets and Employment support project in Bosnia and Hercegovina. Retrived 25.04.2013. URL: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/92676C6642CB2F5A492576D6001944AFFull_Report.pdf 85 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 3. List of the most unequal countries in the world9 Country Gini index Namibia 70.7 South Africa 65 Lesotho 63.2 Botswana 63 Sierra Leone 62.9 Bosnia and Herzegovina 56.2 United States of America 45 Russia 42.2 China 41.5 Source: world Bank and CIA The Giniindexshows thatthe mostunequalcountries in theworld arepoorAfrican countries. The United States, although it is a veryrich country is an unequal country.Russia, China andIndiaare alsounequalcountries.Bosnia and Herzegovinais a very unequalcountryanditis similar toAfrican countries. The most equal countries are Scandinavian countries and other rich European countries. Powerdistanceisrelated to thewealthof the country.Bosnia and Herzegovinais a poor country, and poorercountry means the bigger powerdistance.Bosnia and Herzegovina is together withAlbaniathepoorest countriesin the Europe. 10 Highpowerdistancemay be alsoexplained with thehistory. Bosnia and Herzegovinahas been in thelargestpart of itshistoryundervarious conquerors, which contributed to creating amentalityin whicheveryone whohas the power must be respected. Primary research on managers’ power distance in Bosnia and Herzegovina Primary research has been done on the sample of 51 managers from all parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the purpose to determine the degree of power distance of managers in Bosnia and Herzegovina; to determine further if there is difference in power distance related to gender, ethnicity or job of managers; to determine finally if there is a difference in power distance between managers and average citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The degree of power distance has been measured by managers’ decision making style, managers’ attitude towards employees’ participation in decision making, managers’ attitude toward expressing disagreement with managers’ decisions, managers’ attitude toward differences in salaries and status, managers’ attitude toward asking for salary increase and benefits. The results of primary research showthat theBosnianmanagers have amedium degreeof power distance. Managers’ answers to certain questions show that managers belong to a 9 The World bank (2013). Gini index. Retrived 25.04.2013. URL: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI & Central Inteligence Agency (2013). The World Factbook. Retrived 25.04.2013. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html 10 The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (2012). Wiiw Handbook of Statistics, page 10. 86 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo high power distance culture, as all other citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of these questions is related to expressing disagreement with the boss. Managersagree thatin Bosnia and Herzegovinaemployeesare often afraidto express theirdisagreementwith the boss, which is a characteristicof highpowerdistance cultures. Chart 1. Employees are afraid to express disagreement with managers 60.0% Employees are afraid to express their disagreement with the boss 52.9% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% Frequency 19.6% 17.6% 9.8% 10.0% 0.0% 0.0% Strongly agree Agree Undicided Disagree Strongly disagree Source: Author’s primary research Managers also think that they should have higher salaries, privileges and status in comparison with subordinates, what is a characteristic of high power distance. It is interesting to note that manager answered that managers are employees as others. However, other answers demonstrate a different picture. This is especially the case with questions related to employees’ participation in management and democratic decision making. Managers in Bosnia and Herzegovina appreciate employees’ participation in management. They think that the ideal manager is a democrat, who consults with subordinates before making any decision. They also think that an autocratic manager who makes all the decision by himself is not good for business. They think that employees’ participation in management leads to better business results. All these answers relate to small power distance cultures. 87 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Chart 2. Ideal manager is democrat Ideal manager is democrat 80.0% 66.7% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% Frequency 30.0% 20.0% 19.6% 9.8% 10.0% 3.9% 0.0% 0.0% Strongly agree Agree Undicided Disagree Strongly disagree Source: Author’s primary research The third group of questions indicates that managers in Bosnia and Herzegovina have a medium power distance. Managers are undecided about the statement that most employees do not like the work and will avoid it if they can. Managers are also undecided in the regard that employee should not ask for salary increase, even if they think that they deserve it. Based onall of the above,we can conclude thatthere is a differencein the power distance between managersand the citizens ofBosnia and Herzegovina.The resultsof primaryresearch showthat managershave smaller power distancecompared to the averagein Bosnia and Herzegovina. There could be severalexplanations for this difference. The research thatwas carried out inthree countries(France,Germany, Great Britain), among38 differentoccupationsin IBM'ssubsidiaries, confirm thatoccupations thatrequirethe leasteducationandthe loweststatusasunskilledorsemi-skilledworkershave a bigger powerdistance. In contrast, theoccupationswith the higheststatus andeducational level, such as managersandprofessionals likeengineersandscientists,have a small power distance. 11 Managersin Bosnia and Herzegovinahavemore educationandhigherstatusthan does theaveragecitizen ofBosnia and Herzegovina,and therefore, as well astheir counterpartsfrom France, Germanyand Great Britainhave a lowerpowerdistance. Managersin Bosnia and Herzegovinahavehigher incomesthan theaveragecitizen ofBosnia and Herzegovina.Thisculturalcharacteristic isclosely associatedwith wealth; more moneymeans lesspowerdistance. The questions thatputBosnia and Herzegovina’s managers in a culturewith lowpowerdistancearerelated to theparticipationof workersin management.Yugoslavia was 11 Hofstede, G., Hofstede G.J., and Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the mind. 3rd edition. New York: McGraw Hill Companies, page 65 88 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo asuccessfulexample of a countrywithparticipationof workersin management and it was studiedas amodelaround the world,andits achievementshave beencopiedin muchricher and moreeconomicallydeveloped countries. A consortiumof researchers from12mostlyEuropeancountries hasformeda researchgroupIDE(IndustrialDemocratizationof Europe) to study participation of workers in management. The projectbegan in 1981and lastedsix years. Data was collectedfrom134organizationsfrom allareas here and of all sizes.The questionnaire wasfilledby 1000managers and8000employeesandofficers. In 1981 the IDE has shown that themost successful countrywas Yugoslavia. Academicliteraturestates thatit remainsa puzzle anda question forfuture researchershow such a successfulcountryin terms ofindustrial democracycould collapseshortlythereafterin a bloody war. 12 Theprimaryresearch included men and womenmanagersin Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sinceboth women and men are the childrenof their culture, one might assume thatthey bothhave the sameculturalcharacteristics.However,some studiesshow thatwomen in business are softerand havemore understandingfor others,as opposed tomenwhoare hard,aggressive andcompetitive. Results ofthe statistical analysis found nodifferences inculturalcharacteristicsbetween men and womenmanagersin Bosnia and Herzegovina. This study aimed toresearch whetherthere are differences in power distance between managersin businessand thosein state administration. According toculturaltheorieswe are allchildrenof our culture and we all carryvalues,patterns, andbehaviors ofour cultures.However,otherstudies have confirmedthat there arecultural differenceswithin the same country, depending on education and thework that we do. Results of statistical analysisshowthat there were nodifferences in power distancebetween managerswho workin public administration andthose who workin the business. BosniaandHerzegovinahas a specificethnicstructure composedofBosniaks(44%), Serbs(31%), Croats(17%) andothers(8%).13Results of statistical analysisshowedthat there were nodifferences in power distanceamong managers in these three ethnic groups. Historically, Bosnia and Herzegovina wasalways a mixture ofdifferent nations and cultures, which have been living together. Fromthe earliest times, the population accepted theachievements of otherculturesin technology,building,architecture, art, cuisine,and lifestyle.Based on all of the above,the results of the primary researchconfirmed whatwas obviousthroughouthistory. Conclusion Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the most unequal countries in the world, close to poor African countries. Secondary research puts Bosnia and Herzegovina amongst countries with high power distance. The high power distance index can be explained with poverty, as Bosnia is the poorest country in Europe. An explanation can be also found in the long history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnia and Herzegovinahas been during thelargestpart of itshistoryundervarious conquerors, which contributed to creating amentalityin whicheveryone whohas the power deserves respect. Primary research has not found any differences in power distance between genders, ethnicity and jobs that managers performed. However, primary research shows that 12 See Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions and Organizations across Nations. Thousand Oaks, Ca : Sage publications, Inc., page 110. 13 See European Commission (2011). Multi-annual indicative planning document 2009-2011 for Bosnia and Hercegovina. 89 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo managers in Bosnia and Herzegovina have smaller power distance. It can be explained with better education, economic position and valuable network that managers acquired. References 1. Adler, N. J. (2002). International Dimension of Organization Behavior. 4th edition. Cincinnati,OH: South Western Thomas Learning 2. Branković, A. (2005). Ekonomska stvarnost i vizija BiH. Sarajevo: Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina 3. Central Intelligence Agency (2013). The World Factbook. Retrieved 25.04.2013. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/rankorder/2172rank.html 4. The Economist (2011). More millionaires than Australians, A special report on global leaders. January 22nd-28th 5. European Commission (2011). Multi-annual indicative planning document 2009.2011. for Bosnia and Herzegovina 6. Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. 7. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions and Organizations across Nations. Thousand Oaks, Ca : Sage publications, Inc 8. Hofstede, G., Hofstede G.J., and Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the mind. 3rd edition. New York: McGraw Hill Companies 9. The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (2012). Wiiw Handbook of Statistics 10. World Bank (2009). Social safety nets and Employment support project in Bosnia and Hercegovina. Retrieved 25.04.2013. URL: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/92676C6642CB2F5A492576 D6001944AF-Full_Report.pdf 11. The World bank (2013). Gini index. Retrieved 25.04.2013. URL: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI 90 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1496 Title A name given to the resource Managers' Power Distance in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author BRANKOVIC, AZRA Abstract A summary of the resource. Power distance is a cultural dimension developed by Dutch scientist, Geert Hofstede and determines how different societies handle inequality. Inequality is a fact that exist in the family, school, organization and society. The Gini index shows that Bosnia and Herzegovina is a very unequal country, just behind the poor African countries such as Namibia, Botswana and Sierra Leone. Bosnia and Herzegovina is also the most unequal country in the region. The paper will present Gini index for selected countries and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper will explain characteristics of cultures with high and low power distance and present index of power distance for selected countries based on secondary research. Bosnia and Herzegovina, according to these dates, has a high index of power distance. The paper will try to explain the reasons for high power distance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inequality is present in organization in manager-subordinate relation. The power is concentrated in the hands of the boss and different opinions and critics can be dangerous. Not agreeing with the decisions of the chiefs, or public criticism or exposing irregularities can lead not only to problems in the work, but also to loss of job. Primary research has been done on the sample of 50 managers from all parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Managers participating in research belong to the different ethnic groups. Managers are genders, approximately half of managers included in the research are men and the other half is women. Managers have different jobs. Half of the targeted managers work as civil servants for the ministries, parliaments and government agencies. The other half of managers work for international organizations, business or business related to international clients. The purpose of this research is to determine if there is difference in power distance related to gender, ethnicity or job of managers. The purpose of the research is to determine if there is a difference in power distance between managers and average citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Date was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Keywords: Managers, Culture, Power Distance, Inequality, Bosnia And Herzegovina Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f12aba0afea60f19ec57d77000c69f0b.pdf 37b2854819202f22f6710beeeb0d9db5 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Auditor Independence: The Case of Arthur Andersen and Enron Yiğit Bora Şenyiğit Zirve University, Gaziantep, Turkey bora.senyigit@zirve.edu.tr The financial statement audit is of vital importance to the stability, growth, and healthy development of financial markets. Investors, creditors, and other users of financial statements need reliable financial information. Auditor independence provides financial statement users confidence in audited financial statements. Arthur Andersen and Enron have been chosen as a case study to show how auditor independence influences the quality of information in audited financial statements. Enron, a leading energy commodities and service company in the United States of America, declared bankruptcy in 2001 after it announced it was reducing net income for current year and previous years due to accounting misstatements. Then its auditor, Arthur Andersen, failed in 2002. As of the end of May 2002, Enron’s financial statements were misleading, the effect of these shortcomings on the dramatic decrease in the price of Enron’s stock. Arthur Andersen as an auditor of Enron has an important role and responsibility for misleading numbers presented in Enron’s financial statements. Enron’s collapse is a significant event in the accountancy profession because its auditor, Arthur Andersen, was one of the big 5 audit firms. This scandal due to impairment of auditor independence and fraudulent financial reporting raises questions of the role of the auditors in alerting investors, employees, suppliers, customers and the public. The case study shows that there is a link between non-audit services and audit independence. Since fees generated by non-audit services greater than audit fees, providing non-audit services to audit clients violates auditor independence. The results of this study make suggestions about how auditor independence should be regulated by policy makers, governments and professional accounting bodies to ensure adequate regulation of the capital market. Keywords: Auditor Independence, Enron, Arthur Andersen, Non-Audit Services, Financial Statement Audit. 275 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1681 Title A name given to the resource Auditor Independence: The Case of Arthur Andersen and Enron Author Author BORA SENYIGIT, Yigit Abstract A summary of the resource. The financial statement audit is of vital importance to the stability, growth, and healthy development of financial markets. Investors, creditors, and other users of financial statements need reliable financial information. Auditor independence provides financial statement users confidence in audited financial statements. Arthur Andersen and Enron have been chosen as a case study to show how auditor independence influences the quality of information in audited financial statements. Enron, a leading energy commodities and service company in the United States of America, declared bankruptcy in 2001 after it announced it was reducing net income for current year and previous years due to accounting misstatements. Then its auditor, Arthur Andersen, failed in 2002. As of the end of May 2002, Enron’s financial statements were misleading, the effect of these shortcomings on the dramatic decrease in the price of Enron’s stock. Arthur Andersen as an auditor of Enron has an important role and responsibility for misleading numbers presented in Enron’s financial statements. Enron’s collapse is a significant event in the accountancy profession because its auditor, Arthur Andersen, was one of the big 5 audit firms. This scandal due to impairment of auditor independence and fraudulent financial reporting raises questions of the role of the auditors in alerting investors, employees, suppliers, customers and the public. The case study shows that there is a link between non-audit services and audit independence. Since fees generated by non-audit services greater than audit fees, providing non-audit services to audit clients violates auditor independence. The results of this study make suggestions about how auditor independence should be regulated by policy makers, governments and professional accounting bodies to ensure adequate regulation of the capital market. Keywords: Auditor Independence, Enron, Arthur Andersen, Non-Audit Services, Financial Statement Audit. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564