203 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0c17f78e000e3bcc4870e8c03d312a3d.pdf e77cc9ecd8639e8a6577732d30e71fdc PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Tourism Performance of Balkan Countries: Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Pillars as Determining Factors Kazım Develioğlu Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya-Antalya / TURKEY kdevelioglu@akdeniz.edu.tr Kemal Kantarcı Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya-Antalya / TURKEY kantarci@akdeniz.edu.tr Contemporary volatility of global macroeconomic environment necessitates governments to balance their countries’ macroeconomic figures. In this unpredictable environment, tourism has been valued as a good source of foreign currency and employment. In this sense, WTTC’s 2012 report indicates that over the next ten years tourism industry is expected to account for 1 in every 10 jobs on the world. To succeed this goal country should increase their capabilities and develop a competitive position to attract more tourists from around the world. In this sense, tourism performance can be evaluated as a result of using competition tools effectively in order to create a sustainable macroeconomic environment. In this study, we use World Economic Forum’s (WEF) classification of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness factors to examine resources that are expected to influence tourism performance in Balkan countries. Tourism performance is measured by two variables: International tourist arrivals and tourism receipts. Additionally, we measured competitive factors in tourism industry using WEF’s classification of Travel & Tourism competitiveness factors, which consists of three sub-indexes and 14 factors that measure these sub-indexes that are reported below:   T&T regulatory framework (Policy rules and regulations, Environmental sustainability, Safety and security, Health and hygiene, Prioritization of Travel & Tourism) T&T business environment and infrastructure(Air transport infrastructure, Ground transport infrastructure, Tourism infrastructure, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure, Price competitiveness in the T&T industry) 182 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo  T&T human, cultural, and natural resources (Human resources, Education and training, Availability of qualified labour, Affinity for Travel & Tourism, Natural resources, Cultural resources). Methodology In this study, the Balkans comprises the following countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Turkey. In order to investigate the impact of Tourism & Travel competitiveness factors on the performance of Balkan countries, we obtained the data from The World Economic Forum’s “The Travel and Tourism (T&T) Competitiveness Index” for the years between 2008-2011 that is, currently, the only available data. To reveal the relationship between aforementioned independent and dependent variables, we performed two-separate multiple regression analyses and obtained some useful insights, which are reported below. Findings The first multiple analysis results, in which tourist arrivals is used as dependent variable, reveal that air transport infrastructure, safety-security, and human resources factors are three variables that have the potential to influence the number of tourists to visit Balkan countries. The second multiple regression analysis results indicate that air transport infrastructure, cultural resources, and human resources have the greatest impact on international tourism receipts among aforementioned fourteen competition factors. Keywords: Balkan Countries, Tourism Performance, Travel&Tourism Competitiveness Index, Strategic Marketing. 183 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1671 Title A name given to the resource Tourism Performance of Balkan Countries: Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Pillars as Determining Factors Author Author DEVELIOGLU, Kazim KANTARCI, Kemal Abstract A summary of the resource. Contemporary volatility of global macroeconomic environment necessitates governments to balance their countries’ macroeconomic figures. In this unpredictable environment, tourism has been valued as a good source of foreign currency and employment. In this sense, WTTC’s 2012 report indicates that over the next ten years tourism industry is expected to account for 1 in every 10 jobs on the world. To succeed this goal country should increase their capabilities and develop a competitive position to attract more tourists from around the world. In this sense, tourism performance can be evaluated as a result of using competition tools effectively in order to create a sustainable macroeconomic environment. In this study, we use World Economic Forum’s (WEF) classification of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness factors to examine resources that are expected to influence tourism performance in Balkan countries. Tourism performance is measured by two variables: International tourist arrivals and tourism receipts. Additionally, we measured competitive factors in tourism industry using WEF’s classification of Travel & Tourism competitiveness factors, which consists of three sub-indexes and 14 factors that measure these sub-indexes that are reported below:  T&T regulatory framework (Policy rules and regulations, Environmental sustainability, Safety and security, Health and hygiene, Prioritization of Travel & Tourism)  T&T business environment and infrastructure(Air transport infrastructure, Ground transport infrastructure, Tourism infrastructure, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure, Price competitiveness in the T&T industry)  T&T human, cultural, and natural resources (Human resources, Education and training, Availability of qualified labour, Affinity for Travel & Tourism, Natural resources, Cultural resources). Methodology In this study, the Balkans comprises the following countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Turkey. In order to investigate the impact of Tourism & Travel competitiveness factors on the performance of Balkan countries, we obtained the data from The World Economic Forum’s “The Travel and Tourism (T&T) Competitiveness Index” for the years between 2008-2011 that is, currently, the only available data. To reveal the relationship between aforementioned independent and dependent variables, we performed two-separate multiple regression analyses and obtained some useful insights, which are reported below. Findings The first multiple analysis results, in which tourist arrivals is used as dependent variable, reveal that air transport infrastructure, safety-security, and human resources factors are three variables that have the potential to influence the number of tourists to visit Balkan countries. The second multiple regression analysis results indicate that air transport infrastructure, cultural resources, and human resources have the greatest impact on international tourism receipts among aforementioned fourteen competition factors. Keywords: Balkan Countries, Tourism Performance, Travel&Tourism Competitiveness Index, Strategic Marketing. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/947ed3afcfe74716316d8dff9cb80474.pdf 12fc7f3bb26f524244841e581e222c5d PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Impact of the Economic Crisis on the European Union’s Policies toward the Western Balkans Birgül Demirtaş TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey birgul.demirtas@etu.edu.tr The European Union can be considered as the major actor in the Western Balkans in terms of its political and economic impact in the last decade. It is one of the biggest trade partners of the regional countries as well as biggest donor of aid. It has also played an active role in the post-war reconstruction of the states as seen for example in its role in Kosovo and Bosnia-Hercegovina, mainly in terms of institutional structures like EULEX, International Civilian Office and Office of High Representative. However, as the global economic crisis started to spill over to the EU member countries, it led to the increase of the trend of “enlargement fatigue”. Hence, though all the Western Balkan countries are taking part in the European accession process, except Croatia there is not much hope that enlargement process of the regional countries would speed up due to internal problems as well as the Union’s policies. As the Commissioner for Enlargement Stefan Füle remarked there is also reform fatigue in the candidate states. Thus, “enlargement fatigue” of the European Union and “reform fatigue” of the regional states feed each other and create enlargement dilemma. As the EU loses its will and eagerness to expand, the regional actors’ enthusiasm for reforming their structures is decreasing. As the EU is focused in general much more on its internal issues in the recent years, and lost its energy to develop new initiatives for the solution of the regional problems, Turkey, as a regional actor, since 2009 started to launch new proposals for the regional issues, as seen for example in its trilateral initiatives: on the one hand among Turkey, Serbia and Bosnia Herzegovina, on the other hand among Turkey, Croatia and Bosnia Herzegovina. This research aims to examine how the current economic crisis in the European Union members affects the attitude toward the neighbouring region of the Balkans. My main research questions are as follows: How is the discourse of European Union decision makers toward the Western Balkans affected by the economic problems? Is there any considerable change in policy implementations? What are the repercussions of the EU’s increasing enlargement fatigue on the region? How does the EU’s 65 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo performance in the region affect its actorness global affairs? How does the EU evaluate Turkey’s initiatives toward the region? In fact, EU’s attitude underwent considerable changes since the 1990’s. As the European Community (EC) has gone through a radical structural transformation in the 1990s due to both deepening and enlargement, the conflicts in the Western Balkans started to be considered as a test case for this changing Europe. Conflicts, wars, and tensions that broke out in the former Yugoslavian territories and disturbed the whole Europe proved that the emerging new era following the end of the bipolar international politics was not going to be as peaceful as it had been longed for. The complexity of the problems of former Yugoslavia has effected the evolution of the European Union which has been, with the encouragement of the US, trying to be a regional actor by developing a more coherent approach toward the issues of foreign affairs and security policies among its member states. The research will have a conceptual part discussing different views on the global actorness of the European Union. George Modelski in his study “The Long Cycle of Global Politics and the Nation-State” defines world powers as follows: “… world (or) global powers control (or substantially control) the global political system and hence also have the capacity to regulate other global processes (such as long-distance travel).” Keywords: European Enlargement. Union, Western 66 Balkans, Economic Crisis, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1562 Title A name given to the resource The Impact of the Economic Crisis on the European Union’s Policies toward the Western Balkans Author Author DEMIRTAS, Birgul Abstract A summary of the resource. The European Union can be considered as the major actor in the Western Balkans in terms of its political and economic impact in the last decade. It is one of the biggest trade partners of the regional countries as well as biggest donor of aid. It has also played an active role in the post-war reconstruction of the states as seen for example in its role in Kosovo and Bosnia-Hercegovina, mainly in terms of institutional structures like EULEX, International Civilian Office and Office of High Representative. However, as the global economic crisis started to spill over to the EU member countries, it led to the increase of the trend of “enlargement fatigue”. Hence, though all the Western Balkan countries are taking part in the European accession process, except Croatia there is not much hope that enlargement process of the regional countries would speed up due to internal problems as well as the Union’s policies. As the Commissioner for Enlargement Stefan Füle remarked there is also reform fatigue in the candidate states. Thus, “enlargement fatigue” of the European Union and “reform fatigue” of the regional states feed each other and create enlargement dilemma. As the EU loses its will and eagerness to expand, the regional actors’ enthusiasm for reforming their structures is decreasing. As the EU is focused in general much more on its internal issues in the recent years, and lost its energy to develop new initiatives for the solution of the regional problems, Turkey, as a regional actor, since 2009 started to launch new proposals for the regional issues, as seen for example in its trilateral initiatives: on the one hand among Turkey, Serbia and Bosnia Herzegovina, on the other hand among Turkey, Croatia and Bosnia Herzegovina. This research aims to examine how the current economic crisis in the European Union members affects the attitude toward the neighbouring region of the Balkans. My main research questions are as follows: How is the discourse of European Union decision makers toward the Western Balkans affected by the economic problems? Is there any considerable change in policy implementations? What are the repercussions of the EU’s increasing enlargement fatigperformance in the region affect its actorness global affairs? How does the EU evaluate Turkey’s initiatives toward the region? In fact, EU’s attitude underwent considerable changes since the 1990’s. As the European Community (EC) has gone through a radical structural transformation in the 1990s due to both deepening and enlargement, the conflicts in the Western Balkans started to be considered as a test case for this changing Europe. Conflicts, wars, and tensions that broke out in the former Yugoslavian territories and disturbed the whole Europe proved that the emerging new era following the end of the bipolar international politics was not going to be as peaceful as it had been longed for. The complexity of the problems of former Yugoslavia has effected the evolution of the European Union which has been, with the encouragement of the US, trying to be a regional actor by developing a more coherent approach toward the issues of foreign affairs and security policies among its member states. The research will have a conceptual part discussing different views on the global actorness of the European Union. George Modelski in his study “The Long Cycle of Global Politics and the Nation-State” defines world powers as follows: “… world (or) global powers control (or substantially control) the global political system and hence also have the capacity to regulate other global processes (such as long-distance travel).” Keywords: European Union, Western Balkans, Economic Crisis, Enlargement.ue on the region? How does the EU’s Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b8d7516e7b9472ac6aa34f0db4b135d8.pdf 1ee422ce60e74fc71cf302dc6072027f PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo European Union within the Context of “World-State” and “European Universalism” in the History of Western Political Thought İdris Demirel Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey idirisdemirel@gmail.com Hüseyin Gül Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey huseyingul@adu.edu.tr There is a historical background and assumptions which form the essentials of European/Western civilization. These assumptions and fundamentals also form the economic, social and political structures of the European/Western civilization. One of the important elements of these fundamentals is the ideal of “World state” and “European Universalism”. The political thought based on the “polis-centered” political thought represented by Platon and Socrates was transformed especially by the stoic philosophers during the Hellenistic and Roman period into the ideals of “brotherhood of the human beings” and “world state”. Late Christian philosopher St Augustinus has developed the ideal of “unity of human beings” through philosophy of law. During the late medieval and early modern period, Dante put this ideal into a more secular context. These views can be analyzed through the “European Universalism” approach developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. The purpose of the study is to approach the European Union in the light of this historical background and with a critical perspective. Keywords: Political thought, civilization, West/Europe, World State, European Universalism, European Union. 167 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1607 Title A name given to the resource European Union within the Context of “World-State” and “European Universalism” in the History of Western Political Thought Author Author DEMIREL, Idris GUL, Huseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. There is a historical background and assumptions which form the essentials of European/Western civilization. These assumptions and fundamentals also form the economic, social and political structures of the European/Western civilization. One of the important elements of these fundamentals is the ideal of “World state” and “European Universalism”. The political thought based on the “polis-centered” political thought represented by Platon and Socrates was transformed especially by the stoic philosophers during the Hellenistic and Roman period into the ideals of “brotherhood of the human beings” and “world state”. Late Christian philosopher St Augustinus has developed the ideal of “unity of human beings” through philosophy of law. During the late medieval and early modern period, Dante put this ideal into a more secular context. These views can be analyzed through the “European Universalism” approach developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. The purpose of the study is to approach the European Union in the light of this historical background and with a critical perspective. Keywords: Political thought, civilization, West/Europe, World State, European Universalism, European Union. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2778c41dcb92ba594fd7a94be7e6c826.docx 2aa7a6ef745a0c5a8a017b2249e752c9 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5ab1d8de6f3830b1ac49f71ceba2ea86.pdf 66bd0c943ef4b626100d4c0a7fead0ed PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Political Space Philosophies in the History of the Political Thoughts of the Western European Universalism and the European Union İdiris Demirel Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey idirisdemirel@gmail.com Hüseyin Gül Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey huseyingul@adu.edu.tr Abstract There exist certain historical premises and foundations thought to render the idiosyncratic structure of the European/western civilization possible. One of the most important domain related to these foundations and premises is the political -space philosophy along with the European Universalism that stemmed from the European history of political roots. The political space centered on the Polis (city-state) in the ancient Greek political sphere is replaced the "world state" thought of the Cynic and Stoic philosophers of the Ancient Hellenistic and Roman political spheres. The early Catholic Christian philosopher St. Augustine and the late Catholic philosopher St. Thomas converge to a great extent on a universalism and "world" domain while the Protestant politician is rather related to the modern nation state notion. The Dante of the late middle age and the early modernism had a more secular conception of universalism and "world state" in terms of political space. These Western approaches can be viewed in relation with the "European Universalism" framework set by the Wallerstein. The goal of this study is not to investigate the European Union or the process of Turkey's European Union membership per se. Rather, the goal is restricted to the investigation of the historical background of this phenomenon incorporating the European Universalism approach. Key Words: Political Thoughts, Political- space, West/Europe, World State, European Universalism, and European Union. Introduction: The Greek Political Thought and the Polis as the Best Political Space When the European thought is viewed from a historical perspective from the beginning it can be seen that the primary question was the best type of state or governance. Although the near antique philosophers including Platon and Aristotle suggested different opinions with respect to the attributes of best state or best forms of governance, one common feature of their view was the general appreciation for political space without further discussions. Even though the political systems that the philosophers adhered differs to a large degree, it is evident that the polis, the city states were adopted by the philosophers as the best space for the application of the political systems per se (Ebenstein, 1996, p. 27-29; Tannenbaum and Schultz, 2010, p. 72-74). At this stage, a city beyond the boundaries of a city-state was not identified as the best. The notion of best here is at the heart of universally valid truth. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The ancient empire that was built by Alexender the Great did not lead to a political space philosophy that differs from the Greek Philosophy of its age. As for Platon, the philosopher who resembles the philosophical thought of the ancient Greek, the polis was the most convenient political space so it was for his pupil Aristotle, the tutor of the Alexander the Great. Not only for the philosophers but also for the different social strata the polis was the focal in the design of the community life. Citizenship denoted the identification with the polis which one belonged at that age where the communal and personal categorizations such as slavery, foreignness, citizenship were valid. By a kind of early Eurocentric distinction, being a Greek not being a Barbarian and being a part of the Greek civilization was primarily related with the polis, the political space of that era. The population those city states varied between 2000-10000. The population of Athens exceeded 100000 from time to time. There was a collective desire to keep the population at a level which ensured the familiarity among the people in the community. Organic state life was the case for the polices as the ideal and the actual best political space. Political space was also related to social structure and properly regime. Those who were entitled to be citizens’ higher social status and have the right to hold property. Those who did not have a citizenship bound to the city were lower in the social status hierarch. They did not have right to have property in the example of slavery. Besides the common beliefs or rituals each polis had peculiar belief gods and rituals. Briefly, it was not European wide, worldwide, empire wide or a nationwide political space theory or practice without determine marked the Ancient Greek sphere. The political and humanities war focus consisted of and was determined by state in the Polis form. The collective and public identity which had belonged to the Polis was above and beyond individual and private identity. Moreover there was no evident social emphasis that was separated from state by Platon and Aristo. The political place which is called the Polis were both societal political and social per se and these characteristics were bound to each other within on organic integration. Helenistic and Roman Political thought Transtion from Polis World State When we rule out of the Greek sphere of the antique Europe from geographic and historical aspects and take Hellenistic and roman political thought into account, it can be see that there is a paradigm sight toward quest and philosophy of political thought and political space on a world scale centered on the Polis. Another way of saying, following the Ancient Greek when we look at schools of antiquity such as Cynics and Stoah we can observe certain paradigm shift around the issue of political space. They envision a universal world state beyond the imagination of city- state “nation state”, “empire” or “European Union”. This new political place philosophe donates a critique against the Greek word and a notable innovation. There upon while the political space expands beyond the city scale and European Union side, leapingto several world scale, the superiority of public over private and collecting over individuality ends. A more individual centered world-scale political space philosophy emerges. On practice, essentially for the Roman and Macedonians before them smalljurispendenceof local governments in the real politic. The new real politic of world emprialism individual must come to terms with the idea that he is the part of a 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo complex political space full of foreign people and thoughts (Ebenstein, 1996; p. 57; Tannenbaum and Schultz, 2010, p.104-104; Frank and Gills, 2003, p.246). When compared with the citizens of the city-state, the citizens of the new empyreal faced with double anxiety. First, they were at a more intensely faith individual domain and from they were entrapped in more universal realism than before perceptively. In this venin, when the issue is the best state or the best government, the political thought suggests the world state concept drawing on a universal idea. In the non-Greek but Helenistic political of the Antique Europe not only sphere vision of space expanded but also the nation of individual cosmopolitism and “world citizenship” also value. Considering of the interaction between the imaginative political thought and the social economic and political reality, Polises are focused to unite morale, to overcome the problems of self-sufficiency stemming from being a small state to protect against the Macedonian and Persian threats. In the Hellenistic philosopher ancient era virtue/knowledge cosmopolitism political space or state philosophy were interactively operationalized, accommodating each other. A person who has knowledge/wisdom/virtue/ turns into type of person who acts in a worldscale perspective, detaching himself from his local bounds. There is no one culture, tradition, no one peculiar nationalism, religion or language for this person. The cynics who criticize the local state thought instead suggest a world state where all human-beings have equal citizens Hence, the city state philosophy of the Antique Greek expanded radically. City focused citizenship thought practice and theory was forsakenfor world citizenship thought. Going from Stoics toward Hellenistic’s at the same time means to evolve from the Hellenistic world to Roman world. Running approximately from BC 300 to AD 200 Stoicism was one of the most eras;it was founded by foreigner in the Greek sense. Stoics did not see the individual as a unit of the collective rather took the person as individual per se. ın the tightly over state of Platon an Aristotle individual was to submit the law and tradition of his own society, whereas now it exists on his own and the goal is not to submit to the collectively rather “to live in harmony with the nature” and “know oneself”. It would not be wrong assert that the groundwork of “universal human rights” idea was set by human premises of the Stoic philosophers. The notion of the “world sate” developed by the Stoics in also associated with their presumption of reason, universes god, and legislation, universalism and law. In so far as, all universes the humans essentially operate with the same reason. There is only one common sense in all conditions. Hence, there is a law on which the universe including the humans acts, which is called the universal law. This universal law is valid in all space and time horizons Stoic thinkers called law as the “natural law” not only is the human beings and other things but also God acts in accord with the universal law (Ebenstein, 1996, p. 58; Çaha, 2008, p.32-35). Universal reason, universal legislation, together bring about the notion of a “world state”. Since the humans are the same by nature, their governance should be the same within take same state. Whilst the humans are bound to their local states through their tradition, they are simultaneously a citizen of the state through their reason. The universal law of the world state would be above the local state and law binding the rulers and their followers as well (Çaha, 2008, p.32-35). Here, the radical innovation of the world state philosophy bearing upon universal law should be emphasized. Cicero, one of the most influential names of the antique era, also adopted the universal law principle through a stoic understanding, reflecting on the existence of a natural law that originates from the God’s rule or the universe and the human’s possession of reason. This natural law is valid and binding for all times, spaces and societies. If would be unthinkable to deviate from the natural law when engaging in positive law regulations. Hence, this 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo natural law becomes a kind of a kind world state constitution (Çaha, 2008, p. 39-40). According to the Ebenstein, a remarkable novelty seems to arise when the inner meaning of the political thought of Cicero is taken into consideration. Namely, Cicero has a world view. On the contrary, when the “best”” political-space philosophy of Platon and Aristotle are reviewed. It can be recalled that they could not go beyond the conception of Polis/Citystate. Both Platon and Aristotle did not incorporate a universal humanity conception in their political philosophy. For them, the World is separated between the Greeks and the Barbars and the Barbars are inferior to the more cultivated and civilize Greeks who have the right to enslave them. Contrary to this conception, It is apparent that Cicero has a more universal view arising from the political and administrative the Empire. When the Hellenistic and roman political thought is taken together in a concise manner in terms of political space philosophies, it is evident that the city-bound political thought had been abandoned, the local state scale had been replaced by universalist scale, and a new World state perspective transcending the European Union idea owing to Universalist idea emerged. Besides the World State nation, individual attains higher priority within the individual collective distinction, and contrary to the Greeek sphere the view of universal equity of humans is defended (Ebenstein, 1996, p. 52-53; Çaha, 2008, p. 36). Briefly, both the city-state scale and the type of human it accommodates remain in the past as a European development phase. Christian Politaical Thought and the Modern Political Thought and the European Unversalism In terms of political space philosophy the western political thought can be elaborated including both Catholics and Protestantism. In this vein, both “God State” and the world state philosophies of St. Augustine, one of the early Middle age Catholic philosophers are designs that transcend local and national boundaries According to St. Thomas, a Catholic philosopher of the Middle age of Europe since the universe was created beginning with God in a gradually descending hierarchy reaching lower beings, it is maintained by a universal will while the catholic universalism of World state maintaining a kind of natural law and World-scale under the influence of ancient Greek, Helen and Roman political thought rather engaged in modern nation state, setting European Unity aside (Çaha, 2008, p. s. 52; Tannbaum and Schultz, 2010, p. 122, 144-148. When Protestants encourage the national churches as an argument against papacy and Roman Church, they also encourage the nationality, national languages and national identities, hence, the development of nation state as “the best” political space (Wallerstein, 1993; s. 188). National Churches promote nation state in the political space sphere, gradually suggesting national attachments, submission to national ruler and state. It would be necessary to designate that Protestantism also promotes secularity individualism and, hence the modernity (Çaha, 2008, p. 60-61). Dante Alighieri (1269-1321), a poet and a philosopher at the down of the modernity also advocated the World state in the contest of political space philosophy. Dante reflected on and indeed advocated a World state reeled by a monarch for the sake of human welfare in his political masterpiece De Monarchia. For him, since the monarch is to be at everyone2s service, the humanity would be freer in such a regime when compared with local and national states/monarchies. It is worthy to note that Dante’s quest for World state successfully discriminates between the consequences of political domination that the central power must assume and the cultural autonomy. As each of the nations, kingdoms and states would have different legislation, the nations would protect themselves within a political World state via cultural autonomy. Dante goes beyond Christian political 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo universalism by discharging Ebenstein, 1996, pp. 106-116). Owing to a secular approach that involves the direct, intermediated authority of God without any guidance, assistance and intervention of Church/Papacy. Not only political thought of the ancient age but also political thought of Middle Age apparently abandoned for modernity. By the 16th century, national states gradually emerged as the best political space. Conclusion European universalism and European Union With it’s approximately 2500 year background, the universalism approach whose frame work was set by the Cynics and Stoic philosophers drawing on the World-scale ideas continued in the late modern era the way it existed in the Middle Ages and early modernity. According to Wallerstein “The rhetoric of the Pan-European leaders, mass media and the founding intellectuals is full of references to universalism of their policies. That is quite apparent when they talk particularly about their policies about “others”. The “others” are the countries outside the Europe, poor people and “underdeveloped” nation (Wallerstein, 2007; s. 11; Samir Amin, 1993; s. 24-25). While the remarks of the speaker were uttered in manner, the politics are always presented as the reflection of truth and universalism. Samir Amin says “according to representatives of this dominant Eurocentric trend, Europe have already found the answer. Hence, their motto is “We are following Europe, the best of the existing worlds.” What is meant by the European Universalism in the fore mentioned quotations is the attitude to justify the aggressive expansionism against the non-European poor people and underdeveloped policies under the cover of universal values and facts. European universalism which is characterized by the interpretation on non- European societies from European point of view can be classified in to three types with respect to its course of existence. First, policies that are accepted by the Paeuropean- European leaders are set to promote the protection of human rights and democracy. Second, European Universalism embedded in the jargon of clash of civilization. According to this argument, since western civilization is the only depending on universal values and facts it is deemed to be superior to other civilization. Thirdly, the governments have no alternatives but to accept and apply the laws of economics within the context of scientifically justified facts of the market. According to Wallerstein, these are not brand new themes. By contrast, they are the theme that have evolved since at least sixteenth century and make up the rudimentary rhetoric of powerful (Wallerstein, 1993, p. 12; Mackerras, 2005, p. 737). The same European Universalism can be viewed from the aspect of modern world system as the history of the system to a large extent was the history of the expansion of the Europe States and nations to the rest of the world. Remanding the earlier world state emphasizes the system geographically became global and in the late 19th century and incorporated the periphery of the world in the late 20th century. The system contains several political regimes that surely matters the people who live in that particular states. However, these differences do not change the fundamental fact that they are the constituents of the modern system, the capitalist world economy. On the other hand, in the aftermath of the “cold war” it is thinkable that a salient polarization was replaced by a fuzzy polarization involving many players more or less equal to each other (Wallerstein, 2001, p. 79). The aforementioned Western/European expansionism means the military invasion, economic exploitation and subjugation of the non-European part of the world to legal and political 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo injustice. Those who carry out the universal European expansionism thought to legitimize their policies by claiming that “they are bringing in more benefit for the humankind” European Universalism has been operationalized as the ideology of the existing historical and modern capitalist system. The general argument is that the European expansionism comes with “benefits” such as civilization, economic growth, development, progress and is often operationalized by so-called the “natural law”. It is claimed by the European expansionism is not only a “beneficial development for humankind but also proves to be historically unavoidable” (Wallerstein, 1993, p. 40; Demirel, 2008, s. 49) . The rhetoric used to describe and legitimize this expansionism sometimes occurs in the form of the theology or religion, sometimes relies on secular world view. The expansions and interventions over the “non-civilized regions” of the world by the west are specifically built upon four basic legitimizer within the framework or Wallerstein, fist, the others being Barbar, namely uncivilized, second the aim to end the violation of universal values, third need to protect the innocent among the other oppressors and fourth enabling the expansion of the universal values. However, this expansion and interventions under the cover of “fight against terrorism” and sending democracy” in the aftermath of 9-11 were enabled through the political and military power of the dominant forces and were inherently induced by material gains from the invasion. One of the implications of these discussions is related to European Union. European Union is tough to be built upon universal European values, however, it is often disregarded that these values are the social construction of dominant constituencies of specific world within the context of a specific cultural geography and civilization (Wallerstein, 1996; p. 12; Amir, 2000, s. 5-7). References Amin Samir, (1993). Avrupamerkezcilik Bir İdeolojinin Eleştirisi, (Türkçesi: Mehmet Sert), Ayrıntı Yay., İst. Amin Samir, (2000). Değişim Halindeki Dünya Sistemi, (Türkçesi: Fikret Başkaya), Maki Bas. Yay., Ank.. Çaha Ömer, (2008). Siyasi Düşüncelere Giriş, Dem Yay., İst.. Demirel İdiris, (2008). Batı Avrupa Bilimine Ontolojik Temelleri ve Avrupamerkezci İdeolojik İçerimleri Ekseninde Heideggeryen Bir Yaklaşım, Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C: XXVII, S: 1. Ebenstein William, (1996). Siyasi Felsefenin Büyük Düşünürleri (Türkçesi: İsmet Özel), Şule Yay., İst. Gills Barry, K., (2003).“Dünya Sisteminde Hegemonik Geçişler”, Andre Gunder Frank ve Barry K. Gills (Der.), Dünya Sistemi Beş Yüzyıllık mı, Beş Binyıllık mı?, (Türkçesi: Esin Soğancılar), İmge Kitabevi, Ank. Mackerras Colin, (2005). “Eurocentrism”, New Dictionary of the History of Ideas, (Ed: Maryanne Cline Horowitz), Thomson-Gale Publ., USA. Tannenbaum Donald G. Ve Schultz David, (2010). Siyasî Düşünce Tarihi Filozoflar ve Fikirleri, (Türkçesi: Fatih Demirci), Adres Yay., Ank. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Wallerstein Immanuel, (1993). Jeopolitik Ve Jeokültür Değişmekte Olan Dünya—Sistem Üzerine Denemeler, (Türkçesi: Mustafa Özel), İz Yay., İst. Wallerstein Immanuel, (1996). “Kapitalizmin İdeolojik Gerilimleri: Irkçılık ve Cinsiyetçilik Karşısında Evrenselcilik”, Etienne Balibar ve Immanuel Wallerstein, Irk Ulus Sınıf, (Türkçesi: Nazlı Ökten), Metis Yay., İst. Wallerstein Immanuel, (2001). Ütopistik Ya Da Yirmi birinci Yüzyılın Tarihsel Seçimleri (Türkçesi: Taylan Doğan), Avesta Yay., İst. Wallerstein Immanuel, (2007). Avrupa Evrenselciliği İktidarın Retoriği, (Türkçesi: Sinan Önal), Aram Yay., İst. 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2333 Title A name given to the resource Political Space Philosophies in the History of the Political Thoughts of the Western European Universalism and the European Union Author Author DEMIREL, Idiris GUL, Huseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. There exist certain historical premises and foundations thought to render the idiosyncratic structure of the European/western civilization possible. One of the most important domain related to these foundations and premises is the political -space philosophy along with the European Universalism that stemmed from the European history of political roots. The political space centered on the Polis (city-state) in the ancient Greek political sphere is replaced the "world state" thought of the Cynic and Stoic philosophers of the Ancient Hellenistic and Roman political spheres. The early Catholic Christian philosopher St. Augustine and the late Catholic philosopher St. Thomas converge to a great extent on a universalism and "world" domain while the Protestant politician is rather related to the modern nation state notion. The Dante of the late middle age and the early modernism had a more secular conception of universalism and "world state" in terms of political space. These Western approaches can be viewed in relation with the "European Universalism" framework set by the Wallerstein. The goal of this study is not to investigate the European Union or the process of Turkey's European Union membership per se. Rather, the goal is restricted to the investigation of the historical background of this phenomenon incorporating the European Universalism approach. Key Words: Political Thoughts, Political- space, West/Europe, World State, European Universalism, and European Union. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/90fb61244412052dd2bbcd1ab32d40f0.pdf 30abff2875471f4c9019109f19850de2 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Rural Entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Challenges and Opportunities Selma Delalic Centre for Economic Development and Research, Sarajevo, BosniaHerzegovina delalic@cedar.ba Nermin Oruc Centre for Economic Development and Research &, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina oruc@cedar.ba Rural development has been identified by many actors dealing with economic development of Bosnia-Herzegovina (B&H), both local and international, as one of the key areas of intervention. The main drivers of rural development should be small sized companies run by rural entrepreneurs. In order to design effective policies that would boost entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, the obstacles and drivers of their businesses should be understood properly. This paper presents analysis of the factors determining success of rural entrepreneurship in B&H. The paper combines results from quantitative and qualitative data, collected originally as part of the research for this paper, in order to provide evidence of the main factors affecting success of rural businesses. The data for the quantitative analysis were collected through a field survey of 300 interviewees, who are owners of micro of small sized rural business (1-49 employees). The questions from the survey covered demographic characteristics of the owners, characteristics of their business, obstacles they are facing in running a business and factors that have positive influence on their business performance. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis and regression analysis. Average annual growth in employees, as a measure of success of the business, was used as a dependent variable. Determinants of success of a business entered the regression model as five broader factors produced by factor analysis process, described as institutional factors, skills, access to market, access to finance and infrastructure. The estimated model reveals the direction and magnitude of different factors of small business success in rural areas. 251 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Results from the quantitative analysis were combined with the results of quantitative analysis of data collected through 30 semi-structured interviews with owners of small rural businesses. The interviews were used to gain deeper insight into the characteristics of factors affecting their success. The data collected through interviews were analyzed using contents analysis. Finding from the research, combining both results of qualitative and results of quantitative research have identified and described the key factors affecting rural business. These findings were used to develop a list of concrete policy recommendations that should aim at reducing barriers and improving factors that have positive influence on rural businesses, in order to increase entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, which should have positive influence on economic development of these areas and entire country. Keywords: Rural Entrepreneurship, Business Success, Semi-Structured Interviews, Factor Analysis, Probity Model, Bosnia-Herzegovina. 252 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1634 Title A name given to the resource Rural Entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Challenges and Opportunities Author Author DELALIĆ, Selma ORUČ, Nermin Abstract A summary of the resource. Rural development has been identified by many actors dealing with economic development of Bosnia-Herzegovina (B&H), both local and international, as one of the key areas of intervention. The main drivers of rural development should be small sized companies run by rural entrepreneurs. In order to design effective policies that would boost entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, the obstacles and drivers of their businesses should be understood properly. This paper presents analysis of the factors determining success of rural entrepreneurship in B&H. The paper combines results from quantitative and qualitative data, collected originally as part of the research for this paper, in order to provide evidence of the main factors affecting success of rural businesses. The data for the quantitative analysis were collected through a field survey of 300 interviewees, who are owners of micro of small sized rural business (1-49 employees). The questions from the survey covered demographic characteristics of the owners, characteristics of their business, obstacles they are facing in running a business and factors that have positive influence on their business performance. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis and regression analysis. Average annual growth in employees, as a measure of success of the business, was used as a dependent variable. Determinants of success of a business entered the regression model as five broader factors produced by factor analysis process, described as institutional factors, skills, access to market, access to finance and infrastructure. The estimated model reveals the direction and magnitude of different factors of small business success in rural areas. Results from the quantitative analysis were combined with the results of quantitative analysis of data collected through 30 semi-structured interviews with owners of small rural businesses. The interviews were used to gain deeper insight into the characteristics of factors affecting their success. The data collected through interviews were analyzed using contents analysis. Finding from the research, combining both results of qualitative and results of quantitative research have identified and described the key factors affecting rural business. These findings were used to develop a list of concrete policy recommendations that should aim at reducing barriers and improving factors that have positive influence on rural businesses, in order to increase entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, which should have positive influence on economic development of these areas and entire country. Keywords: Rural Entrepreneurship, Business Success, Semi-Structured Interviews, Factor Analysis, Probity Model, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6df7581a6372588bd33ad9beaef13b53.pdf 96e4c1d222c2fa2c4707ee9b4702c87c PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between the Content of Lifelong Education for Sustainable Development and the Needs of the Educational Environment Muharem Dautovid Elči Ibrahim Pašina Medresa, Travnik, Bosnia And Herzegovina muharemdautovic@yahoo.com The sustainable development as a fundamental is certainly one of the biggest challenges global society is facing. Parallel to this, a need for an adequate response to the challenges of sustainable development, which can be recognized only in the certain time and quality education of new generations is required. Thus, learning and teaching is an imperative together with its requirements such as the need to educate young people through the institutions of the system, organized through school systems at all levels, through non-formal and informal education. The most important are aims, objectives and content of education for sustainable development. They should be compatible with the needs of the environment, the economic, the political, educational, cultural, etc. (external aims of education), actually the demands of social reality, innovated methods in educational system and forms of work for sustainable development, as well as the relationship between a curriculum and content. Keywords: Educational Policy, Lifelong Learning, Sustainable Development. 211 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d879f83b2a94b66b031c89483a0ac986.docx 521ff8d1e8fa4b10c29de44181226e96 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/216a6a3491f8fc0ba84254bf1a08a274.pdf 09f935419227cf4a89cad7a86c3439ea PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between theContent of LifelongEducation for SustainableDevelopment and Needs ofthe Educational Environment Muharem Dautović Elči Ibrahim pašina medresa, Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina muharemdautovic@yahoo.com Abstract Of the manychallengesfacing aglobal societythe fundamental one is related to sustainable development. Parallel with this, there is a need for an adequate response to the challenges of sustainable development that can be recognized only in the timeliness and quality of education of new generations. Thus, teaching and learning becomes an imperative and what is recognizable in these requirements is the need to educate young people through the institutions of the system, organized by the school system at all levels. Aims, objectives and content of education for sustainable development should be compatible with the environmental, economic, political, educational, cultural and other needs (external aims of education), and demands of social reality, whilst innovative methods of education should be in line with education for sustainable development, as well as with the curriculum. Key words: education policy, lifelong learning, sustainable development Introduction The concept of lifelong learning within which lies the concept of lifelong education, has emerged as a result of increasing demands for a greater amount of knowledge, because the existing knowledge became insufficient or outdated. It is based on a continuous approach to teaching and learning in terms of acquiring new knowledge which is needed in new social conditions, and new positions at work and in the society of knowledge, which implies participation in society. Considering and reviewing the given topic, along with the construct lifelong learning there is also an expression which implies permanent (continuous) education, which according to Pastuović, is not the same. Differences between lifelong learning and lifelong education is that “lifelong education refers to education throughout life (from birth to death) while continuous education (permanent) refers to education since the end of a degree of formal education (usually after compulsory education) until death, or until the end of their working life. While lifelong learning and education encompasses and coordinates the education and upbringing of children, adolescents and adults (according to the principle of vertical connectivity), the continuous education, on the other hand, adjusts only forms of formal, non-formal and informal adult learning (according to the principle of horizontal integration)”. (Pastuović, 1999:53) UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development The period 2005-2014 the United Nations through UNESCO have declared as Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, which aims to implement educational values, which are important for sustainable development, into all educational facilities and educational curriculum that will support changes in behavior and lead to a sustainable society. The very choice of UNESCO, as the implementer of this project, represents (along 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo with the Program on Climate Change for Sustainable Development and Program of Education for all) the key to sustainable development. In order for Decade to achieve its goals and satisfies its creators (UN and UNESCO), as well as society and community, it is necessary to create the curriculum so that it will integrate previous experiences of social and emotional (emotional, moral) context with the addition of willing (connotative) component. For education policy-makers the most complex issue of the Decade is the question of how to design services and develop curriculum (curricula) that will be able to train young people for social development in the future, in the society of knowledge, in order to cope with many challenges, as well as problems carried by globalization processes. Only the contents of education for sustainable development in the curricula that are on the trail of the unity of science and the teaching process can meet the needs of young people through formal education to acquire the necessary competencies for sustainable development. As the curriculum must align according to the Bologna Process, which means that three year, or four-year cycle is expected to provide students with the academic skills and professions according to the standards of the Bologna Declaration. It is important to ensure the cooperation of the management of institutions providing educational services (education for sustainable development) and the educational environment as external educational objectives to the educational process and the content customized needs (development), the needs of local communities (regions) to the development needs of the community at the national level. In addition to teaching content in the curriculum, it is essential to provide high-quality services through the scientific research in institutions of higher education, including services for sustainable development to a greater number of young people qualified for sustainable development. Curriculum content for Sustainable Development Curriculum contentincludingeducationfor sustainable developmentwhich will be adopted byeducationalproductions(graduates of all educationallevels) andtransmititto end usersin theenvironment, needs toraisethe quality of lifeof future generations. Educationalproduction coming from teachers' collegeshave a special responsibilitybecause they havethe most experiencewhen it comes toactivitiesthat arein line withlifelong learningfor sustainable development. Changes are necessary. They shouldstart from thehighereducation systemforthe educationaloutputshavethe strongestinfluence on theinputs tosegments ofeducationalenvironment(economic, social, cultural, and environmental). In order for graduates, especially those from teachingfaculties, to acquiremoreskills, throughfacilities forsustainable development, it is necessary toeducate theuniversityteachersthrough workshops andprojectswhich along withthegeneralcivicawarenessandstrengthening of thenecessary knowledge, skills, and capabilities(competencies) for each individual, it can be a guaranteefor successfulpreparationof futureeducatorsto teachyoung peopleof all educationallevelsfor sustainable development.So far,thissystemhas not been solved, and the teachers 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo aregenerallysatisfied withtheirknowledge in the fieldof ecology anddemocracy, which is definitely notenough. Learning objectivesasinternalgoals of education representtrainingfor a specific typeof behavior.The aim is to meetuniversalhuman needswhich include, apart fromthe existential, social andself-actualization. Learning objectives, according to Gagne, serve as a selection oflearning content, provide the prerequisitesto learningandimplementthem, and conduct a review ofoutcomes. Components oflearning objectivesGagne(1988) identifiedas: 1. type of learned proficiency, 2. description ofthe situation in whicha learned behavior is performed, 3. objecton which thebehavioris applied, 4. description of the specificactivitiesthatstudentsuse in the executionof learned behavior, 5. Funds, restrictions and special conditionsgoverning thelearned behavior. (Gagne, et.al. 1988:23) Learning objectivesfor sustainable development In order forthe educationaloutputs (educational production) to acquire the necessarycompetencies(knowledge, abilities, skills, habits, values, attitudes, etc.) in formal education(institutions at all levels ofoccupation andlevel of education), and particularlyfor sustainable development, it is necessary for teachingfacilities,plans and programs(curriculum), to be adapted to the needsof the educationalenvironment(external educational objectives). Learned behaviors (competencies) acquired through internal learning objectives are divided into the areas of cognitive (strategy, intellectual skills and information), psychomotor (psychomotor skills) and affective behavior (attitudes, habits, values). Learning objectivesin taxonomyobjectives (Bloom) are composed of moregroups of goals andare divided into: 1. Cognitivegoals(goalsrelated to knowledgeandthe development ofintellectualskills necessary forthe application of knowledge), (Bloom, 1970:35): knowledge, comprehension,application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. 2. Affectivegoals(goals related to the values, attitudesand assessment) (Krathwohl et al1964:78): receiving,responding, valuing, organization values,characterization ofpeoplewithvalue system. 3. Psychomotorobjectives (motor skills). (Bloom, 1970:35) Forourdiscussionit is importantthat wedefinesocial developmentand outof manyof itsdefinitions we optedfor the following: social development is the system of changes within theman and hisenvironmentthat leads tosatisfyinghis needs(not justexistential) whichinfluencethe qualityof his life. Thedevelopment of man isnot and should notbe limited toonlymeetits basicneeds;it includesmoreneeds,goals andothervalues such asthe need forrelationships with other people, the needfor arelationshipwith his owndevelopment(self-actualization). The higher need for achievement makes the qualityof lifeof each individualhigher.Quality of lifeof the individualas amember of societymakessocietymore developed. The meaningof social developmentisto improveall aspects ofhuman life, meaning thatman shouldsatisfy theuniversalhuman needs,includingsocial andself-actualization(to satisfy the motivesfor thegrowth and development andnotonly theexistential). 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In the processof social development, education plays an important role; therefore, it contributes tothe development of society, so we can saythat the purposeof educationsupportsquality of lifeof allmembers of the community. As a result, there is theneedfor educationas generators ofqualityof life andsocial development. The question of educational needscan be analyzedat three levels: (Bahtijarević-Šiber, 1999)  individual,  work, and  institutional level. Educational needscan beviewed throughits fourlevels:  educational needsaimed at trainingemployeesfor jobsthatawait them(trainingfor the currentjob),  educational needsrelated to theexpansion ofindividualknowledge and skills(the expansion and deepening ofknowledge and skillsto adaptto changesin business andtechnology),  educationalneeds related tothe development ofindividual careerandtraininggraduate ofa certaineducational level(educational production) to performcomplex tasks(preparing for acareerprogressionandperformanceismore complex and demandingtasks),  educationalneeds related tothe future(educationand preparationfor future changesandjobsandeducationfor the future, and flexibility). (Bahtijarević-Šiber, 1999:741) Figure 1Levels ofeducational needs(Bahtijarević-Šiber, 1999:741) Lifelong Educationfor Sustainable Development: Economic Development Technological developmentis strongly influenced bythe necessity of itssequence, because scienceandscientific advancesare changingdailyand, as a result a need forlife-long education(full day) becomes a requirement. Thus, old knowledgeexpires, so there is a needfor new knowledge, whicheducational policy"forces" to create acurriculum that willinclude asystemof lifelong learningwhichwillacquirecompetencies thatwill be able tomeet the challengesof technological development. Strengtheningof human resourceswill strengtheninteractionandinclusion of educationand the economy. Economicpart of the educationalenvironment(external goals of education) is in theinterdependentrelationship witheducation and learning(internalgoals of education) andsinceeducation isstrongly influenced by theeconomy(through educationalinputs: 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo facilities, equipment,staffsalaries), it can be said that educationand the economyinfluence the economic development. Neglectingthe economicaldimensionof the interaction, the lack ofinvestmentin educationandthe labor market will be felt simply because theinsufficient investmentin training and developmentof employeesdirectly affects theloss ofmarket share(Bahtijarević-Šiber, 1999).1 Thisinteraction ofeducationand economicsis based onthe theory ofhuman capital(health, knowledge, motivation) which strengthens through education and directlyinfluences allpartsof itsquality(Fagerlind andSaha, 1989). Economic development, in question, is to strengthen theefficiency ofthe economy, which is again aconsequence oflinks between educationand the economy, which is treatedas the ratioof primary, secondaryandtertiary levelof formal educationandthe growth rate ofgross domestic product (Psacharopoulos, 1985 inObralić, H. 2012). Economic development, as a powerfulfactor inthe educational environment, as itsmain developmental elementsseesscience, education and upbringing becausethey define thequality of human capital(the greatest wealth andinvestment ineducationa priority), which is directly dependenton the quality ofthe use of financial(and other) resourcesof a country. Lifelong Educationfor Sustainable Development: Political Development Political developmentinour circumstancesis almost alwaysin the contextof developmentof political parties, though political developmentis based onthe process thatneeds to improvecitizens' participation(political) and political integration. Processesshould be seenas a consequence ofpoliticalsocialization, such as understanding thepolitical values, opinions, attitudes, habits, which should encourageall actorsinthepolitical community onintegrationandparticipation (Saha andFagerlind, 1994). (Meyer andRubinson, 1975)Politicalsocialization issimplyimpossible withouteducationanditis gearedtowardsthe survival ofthe currentpolitical situation. Besides havingsignificant impactonpolitical socialization, educationplays significant role in theidentity formation(especiallynational)andnational integration. This is especially trueindeveloping countries,thenthe countries in transition, andfinallyinthe newentities as isthe example ofthe former Yugoslav republicsthat formedtheir own states. Particularly important istheconstruction ofnational identity, as it isan essentialaspect ofnational identityon the one hand political, and on the other, cultural development. Political integrationcannot bewithout anational identity, and it is built byconsensusof all politicalactors inbuildingpolitical rights, a uniquepolitical systemandbasicrecognizablesymbolsof the state andstatehood, such as the constitution,national anthem,flag, and coat of arms). Relation between educationand political developmentis not unidirectional. Politics is asegmentof the educationalenvironmentandit is subject to the influence of education throughexternaleducational goals, whereas apolitical systemand importantpolitical values stronglyinfluence theeducation, which results inan interactive relationshipof these two elements of external goalsof education, whichis accomplishedin the following manner: 1. initialoperationof society(politics) has the strongest influence on education (programs, system structure, evaluation, funding, teacher education), which is 1 Bahtijarević-Šiber, 1999. Management ljudskih potencijala, Golden marketing,Zagreb 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo expressed in theeducationreformsundertakenafter theradicalpolitical changes, such as those in post-communist(transition) countries, 2. reformededucation and upbringingaffectthe stabilization anddevelopment of the existingsocial order(politics) 3. further social(political) development generates newneedsfor change(development) of the existingeducationalsystem(Saha andFagerlind1994,1655inObralić, H. 2012). Lifelong Educationfor Sustainable Development: CulturalDevelopment Integrativepart of the educationalenvironment(and it's an important part of) is culture. Culture,as a system ofvalues thatis manifestedin thepracticesof social behaviorin attitudes andhabitsdirectlyaffect thequality of life, human rights, and human values. Educational productionaffects theenvironment(economic, political, cultural), and thenwe talkabout the work ofeducation inparts of theenvironment, as well as the culture, thatthroughall forms of education(youth through formal -educationandadultformaland informal-learning) affects values, attitudes andhabits. Educationalproduction(graduates of variouseducational levels),with allits knowledge, skills, and habits(competencies) strongly affectsall segments ofthe educationalenvironment-outereducation goals (desirable educationaleffects)as well as the culture,whichboth directlyand indirectly affectthe development of society(the economic, socialand political development, ofwhichlargelydependsrationaluseof human resources)what is in the scientificdiscourseexplained throughthe theoryof modernization(Inkeles andSmith,1974). Modernizationis seenas atrendof strengthening theknowledge anduseofrational, in caring forthe environment so as that man cancontrol(natural, cultural, political) superviseand manage it. Here,education playsan important rolebecause itstronglyinfluences themodernityof attitudes, values, family,as well as the choiceand durationof formal education. According to Pastuović (1999), modern valuesand attitudesaffectsocial behavior, if they lead to desirable outcomesfor the person, i.e. desiredmaterial, social, and self-actualizing effects. It depends on themodernity ofthe societyorof itsaspectsin whichthe individual acts(Pastuović, 1999, 408,409). Scientificdiscourseunreservedlyrecognizes thatsocial developmenthas no groundingand sustainabilitywithoutits citizensas the creatorof universal valuesthat carry theattributeof modernity. Manyhave definedmodernitythroughpersons whoare considered to bemodern,and such descriptions of modernpeoplein works ofInkelesand Smith(1974) contain a confirmation of what was said before: a) readiness forsocial change, b) awareness of thediversityof views and opinionsof othersand the ability todesign andmaintain own opinions, c) determinationin collectingdata and factswhicharethe basis ofthe thought process, d) temporalorientation towardthe present and thefutureinstead ofthepast, e) feelingof successor beliefthat onecan influencetheir ownenvironment, f) orientation towardslong-term planningin public affairsand privatelife, g) fundamentalconfidence inthe predictability ofthe surrounding world, and confidence thattheinstitutions and individuals will meettheir obligations, h) highevaluation oftechnical skillsand their acceptance ascriteriafor the distribution ofprizes, i) highvaluationof formal educationand training, and highexpectations foreducationaland workachievements, 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo j) understandingof manufacturing and industry. (Inkeles andSmith,1974: 1925inObralić, H. 2012). Finally, throughcurriculathat aresupported by Bologna process, throughcourses, workshops andprojects,it is necessary toallow students todevelopsocial,economic, environmental andpolitical competencies (knowledge, abilities, skills and habits) in order to resolve the problemsof society andthe developmentofsocietyfor sustainable development, for life,for the coexistenceof nature, society and each individual. References Bahtijarević-Šiber, F. (1999), Zagreb Management ljudskih potencijala, Golden marketing, Bloom, S. B. (1970). Taksonomija ili klasifikacija obrazovnih i odgojnih ciljeva Knjiga I, Jugoslovenski zavod za proučavanje školskih i prosvetnih pitanja, Beograd Fagerling, I. and Saha, L. J. (1989). Education and National Development. Oxford: Pergamon Press Gagné, R., Briggs, L., & Wager, W. W. (1988). Principles of instructional design. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Inkeles, A. & Smith, D.H. (1974). Becoming Modern – Individual Change in Six Developing Countries, Cambridge: Harvard University Press Krathwohl, David R., Benjamin S., Bloom, and Bertram B. Masia. (1964). Taxonomy of educational objectives. Book 2: Affective domain. Longman, New York Meyer, John W. and Richard Rubinson (1975). ―Education and Political Development‖. Review of Research in Education Obralić, H: (2010) Vrednovanje obrazovnih efekata kao vanjskih ciljeva obrazovanja, Univerzitet „Džemal Bijedić“, Mostar Pastuović, N. (1999), Edukologija, Znamen, Zagreb 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1668 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship between the Content of Lifelong Education for Sustainable Development and the Needs of the Educational Environment Author Author DAUTOVIĆ, Muharem Abstract A summary of the resource. The sustainable development as a fundamental is certainly one of the biggest challenges global society is facing. Parallel to this, a need for an adequate response to the challenges of sustainable development, which can be recognized only in the certain time and quality education of new generations is required. Thus, learning and teaching is an imperative together with its requirements such as the need to educate young people through the institutions of the system, organized through school systems at all levels, through non-formal and informal education. The most important are aims, objectives and content of education for sustainable development. They should be compatible with the needs of the environment, the economic, the political, educational, cultural, etc. (external aims of education), actually the demands of social reality, innovated methods in educational system and forms of work for sustainable development, as well as the relationship between a curriculum and content. Keywords: Educational Policy, Lifelong Learning, Sustainable Development. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/842b6e195f046985870a06310b3607e5.pdf a021c19e31d56eaf47309df0d55e7751 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Assessing the companies’ process of IFRS adoption in Romania Ioana Cristina Colbu Stefan cel Mare University, Suceava, Romania ioanac@seap.usv.ro The purpose of this paper is to find and analyze the process of accounting standard adoption in Romania, regarded from companies’ point of view, as well as to discover the issues faced by economic entities. This paper focuses also on the importance of disclosure regarding the consolidated financial statements in the case of listed companies. It examines the changes that had to be made not only in the ledgers, but also in the management of the quoted Romanian companies. The International Financial Reporting Standards have been adopted in Romania starting 2007, and the companies required to present their financial consolidated statements are the ones listed, as stated in European Commission Regulation 1606/2002, without the option of opting out. In the same time, for the individual financial statements, the companies apply the national rules, complying with the European Directives. The implementation of IFRS was a complex process that brought fundamental changes to the process of accounting reporting. Although elements from the International Conceptual Framework were taken in national regulations, such as who the information users’ are, the definitions or qualitative characteristics, there are also differences that create the necessity of having two sets of financial statements for the same listed company. Transactional analysis is basically the same under IFRS and national rules, but the different standards may impact how transactions are recorded. This paper tried to highlight and analyze the differences and the similarities that characterize the international accounting system IAS/IFRS and the national Romanian accounting system. Application of IFRS in Romania is a complex process. Firstly, the process of harmonization of concepts, vocabulary and referential treatments is a necessary procedure, which offers the characterization of a universal accounting language and homogeneous preparations. 172 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo On the other hand, the introduction of IFRS showed rejection, caused by misinterpretation of the theoretical topics and processes, produced mainly from the circumstance that in Romania there are no real short term needed to apply the international standards. Keywords: Standard Adoption, Convergence, International Financial Standards, General Accepted Accounting Standards, Financial Statements. 173 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1586 Title A name given to the resource Assessing the companies’ process of IFRS adoption in Romania Author Author CRISTINA COLBU, Ioana Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this paper is to find and analyze the process of accounting standard adoption in Romania, regarded from companies’ point of view, as well as to discover the issues faced by economic entities. This paper focuses also on the importance of disclosure regarding the consolidated financial statements in the case of listed companies. It examines the changes that had to be made not only in the ledgers, but also in the management of the quoted Romanian companies. The International Financial Reporting Standards have been adopted in Romania starting 2007, and the companies required to present their financial consolidated statements are the ones listed, as stated in European Commission Regulation 1606/2002, without the option of opting out. In the same time, for the individual financial statements, the companies apply the national rules, complying with the European Directives. The implementation of IFRS was a complex process that brought fundamental changes to the process of accounting reporting. Although elements from the International Conceptual Framework were taken in national regulations, such as who the information users’ are, the definitions or qualitative characteristics, there are also differences that create the necessity of having two sets of financial statements for the same listed company. Transactional analysis is basically the same under IFRS and national rules, but the different standards may impact how transactions are recorded. This paper tried to highlight and analyze the differences and the similarities that characterize the international accounting system IAS/IFRS and the national Romanian accounting system. Application of IFRS in Romania is a complex process. Firstly, the process of harmonization of concepts, vocabulary and referential treatments is a necessary procedure, which offers the characterization of a universal accounting language and homogeneous preparations. On the other hand, the introduction of IFRS showed rejection, caused by misinterpretation of the theoretical topics and processes, produced mainly from the circumstance that in Romania there are no real short term needed to apply the international standards. Keywords: Standard Adoption, Convergence, International Financial Standards, General Accepted Accounting Standards, Financial Statements. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9c6b42527dc50d998cfecd67f36cca58.pdf 228986219e9195d7376d6bd5ac4593b7 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Strategy Focused Sports Clubs: An Implementation of the Balanced Scorecard for Soccer Teams Ali Coşkun Fatih University, İstanbul, Turkey alicoskun@fatih.edu.tr Selman Tetik Fatih University, İstanbul, Turkey stetik@fatih.edu.tr The main goal of the sports clubs is to produce benefit and create the social values for the society. Furthermore, it has also commercial dimension that was transformed from the show business aspect of sports clubs. Therefore, they undertake the role in the world as economic organizations. One of the most popular sports all around the world is the soccer (football). By taking into consideration the activities of professional soccer clubs on and off the field of play, it’s getting more important to manage them as a business organization. Since the soccer clubs are business organizations they have the similar managerial functions such as organizing, marketing and financing. Professional soccer clubs also have some strategic objectives concerning with the efficiency, effectiveness, competitiveness, and improving the market share. In order to survive and have the efficient and effective clubs they should measure and manage the performance of the clubs in different perspectives both on and off the field of play. A comprehensive approach is convenient to measure the performance of the clubs. The soccer clubs are liable to fulfill the expectations of a wide variety of stakeholder groups like fans, players, employees and staff, sponsors, suppliers, shareholders, broadcasters, sport media, local environment, soccer association, government, and legal authorities. In order to satisfy the needs and expectations of the stakeholders, soccer clubs should set up a multidimensional performance management system which concerns all perspectives. By bringing a comprehensive system to performance measurement and management, the balanced scorecard provides an integrated framework that can help the clubs to evaluate the financial and non-financial activities. This study reviews the management structures, business functions and the operations of the soccer clubs and the performance measurement systems used by them. In the study we develop a Balanced Scorecard model for soccer clubs. A classical balanced scorecard has four perspectives: 31 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo financial, costumer, internal process and learning and growth. In the Soccer Balanced Scorecard we will use the following four perspectives: financial sustainability perspective, fans perspective, internal process perspective, and infrastructure perspective. We analyze the performance management systems of the soccer clubs by classifying them base on their strategic priorities since the strategic objectives of the giants and the middle level teams are different. In the study after developing the perspectives of the soccer balanced scorecard we defined strategic objectives, performance measures relating to these objectives, performance targets for each measure and initiatives. In the study, it is suggested that if soccer clubs use the balanced scorecard as a strategic performance management tool it may help them to be strategy focused and may better serve their missions. Keywords: Soccer Clubs, Performance Measurement and Management, Balanced Scorecard 32 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1487 Title A name given to the resource Strategy Focused Sports Clubs: An Implementation of the Balanced Scorecard for Soccer Teams Author Author COSKUN, Ali TETIK, Selman Abstract A summary of the resource. The main goal of the sports clubs is to produce benefit and create the social values for the society. Furthermore, it has also commercial dimension that was transformed from the show business aspect of sports clubs. Therefore, they undertake the role in the world as economic organizations. One of the most popular sports all around the world is the soccer (football). By taking into consideration the activities of professional soccer clubs on and off the field of play, it’s getting more important to manage them as a business organization. Since the soccer clubs are business organizations they have the similar managerial functions such as organizing, marketing and financing. Professional soccer clubs also have some strategic objectives concerning with the efficiency, effectiveness, competitiveness, and improving the market share. In order to survive and have the efficient and effective clubs they should measure and manage the performance of the clubs in different perspectives both on and off the field of play. A comprehensive approach is convenient to measure the performance of the clubs. The soccer clubs are liable to fulfill the expectations of a wide variety of stakeholder groups like fans, players, employees and staff, sponsors, suppliers, shareholders, broadcasters, sport media, local environment, soccer association, government, and legal authorities. In order to satisfy the needs and expectations of the stakeholders, soccer clubs should set up a multidimensional performance management system which concerns all perspectives. By bringing a comprehensive system to performance measurement and management, the balanced scorecard provides an integrated framework that can help the clubs to evaluate the financial and non-financial activities. This study reviews the management structures, business functions and the operations of the soccer clubs and the performance measurement systems used by them. In the study we develop a Balanced Scorecard model for soccer clubs. A classical balanced scorecard has four perspectives:financial, costumer, internal process and learning and growth. In the Soccer Balanced Scorecard we will use the following four perspectives: financial sustainability perspective, fans perspective, internal process perspective, and infrastructure perspective. We analyze the performance management systems of the soccer clubs by classifying them base on their strategic priorities since the strategic objectives of the giants and the middle level teams are different. In the study after developing the perspectives of the soccer balanced scorecard we defined strategic objectives, performance measures relating to these objectives, performance targets for each measure and initiatives. In the study, it is suggested that if soccer clubs use the balanced scorecard as a strategic performance management tool it may help them to be strategy focused and may better serve their missions. Keywords: Soccer Clubs, Performance Measurement and Management, Balanced Scorecard Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8375751987a235ef455fb81584895dfb.pdf 35329e1cff3acb544e0b45dd3dd087ac PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey Ayşe Çoban Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey aysecoban2007@hotmail.com Mücahide Küçüksucu Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey akpinar.m@hotmail.com Orhan Çoban Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey ocoban@selcuk.edu.tr "Power" phenomenon has always been important throughout the history of mankind. In the past, the territory of the countries that they have the power, as measured by the colonies or the army, these parameters gave place as well as a stable economy and have owned the most effective utilization of resources. Definitely, the most recently prominent sources are energy. In this context, energy has a strategic importance for the countries, and that is used to measure the wealth and development. Turkey, has an important position as the Middle East's, Asian countries', the Mediterranean's and the Caspian region's rich oil and natural gas resources is transmitted to centers of demand in the West by "energy corridor". Due to its geopolitical position, Turkey must perform all policies including growth policies with energy policies harmonizing. The world's energy consumption is expected to increase and the majority of consumption is satisfied from in this region including Turkey. In this context, Turkey is a bridge as well as a market in order to transport Central Asia's production to the world's market due to the geographical and geopolitical position of Turkey. However, despite all these advantages, Turkish economy depends on foreign markets for energy. For this reason, the energy in the case of Turkey is becoming more and more important. Therefore, combining the issue of energy and growth, a long-term plan is needed. In the light of the foregoing, taking into consideration for the period of 1980-2011 in Turkey was aimed to analyze the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in this study. In this analysis 45 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo was benefited from the unit root test, VAR analysis, as well as the causality tests. The empirical findings for this period in Turkish economy show that the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is bidirectional in Granger causality test, mutually affect each other and feedback hypothesis is available. When the feedback hypothesis is available, policy-makers must take into consideration feedback effect of economic growth on the energy in the event of reducing energy consumption. Bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth or feedback evidence represents increasing economic growth causes to raise energy consumption. According to this view, energy-saving policies aimed at the reduction in energy use must reduce the demand for energy without causing adverse effects on economic growth. It would be achieved through a suitable combination of energy taxes and energy substitution. Policy makers should encourage the industry to adopt technologies for reducing pollution. Keywords: Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Turkish Economy, Feedback Hypothesis 46 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4b37212002927444015ab8983133d99e.docx 1f6fc4a50e363043c0fffedce05e93ab https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7fd497027691ce284442aa82e7fc5b1a.pdf 3f98c71471f53323f5ca98ab44078fbe PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey1 Ayşe Çoban Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey aysecoban2007@hotmail.com Mücahide Küçüksucu Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey akpinar.m@hotmail.com Orhan Çoban Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey ocoban@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract "Power" phenomenon has always been important throughout the history of mankind. In the past, the territory of the countries that they have the power, as measured by the colonies or the army, these parameters gave place as well as a stable economy and have owned the most effective utilization of resources. Definitely, the most recently prominent sources are energy. In this context, energy has a strategic importance for the countries, and that is used to measure the wealth and development. Turkey, has an important position as the Middle East's, Asian countries', the Mediterranean's and the Caspian region's rich oil and natural gas resources is transmitted to centers of demand in the West by "energy corridor". Due to its geopolitical position, Turkey must perform all policies including growth policies with energy policies harmonizingly. The world's energy consumption is expected to increase and the majority of consumption is satisfied from in this region including Turkey. In this context, Turkey is a bridge as well as a market in order to transport Central Asia's production to the world's market due to the geographical and geopolitical position of Turkey. However, despite all these advantages, Turkish economy depends on foreign markets for energy. For this reason, the energy in the case of Turkey is becoming more and more important. Therefore, combining the issue of energy and growth, a long-term plan is needed. In the light of the foregoing, taking into consideration for the period of 1980-2011 in Turkey was aimed to analyze the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in this study. In this analysis was benefited from the unit root test, VAR analysis, as well as the causality tests. The empirical findings for this period in Turkish economy show that not the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is bidirectional in Granger causality test, mutually affect each other and feedback hypothesis is not available. When the feedback hypothesis is available, policy-makers must take into consideration feedback effect of economic growth on the energy in the event of reducing energy consumption. A bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth or feedback evidence represents increasing economic growth causes to raise energy consumption. According to this view, energy-saving policies aimed at the reduction in energy use must reduce the demand for energy without causing adverse effects on economic growth. It would be achieved through a suitable 1 This study was supported by Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects Unit. Project No: 13701102. 70 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo combination of energy taxes and energy substitution. Policy makers should encourage the industry to adopt technologies for reducing pollution. Keywords: Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Turkish Economy, Granger Causality Test, Feedback Hypothesis 1. Introduction Besides having energy resources, being able to reach them easily and uninterruptedly is of the most important energy policies of countries. In this frame, it is necessary to diversify energy resources. The countries having energy resources, together with technological transformation, attempted the effort to use the energy more effectively. In this scope, providing energy saving; realizing sustainable development, and minimizing the environmental effects of energy use constitute important titles of many discussions in recent years. The discussions in parallel with this shift from planning based on energy supply and energy generation to planning approach protecting the balance of energy economy – ecology carefully. In addition, models of energy safety considering the diversity of resource and geopolitical realities are also the most highlighted issues in recent times (Pamir, 2005:2). The main problem on energy use is that the policies of energy saving to be applied will affect the economic performance of country in what direction and how. On this point, the relationship of causality gains importance. The relationship of causality expresses which of two variables will appear earlier over time. With moving from here, studying the relationship of causality between the use of energy and growth gains impotence in terms of energy policies to be applied. As a matter of fact, introducing the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is an important indicator in orientating energy polices in the energy depended counties, including Turkey. Beside this, also depending on the direction of causality, the energy policies to be applied will be different. Attracting attention to the issue energy corresponds to post - industrial revolution period. Energy is s necessary input that is obligatory to use in the production, and necessary to be able to raise the welfare levels of societies. 1970s, due to the fact that it is so cheaply available and it abounds, it could be used in country economies in large rates. Because of energy shocks experienced, beginning from 1970s, that energy prices raise very rapidly, affected the growth rate of world economies in negative direction. This situation made obligatory the application of energy saving processes. After the pain process specified, in the developed and developing countries, the relationship energy consumption and economic growth has begun to occupy the agenda. In the passing 30 years „period, this issue was heavily considered in academic studies. Energy is one of the most important issues in the development of Turkey. In this context, the use of energy constitutes a base besides improving the quality of life and for economic and social development in Turkey. Along with the increase seen in population and industrialization rapidity in Turkey, the energy demand is increasing every passing day. Turkey continuing he process of EU membership insistently, for the sake of proving adaptation process, principally the polices of infrastructure, environment, energy, and growth, realizes important transformations in a number of areas. Also, Turkey is an indispensable energy corridor for transporting the energy such as oil and natural gas, 71 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo produced in Middle East, Asia, Mediterranean, and Caspian Sea Region, to Europe. Increase is expected in the energy consumption of world, but in near future, a large part of energy consumption will be met from this area including Turkey as well. In other words, Turkey, due to its geographical and economic position, is a both market and bridge for the transportation of the production in Central Asia to the world markets. In addition to all of these, from the view point of Turkey, completely foreign – dependent in supplying energy, the important of energy issue is increasingly much more. Hence, in Turkey, there is a need for long termed plan blending the energy and growth. In the light of those mentioned above, the main purpose of this study, in addition to introducing the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in terms of Turkish economy, is to make offers for policy. In order to realize this aim, after the concepts of energy consumption and economic growth are considered, in the frame of literature, the relationship energy consumption – growth will be analyzed. 2. Clarification of the Concepts of Energy and Growth The word energy is a Greek originated is a word and the words of “en” (internal) and “ergon” (work) are constituted. Later, the word gained a social attribute and was begun to be used synonymously with the ability to produce work, dynamism, force, power, and activity (Demirbaş, 2002:1). Energy having an important place in terms of both supply and demand is a consumable material that a consumer decided to purchase for maximizing his/her utility. from the viewpoint of demand (Chontanawatt et al., 2008: 137) For the commonly using areas of energy as a consumable material, cleanup, travel, and listening to music can be given as an example. Energy, from the viewpoint of supply, is a basic production inlet in addition to raw material, labor, and capital (Chontanawatt, et al., 2008: 138). In this scope, energy resources have three remarkable characteristics in the way that it emerges from environmental pollution, depending on scarcity, worldwide unequal distribution, and use. As the amount of energy used in industry, when it is assumed that the amount of production, in turn, output will increase, in the frame of single sectored neoclassic production technology, capital, labor force, and energy are defined as separate inlets (Aytaç, 2010: 483) This situation neglected until oil crises experienced in 1970s, beginning from the years ıf crisis, introduced the importance of energy, as a separate production inlet form labor and capital. Now, while the output in production function is explained, beside labor and capital, energy was also begun to take place as a production input. Setting out from a neoclassic perspective, in order to introduce the factors reducing and increasing the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth, the equation of production function can be expressed as in Equation (1) (Stern, 2003: 21-22): (Q1 ,........., Qm  f ( A, X 1 ,......, X n , E1 ,......., E p ) (1) In the equation above, Q1 represents output; X1, the inputs such as labor and capital; , E1, the inputs such as coal and oil; and A, technology, defined by total factor productivity With moving from here, the relationship between energy and GDP is influenced from the substation relationship between energy and the other inputs, variation occurring in A, technological change, variation in the composition of energy input, and in the composition of GDP (Stern, 2003: 22). 72 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo With moving from energy consumption, the relationship energy consumption and economic growth is described based on Medlock and Soligo (2001). In Medlock and Soligo (2001), energy consumption (ect) is expressed as a function of income pe capita (yt), energy prices (pt), and technology (At) as in Equation (2): ect  f ( yt , pt , At ) (2) In Equation (2), technology is assumed to be a function of energy prices and income level. By moving from here, the function associated with energy consumption can be expressed as in Equation (3): ect , j  f ( yt , pt , j , A( yt , pt , j )) (3) where subscript j represents final use related to household, commercial transportation, industry, and the other sectors and is obtained from the variable income. In addition, to simplify, it is assumed that technology may be for labor- capital. 3. Literature Some of the studies that are remarkable in the literature presenting the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth are considered as follows: Akarca and Long (1980), in their studies including in the period 1950-1970, using the method of Sims Causality Test, analyzed the relationship energy consumption – growth. According to the results of analysis, they did not meet any relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Yu and Hwang (1984),in their studies, utilizing the variables energy consumption and employment, conducted Sims Causality Test. They identified that there was no relationship between energy consumption and growth. Erol and Yu (1987), in their analyses they carried out, using the data of national income and energy, they determined that there was no relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Hwang and Gum (1991) studied the relationship energy consumption- economic growth for Taiwan. As a result of analyzes, where Granger causality test was regarded, they determined that there was a double directional causality relationship from consumption to growth and from economic growth to energy consumption. Stern (1993), using the variables of GDP, energy consumption, labor, and capital, via the econometric methods of Granger Causality Test and VAR, considered the relationship between the variables of interest. As a result of analyzes, they determined that there was a causality relationship from energy consumption to growth. Hondroyiannis et al. (2002), using the variables of total energy consumption, hosing energy consumption, industrial energy consumption, and consumer price index via the methods Johansen and Juselius co-integration test and ECM, analyzed the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. The results of analysis showed that 73 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo there was a double directional relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Paul and Bhattacharya (2004), using the variables of national income, commercial energy consumption, gross fixed capital formation, and population, via Johansen co-integration test and Granger causality test, analyzed the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. The results of analysis revealed that there was a double directional causality relationship between energy consumption and growth. Hatemi and Irandoust (2005), with the variables of real GDP, and energy consumption, consumer price index, utilizing Leveraged Bootstrap Simulation Approach, considered the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. According to this, they identified that there was a causality relationship between the variables, and that the direction of relationship was from economic growth to energy consumption. Tehranchian (2006), for Iran, analyzed the variables of real GDP, total energy consumption, natural gas consumption, and hydraulic energy consumption via Johansen Co-integration Test and VECM analysis. As a result of analyses, a relationship was determined from economic growth to energy consumption. Mucuk and Uysal (2007), for Turkey economy, studied the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth, using co-integration and Granger causality tests. Empirical findings showed that the variables were co-integrated and that Granger causality was from energy consumption to economic growth. Jobert and Karanfil (2007), in Turkey, analyzed the relationship between energy consumption and national income in the level of both macro and industry. According to Johansen co-integration test, it was determined that there was no relationship in long period between real GDP and energy consumption, and between industrial energy consumption and industrial added value. Erdal et al. (2008), for Turkey, moving from the data of the period 1970 -2006, analyzed the relationship between energy consumption and GDP. The results of Johansen cointegration and Pair-wise Granger causality tests revealed that there was a interrelation between the variables considered. Kar and Kınık (2008) analyzed the relationship between industrial electricity consumption, household electricity consumption, and total energy consumption and economic growth .The results of Johansen co-integration test, showed, in long period, that there was a relationship between industrial, household, and total energy consumptions and economic growth; and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) also showed that the direction of causality realized from electricity consumption to economic growth. It was only determined that there was a double directional relationship between household electricity consumption and economic growth. Bartleet and Gounder (2010) for New Zeeland, with the variables of GDP; total energy consumption, energy prices, using ARDL and Granger causality test, studied the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. According to the results of analysis, it was determined that there was a single directional causality relationship from energy consumption to growth. 74 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Çoban and Yorgancılar (2011) analyzed the relationships between renewable energy consumption and sustainable economic growth. According to the results of analysis, it was determined that all variables associated with renewable energy consumption had a positive directional effect on the growth. 4. Methodology In this study, in Turkey, the relationship between energy consumption (Energy) and economic growth (Growth) was analyzed. In analyses, the annual data belonging to the period 1980 – 2011, obtained from TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) as well as Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, were used. Analysis,unit root test, VAR analysis andGranger causalitytest is used. The first step in constructing time series data is to determine the non-stationary property of each variable. We must test each of the series in the levels and in the first difference. All variables were tested in levels using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) Test. If the stationary test is significant, the variable series is stationary and does not have a unit root test. Thus, the null hypothesis will be rejected, but the alternative hypothesis will be accepted. However, if the stationary test is not significant, the variable series is non-stationary and has a unit root test; thus, null hypothesis will be accepted (Shaari et al., 2013: 21). Variance decomposition decomposes the variation in one of the internal variables as separate shocks affecting all internal variables. In this sense, variance decomposition gives information about dynamic structure of the system. The aim of variance decomposition is to reveal the effect on error structure of the prediction for the next periods of each random shock While which one is the most effective variable on a macroeconomic growth is determined via variance analysis, whether or not these variables that are detected effective are usable as political instrument and cause –effect functions are identified (Sarı, 2008: 4). The relationship between two economic variables and the answer of question of whether or not these affects to each other are first studied by Granger (1981). In the causality test incorporated to literature by Granger, Notation (1) is referred (Çoban ve Yorgancılar, 2011: 9): γt = α + βxt + εt In this equation, Granger put forward that in order to be able to make a contact between the exploratory and explained variables, and both sides of equality should be consistent. For example if yt is a seasonal variable, xt must also be a seasonal variable and in such a situation, εt is in the position of white noise. In identifying the causality in the sense of Granger, while x is datum null hypothesis (H 0: α = 0) is set as “X does not Granger cause Y”. This means that both and delays in cointegration vector influence y. In causality test, null hypothesis is tested by using F test and in case that one or both of two factors expressed together influence y, hypothesis is refused (Çoban, 2002: 38; Çoban, 2004: 8; Çoban et al, 2008). 75 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 5. Analyses and Results In this study, firstly, in order to determine whether the variables used in analyses are stable or mot, ADF unit root test developed by Dickey-Fuller was referred to (Table-1). Table- 1:ADF Test Results for Unit Roots Level Prob.* First differences (Intercept) Prob.* (Intercept) Energy 1.120296 0.9968 Growth -6.335408 0.0000 -5.424374 0.0001 *MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values. According to Table 1, it was determined that the variable growth becomes stable in the level of I(0), while the variable consumption becomes stable in the level I(1). The findings obtained point out that for the variables taking place in the scope of study the rank of integration is I(0,1). Before passing to Granger causality test, it is necessary to determine the lag belonging to autoregressive model. The most important method used in assigning lag value is the method of comparing the values of Akaiki information criterion in VAR analysis. According to VAR method, the best lag was calculated by Akaiki Information Criterion as 1. The primary hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (H1)) that are established according to the energy consumption, are as follows: H0:. Energy consumption is not the cause of economic growth. H1: Energy consumption is the cause of economic growth. The hypotheses established according to economic growth are: H0: Economic growth is not the cause of energy consumption. H1: Economic growth is the cause of energy consumption. With moving from these hypotheses, the results of dual Granger causality test are as in Table 2. Table- 2: Granger Causality Test Results Pairwise Granger Causality Tests Date: 01/24/13 Time: 17:04 Sample: 1980 2011 Lags: 1 Null Hypothesis: Obs F-Statistic Probability Growth does not Granger Cause 30 Energy 0.0623 0.9377 Energy does not Granger Cause Growth 0.08512 0.7727 According to Table 2, in the significance level of 10%, the probabilities belonging to Fstatistical values are not significant. Therefore, there is not any causality relationship 76 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo between energy consumption and growth. Thus, our results of Granger causality tests do not support the feedback hypothesis. 6. Discussion and Conclusion In this study, in Turkey, the relationships between energy consumption and growth were analyzed. In the analyses, annual data belonging to the period 1980-2011. In Turkey, in recent years, also depending on economic stability, an important process of growth is experienced. The resources of this process should be determined. In this context, while energy demand is rapidly increasing, energy consumption remained in the highly back of energy demand. However, the energy produced and consumed by Turkey presents a structure different from each other in terms of its subtypes. As a matter of fact, in Turkey, energy demand is met from the resources imported such as oil and natural gas and energy production is from lignite and renewable energy far away from meeting the demand of country. In such a situation, foreign dependency of Turkey increases, and in any case that there is any problem, leads economic growth to be influenced negatively. All causes expressed above emphasizes that, for Turkish economy, determining whether or not there is a causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is so important. However, in the study we carried out for this aim, it was determined that there was no causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth and thus, that the feedback hypothesis was not supported. When considering from this point of view, the results of our study overlap with the results of the studies by Akarca and Long (1980), by Yu and Hwang (1984), and by Erol and Yu (1987), by Inbert and Karanfil (2007). As a conclusion, in our study, even though a causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth revealed, the importance of energy in terms of economic development cannot be ignored. In this meaning, policymakers and decision mechanisms should pay attention the relationship between two variables. When the policies for energy saving toward reducing energy intensity, promoting the use of alternative renewable energy resources, increasing energy efficiency, the investments on technological development improving energy efficient and developing the feasibility of renewable energy resources are under consideration, it can be said that economic growth will not be negatively affected from decrease of energy consumption. 7. References Akarca, A. T.,& Long, T.V. (1980). On the relationship between energy and GNP: a reexamination. The Journal of Energy and Development, 5(2), 326-331. Bartleet, M.,& Gounder, R. (2010). Energy consumption and economic growth in New Zealand: results of trivariate and multivariate models. Energy Policy, 38(7), 35083517. Chontanawat, J., Hunt, L.C., & Pierse, R. (2008). 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Energy Economics, 26, 977983. 78 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Shaari M.S., Hussain, N.E., & Ismail, M.S. (2013). Relationship between energy consumption and economic growth: empirical evidence for Malaysia. Business Systems Rewiev, 2(1), 17-28. Stern, D.I. (1993). Energy and economic growth in the USA- a multivariate approach. Energy Economics, 15(2), 137-150. Stern, D.I. (1999). Is energy cost an accurate indicator of natural resource quality?.Ecological Economics, 31, 381–394. Stern, D. I. (2000). A multivariate cointegration analysis of the role of energy in the U.S. Macroeconomy. Energy Economics, 22(2), 267-283. Stern, D.I. (2003). Energy and economic growth, Retrieved February 02, 2013, from http://www.localenergy.org/pdfs/Document%20Library/Stern%20Energy%20and% 20Economic%20Growth.pdf. Tehranchian, A.M. (2006). On the relationship between energy consumption and real GDP in Iran: an application of VEC model. Iranian Economic Review, 11(16), 141-147. Yu, E.S.H. & Hwang, B.K. (1984). The relationship between energy and GNP: further results”, Energy Economics, 6(3), 186-190. 79 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1498 Title A name given to the resource Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey Author Author COBAN, Ayse KUCUKSUCU, Mucahide COBAN, Orhan Abstract A summary of the resource. "Power" phenomenon has always been important throughout the history of mankind. In the past, the territory of the countries that they have the power, as measured by the colonies or the army, these parameters gave place as well as a stable economy and have owned the most effective utilization of resources. Definitely, the most recently prominent sources are energy. In this context, energy has a strategic importance for the countries, and that is used to measure the wealth and development. Turkey, has an important position as the Middle East's, Asian countries', the Mediterranean's and the Caspian region's rich oil and natural gas resources is transmitted to centers of demand in the West by "energy corridor". Due to its geopolitical position, Turkey must perform all policies including growth policies with energy policies harmonizing. The world's energy consumption is expected to increase and the majority of consumption is satisfied from in this region including Turkey. In this context, Turkey is a bridge as well as a market in order to transport Central Asia's production to the world's market due to the geographical and geopolitical position of Turkey. However, despite all these advantages, Turkish economy depends on foreign markets for energy. For this reason, the energy in the case of Turkey is becoming more and more important. Therefore, combining the issue of energy and growth, a long-term plan is needed. In the light of the foregoing, taking into consideration for the period of 1980-2011 in Turkey was aimed to analyze the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in this study. In this analysis was benefited from the unit root test, VAR analysis, as well as the causality tests. The empirical findings for this period in Turkish economy show that the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is bidirectional in Granger causality test, mutually affect each other and feedback hypothesis is available. When the feedback hypothesis is available, policy-makers must take into consideration feedback effect of economic growth on the energy in the event of reducing energy consumption. Bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth or feedback evidence represents increasing economic growth causes to raise energy consumption. According to this view, energy-saving policies aimed at the reduction in energy use must reduce the demand for energy without causing adverse effects on economic growth. It would be achieved through a suitable combination of energy taxes and energy substitution. Policy makers should encourage the industry to adopt technologies for reducing pollution. Keywords: Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Turkish Economy, Feedback Hypothesis Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3c89d22b74538d3fee0a76be10ae12e2.pdf 5a2d7db8a4aa489038b606c736b70001 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Trends in New Drug Launches Abdulkadir Civan Gediz University, Izmir, Turkey abdulkadir.civan@gediz.edu.tr Mai Lan Thanh Nguyen Fatih University, İstanbul, Turkey kestar09@gmail.com Pharmaceutical drugs have contributed to people’s improved health and prolonged life for the last several decades. New drugs, hence, are believed to be beneficial. Standard textbook analysis suggests that new drugs to be launched in as many countries as possible. However, in our study, we find that not all new drugs are introduced to every part of the globe; although many health problems could be prevented, cured, or managed effectively through the use of those novel drugs. We have found that there are certain trends to new drug launches. With data from IMS New Product Focus, we are able to track historical pharmaceutical launches of all drugs for most countries that have major pharmaceutical markets. We also analyzed the speed of drug companies to market (launch) their new drugs in different countries. New drugs are launched sooner in the advanced countries than developing and underdeveloped countries. However the difference is getting smaller. We run basic regressions to study the influences of different factors on the launch speeds for different countries. Our analysis indicate that new drugs are launched sooner in the countries where income, population and property rights protection levels are higher, and we come across the significant role of patent laws for drugs innovation in diffusion and trends of pharmaceutical drug launches. Keywords: Health Economics, Drugs, Turkey. 4 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1465 Title A name given to the resource Trends in New Drug Launches Author Author CIVAN, Abdulkadir THANH NGUYEN, Mai Lan Abstract A summary of the resource. Pharmaceutical drugs have contributed to people’s improved health and prolonged life for the last several decades. New drugs, hence, are believed to be beneficial. Standard textbook analysis suggests that new drugs to be launched in as many countries as possible. However, in our study, we find that not all new drugs are introduced to every part of the globe; although many health problems could be prevented, cured, or managed effectively through the use of those novel drugs. We have found that there are certain trends to new drug launches. With data from IMS New Product Focus, we are able to track historical pharmaceutical launches of all drugs for most countries that have major pharmaceutical markets. We also analyzed the speed of drug companies to market (launch) their new drugs in different countries. New drugs are launched sooner in the advanced countries than developing and underdeveloped countries. However the difference is getting smaller. We run basic regressions to study the influences of different factors on the launch speeds for different countries. Our analysis indicate that new drugs are launched sooner in the countries where income, population and property rights protection levels are higher, and we come across the significant role of patent laws for drugs innovation in diffusion and trends of pharmaceutical drug launches. Keywords: Health Economics, Drugs, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564