200 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/16a8c89818cb5ebbf8a1959640690b21.docx 0a758f89c652d6e9a55d10549eb4bc5d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3e95569737b0f8a87033ec9b7ae5f95c.pdf 186afd7538ae2710078a7ca1a1f33394 PDF Text Text Open House Programs and Registration Process for New Student Enrolments at Schools as Means to Initiate an Effective Educational Process Volkan Cicek Ishik University/Erbil, Iraq Key words:superintendent, extracurricular, tutorial, standardized ABSTRACT Open houses, student orientations, student enrolments and registration processes are all events that are organized primarily for new students and their parents that are enrolling for the first time in a school. New student enrolments mostly occur in Pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten and 1st grade levels since either one or more of these grade levels are optional to attend for any given country in today’s world. New enrolments to upper grade levels are also possible especially if transferring from other schools. Chronologically, first, open house event takes place followed by the student orientation and then the registration process, which can all be very strong means to initiate effective communication and understanding between the students, parents and the school, thus contributing to the educational process if planned well and organized and administered carefully. During open houses, an authorized staff member, usually the principal or assistant principal and sometimes superintendent or assistant superintendent representing the educational institution makes a presentation introducing his/her school to the audience. At the end of the presentation, the presenter briefly explains the registration process and the documents that would be needed for enrolment, which are also usually handed out to the audience in the form of a packet along with the registration checklist document. Consequently, in this study, various steps of open house and student enrolment processes are reviewed in detail and comparable examples from U.S. public school system are given in order to find out whether components of such programs may be compatible with other educational systems in the globe, thus an effective educational process can start from the beginning. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2084 Title A name given to the resource Open House Programs and Registration Process for New Student Enrolments at Schools as Means to Initiate an Effective Educational Process Author Author CICEK, Volkan Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words:superintendent, extracurricular, tutorial, standardized ABSTRACT Open houses, student orientations, student enrolments and registration processes are all events that are organized primarily for new students and their parents that are enrolling for the first time in a school. New student enrolments mostly occur in Pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten and 1st grade levels since either one or more of these grade levels are optional to attend for any given country in today’s world. New enrolments to upper grade levels are also possible especially if transferring from other schools. Chronologically, first, open house event takes place followed by the student orientation and then the registration process, which can all be very strong means to initiate effective communication and understanding between the students, parents and the school, thus contributing to the educational process if planned well and organized and administered carefully. During open houses, an authorized staff member, usually the principal or assistant principal and sometimes superintendent or assistant superintendent representing the educational institution makes a presentation introducing his/her school to the audience. At the end of the presentation, the presenter briefly explains the registration process and the documents that would be needed for enrolment, which are also usually handed out to the audience in the form of a packet along with the registration checklist document. Consequently, in this study, various steps of open house and student enrolment processes are reviewed in detail and comparable examples from U.S. public school system are given in order to find out whether components of such programs may be compatible with other educational systems in the globe, thus an effective educational process can start from the beginning. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d1be172f0bcbff3fb0ec9685fdf0c95a.pdf fa78a0fe73c3881cc28c00e67d356663 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Open Market Integration in the Balkans: Slovenia’s Success, Bosnia’s Failure Amir OMEROVIC Faculty of the Economy and Business Administration, International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina amir1608@gmail.com Abstract: Dissolution of the former Yugoslavia resulted in creation of newly formed states in Balkans. The stories of market transition of two Balkan countries: namely, the success of Slovenia and the struggle of Bosnia and Herzegovina are examined here. Several aspects of these two economies are investigated such as current regional overview, regional economy, conditions for direct foreign investment, government incentives for FDI, and economic and social reforms required in order to draw interest of global foreign investments. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Market Integration, Economy Overview,Investnment Climate 1. Introduction The globalization of the world economy resulted in the rapid growth of industrial production, which in effect generated higher levels of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) among many developing countries. However, the shift in the economic systems of the countries in transition toward a market economy meant global changes and a new quality in the overall social relations. The transition process has affected most intensely the postsocialist countries. Under the influence of the “Velvet Revolution” in 1989-1990, totalitarian socialist regimes collapsed throughout Europe, including the Balkans region of the former Yugoslavia. With the collapse of the social order and the disintegration of the Eastern bloc, the newly created independent countries faced challenges that were unprecedented in many respects. After the change of regime, the independent societies of the former Yugoslavia decided in favor of a pluralistic democratic social order and market economy. However, the transfer of the development model of the Western European democracies has encountered greater obstacles in some regions of the former Yugoslavia. The newly established countries in transition had a beginner’s problem of being recognized as independent countries. In the region of former Yugoslavia, Slovenia had established its independence within a couple of weeks, while in Bosnia and Herzegovina the desire for independence has escalated into four years of brutal war. The war has had a destructive impact on the overall economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. With the establishment of independence and the decentralization of power, all the countries of the former Yugoslavia were facing issues of economic renewal, becoming accustomed to the rules of the market economy, and incorporation into the European Union. This paper will compare two Balkan countries – the prosperous nation of Slovenia, and the struggling Bosnia and Herzegovina, with respect to successful integration into Open Market Economy, specifically the development of conditions necessary to draw interests of Globalizing Foreign Investments. 2. Current Regional Overview 2.1 - Slovenia Slovenia is a high-income country with a gross national income per capita of $17,290 in 2005. Strategically located at the gateway to Balkans, Slovenia has been a star performer since its independence in 1991. With a population of 2 million, the country is strategically located at the crossroads between Eastern and Western Europe and is endowed with highly skilled human capital. It is considered an important model of success and stability for the neighboring countries in the former Yugoslavia. Slovenia joined the European Union in 2004 and is set to become the first among the new EU member states of Central and Eastern Europe and the Baltics to adopt the euro in January 2007. 198 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 2.2 - Bosnia & Herzegovina On the other hand, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a lower middle-income country with an official gross national income per capita of US$2,440 in 2005. Approximately 62 percent of GDP is created in the services sector, 29 percent in industry, and 9 percent in agriculture. Since the Dayton Peace Agreements ended the war in the former Yugoslavia in 1995, Bosnia and Herzegovina has made tremendous progress in post-conflict reconstruction, social integration, and state building. It is now working towards accession to the European Union (EU), membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO), and membership in NATO’s Partnership for Peace program. Based on its impressive economic recovery and sustained social stability, which have been supported by high levels of international assistance, the country can be considered a post-conflict success story. The country was among the last of the republics of the former Yugoslavia to declare independence, following a referendum in 1992. The Dayton Peace Agreements set the current administrative framework for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The framework is comprised of a central state government and two separate and distinct entities that enjoy substantial autonomy - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. The war caused extensive destruction of physical capital and a huge loss of output. Real GDP plummeted by 80 percent and over 2 million people - nearly half the prewar population - became refugees, either abroad or internally. In 1996, a major donor assistance program set the stage for reconstruction and economic recovery. According to the World Bank, overall donor commitments are estimated at US$5.4 billion. (World Bank, 2003). 3. Regional Economy 3.1 - Slovenia As the most prosperous republic of the former Yugoslavia, Slovenia emerged from its brief 10-day war of secession in 1991 as an independent nation for the first time in its history. Since that time, the country has made steady but cautious progress toward developing a market economy. Economic reforms introduced shortly after independence led to healthy economic growth. Slovenia's economic success clearly illustrates the benefits of embracing liberal trade, following the rule of law, and rewarding enterprise. This success, however, is not unprecedented for Slovenia. Although it comprised only about one-thirteenth of Yugoslavia's total population, it was the most productive of the Yugoslav republics, accounting for one-fifth of its GDP and one-third of its exports. The country already enjoyed a relatively prosperous economy and strong market ties to the West when it gained independence in 1991. Since independence, Slovenia has pursued diversification of its trade toward the West and integration into Western and transatlantic institutions vigorously. In so doing, it has made substantial progress in its transition to a market economy, particularly becoming party to a number of bilateral and regional free trade agreements Slovenia is one the best economic performers in Central and Eastern Europe, with a GDP per capita in 2005 estimated at U.S. $17,008 (Shane,ERS 2008) - slightly more than 75% of the EU-15 average. Slovenia benefits from a well-educated and productive work force as well as dynamic and effective political and economic institutions. Although Slovenia has taken a cautious, deliberate approach to economic management and reform, with heavy emphasis on achieving consensus before proceeding, its overall record is one of relative success. Slovenia's economy is highly dependent on foreign trade. Statistics by Eurostat favorably reflect performance of Slovenian economy. Economic management in Slovenia is relatively good. Public finances showed modest deficits on the order of 1.5% of GDP in 2003. The budgets for 2004 and 2005 constrain public deficit to 1.7% of GDP. The current account balance has improved significantly as a result of stronger exports and a changed composition of imports by economic purpose. In 2003, the current account balance showed a surplus for the second year in a row. Controlling inflation remains a top government priority. The authorities have been successful in stabilizing the Slovenian currency and in bringing inflation down from more than 200% in 1992 to just 3.6% in 2006. (Eurostat 2008). Due to its macroeconomic stability, favorable foreign debt position, and successful accession to the EU, Slovenia consistently receives the highest credit rating of all transition economies. 199 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 1: Slovenia Key Economic Ratios, % change on previous year, 1994-2004 Figure 2. Slovenia’s Growth, GDP and GDP per capita as a % of EU-25 average 2005 Source: Eurostat, 2006 3.2 - Bosnia & Herzegovina To understand the state of the current Bosnian economy, one must look at the state of the region even before the war. Before the war, Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic of the former Yugoslavia. Although industry accounted for over 50% of GDP, Bosnia and Herzegovina was primarily agricultural. Farms were small and inefficient, thus necessitating food imports. Industry was greatly overstaffed, with Bosnia and Herzegovina accounting for much of the former Yugoslav’s metallic ore and coal production. Timber production and textiles also were important. The destructive impact of the war on the economy led to a 75% drop in GDP. Since the Dayton Accords, reconstruction programs initiated by the international community financed the construction of infrastructure and provided loans to the manufacturing sector. External aid amounted to $5 billion from 1995 to 1999. This aid caused growth rates to increase to 30%, but as of 2003, that rate had stabilized to around 6%. Actual GDP growth by that year had reached half its pre-war level. Bosnia has made significant progress in achieving microeconomic stability. On the monetary side, Bosnian central bank guarantees the most stable currency in the South Eastern Europe, which contributed 200 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo to near-zero inflation rate of 0.2%. Economic stability is reinforced by a treasury system which is sustained by budgets which are kept within required limits. The GDP has risen steadily since 1997 and for 2006 is estimated at 5.5%. Even if this is considered a slowdown compared to 25% average of post-war reconstruction, the rate of 5.5% is more sustainable and in line with the neighboring countries. Figure 3. Annual growth rate, percentage change on previous year, 1996-2005 Source: Eurostat, 2006 Figure 4. Bosnia Key Economic Ratios, % change on previous year, 1995-2005 However, even with almost ten years of heavy reconstruction and a significant number of structural reforms, the Bosnian economy is still lagging. 20% of the population lives below poverty line while 30% are on or just above it. Official unemployment is around 40%. GDP per capita is one of the lowest in Europe. Bosnia is burdened with a total debt of 2.5 billion Euros (U.S $3.2 billions). 201 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 5. Composition of Bosnia’s National Debt, 2004-2005 The value of exports in 2006 equaled 25% of its imports. With foreign aid decreasing, Bosnia faces a mounting current deficit which could threaten economic stability in a matter of years. Current reduction in donor financial inflows is occurring for three reasons: 1) There is a sense of accomplishment among most donors that Bosnia has successfully moved beyond most difficult post-conflict reconstruction phase; 2) Many bilateral donors have other priorities and demands; 3) There is a sense of disillusionment among most donors with the slow pace of reforms and lack of commitment to improving governance. 4. Investment Climate 4.1 - Slovenia Since independence in 1992, the foreign investment climate has steadily improved, despite constraints that have inhibited investment in Slovenia. The small domestic economy has been viewed by many prospective investors as the least risky of the former Yugoslav republics, but to date Slovenia's share of world foreign direct investment(FDI) flows as been well below its share of world GDP. Until the late 1990s Slovenia retained several barriers to foreign investment. Any company incorporated in Slovenia was required to have a majority of Slovenes on its board of directors, or a managing director or proxy of Slovene nationality. Foreign companies and individuals of foreign nationality were prohibited from owning land in Slovenia. However, any company incorporated in Slovenia was permitted to purchase real estate, regardless of the origin of its founding capital. Liberalization laws enacted in 1999 lowered the threshold of foreign direct investment from 50% to 10%. This allowed more foreign investors to avert the custody account regime. Government efforts and reforms designed to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) have proven somewhat successful - FDI almost tripled from 2001 to 2002, accounting for nearly 6.5% of GDP. However, FDI fell sharply in 2003 due to a lack of any major privatization deal or foreign acquisition. Slovenia's traditional anti-inflation policy in the past relied heavily on capital inflow restrictions. Its slow privatization process favored domestic investors and prescribed long lag time on share trading, complicated by a cultural wariness of being "bought up" by foreigners. As such, Slovenia has had a number of impediments to full foreign participation in its economy. However, a number of these barriers to FDI were fully removed in 2002. As a result, expected foreign takeovers of Slovenian blue chip companies, as well as EU membership, have fueled investors' interest in the country. The US Departnment of state reports positively about FDI in Slovenia saying that recent acquisitions by multinational companies - KBC of Belgium's takeover of Nova Ljubljanska Banka, and Swiss Novartis' takeover of Lek Pharmaceuticals - clearly demonstrate the attractiveness of the Slovenian economy, particularly to European investors seeking a platform to support expansion into southeastern Europe. U.S. investments in Slovenia have been more modest; Goodyear is the largest American investor. (US Dept of State/Slovenia, 2008). 202 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 4.2 - Bosnia & HerzegovinaAs a result of the political compromise needed to end the war, Bosnia and Herzegovina has been on a kind of international community life support. Since 1995, billions of dollars of assistance has poured in, primarily to rebuild destroyed infrastructure and homes of hundreds of thousands of refugees and displaced people. With much of the reconstruction work complete, Bosnia is now focusing on building a more stable economy. As with many other transitional economies, Bosnia is starting to recognize the potential of Foreign Direct Investment and has acknowledged the need for creating a more attractive environment for foreign investment. However, many economic problems, uncertainty, corruption, lack of information, insolvency, and the black market are standing in the way of rapid transition and domestic acceptance of FDI. The Bosnian government is trying to work on these issues and for the most part agreeing with foreign organizations that these problems exists, but it will take time to solve them. In addition to some aspects of regulatory environment, the business environment as it stands now has several major issues that hinder foreign investment in Bosnia. According to the Index of Economic Freedom, the overall country rating for Bosnia in 2007 is 54.7 out of 100, or ranked 115th out of 157 countries included. (Index, 2007). This poor country rating, along with a very unfavorable country image by foreign investors, impedes foreign investment. Bosnia is perceived as an unstable country with high uncertainty. With present levels of perceived uncertainty and instability, many foreign investors are opting for business prospects in other less risky countries of Eastern Europe, such as Slovenia. According to Bosnia’s Central Bank Statistics, FDI in 2004 totaled $2.4 billion. The manufacturing industry had the highest percentage of the FDI, followed by the banking sector. Investments from Austria and Croatia represent the largest percentages of the FDI at the end of 2004. 5. Government Incentives for Foreign Direct Investment Some fiscally stable countries, such as Slovenia, sometimes provide additional incentives, start-up cost sharing programs, to attract foreign investors. Other less fortunate countries, like Bosnia and Herzegovina, although they may plan to provide similar start up support programs in the future, due to lack of monetary resources are usually not in a position to implement such a benefit for foreign investors. This section will evaluate additional benefits for foreign investors instituted by Slovenia’s Government. 5.1 Slovenia’s Government FDI Cost-Sharing Grant Scheme In August 2005, the government published a Cost Sharing Grant Scheme, which invites investors initiating ventures of more than 1 million euros to negotiate an investment bonus package with the government. Foreign companies making direct investments in Slovenia may apply for financial grants. The purpose of the Invitation for Applications is to boost attractiveness of Slovenia as a location for foreign direct investment by lowering entry (start-up) costs to the investors whose investment will have a positive impact on new employment, knowledge and technology transfer, facilitation of balanced regional development, and will foster alliances between foreign investors and Slovenian companies. Grants are available for investments in industry, strategic services (Customer Contact Centers, Shared Services Centers, Logistics and Distribution Centers, Regional Headquarters) and R&D. Incentives are eligible for up to 40% cost of infrastructure and utility connections, cost of construction or purchase of buildings, as well as purchase of new machinery and equipment. In the year 2007, there are allocated approx. EUR 5.8 million. As stated in (Reform Programme for Lisbon goals 2008), the government heavily supports research and developments programs through the Structural Funds. Figure 6. FDI Cost-Sharing Grant Scheme for 2006 Source: JAPTI, 2006 203 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 5.2 FDI Cost-Sharing Grant Eligibility The program is open to foreign investors, registered in the Republic of Slovenia in which they hold an interest of at least 10 per cent of equity or foreign investors' subsidiaries. Applicable program requirements: • Investment projects in the manufacturing • sector that envisages the opening of at least 50 new jobs within three years of the grant allocation. The minimum value of the investment for which grants are allocated shall amount to: - 1 million euros in the regions classified on the regional list A considered to be underdeveloped (Pomurska, Podravska, Zasavska and Spodnjeposavska), and on the lists A, B, C and D territories of the municipalities coping with specific development problems; - 2 million euros in the regions classified on the regional list B (Savinjska, Koroška, Notranjsko-kraška and Jugovzhodna Slovenija); - 3 million euros in the regions classified on the regional list C (Goriška and Gorenjska); - 4 million euros in the regions classified on the regional list D (Obalno-kraška and Osrednjeslovenska). • Investment projects in an internationally marketable service activity envisaging the creation of at least 10 new jobs within three years of the grant allocation. The minimum value of the investment for the grant allocation shall amount to 1 million euros. A service activity eligible for preferential treatment shall be among the following: Customer Contact Centers, Shared Services Centers, Logistics and Distribution, and Regional Headquarters. • Investment projects in research & development activity envisaging the creation of at least 10 new jobs within three years of the grant allocation. The minimum value of the investment for the grant allocation shall amount to 1 million euros. An activity carried out by a company or a self-contained organizational unit whose core activity is the research and experimental development in the area of technology is considered a research & development activity. The investment project and newly created jobs must be kept in the region for at least five years. The following costs shall be deemed eligible for grant allocation: • Costs of providing utility connections and infrastructure facilities for the site, • Costs incurred under the construction or purchase of premises, • Costs incurred under the purchase of plant and equipment, and • Costs of gross wages/salaries for newly employed staff (for a two-year period). 6. Necessary Economic and Social Reforms When compared, Slovenia and Bosnia & Herzegovina, in similar ways are still in need of economic and social reforms in order to successfully complete the transition to free markets and to provide enough incentives for foreign direct investment. 6.1 - Slovenia – Owing to the slow pace of change, Slovenia started to lose its advantage in global competitiveness. Other Central and East European transitional economies, mainly those that have implemented more courageous and radical structural reforms such as Poland, are catching up and even overtaking Slovenia’s potential markets in certain areas. Following is a list of possible areas for improvement of Slovenia’s position in the competitive global market: 1. Tax reform in the direction of introducing a flat tax rate and simplification of tax regulations could unburden Slovenia's economy. The abolishment of the payroll tax and introduction of a flat tax rate, while keeping net earnings unchanged, will greatly reduce gross labor costs, especially of the more skilled employees. 2. New reforms should be introduced for the university system and research and development, which will create incentives to use current and new capabilities for economic growth, technological development, and innovation. 3. For efficient and quicker productivity growth, it is necessary to implement the second wave of privatization. This time, the best Slovenian enterprises will be subject to privatization, being more suitable for dispersed privatization and diversified financial investors. The domestic non-transparent consolidation of ownership at low prices must be replaced with a process that will be open to international participation and that will ensure the respect of small shareholders’ rights. This reform calls for transparent withdrawal of the State from the economy. 204 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 4. For effective financing of future development priorities a reduction in general government spending is necessary in addition to overall restructuring of public expenditure. To narrow the gap between the needs of the State for investment in infrastructure and the available traditional financial sources, additional private capital be engaged in the form of a Public Private Partnership. 6.2 - Bosnia and Herzegovina One of the biggest burdens on the Bosnia’s economic development, in addition to overwhelming government debt, is a dysfunctional bureaucratic system. This section evaluates some necessary changes, reforms required for successful regional ergonomic growth and for creation of attractive environment for foreign investors. 1. Disassemble the Payments Bureau - Rapidly reform all existing forms of Payments Bureau (PB). The transfer of PB activities to commercial banks will both invigorate the banking sector and encourage other economic activity to move gradually from the black market into the legal economy, strengthening the government’s tax base. This reform is necessary for removal one of the major disincentives to foreign investors. 2. Reform of Corporate Legal System is required. The question of Rule of Law in Bosnia and Herzegovina affects all aspects of society, and economic activity is no exception. In neither entity does the court system protect legitimate business interests, nor does it work in the interests of good business practice and common sense. The reform of the judicial system is a massive undertaking, but some reforms could be made quickly which would improve the climate for business. • When inspectors seize goods or shut down firms without due process, institute a right of appeal, with a guarantee of a court hearing within two days; • Create an effective and quick system of appealing court decisions; • Create a network of economic courts to handle small claims quickly and with a minimum of procedure. 3. Reform Taxes – since efficient tax policy is crucial to the economic growth of Bosnia, as well as vital to the revenues of the municipality, tax reform should be urgently considered. A sustainable tax regime might be: • Abolish all current business taxes (except the year-end tax on profit); • Replace business taxes with a sufficient VAT tax. • Lower the level of payroll contributions from 87% to 35% of salaries; • Lower the tax on profit from 36% to 20%. 4. Streamline Business Registration Procedures - Governments should reform business registration procedures, so that they are similar to those in Western countries. The new registration system should have the following characteristics: relatively quick, transparent, inexpensive, standardized paperwork to be completed in when applying for business license, abolish the requirement to declare all areas of business activity to the smallest detail, abolish the requirement for detailed company statutes. 5. Reform the Customs System and Increase Control over the Borders - two entity-level customs agencies should be merged into a single central government customs agency. Revenues from the customs tariffs should accrue to the central government, and not the entity governments. A portion of the revenues could be recycled back to entity governments in accordance with a formula to be agreed. 6. Remove Barriers to Inter-Entity Trade- There is no economic advantage to either entity in erecting barriers to trade within Bosnia and Herzegovina. Internal hidden taxes on inter-entity trade should be abolished. As a result, inter-entity trade will increase, so raising revenues, and incentives to smuggle will be removed. Businesses attempting to operate legally (and pay taxes) will get welcome relief from illegal tax-free competition. 7. Proceed with Privatization - Privatization should not be further delayed, despite the risk that some enterprises will fall into unscrupulous hands. Greater transparency in the ownership of enterprises will help to revitalize the economy and force business to work efficiently for profit rather than simply to keep going through inertia. 8. Ensure priority spending within transport sector – by placing the priority on improving the conditions of the current transport network. Develop a comprehensive strategy and policy for the transport sector to identify proprieties and to ensure that all debt-financed public investments are consistent with available fiscal envelope, especially focusing on the development of corridor 5c. References World Bank, Bosnia & Herzegovina. Country Brief 2003, Country’s capital base http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/ECA/eca.nsf/2656afe00bc5f02185256d5d005dae97/62b3e2e7d301034c85256d5d0067e388? OpenDocument 205 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Shane M. (2008). ERS International Macroeconomic Data Set. Real Historical Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita and Growth Rates of GDP Per Capita for Baseline Countries/Regions 1969-2008. 1. Eurostat/EBRD (2008), Slovenia, Slovenia Economic Overview Report US Department of State (2008).Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, Electronic Information and Publication Office. Reports, Slovenia (7). Kane T., Holmes R., & O’Grady Anastasia (2007). The Index of Economic Freedom, Bosnia 129-131 Republic of Slovenia, Government Publications (2008). Reform Programme for Achieving Lisbon Goals 1-130 206 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 177 Title A name given to the resource Open Market Integration in the Balkans: Slovenia’s Success, Bosnia’s Failure Author Author OMEROVIC, Amir Abstract A summary of the resource. Dissolution of the former Yugoslavia resulted in creation of newly formed states in Balkans. The stories of market transition of two Balkan countries: namely, the success of Slovenia and the struggle of Bosnia and Herzegovina are examined here. Several aspects of these two economies are investigated such as current regional overview, regional economy, conditions for direct foreign investment, government incentives for FDI, and economic and social reforms required in order to draw interest of global foreign investments Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2907e628757f696d59a73e3326016bd4.docx 36e450613d18653e37c31e1b1f126a37 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/59547b1d36fbee91fd738df540adcd16.pdf 50f4b1f733bd2474e04d47b7d3c2b823 PDF Text Text OPEN SOURCE INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM USING SNORT İbrahim Kınal International Burch University,Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ikinal@ibu.edu.ba Kemal Hajdarevic International Burch University,Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina khajdarevic@ibu.edu.ba Keywords: Snort, IDS, Intrusion Detection System, Intrusion. ABSTRACT Software and hardware components are parts of almost every Intrusion Detection System (IDS) which is able to monitor computer networks for any possible security incidents. Using Internet resources all over the world has been becoming as one of the most popular task among all people and this usage and connection to Internet creates security risk for many different network attacks. Since these attacks and threats can strongly affects network security. IDS has become one of the most useful network security system which helps users to protect their valuable resource and their, integrity and availability of information located in the protected part of any organization’s computer network. Therefore, IDS system has a very significant role protect users, companies or any institutions to detect cases. IDS can be designed as signature-based or anomaly-based detection system. Signature-based system is only eligible to detects attacks which are already known and anomaly-based systems are eligible to detect unknown attacks which give them functionality to be proactive i.e. to resolve attack before it harm specific protected system. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2149 Title A name given to the resource OPEN SOURCE INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM USING SNORT Author Author KINAL, Ibrahim HAJDAREVIC, Kemal Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Snort, IDS, Intrusion Detection System, Intrusion. ABSTRACT Software and hardware components are parts of almost every Intrusion Detection System (IDS) which is able to monitor computer networks for any possible security incidents. Using Internet resources all over the world has been becoming as one of the most popular task among all people and this usage and connection to Internet creates security risk for many different network attacks. Since these attacks and threats can strongly affects network security. IDS has become one of the most useful network security system which helps users to protect their valuable resource and their, integrity and availability of information located in the protected part of any organization’s computer network. Therefore, IDS system has a very significant role protect users, companies or any institutions to detect cases. IDS can be designed as signature-based or anomaly-based detection system. Signature-based system is only eligible to detects attacks which are already known and anomaly-based systems are eligible to detect unknown attacks which give them functionality to be proactive i.e. to resolve attack before it harm specific protected system. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6a2f15235053ac6f3d6b55821554ba7e.docx 9c653c509fdf0be37c3a10c6be56abbf https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/27e6ca8067389b9453f8350241a3b99a.pdf 9030f006e923972fd1f1600938d05bcf PDF Text Text OPEN SOURCE INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM USING SNORT THE COMPARISON OF CODON USAGE IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA OF SELECTED REPRESENTATIVES OF PHYLUM PORIFERA GRANT, 1836 Ayşe Memon International Burch University,Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Lada Bilela-Lukic Faculty of Science, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT The mean differences of frequency and relative adaptiveness between codon usage tables of selected representatives of phylum Porifera, generally correspond to the real distances between the taxa compared. As expected, the frequency of the appearance of particular codons is comparable among sponges and less similar between sponges and other metazoan. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2146 Title A name given to the resource OPEN SOURCE INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM USING SNORT THE COMPARISON OF CODON USAGE IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA OF SELECTED REPRESENTATIVES OF PHYLUM PORIFERA GRANT, 1836 Author Author MEMON, Ayse BILELA-LUKIC, Lada Abstract A summary of the resource. The mean differences of frequency and relative adaptiveness between codon usage tables of selected representatives of phylum Porifera, generally correspond to the real distances between the taxa compared. As expected, the frequency of the appearance of particular codons is comparable among sponges and less similar between sponges and other metazoan. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2dca31036e8f1444f307dfc65d47b3b8.docx 44ed7242bd6e58db28a43c8ae6198ec6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Optimal Network Reconfiguration of the Distribution Network for Minimization of Power Loss and Voltage Deviation using NSGA-II Algorithm Author Author Lejla Bandić Naida Nalo Jasmin Kevrić Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract - For efficient power flow in the distribution system, one of the most important components is the accurate loss and voltage deviation minimization. This work gives an insight into the minimization process of the loss and voltage deviation in the power distribution system by using the network reconfiguration. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm – II (NSGA-II) has been used as the tool for solving the problem. The power flow is incorporated with the Genetic Algorithm until the best results are obtained. For power flow calculation, Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) is used, while the whole algorithm was written in MATLAB. The proposed algorithm is tested on a real 10 kV distribution network, Gracanica. Results obtained show that the presented methodology can be efficiently applied to reconfigure distribution networks to select the optimal distribution network topology in order to achieve savings in power losses and improve voltage profile. Keywords Keywords. Keywords - Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm–II (NSGA-II), reconfiguration, power loss, voltage profile, PSAT. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f4a266bb865a3e92e880a32ae9e34977.docx 740a40f683a5437c89ddaaa1086b87e7 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/adff77be9f1deb25f80112016b842056.pdf 0dc96fb65fdd3af006f2764006a25476 PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Optimization Models Performances for Transportation Cost Minimization Fevzi Serkan Ozdemir OndokuzMayıs University, Samsun, Turkey fsozdemir@gmail.com Ahmet Ergulen Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey aergulen@gmail.com Abstract Transportation is the foremost activity at every stage of logistics (supply, production and distribution stages). It constitutes the huge part of logistics, because of its relativesize intotallogistics costs. The rate of the transportation in all logistics activities is approximately around 50-65 percent, however, that might be different sector by sector. Transportation is a term which can be defined as the physical movement of inventories such as raw materials, semi-finished goods and finished goods from one location to another. Shipping of products into firm storage after they have bought from suppliers, carrying of the storage items to manufacturing, and delivery of the manufactured items to warehouses or dealers to be sold, and delivery of the sold products to customers are some sub-activities of transportation.In order to achieve transportation with minimal cost, first of all the optimal transportation alternatives should be implied. In the literature there are many researches which confirm this statement. But the applied technique for decision problem is as important as transportation alternatives. For determining of optimal solution there are certain models. The aim of this study is comparing the performances (possible cost savings) of employed models (linear programming [LP], goal programming [GP], and fuzzy logic based integer linear programming [FLIP]) in the case analyses. Keywords: Optimization models, optimization of transportation activities, integer linear programming, goal programming, fuzzy logic. Introduction Due to the fact that developing communication facilities, rapidly changing technologies and constantly increasing competitive pressure in the economy have encouraged the managers to be in the triangle of short time, high quality and low cost. Managers have had to search possible solutions which could provide higher added value. Also there has been a decrease in the numbers of current alternatives for the firm value maximization which is the prior aim for the businesses because of the changing environmental conditions. Providing higher added value has started not to be managers’ price and selling policies any more. It makes managers to be more concentrated on their production and cost policies. Controlling the costs of value drivers, and removing the ones which don’t create value become the basic principle for the managers, whom search for optimal solutions for certain decision problems. In this context, transportation costs (especially with respect to physical distrubition) have begun to be prominent inception for the managers. In order to obtain cost minimization for transportation, optimum decision alternative should be taken. In other words the question of “what should be the proportional rate of 1 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo using internal and external sources for transportation to make the cost minimum?” can be answered by only optimization. In literature there are many case studies which prove that using quantitative and nonquantitative optimization techniques provide increase of efficiency in the conducted activities (Chen and Wang (1997); Shih (1997); Ulucan and Tarım (1997); Kim and Kim (2000); Balakrishnan, Natarajan and Pangburn (2000); Ruiz et al. (2003); Ergulen, Kazan and Kaplan (2005); Chu (2005); Ergulen (2005); Olsson and Lohmander (2005); Gül and Elevli (2006); Ergulen and Kazan (2007); Özdemir (2007); Özdemir and Ergülen (2012). The aim of this study is not only comparing the performances (possible cost savings) of employed models (linear programming [LP], goal programming [GP], and fuzzy logic based integer linear programming [FLIP]) in the case analysis. Transportation & Decision Alternatives Transportation consists of fetching the products to company warehouses after being purchased from its suppliers, from warehouses to production phase, dispatching finished goods to the distributors or vendors for sale, or delivery of them to the customers. Moreover transporting of the consumed products for recycling should be also considered as a transportation activity. From this point of view, transportation is an immense activity distresses the managers about finding effective solution to transport the products from one location to another rapidly and safely with regards to following parameters: “via which vehicles?”, “how?”, “by whom?” and “for how much?” Since these parameters are important in determining the transportation cost (Kobu, 2003, p. 237), the managers deal with evaluating the available options and choosing the most appropriate alternative or combination. The main objective of managers is transporting the right products to the market at the right time, at the right place. Otherwise customer dissatisfaction and increasing of transportation costs are become inevitable. But, the more transporting service is fast, the more transportion cost must be faced. Basically, transportation costs consist of expenses related to the product transfered between the points of supply and demand. And in order to obtain efficient transportation results, managers should determine an optimal solution among the parameters such as the size and/or weight of the transported products, the capacity of the transportation vehicle under the given set of conditions (Gökçen, 2003, p. 66-67). Transporting activity is divided into two as inbound and outbound transportation, in terms of place it is held. Inbound transportation; implies transporting the products from suppliers to storage. Outbound transportation; implies transporting the finished products from storages to distributers, vendors, or to the customers. And there may be three options available for both transportation phases. These are as follows (Özdemir, 2007, p. 41): First option is using rented vehicles as well as performing transporting activities through a unit which formed within the organization and a fleet of vehichles which are bought by the firm. In that case it is obvious that costs which arise as depreciation or rent expenses due to this option can ratherly be qualified as fixed costs. The other option is procurement of transportation service from third parties such as courier companies, subcontractor firms or transporting cooperatives. The firm contacts with them when service demand occurs. This demand can be covered by one of them which meet the 2 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo firm’s requirements related to intended level of speed and quality with a favorable price. In that case a particular transportation cost cannot be expressed. But they can usually know what transporting rate for per unit (e.g. km.kg/TL or etc.) is, and it allows the firm to determine the costs of transportation depending on amount of freight to be transported. As the firm chose this option instead of the first option, depreciation and/or rent expenses become qualified as variable costs. The final option is procurement of transportation service from the organizations which are specialized in transportation. This is called as “Outsourcing” in the literature. Outsourcing is a good way for achieving resource efficiency through having required activities performed by experts in a “strategic partnership”. Moreover the firm that demand logistics support can focus more on its core business activities when it uses outsources rather than insources. As the firm chose third option, like in the second, expenses such as depreciation and/or rent become qualified as variable costs too. But it affects the behaviors of transportation cost. It means when transporting activities are held by the firm’s own vehicles, the proportion of the fixed cost -like depreciation- in total cost would be high. On the contrary, when transporting activities are held by rented vehicles from the suppliers, courier companies or expert organizations, this makes the proportion of variable costs in total cost would be higher. Nutshell, whatever the transporting choice is, it is certain that the firm bears cost. Firms, which use their own resources for transportation, bear 15-20 % higher costs than firms which perform transportation activities through outsourcing (Hacırüstemoğlu and Şakrak, 2002, p. 96). Also managing of outsourcing variable costs is more rational rather than managing of fixed investment costs of the resources when transportation has been held by the firm itself. Actually the relevant variable costs are manageable, while the fixed costs are accepted unmanageable due to the fact that they are also sunk costs. This means from the point of managerial accounting view that managers have a chance for decision making for transporting alternatives, it is really important to decide on whether using the firm’s own vehicles or making a deal with courier firms or outsourcers. Procuring of transporting services from expert organization gives the firm an opportunity to dedicate their available funds and time for their core business activity. Secondly it also gives the firm another opportunity to focus its own activities and become more productive and profitable. Additionally for estimating transportation cost of the product being transported, the qualitative attributes (whether hazardous, or not etc.) is as important as the quantitative attributes (its weight, dimensions, etc.). In this context, even if raw materials are less valuable than the goods, due to their dimensions, weights, variety, and so forth, their transportation cost per unit may have a significant proportion in total cost of the final product. How Transportation Activities to Be Optimized In terms of outputs, optimization is a practice which attempt to reach the most favorable and the best results under the given set of conditions (Bal, 1995, p. 1). In terms of inputs, optimization means finding the most effective alternative which makes the cost minimum or the profit maximum by making the idle capacity useable under the given constraints. 3 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo From the perspective of management, optimization is a technique which helps the managers to determine and select the most appropriate component(s) and to act on the purpose of profit maximization or cost minimization while they need to make decision. In this context, the optimization facilitates to determine the best plan related with a decision problem or constructed model. Optimization of transporting is also a type of decision problem which helps to reach the lowest transporting costs through making idle transporting capacity usable under the given constraints. This can be also used for reaching the best solutions for these problems followings: How will transportation be held? Whether by vehicles belongs to company or procurement of third parties, or etc.? Which combination of the vehicles and the size of the fleet should be used for transportation? How many hours at least are required to transport products? How many times transporting should be done to the regions? Which route should be followed? And which combination of the load capacity of the vehicles should be employed? The main determinants of decisional these decisions are the qualification of the product, anticipated speed, service quality of transporting and the balance between the load and the vehicles. Thus the logistic managers may apply optimization techniques in order to minimize the transportation costs considering these issues. The possible decision problems for the managers to decrease transportation cost through optimization can be listed as followings (Özdemir, 2007, p. 101): - Choosing the most appropriate transporting alternative, Determining the most appropriate storages (choosing the site of establishment in asense), Determining the most appropriate route, Minimizing vehicle usage inside the storage and the activities non-vehicle, Improving the loading durations and decreasing the labor usage on loading, Choosing the most appropriate packaging alternative with regard to storing and transportation. The number of the decision problems listed above can be increased. However the firm would try to optimize transportation can use one or more of them, it can be expressed that themost commonly usedof them is the choosing the most appropriate transporting alternative. Mathematically reaching a solution on transportation problem within a potential solution interval should not mean that this problem has been solved ideally. Even though transporting the whole product within a given time with different transporting combinations in different ways represents possible solutions, ideal solution is one of them makes the firm or activity efficient. This is called as optimal solution for the decision problem. And when the optimal solution is obtained, it can be expressed that maximum products are transported within the shortest time and by the lowest cost by means of the chosen combinations of the sources. The optimal combination for transporting is determined according to past experiences, but conditions which are determined under given variables and data may change over time and optimum solution is needed to be revised. From the point of considering the effects of the developments on the solution sets, optimization is not a permanent situation. 4 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Literature Review of Optimization Techniques for Transportation The positive effect of optimization on transportation cost can be revealed by comparing transportation costs and the freight counts to the regions before and after optimization. And it shows that if the firm could have applied the optimal distribution plan ex-ante, the transportation cost would be less than actual transportation cost. There are many empirical studies related to minimization of transportation costs which have employed various operational research techniques and/or computer software based on these techniques. These studies have been evaluating transportation problems which have different requirements and assumptions related to various subjects such as timing, distance, number of the transporter and the quantity of the product to be transported. In the most of these studies decision problems and the objectives have been modeled by using LP, integer linear programming [ILP] and complex integer linear programming, GP, and fuzzy logic based programming. Chen and Wang (1997), Shih (1997), Ulucan and Tarım (1997), Kim and Kim (2000), Balakrishnanet. al (2000), Ruiz et. al (2003), Ergulen et. al (2005), Chu (2005), Ergulen (2005), Olsson and Lohmander (2005), Gül and Elevli (2006), Ergulen and Kazan (2007), Özdemir (2007), Özdemir and Ergülen (2012) can be listed as the instances of these studies in literature. LP is a mathematical modeling developed by the Russian economist Leonid Kantorovich and the US economist C. Koopmans, on the basis of the work of the Russian mathematician Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (Tamiz and Jones, 1997, p. 29). LP is a specific case of mathematical programming used for determining a way to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a given mathematical model for some list of requirements represented as linear relationships (“Linear Programming”, 2013). There are many academicians who were rather attracted by LP. They have used it successfully for many industries such as transportation, energy, telecommunication, communication (Stapleton et al. 2003, p. 54). Sometimes decision problems require integer solutions. In that case in order to create optimum integer solutions to decision problems, a special form of LP should be employed which is called as ILP (Lee, 1988, p. 174). In these models the entire or some of the variables are integer values and the limiters of those consist of linear inequalities, and objective functions consist of linear equations. GP is a different technique used for minimizing transportation cost. In the cases that there are many goals under certain conditions, this technique used for decision making (Levin et al, 1989, p. 631). The algorithm of goal programming does not endeavor to optimize a certain goal as LP. Instead of this it endeavors to minimize the deviations from the goals (Tamiz and Jones, 1997, p. 29).There are certain studies which employed GP for different decisions. Lee and Roy (1974) exploit GP for doing a case analysis for marketing decisions. Chen and Wang (1997) employ it for integrated steel production and distribution planning, and Balakrishnanet. al (2000) use it for optimizing delivery fees for a network of distributors. Another important technique for minimizing transportation costs is FLIP. Theoretically FLIP model provides the best solution the highest amount of savings among all other models due to usage of values not only (0) and (1) values like under classical logic, but also values between (0) and (1). For example in fuzzy logic, distance as a variable is not addressed only far and close, but also how far and how close. There are not many 5 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo examples that FLIP model is used for optimization. Therefore beside the studies used FLIP models, the studies about only fuzzy logic are also as followings: Teodorovic and Vukadinovic (1998) use fuzzy logic rules for vehicle guidance, and to control signalized intersections, and urban highways. Kelsey and Bissets (1993) use fuzzy sets in many classic operational research problems in mathematical models. Chanas (1982) use fuzzy sets in most of classic mathematical models for operational research. Gazdik (1983) do a network planning with fuzzy sets and minimizing the costs by the help of network usage. Kamburowski (1983) use fuzzy sets for activity timing restraint in critical road analysis. Kelley (1961) use fuzzy as a mathematical based approach in critical road planning and programming. Lootsma (1989) use fuzzy models for network-planning based on stochastic and fuzzy models of the activity durations. There are some other studies such as: fuzzy distribution application based project management (Mon et. al, 1995), range of activity durations at PERT (Golenko-Ginsburg, 1988), describing expected values (Shipley et. al, 1996) and analyzing the change of cost via fuzzy set theory (Zebda, 1984). Özdemir and Ergülen (2012) have compared the ILP and FLIP models performances by using income statements. They have also evaluated the impacts of these two models on the firm’s financial ratios which are specified as a tool of measuring performance of the case firm in terms of financial ratios 1. Case Analysis The firm on the case analysis is from Turkey and it is running in food sector. It distributes the products from the city of Adana, where manufacturing is done, to the dealers in the certain cities of Turkey. These are as followings: Diyarbakır, Erzurum, Hatay, Kastamonu, Malatya, Mardin, Mersin, Samsun, Sivas, Tokat and Trabzon. In determining the actual distribution cost, actual transporting costs of per unit weight (kilograms) are used. Actual transporting costs of per unit kilograms are fixed by the agreement between the firm and the sub-contractors. According to agreement, prices start with January prices but the sub-contractors give a 7.5 % rise to the agreement prices at the following months March, June, July, August and November. This shows that actual transporting prices are fixed. The case firm distributes its products by using only 13 tones-capacity vehicles, and the total amount of loading is 26,165 tones which have been transported through 2,218 trips. The actual cost can be calculated by multiplying the load amounts delivered to the regions with actual freight counts. In that case the total actual distribution cost of the firm has been calculated as 447,547,099-TL. Table 1: Available vehicle types, numbers and capacities 1 Vehicles types I. Type II. Type III. Type Carrying Capacity 13 Tonnes 20 Tonnes 25 Tonnes Number of Vehicles 42 Unit 24 Unit 9 Unit Özdemir and Ergülen (2012) have used the rest part of the same firm’s data and they have compared just ILP and FLIP models. Moreover the cities from Turkey the case firm transport its products are as followings; Afyon, Ankara, Antalya, Balıkesir, Burdur, Bursa, Edirne, Eskiş ehir, İstanbul, İzmir, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Konya. 6 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Typically if the firm had had different loaded vehicle capacities as 20 and 25 tones besides 13 tones ex-ante, actual transportation costs could have been less than the cost under the given actual conditions. Therefore the case analysis has been designed to search in the case of the firm could run 24 unit 20 tones, and 9 unit 25 tones vehicles as well as 42 unit 13 tones capacity vehicles in the actual distribution plan, and has been intended to reveal how much savings could be provided by the certain models below. Naive integer linear programming (ILP) model The ILP model is a mathematical optimization or feasibility program in which some or all of the variables are restricted to be integers. ILP model is a kind of decision model which has decision variables, parameters, limiters and objective functions. Symbols which are used in a naive ILP model are given below: i m J n Type of vehicles which are used in distribution(i = 1, 2, ..., m) Number of the usable vehicle types Distribution to the region (j = 1, 2, ...., n) Number of the regions The identified objective function for ILP model is given below: m n Z m i n  (d i jX i j) i 1 j 1 (1) The decision variable at the canonical form of ILP models can be expressed as followings: X1j : Essential trip count to the j-th region with the first type of vehicle, X2j :Essential trip trip count to the j-th region with the second type of vehicle, X3j : Essential trip count to the j-th region with the third type of vehicle. ILP decision models also have the parameters in the objective function called as coefficient. It is symbolized as d ij and represents the unit cost of one trip which is done by the i-th type vehicle to the j-thjone. Also there are other parameters which do not exist in the general pattern of the ILP model. They exist in limits and they should be identified also. They can be divided into two groups: I) Parameters for time limiters and II) Parameters for load limiters. Parameters for time limiters are represented as a ij and bi . The a ij parameter represents the time of the trip which is done by the i-th type of vehicle to the j-thjone. And the bi parameterrepresents the total essential trip time which is done by the i-th type vehicle in one year2. 2 For determining the trip time, there are two important drivers. One of them is the distance of regions to city of Adana in where the headquarters running and second one is the time limit in a day for drivers in Turkey. That might be different country by country but in Turkey legal arrangements says “drivers can drive five hours continuously in one day and after 5 hours they have to have a rest. By this way the total driving time must not exceed 9 hours according to current Highway Traffic Law in Turkey. Therefore while the estimates are calculated, it is assumed that there is enough number of drivers on the vehicles. 7 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In that case the limiter of trip time is as below: n  (a j 1 ij X i j )  bi (2) Parameters in load limit are represented as f ij and h j . The f ij parameter represents the load of the trip which is done by the i-th type vehicle to the j-thjone. And the h j parameterrepresents the total amount of the load demand from the regions. In the formulation of load limits, the trips of the i-th type vehicle to the j-th region is guaranteed sufficient counts of trips which should meet the total amount of the load demand from the regions. In that case limiter of load is as below: m f i 1 ij X ij  hj (3) Finallythe limit of being positive and integer meansthatdecision parameters must be greater than zero and must be an integer in integer linear programming models. For this reason the limit of being positive and integer is integrated in model also as following: X i j  0 and Xi j  Z (4) Goal programming (GP) model The identified objective function for GP model is given below: n Z min  W j Pk (d i  d i ) i 1 i k j (5) Type of vehicles which are used in distribution( i = 1, 2, ... , n ) Distribution to the region ( k = 1, 2, ...., m ) Number of vehicles types ( j = 1, 2, … , t ) Limits; n a x i  ei yi  d1  d1  bi (6) c x i  f i yi  d1  d1  b j (7) i 1 n i 1 i i n h x i 1 i i  d1  d1  bk (8) Limit of being positive; xi , yi , d1 , d1  0 (9) And the other important compulsory issue in the same legal arrangement is that heavy vehicles can have a maximum speed of 80 km/h apart from the residential unit. 8 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The used variables for objective function are given below: W j : The value of its own weightinthe samepriorityobjectives Pk : Theprimaryobjective ofthe deviationof eachvariable d i : Negative deviation variableof the i-th objective d i : Positive deviation variableof the i-th objective The used variables for goal function are given below:  Variables in first limit x i : Trip count of the i-th vehicle y i : Trip count of the i-th rented vehicle a i : Trip cost of the i-th vehicle ei : Trip cost of the i-th rented vehicle bi : Goal level of the i-th  Variables in second limit: c i : Duration of a trip with the i-th vehicle f i : Duration of a trip with the i-th rented vehicle b j : The obtainable maximum trip time of the i-th vehicle  Variables in third limit: hi : The loadings value of the i.th vehicle bk : Total loadings need to transport to the k-th region Fuzzy logic based integer linear programming (FLIP) model The general ILP model of fuzzy distribution problem is different from naive ILP model. For this reason general form of model, decision parameters, and parameters related to model, limits and symbols used in model are re-identified as below. Objective function identified for FLIP model is given below: n m n n Z min   j   cij X ij   g i Yi j 1 i 1 j 1 i 1 i = 1, 2, ... , m (m:number of vehicle type) j = 1, 2, ... , n (n: region number) 9 (10) �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In fuzzy logic based distribution model, parameters which “i” shows vehicle type and “j” shows regions to the vehicle trip in objective function are identified below:  j : j interval usage rate stated in the j-thregion request cij : Trip cost to the j-th region with the type of the i-thvehicle g i : 10-days rent amount of the i-thtype rental vehicle Decision parameters are identified below; X ij : Trip count to the j-thregion with the type of the i-th type of vehicle Yi : The i-thtype of vehicle which is included in vehicle fleet of company In the present instance parameters in ime limit are identified as a ij , bi and hi . a ij and bi have same meanings as ILP model; but the hi parameter should need to re-identify. It represents obtainable running time within 10-days with the i-th type of rented vehicle (in hours). In that case the time limiters can be expressed as below: n  (a j 1 ij X ij  hi Yi )  bi j = 1, 2, ... , n (11) (n: the number of regions) The parameters in load limits are considerably different than in ILP model. The parameters in this model are symbolized as, f i , Q j and d j . The f ij parameter represents load amount in tones of the i-th type vehicle to the j-thjone in one trip. Load limits of the distribution of goods; m f X i 1 i = 1, 2, ... , m i ij  d j  j  wkj  u jt  Q j (m: The number of vehicle type) ( j  k) ( j  t) J = 1, 2, ..., n (n:region number) k = 1, 2, ..., n (n: region number) t = 1, 2, ..., n (12) (13) (n: region number) f i : Tonnage value of the i-th capacity vehicle in trip Q j : Load amount requested by the j-thjone (in kg) d j : Negative deviation value in the j-thjone request Wkj : Load amount (in kg) which is allowed by one vehicle in the k-th region to the j-th region where is on the road of this vehicle 10 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo U jt : Load amount (in kg) which is allowed by one vehicle in the j-th region to the t-th region where is on the road of this vehicle In addition, if necessary, it is accepted that the demand amount of the j-th region can be decreased as d j , which is identified as the fuzzy part of the demand, is equal to allowed negative deviation in demand amount. The value of  j variable represents the usage rate of deviation. In order that  j variable take the value between 0 and 1, load limits have been set up. Mentioned aims below are located in this model in order of their priority. 1. Aim: Minimization of total transportation cost, 2. Aim: Minimization of used part of allowed negative deviation for demand capacity. The coefficients in objective function of variables that related the second priority objective is very lower value than coefficients in objective function of variables that related the first priority objective so coefficients of (  j ) parameters is accepted as 1. Another limit is related to usage rate of fuzzy interval.  j 1 j = 1,2, ... , n (14) (n: region number)  j : Usage rate of fuzzy interval of the j-th region’s request. Finally “The limit of being positive and integer” is valid limit in FLIP model. Decision parameters must be greater than (0) and must be an integer. For this reason, this limiter is included in model as mentioned below. X ij  0 and integer, Yi  0 and integer (15) (16) Wkj  0 , W jt  0 (17) 0  j 1 (18) The Assumptions and the Limitations of the Case Analysis This study aims to compare the employed mathematical models (ILP, GP, and FLIP) in terms of optimization performances on a real case hypothetically. But naturally, this study has a few limitations. The main limitation of this study is that only distribution process has been focused on, since there is no possibility to determine transporting costs during premanufacturing and manufacturing processes separately. Therefore while decision problem is stated, both processes costs’ have been assumed as fixed and just distribution process cost could be minimized through optimization. The other limitation is related with data of the analysis. The case firm actually has more cities to distribute its products than the areas 11 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo in analysis have been evaluated. Therefore some part of data from the case has been excluded for the analysis. There are some other assumptions and limitations stated in this research. In actual distribution, only 13 tonnage vehicles of sub-contractor employed for the firm and these vehicles are considered as they are homogenous in terms of their engines and models. In identifying actual costs, the agreement between the firm and sub-contractor has been considered and the statements reported by means of accounting information and documents have been utilized. In estimating of the achievable total trip times with the vehicles in a year, trips from region to headquarters of the firm is not important for the analysis due to the fact that transporting is run by sub-contractor. In taking into account of times of the trip for returning the vehicles to the headquarters, those are subtracted from the achievable total trip times. That is, in time limits not only trip time to the headquarters to the regions, but also the trip time from the regions to the headquarters is considered. Another limitation is related with the demand of the firms’ product. Typically demand is not fixed during the year, but in this kind of analysis the demand should be fixed for a particular duration. In this analysis the fixed demand duration is accepted 10-days. Therefore by performing optimization models, the optimization period has considered as every 10-days period of every month and 36 times optimization has been done. This means that accepted fix demand period is in the analysis is 10 days. Findings Transportation costs after cost savings which are obtained according to actual distribution costs and optimum distribution plans of business in application example are given in Table 2. Table 2. Actual and Programmed Distribution Costs and Provided Savings Actual ILP Based GP Based FLIP Based Estimated Total Cost 447,547,099 416,560,712 398,317,012 374,627,403 Estimated Trip Count (Amount) 2,218 1,505 1,340 1,055 Cost Savings --- 30,986,387 49,230,087 72,919,696 Cost Savings (Percent) --- 6.92 11.00 16.29 Trip Count Difference --- 713 878 1,163 Trip Count Savings (Percent) --- 32.15 39.59 52.43 According to Table-2, the followings findings can be expressed:  Estimated total cost could be minimum, if the firm had applied FLIP based optimization models. The estimated cost of transportation in this model is 374.6 million Turkish Liras and the estimated trip counts are 1,055. This means that this model provides 72.9 million Turkish Liras savings and this amount of savings is equal to 16.29% according to actual cost, however the rate of decreasing trip counts is 52.43%. 12 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo  In GP model the estimated cost of transportation is 398.3 million Turkish Liras and the estimated trip counts are 1,340. This means that this model provides 49.2 million Turkish Liras savings and this amount of savings is equal to 11.00% according to actual cost, however the rate of decreasing trip counts is 39.59%.  The model which ensures the least savings is ILP model. In this model the estimated cost of transportation is 416.6 million Turkish Liras and the estimated trip counts are 1,340. This means that this model provides 31.0 million Turkish Liras savings and this amount of savings is equal to 6.92% according to actual cost, however the rate of decreasing trip counts is 32.15%. Summary and Conclusions As a result of optimization, it is expected that the costs decrease or at least not to increase due to managers’ decisions depending on various decision alternatives beyond the company. However additional costs occasionally become inevitable up to decisions taken. Anticipating the effects of the decision on the firm is important in terms of in which margin managers behave flexible. In this context optimization models enable managers to determine this margin can be reached by various decision alternatives. In this hypothetical case analysis, it is determined to what extent transportation costs can be minimized through optimization models employed. According to findings, FLIP model is observed as the model provides the best solution and the highest amount of savings due to usage of values not only (0) and (1) values like under classical logic, but also values between (0) and (1). Despite that ILP, which can be referred to the most primitive optimization technique, is observed as it provides the least savings. And it is expressed that the GP model results are in the middle of these two models’ results. Additionally there is another important issue observed in the results. The rate of decreasing trip counts and the rate of cost savings are not the same in these three models. Actually when optimization models are set up perfectly, these rates might decrease parallel in each model. But for this, first of all, every way of the problem about the case should be able to formulize mathematically as limiters. It is theatrically possible, but also expensive and exhausting. Therefore, it should not miss out that it is normal due to the employed models’ superior and inferior attributes. It is concluded that the turnout between the rates of decreasing trip counts and the rates of cost savings have become bigger in order of the employed models (ILP, GP, and FLIP). In ILP model, the rate of decreasing trip counts is 32.15%, while the rate of cost savings is 6.92%, on the other hand the rate of decreasing trip counts in GP model is 39.59%, while the rate of cost savings is 11.00%. Also in FLIP model the rate of decreasing trip counts is 52.43%, while the rate of cost savings is 16.29%. Nevertheless these models show to what extent transportation costs can be minimized through for the managers and indicate their flexibility while they need to make any decision related to improve their transportation activity. 13 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo References Akdoğan, N., &Tenker, N. (2007).FinansalTablolarve Mali AnalizTeknikleri (11th ed.) [Financial Statementsand Financial Analysis Techniques]. Ankara: GaziKitabevi. Bal, H. (1995). OptimizasyonTeknikleri [Optimization Techniques]. GaziÜniversitesi Fen EdebiyatFakültesi, İstatistikBölümü. Ankara: Balakrishnan, A., Natarajan, H. 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Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1476 Title A name given to the resource Optimization Models Performances for Transportation Cost Minimization Author Author SERKAN OZDEMIR, Fevzi ERGULEN, Ahmet Abstract A summary of the resource. Transportation is the foremost activity at every stage of logistics (supply, production and distribution stages). It constitutes the huge part of logistics, because of its relative size in total logistics costs. That might be different sector by sector but the rate of the transportation in all logistics activities is approximately around 50-65 percent. Transportation is a term which can be defined as the physical movement of inventories such as raw materials, semi-finished goods and finished goods from one location to another. Shipping of products into firm storage after they have bought from suppliers, carrying of the storage items to manufacturing, and delivery of the manufactured items to warehouses or dealers to be sold, and delivery of the sold products to customers are some sub-activities of transportation. In order to achieve transportation with minimal cost, first of all the optimal transportation alternatives should be implied. In the literature there are many researches which confirm this statement. But the applied technique for decision problem is as important as transportation alternatives. For determining of optimal solution there are certain models. This study aims that to compare of those models performances on a real case hypothetically. Employed models are integer linear programming; goal programming and fuzzy-logic based linear programming. Keywords: Logistic Activities, Transportation Costs, Optimization. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/898d3390481715985e1899366de2077e.pdf c83f8b36a7dcda7b6bb84552da258b06 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Master's Theses Description An account of the resource IT Master's Thesis collection features master's theses authored by graduate students in the Department of Information Technology. Each thesis reflects a significant research effort, combining theoretical knowledge with practical application to address complex challenges in the IT domain. These works demonstrate students’ advanced understanding of information systems, software engineering, data science, cybersecurity, and emerging technologies. The theses serve as a testament to the students' capability to conduct independent research, propose innovative solutions, and contribute to the advancement of the IT field. Subject The topic of the resource IT Master's Thesis Language A language of the resource English Language Author Author IT Department Master’s Students Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Optimization of Email Marketing Campaigns Leveraging Machine Learning Techniques Author Author Nejla Zukorlić Abstract A summary of the resource. Email marketing is widely recognized as an effective digital marketing channel, offering a considerable return on investment (ROI). One key challenge is determining the optimal day and time to send emails to maximize customer response rates. This thesis explores the application of machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict the best send times for email marketing campaigns, focusing on improving response rates. The research utilizes historical email marketing data, including customer demographics, response behavior, and email send dates. Based on this data, various machine learning models, including decision trees and random forests, as well as ensemble methods at the end, will be used to predict the optimal day for sending emails. The study will also examine how factors like customer age and tenure influence response rates at different times. The question is if the machine learning-based predictions of the optimal send day and time will significantly improve response rates compared to traditional methods. Also, incorporating demographic factors, such as age and tenure, hopefully will improve the accuracy of these predictions. The expected outcome is that MLbased optimization will outperform traditional scheduling methods, providing a more effective and data-driven strategy for email campaign timing. Keywords Keywords. Email Marketing, Machine Learning, Send-Time Optimization, Customer Engagement, Response Rates, Data-Driven Marketing Customer Engagement Data-Driven Marketing Email Marketing machine learning master's thesis Response Rates Send-Time Optimization https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/71c74360e34717b720f00f9a7874c442.pdf 6e90788b66d7c15f7459b9791b1228ff PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Optimizing Bosnian (BH) Macroeconomic Policy Adisa Omerbegovic Arapovic Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina adisa.omerbegovic@ssst.edu.ba Postwar economy of BH has adopted free market economy mechanisms while inheriting most of the policies in the area of pension system, health care system, and market regulation from the time of centrally planned economy, which is unsustainable. BH has also adopted EU membership as the aim, which provides the constraint to policy making in many areas including macroeconomics, economic system and regulation of the market mechanisms. The additional constraints imposed on small open economy limit the macroeconomic policy of BH in achieving the external and internal balance. This paper analyzes present macroeconomic policy of BH using the standard open economy framework along the lines of Dornbush model, within the above mentioned limitations and constraints, and provides the optimum macroeconomic policy for BH, assuming the set objectives of economic growth, price stability and employment. We show that macroeconomic goal of employment can be reached, within constraints placed on BH economy, only through structural reforms that increase labor market flexibility, policies that tackle issues of efficient use of resources and effective mechanisms of market regulation. Keywords: Open Economy Macroeconomics, Economic Policy, Bosnia 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1462 Title A name given to the resource Optimizing Bosnian (BH) Macroeconomic Policy Author Author ARAPOVIC OMERBEGOVIC, Adisa Abstract A summary of the resource. Postwar economy of BH has adopted free market economy mechanisms while inheriting most of the policies in the area of pension system, health care system, and market regulation from the time of centrally planned economy, which is unsustainable. BH has also adopted EU membership as the aim, which provides the constraint to policy making in many areas including macroeconomics, economic system and regulation of the market mechanisms. The additional constraints imposed on small open economy limit the macroeconomic policy of BH in achieving the external and internal balance. This paper analyzes present macroeconomic policy of BH using the standard open economy framework along the lines of Dornbush model, within the above mentioned limitations and constraints, and provides the optimum macroeconomic policy for BH, assuming the set objectives of economic growth, price stability and employment. We show that macroeconomic goal of employment can be reached, within constraints placed on BH economy, only through structural reforms that increase labor market flexibility, policies that tackle issues of efficient use of resources and effective mechanisms of market regulation. Keywords: Open Economy Macroeconomics, Economic Policy, Bosnia Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/35730614919e73ffcd2137605bf4371b.docx 7d0086f74ed973ae195da52861898407 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b7e14fe78c5f5a5631a15215f02103a6.pdf c9e86bb71641fa6d195e9ed28e34bf7e PDF Text Text Oral Ballads-A Source of Valuable Stylistic Features Edina Solak & Alica Arnaut University of Zenica / Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT The present paper reveals and presents some linguistic and stylistic features in the oral poetry of Bosniaks, with a special focus on the sevdalinka. The analyses presented in this paper were inspired by the collection of sevdalinkas from the Anthology of Bosniak Oral Lyric Poetry. The analyses have been conducted on the phonological-phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic level. The elicited stylomes have been classified according to a set of criteria and with the aim of elaborating their value and function in the sevdalinka. The main features of the sevdalinka are its folk elements – it is raised by people, and lives with them. Therefore, it is expected that the sevdalinka genuinely reflects the ambience of its people – not only spiritual, material, or social, but also the linguistic one. The language of the sevdalinka is a folk language, viz. the language of the period in which it was emerging. However, observed from a contemporary linguistic perspective, this language is an archaic expression embedding highly valuable stylistic features. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1761 Title A name given to the resource Oral Ballads-A Source of Valuable Stylistic Features Author Author SOLAK, Edina ARNAUT, Alica Abstract A summary of the resource. The present paper reveals and presents some linguistic and stylistic features in the oral poetry of Bosniaks, with a special focus on the sevdalinka. The analyses presented in this paper were inspired by the collection of sevdalinkas from the Anthology of Bosniak Oral Lyric Poetry. The analyses have been conducted on the phonological-phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic level. The elicited stylomes have been classified according to a set of criteria and with the aim of elaborating their value and function in the sevdalinka. The main features of the sevdalinka are its folk elements – it is raised by people, and lives with them. Therefore, it is expected that the sevdalinka genuinely reflects the ambience of its people – not only spiritual, material, or social, but also the linguistic one. The language of the sevdalinka is a folk language, viz. the language of the period in which it was emerging. However, observed from a contemporary linguistic perspective, this language is an archaic expression embedding highly valuable stylistic features. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/951af219d368a378dc9f8728cd3fcf59.pdf caa40ae2543fbe4661f7dc779e140672 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Organic Strategies to Sustainable Buildings and Cities Ebru Ozer Assistant Professor, Landscape Architecture Department Florida International University, U.S.A. eozer@fiu.edu Douglas T. Thompson Landscape Designer, LEED AP, EDA W | AECO M Miami Beach, FL, U.S.A. douglas.thompson @aecom.com Abstract: In the pursuit of creating sustainable buildings and cities, architectural strategies have mainly focused on approaches relying on technological efficiency and engineered systems. The focus has been such because these strategies are evolutionary in that they are solutions to the problems posed by existing building system design strategies and are thus more easily integrated into those systems. In some cases however, architectural offices have been teaming with landscape architects and other professions whose focus are more on natural systems rather than building systems. In these cases where disciplines have worked cooperatively toward the goal of sustainability, strategies have emerged which take a combined approach in which building systems utilize and integrate with natural systems. Projects and strategies that have emerged from these collaborative endeavors can provide architects and city builders with valuable lessons and insights and contribute to developing a better overall framework for approaching sustainability in the built environment. Through an examination of recent successful sustainable building projects in which architects have worked collaboratively with landscape architects, natural scientists, and similarly focused professions, this research analyzes specific strategies, methods, and construction details which integrate building systems with natural systems, providing valuable lessons for such collaborative approaches and insights for approaching sustainable buildings. I. Introduction: Landscape in Building Design In recent years,theterm landscape has become popularized inthe architecture profession. The term has creptinto the jargon of many architects and builders, appearing in prominent architectural writings in reference to new building projects which include plant materials incorporated into their structures or involve the integration of buildings and earthforms. The inclusion oflandscape withinthe structure ofarchitecture has been used to sometimes connotate a measure of environmental awareness or a closer relationship with the earth. In some cases, such uses of landscape in architecture have been deceiving or as ambiguous as the use of “green.” Despite this ambiguity,the interest by architects in incorporating nature into their buildings through the use of landscape can have positive implications for sustainability. It has led many architects to seek out cooperative efforts with landscape architects, environmental scientists, and other environment related professions as collaborators and consultants in their designs. This collaboration has the potentialto serve as a catalyst for the reevaluation of current sustainable design strategies which often rely heavily on technological solutions. It may also serve to bring about a reinterpretation of the built environment’s relationship to the natural environment. Thisinturn can lead tothe development of buildings and cities which are more cooperative with naturalsystems, are better able to adapt to changing conditions, enrich theirlocal ecology, and strengthen connections between people and natural processes. II. Approaches to Sustainable Building Design: Technologically Driven versus Integrative Modern buildings are sophisticated systems which incorporate a variety of technological subsystems to maintain conditions suitable for human uses. In large part,sustainable design, as it relates to architecture, has been the mitigation of the environmental impacts caused by the construction and operations of building 292 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo systems. In the pursuit ofthis, many building projectsfocus on strategies and methods that utilize technological improvements in the operations of the building to gain efficiencies in order to reduce their negative environmentalimpacts. They employ such strategies as: new technologicalinsulation materials and double-skin facades for building envelopes; light shelves, shading devices, and energy efficient bulbs for lighting; solar systems and cooling towers for heat gain and cooling; photovoltaic’s and wind turbines for energy needs; or phase change materials and filters for waste water treatment and reuse. While such strategies and methods produce significant results in the reduction of building related consumptions of energy and resources, and reductions in the generation of building related wastes and pollution,they often do not seek any contribution or part in the environment in which they reside (or displace). The focus of these strategies emphasizes an improvementin the efficiencies of building centric systems, whose basis of design isto circumvent or substitute natural systems while ignoring their biological purposes and functions. The result is that they still maintain many problems that exist with the technologically based systems in the first place. First, they are rigid with regard to their environmental adaptivity, producing systems in which a narrow range of operations and conditions must persist which may be counter to local environmental systems. Second, they only abstractly or distantly, or worse, superficially,reflectreal and/or underlying ecologies. Finally,they often continue to isolate people from the natural processes, producing building systems which are not as environmentally rich or connective as they might be. Thus they do not produce changes in the relationship between people and the environment, but operatein a manner of containment of negative effects. Rather than merely reducing negative environmental impacts, strategies might be employed which are positive in their approach, leading to systems that are flexible in their interactions with natural systems, responsive and adaptive to such changes, and comprehensible and didactic in their connections with nature. They might seek symbiotic relationships with ecologies, hydrology, and cultures where they exist. By approaching the building and its systems as part of a large but also very local environmental context, it is possible to develop environmentally sustainable buildings which are more genuinely sustainable and possess meaning as such. Such an approach might be considered landscape centric. It does notrequire an abandonment of technology, but it does require that technological improvement is used wisely in complement with other strategies,thatitis developed in a way that willimprove the connection of building systems to natural systems rather than replacing or simplifying them, and that it does not deceive people in its purposes and regarding its connections with natural systems. In the past an overreliance on technology in the development of solutions forthe built environment has created rifts between building systems and natural processes. Many architects have written critically about the relationship between architecture and nature. Architect Malcolm Wells in his book, Gentle Architecture, asks the question “Why isitthat almost every architect can recognize and appreciate beauty in the natural world and yet so often fail to endow his own work with it” (1981, 41). Wells asserts that architecture has greater responsibilities to the environment than it maintains and sets up standards for a better relationship to natural systems. He expresses that buildings should consume their own waste, provide animal habitat, and moderate their own climate (1981). More than two decades later, Ken Yeang, in his essay, On Green Design, is not just critical of architecture’s impact on the environment, but also its methods which may rely too much on technology for mitigating itsimpacts. He says: There is also much misperception about what is ecological design today. We must not be misled by the popular perception that if we assemble in one single building enough ecogadgetry such as solar collectors, photo-voltaics, biological recycling systems, building automation systems and double-skin facades, we will instantaneously have an ecological architecture. The other misperception is that if our building gets a high notch in a green-rating system, then all is well. Of course, nothing could be further from the truth. Worse, a selfcomplacency sets in whereupon nothing further is done to improve environmental degradation. (2007, 22) Yeang,in this quote,is also critical of building rating systems such as the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building Rating System in the United States. A systematic approach, the LEED program awards points based on the meeting of set criteria in the measurement of environmental sustainability. Yeang seems to doubt that systems like LEED are capable of providing a lasting change in approach or even providing the right kind of change. Rather, he feels that these programs might represent the replacement of one kind of complacency for another with an overreliance on technology as a solution to all problems. Although Yeang is critical of building rating systems, they may be part of a long term solution. Such systems provide a method of measurement which clarifies standards and allows for clarity in evaluations and comparisons of sustainable buildings. Furthermore, LEED in particular has been able to produce a greater number of cooperative effortsin sustainable building projectsthrough its encouragement of collaboration among 293 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo disciplines. The US Green Building Council(USGBC),the developer of LEED, through itsliterature promotes its program as a “whole building approach” which encourages architectsto work cooperatively with other design disciplines by considering design more holistically. This is meant to encourage builders and architects to consider multiple building systems and their synergies in the achievement of sustainability goals, rather than focusing on isolated system goals. It also provides additional mechanisms in its process to encourage cooperation through delegation of authority among various design professions and by promoting collaboration in the administration of a project. This has created opportunities in which the viewpoints of various design professionals have new influence in the design process for buildings,leading to new and innovative approaches to sustainable building design. In conjunction with interests in landscape centric approaches and sustainability, such cooperative efforts have led to the development of some innovative projects and methods which may provide architects and other design professionals with insights regarding a greater integration of building systems and natural ones. By examining these projectsin their uses oftechnological solutions and the extent to which they utilize integrative strategies, the value of such collaborative efforts with regard to sustainable building practices can be evaluated. III. Projects: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Some notable building projects exist which utilize strategies that can provide insights into the efficacy of collaborative efforts between architects and natural system linked design professionals and their value with regard to the integration of building systems and natural systems. One such cooperative effort is the recently builtand award winning California Academy of Sciences museum in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park (Fig.1). The project was developed as a replacementforthe Academy’s previous cluster of buildingsinthe same location which were damaged in the 1989 earthquake affecting San Francisco. The projectteam included lead designer, Renzo Piano Building Workshop, Chong Partners (now Stantec Architecture),landscape architects S W A Group, and biological consultant Rana Creek. Figure 1: The new building of the California Academy of Sciences. (Courtesy of Earth2tech) The project was awarded a LEED Platinum certification – (LEED’s highest award), for its design and construction by using strategies such as;the use of recycled materials (Over 90% of the demolition waste from the old academy was recycled), naturallighting (atleast 90 percent of regularly occupied spaces have access to daylight) (Stone 2008), natural ventilation (about 40 percent of the academy utilizes natural ventilation), a perimeter canopy of photovoltaic cells(providing atleast 5 percent ofthe building’s power)(Steen 2008), and a gray-water collection system (Post 2008), However, the most significant component of the building’s design, and its most significant with regard to developing a relationship between building and natural systems, is its green roof. 294 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 2: The front view of California Academy of Sciences showing the undulating roof against hillsin San Francisco (Courtesy of California Academy of Sciences) The roof is designed as an undulating blanket laid over the top of the building structure with the sphericalforms of a planetarium and a rainforestterrarium pushing up surface ofthe roof plane from the interior of the building below to form two large mounds that along with 5 smaller mounds are meantto evoke the 7 hills ofthe city of San Francisco’slandscape (Fig. 2). The undulating hills ofthe roof make it visiblefrom the ground level which overcomes a problem many green roofs have of being seen. The roofis 2.5 acres and is planted with 1.7 million plants of nine native species. Itis meant that the roof serves as a wildlife habitat that will attract pollinating animals,like hummingbirds, bumble-bees and butterflies (Steen 2008). The plants used for the roof were chosen fortheir adaptabilitytothe Bay Area’s seasonalrainfallcycle (SW A 2008). For San Francisco,the green roof creates the most concentrated area of native wildflowers within the city (Green Roofs for Healthy Cities 2008). The roof is also an educative component of the building, which is partially accessible and is integrated into the program of the museum. The concept ofthe roof developed from Renzo Piano’s idea for creating the building as a continuity of the park. Describing his concept he said, “The idea was to cut a piece of the park, push it up 35 feet - to the height of the old buildings - and then put whatever was needed underneath” (Steen 2008). Though the development of the roof as a diverse habitat might seem integral to the design, it was not a straightforward process. In his vision for the roof Renzo Piano preferred a plant palette that was monolithic, neat, and clean (Steen 2008). He was originally dissatisfied by the plants presented to him by botanistsfor the roof which were not necessarily chosen for their beauty, but for their ecological value. However, consultants of Rana Creek, along with the landscape architects of S W A, through experimentation, found plants which were able to satisfy Piano’s aesthetics and achieve the diversity desired. These differences of view in plant aesthetics atteststo the value that collaboration broughttothe design process. In addition to providing habitatfor plant and animal species,the roof also triesto maintain a connection with local hydrology. Most of the rain water falling onto the roof is captured for the irrigation needs of the roof’s plant materials in panelized reservoirs along the roof’s surface underneath the plant materials and their growing medium. The water quantities exceeding irrigation needs are siphoned off the roof by a crisscrossing system of gabions to an underground watertable recharge system (Fig. 3). Filtered through sand and gravel,the rainwaterinthe chamber naturally percolates back into the watertable of Golden Gate Park. Beyond its connections to natural systems, the green roof serves as an important component of the operational systems ofthe building. The steep slopes ofthe roof mounds create a naturalventilation and cooling system which reduces the use of mechanical cooling. Outdoor air cooled by the vegetated roof surface is funneled intothe entry plaza whose mechanically operable skylights open to allow the cooled airto flow into the building interior. The roof also helps to regulateindoor temperatures by creating a thermal bufferforthe spaces below. The seven inches of soil substrate on the roof, acting as naturalinsulation, are expected to maintain the building'sinterior an average of 10 degrees coolerthan a standard roof would in hot weather (Stone 2007). 295 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 3: Green roof system drainage components (left) & panel composition (right) (drawn by: Alejandro Stein) Despite the naturalized appearance and use of natural processes,the design of the California Academy of Sciences green roof employs a great deal of engineering to make it function. Overall,the building utilizes large amounts of technology and gadgetry as components of its sustainable design strategies. The green roof provides an interface between the technologically sophisticated building and the world outside (nature). Through its habitat function and its attention to site hydrology, the roof establishes a connection with natural systems which is positive and contributory. Its visibility and access as a museum exhibit also promote connections between building users and nature. The connection between the functions of the green roof and building HVAC systems and electricity usage illustrates a symbiotic relationship between the building and natural systems. One shortcoming of the design isthat access to the entire roof islimited to an observation area at one corner of the building roof. A stronger interaction between the roof and the building occupants would improve the value of the design. With regard to adaptability and responsiveness to changing conditions in natural systems,the roof has exhibited some adaptability according to botanists working forthe academy. Birds and bees have deposited foreign pollens and seeds on the site, bringing new species of plants (Steen 2008). Depending on how these species interact with the existing roof habitat, they are allowed to remain or are removed by maintenance workers. Such flexibility may seem minimal, but itis an important step forward and demonstrates how flexibilityin a building system might work. Sidwell Friends School, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A. Going a step further in linking people and buildings to natural systems is the Sidwell Friends School (Fig. 4) in Washington D.C. designed by Kieran Timberlake Architects with Andropogon Landscape Architects and consultants Natural Systems International. Sidwellisa schoolfounded on the Quaker philosophy of human beings as stewards ofthe Earth. The school, during an expansion in 2007, wanted to strengthen the link between this philosophy and the curriculum by integrating it into the design of its facilities. The project, like the California Academy of Sciences museum building, received LEED Platinum certification. The project’s environmental credentials are numerous with strategies that include light shelves, a green roof, operable skylights,reuse of an existing building stock, use of recycled contentin the building’s construction, use of solar chimneys for passive cooling, and use of photovoltaic cellsfor electricity. These strategies have reduced energy demand by 60% when compared to other similar sized schools (AIA 2007). The centerpiece of the project’s design, and its strongest link between natural processes and the building, is the school’s courtyard which contains terraced wetlands and a rain garden forthe reuse and recycling of water (Chen 2007). The wetlands,in combination with a biologicalfiltering system, are used to process and treat wastewater created by the schoolforreuseinthe school’stoilets and its cooling towers,and also forinfiltration. The process begins with a primary treatment of wastewaterin an underground tank. The wateristhen circulated through a series of reed bed in the school’s courtyard. Within the wetland, microorganisms attached to gravel in the planting medium, in conjunction with the roots of the plants, breakdown contaminants in the water. Trickle and sand filters provide further treatment (Fig. 5). The system receives up to 3000 gallons of wastewater per day (Margolis & Robinson 2007). During the winter time warm wastewater entering the system prevents the wetlands from freezing making the system viable year round. 296 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 4: Sidwell Friends School, building and constructed wetlands (Courtesy of Green Infrastructure) Figure 5: Wastewatertreatment wetland system, Sidwell Friends School (drawn by: Alejandro Stein) Overall, the system achieves water savings of 90% (Tutterow, & Filippov & Harris 2008). Additionally, using biological processes to treat wastewater is energy efficient and produces significantly less sludge waste than conventional processes. In addition to water and energy savings and the reduction in generated waste material,theterraced wetlands have created habitatforlocalinsects, birds and small animals. It uses planting design that follows the range of plant communities that would occur along the soil within each 297 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo given moisture gradientto create habitatsreflective of what might naturally exist on the site. Using native plant species is a strategy that extends throughout the school grounds, strengthening connections between local ecology and the school. In addition to treating wastewaterthrough its wetlands,the school also captures rainwater from its roof to aid in its irrigation needs and for use within the courtyard to supply a biological education pond. During seasons of high precipitation, water directly supplies the needs of the pond. Excess rainwater is stored in an underground cistern which isthen used to supply the pond during dry seasons when itslevels arelow (Fig. 6). Figure 6: Rainwater capture and biology pond, Sidwell Friends School (drawn by: Alejandro Stein) The treatment of the school grounds is an integral component of a larger strategy within the school to foster connections between the students and their environment, both inside and outside the school. Learning aboutthe building and itssystems, and its connectionsto natural processes,is part ofthe educational curriculum. The goalisto make systems and their processes evident. Students have access to monitors which measure such things as the temperature outside and inside the building, air quality, wind speeds,rainfalllevels, and the health of their school’s wetlands. The blending of the school’s water supply and wastewater treatment systems with natural processesinthe wetland systems sit atthe center of a design which works to provide a strong connection between the building and natural processes, the building and the people inside, and also between people and natural processes. The school’s green roof, although very limited in comparison to the one on the California Academy also contributes to the connections between the building and itslandscape. Additionally,the green roof of Sidwell also functions as a rooftop vegetable and herb garden where students grow some ofthe food which is used in the school’s cafeteria, developing another connection between students and natural processes. Overall,the Sidwell Friends School represents a notable example for the integration of landscape and building systems. It provides connections between building functions and natural ones in many ways, most notably with its integration of building wastewater treatment and water use with hydrological and wetland systems. This project does very well connecting people, building systems, and natural systems. The integration of building and natural systems appears comprehensible and is didactic. The wetland system expresses flexibilityinits operations with its abilityto adjustto cold weather and the biological pond also expresses similar flexibility in its adjustments to wet and dry seasonal changes. Although the projectis mostly a successful one, some shortcomings exist. Hiding the primary treatment process facilities underground may be a somewhat questionable elementin the projectinthatitseems deceptive in illustrating the watertreatment process, possibly giving the perception thatitfunctions independently of additionaltechnology. Additionally,the adjacencies of the wastewatertreatment system,the stormwater collection system, and the biological pond also seem to imply a connection that does not really exist. Information regarding these items is not hidden in literature about the project orininstruction to students, butthe system could have been developed with greaterclarity. Although 298 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo these shortcomings hurt the project somewhat, as a whole the project seems to use technology positively to further connections between people and natural processes. It also represents a successful collaboration linking building systems and natural systems. IV. Conclusion With the increasing urgency of finding sustainable answers to the world’s problems, solutions are necessary which do not just depend on mitigation through efficiency, but include the development of new connections and symbioses between human systems and ecological ones. In his article entitled “Making the Case for Landscape Ecology,” ecologistJianguo Wu, contrasts modern human engineering systems withthose of beavers (2008). In so doing he articulates that human beings must find an alternative way of building their environment. Drawing upon the concept of human beings as “ecosystem engineers” that actively develop and maintain their own habitat,W u notes that beavers are also engineers of their own ecosystem, utilizing trees to build dams as habitation forthemselves. “However,even ifbeavers change a naturallandscape from one stateto another, their influences are usually confined within the local landscape” (Wu 2008, 47). Furthermore, as beavers do alter their systems, they do not replace them with simplified, ecologically inefficient versions as humans often do or altertheirenvironments atthe scalesthathumans do. Human beings may not be ableto live as beavers, but this illustrates the profound problems that current human systems maintain in their relationship with natural systems. Improving this relationship requires areevaluation ofitasit now exists. Architects and builders, who seek a path to sustainability in their work, should look beyond solutions to existing systems. By depending solely on strategies of containment and increased efficiencies, opportunities to develop better systems may be overlooked and left out. Strategies need to focus on developing new systems which are compatible with naturalsystems and processes. Thisrequires alandscape centric (integrative) mindset rather than a building centric (technologic) one. Through collaborative efforts with other professionals with knowledge of natural processes, and with an increased understanding of the relationship between the human environment and the natural one, architects and builders can move toward a new paradigm in which buildings and citieslook to natural systems for an example and a partner. Acknowledgements This ongoing research is being supported by a grant from the Paul Cejas Foundation of Florida International University. References AIA American Institute of Architects. (2007). Cote Top Ten Green Projects 2007. http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aias077513.pdf (accessed March 1, 2009) Chen, A. (2007, July/August). Teaching Tools. Metropolis Magazine, 106-111. Green Roofs for Healthy Cities. (2008). 2008 Awards of Excellence: California Academy of Sciences. http://www.greenroofs.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1039&Itemid=136 (accessed April 3, 2009) Margolis, L., & Robinson, A. (2007). Living Systems: Innovative Materials and Technologies for Landscape Architecture. Berlin: Birkhauser Verlag AG. Post, N. M. (2008, June). San Francisco Museum’s Green Redo Keeps Team on Slippery Slopes. Engineering News Record. Steen, K. E. (2008, September). Green Architecture’s Grand Experiment. Metropolis Magazine, 109-114. Stone, S. (2008, October 8). New California Academy of Science Receives Highest Possible Rating From U.S. Green Building Council : LEED Platinum, [Press release]. San Francisco. Stone, S. (2007, June 7). Dramatic Living Roof Installed Atop New California Academy of Sciences, Making It the “Greenest” Museum Ever Constructed, [Press release]. San Francisco. SWA. (2008). Prototypical Sustainable Science Museum. http://www.swagroup.com (accessed May 2, 2009). Tutterow, V., & Filippov, A. & Harris, J. (2008). Energy-Efficient New Federal Buildings: Awareness and Implementation of Federal Building Standards &Case Studies. Alliance to Save Energy. 299 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo ase.org/files/4787_file_EnergyEfficientNewFederalBuildings.pdf (accessed January 3, 2009) Wells, M. (1981). Gentle Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill. Wu, J. (2008). Making the Case for Landscape Ecology: An Effective Approach to Urban Sustainability. Landscape Journal, 27 (1), 41-50. Yeang, K. (2007). On Green Design. In Eco Skyscrapers, ed. Ivor Richards. Mulgrave, Vic.: Images Publishing Group Pty. Ltd. 300 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Reuse of Waste Marble Dust in the Landfill Layer Ismail Zorluer Technical Educational Faculty, Construction Education, Geotechnical Branch Afyon Kocatepe University Afyonkarahisar, Turkey izorluer@aku.edu.tr Lemi Tufan Taspolat Vocational High School, Construction Department, Anadolu University Bilecik Bilecik, Turkey lltaspolat@anadolu.edu.tr Abstract: Waste materials are serious environmental problem because they have harmed to soil and ground water. Rapidly developing technology has increased production and consumption. The increasing of production and consumption results in the increase of amount of waste. In the developing countries, distinct rules of waste disposing are initiated to prevent the environment pollution. This case was positive effects on environment by means of recycling, regains to economy and reducing environmental pollutions. Recently, some waste materials were began to be used with clay in landfill layer design. Because the waste materials increases characteristic of clay liner such as impermeability, strength, heavy metal absorption, etc. In this study, waste marble dust was used as an additive material in landfill liner. Mixtures of kaolinite-bentonite were mixed with waste marble dust for design of landfill liner. This process was performed at marble dust ratio of 5%, 10% and 15%. Freezing-thawing tests were carried out in these mixtures. At the end of the tests, it was observed that waste marble dust increased strength of liner in conditions of freezing and thawing. Keywords: Waste marble dust, Environment, landfill liner, freezing-thawing 1. Introduction The waste materials are serious environmental problem. Rapidly growing cities with increasing population have formed this problem. Concentration of population in cities has increased consumption. The increasing of production and consumption results in the increase of amount of waste. In the developing countries, distinct rules of waste disposing are initiated to prevent the environment pollution. However, many technologies are developed forthe recycling of wastes; many of them cannot be recycled by the economical and technological points of view. The collected wastes can be burned and/or composted by newly developed technologies; however, afinal amount oftrashes must be stored forthe lastremoval procedure. In the landfilllayers, usage of suitable materials and possibly waste mixture material are important to prevent from environmental conditions. By this way, the waste materials, such as fly ash, would be gained to economy. In recent times, waste marble dust was used as an additive material for soil stabilization. Okagbue and Onyeobi’s study (1999) showed thatthe geotechnical parameters of red tropical soils are improved substantially by the addition of marble dust, plasticity was reduced by 20 to 33% and strength and CBR increased by 30 to 46% and 27 to 55% respectively. Additionally, normal 28 day curing improved after 7 to 10 days of normal curing. The effect of waste marble dust on swelling potential of Na-bentonite and Meşelik clays was investigated by Zorluer (2003). Specimens were mixed with marble dust at different percentages of dry soil weight. Then, they were compacted atthe standard compaction effort and swelling tests were carried out with odometer apparatus. The experimentalresultsrevealthat waste marble dustis effective for controlling of swelling potentialand it can be used forthis purpose. Also marble dust affect unconfined compression strength of clay soils according to study of Zorluer (2006). Clay soil had mixed marble dust at 3, 5, 8, 10 % percentages. Then mixtures had been compacted with standard proctor compaction energy. Specimens had been sampled from compacted soils for compression test. At the end of 28 days curing time, strength increased 20.1 by N/cm2 to 57.3 N/cm2. Hassini (1992) determined that impermeable layer cycles much at landfills. In doing so, he carried out an experiment offreezing-thawing to specify soilstrength and its permeability. After 12 cycles,as suggested by 301 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Chamberlain (1981), he found that 10-15% grain loss does not have any impact on strength. This study examines the degree of deformation derived from seasonal temperature differences at impermeablelayers with marble dust. Forthisreason,three mixture of soilto waste marble dust(the proportions were 5, 10, 15% dustto dry soil by weight) have been prepared. And freezing-thawing tests were carried out in these mixtures. 2. Materials 2.1 Na Bentonite Clay Bentonite is a colloidal aluminium hydro silicate. The volume of bentonite can rise 10 to 30 times by the addition of water.It has a swelling characteristictill 200ºC. This property loses completely over 600ºC. The bentonite clay used in this study is Na-Bentonite.It was supplied from the Karakaya Bentonite factory, Ankara Turkey. Some physicochemical and geotechnical parameters of Na Bentonite clay were shown in table 1, The results of chemical analysis determined by the X-Ray Flourans Elemental analysis are shown in table 2 (Koyuncu 1998). 2.2 Kaolinite Clay Kaolinite clay is a product of a type of rock which contains a great amount of feldspar. Kaolinite consists of silica and aluminium layers. The thickness oflayersis 7.2 Å,thelength oflayersis between 1000 and 20000 Å and the specific surface area is (SSA) 15m2/g. The clay used in this study is obtained from the Bilecik district. The clay is produced by a three step procedure;first excavation from clay ores,then cleaning from fine sand by water washing and, finally crashing below 40 µ m at the end of washing, groups of clay and shale are completely decomposed. The clay used consists of kaolinite mineral. Some physicochemical and geotechnical parameters ofthe kaolinite clay are shown in table 1, The results of chemical analysis determined by the X-Ray Flourans Elemental analysis are shown in table 2 (Koyuncu 1998). 2.3 Waste Marble Dust Marble dustis minimum sized marble waste.It occurs with sawing process of marble blocks and plates. This dustis carried by waterto sedimentation pond. Sediment dustis removed from this pond to wasteland, but this condition have formed serious problem for environment. Because, waste marble dust is used in very little quantities even though it used inthe very differentindustries such as construction, ceramics and cementindustry, paintindustry, agriculture and fertilizerindustry, etc. Therefore,they have happened big mass in the waste areas (Zorluer 2003). Marble dust, used in this study, was obtained a marble processing factory in Afyonkarahisar-Turkey. Then, it is dried and sieved with #40 sieve. The marble dust grains are smaller than 300 micron. Some physicochemical and geotechnical parameters of waste marble dust are shown in table 1,The results of chemical analysis determined by the X-Ray Flourans Elemental Analysis are shown in the table 2 (Koyuncu 1998). W Ca GSGb U Wc Grain Size Distribution (%) (%) (g/cm3) Sand Silt clay Na-Bentonite 12.7 2.76 0.94 2 46 52 Kaolinite 0.1 2.64 0.59 11 26 63 Marble Dust 4.1 2.75 2.73 14 78 8 ( a ): Water Content, (b ): Grain Specific gravity:, (c ): Unit Weight. Additions Table 1 Some physicochemical and geotechnical propertiesof materials. Additions SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 Na-Bentonite 59.49 18.06 4.14 Kaolinite 51.52 32.00 1.75 Marble Dust 0.01 0.85 0.04 ( a ): Loss of Ignition. CaO 3.72 0.20 55.30 Mg O 2.42 0.20 0.24 P2 O3 0.11 ----- K2 O 0.91 0.50 0.20 Na2 O 2.50 0.09 0.03 Table 2 Chemical compound of materials. 302 SO3 Mn2 O3 LOIa 0.10 8.55 0.04 12.62 ----- ----- 43.51 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 3. Experimental Study The changes in the strength at material against seasonal impact are determined by using freezingthawing test. The deformation in the material as a result ofthistestis closely related to the amount ofthe water in it given that the nature and ratio of soil water changes to a grade extent when it freezes. When the water transform in to ice,its volume increases about 9% in accordance with the development ofits hexagonal crystal texture (Penner & Ueda 1977). Test specimens were prepared by 90% kaolinite and 10% bentonite mixture by dry weight for use in the impermeable clay layer. This mixture was named as control specimen - 90K+10B. Then, the waste marble dust was added to the mixture at ratio of 5%, 10% and 15%. These ratios were obtained from other studies in the literature. Marble dustis abbreviated as a MD. Specimens were prepared with compaction in a standard proctor mold by using optimum water contents for every mixture. Freezing-thawing strength was determined according to “Methods for Freezing and Thawing Tests of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures” indicated in AST M D560 (1985).In this experiment,samples are stored in a freezer at-20o C for 24 hours. Then,the same samples are stored atthe room temperatures at 18o C for 24 hours. This process is called as one cycle. 12 cycles are carried out for the samples in this experiment after which the surfaces of the samples are brushed gently with wire brush to remove particles. Then, they are weighted to determine the percentage of the loss compared to their previous weight. The highest loss rate accepted in the literatureis 15%. The surface crystallization and the sample deformation afterthe cycle are given in figure 1and figure 2 respectively. Fig. 1 Crystallization on surface afterthe freezing Fig. 2 Deformation afterthe cycles 4. Test results After freezing and thawing test consisting of totally 12 cycles,it was seen that grain loss has decreased with marble dustincrease.Ithas decreased from 17.6% to 12.5% atthe end of 12 cycles.It can be declared that this decreasing can make positive influence to the strength values of layers. The less the grain losses is, the 303 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo higher the soil strength is. The findings show thatthe strength of the samples increases when the amount of the added marble dustincreases.As itis seen in table 3, an additional 5% of marble dustis ineffective on freezingthawing. While an additional 15% marble dustresultsin 12,5% grain loss, an additional 10 % marble dust bring in 13,5 grain loss. Initial water Number of Grain loss contents (%) cycle (%) Control(90K10B) 25 12 17.6 90K10B +5% M D 25 12 18 90K10B +10% MD 25 12 13.5 90K10B +15% MD 25 12 12.5 Table 3 Freeze-Thaw experiment results of waste marble dust mixtures. Materials 5. Conclusions Grain Loss (%) Firstly, itis observed that the amount of grain loss in the samples with 10% and 15% of marble dust addition as a result of deformation in the freezing-thawing test are in compliance with the highest grain loss referred in the literature. Secondly, it is seen that on addition of 5 % of marble dust is ineffective since the results from this sample are close tothose ofthe control sample. Thirdly, As itisseen in figure 3,the study shows thatthelowest deformation occursinthe material with 15% of marble addition. 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Control 5% MD 10% MD 15% MD Additive Material Fig.3 Effect of waste marble dust on freezing-thawing In the light of the given findings, it can be argued that use of marble dust increases the strength of landfillliner. Trough its use in landfillliners,the recycling of marble dust will be possible. Consequently,this will not only to contribute to the protection of the environment but also to provide an economical additive materialtolandfilllayer. References Okagbue C. O., Onyeobi T. U. S., (1999), Potential of marble dust to stabilise red tropical soils for road construction, Engineering Geology, V. 53, pp 371-380. Zorluer, I., (2003). Effect of waste marble dust to swelling potential of clay soils. XI. National Clay Symposium Proceedings. Đzmir-Turkey, pp. 475-482. Zorluer, I., (2006). The Effect of waste marble dust on unconfined compression strength of clay soils. GAP V Engineering Congress Proceedings. Şanlıurfa-Turkey, pp. 1042-1046. Hassini, S., (1992). Some aspects of landfill desing environmental science and engineering, Environmental geotechnology, 137-143p Chamberlaın, E. J., (1981). Overconsolidation Effects of Ground Freezing, Engineering Geology, 18, 97-110. Koyuncu, H., (1998). Physicochemical, microstructure and geotechnical properties of petroleum boring wastes improved with stabilization/solidification method. PhD thesis, Osmangazi University. 304 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Penner, E. and Ueda, T., (1977). Proceedings, symposium on Frost Action in Soils, Universty of Lulea, Lulea, Sweden, I, 91100. ASTM D560-96 (1985). Methods for Freezing and Thawing Tests of Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. 305 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 487 Title A name given to the resource Organic Strategies to Sustainable Buildings and Cities Author Author Ozer, Ebru Thompson, Douglas T. Abstract A summary of the resource. In the pursuit of creating sustainable buildings and cities, architectural strategies have mainly focused on approaches relying on technological efficiency and engineered systems. The focus has been such because these strategies are evolutionary in that they are solutions to the problems posed by existing building system design strategies and are thus more easily integrated into those systems. In some cases however, architectural offices have been teaming with landscape architects and other professions whose focus are more on natural systems rather than building systems. In these cases where disciplines have worked cooperatively toward the goal of sustainability, strategies have emerged which take a combined approach in which building systems utilize and integrate with natural systems. Projects and strategies that have emerged from these collaborative endeavors can provide architects and city builders with valuable lessons and insights and contribute to developing a better overall framework for approaching sustainability in the built environment. Through an examination of recent successful sustainable building projects in which architects have worked collaboratively with landscape architects, natural scientists, and similarly focused professions, this research analyzes specific strategies, methods, and construction details which integrate building systems with natural systems, providing valuable lessons for such collaborative approaches and insights for approaching sustainable buildings. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General)