20 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f963ba49a501789165ae14da66a72bdb.pdf 3a069c939f75e5cd7dfd5b8bd00e845f PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Increasing Importance of the Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) Süleyman ÖZDEMĐR Associate Professor Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, Turkey sozdemir@istanbul.edu.tr Zeki PARLAK Associate Professor, Marmara University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, Turkey zekiparlak@hotmail.com Abstract: “Civil Society Organizations” (CSOs), especially by developed societies, are "started to be re–explored" since 1970s in consequences of social welfare states' crisis, domination of neo–liberal philosophy and policies in the world, spreading of democracy, end of the cold war, improvements on information and communication systems etc… The most prominent difference between the last decades of the previous century and the first decade of the current century lies in the role that CSOs undertake in the society. As CSOs have suitable properties which are brought about the economic and political philosophy of globalization, they have got considerable attention of the states and have had a proper environment to develop in the countries where neo– liberal philosophy is being implemented. However, CSOs are not an alternative to the state, instead, they are supplementary institutions. Since CSOs are very appropriate to the rationale of economical and political philosophy of the last quarter of the twentieth century, which requires minimalization of the state, they are being supported by the state which was directed by liberal philosophy. Hence, they are increasingly developing in terms of quantity and quality. Keywords: Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Non–Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Non–Profit Organizations (NPOs), Third Sector, Social Policy, State–CSOs Relationship, Turkey. Introduction The post–1980 era has witnessed the widespread transformations in the economic and political realms of the social life at the global level. The expansion of globalization, neo–liberalism and participative democracy has resulted in the increasing importance of the civil society organizations (CSOs) in the last three decades. The state has withdrawn from the economic and social areas. While the economy has been left to the market forces, new actors entered the scene to provide social welfare services. Consequently, the CSOs were re–discovered as the abiding provider of the social aids. Thus, it may not be incorrect to name this century as the century of the civil society. The CSOs are now considered as extremely significant institutions of the modern society as the new provider of social services. A new division of labour has been advanced among the state, municipals, market and the CSOs. The state has formed partnership with the CSOs and prefers purchasing services from the CSOs rather than producing them. The process has been expanding since the late 1970s and has come to constitute a significant part of welfare mixes in many countries. In many developed nations, particularly the USA and UK, the legal system and the administrative reforms enabled the state to maintain responsible for financing and auditing the social welfare services while transferring the responsibility for the provisions of these services to the CSOs and private sectors. In contrast to the developed nations, the CSOs are extremely weak in Turkey. Despite the promotion and expansion of their role in the social policy area at the global level, the Turkish CSOs do not seem to have gained any impetus. Neither the state nor the CSOs have any intention to alter their entrenched attitudes. The state has distrusted them and had hostile attitudes towards that civil society organization which are not under its control. The CSOs, on the other hand, have no desire to change and undertake any major responsibilities for social services. However, Turkey’s accession to the EU will eventually transform the hostile attitude of the state towards the civil society and give rise to the growth of the civil society in Turkey. 306 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 1. The Concept and Description of Civil Society Organizations A. The Confusion over the Concept of Civil Society Organizations Civil society organizations (CSOs) are composed of a wide range of different organizations such as small local associations, large professional organizations and foundations. A number of different terms are currently used to indicate the civil society in the literature. Some widely used terms including civil society organizations, non–profit organizations, non–profit sector, non–governmental organizations, non–governmental sectors, philanthropic organizations, charitable organizations, third sector, voluntary organizations, private voluntary organizations, not–for–profit organizations, independent sector, tax–exempt organizations and social movements (Uslu 1999). It should be pointed out that there is no widely accepted discretion for none of these terms. In the Turkish literature on this sort of civil organizations, although there is a disagreement whether some of these organizations could be considered as civil society or not, the term civil society organizations is used to point out followings: foundations, associations, chambers, cooperatives, clubs, and platforms, and non– governmental organizations and third sector. On the other hand, some different terms such as community, society, order, guild and foundations were employed in the past to express the CSOs (ACOC, 2004). The term “non–profit organizations” is preferred in the developed world. This term is extensively used in English literature. Nevertheless, the term civil society organizations will be used in this article. This is because this term has wider in scope, and is also well known and commonly used in the academic circles, the political discussions and in the daily life in Turkey. B. The Concept of Civil Society Organizations The concept of CSOs has a wider framework and usually tends to include most of the other terms given above. The CSOs is based on the voluntariness principles and is wrought by philanthropy and social aims. It is independent of the state and constitutes a third sector along with the public and private ones. Although located in the private sector, in terms of its structure it is quite distinct from it. Lester Salamon (1999), who has written widely on the CSOs, describes the CSOs as non–profit organizations and non–profit sector in his book and indicated that they have six basic features in common. • First all these organizations have managed to become institutionalized one way or another. Informal and temporary gathering of people cannot be regarded within the scope of non–profit establishments. • Second, these organizations must operate in the “private sector”. Thus, they must be independent of the state. Nevertheless, this point does not mean that these organizations may not receive support from the state. • Third, they must distribute profits in accordance with the social objectives. That is, these organizations, do not share dividends with their shareholders. • Fourth, they must have an independent management structure. They plan and implement their own activities. No person or an establishment should interfere in the running of these organizations. • Fifth, the development of non–profit organizations should be voluntary. In general, the members of the board of trustees are volunteers, yet those who work for the organization do not have to be volunteers. • Sixth, the non–profit organizations have to operate with purposes declared in their charter. According to a categorisation, developed by National Centre for Charitable Statistics, massive number activities of non–profit organizations can be discerned. The centre, divides this activities 26 main areas and functions. Then, it is divided into sub–categories. For example, in the field of education there are 41, on the other hand in the field of arts and culture and humanities 56 activities exist (Salamon 2003 & Fremont–Smith 2004). According to another study, the CSOs are described as “organizations, which are independent from the state, based on voluntary gathering and working for the interests of the society rather than their members, non– profit and operating within the legal system” (Şahin 2007). 2. New Categorisation: Civil Society Regimes In line with Esping–Andersen’s widely known classification, “welfare regimes” (Esping–Andersen 1999 & Özdemir 2007), Salamon and Anheier classify the CSOs as “civil society regimes”. For them, the CSOs are developed in different ways under different regimes, and they prose four different types of civil society regimes (Anheier and List 2005). The first is the “liberal model. This model, represented by the USA, is characterized by the low level of public spendings on social welfare and the existence of a large civic sector. 307 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The second regime is “social democratic model”. The model is implemented in the small Scandinavian states, mainly in Sweden. This model is geared to a strong welfare state and relatively weaker in voluntary sector. The higher social spending, by the state, leaves no necessity for the civil society. The third model is called “corporatist model”. The model is mainly represented by Germany and is based on the partnership between the state and civil society. The central feature of this model is the high public and civil society spendings. That is both the state and civil society are generous. The final model is the “statist regime”. This model is represented by the countries such as Turkey and Japan. The level of social spendings on social welfare is extremely low and the civil society is not well– developed. While the statist regime restrains from the public welfare spendings, they pressurize the CSOs to trim down their welfare spendings (Moore 2001 & Anheier and List 2005). Nonetheless, this does not mean that the balance between the state and the CSOs will never change. The CSOs are occasionally promoted as in the case of France and Japan (Moore 2001). 3. The Historical Development of the Civil Society Organizations A. Pre- Industrial Revolution Era: The Increasing Social Responsibility of the Civil Society Organizations Voluntary organizations that are providing social aids with philanthropic sentiments to those who are in need have always existed throughout the history. In fact, practices which are similar to those social welfare services provided by the welfare state as old as human history, the societies always looked for ways to provide aids and services (accommodation, food, cloths etc...) to those who are disables, ills, poors. It should be indicated that before the establishment of the modern welfare state, society, religious and voluntary organizations provided these services in one way or another (Ersöz 2000). In the period before the centralized state authority took over the responsibility for social services, CSOs had provided welfare for individuals and families in the face of economic and natural disasters. Social aids were provided by personal relations such as families, relatives, communities,and by economic organizations such as guilds and also by religious organizations such as order, small dervish. In addition to these, it was also observed that the administrative classes of south aimed to develop a protective system for the poor with various concerns. In short, before the Industrial Revolution, it can be argued that the practice of social policy was provided by philanthropic organizations operating on the basis of voluntariness and mutual aid principles. Following the transformation of the economic and social structures by Industrial Revolution, the social welfare providing organizations started to be transformed also (Ersöz 2000). B. The Period of Industrialisation: The Decreasing Importance of Civil Society Organizations In consequence of rapid industrialization, the social policy organizations of the previous era such as family, philanthropic organizations and others quickly became insufficient and the new organizations to meet the growing demand were established. This is because, the traditional social aid organizations failed to provide help for rapidly growing working classes in terms of work accident and social care (Koray 2003). The process of urbanization, caused by the Industrial Revolution, resulted in the elimination of the some of the social protection organizations or reduced their effectiveness; along with the declining of the size of families, the family ties and protection of the family weakened, thus the state in the industrial societies had to take over those responsibilities (Güloğlu 1998). After the great depression of the 1929, to overcome the crisis, the Keynesian economic model was adopted. This model was called for the extensive involvement of the state in economic and social realms in order to sustain a high level of domestic demand. The state intervention in the economic and social services, virtually eradicated the need for the CSOs. As a result, a new period, in which the state took over the main responsibility for the provision of the social welfare, was launched. The period between the World War II and 1980, state intervention in social policy reached its apex and welfare states were born and matured. C. Post–1975 Era: Globalization and Neo–Liberalism and the Re–Discovery of Civil Society Organization In this century, there is no doubt that the increasing importance of the CSOs is very much associated with the rise of globalization and neo–liberalism and participative democracy. In the post–1980 period, the transformations, taking place in the economic, politic, social and legal areas, resulted in the gradual withdrawal of the state from the social welfare services. As a result, the CSOs started to take over the responsibility from the state for the provision of the social welfare services, and a third sector, in which the CSOs operate, developed after a long period of stagnation (Şahin ve Öztürk 2008). These organizations, providing social welfares for 308 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo humanity since the early ages, have performed a very significant role. It seems that they will continue to erg this role in the near future (Kuhnle ve Alestalo 2000). The CSOs, particularly in the western world, have been increasingly seen as an actor of social policy. The central government, local government, and the CSOs have set up partnership for the provision of social services and the state increased its collaboration with the CSOs. The state, rather than producing the same services prefers buying from these organizations. Particularly after 1970s, the process revived and come to constitute a significant part of the welfare mixes (Uslu 1999). The ascendancy of globalization and neo–liberal policies seems to be the main factor behind the current expansion of the CSOs both in qualitative and quantitative terms in the developed countries. While calling for the state to wane and return to the main functions, the CSOs are expected to undertake the responsibilities and duties for the provision of the social welfare along with the private sector (Pierson 2001). Hence, the legal and administrative restructuring in the developed countries particularly in the USA and England has intended to enable the state to maintain the responsibility for fining and auditing while transferring the responsibility for the provision and distribution of the social welfare to the CSOs. Along with the process and policies a discourse and need for supporting the CSOs have come to dominate the political agenda (Özbek 2002). The role of the state in the social area should be that the state should provide services to civil society or the private sector which are reluctant to produce, should provide aid for those priors who cannot afford to buy the services produced by the private sector (Çalışkan 2001) or should support, subside the private sector social services that are useful for its citizens, and should promote them (Çevik 1998). The state seeking to cut down the social spendings with the aim of restructuring themselves, particularly stared felling that is insufficient in the area of social aid and social services. The realisation of the shortage by the state, in these issues, resulted in the re–establishment of the ties between the state and civil society. 4. The State–Civil Society Organizations–Market Relations A. The Relations between State and Civil Society Organizations Some researches demonstrate that in the development and the qualitative expansion of the CSOs, the attitude of the state towards these organizations is of central importance. If the legal, institutional and financial supports (purchasing social service, aids and tax exemptions, etc.) are provided by the state to these organizations, not on their quantity and scale but also their share in the provision of the social services, will certainly augment (Luksetich 2008). The CSOs have become one of the basic social actors in the local, national and international levels. The CSOs are parts of the private sector, while they are operating on a voluntary basis, and provide services for the public. Thus, CSOs can be regarded as the organizations where the private and public cut across. More than a quarter century, many researchers, mainly economist, have argued that the CSOs provide social services much more effective and cheaper than the state and suggested that the state should set up partnership with the CSOs. In some developed countries such as the USA, France, England and Germany, these suggestions have been implied for a long time. In countries where the State–CSOs relations are developed and strengthened, the number of the CSOs and the coverage of their activities (such as in the USA, Holland and Austria) are much more extensive than in countries (particularly developing countries) where these relations are underdeveloped (Anheier ve List 2005). It is possible to argue that the State–CSOs relations are formed on three bases such as supplementary, complementary and adversarial. The first form of relation is the supplementary relations where the CSOs produce services that are not produced by the state. The failure of these states to meet the demand for services, result in the entrance of the CSOs into the service production. In this case it can be argued that there is reverse relations between the public spendings and CSOs’ spendings. That is, if the state produces more services, its spendings will increase, the CSOs’ spendings will decrease. The second form of the State and CSOs relations is the complementary. This means that the state and CSOs are partners in the provision of the social services and the role or the CSOs are to carry out the distribution of the services that are financed by the state. At this stage, there is a direct link between the CSOs’ spendings and the state spendings. That is, with an increase in the state spendings, its support to the activities of the CSOs will augment. In the third form of the relationship, CSOs, instead of producing services or helping governments to produce it, are constantly encouraging the government in order to produce services and in this sense to perform the public responsibility. Yet the relation and interaction is very low if compared two others. It must be pointed out that in hybrid organizations, where the State–CSOs relations merge one with another, the border have become more vague as in the USA, Japan and Israel (Young 2000). 309 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The CSOs can be seen in all civilized societies. Yet each society has specific structure and scale of voluntary sector distincts very much from the others. Currently the high growth in the voluntary sector has occurred in the USA. In the last 30 years, the voluntary sector has become a third sector along with the public and private sectors (Payton ve Moody 2008). B. The Relations between Market and Civil Society Organizations The CSOs do not always obtain financial resources from the charity, donation and state aids. Some of the CSOs may participate in the economic activities by means of economic enterprises with an intention to make profit. Thus, they can produce and sell goods and services like any other private sector companies. Nevertheless, the profits coming from these economic activities are not shared by the shareholders, but are used in accordance with the social purpose of the organization (Easterly ve Miesing 2008). In the last two decades, it is extensively observed that not only the CSOs have expended rapidly, but also their incomes have risen sharply, particularly in the USA. The central reason for the expansion of the CSOs is the markets. During this period, an ample demand developed for their services and for their increased incomes from charging for these services; they set up trading companies or partnerships with private sector firms and they commenced to use the techniques that are used by the firms, learned to obtain more financial resource from the state and sophisticated marketing strategies and monetary management techniques. They also re–designed their own structures and implemented all these techniques for collecting charities and providing social services. All these denote that the CSOs of the century are very much different than those at time of our fathers due to still continuing process of a massive restructuring (Salamon 2003). 5. Civil Society Organizations in the USA and Turkey A. Civil Society Organizations in the USA The USA has gone in the way of philanthropy and CSOs more than any other nation did in the history. That is no nation has been based on voluntary activities more than the USA has been. Along with the state and market, as a third sector the CSOs has become very important. The voluntary sector has gone beyond the imagination of people in this country. That is, there exist more that 2 million voluntary organizations, millions of donors and volunteers, millions of employment, billions of dollar income, billions of dollar spending and trillions of dollar assets (Payton ve Moody 2008). One of the important characters of the American society is that, in sharp contrast to many welfare states, the constantly growing state has developed the CSOs rather than emasculating and restricting them in the last fifty years. Because in the USA, societal hostility towards centralized bureaucracy and the presence of large number of voluntary organization in various fields, have increased the supports for the CSOs in the fields such as health, education, social services, art and culture. In the American social welfare system, in many of the basic social welfare areas financing is proved by the state while private organizations and establishment provided most of the services (Salamon 1999). The CSOs and philanthropy has become very important element of the social life in that the number of the registered CSOs reached to 1.4 million according to the Internal Revenue Service in 2004. The figure does not include small religious groups, local communities, and clubs, civil partnerships, and the other voluntary organizations. If these unregistered organizations are included the number of the CSOs, total number reaches to 2 million in the USA. Of these 500,000 are very large and have immense revenues and investments. According to the IRS, the group had 1,36 trillions revenues and 2,97 trillions worth assets in 2004. It means that the economical size of the CSOs in the USA is larger from the whole countries' economies. Incomes and possessions belonging to the CSO’s in this country are mostly consumed for education and health services (Payton ve Moody 2008). B. Civil Society Organizatons in Turkey Looking at the development of the CSOs in Turkey, it is possible to say that the CSOs, which are the important elements of the democratic system, have played a profound role in the development of the society since the early days of the history. Most of these CSOs are organised as foundations (vakıf) and associations (dernek). They have done pioneering and useful works for the society. It is determined that most of them were established with philanthropic and social aims (DPT 2001). CSOs, organized the form of foundations, have performed countless duties and have undertaken large number of responsibilities within the economic and social lives since the Seljukis time. They thrived greatly 310 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo during the Ottoman era. The Ottoman epoch can be considered as the golden age of these organizations in terms of quantity and functions (Zaim 1997). However, it is well–known that the foundations were in decline in the last years of the Ottomans and this process continued well into the republican era. It was not untill the amendment made in the Common Law as to foundations in 1967 that the fate of CSOs changed in Turkey (See Ertem 1998). Following these amendment, the number of foundation have amplified. These foundations have carried out extremely important responsibilities in the economic and social lives throughout the centuries in Turkey. This type of organizations contributed to the education, culture, and economy, social and politic lives. It can be said that the Foundation allocated most of their services to social services. Some of the foundations established as educational (for example Dar’üş–Şafaka, which is a secondary school in Istanbul for poor or poor and fatherless children) and health (for example a lot of dar’üş–şifa, which is health care centres) establishments in order to enhance national culture and protection of public and individual health. Some them prefer caring the poor, provide pension for those who work in heavy and weary industries, elderly who cannot work, parentless kids, orphans and widows etc. (Özdemir 1997). Another organising form of the CSOs during the last period of the Ottomans and Republican eras was the associations. Nevertheless neither the foundations nor the associations have managed to serve as CSOs because of the legal restriction on their activities. Thus, the legal amendments have been taken place in Turkey to eliminate these restrictions and give more freedom to the CSOs. For today, looking at the number of the association and foundations and other CSOs, and their members, are very low when compared to those in the developed countries. As of February 2009, there are 4.966 foundations. The number of total associations operating in Turkey is about 80,706. The figure is very low compared to the number of civil associations in the USA, Germany and France, which are approximately 7 millions, 2.1 and 1.4 millions respectively. According to the calculations; Turkey has to have at least 300 thousand associations in proportion to their size. In line with Solomon’s description of CSOs, one of the elements of the concept is that considering the private and public division, the CSOs are private sector establishments. Looking at the Turkish CSOs, apart from the foundations, associations and trade unions, some chambers and occupational association (chambers of commerce, engineers association, artichoke association, laws etc.), for which membership is compulsory, are considered as CSOs. These aspects of the civil organizations are not compatible Salmon’s CSOs description. And they have hybrid characters. At the same time, in these and other EU countries, the sector employs a sizeable part of their population. In the USA, approximately 9 million, in Germany 1 million, in France 0.8 million, and in Japan 1.4 million people are working for CSOs. However, albeit there is no research conducted in the respects in Turkey, it is estimated that the employment in this sector is negligible. On the other hand, as noted earlier, the importance of the CSOs are expanding in the world. In many countries, the share of these organizations in the GDP is very large and continues to grow (for example, in the USA is about 6.3 percent, in England and France 4.8 percent, and in Japan 3.5 percent). Unfortunately there is no research which has been carried out in this respect in Turkey (ACOC 2004). In Turkey, the inexistence of sufficiently developed welfare state constitutes the basis of the insufficient development of State–CSOs relations. Thus, this insufficiency dominates the CSOs and there is no sign that there will be significant development in this area. Turkey has not undergone the process of transformation of the western welfare state since the 1970s. The formation of the relation between the state and CSOs depends of the existence of some conditions. First of all, it is necessary that the state should promote the CSOs, by providing the legal framework enabling the effective operations of the organizations. In order to develop the CSOs–State relations, those CSOs which have better organizations, performed effective and useful services should be selected and supported and promoted. The Social Services and Child Protection Agency (SHÇEK) leading role and advises will help these organizations to improve the quality of their services (DPT 2001). In Turkey, the profound presence of state dominates the educational, health and social services. The social services provided by the public organizations are controlled by central authority in Ankara. Extreme centralizations tendency prevents planning, producing and distributing the services to those in need. In addition, shortage of financial resources results in the shortage of these services. Therefore, looking from these angles, regarding the fulfilment of social welfare services, both public management and the CSOs are far from the expected levels (Çevik 1998). The results of a survey (See Özdemir & Başel & Şenocak 2009), performed by us in Üsküdar District of Istanbul, after exposing the conditions and reasons of CSOs, point out that unfortunately there is not any evidence that this structure will change or transform, like in developed countries, in near future. In the developed countries, the process of the transformations which give rise to transferring, to a large extent the state responsibility concerning social policy to the CSOs. Not only have not been experienced in 311 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Turkey yet, but also the CSOs are neither aware nor enthusiastic towards such a change that will alter their destiny. Unfortunately some questions in the research demonstrate that the CSOs have accepted their destiny, are extremely reactant to do something to alter their future. This is very much noticeable from the questionnaire. As can be seen from the (Tab. n. 35) that 33.3 percent of the participant CSOs are against the transfer of social responsibility from the state to any other organizations including the CSOs. Only the 11 percent of the CSOs support such initiatives and express willingness to take some responsibility. The rest, (55,6 percent) avoid to reply these questions and do not believe that such transfer can be possible. In some developed countries such as the USA, the majority of the CSOs supports the transfer of the social aids and social services to voluntary organizations. In the countries, where this transfer has taken place, the growth of the CSOs has been observed. It is, therefore, a must for the Turkish CSOs to welcome this development and undertake increasingly responsibility for the provision of the social policy. If the CSOs have still state–centered views and are unaware what is going on in the World, nothing can be done to change their destiny. It is probably that the CSOs are in the opinion that they may not be able to overcome the provision of social policy and thus lack self confidence (Özdemir & Başel & Şenocak 2009). The view that the state provides social aids and social services better than anyone, dominate not only the CSOs but also the entire society in Turkey. The survey carried out by Çarkoğlu (2006) also confirms this view. According to his results, 38.2 percent of participants believe that social aid is primarily the responsibility of the state in Turkey. 30.9 percent believe that it is also the individual responsibility of wealthy people. Only 5,4 percent indicate that the CSOs should have some responsibility in this respect. Hence, it is possible to argue that in the mind of individuals, there is very small role for the CSOs for providing social services. This means that when people give charity, only few of them take the CSOs into consideration (Özdemir & Başel & Şenocak 2009). Conclusion The 1980s have witnessed major transformations in the economic, political and social realms. With the collapse of the Post–War order, the Western capitalism moved to a new stage. With the ascendency of the new– liberal economic policies, while the state involvement in the economy was undermined, the expansion of the welfare state came to the end. For the neo–liberals, the state involvement in the economy created market inefficiencies and prevented optimum allocation of resources. Hence, it is more rational for the state to withdraw from the economy and stop providing social welfare services. The social welfare services must be provided by civil society organizations (CSOs) or the private sector (1) (Pierson 2001). This is resulted in the re–discovery of the role of the CSOs as the actors in providing social services in the developed economies. A spectacular expansion of their role and activities of the CSOs in the provision of social services have been observed. The number of the CSOs has also mushroomed. The post 1929 crisis witnessed a period in which the role of the state in the economy and in the provision of social services was rapidly expanded. Nevertheless, with the crisis of the 1970s the state involvement in those areas came to be questioned. A new area was launched by the adaption of neo–liberal economic policies, demanding minimum state interference in the economic and social realms in the late 1970s (Özdemir 2007). Consequently, the discourse that the CSOs and waning the state have dominated the economic, political and social agendas in the world (Özbek 2002). The concept and issue of the CSOs, philanthropy, non–profit organizations, and social capital have been disregarded by social scientist and the public officials for a long–time. As social policy and welfare state developed, discussion on markets, state and social policy dominated the agenda in the post war epoch. The CSOs was considered as an insignificant issue. Nevertheless, following the ascendancy of the neo–liberal economic policies, this approach changed in the late 1970s. As the state has withdrawn from the economic and social realms, the CSOs were re–discovered as alternative to the public provision of social services in many developed countries. Thus, the CSOs have, recently, become one of the most important economic and social actors in the developed countries. They are seen as a “middle way” between the state and market and are called as “third sector”. In these countries, the state seeks to generate an environment conductive for the growth of the CSOs. The high quality relations between states and the CSOs constitute the basis for the phenomenal revival of the CSOs Unfortunately this is not the case in Turkey for the time being. The CSOs have neither mentally nor economically developed to undertake the responsibility for the provision of the social welfare state. There are number of reasons for this insufficient development of the CSOs. One of them is the existence of poor relations between the state and CSOs. In contrast to the developed countries, the state is reluctant to promote the civil society. This may be related to the authoritarian character of the state. The state has always distrusted the civil society and sought to keep any civil organizing attempt, which would challenge the state authority, under stick control. Thus, the growth and expansion of the civil society may be deliberately prevented. The state is reluctant to hand over some of its authority and responsibility to the civil society. This means that CSOs have not obtained 312 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo sufficient support from the state to flourish. This also means that the state have no intention to purchase services from the CSOs and does not involve or consult the CSOs in the formulation of social policies. Thus, it can be legitimately concluded that the state may partially hold responsiblity for this apparent insufficient development of the CSOs in Turkey. Our findings provide ample support to this argument. Nevertheless, the process of Turley’s integration to the EU and economic and social development, it may argued that the CSOs will discover their potential as well as get better recognition from the state and society. One another reason for the dismay of the Turkish CSOs may be themselves. Reviewing the literature and the fieldwork results demonstrate that most of the CSOs are even unable to perform their own duties determined by their charters. Nevertheless, those, with sufficient financial resources, have not changed their mentality at all. They are still disinclined to have any major role in the society. In many developed countries, the responsibility of the state for the provision of social and welfare services is shifting to the CSOs. Most of the Turkish CSOs tend to believe that providing social services have the responsibility of the state and reluctant to undertake any responsibility in this regard. Consequently it is possible to argue that the most striking result of this research is that the most of Turkish CSOs turn a blind eye to the changing international economic and political environment of the CSOs in the world (Özdemir & Başel & Şenocak 2009). Bibliography Anheier, H. K. & List, R. A. (2005). NGOs (Non–Governmental Organizations). A Dictionary of Civil Society, Philanthropy and the Non–Profit Sector. New York: Routledge Publ. Ankara Chamber of Commerce (ACOC) (2004). Civil Society Folder While Entering the EU (AB Kapısında Sivil Toplum Dosyası). Ankara: ACOC Publ., http://195.155.145.1/turkce0index10.html. January 21, 2007. Aydın, D. & Çizakça, M. & Çarkoğlu, A. & Gökçen, F. (eds.) (2006). 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A Dissertation on the Growing Importance of the NGOs and Some NGOs Operating in Uskudar District, Istanbul. (Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK)’nın Artan Önemi ve Üsküdür’da Faaliyet Gösteren Bazı STK’lar Üzerine Bir Araştırma). Journal of Social Policy Conferences. (Co–writer with H. Basel and H. Senocak), Vol.: 56, Istanbul: Istanbul Univ. Faculty of Economics Publ., pp. 151–234. Payton, R. L. & Moody, N. P. (2008). Understanding Philanthropy–Its Meaning and Mission. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Pierson, C. (2001). Modern State (Modern Devlet). (Trans.: Hattatoğlu, D.), Đstanbul: Çiviyazıları Publ. Pinch, S. (1997). Worlds of Welfare: Understanding the Changing Geographies of Social Welfare Provision. London: Routledge Press. Şahin, L. & Öztürk, M. (2008). Globalization and the Civil Society Organizations: The Situation in Turkey. (Küreselleşme Sürecinde Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları ve Türkiye’deki Durumu). Journal of Social Policy Conferences. 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Alternative Models of Government–Nonprofit Sector Relations: Theoretical and International Perspectives. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. Vol.: 29, No: 1, pp. 149–172. Zaim, S. (1997). Civil Society Organizations. (Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları). Journal of Yeni Türkiye. Special Issue on Civil Society. Issue: 18. 315 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 232 Title A name given to the resource The Increasing Importance of the Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) Author Author ÖZDEMiR, Süleyman PARLAK, Zeki Abstract A summary of the resource. “Civil Society Organizations” (CSOs), especially by developed societies, are "started to be re–explored" since 1970s in consequences of social welfare states' crisis, domination of neo–liberal philosophy and policies in the world, spreading of democracy, end of the cold war, improvements on information and communication systems etc… The most prominent difference between the last decades of the previous century and the first decade of the current century lies in the role that CSOs undertake in the society. As CSOs have suitable properties which are brought about the economic and political philosophy of globalization, they have got considerable attention of the states and have had a proper environment to develop in the countries where neo– liberal philosophy is being implemented. However, CSOs are not an alternative to the state, instead, they are supplementary institutions. Since CSOs are very appropriate to the rationale of economical and political philosophy of the last quarter of the twentieth century, which requires minimalization of the state, they are being supported by the state which was directed by liberal philosophy. Hence, they are increasingly developing in terms of quantity and quality. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7d80881826bd1213de4116a40611dbb0.pdf e2edd0e8159fc769c1a9205c8d2fd968 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo An Analysis of the Impact of Motivating Factors on Tourism Agencies in Turkey Şuayip ÖZDEMĐR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Department of Business Administration, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey Tel: +90 (272) 228 1292, Fax: +90 (272) 228 1145, sozdemir@aku.edu.tr Yusuf KARACA Assist. Prof. Dr. Department of Business Administration, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey Abstract: This study investigates the relations between agencies and hotels in Turkey, from the perspective of business to business marketing. Drawing on the data obtained from 189 agencies by a survey. The results of the research show that six variables are important. Their order of importance as followings: Communication with the agencies, supports for agencies, the relationship between agencies and hotel companies, promotion activities for clients and agencies, promotion activities encouraging and out of business relations between agencies and hotel company. Keywords: agency, tourism, distribution channel. Introduction This study investigates the motives influencing the perception of tourism agencies towards to hotel companies. This research will try to illustrate why tourism agencies prefer one hotel brand to others. There is a little study in the literature on the subject how agencies could be motivated by hotel companies. Generally, authors refer to other aspects of relationship between agencies and hotels. Karamustafa (2000:24) emphasized price-related problems which are tour operators frequently encountered. Jorgensen and Zaccour (2003:801) discuss the effects of marketing strategies on the other member’s actions. Tourism agencies are the most common intermediaries between the guest and a hotel company. They play four important roles at the market. Firstly, they act as information brokers between guests and managers. Secondly they process transactions by booking rooms and transferring money. Thirdly, they provide advice to their customers. Finally, they provide better services by considering their customers’ needs and feedback. Tourism agencies help with the customers’ safety, good value, and high quality for the guests. These intermediaries do business with the hotels much more regularly than the guests do. Most travel agencies receive little feedback on their clients’ satisfaction with their hotels client. The majority of travel agencies think that no complaints as indicator of clients’ satisfaction. From hoteliers’ point of view travel agencies want to improve their relationship with hotel companies carry out joint-marketing activities and include more detailed information in the sales brochures (Medina-Munoz et al. 2002). Buhalis and Licata (2001) underline electronic communication devices affecting the intermediaries in the tourism industry. They explain that using the internet, the interactive digital television and the mobile devices bring new intermediaries called e-mediaries. From the point of experts, they suggest to reengineering business process concerning the relationship between hotels and agencies. Ozturan and Roney (2004) find out that travel agencies cannot use the internet effectively in Turkey. Travel agencies still use traditional marketing communication channels such as printed media and telephone. Knowing of the expectations of agencies and distributor firms is important for keeping successful relationship. The industrial resellers expect financial and competitive differentiation benefits from main company. A finding of a study on the USA shows that greater benefit differentiation leads to fewer financial benefits (Ghosh et al., 2004) Supplier firms try to attract agencies using different applications and methods. For example economic and non-economic tools are preferred to encourage agencies by the hotels. The following two parts will explain economic and non-economic tools respectively. 283 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 1. Economic Tools For Motivation Economic tools that aim to motivate agencies are the pecuniary ones. The agencies are encouraged by these tools. As a consequence of using economic tools, agencies could increase their profits and so intermediaries willing to make further cooperation with the hotel companies. There are many economic tools in the practice that being used to affect intermediaries directly. Some selected important economic tools are explained below. Firstly, quotas are used as an economic tool. Supplier firms aim to make the members of distribution channel join actively in marketing their own products using quotas. In order to make their distribution system that they used active and effective, both sides want to use law sanctions based on agreements or other powers (Aksoy, 1990:14-19). Secondly, discounts, financial aids, compensation are used as economic tools. Such tools could be used to decrease the conflicts and improve the cooperations. For realization of it, suppliers apply discounts, financial aids, compensations, and setting protective rules by an agreement (Islamoglu, 1999:440-442). Intermediaries expect from the suppliers financial aids and competitive differentiation (Gosh et al., 2004). Tsay (2001) points out those intermediaries could be motivated by cash discounts and give back policy. It is also suggested that supplier firms could encourage the intermediaries using the difference price for in favor of intermediaries (Li and Dant, 1999). Thirdly, promotion, advertising and co-marketing are also used for motivation economically. (i) Promotion activities of supplier firms support the intermediaries’ activities such as giving gifts (e.g. pens, calendars, etc.) in special day and religious festivals. At the same time, intermediaries’ promotion activities also support the suppliers. This creates a mutual support between agencies and hotels. (ii) Advertising, public relations, personal selling and the other marketing activities of hotels motivate agencies. (iii) Co-marketing activities would be providing the reduction of cost and increase of effectiveness for both agents and the hotel companies. To sum up, this section explained main economic tools that motivate intermediaries such as quotas, discounts, financial aids, compensations, agreements, difference price, cash discounts, co-marketing and promotion activities. Non-economic tools are explained in the following section. 2. Non-Economic Motivation Tools Non-economic tools to motivate agencies are not pecuniary ones such as communication, personal relationships, participating to decisions, cooperation, problem solving. In practice, the number of non-economic tools is more than economic tools. The most important feature of non-economic tools is that these tools provide some advantages that make intermediaries the same profit with lesser working. Moreover, non-economic tools encourage voluntary efforts in the mid or long term. There are three factors influencing the recommendation of agencies’ a hotel to a client: The quality of communications with intermediaries, the hotel brand name, and the incentives for intermediaries. These communication tools provide hotel companies some advantages. Another three tools that contribute to the hotel companies as the followings: Efficiency of computer systems for reservations, the sales representatives, and the information received in following intermediaries’ requests (Dube and Renaghan, 2000:73-74). Medina-Munoz and Falcon (2000) report that the intermediaries’ successes depend on five factors: interorganizational trust, commitment towards the relationship, interorganizational communication (coordination, communication quality, information exchange and participation), conflict resolution and interorganizational dependence. But at the same time they had said there is no model established as an entirely satisfactorily alliance. As a result of their study, in order to improve the impresenting of interorganizational relationships in the tourism industry should be examined from the perspective of tourism agencies, recreational companies, airlines and rental companies. According to Gilliland (2003:60; 2004:88) there are five factors for the intermediaries of electronic equipment such as credible channel policies, market development support, supplemental contact, high-powered incentives, end-user encouragements. Later, he mentions about 16 subgroups differentiating these factors into subgroups again which contains both economic and morale variables. Shipley and Egan (1992) report that the countrywide marketing activities of the supplier firms, supported marketing activities of intermediaries, the opportunity of product wideness and open relations and personal relationships between supplier and intermediaries are thought important by intermediaries. They were also underlining that, if there are being low motivated or demoralized intermediaries in the distribution channel, conflicts will be inevitable in this channel and the conflicts prevent the effectiveness of channel. Because intermediaries expect the reward for taking capital risk and labor force. Furthermore intermediaries compare the 284 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo rewards of other similar intermediaries, the will cause conflict if there are any disadvantageous difference against them. The first way of cooperation in a distribution channel and preventing conflict is better communication. Yukselen, (2003:262-263) evaluate the motivation of distribution channel members and conflict among them simultaneously and he shows collaboration, partnership and the activities of programming the distribution as incentives Motivations of intermediaries are generally related to their expectations. The transformation of four P’s (product, price, place and promotion) in the marketing mix into four C’s (customer value, convenience, cost, communication) is the most important clue to understand the expectations of intermediaries as industrial customers. Using the elements of marketing mix (4P) as (4C) makes intermediaries’ self-confidence. Trust is the first expectation of international intermediaries from the supplier, especially in industrial marketing (Marshall, 2003). As long as intermediaries feel in confidence it is easier to motivate them Yaprakli (1997) classifies motivation tools as rewarder power, punisher power, or charismatic power for newcomers in the channel. Akin (1997) also adds to these tools three new powers: legal, expertise and leadership. It is known that supplier firms' participating intermediaries making plans and solving problems has positive effects on the interorganizational relationships. (Claro et al. 2003). Since active participation willingly have positive effect for both sides, motivation is an important tool, and lack of motivation is one of the reasons that cause lack of cooperation and conflicts and increase these conflicts (Tek, 1997:563). This reason, when motivation is accepted as the basic factor in cooperation and conflicts, it will be easy to solve the problems since the reason of the problem is determined truly. Actually, relationship between supplier and intermediaries is a kind of human behavior in a group from social-psychological perspective. The trust between intermediaries and supplier firms, relative profit gained from the sold products, cooperation and supplier firms’ satisfaction from the intermediaries affect the relationships (Anderson and Narus, 1984). Namely, the trust and satisfaction of the representatives are accepted as trust and satisfaction of intermediaries. Weber (2001) put forward that the communication tools and using frequency of these tools determine the relationship between supplier and intermediaries. Especially, internet increases the communication and sharing the information, thus increase effectiveness of relationship between suppliers and intermediaries. Intermediaries positively affect the use high technology communication. As a result of this thought, intermediaries’ opinion affects long term relation expectations with the supplier positively (MacDonald and Smith, 2003; Hunter et al., 2003). Customer services of the supplier firms are important for relationships between supplier and intermediaries (Parasuraman, 1998); because each of the intermediaries is an industrial customer. Being focused on the targets, power equity and cooperation helps firms have contracted to each other reciprocally (Dabholkar and Neeley, 1998). Dickson and Zhang (2004) determined that the referent power influenced positively on retailer’s attitudes toward and non-economic satisfaction with their suppliers in apparel industry in China. They reported that the greater referent power also reduced channel conflict and enhanced economic satisfaction with business performance. They also reported that greater channel conflict was associated with increasing economic satisfaction with business performance. Anderson and Narus (1990) state the relationship between distributors and supplier firms can be considered in one perspective. Considering the subject both from supplier and distributors’ perspective, they had seen distributors as a customer who must be satisfied. Their satisfaction is determined by the outcomes of distributor communication, relative dependence, cooperation, trust and conflict. Whose power will be stronger in this relationship? Anderson and Narus, (1984) reported that distributors’ comparison levels of outcomes and comparison levels of alternatives determine the powerful side of this relationship. Briefly, main non-economic tools that impact motivation of intermediaries are following: Communication, Personal relationships, expectations of intermediaries, participating to decisions, cooperation, problem solving, trust, communication tools, power and customer services, 3. Research Method The survey was conducted on a sample of privately held Turkish companies in November December 2004 / February 2005. The research was employed on a sample of 240 tourism and traveling agencies. All the sample companies are the members of TURSAB (Association of Turkish Travel Agencies). TURSAB has 4585 member tourism and traveling agencies in countrywide. The names and addresses of these agencies are available from the website of TURSAB. Three copies of the questionnaire were distributed to each of 58 fourth-year undergraduate students of the Department of Management at Afyon Kocatepe University, with the instruction to visit two tourism and traveling agents they chose from the TURSAB database list. The researcher was the convener of the course “Research Methods” for this fourth-year undergraduate programme class. A decision was made by the researcher to assign the students to conduct the survey as a part in fulfilling the course. The participation- 285 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo invoking nature of personal communications and the cost constraints led the researcher to prefer this method to mailing the questionnaire. No restriction was applied in choosing the companies. But once a student chose a company, the name of the company was noted down and subsequent students were not allowed to choose it in order to eliminate the possibilities of duplicate questionnaires. The aim and nature of the research were addressed to the students beforehand. They were asked to bring back the questionnaires in stamped and signed form by participants, and were told that further confirmation with the participants may be made later via telephone. The students presented agent each business with a letter of invitation to participate in the survey. Once the invitation was accepted, the students directed the questions to the participants. A few directors (28) rejected the invitation letter to participate in the study by indicating some personal reasons (not having enough time, going for a trip, etc.). In the case of rejection, students have chosen new companies. All the representative directors who accepted the invitation letter completed the questionnaire. The questionnaires were stamped and signed by the participating board member and the students noted the date of the interview. During November 2004 and February 2005, the students returned the questionnaires and for confirmation purposes telephone calls were made to 12 (more than 6% of sample) companies. Telephone interviews with the participants indicated that they were enthusiastic on the subject and answered the questions seriously. Verification of their answers in these phone calls also showed that there were no differences in terms of their answers on the phone and those that they gave in the questionnaires. Therefore, it was not deemed necessary to make further phone calls for confirmation purposes. Of the 212 questionnaires distributed and then collected in that way, 23 were eliminated due mainly to missing information. This resulted in 189 usable questionnaires, corresponding to 79 percent of the questionnaires answered. The reliability of questionnaires is measured by Cronbach Alpha coefficient (Cronbach alpha=0,91) which shows that dataset is reliable to analyze. A questionnaire that consists of three parts is used in the research. Characteristics of the participants have been investigated in the first part. The attitudes of the intermediaries to hotel companies are measured in the second part. Likert scale is used in this part (1 strongly agree, 2 agree, 3 no idea, 4 disagree, 5 strongly disagree). The importance of practices of hotel companies and the success of these practices are measured in the third part. Likert scale is used in this part, too (1 very important, 2 important, 3 no idea, 4 not important, 5 not very important). Variables used in this part are based on Gillilands’ (2003; 2004) studies. Gilliland (2003; 2004) points out five factors that motivate intermediaries. Credible channel policies, market development support, supplemental contact, high-powered incentives, end-user encouragements. Table 1. Descriptive Statistics Establishment date Before 1990 Between 1990-1999 Between 2000-2003 Frequency 48 90 51 Percent 25,4 47,6 27,0 Number of hotels (or brand name) that intermediaries represent. Only one brand Two or more brands 66 123 35 64,8 Intermediaries that have another job different from tourism. Yes No 51 138 27,0 73,0 Table-1 shows descriptive statistics of sample companies. A perusal of Table-1 indicates that almost 73% participants have experience in the tourism sector more than five years. It is expected that data based on these experienced companies may yield robust findings. Majority of participants (64,8%) represent two or more hotels or brand names. Majority of agencies (73%), work only as tourism agency, and the rest of the agencies (27%) do additional business such as logistics, public relations, hotel management and real estate agency. 4. Findings Evaluation of agencies towards hotel, analyzed by using eight expressions which are shown in the following table. The responses to these expressions indicate that tourism agencies intend to maintain relationship with the hotel companies. As shown in Table-2, the weighted mean (1,74) of this expressions indicates that agencies are satisfied by hotel companies. In addition, tourism agencies believe that clients are satisfied with the hotels that are booked (mean=1,39). They also happy for being agencies of hotels and they plan to do business with these hotels. Table 2 also illustrates that agencies believe that hotel companies make enough effort to increase the profit of agencies (mean=2,03), and give reward to agencies’ performance (mean=2,21). It should be noted that this finding is relatively stronger than other findings in Table 2. 286 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 2. Evaluation of Agencies regarding Hotel Companies Mean 1,18 1,20 1,39 1,48 1,51 1,59 2,03 2,21 1,74 We are planning to do business with these hotels for a long time. We are pleased with hotels that we represent them. Our clients are pleased with hotels that we represent them. We are happy for being agencies of hotels. We believe that the products of these hotels are well. Hotel company has a good relationship with us. Hotel company makes efforts to increase our profits. Hotel company rewards our performance. Weighted mean Std. Deviation 0,50 0,40 0,64 0,77 0,75 0,82 1,21 1,19 Means= 1 strongly agree, 2 agree, 3 no idea, 4 disagree, 5 strongly disagree Table 3. Associate Relationship between Agencies and Hotel Companies Evaluation of current situation (services oh hotels) % Perceived importance Mean Solving the conflict between agencies and hotel company 1,32 Including encouraging factors in the agreement increase to 1,50 sell hotel products. When rival companies want to steal agencies, whether the hotels maintain the relationship with the agencies to continue 1,80 with them. Establishing partner advisory council 1,59 Compensating the loss of reps due to direct sales. 1,67 Giving client list to agency in a market division 1,86 Agreeing a market division belong to an agency 2,33 Weighted mean 1,72 Std. Deviation Enough No idea Not Enough ,50 66,1 6,4 27,5 ,72 69,8 14,3 15,9 ,90 52,9 36,5 10,6 ,78 ,88 ,93 1,22 43,9 49,2 47,1 32,8 23,8 27,5 34,4 38,6 32,3 23,3 18,5 28,6 Means= 1 very important, 2 important, 3 no idea, 4not important , 5 not very important Table 3 shows the associate relationship between agencies and hotel companies. The finding indicates that from the agencies’ perspective, the most important subject at relationship between agencies and hotel companies is “solving the conflict between agencies and hotel company”. The other variables that affect the relationships between agencies and hotel companies are as follows in turn according to their importance: (1) Including encouraging factors in the agreement increase to sale hotel products, (2) when rival companies want to steal agencies, (3) whether the hotels maintain the relationship with the agencies to continue with them, (4) establishing partner advisory council, (5) compensating the loss of reps due to direct sales,(6) agreeing a market division belong to an agency (7) giving client list to agency in a market division (8) solving the conflict between agencies and hotel company. Majority of agencies (66,1%) perceive that “solving the conflict between agencies and hotel company” and “encouraging agreements to sale hotel company. Table 4. Supports for Agencies Perceived importance Representative’s ability in communication Hotels catalogs and brochures Providing information for agencies about products and sales methods Special communication opportunities between agencies and hotels Training meeting Rewarding successful agencies Participating to fairs Advertorials Appropriating financial funds for agencies’ marketing activities Certification programs for agencies Allocating more financial funds for market development Number of hotel staff for selling hotel products Weighted mean Mean Std. Deviation 1,11 1,27 1,47 1,47 1,52 1,53 1,55 1,58 1,76 1,74 1,89 2,08 ,32 ,55 ,57 ,74 ,72 ,79 ,69 ,76 ,82 ,73 ,80 ,94 Evaluation of current situation (services of hotels) % Not Enough No idea Enough 77,8 87,8 70,6 76,2 68,8 50,8 58,2 64,0 37,0 54,0 42,8 74,6 20,1 4,2 17,6 15,9 11,6 21,7 21,7 13,8 27,5 20,1 28,6 17,5 2,1 7,94 11,8 7,9 19,6 27,5 20,1 22,2 35,5 25,9 28,6 7,9 1,58 Means= 1 very important, 2 important, 3 no idea, 4not important , 5 not very important 287 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Support methods for agencies are evaluated in Table 4. Based on the findings in the table, it could be suggested that representative’s ability in communication is very important who represent the hotel against agencies and it is found that majority of hotels are successful in this subject (77,8%). The findings also indicate that brochures and catalogs are important to support agencies to find new clients. Hotels’ brochures and catalogs are perceived successfully by agencies. Information about sales methods is perceived satisfactory (87,8%). Providing information for agencies about products, sales methods, and number of hotel staff for selling hotel products, special communication opportunities between agencies and hotels are found adequate. Hotel companies’ financial funds which are kept for market development and agencies’ marketing activities are perceived inadequate. While half of the hotel companies are found successful at rewarding agencies’ performance, 27,5% of agencies believe that hotels do not reward their performance. Table 5. Communication with the Agencies Perceived importance One to one relationship between representative of hotels and agencies’. Information on the internet (online support, training) Using internet to communicate the agencies Communication programs for better work relationships Giving information about new products Meeting for agencies Defining price and quota automatically Weighted mean Mean Std. Deviation 1,32 ,47 1,44 1,44 1,48 1,48 1,65 1,89 ,59 ,59 ,50 ,70 ,98 ,82 Evaluation of current situation (services oh hotels) % Enough No idea Not Enough 84,1 5,8 10,1 79,8 82,0 69,8 85,7 65,6 49,2 10,1 7,9 14,3 12,2 10,1 34,9 10,1 10,1 15,9 2,1 24,3 15,9 1,52 Means= 1 very important, 2 important, 3 no idea, 4 not important , 5 not very important As long as hotels have enough information about agencies, they encounter fewer problems in dealing with customers. Therefore, communication with agencies has special importance. The communication between hotels and agencies is analyzed in Table 5. It is found that the most important variable concerning with the communication is the person who represents the hotel against agencies; especially the skills of representative have a decisive role. Majority of agencies (84,1%) perceive that one to one relationship between representative of hotels and agencies’ is pleasing. Majority of the agencies think that using internet, giving information about products, and communication programs are important. Table 6. Out of Business Relations between Agencies and Hotel Company Perceived importance Entertainment together Club activities for agencies Join in adventure together Weighted mean Mean Std. Deviation 2,26 2,38 2,87 ,96 ,92 1,19 Evaluation of current situation (services oh hotels) % Enough No idea Not Enough 39,6 28,6 21,7 30,2 32,8 42,9 30,2 38,6 35,4 2,50 Means= 1 very important, 2 important, 3 no idea, 4not important , 5 not very important The findings of an analysis of out of business relations between agencies and hotel companies are shown in Table 6. It is found that one third of hotel companies have out of business relations with agencies. However, these kinds of activities such as entertainment, adventure and club activities are not important events for agencies. Table 7. Promotion Activities for Encouraging Agencies Perceived importance N Mean Std. Deviation Collectively advertising 62 1,66 ,74 Providing payment options 62 1,85 ,94 Bonus, reward, premium 63 1,87 ,94 Gifts, promotional materials 63 1,90 ,96 Financial programs (discounts even in small quantity) 63 1,94 ,98 Giving agency firm identity card 61 1,98 ,94 Rewarding new client by money (discount, cash) 62 2,53 1,05 Weighted mean 1,96 Means= 1 very important, 2 important, 3 no idea, 4not important , 5 not very important 288 Evaluation of current situation (services oh hotels) % Not Enough No idea Enough 52,9 21,7 25,4 46,0 30,7 23,3 50,2 24,9 24,9 58,7 18,0 23,3 49,7 30,2 20,1 49,2 25,4 25,4 24,9 30,7 44,4 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 7 shows the findings of promotion activities for encouraging agencies. According to table agencies perceive that collectively advertising is important though it is found that half of hotel companies’ co-advertising effort is enough(52,9%). Comparing with the other promoting activities, rewarding the clients by money, giving firm identity card, discounts (even in small quantity), and promotion materials are relatively unimportant for agencies. Table 8. Promotion Activities Intended for Clients Perceived importance Sales campaigns Informing the client concerning agencies (links on the web etc.) Advertising Training the agencies at finding new clients Demonstrations Sales on internet Co-marketing activities Giving trials Establishing quota for agencies Weighted mean Evaluation of current situation (services oh hotels) % Enough No idea Not Enough Mean Std. Deviation 1,50 ,67 76,7 13,8 9,5 1,59 ,78 58,2 18,0 23,8 1,55 1,71 1,76 1,94 2,03 2,16 2,26 ,72 ,84 ,84 1,19 ,94 1,14 1,01 62,9 37,6 61,4 57,1 38,6 31,2 44,4 17,5 37,0 22,2 24,4 36,5 43,4 42,3 19,6 25,4 16,4 18,5 24,9 25,4 13,3 1,83 Means= 1 very important, 2 important, 3 no idea, 4not important , 5 not very important Promoting activities intended for clients are examined in Table 8. The findings indicate that sales campaigns are the most important promotion method. According to agencies’ viewpoint, majority of hotels are successful at sales campaigns (76,7%). Informing client about the agencies and activities of advertising intended for the clients are important promoting activities. Moreover hotels are successful at these activities. Hotel companies are found relatively unsuccessful in training the agencies at finding new clients, giving trials and comarketing activities. Conclusion Tourism agencies are intermediaries between hotels and their customers. Therefore agencies have enormous importance in finding customers for hotels. Despite the fact that hotels want to have a priority in the list of tourism agencies, tourism agencies do not give equal opportunity for finding customers to all listed hotels for some reasons such as lack of knowledge, weak communication, etc. Tourism agencies expect some incentives. The channel relations between hotels and tourism agencies exemplify a business to business marketing. This study investigates the relations between agencies and hotels in Turkey, from the perspective of business to business marketing. In this study, six main variables and their sub variables are investigated for examining agencies attitudes to hotels. The findings indicate that, generally speaking, tourism agencies have positive attitudes to hotel companies. Based on the findings, it could be suggested that the following factors are the most important ones which determine agencies’ attitudes: communication with the agencies, supports for agencies, relationship between agencies and hotel companies, promotion activities intended for clients and agencies, promotion activities encouraging, and agencies out of business relations between agencies and hotel company. The findings of the research indicate that the intermediaries are found the hotels successful. Factors which are important for agencies also found adequate or vice versa. It could be investigated whether agencies’ demand or hotels’ success dominate in this relation. This offers a direction for future research. References Akin M. (1997). Dagitim Kanallarinda Dikey Rekabet Iliskisi ve Dondurulmus Gida Sektorunde Bir Uygulama. Pazarlama Dunyasi, 11(62), 39-45. Aksoy, H. (1990). Dagitim Kanallari ve Fiziksel Dagitim. Istanbul:Yeni Asya. Anderson, C. J. & Narus, J. (1984). 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Journal of Retailing, 77, 457-492. Weber, J. A. ( 2001). Partnering with Resellers in Business Markets. Industrial Marketing Management 30, 87-99. Yaprakli S. (1998). Dagitim Kanallarinda Guc ve Catisma (Erzurum’daki Mesrubat Bayii ve Perakendecileri Uzerinde Bir Saha Arastirmasi)” Pazarlama Dunyasi, 12(72), 14-22. Yukselen, C. (2003) Pazarlama, Ilkeler-Yonetim (Marketing, Principles and Management) (Turkish), Ankara:Detay. 290 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 224 Title A name given to the resource An Analysis of the Impact of Motivating Factors on Tourism Agencies in Turkey Author Author ÖZDEMiR, Suayip KARACA, Yusuf Abstract A summary of the resource. This study investigates the relations between agencies and hotels in Turkey, from the perspective of business to business marketing. Drawing on the data obtained from 189 agencies by a survey. The results of the research show that six variables are important. Their order of importance as followings: Communication with the agencies, supports for agencies, the relationship between agencies and hotel companies, promotion activities for clients and agencies, promotion activities encouraging and out of business relations between agencies and hotel company. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9a2595210228c17f2a5288511d2abc62.pdf dd0def422181f630ea31380c8534847c PDF Text Text Klasik Türk Edebiyatında Eğitim Bağlamında Behiştî’nin “Heşt Behişt” Mesnevisi Nurgül ÖZCAN∗ Edebiyat toplumun aynasıdır. Şairler yaşadığı toplumun sözcüleri konumundadırlar. “Şairin işi içinde yaşadığı, kendisinin de bir parçası olduğu kültürü dile getirmek ve eleştirmektir.”22 Şairlerin bakışı ve tespiti kendi dönemleri ve sonrası için değer taşır. Edebi metinlerin, estetik ve sanatsal işlevi yanında bir görevi de halkı eğitmektir. Sonuçta edebiyat, şeklinde eğlendirirken düşündüren eğiten bir olgu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Tanzimat’tan günümüze, klasik Türk edebiyatına, toplumdan kopuk bir hayal edebiyatı olduğu gerekçesiyle epey eleştiri yapılmıştır. Son dönemlerde araştırmacılar, bu görüşün aksine, divan şairinin malzemesini toplumdan, toplumun maddi ve manevi her türlü yaşamından aldığına dair çalışmalarda bulunmuştur. İlk anda bir hayal edebiyatı olarak öne çıkan Klasik Türk Edebiyatı dikkatle incelendiğinde bütün edebiyatlar gibi onun da toplum hayatının bir çok bölümüne ayna tuttuğu görülecektir. Yapılan bazı çalışmalar Klasik edebiyatın sosyal hayatla ilişkisi üzerinde ciddi tespit ve sonuçlar ortaya çıkarmıştır.23 Zaman içinde bu açıdan bakılan çalışmalar “Klasik edebiyatımızın tarih, felsefe, din, tasavvuf, sosyal antropoloji, bilim ve gündelik hayatın tezahürleri ile oluşturduğu ortak alanların tespitidir. Bu alanların klasik edebiyatımız ile kesişme noktalarının tespiti, kültür tarihimiz bakımından son derecede önemli gerçeklerin ortaya çıkışını sağlayacaktır."24 Altı asır devam eden ve toplumun bütün kesimleri tarafından kabul gören bu edebiyatta elbette insanı ilgilendiren, ona yön veren her şey mevcuttur. Klasik edebiyat deyince şüphesiz ilk akla gelen divanlardır. Divanlarda ise en hacimli bölüm gazellere ayrılmıştır. Gazeller bölümü, divanın asıl bölümü olarak değerlendirilir. Şair, kişisel şairlik gücünü ve hayat felsefesini ilk önce gazellerde sergiler. Şairlerin edebi kimliğinin değerlendirilmesinde ağırlıklı olarak gazellerden yola çıkılması, bu edebiyatın semboller ve mazmunlar içinde dönüp dolaşan bir hayal edebiyatı olduğu kanaatini doğurmuştur. Bunun başka bir sebebi de çalışmaların çoğunun klasik edebiyatın sanatsal yönünde yoğunlaşmasıdır. Toplumun nazarında, klasik edebiyatta, sanki Harnâme25, Şikâyetnâme26 vb. birkaç eser ile Nâbî’nin öncülüğünü yaptığı hikemî tarzın27 dışında sosyal içerikli fazla eser kaleme alınmamış izlenimi vardır. Söz konusu sebeplerden dolayı, asırlar boyu devam etmiş bu edebiyatta, divanların sosyal yönü ile divanlar dışında kalan diğer ürünler maalasef gölgede kalmıştır. Sözgelimi, divan şiirinde redifler incelendiğinde rediflerin de dönemleri ile ilgili bir belge niteliği taşıdığı görülür. “Redif olarak seçilen kelimeler, şairlerin ve aynı zamanda içinde yaşadıkları toplumun psikolojisini yansıtırlar.”28 “Şairler, içinde yaşadıkları muhit ile mensup oldukları milletle o kadar alakadardırlar ki, divanları dolduran ince ve musanna beyitler arasında uzun uzun araştırdıktan sonra belki mahalli bir renge , milli bir hususiyete tesadüf olunabilir.”29 Halbuki klasik edebiyatta manzum ya da mensur, kişisel ve toplumsal konuları içeren, nasihatname, pendname, surname, siyasetname, kıyafetname vb. sayısız eser kaleme alınmıştır. Bu tarz eserlerin çoğunda en fazla tercih edilen nazım şekli “mesnevi” nazım şeklidir. “Her beytin ayrı kafiyeli olması yüzünden mesnevide bir yazma kolaylığı vardır. Destanlar, uzun halk hikâyeleri, şehr-engizler, öğretici dinî ve ahlâkî konuların hep mesnevî şeklinde yazılmaları bu yüzdendir.”30 Divan şairi izah gereken geniş mevzularda dar bir çerçeveye hapsolmaktan kaçınmış, mesnevinin sunduğu özgürlükten istifade etme yoluna gitmiştir. İnancın önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu Osmanlıda nasihat ve mesaj içerikli didaktik metinlerin çoğunda bu durum söz konusudur. ∗ Fatih Üniversitesi Fen Eebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi T.S ELİOT; Şiirin Toplumsal Görevi, Türk Dili, Eleştiri Özel Sayısı, Çev: Nur DERİŞ, Ank. 1971. 23 Ahmet Atilla Şentürk: Klasik Osmanlı Edebiyatı Işığında Eski Adetler ve Günlük hayattan Sahneler I-II Türk Dili Dergisi, 1993, Ayrıca Cem Dilçin “Türk Kültürünün Kaynağı Olarak Divan Şiiri”, Türk Dili S.571,1999, 24 Muhammed Nur DOĞAN: I. Uluslar arası Klasik Türk Edebiyatı Sempozyumu İstanbul 1999. 25 F. Kadri TİMURTAŞ; Harnâme, Makaleler (Dil ve Edebiyat Yazıları), AKMY, Ank. 1997, s. 174. 26 Abdülkadir KARAHAN; Fuzûli’nin Mektupları, TDED, C.2, İst. 1948, s. 3-4, 27 Ali Fuat BİLKAN; Nâbî Hikmet-Şair-Tarih, Akçağ Y, Ank.1998. 28 Cemal KURNAZ; Divan Şiirinde Belge Redifler, Yedi İklim X/67 (Ekim), S.65-68. 22 29 A. Sırrı LEVEND; Divan Edebiyatı, Kelimeler ve Remizler‐ Mazmunlar ve Mefhumlar, Enderun Kitabevi, İst. 1984, s.638. 30 Haluk İPEKTEN; Eski Türk Edebiyatı Nazım Şekilleri ve Aruz, İst. 2008, s.59. 328 �Özellikle Tasavvufi eserlerde şiir, amaç olmaktan ziyade insanı eğitme amacıyla kullanılan bir araç olarak karşımıza çıkar. Şair, okuyucuya, insan ruhunun safîleşmesi, tekâmülü için öneriler getirir. Bu eserler, dervişe, mensup olduğu yola göre kişisel ve toplumsal gelişim metotlarının izah edildiği metinlerdir. Klasik Türk edebiyatına bu gözle baktığımızda insan eğitiminde kullanılacak bir çok malzemenin var olduğu fark edilecektir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde son dönemlerde, eğitimde edebi metinlerin kullanılması ile ilgili çalışmalar hız kazanmıştır. “Özellikle 1990’lı yıllarda, sayıları gittikçe artan sosyal bilgiler eğitimcilerinin, edebi çalışmaların sosyal bilgiler öğretimine önemli katkılarının olduğunu kabul etmeye başladıkları görülmüştür. ABD’de bir çok eyaletin eğitim programlarında yer alan rehber ilkelerinde, özellikle ilköğretimde, edebiyat ve sosyal bilgiler arasındaki güçlü ilişki vurgulanmıştır.31 Farklı kesim ve kültürlere hitap edilen Osmanlı İmparatorluğundaki metinlerden faydalanılması elbette günümüz eğitimine katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızda, Behiştî’nin tasavvufi bir metin olarak kaleme aldığı, okuyucuya baştan sona iyi insan olma konusunda öğütler verdiği “Heşt Behişt” adlı mesnevisine dikkat çekmek istiyoruz. Bu örnekten hareketle amacımız, başta mesnevi türü olmak üzere, Klasik Türk edebiyatın eğitimde kullanabilirliğine vurgu yapmaktır. 16. asırda yaşayan Behiştî, tezkirelerde yer alan devrinin önemli şairlerindendir. “Eski Türk edebiyatında Behiştî mahlasını kullanan altı şairden birisi olan Vize’li Ramazan Behiştî’nin asıl adı Ramazan, babasının adı da Abdü’l-muhsin’dir. Doğum tarihi hakkında bilgimiz yoktur, ancak bütün kaynaklar şairin Vize’li olduğunu belirtirler. Halvetîliğe intisap etmiş, Merkez Efendi’nin yanında seyr ü sülûkunu tamamladıktan sonra hilafet göreviyle Çorlu’ya yerleşmiştir.32 Behiştî, öncelikle alim bir şairdir. Kuvvetli bir İslam kültürüne sahiptir. Arapçası, bu dildeki kaynaklara vâkıf olacak ve eser yazacak seviyededir. Şairin en önemli meziyetlerinden biri de dile olan hâkimiyetidir.33 Heşt Behişt’te nasihat-name türünden tebliğ amacına yönelik didaktik eserlerde çoğu kez rastladığımız kuru ifade değil; akıcı, canlı, tasvirlerle ve söz sanatlarıyla zenginleştirilmiş bir anlatım hâkimdir. Özellikle hikâyeler anlatılırken, gereksiz uzatmalara yer vermeden ve monotonluğa düşmeden; adeta olayı görmüş birinin gözlemlerini aktarırcasına gerçekçi, aynı zamanda şairane tasvirler ve olay kahramanlarının duygularını anlatmadaki tabiîlik Behiştî’nin güçlü bir şair olduğunu göstermektedir.34 Behiştî, eserini bölümlere ayırırken insan eğitimde önemli gördüğü davranışlara göre bir tasnif yapmıştır. Bölümlerde verilmek istenen mesajlar İslâm tarihinden bazı hadiselerin tahkiye edilmesiyle aktarılmış; bu vesileyle anlam daha da güçlendirilmiştir. Şair, bölümlerin başında, anlatacağı hikayeye girmeden önce, insan eğitiminde önemli gördüğü kavramları vurgulamak için kısa bir giriş yapmayı uygun görmüştür. Beyitlerde kavramların anlamı açıklanmış, faziletleri hakkında genel bir bilgi verilmiştir. Eserin bölümlerinde, eğitim açısından önem arz eden beyitlerden bazılarının değerlendirilmesi şöyledir: Heşt Behişt’te şair, bölümlere geçmeden evvel “Matla’” başlığı altındaki bölümde zamanın (dünyanın) geçiciliği ve insanın varlığının mahiyeti ile ilgili değerlendirmeler yaparak okuyucunun zihnini psikolojik açıdan nasihat almaya hazırlar: Geçer âhir zamân-ı nâ-müsâ‘id Türâba halt olur her sâk u sâ‘id (137)35 Zaman kavramının insan hayatındaki yeri ortadadır. Burada şair “ahir zaman” kavramıyla zamanın geçiciliğine ve varlığın sona yaklaşmış olmasına dikkat çekmektedir. İnsan ve kainat arasında bir bağlantı kurarak insana hem kendi sonunu hem de kıyameti hatırlatmıştır. Günümüzde insan psikolojisi ile ilgilenen bazı bilim adamları da; ruh sağlığı açısından, insanın ölüm gerçeğini yok saymasını değil, onunla yüzleşmesini önermektedirler. Mesela; psikiyatrist Dr. Irvin Yalom, hem kendisinin hem de hastalarının deneyimlerinden ve edebiyat, felsefe gibi çok çeşitli alanlardan yakaladığı ipuçlarının izini sürerek, ölümle doğru bir biçimde yüzleşilir ise, insanın yaşam kalitesini artırabileceği ve güçlü bir ‘uyanış’ yaşanacağı konusunda kendisinden çok emindir. Hatta bu uyanışa dair çeşitli klinik vakalardan ve edebiyattan verdiği örnekler, oldukça ilgi çekicidir. Örneğin Dostoyevski’nin idama mahkûm edilip tam kurşuna dizilecekken affedilmesinin, yani ölümle yüzleşip kendi uyanışını sağlayacak bir deneyim yaşamasının, dünya edebiyatını etkileyecek o romanları yazabilmesinde ne kadar etkili olduğuna dikkat çekiyor.36 31 MC GOVAN, T. GUZZETTİ, B; “ Edebiyat Temelli Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretimi”, Çev: Ahmet DOĞANAY, Çukurova Ünv. Türkoloji Araştırmaları Merkezi, http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr. 32 Emine YENİTERZİ; Yeniterzi: Behiştî’nin Heşt Behişt Mesnevisi, Kitabevi yayınları,İstanbul 2001.s. 29. 33 Emine YENİTERZİ; a.g.e, s. 53. 34 Emine YENİTERZİ; a.g.e, s. 91. 35 Örnek olarak alınan beyitlerin sonundaki numaralar Emine Yeniterzi’nin “Behiştî’nin Heşt Behişt Mesnevisi” adlı çalışmasındaki beyit numaralarıdır. 36 Irvin D. YALOM; Güneşe Bakmak Ölümle Yüzleşmek. (çev: Zeliha İyidoğan Babayiğit) Kabalcı Yay. 329 �Zaman, metinde “dünya” yerine de kullanılmıştır Yukarıdaki beyitlerde zaman hızlı geçmesi münasebetiyle, akarsuya benzetilmiştir. Behiştî, muhataplarını yapılması gerekenlerin vaktinde yapılması konusunda uyarmaktadır. Önce dünyanın geçiciliğine işaret ederek bu kavramın olumsuz yönünü öne çıkarmasının hemen ardından dünyanın bir ganimet yeri ve fırsat mekânı olmasına dikkat etmesi eğitim açısından manidardır. “Psikolojide yer alan Zaman Yönetimi kavramından amaç da bireylerin zamanlarını etkin biçimde kullanmalarını sağlayarak verimliliklerini arttırmaktır.”37 Akar su gibidür hâli zamânun Geçürme çagın ol âb-ı revânun (143) Bilenler didi ahvâl-i cihânı Ganîmet mâlıdur fursat zamânı (144) Birinci Behişt: İlk bölüm ağırlıklı olarak ihlâs konusuna ayrılmıştır. İhlas kelimesi lügatte; “Halis, temiz doğru sevgi, gönülden gelen dostluk samimiyet doğruluk, bağlılık.”38 anlamlarıyla açıklanmıştır. İhlasın bir başka anlamı da; kulun Allah dışında hiç kimsenin rızasını gözetmeden riyasız, sadakat ile kulluğunu yerine getirmesidir: Eger ihlâs ile olursa tâ‘at Senündür iki ‘âlemde sa‘âdet (173) Şaire göre, iki cihanın saadetini kazanmak, ibadeti ihlas ile yapmaya bağlıdır. Virüp tohm anlara hüsn-i ‘amelden Didi koman bunı ölince elden (159) Burada “hüsn-i ‘amelden” maksat kulun ameline kötü olan hiçbir şey karıştırmaması ve davranışlarında daima iyi olana yönelmesidir. Başka bir deyişle insan hem kendisi hem de başkası için daima iyi olanı istemelidir. “İyi isteme, etkilerinden ve başardıklarından değil, yalnızca isteme olarak, yani kendi başına iyidir.39 “Bir kimsenin kendisi ile ilgili algılamaları ve kanaatleri onun benlik bilincini oluşturur. Olumlu benlik bilinci için koşulsuz sevgi (unconditioned love) gereklidir. Koşulsuz sevgi birey ne yaparsa yapsın onun sevgi ve saygıya layık olduğunun kabulüdür. Bu tür sevgi içinde büyüyenlerin benlik anlayışları, güçlü ve olumludur.”40 Beyite göre, Allah insanın mahiyetine güzel amelin tohumunu yerleştirmiştir. Kullarına ölünceye kadar bundan ayrılmamalarını tavsiye eder. Şair, yaratıcının kulundan beklentisini hatırlatmış, insanın kendinde gizli olan güzelliklerin farkına varmasını amaçlamıştır. Metnin devamında: Bunun cennetdedür hüsn-i simârı Tehî görme sakın bu kesb ü kârı (161) Beyiti ile “hüsn-i amel” in sonunda elde edilecek ödül açıklanır. Ödül cennet ve cennetteki “hüsn-i simârı” dır. yani engüzel cennet meyveleridir. Dünya gelip geçici bir mekan olduğundan insanın burayı vatan tutması doğru değildir. Ona bağlanmamak, nimetleri karşısında sarhoş olmamak, dünyayı mağlup etmek Hakk’ın buyruğudur : Ne lâzım biz vatan tutmak bu yurdı Anı ütmek gerek kim Hak buyurdı (162) Metnin devamında “amel” kavramı üzerinde durulur. Amel, kelime anlamık olarak; iş, amacı olan eylem anlamına gelir. Dini terminolojide ise amel, kişinin inancı doğrultusunda hareket etmesi, ibadetlerini İst. 2008. s. Atilla TEZEREN; “Zamanı Etken Kullanma”, Verimlilik(Aylık Bülten). Ank. 1988 C. 7, S.5, s. 8-12. 38 Ferit DEVELİOĞLU; Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lugat, Ank. 1986, s. 498. 39 Immanuel KANT; Ahlak Metafiziğinin Temellendirilmesi, Çev: İonna Kacuradi, Ank. 1982, s.8. 40 C.R.ROGERS; “A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the clientcentered framework.” In S. Koch (ed.). Psychology: A study of science. Mc Graw Hill. New York, 1961, pp. 184-256. 37 330 �yerine getirmesidir. Heşt Behişt’te “amel” konusunda zayıf olan kişi “müflis” yani her şeyini yitirmiş, olarak nitelendirilir. Böyleleri, ecel vakti geldiğinde zorluk çekecektir: Eger müflis be-kâr isen ‘amelde Göresin hâlüni rûz-ı ecelde (165) Eserde, İslâm’ın beş şartını yerine getirmenin önemi ve şartları yerine getirirken neye dikkat edilmesi gerektiği açıklanır. Kişi namaza girmeden önce dualarla abdest almalı, zihnini arındırmalı, namazı kuru bir şekil olarak değil samimi bir şekilde eda etmelidir: Du‘âlarla vuzûnı eyle tâze Hulûs ile şürû‘ eyle namâza (166) Zekat verilirken dikkat edilmesi gereken en önemli husus ise zekatın fakire “hüsn-i iltifat” edilmesidir. Zekat veren kişi muhatabını incitmeden zekatını vermeli, fakire iyi muamelede bulunmalıdır: Çıkarup virdügün vaktin zekâtı Fakîre eyle hüsn-i iltifâtı (166) Aşağıdaki beyitte, yapılacak yardımın riyasız yapılması gerektiği vurgulanarak yardımlaşmanın başka bir yönü üzerinde durulmuştur. Şair; “riyasız verilen yarım dilim ekmek, yardım edenin, devasız derde müptela olmuş hastasına deva vesilesi olur”,diyor. Meseleye hassas bir açıdan yaklaşarak sosyal yardımlaşmayı teşvik ediyor: Fakîre nîm nân virsen riyâsuz İrişür hastene sıhhat devâsuz (180) “Psikolojide Altruizm; kişiye maddi ya da manevi bir yük getirmesine rağmen diğerleri için gönüllü yardımlarda bulunması anlamına geliyor. Kendinden bir şeyler feda ederek diğerlerine yardımlarda bulunma davranışı içeriğinde genellikle empati barındırıyor. Empati, diğerlerinin duygularını anlayabilme ve olaylara onların penceresinden bakabilme anlamı taşıyor. Daha açık ifade edecek olursak, yardıma ihtiyacı bulunan kişilerin hissettiklerini anlayabilen ve kendisini onların yerine koyabilen birey, büyük yüklerin altına girme pahasına bile olsa onlara yardım etmeye devam ediyor.”41 Oruç tutan kişiye edilen tavsiye ise, dilini dedikodudan, gözünü de namahremden uzak tutması yönündedir: Oruc tutsan sakın gıybet sözinden Gözün hem sakla nâ-mahrem yüzinden (166) Hac ile ilgili tavsiyeler ise şöyledir. Ka’be ancak “safâ-yı hâtır” ile gidilecek bir mekandır. Lugatte safâ; gönül şenliği, ferahlık, hatır da; zihin, gönül, değer anlamına gelir. “safâ-yı hâtır” zihnin ve fikrin huzurlu olması, kaygı ve endişeden azade bulunması anlamında kullanılmıştır. Eğer bir kişi Kâbe’ye gitmeye niyet ederse önce zihnini temizlemeli, duru bir gönülle oraya gitmelidir. Gönlünde dünya endişesi taşımamalıdır: Tavâf-ı Ka‘beye niyyet idersen Safâ-yı hâtır ile git gidersen (169) “Birey, inandığı ve güvendiği aşkın varlığa karşı yaklaşma ve O’nunla bir iletişim kurma isteği içerisindedir. Bunu da ancak dinî davranış olarak dua, ibadet ve bir takım ayin ve törenlerle gerçekleştirebilir. Ünlü psikolog W. James’e göre; ihtiyaç anlamında duanın ortaya çıkması, bireyin psikolojik yapısındaki sosyal benliğiyle de ilgilidir. Bu bağlamda duada; kullanılan sözlerin o andaki ruh haline karşılık gelmesi ile kendini ilahi huzurda hissetme halinin elde edilmiş olması gibi iki önemli nokta vardır. Şayet bunlardan, sadece sözlerle ilgili olan kısım yerine getirilirse, bu büyü ve sihirle eş değer bir kategoride değerlendirilir. Oysaki duada asıl olan, bireyin aşkın varlıkla özel bir iletişim kurmasıdır.”42 Behiştî de eserinde muhataplarına bu doğrultuda öğütler verir. Onları, “salihat” a yani ibadet etmeye davet eder. “sâlihât” kavramı yapılan güzel işler, dine uygun ameller karşılığında kullanılmıştır. Şair “sâlihât” ı, sırasıyla; ilim, oruç ve namaz olarak açıklanmıştır. İlmin oruç ve namazdan önce kullanılmış olması ilme verilen değeri gösterir. Mesaj ibadetin ilmim ışığında yani bilerek 41 42 Tübitak Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi-Psikoloji Köşesi http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/gelisim/psikoloji/insan.htm Mustafa KOÇ; Ergenlik Döneminde Dua ve İbadet Psikolojisi Üzerine Teorik Bir Yaklaşım, Cumhuriyet Ünv. İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Sivas,200. 3C.VII / 1, s. 373-397 331 �yapılması konusunda yoğunlaşmıştır. İbadet konusunda önerilen başka bir husus da kendini zora sokmadan, özenle –ciddiyetle- , geçiştirmeden ibadet edilmesidir: Gücünce ihtimâm it sâlihâta Eger ‘ilme eger savm u salâta (171) Buraya kadar amelin önemi üzerinde duran Behiştî, okuyucunun dikkatini ameli tamamlayacak başka bir yöne çeker. Şaire göre, İnsan için sadece amel etmek yeterli değildir. Amel önemlidir ama onun yanında kişinin verdiği sözde durması, sözü yerinde, değerinde kullanması ve az konuşması da önemlidir: ‘Amel eyle ‘amel sözün söz olsun Çog olmaz ise az olsun öz olsun (172) İkinci Behişt: Bu bölümde edep konusu ele alınmıştır. Metinde edebin izahına girilmeden önce tekrar “iyilik” kavramının önemi hatırlatılır. İyilik eden iyilik bulur, güzel davranan güzel davranışla karşılanır, diyerek “edeb”in sadece kişinin kendine değil, topluma da faydalı olduğuna değinilir: İdenler eylük eylük bulı gelmiş Cezâ ihsâna ihsân olı gelmiş (294) Allah’a gerçek anlamda şükredenler ancak edep sahibi olanlardır. Edepsiz olan kişiler Allah indinde kovulmuş, dönek durumundadır. Dünyada edep ile hareket edenler hem dünyada hem de dünyada başarılı olacaktır: Edeb terk itmeyendür ana şâkir Olur merdûd edebsüz olsa zâkir (306) Edeb üzre olan fânî cihânda Muzaffer oldı hem bunda hem anda (307) Üçüncü Behişt: Cömertlik konusunun işlendiği bu behiştte vermenin önemine işaret edilmektedir. Bölüm Allah’ın “Cevâd” isminin vurgulandığı bir beyit ile başlar. Behiştî, sehâ yani cömertliği açıklarken “insan tabiatının yaratılışının zineti süsü” tabirini kullanır: Sehâ kim zînet-i tab‘-ı beşerdür Anun cûdı ziyâsından eserdür (414) Tüm kutsal dinlerde emredilen sabır, fedakarlık, cömertlik gibi duygular hayatın acı ve ızdıraplarını hafifleten, yaşam gücünü besleyen motive edici güçler olarak kişiyi psikolojik olarak koruyabilmekte43 ve bireyde mesuliyet duygusunu geliştirerek şahsiyet bütünlüğü sağlanmasına yol açmaktadır.44 Bu dünya üzerinde övgüye layık pek çok vasıf olabilir ama bu vasıfların en güzidesi en seçkini cömertliktir. Cömertlik kişiye dünyada toplum içinde itibar kazandıran bir özelliktir. Ahirete bakan yönüyle ise cömertlik, cennet bağlarında biten bir ağaç gibidir: Egerçi çokdur evsâf-ı hamîde Kamusından sehâvetdür güzîde (416) Sehâ kim halk içinde mu‘teberdür Cinân bâgında bitmiş bir şecerdür (418) Eserde insana cömertliğin önemi anlatılırken onu vermekten alı koyan makam-mansıp sevgisi ve gurur gibi olumsuz duygulara dikkat çekilir. Ölümün varlığı hatırlatılarak bunların değersizliği pekiştirilir: 43 Veysel UYSAL; Din Psikolojisi Açısından Dini Tutum, Davranış ve Şahsiyet Özellikleri, Marmara Ünv. Yayınları, İst. 1996, s. 123. 44 Amiran KURTKAN; Bilgiseven, Din Sosyolojisi, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul 1985, s. 18. 332 �Heves itme gurûr-ı tâc u tahta Gerekmez sana illâ iki tahta (424) İnsanoğlunu en fazla endişelendiren duygulardan birisi şüphesiz ayrılıktır. “Her insan sevdiği kişi ve mekanlardan ayrılmaktan korkar. Şair bu duygunun gücünü kullanarak cömertliğin önemini öne çıkarır: Kimün tab‘ında kim râsih ola cûd Firâk odına yakmaz anı Ma‘bûd (434) Aşağıdaki beyitte ayrılık-cömertlik münasebetinin başka bir yönü işlenmiştir. Behiştî, Allah ecel vakti geldiğinde, hayatını cömertlik ile geçiren kişinin kalbinde -dünyadan ayrılma ile ilgili- bir hasret bir acı bırakmaz, diyerek etkili bir anlatım ile muhataplarını cömertliğe yönlendirir: İrüp rûz-ı ecel itdükde rıhlet Sehâ anun komaz kalbinde hasret (437) Eserde, cömertlik vasfına sahip olanlara “bey gibi dirlik” verileceğini söylenerek, kişiye, verdiklerinden dolayı malının eksilmeyeceği bilakis daha da artacağı müjdesini verilir. Burada eğitim açısından “dirlik” kelimesinin özenle seçildiği aşikardır. Dirlik kelimesi, varlıklı olmak yanında sağlıklı ve huzurlu olma gibi pek çok pozitif anlamı da içerir: Şu kim ana sehâ vasfı virildi Cihânda beg gibi dirlik dirildi (438) Dördüncü Behişt: Melik oldur ki mülkidür bu ‘âlem ‘İbâdıdur anun evlâd-ı Âdem (521) Beyiti bu bölümün ilk beyitidir. Beyit Alah’ın “Melik” Malın gerçek sahibi, padişah sultan anlamına gelen ismiyle başlar. Behiştî, devamında dünyanın geçiciliğine işaret eder. Uyanık olan kişi bu alçak dünyanın sundukları karşısında sarhoş olmaz, onun büyü ve hilesine kanmaz, der: Cihâna geldi niçe merd-i huşyâr Yolında itmedi mestâne reftâr (524) Fenâsın anladı dünyâ-yı dûnun Zebûnı olmadı mekr ü füsûnun (525) Daha sonra kişiye tevekkülde sebat edip iradesini kullanması tavsiye edilir. Böylece insanın özü imanın nuru ile aydınlanır: Tevekkülde sebât üstine oldı Derûnı nûr-ı îmân ile toldı (529) Beşinci Behişt: Beşinci bölümde; sıkıntılar karşısında insanın nasıl bir tavır takınacağı ve bunların nasıl aşılacağı izah edilir. Metne göre Allah’ın celali içinde cemali gizlidir. Kış mevsiminden sonra muhakkak bahar gelecektir. Hakikat yoluna girenler hadiselerin arkasındaki hikmete nazar eder : Celâlinde cemâlin gizlemişdür Sülûk erbâbı anı izlemişdür (646) Şitâsınun sonında var bahârı Güle râgıb olan anar mı hârı (648) Dünya musibetleri aslında bir imtihandan ibarettir. Allah lütfuna mazhar etmek için imtihanı bahane eder: Çeker bir bendesini imtihâna İder eltâfına anı bahâne (649) 333 �Altıncı Behişt: Bu bölümde; ölümsüzlüğün sadece Allah’a mahsus olduğundan, onun dışında var olan her şeyin gelip geçici olduğundan bahsedilir. İnsan ne kadar yaşasa da eninde sonunda yaşlanacak ve hayata veda edecektir: Beşer etfâl iken âhir olur pîr Nazar kıl var ise idrâk ü tedbîr (762) Gülün evrâkı olmaz mı perîşân Anunçün eylemez mi bülbül efgân (763) Yedinci Behişt: Bu dünyada gerçek mutluluğa ulaşmak Allah’ın emrine itaat edip, emrine hizmet etmekten geçer: Sa‘âdet ana hıdmet eylemekdür Her emrine itâ‘at eylemekdür (861) Erenler masivadan uzaklaşıp, gönüllerinden hırsı uzaklaştırır ve nefsin arzularını terk ederler: Gönül geçmek gerek hırs u hevâdan Erenler el çeküpdür mâ-sivâdan (866) Aşağıdaki beyitte insan, için dünya lezzetlerinden dolayı gurura kapılmaması, konusunda ikaz edilir: Gurûra virmesün lezzât-ı dünyâ Sakın bu çâhdan oldunsa bînâ (866) Dünya gibi kısa ve geçici bir mekan için zahmet çekmek, üzülmek gereksiz bir uğraştan ibarettir: Biş on yıl ‘ömre aldanmak gereksüz Anunçün odlara yanmak gereksüz (875) Sekizin Behişt: Şair, eserin son bölümü olan bu bölüme çalışmanın önemi vurgulayarak başlar: Kişi dünyâda sa‘y itmek gerekdür Yolun togrısına gitmek gerekdür (988) Bölümde ağırlıklı olarak işlenen konu ise peygamber sevgisi ve ona tabi olmanın önemidir : Mahabbet itdi her kim enbiyâya Mukayyed olmadı sûrî gınâya (994) Kişi, peygamberi sahabe gibi aşk ile sevmelidir. Çünkü onu seven hiç kimse bu dünyada rahmetten mahrum olmamıştır: Olup dîdâra ‘âşık âb gibi Resûlu’llâhı sev ashâb gibi (994) Behiştî; “Hâtimetü’l Kitâb” bölümünde şiirinde sanata ve süse önem vermediğini, eseri yazmadaki asıl amacının şöhret değil nasihat etmek olduğunu, söyler. Yazdıklarında suretten yani sanat yapmaktan daha çok anlama önem verdiğini vurgular: Hudânun fazlıdur bu nazm u tertîb Buna lâzım degüldür nakş u tezhîb (1097) Nasîhatdür garaz şöhret degüldür Gereklü ma‘nîdür sûret degüldür (1098) 334 �Sonuç olarak; “Gerek Türk edebiyatı tarihi, gerekse divan edebiyatı hakkında yapılacak ilmî araştırmaların sıhhati öncelikle bu edebiyatı meydana getiren edebî eserlerin sağlam metinlerinin kurulmasına bağlıdır. Titizlik ve sabır gerektiren bu çalışmaların bir hayli zaman süreceği ve hala bilinmeyen birtakım eski eser ve nüshaların ortaya çıkmakta olduğu düşünülürse, divan edebiyatı hakkında son sözü söylemenin, isabetli hükmü vermenin henüz erken olduğu daha da açıklık kazanır.45 Altı asır hüküm süren klasik edebiyatın divanları yanında farklı eserler de incelenmeli, bu edebiyat her yönüyle ele alınmalı ve bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Sadece Arap ve Acem taklidi olarak zihinlerde yer eden eski edebiyatımız yeni nesillerin zihninde ancak o zaman hak ettiği değeri bulacaktır. Klasik edebiyat metinleri hakkında, disiplinler arası çalışmalar hız kazanmalı, metinler mutlaka ilgili disiplinlerin dikkatine arz edilmelidir. Böylece bilim dalları, tarihte kendilerini ilgilendiren meselelerden ve gelişmelerden haberdar olacaktır. Geçmişin zenginliklerini yansıtan bu çalışmalar, aynı zamanda yeni nesle mensup oldukları kültür adına özgüven kazandıracaktır. Çalışmamıza konu olan Behiştî’nin “Heşt Behişt” mesnevisi de birçok açıdan günümüzde kullanılabilecek geçerliliği olan nasihatlere sahip önemli bir edebi eserdir. “Heşt Behişt” Klasik Türk edebiyatının eğitimle, dolayısıyla hayatla içiçeliğine güzel bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Bu eser, eğitimde rahatlıkla kullanılabilecek niteliktedir. Eserde, psikoloji, sosyoloji, felsefe vb. bir çok bilimin konusuna giren meselelere çözüm önerileri getirilmiştir. Eserden edebiyatçılar dışında, başta eğitimciler olmak üzere, psikolog ve sosyologların da yararlanabileceği söylenebilir. Kaynakça BİLKAN, Ali Fuat; Nâbî Hikmet-Şair-Tarih, Akçağ Y, Ank.1998. BORA, Aykut; Tübitak Bilim biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/gelisim/psikoloji/insan.htm ve Teknik Dergisi-Psikoloji Köşesi http:// www. DEVELİOĞLU, Ferit; Osmanlıca- Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lugat, Aydın Kitabevi, Ank. 1986. DOĞAN, M. Nur; I.Uluslar arası Klasik Türk Edebiyatı Sempozyumu İst. 1999. ELİOT, Thomas Stearns; Şiirin Toplumsal Görevi, Türk Dili, Eleştiri Özel Sayısı, Çev: Nur DERİŞ,Ank. 1971. GOVAN, MC, T. GUZZETTİ, B; “ Edebiyat Temelli Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretimi”, Çev: Ahmet DOĞANAY, Çukurova Ünv. Türkoloji Araştırmaları Merkezi http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr. İPEKTEN, Haluk; Eski Türk Edebiyatı Nazım Şekilleri ve Aruz, İst. 2008. KANT, İmmanuel; Ahlak Metafiziğinin Temellendirilmesi, Çev: İonna Kacuradi, Ank. 1982. KOÇ, Mustafa; “Ergenlik Döneminde Dua ve İbadet Psikolojisi Üzerine Teorik Bir Yaklaşım”, Cumhuriyet Ünv. İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Sivas,2003. KURNAZ, Cemal; Divan Şiirinde Belge Redifler, Yedi İklim X/67 (Ekim), Ank.1995. KURTKAN, Amiran; Bilgiseven, Din Sosyolojisi, Filiz Kitabevi, İst. 1985. LEVEND, A. Sırrı; Divan Edebiyatı Kelimeler ve Remizler Mazmunlar ve Mefhumlar, Enderun Kitabevi, İst. 1984. ROGERS, Carl Ransom; “A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the clientcentered framework.” In S. Koch (ed.).Psychology: A study of science. Mc Graw Hill., New York, 1961. ŞENTÜRK, Ahmet Atilla; Klasik Osmanlı Edebiyatı Işığında Eski Adetler ve Günlük Hayattan Sahneler I-II Türk Dili Dergisi, 1993, Ayrıca Cem Dilçin “Türk Kültürünün Kaynağı Olarak Divan Şiiri”, Türk Dili S.571,1999,; Asra Kadar Anadolu Sahası Mesnevilerinde Edebî Tasvirler, Kitabevi Y., İst. 2002. TEZEREN, Atilla; “Zamanı Etken Kullanma”, Verimlilik(Aylık Bülten). Ank. 1988. TİMURTAŞ, F.Kadri; Harnâme, Makaleler (Dil ve Edebiyat Yazıları), AKMY, Ank. 1997. 45 A.Atilla ŞENTÜRK; XVI. Asra Kadar Anadolu Sahası Mesnevilerinde Edebî Tasvirler, Kitabevi Y., İst. 2002, s. XV. 335 �UYSAL,Veysel; Din Psikolojisi Açısından Dini Tutum, Davranış ve Şahsiyet Özellikleri, Marmara Ünv.Yayınları, İst. 1996. YALOM, Irvin. D.; Güneşe Bakmak Ölümle Yüzleşmek. (çev: Zeliha İyidoğan Babayiğit) Kabalcı Y. İst. 2008. YENİTERZİ, Emine; Behiştî’nin Heşt Behişt Mesnevisi, Kitabevi Yayınları, İst. 2001. 336 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 386 Title A name given to the resource Klasik Türk Edebiyatında Eğitim Bağlamında Behiştî’nin “Heşt Behişt” Mesnevisi Author Author ÖZCAN, Nurgül Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3d4f68b1e54232298da36f22555de425.pdf 76e273b9623bae2620381d4a90d2b132 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Telecommunication Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina: An Overview Telecommunication, Regulation & Sustainable Development Oğuzhan ÖZALTIN Ph.D. Student, Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Public Administration, Isparta / TURKEY, oguzhan@oguzhanozaltin.com Aykut SEZGĐN Research Assistant, Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Economics, Isparta / TURKEY, asezgin@iibf.sdu.edu.tr Onur DEMĐREL Research Assistant, Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Economics, Isparta / TURKEY, onurdemirel@yahoo.com Abstract: The aim of the study is to investigate the telecommunication sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina with respect to the liberalisation process mentioned by the Public Governance Committee of the OECD and the sustainable development goals introduced by the World Bank. It is analyzed that how telecommunication sector has been regulated in the post-war period, the sectoral structure, legal infrastructure and regulatory agency characteristics are represented and finally a SWOT analysis is made for the telecommunication sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Communication Regulatory Agency. Keywords: Regulation, telecommunication sector, sustainable development, Bosnia and Herzegovina Introduction Current discourse is the importance of competition in any sector. It is expected from nation-states that they replace their competition policies with more liberal ones. In other words, the role of the states is expected to be ‘mediator state’. States will delegate their regulatory and supervisory authorities to autonomous administrative authorities. In this way, the wealth of the citizens will foster. In order to experience such a wealth increase monopolistic sectors should be transformed into oligopolistic markets. Then, these oligopolistic markets shall approach to perfect competition. It is the case also for the telecommunication sector. The sector is generally under governmental monopoly or has oligopolistic features. Therefore, the regulation and supervision shall be performed by autonomous administrative authorities. Telecommunication and Regulation in Bosnia and Herzegovina a. A Historical Overview During the first phase of postwar reconstruction in BiH, broadcasting regulation was split between two agencies: the Independent Media Commission (IMC), responsible for licensing radio and television stations, program monitoring and establishing codes of practice, and the Telecommunications Regulatory Agency (TRA), responsible for telecommunications and frequency management. The High Representative merged the two agencies in March 2001, creating the Communications Regulatory Agency (Regulatorna Agencija za Komunikacije-RAK), that has responsibility for both broadcasting and telecommunications areas (CARDS, 2006). Currently there are three telecom enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina. These are BH Telecom, Telekom Srpske and HT Mostar. BH telecom, headquartered in Sarajevo, is a “joint-stock” company, principally divided into four primary service units: (FIPA, 2005) • Fixed telephony BH Telecom; • Mobile telephony GSM BIH; 450 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo • • Internet service BIHNET; Data transmission BIHPAK. Figure 1: Historical Progress of Former PTT in Bosnia and Herzegovina Source: CARDS, 2006. The company employs about 3,000 personnel at the total and provides 22 direct connections with foreign operators, providing a total capacity of 3,471 channels and also direct connections with Bosnia’s other two incumbents, Telekom Srpske (494 voice channels) and HT Mostar (214 voice channels). BH Telecom has commercial roaming contracts with 127 world GSM operators, in 59 countries on all five continents. BH Telecom continues to expand its BIHNET Internet service with subscriber access to broadband capacity via leased lines and ADSL access (FIPA, 2005). Ownership Structure Pre-Privatization 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 10 20 25 90 80 75 Figure 2: Ownership Structure of Dominant Telecommunication Companies before Privatization BH-Telecom HT-Mostar Telekom Source: Cullen International, Country Comparative Report, 2005. Telekom Srpske, headquartered in Banja Luka, employs about 2,400 personnel, and provides its present subscriber base of 275,000 with direct switch links to Serbia-Montenegro, Germany, Slovenia, Croatia, Austria, Italy, and Switzerland. HT Mostar is the second of two telecoms operating in the Federation BiH. HT Mostar was legally established as a limited liability company, with the Federation government owning about 80% of the company capital, the remaining 20% is privately owned capital (currently 37% of the company is private). At present, HT Mostar provides only fixed line telephony and Internet connectivity services. The company possesses about 130,000 fixed line subscribers and Internet subscribers (dial-up and broadband). In 2002, HT Mostar’s GSM operations were spun-off into a separate operating entity, ERONET, but there are now attempts underway to remerge together the two corporate entities (FIPA, 2005). 451 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Ownership Structure After Privatization 100% 10 80% 37 35 63 65 60% 90 40% 20% 0% Figure 3: Ownership Structure of Dominant Telecommunication Companies after Privatization Source: CARDS, 2006. Elektroprivreda is Bosnia-Herzegovina’s largest power utility incumbent, which possesses a substantial, and growing telecommunications infrastructure primarily to support the power utility’s generation, transmission, and distribution operations. About 2,000 kilometres of fibre optic cable capacity has been thus far installed by Elektroprivreda, and the company is now installing an additional 2,000 kilometres of fibre optic capacity. In late 2004, Elektroprivreda was awarded an independent telecommunications operator license, which allows the company to develop commercial applications of its excess capacity (FIPA, 2005). As the number of issued licences for fixed operators (13 licences) are much higher than the number of operators operating currently (3 operators), it may be claimed that the telecommunication market in BiH is going to liberalize in 2007, marking the entrance of new players, and therfore distrurbing the position of the dominat operators. The fixed operators also operate as mobile operators and they are the only companies. BH Telecom whose network covers 87,89% of the population and 96% of the roads specified in the licence annex has been operating since 1996. Telekom Srpske whose services reach 95,2% of the population and 95,6% of the roads has been operating since 1999. HT Mostar was launched in 2000 and covers 98,6% of the population and 96% of the overall networks of roads (CARDS, 2006). Infrastructure providers 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 143 64 3 3 40 40 39 Figure 4: Quantities of Infrastructure Providers in Bosnia and Herzegovina Source: Cullen International, Country Comparative Report, 2005. Although the licenses are nationwide licences, they operate mainly on geographic basis. Telekom Srpske serves Republic Srpska and BH Telecom serves the north-east part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of the end of 2007, there were 60 licenced Internet providers in BiH (CARDS, 2006). 452 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo b. Statistics Fixed Telephone Penetration (number of connections per 100 inhabitans) 28 26 23,63 24 24,48 24,76 25,2 25,46 22,35 22 205: Fixed Telephone Penetration in Bosnia and Herzegovina Figure Source: CARDS, 2006. The population of BiH is 4,672,165 as of 2007 and the per capita national income adjusted by purchasing power is about USD 6,600. The number of Internet users is about 950,000 at the end of 2007, with a penetration rate of 27.25%. The rate for fixed telephone lines is 26.41%. The broadband penetration rate is only 1.02% as of 2006. The average rate for broadband penetration is 18% for Europe. The number of XDSL lines in 21,664. The dominant technology in the country is XDSL and cable networks follows. There are 52 ISSs in BiH. Mobile penetration rate is 63.29% in the year 2007 (SAS, 2008). Mobile Penetration (number of subscribers per 100 inhabitans) 80 63,29 60 36,62 41,48 48,77 40 20 0 6: Mobile Penetration in Bosnia and Herzegovina Figure Source: CARDS, 2006. 453 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Penetration of Internet Users 30 24,5 20,8 25 20 15,1 15 10 7 4 5 Figure0 7: Penetration of Internet Users in Bosnia and Herzegovina Source: CARDS, 2006. c. Legal Structure The frame of the legal structure in Bosnia and Herzegovina is constructed through the Law on Communications (Official Gazette, no. 31/2003). The law entered into force in 2002 and confirmed the authorization and responsibilities of the RAK. The Law adopts a convergent approach with a wide scope including telecommunications, radio, broadcasting (including cable television) and connected services and facilities. According to the Law the broadcasting segment of the communication sector is defined as “any pointto-multipoint emission of signs, signals, text, images, sounds or data by wire, optical fibre, radio, or any other electromagnetic means intended for general reception by the public by means of receivers adapted for the purpose” and “any legal or physical person providing broadcasting”. The Law also defines a number of fundamental regulatory principles that in turn assign the scope of the actions of the RAK, such as: • The protection of freedom of expression and diversity of opinion while respecting common standards of decency, non-discrimination, fairness, accuracy, and impartiality; • The development of professional and viable commercial and public broadcasters with the intention of striking an appropriate balance within the two; • The principle that broadcasters shall be separated from political control and manipulation; • Licenses shall be awarded on the basis of a process by which appropriate professional standards of program content, technical operation and financing are ensured; • Broadcast advertising shall be regulated so as to be consistent with the best European practice. In accordance with the Bosnia and Herzegovina Law on Communications, and related to the regulatory work in the field of creating bylaws, the RAK has created a number of various codes, rules and guidelines so far. The Broadcasting Code of Practice and the Advertising and Sponsorship Code are of most important. During 2006, the process of matching the Advertising and Sponsorship Code with European regulation has been completed, as well as the harmonization of the Broadcasting Code of Practice with the EU principles. The Law on Public Broadcasting System of Bosnia and Herzegovina was passed by the Bosnia and Herzegovina Parliamentary Assembly on October 5, 2005. It was adopted in January 2006. As a member of the Council of Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina ratified the European Convention on Trans-frontier Television in 2005, which establishes fundamental rules concerning the content of television transmission and specifically, among others, advertising and tele-shopping, protection of minors and right of reply (Marko, 2008). d. Regulatory Institution The institution in charge of regulating the communication sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is the Communication Regulatory Agency (RAK). It was established in March 2001 by the decision of the High Representative that merges the competencies of two regulatory authorities, namely the Independent Media Commission and the Telecommunications Regulatory Agency. This was the first step for a unique regulator in the region that would regulate the whole communication sector, including the radio frequency spectrum (Marko, 2008). 454 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The main duties of the RAK: • to spread rules on broadcasting and telecommunications, and ensure obedience thereto; • to license broadcasters and telecommunications operators pursuant to the provisions of the Law, and monitor their compliance with license conditions; • to plan, manage, allocate and assign the frequency spectrum and monitor the use of it as well as to maintain and publish a frequency usage plan for the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina; • to require the disclosure of such information as is necessary for the due performance of its regulatory obligations; • to apply technical and quality standards, for instance, to ensure interconnection and functionality of public telecommunications networks and services; • to establish and maintain a technical license-fee-system for both broadcasting and telecommunications; • such other duties that are assigned to it under the Law. In order to assure the efficiency of the actions of the RAK the Law attributes an enforcement power including the competence to impose sanctions in case of breaches of the Law or RAK decisions. Also, if a telecommunications or broadcasting network or service is being operated without a license, the Agency has the power to take all necessary steps to stop the activity of such operations. In case of different violations, oral and written warnings; inspection of licensed facilities; demands for action or cessation; financial penalty up to €75,000; order the interruption of broadcasting or the provision of telecommunications services for a period not exceeding three months; revocation of a license are the measures that the RAK may apply (Marko, 2008). Telecommunication-Regulation and Sustainable Development Providing access to the Internet may help to overcome at least some of the problems faced in the development of rural areas. ICT offer the possibility of a very inexpensive access to government information, a simple tool for marketing of agricultural produce, exchange of the market information, better financial support of the agricultural sector, distance education etc. In addition, a better quality of life and improved living standards for the poorest sections of the society would in part result from the expected lowering of the costs of administrative services (fees, access to information, the dissemination of and the increase in the number of services accessible to this social strata, through universally accessible service) (World Bank, 2004). Macroeconomic data is beginning to demonstrate that the expansion and increased sophistication of the ICT sector is vital for the self-sustainability and growth of the country’s overall economy. Government fiscal and FDI policies are beginning to address the issues of encouraging long-term investments in both technology and knowledge. In particular, the government has recently approved a wideranging Information Society Strategy and Action Plan, and established a state-level agency to coordinate the Information Society agenda. One of the most profound influences to the overall economic landscape and to the ICT sector in particular, is Bosnia’s commitment to obtain EU Integration status by 2014. Substantial policy reforms and essential market standards are expected to dramatically expand the economic opportunities for both domestic and foreign investors. A number of the country’s larger economic producers, including the telecommunications incumbents, are scheduled to undergo privatization within 2006-08. Further, Bosnia’s Communications Regulatory Agency (www.rak.ba) whose mission is to facilitate a proper and effective policy environment for the sector, has established a reputation for independence (FIPA, 2005). Recently, the telecoms and energy incumbents have undertaken the responsibility to join together with other leading companies, university programs, and the SME sector to stimulate economic growth, particularly in the fields of R&D and ICT. On a more commercial level, ICT is beginning to experience convergence throughout multiple economic and social sectors. Particularly in the e-banking, e-education, and e-government sectors, ICT goods and value-added services possess substantial growth potential. FDI specifically targeting the ICT sector is already developing, and the success stories clearly demonstrate that the ICT sector is shaping up to be a priority sector for FDI (FIPA, 2005). SWOT Analysis of Telecommunication and Regulation in Bosnia and Herzegovina Strengths: • The independent status of the RAK is well established, in particular the legal arrangements regarding their financial independence and the appointment of its Director General. 455 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo • • • Progress has been made regarding information society services. Bosnia and Herzegovina has ratified the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime. Legislation on electronic commerce has also been passed. The e-signature law was adopted in November 2006. Some progress has been made as regards audiovisual policy and media, in particular in approximating Bosnia and Herzegovina's legislation to the European Convention on Transfrontier Television. The Advertising and Sponsorship Code has been revised in accordance with the Convention. The RAK has also started the revision of the Broadcasting Code of Practice (Commission of the European Communities, 2007: 46). With regard to foreign direct investments, the legal framework gives guarantees to foreign investors willing to entry in the BiH markets (CARDS, 2006). Weaknesses: • • • • • • However, the three incumbent telecom operators (Telekom Srpske, BH Telecom and HT Mostar) still enjoy de facto monopolies of fixed network operations in their respective operating areas (CARDS, 2006). The outdated infrastructure, the monopolistic character of the market, the lack of a clear legislative framework, and the inexperience of the operations of a free market are all shared obstacles (Verikoukis et al., 2004). The RAK needs to be better equipped in terms of human resources to be able to promote competition in the market, in particular by improving the market conditions for alternative operators and by ensuring the introduction and implementation of the necessary competitive safeguards. The capacity of the relevant sections in the Ministry of Transport and Communications also need to be strengthened. No progress has been made to transform the Citizens Identity Protection System Directorate into a Statelevel Agency for Information Society in charge of implementing the Strategy for Information Society and its Action Plan, as well as of coordinating related activities throughout the country. The implementing of e-signature law through by-laws still needs to be adopted. Legislation for conditional access services has not yet been adopted. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has been unable to adopt the necessary public broadcasting legislation and the implementation public broadcasting reform continues to be delayed. Bosnia and Herzegovina is not a party to the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity. Ratifying this Convention is necessary for Bosnia and Herzegovina's participation in media related Community Programmes (Commission of the European Communities, 2007). Opportunities: • In the light of BH strategies, it’s also expected to have a crucial impact in providing to foreign investors the picture of open and attractive market (CARDS, 2006). • The high probability of becoming a member of EU. • Rich cultural diversity. Threats: • • • • Although the Feasibility Study has identified significant progress that was made by BiH in terms of the telecommunication sector reform, the EU still sees a need for a more intensive cooperation, primarily in the area of continued harmonization with the “Acquis Communitaire”. One area of special importance is the continued improvement of legislative, regulative and institutional solutions in the area of ICT and postal services, gradual liberalization, development of an investment friendly environment, and implementation of European standards. The cooperation in the domain of strengthening the ICT infrastructure would assist the development of informatic society in BiH. The Stability and Association Agreement (SAA) is only the starting point in resolving some specific problems and it may serve as a channel for expansion of cooperation in the ICT field (World Bank, 2004). The possible adoption of the draft Law on Wages and Allowances, which would bring the RAK within the civil service, could hinder RAK's independence (Commission of the European Communities, 2007). A major issue is the difficulty in finding a right balance between the levels of wholesale prices (which need to be cost oriented) with correspondent retail prices not yet fully rebalanced. Although a smooth path towards LLU regulation can be agreed, nevertheless, it’s important to provide a clear and reliable timescale of future development of the regulatory framework (CARDS, 2006). 456 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Conclusion and Policy Recommendations Only in late 2000 Bosnia and Herzegovina as a country had really started to consider aspects and ramifications of ICT, a field where it still lags behind, not only in comparison with the developed countries of Europe and the rest of the world, but also with most transition countries. There are neither strategic guidelines nor policies aimed at strengthening the awareness of the Bosnian society with regards to the necessity of the broadest application of ICT and their possibilities. The existing legislation is not up to date with the job market, nor does it address the new challenges created by it. The sector of telecommunication infrastructure has been reduced to the telecom operators and their technical and technological development. Liberalization of this market has become a much politicized issue, although liberalization is already present in many segments, for instance, in provision of mobile telephone services. On the other hand, due to significant omissions and lack of regulation in the communication sector, the behaviour of telecom operators in some segments of the business has been unprecedented (World Bank, 2004). Ensuring the independence of the Agency (including maintaining their financial independence and the respect of the procedures in the appointment of the Director General) is of crucial importance to the development of the broadcasting and (tele)communications market (Commission of the European Communities, 2007). As aforementioned, the penetration rates for fixed telephone lines, mobile telephones and Internet have been linearly increasing. However, the private sector ownership of the operators does not increase with the same pace. For instance, as can be seen from Figures 2 and 3, the private sector ownership of BH Telecom remains the same but in the cases of Telekom Srpske and HT Mostar private sector ownerships increase. Yet, the state of BiH still has an ownership of more than 50% at all three companies. This, in turn, reveals that telecommunication sector in BiH has an image of oligopolistic character but operates under the conditions of monopolistic market. As a result, despite the dominant discourse in favour of private sector ownership, the dominance of state ownership in BiH still lasts and therefore liberalisation process has a lot to do. On the other hand, only 2 decades after the fall of real socialism in the territory, the degree of liberalisation so far may be perceived as a success. References CARDS (European Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation Programme), (2006), Overview of the Communications Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Harmonization with the EU Standards and the Role of the Communications Regulatory Agency. Commission of the European Communities, (2007), Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007 Progress Report, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2007-2008, Brussels, [http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2007/nov/bosnia_herzegovina_progress_reports_en.pdf], last access: May 19th, 2009. Cullen International, (2005), Supply of Services in Monitoring of South East Europe – Telecommunication Services Sector and Related Aspects. FIPA (Foreign Investment Promotion Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina), (2005), Bosnia and Herzegovina ICT Sector Profile, Sarajevo. Marko, D., (2008), The Impact of the EU Audiovisual Media Services (AVMS) Directive on Freedom of Speech in the PostCommunist Democracies of Central and South Eastern Europe, South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM), Sarajevo. SAS (Sektörel Araştırma ve Stratejiler Dairesi Başkanlığı), (2008), Dünya Telekomünikasyon ve Bilgi Teknolojileri Pazarları, [http://www.tk.gov.tr/Yayin/Raporlar/2008/DunyaTelekomunikasyonPazari-25-03-08.pdf], last access: May 19th, 2009. Verikoukis, CH., Z. Mili, I. Konstas and P. Angelidis, (2004), “Overview on Telecommunications Regulation Framework in Southeastern Europe”, IEEE MELECON, Dubrovnik, Croatia, [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1347003&isnumber=29653], last access: May 19th, 2009. World Bank, (2004), Bosnia and Herzegovina Joint IDA-TMF Staff Assessment of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Report No: 29034-BH, [http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/05/25/000090341_20040525102031/Rendered/IND EX/29034.txt], last access: May 19th, 2009. 457 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 292 Title A name given to the resource Telecommunication Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina: An Overview Telecommunication, Regulation & Sustainable Development Author Author ÖZALTIN, Oğuzhan SEZGiN, Aykut DEMiREL, Onur Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of the study is to investigate the telecommunication sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina with respect to the liberalisation process mentioned by the Public Governance Committee of the OECD and the sustainable development goals introduced by the World Bank. It is analyzed that how telecommunication sector has been regulated in the post-war period, the sectoral structure, legal infrastructure and regulatory agency characteristics are represented and finally a SWOT analysis is made for the telecommunication sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Communication Regulatory Agency. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0653405820017109f5c622c09da2fe51.pdf 70337816cd03196af15d6b165a14d943 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Stabilization Of Carbon Dioxide In The Flue Gas With Ulexite Meh met Çopur* Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey mcopur@atauni.edu.tr M. M. Kocakerim Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey mkerim @atauni.edu.tr Ruşen Guliyev Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey rusen1985 @yahoo.com Abstract: Turkey is the country having the largest boron reserves in the world. 72% of the world boron reserves is in Turkey. Commercial boron ores include colemanite, tincal and ulexite in Turkey. +3 mm ulexite fraction produced in ulexite concentration plant is exported, but -3 mm fraction, which has 16.6 % B2O3 cannot be sold and is piled up in the mine area. The Taguchi method has been used to determine optimum conditions for stabilization of CO2 gas with ulexite. Chosen experimental parameters and their ranges were (i) reaction temperature, 5-40 °C; (ii) solid-to-liquid ratio (in weight), 0.1-0.5; (iii) ; (iv) mean particle size; -600 -150 µm; (v) stirring speed, 300-700 rpm; (vi) reaction time, 15-120 min. The optimum conditions were found to be reaction temperature, 40 °C; solid-to-liquid ratio, 0.1; mean particle size, -150 µm; stirring speed, 500 rpm and reaction time, 90 min. Under these optimum conditions and 29.78 L CO2/kg ulexite was stabilized. Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have the largest share of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases associated with global warming (IPCC 2001). CO2 is a effective greenhouse gas and the dominant contributorto anthropogenic climate change. Since the Industrial Revolution (i.e., about 1750), global atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have risen about 36 percent(IPCC 2007), principally due tothe combustion offossilfuels. Globally, approximately 29,195 million ton of CO2 were added to the atmosphere through the combustion of fossilfuelsin 2006(EPA, 2009). Fossilfuel burning power plants among largest CO2 emission worldwide(30%); otherlarge sources include cement plants(6%), steel mills(6%) and hydrogen production facilities(1%). Many studies have been accomplished in favor of CO2 removal from the gases. A number of CO2 capturing and removal processes and models have been developed to reduce CO2 in the fuel gases. In a research, NH3 and monoethanolamine (MEA) were used to determine the absorption capacity for CO2 removal effect. It has been determined that the solution of NH3 was more effective than that of the MEA solution to remove CO2 greenhouse gases under similar conditions. The MEA removal process yield was found 94 % and absorption capacity was 0,40 kg CO2/kg MEA, and the NH3 removal process yield was found 99 % and adsorption capacity was 1,20 kg CO2/kg NH3(Yeh and Baiu,1999). It has been reported that, N H3 effect and system performance of process parameters have been investigated in a CO2 absorption removal process at different conditions. The CO2 gas was supplied to the system continuously, formation of ammonium bicarbonate has been occurred through the trials and removal of the CO2 has been successfully observed.(Diao, 2004). A laboratory size spray dryer has been used in another research in different experimental conditions to determine the effecting parameters of CO2 removal. Best yield was acquired at the conditions of 150 o C 48% spray dryer, 10%NaOH + 5% Ca(OH)2 (Chen,2005). Modeling techniques have been used to calculatethe cost and performance of capturing and storing of CO2 from fuel gas of power plants. The research demonstrated thatthe expenses would be increased to excessive coststo reach the 85-90% yield of CO2 capture and storage (Rubin,2007). Fossil fuels provide alarge, affordable source of energy thatislimited by environmentalimpacts rather than resource constraints(Lee,1976). 157 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo As CO2 removalis getting more and more important,the removal process cost has been found a limiting parameter. The objective of Kyoto Protocol is the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system (UNFCC, 2005) Therefore developing reasonable removal methods have become a purpose for the researchers. In this research a novel reasonable method has been developed for the CO2 removal by using an unusable squander ulexite ore. M aterial Preparation and Experimental Method Approximately 16.6% ulexide under 3mm sieve from Eti Mine in Bigadiç has been used in the experimental trials. The ulexide samples powdered and sieved. The powders were fractioned to -600 ,-355, 250,-180 and-150 µ m. Volumetric and gravimetric methods have been used to determine the chemical compositions ofthe samples which are given in Table 1. H2 O 17.12 B2 O3 16.6 Na2 O Mg O Al2 O3 SiO2 SO4 CaO 4.20 7.72 0.42 13.22 0.22 25.62 Table 1. The chemical composition of ulexite used in study Fe2 O3 0.18 SrO 1.41 The com mercial CO2 gas was supplied from HABAS Company-Turkey. The experiments have been carried out in a 500 ml glass reactor under atmospheric pressure. The temperature of the reactor was controlled by a thermostatic controller at predetermined temperatures.300 ml distilled water was used to for each reaction trial and the water was saturated with CO2 gas. A water cooled glass cooler was used to recover the vaporized water from the reactor. When the reactor content was reached the desired temperature, a predetermined amount of the fractioned ulexite was added to the saturated aqueous media ofthe reactor while stirring at predetermined mixing speed and supplying 30 ml/min CO2 gas into the reactor. At the end of each trialthe reaction media was filtered and B2 O3 analysis has been carried outin solution. Taguchi method Taguchi method is a systematic application of design and analysis of experiments for the purpose of designing and improving product quality. There are two differences of this method from other statistical experimental design methods. First, parameters affecting an experiment can be investigated as controlling and not controlling (noise factor). Second, this method can be used to investigate the parameters for more than two levels(Çopur,1997). The use of the parameter design in the Taguchi method to optimize a process with multiple performance characteristics includes the following steps: (a) to identify the performance characteristics and select process parameters to be evaluated; (b) to determine the number of parameter levels for the process and possible interaction between the process parameters; (c) to select the appropriate orthogonal array (OA) and assignment of process parameters to the orthogonal array; (d) to conduct the experiments based on the arrangement ofthe orthogonal array;(e) calculatethe performance characteristic;(f)to analyze the experimental result using the performance characteristic and ANO V A; (g) to selectthe optimal levels of process parameters; and (h)to verify the optimal process parametersthrough the confirmation experiment [Nian,1999,Phadke,1989]. The orthogonal array experimental design method was chosen to determine experimentalplan, L25 (55)(Table 4), Because it is the most suitable for the conditions being investigated; five parameters each with five values (Phadke,1989).In order to observe the effects of noise sources on the dissolution process,each experiment was repeated twice under the same conditions at differenttimes. The performance characteristics were chosen as the optimization criteria. There are three categories of performance characteristics, the larger the- better, the smaller-the-better and the nominal-the-better. The the larger -the- better was evaluated by using the following equation (Pignetiello,1988, Peace,1995): 1 n 1  (1) SN = −10 log  ∑ 2  i = 1 n Y  i  where SNL is performance characteristic, n the number of repetition done for an experimental combination, and Yi the performance value of ith experiment. In Taguchi method, the experiment corresponding to optimum working conditions might not have been done during the whole period of the experimental stage. In such 158 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo cases, the performance value corresponding to optimum working conditions can be predicted by utilizing the balanced characteristic of OA. Forthis,the additive model may be used (Phadke et al., 1983) (2) Yi = µ + X i + ei If experimentalresults arein percent (%), before evaluating eqs 2 transformation ofthe percentage values should be applied first using the following equation. Values ofinterest arethen later determined by carrying out reverse transformation by using the same equation (Taguchi, 1987) 1  − 1 P  Ω( dB ) = −10  (3) Run No A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 1 3 4 5 1 2 4 5 1 2 3 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 1 2 5 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 1 4 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 4 5 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 1 5 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 Table 2. L25 (55) Ortogonal experimental plan table Parameters A B C D E Reaction temperature (°C) Particle size (µ m) Stirring speed (rpm) Solid-to-liquid ratio (g/cm3) Time (min) 1 5 -600 300 0.1 15 2 10 -355 400 0.2 30 Levels 3 4 20 30 -250 -180 500 600 0.3 0.4 60 90 5 40 -150 700 0.5 120 Table 3. Parameters and theirvalues corresponding to theirlevelsto be studied in experiments Since Eq. (2) is a point estimation which is calculated by using experimental data in order to determine whether the additive model is adequate or not,the confidence limits for the prediction error must be evaluated. The prediction erroristhe difference between the observed Yi and the predicted Yi. The confidence limitsforthe 159 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo prediction error are 1 1 Se = ±   σ e2 +   σ e2 n  0  nr  (4)  hatadan dolayı karelerin toplamı  σ e2 =   hatanın serbestlik derecesi  (5) 1 1  1 1  1 1  1 1 = + − + − + − .... n0 n  n Ai n   n Bi n   n Ci n  (6) where Se isthe two-standard deviation confidence limit, n isthe number of rows in the matrix experiment,isthe number of repetitions in the confirmation experiment and nAi, nBi, nCi,… are the replication numbers for the parameterlevels Ai, Bi, Ci,… Ifthe prediction erroris outside theselimits,the possibility thatthe additive model is not adequate should be suspected. Otherwise, the additive model can be considered to be adequate (Phadke, 1989). Result and Discussion The reactions between ulexide and CO2 in aqueous solution have been given in equations 7, 8 and 9. Na 2 O.2CaO.5B2 O3 .16H 2 O(k) +3CO2 → 2CaCO3(k) +NaHCO3 +NaB5O6 (OH)4 +5H3 BO3 +6H 2 O (7) Na 2 O.2CaO.5B2 O3 .16H 2 O(k) +3CO2 → 2CaCO3(k) +NaHCO3 +NaB3O3 (OH) 4 +7H3 BO3 +3H 2 O (8) Na 2 O.2CaO.5B2 O3 .16H 2 O (k) +2CO 2 → 2CaCO3(k) +Na 2 B4 O5 (OH) 4 +6H 3 BO3 +5H 2 O (9) The ratios of the borate ions depending on the pH values have been given in Figure 1. The pH value during the chemicalreaction was recorded as between 6.5-7. The stochiometricratio of different borat species according to pH values was given in Figure 1. At the pH value the borate ions were found out as follow B5 O6 (OH)4 -, B4 O5(OH)4-, B3 O3(OH)4- and B(OH)3. The amount of captured CO2 in solution is proportional with the borate ions. Figure 1.The stochiometric ratio of different borat species according to pH values(Adams,1964). The results acquired from the experiments have been analyzed according to optimization criteria and the results have given in Figures 2. Figure 2 was obtained by calculating captured CO2 by the aqueous media from Equation 160 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 6, 7 and 8. To obtain optimal parameters levels,thelarger-the better performance characteristicin Eq.(1) has been taken for stabilization of CO2.The performance characteristics have been calculated and charted in Figure 5. Figure 5 shows the degrees of the influences of parameter on the performance characteristics. The optimallevel of a process parameteristhe level with the highest SN. Parameterlevels make the performance value maximum as seen in Figure 5 were A5, B5, C3, D1 and E4. 35 34 33 SN = -10*log10(1/N* (1/y²)) 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 1 2 3 4 5 A 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 B 3 4 5 1 2 C 3 4 5 1 2 D 3 4 5 E Figure 5. The effect of each parameter on the optimization criteria for carbon dioxide stabilization In the working range, optimum conditions have found to be the temperature of 40 oC, particle size 15 µ m, stirring speed 500 rpm, solid/liquid ratio 0.1 g/cm3 and the time 90 min. Under these optimum conditions and 29.78 L CO2/kg ulexite was stabilized. Variance analysis was performed to determine the effective parameters and their confidence level for CO2 absorption. Statistical A N O V A table has been established to see the process parameters statistically important or not. F-testis atoolto see which process parameters have a significant effect on the stabilization of CO2. Usually, the larger the F-value, the greater the effect on the process due to the change of the process parameter. Optimal combination of the process parameters can be predicted with A N O V A analyses and performance characteristics. The results of variance analysis are given in Tables 4. As can be seen in Table 4 and Figure 5 for stabilization of CO2,it has been found thatrespectivelythe temperature,the solid-to-liquid ratio and time have significant effects on the absorption process while the stirring speed and particle size having no significant effect within the working range. Parameters SS Df MS F A 324.6316 4 81.15791 41.62341 B 18.0640 4 4.51600 2.31612 C 10.9688 4 2.74219 1.40638 D 130.1742 4 32.54356 16.69060 E 59.0990 4 14.77475 7.57752 Error 7.7993 4 1.94981 Table 4. Result ofthe analysis of variance forthe carbon dioxide stabilization 161 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo A verification experiment is a powerful tool for detecting the presence of interactions among the control parameters.Ifthe predicted response under the optimum conditions does not match the observed response,then itimplies that the interactions are important. If the predicted response matches the observed response, then it impliesthatthe interactions are probably notimportant and thatthe additive modelis a good approximation [16]. It has been estimated that carbon dioxide can be captured in optimal conditions and were found to be 29.41 L CO2/kg ulexide. In order to test the predicted results, confirmation experiments were carried out twice at the same working conditions. Experimental value was obtained as 29.78 L CO2/kg ulexite. The fact that the CO2 absorbtion values from confirmation experiments are within the calculated confidence intervals shows that experimental results are within ± 5% in error. This case states that there is a good agreement between the predicted values and experimental values, and interactive effects of parameters are indeed negligible.It may be concluded thatthe additive modelis adequate for describing the dependence ofthis CO2 stabilization process on the various operational parameters (Phadke, 1989). It was observed that the temperature is much more effective than stirring speed on reaction between CO2 and ulexide. For a heterogeneous reaction system, the mechanism controlling the reaction rate can be determined by taking into consideration the parameters which affect the reaction rate. Accordingly, it can be deducted that for the processes in which stirring speed is more effective,the rate of the process is controlled by diffusion while for the processes in which temperature is more effective, the rate is controlled by a chemical reaction. Therefore,forthe present work it can be stated that carbon dioxide capturing process is controlled by chemicalreaction. Conclusion The results can be drawn from thisresearch: 1) It has been determined that-3 m m ulexide was an effective reactive to capture CO2 gas. 2) The important parameters are temperature, solid-liquid ratio and time. 3) The optimum conditions were found to be, 40 o C, 0.1 g cm−3, 500 rpm, 90 min, particle size 150 µ m. 4) 29.78 L CO2/kg ulexide was stabilized under optimum conditions. 5) Predicted and observed B2 O3 values were related each other. The experimental model process is adequate to determine the relations. Acknowledgements It is a great pleasure to thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) for their financial support during our project (107Y170). References U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(2009), Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:1990 – 2007 Adams,B.M., (1964), Boron, Metallo-Boron Compounds and Boranes, Interscience (Wiley), New York, p.88 Chen, J.C., Fang, G.C., Tang, J., Liu, L., 2005 Removal of carbon dioxide by a spray dryer, Chemosphere 59 99–105 Çopur, M., Pekdemir, T., Çelik, C., Çolak, S., (1997), Determination of the optimum conditions for the dissolution of stibnite in HCl solutions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36 682–687. Diao, Y., Zheng, X., He, B., Chen, C., Xu, X., (2004),” Experimental study on capturing CO2 greenhouse gas by ammonia scrubbing”, Energy Conversion and Management 45 2283–2296. IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC reports (2001). Küçük, Ö.,Kocakerim, M.M., Yartaşı, A. and Çopur, M.,(2002), “Dissolution of Kestelek’s colemanite containing clay mineras in water saturated with sulfur dioxide”, Ind. Eng.Chem.Res.,41, 2853-2857. Lee,S.,(2006), Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing, Copyright © 2006 by Taylor & Francis,P.305 Nian, C.Y., Yang, W.H., Tarng, Y.S., (1999), Optimization of turning operations with multiple performance characteristics, 162 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Mater. Processing Technol. 95 90–96. Peace, G.S., (1995),Taguchi Methods: A hands-on Approach to Quality Engineering, Addison-Wesley, New York, , p. 273– 337. Phadke, M.S., (1989),Quality Engineering using Robust Design, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 292. Phadke, M.S., Kackar, R.N., Speeney, D.D., Grieco, M.J., (1983), Off-line quality control in integrated circuit fabrication using experimental design, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 62 (5) 1273–1309. Pignatiello, J.J., (1988),An overview of strategy and tactics of Taguchi, IEE Trans. 20 (3) 247–254. Rubin, E. S., Chen, C., Rao, A. B., (2007), “Cost and performance of fossil fuel power plants with CO2 capture and storage”, Energy Policy 35 4444–4454 Taguchi,G., (1987), System of Experimental Design, Quality Resources, New York, p. 108 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(2009), Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:1990 – 2007 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved on 15 November 2005. Yeh, A. C., Baiu, H., (1999), “Comparison of ammonia and monoethanolamine solvents to reduce CO2 greenhouse gas emissions”, The Science of the Total Environment 228.121-133 163 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 499 Title A name given to the resource Stabilization Of Carbon Dioxide In The Flue Gas With Ulexite Author Author Çopur, Mehmet Kocakerim, M. M. Guliyev, Rusen Abstract A summary of the resource. Turkey is the country having the largest boron reserves in the world. 72% of the world boron reserves is in Turkey. Commercial boron ores include colemanite, tincal and ulexite in Turkey. +3 mm ulexite fraction produced in ulexite concentration plant is exported, but -3 mm fraction, which has 16.6 % B2O3 cannot be sold and is piled up in the mine area. The Taguchi method has been used to determine optimum conditions for stabilization of CO2 gas with ulexite. Chosen experimental parameters and their ranges were (i) reaction temperature, 5-40 °C; (ii) solid-to-liquid ratio (in weight), 0.1-0.5; (iii) ; (iv) mean particle size; -600 -150 mm; (v) stirring speed, 300-700 rpm; (vi) reaction time, 15-120 min. The optimum conditions were found to be reaction temperature, 40 °C; solid-to-liquid ratio, 0.1; mean particle size, -150 mm; stirring speed, 500 rpm and reaction time, 90 min. Under these optimum conditions and 29.78 L CO2/kg ulexite was stabilized. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6868a625cd1c7b894e485e88cb3bb603.pdf 177822121cd2e62cb64947bd9c526237 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Urban Planning in Terms of Local Development and the Discussion on Erzurum Sample of its Relationship with the Ergonomics Elif Çolakoğlu Atatürk University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Public Administration Turkey elifcolakoglu@yahoo.com Önder Barli Atatürk University Com munication Faculty Turkey barli@atauni.edu.tr Abstract: There is no suspect that qualified human capital has positive effects on sustainable development. In particular, on local and regional development, it comes to the fore. In this respect, when it is evaluated, the importance with regard to this will come out in terms of regional development issues. In this regard, it is believed that the urban settlements which has a large portion of the human population is a very effective element and it has been come forward. Ergonomics in the creation of sustainable cities, can be considered as an important tool. If this problems that arising from environment and human conditions is not minimized, the formation of conditions threatened to lives of individuals are likely to increase. Consequently, this study is expressed that along with current problem by developing a variety of solutions, providing more qualified urban life in Erzurum will make a great contribution to sustainable local development. Introduction Industrialisation and high urbanization, increasing population brought soil, water, air, noise, electromagnetic and radioactive pollution as serious environmental problems. As these problems increase, they affect urban life and ongoing local development negatively. When the subject matter is taken up to Erzurum, which is the biggest city of Eastern Anatolian Region as the changes made without taking the topographic structure of the city into consideration after immigrations from neighbor cities and town caused unplanned urbanization in recent years.Itis seen thatthe cityis unplanned areas are affected by especially air, water, noise, soil and electromagnetic pollution. And also the deeds of municipalities such as roads, pavements and lightning are not enough and effective. Those problems are the mostimportant things that cause special investments to escape from the city and region. Therefore is not seen that Erzurum reach an ongoing local development potential due tolosing specialinvestment and taking immigrations. As itcan be seen inthisresearch which some approaches and uses in the centre of ergonomics those problems can be both solved and the city and region’s ongoing developmentincreased. The Cities in the Centre of Ergonomics: The City Ergonomics and Environment It is seen that the process of urbanizations is under bad conditions in developing countries. In such countries,itis a factthatthe people who live in big urbanized and populated cities find out their own living are as which are out of health conditions economic,social and above and below structures. Whereas cities survive as they contain dynamic structures like living organisms. Thus, if it is wanted to changed the process and tendencies back in citiesitis possibleto make positive changes with serious plans. Engineers generally define ergonomics that the process of changing acts and needs of human being into physical forms of engineering or structural systems. (Wolf 2003) Of ergonomics, if one object, one system or one environment is planned for use of people. Itis a fact that this plan should depend on physical and mental characteristics of the people who use this object, this system or this environment. (Pheasant 2003) The approaches of ergonomics help the process of urbanization. The city ergonomics aims to adapt city areas and 337 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo under construction systems to people according to biological,sociological and psychological characteristics and theirlife health and security. In this study the concept of “The Green Ergonomic Cities” is suggested as a solution to wipe out local environmental pollution. As its concept and meaning is large the existence of below constructions and their performance and characteristics (Wolf,ibid.) arethe elements of City Ergonomics.Itincludes a large scale from height level of the pavements, lightning of the streets, bicycle roads and recreation areas. But, below constructions about environmental pollution of citiesin which urban people are affected physically,socially and mentally in great deal,is alimited area. On the other hand,this study is handled in thislimited area. Because ofthe citiesin which the population intense, showing complicated features the presence of the extremely planed systems are necessary for providing of services for each dwelling commercial entity and citizen. (Wolf, ibid.) Especially with these systems which will be made in the cities of countries passing fast unplanned process,the green ergonomic cities will be created. The presentation of green infrastructure services is crucial with this aspects. This process needs to save, plan and manage the naturel units and naturel quallification which includes the feature. (Wolf, ibid.) “Living (green) roofs” being are of the integrated managing systems, “living walls” filtrating the air particules and bettering the air quality “the usage of the grey waters” made of a simple pipe system or “gathering the rain drops” are forming some systems. (Arieff, 27.04.2009) Absolutely reviewing the plans of the cities and its being suitable to green infrastructure providing benefit in citizens disposing the unplanned urbanization, coming out with near enviromental pollution, and meeting the requestsinthis aspects can be considered. Precautions are being taken by inactivating the negative conditions of near enviromental pollutions which may threaten the safety and health of humans in habitats. In the green ergonomic cities in which the human activities are made suitable by the rules of nature and nature of human. As is known near enviromental pollutions like trafficjam, airpollution, water pollution and wastesin crowded urbans are affecting the physical or spiritual health of human in a direct or indirect way on this point of view, the green ergonomic cities approaches, mentioned with the aim of raising the quality of urban life and making the cities and city tissues suitable forthe public health must be activated. By a good planning or contructing healthy habitable cities, near enviromental pollution can be overcome, while making urban plans,it must paid attention to hand over the plans in the aspect of solving the enviromental problem in appropriate to urban mental and details. Urban infrastructure systems dumping and destroying fieldings must be reviewes. While considering the placed functional fields and the relation between them, the issues enviromental problems must be paid attention. A healthy enviromental which presents a possibility of reaction with a fresh air among the basic necessities of citizens, a drinking water, public gardens and green fieldings being multiple requirement can be called an important place on reducing the air pollution. To prevent air pollution oftraffic, more publicstransports must be need to be developed. The settlement mustn’t be established nearby water resources for the underground and overground not polluted; also for protecting the drinkable waterresources,theiraround must be wooded. The achivement ofthe noisethe human can be reduced by modern construction technologies plant screening systems, precautions like in sources and the managing the urban systems. The role of the local councils in the transformation of the cities is indisputably important with a condition must of cooperation of public institutions and particular institutions about services intended for protecting the environment and preventing the near environmental pollutions, the most important duties and responsibilities are the people’s who live in those habitats and the local counsils’. Thus, many valid rules about environmental issues like municipal and enviromental rules, regulations and precepts gives varius duties the local councils. Despite the exiting legal regulations, it is seen that the efficiency and effectiveness cannot be provided in practicein cities.In the councils of complex urbans, and on the analyses of physical structirizes, not getting enough support from landscape architects, architects, environmental engineers, city developers who are experts on those issues, is considered. Whereat, when creating the ergonomic cities consider of human and environment,itisimportantforthelocal councilsto getthe opinions of experts with a participatory management approach. Urban Pollution and Ergonomics in Erzurum Erzurum, which isin the east of Turkey an done of the mostimportant cities of Turkey has been affected by urban pollution. In that city with harsh winter conditions, air pollution is of primary importance. In the city, water pollution, garbages, unplanned urbanization, soil pollution, erosion, noise pollution, visual pollution, acid rains and degradation of pastures have been ordered as other environmental problems. (T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı 2008) To make a healthy urban planning in Erzurum the urban ecosystem and environmental problems are to be 338 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo understood firstly. This, also,is going to enlighten the dynamics of sustainable development. 1. The Air Pollution in Erzurum In Turkey, air pollution, which was not be ableto be defined until1970s, emerged especiallyin 1970s and affected all cities between 1970-1995 and was alarmed in more than 30 citiesin 1990s. (Okutan 1996) Itis seen thatthe case is not very differentin 2000 in Erzurum. As itreached to the threat dimensions about human health especially in the winter,itisin the agendum of Erzurum as primary concern which needs a solution. According to the report about The Assessment of Environment Problems and Priorities of Turkey,3 Erzurum is among 24 cities for which air pollution is the primary issue. We can say that the quick and unplanned urbanization, unqualified use of fuel, unconscious use of fuel, not to burn the boilers suitable for the techniques, use of unsuitable technology atindustry, wrong choice of the places ofindustry, structure of meteorology, not to make an environmentally friendly investment or projectin urban communication,traffic concentration and destruction of forests have the most important effects in it.(Gürel 2008) Because the industry systems are insufficent as it can be seen in Table 1. There has been a little effect ofthe emissions leftto the atmosphere from these systems on air pollution. But according tothe data ofthe year 2009,when the contaminators of airhave been ordered,the industry is in the first and the traffic and domestic warm up (T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı, ibid.) is in the second place. As foritshows thatthe use of natural gas in city and the other precautions have been applied successfully. Derived from Housing and Service Sectors Derived from Industry Derived from Vehicles T OT AL SO2 (ton/year) (sulphur dioxide) 3600,7 %86,4 PM (ton/year) (particle material ) 3046,2 %88,11 442,6 %10,6 382,9 %11,07 121,8 4143,1 %2,9 28,0 3457,1 N Ox (ton/year) (oxides of nitrogen) 598,2 %28,0 47,3 484,2 Cm Hn (ton/year) (hydrocarbon) 7873,9 %80,2 %4,9 975,0 %9,9 %0,81 1491,0 %69,7 3638,5 %36,8 690,9 %9,7 2136,5 %2,2 CO (ton/year) (carbon monokside) 5743,9 %58,2 9866,7 9809,9 Source: Demircioğlu N. & Kılıç A. (2005), Erzurum Đli Çevre Sorunları, Atatürk Üniversitesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, Erzurum, p. 82. Table 1: Air Pollutants and Resource Allocation Be Seen in Erzurum as Connected to Emission Factors Used in Turkey In Erzurum placed on a broad plateu covered with Planadöken and Kargapazarı Mountains, due to the inversion layer placed on the city and called ‘’black cloud’’the density of air pollution incresased considerably in 12 days in winter in spite of all precautions because of the topographic structure of the urban prevents the contaminators of air from spreading and falling of speed of wind increases the air pollution. Concerning the cleaness of natural gas and decresing of pollution ,infrastructure works started atthe end of the year 2005 and the natural gas began to be used to worm up in 2006. Even afterthat application, although SO2 and PM values decreased in air pollution,(Eren, Turan 2007)itisseem thatthe air pollution isinthe highestlevel.In quick and unplanned process of urbanizationin Erzurum the scarcity of green areas has an importantrolein pollution. With theincreasing ofthe new settlement regions,the contaminators have increased inthe air and these contaminators worsen the quality of air by moving through the centre ofthe urban. [3]Erzurum’un yanı sıra, Adıyaman, Ağrı, Ankara, Burdur, Çorum, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Gaziantep, Hatay, Iğdır, Isparta, Kahramanmaraş, Karabük, Kars, Kayseri, Kırıkkale, Kütahya, Malatya, Mardin, Sivas, Yozgat ve Zonguldak’tır; T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı (2008), Türkiye Çevre Sorunları ve Öncelikleri Envanteri Değerlendirme Raporu (2005-2006), Ankara, p. 9. 339 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo In Erzurum the population of which is nearly 400.000,itis emphasized thatthe air pollution has reached to be a threat dimentions for the people and the environment. It can easly be seen that the air pollution has a negative effect on lifeless beings in Erzurum. It produces negative effects on metal, stone, wooden parts of buildings and machines by turning into composition of acid.(Keleş, Hamamcı 2005) 2. The Water Pollution in Erzurum The need for the city of Erzurum’s drinking water largely provided by the ground water. Moreover; Palandöken Dam, although its having been completed, was builtto fullfillthe need of the city’s drinking water for 50 yearsinthe near future and hasn’t been functioned yet effectively.(Sarsanet al. 2004) Excessive usage of natural resources, uncontrolled and disorganized industrialization activities and urbanization as well as domestic, industrial and agricultural based activities have been pointed out among the primary reasons for he deterioration of the quality of water supply in Erzurum. The lack of sewerage system or itsits being inadequate, notincreasing domesticfutured waste water atthe settlement, big industries’ notrefining waste water, no mass refining in smallindustries, cesspool waste’s not being builteffectively, unloding cesspool wastes to randomly places after having been withdrawn by sewerage truck, uncontrolled usage of pesticites, usage of chemical manure, inadequate capacity and efficiency of purification facility and the crew’s being inadequate in purification facility, are the reasons for water resources’ pollution. (T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı, ibid.) Reservoirs constantly have been disinfected by municipalityin orderto avoid negative consequences ofthe polluted water.(Sarsan et al. 2004) In spite ofthis; because of the pollution ofthe waterresourses and city water supply in Erzurum, water based diseases can emerge such as typoid, cholera, hepatit A, salmonella species, bacillery dysentery, amoebic dysentery, acute bloody diarrhea. 3. The Soil Pollution in Erzurum Erzurum city in which soil pollution is the fifth primary problem has been indicated among seven provinces in the country, although soil pollution comes right after the water pollution in the city.4 Although agricultural activities, urbanization, wild storage and industrialisation claimed to be responsiblethe soil pollution atthe period of 2007-2008, (T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre EnvanteriDairesi Başkanlığı,ibid.) concrete data haven’t been produced about soil pollution. Besides, due to the fact that the city lands are not used properly for their own futures,this emerges as another important problem concerning the city lands. For example,it has been pointed out that the place which have mainly the tourism and agricultural potential and which supposed to be used for the settlements were given reconstruction permit.(Sarsan et al.Đbid.) However;liquid, solid, gas contaminants of industrial establishments must be managed in accordance withlegislation ofthe Ministry Environment and Forestry,in orderto avoid soil pollution. There has been a remarable effordinterms of enhancing regularstorage places,providing urbanization in accordance with town planning and supplying fertilisation, disinfestation as well as irrigation in accordance with legislation ofthe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.(T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı,ibid.) 4. The Noise (Acoustic) Pollution in Erzurum The noise pollution in Erzurum, especially in the lasttwenty years, has occurred as a problem regarding the increase in the number of vehicles connected with population growth and economic developmentin the city. The mostimportant noise sources for Erzurum isthe vehiculartrafficthatresultfrom transport withinthe city.In this regard, it has a huge impact (Yılmaz, Özer 2005) which the wrong behavior of the drivers, horn, roads disorder, sudden braking and technical problems, rapid departure and the influence of noise caused without muffler,ragged and old vehicles. If you take into consideration the noise measurement did in various residential areas within the city limitsin 2007 and 2008, as seen in Table 2,itis seemed thatthe high noise level on the streets shaping the basictransport network of the city. Accordingly,the noise levelinthis street was over 70 dB. [4] Erzurum’un dışında, Bolu, Iğdır, Isparta, Manisa, Tokat, Van bulunmaktadır; T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Türkiye Çevre Sorunları..., p. 15. 340 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The Location of Measuring and the Coordinates The Noise Measure Levelis ment Determine Period d (dBA) The Average Monthly Value in 2007 1- Havuzbaşı Vilayet Street 79 2- Havuzbaşı 77 3- Havuzbaşı Hastaneler Street 78 4- Eski Hük. Bin. Cumhuriyet Street 79 5- K.Karabekir Street 72 6- Gürcükapı Junction 78 7- Eğitim Fak. Junction 74 8- Çaykara Street 79 9- Aliravi Street 67 10- Terminal Street 66 11- 1.Marketler 58 12- Ebu Đshak Street 59 13- Kayak Yolu 50 14- 46. Street 59 15- Yenişehir Junction 56 16- 2.Marketler 58 17- Yıldızkent 52 18- Alparslan Street 56 19- Dadaşkent 54 20- Yenişehir Üst Yol 52 Source: T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı (2009), Đl Çevre Sorunları Ve Öncelikleri Envanteri Araştırma Formu, Erzurum, p. 58. Table 2: The Noise Measurement didin Various Residential Areas within The City Limitsin 2007 and 2008 In a survey made to determine the sensitivity of public on noise pollution in the city of Erzurum, it has been identified within the city of 50% of the citizen, within the workplace of 20% of their and within housing of 30% of their disturbing due to the noise. (Yılmaz, Özer 2001) It has been controlthat small businesses such as industry associations, businesses, workshops, workplaces and indicate that in reconstruction plan’s works the measurestaken inthe direction ofindustry organizations, workplaces and workshops mustbe creation outside of settlement areas. (T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı,ibid.) Conclusion Today, environmental problems in cities have come to the fore. This problems with this aspect is prevented the city and the region's sustainable development at local level. Because in cities have been concentration of air, water, soil and electromagnetic pollution and the heavy living conditions qualified human capitalis almostimpossible to keep. A region retain in the qualified human capitalthatthe most basic elements of sustainable development atlocallevel does not seem possibleto be on increase. In this study, in Erzurum province, with an ergonomics perspective, air, water, soil and noise pollution were included. The important deficiencies and problems in Erzurum in terms of these elements are there. The false in terms of administrative decision-making process, the errors in land use decisions, illegal housing and inadequacy of economic is to structural changes often adversely affect and create existing structures an inappropriate tissue of a settlement and unplanned urbanization. In this regard being a charm center in terms of qualified human capital of the city is impossible. For this, all parties such as municipalities, public institutions and civilsociety organizations,especially by accepting a milestone before of 2011 Universiad Winter Olympics, in the framework of an emergency action plan should meet at a common point. To be done should start and be applied with the requirements of the ergonomic city, namely focus on human and environment, functional, 341 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo planned and contemporary activities. References Arieff, A. (27.04.2009), Blue is the New Green, (http://arieff.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/20/blue-is-the-new green/). Demircioğlu, N. & Kılıç A. (2005), Erzurum Đli Çevre Sorunları, Atatürk Üniversitesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, Erzurum. Eren, Z. & Turan T. (2007), “Doğal Gaza Geçişle Birlikte Erzurum Đlinde Fosil Yakıtlardan Kaynaklanan Hava Kirliliğindeki Değişim”, 7. Ulusal Çevre Mühendisliği Kongresi Yaşam Çevre Teknoloji (24-27 Ekim 2007, Đzmir), TMMOB Çevre Mühendisleri Odası, Đzmir. Gürel, O. (2008) Erzurum Çevre Yönetim Planı (Taslak): Yerel ve Bölgesel Yönetimlerin Çevre Müktesebatını Uygulama Kapasitelerinin Güçlendirilmesi Projesi, Erzurum Đl Çevre ve Orman Müdürlüğü. Keleş, R. & Hamamcı C. (2005), Çevre Politikası, Đmge Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara. Okutan, H. (1996), “Türkiye’de Hava Kirliliği ve Kömür Gerçeği”, Yeni Türkiye (Habitat Özel Sayısı). Pheasant, S. (2003), Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work, Taylor & Francis, London. Sarsan, Z. et al. (2004), Erzurum Đli Çevre Durum Raporu, T.C. Erzurum Valiliği Đl Çevre ve Orman Müdürlüğü, Erzurum. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi Ve Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü Çevre Envanteri Dairesi Başkanlığı (2009), Đl Çevre Sorunları Ve Öncelikleri Envanteri Araştırma Formu, Erzurum. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı (2008), Türkiye Çevre Sorunları ve Öncelikleri Envanteri Değerlendirme Raporu (20052006), Ankara. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı (2008), “Türkiye Çevre Sorunları ve Öncelikleri Envanteri Değerlendirme Raporu (20052006)”, Çevre ve Đnsan, Sayı: 75, Yıl: 4. Wolf, K. L. (2003), “Ergonomics of the City: Green Infrastructure and Social Benefits”, Engineering Green: Proceedings of the 11th National Urban Forest Conference (Edit. C. Kolin), American Forests, Washington D.C.. Yılmaz, H. & Özer S. (2001), “Erzurum Kenti Gürültü Kirliliğine Karşı Halkın Duyarlılığı Üzerine Bir Çalışma”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 32, Sayı: 3, p. 321-327. Yılmaz, H. & Özer S. (2005), “Evaluation and Analysis of Environmental Noise Pollution in the City of Erzurum, Turkey”, Environment and Pollution, Vol: 23, No: 4, p. 438-448. 342 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 500 Title A name given to the resource Urban Planning in Terms of Local Development and the Discussion on Erzurum Sample of its Relationship with the Ergonomics Author Author Çolakoğlu, Elif Barli, Önder Abstract A summary of the resource. There is no suspect that qualified human capital has positive effects on sustainable development. In particular, on local and regional development, it comes to the fore. In this respect, when it is evaluated, the importance with regard to this will come out in terms of regional development issues. In this regard, it is believed that the urban settlements which has a large portion of the human population is a very effective element and it has been come forward. Ergonomics in the creation of sustainable cities, can be considered as an important tool. If this problems that arising from environment and human conditions is not minimized, the formation of conditions threatened to lives of individuals are likely to increase. Consequently, this study is expressed that along with current problem by developing a variety of solutions, providing more qualified urban life in Erzurum will make a great contribution to sustainable local development. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e2226a08673639d223d7b948f2ad4d26.pdf 18e65ef33ac697c9425c823bbddfdeac PDF Text Text Energy Consumption Analysis in Marble Cutting Processing Hasan Çimen Technical Education Faculty Afyon Kocatepe University Turkey hcimen@aku.edu.tr Said Mahmut Çinar Technical Education Faculty Afyon Kocatepe University Turkey smcinar@aku.edu.tr Abstract: Energy consumption is main cost part in marble cutting processing with circular sawblades. There exist many parameters that effect the energy consumption. It is possible to ensure optimization in the consumed energy if effects of such parameters can be fully understood. In this study, the effects of travel speed and saw rotation speed on energy consumption for two different natural stones. Cutting tests are realized with the computer controlled test set. In tests, while travel and saw rotation speeds are selected in different values, the cutting depth and cooling water is kept fixed. The results obtained for two cut stones indicate that travel and saw rotation speeds have significant effects on the consumed energy and the effect of travel speed is greater than the effect of saw rotation speed. Introduction Marble is a material widely used in many fields from past to today with its different natural colors and patterns. Afyonkarahisaris one the mostimportant marble supplier cities ofthe world and Turkey withits plenty of marble mines and factories.In Afyonkarahisar,alsothe sectorsthat manufacture marble treating machines and their spare parts have developed together with the marble industry. Today,if we wholly considerthe industry in Afyonkarahisar region,the share of marble industry in totalindustry is about 50%. Most of the production costs in marble treating consist of the consumed electric energy. By using the energy in optimum level,the costs can be decreased. Various machines are being used for marble treating at mines and factories. For separating the block marbles taken from mine to plaques, block cutting machines segmented diamond circular sawblades are used. The name of such machines kwon as S/T in short originates from Striper and Trimmer words. There exist many parameters effecting the cutting operation in cutting machines segmented diamond circular sawblades. These parameters are saw rotation speed, travel speed and direction, cutting depth, mineralogical and physico-mechanic features of marble, metallurgic and mechanic features of diamond sockets on saw, flowing speed of cooling water and saw thickness. Many studies have been realized to examine the effects of the said parameters [1-12]. Studies generally focus on the effects of cutting situation (Buyuksagis 2007, Buyuksagis and Goktan 2005, Xu et al. 2004 and Li and Malkin 2001),cutting parameters(Tutmez et al.2007, Ersoy and Atıcı 2004, Xu et al. 2003 and Xu et al. 2002) (cutting speed, travel speed, cutting depth) and saw structure on cutting performance and efficiency (Ersoy et al. 2005,Sun et al. 2002, Chen 2000 and Chen et al. 1999). Studies made untiltoday generally have focused on saw quality, abrasion and marble physiology. Today, as decrease in energy consumption is very important,studies on determination of electricenergy consumed in marble cutting and optimization of consumption are required (Chuang 2005, Kleimaier and Schröder 2004 and Martynenko and Siregar 2002).In this article,the effects oftravel and saw rotation speeds on energy consumption is examined. In this paper,the effect of parameters on specific cutting energy isresearched and improvementsthat can be made are discussed. 402 �Test set Test sets having computer based data acquisition system are being used especially in scientific studiesto make complex tests easily and transferthe resultsto a computer medium in a secure manner (Hazarika et al. 2006, Zoric and Ilic 2005 and Caldara et al. 1998).In this study, a completely computer controlled test setin prototype of S/T machine is used (Figure 1). Control oftestsetfrom computerisrealized with an interface prepared with Delphi program language (Figure 2). Figure 1. Test set In thistest set,travel speed, saw rotation speed, cutting depth and flow speed of cooling water can be adjusted very sensitively on computer. Saw rotation speed,travel speed and flow speed of cooling water can be changed uninterruptedly in intervals of 4000rpm, 0-4m/min.and 0-20l/min.respectively through there invertors driving the saw, travel and cooling water pump motors. Besides, vertical and horizontal positioning of saw can be made in millimeter sensitivity (Çimen et al. 2008). Figure 2. Interface software As most ofthe energy in cutting operation is being used from vertical saw part,the energy consumption measurement and analysis can only be realized for saw motor(Çınar 2007). For measurements, Shark 100 energy analyzeris used. Analyzer, by digitizing the currents and voltages ofthree phase with analog-digital converter(ADC) with 16 bitresolution and six synchronous system , calculates and transfersthe active,reactive and apparent power values drawn by the motor, harmonic distortions in current and voltage and consumed energy values to computer via serialterminal(Çınar 2007). During the test, data such as current, voltage, power values and saw rotation speed are collected by the interface program. Data collected by the interface program are recorded in atextfilein orderto be treated in spreadsheet program later. 403 �Tests and Analysis Cutting operation isrealized with movement of work piece towards to fixed saw. When the movement directions of saw and work piece given in Figure 3 is considered, down-cutting position isvalid. During the cutting process, waterisflowed to sawblade in orderto cooling of sawblade and removing of sawdust. All cutting testsinthis study are realized in the below cutting position. Bilecik Beige Limestone d = 50 mm Vw = 0,4 m/min. 4 3,5 3 P [ kW ] 2,5 2 1432 rpm 1910 rpm 2387 rpm 2864 rpm 1,5 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 t[ s] Figure 3. Cutting mechanism Figure 4. Cutting test power curve The data record commences when the work piece touches to the saw and continues untilthe contact of saw axis with the work piece ceases.In Figure 4, active power graphics obtained from a group oftests made for different saw rotation speeds are given. As it can be seen, active power demand of motor rises starting from idle working value and when the saw axis entersinto the work piece completely,itremains almost fixed. The power demand decreases towards the end oftest and with leaving ofthe saw axis from the work piece,itfalls again to idle working value. Though the travel speed and saw rotation speed are kept fixed attheiradjusted values,there may changes in power values.The reason ofthisthe change in hardness of marble during the cutting process as the marble is not a homogenous material. The energy accountis made depending on the active power values obtained from the tests. The active energy is equalto area below the power curve. Total energy used can be determined with the 3.1 integral(Çınar 2007). T Etotal = ∫ p(t ) × dt 0 (3.1) Here, Etotalindicates cutting energy (Ws), p active power function (W) and T cutting time (s). Mo mentary energy values calculated by multiplying active power values by sampling time are continuously being added and so total cutting energy is obtained. This energy value is converted from Ws (Watt second) to k Wh (kilowatt hour) unitin order to be more meaningful. For specific cutting energy calculation defined as energy consumed per unit volume,the 3.2 formula is used (Çınar 2007). SE = w total qw (3.2) Here, SE indicates specific cutting energy (kWh/m3), Etotaltotal cutting energy (kWh) and qw total volume of channel opened by the saw (m3).In Figure 5, channels opened by the saw on the work piece are seen. 404 �Figure 5. Work piece and cutting channels qw = ad ⋅ d ⋅ lw (3.3) Channel volume (qw) is calculated with the 3.3 formula. Here,lw indicatesthe length of work piece, d cutting depth and ad channelwidth. Test results and discussion In this article,two types of natural stones Bilecik beige marble and Denizlitravertine are used for cutting tests. The selected two rocks have almost adverse features with respecttotheir physical and mechanical structures. While Bilecik beige marble has a very hard and small particle dimension, Denizlitravertine has very soft and big particle dimension. In the study,total 20 variation tests are made for each rock to observe the effect oftravel speed and saw rotation speed. Tests are realized for (Vw) 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7m/min values oftravel speed and (ns) 1432, 1910, 2384 and 2864rpm values of saw rotation speed. Besides,in all cutting tests,the cutting dept and flow speed of cooling water are fixed in d=50m m value and in fw=12l/min. value.In Table 1,the specific cutting energy values obtained for each variation are given in groups. The data summarized inthe Table are discussed below under separate headings. Vw [m/ min] 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 ns [rp m] Denizli travertine SE [kWh/m3] 1432 1910 2384 2864 1432 1910 2384 2864 1432 1910 2384 2864 1432 1910 2384 2864 464,51 516,51 609,28 652,12 390,21 428,58 513,37 529,19 340,35 352,43 425,21 445,14 339,22 353,83 406,67 430,31 Bilecik beige marble SE [kWh/ m3] 685,37 713,34 800,32 861,71 597,48 615,43 668,55 717,80 528,88 534,59 585,96 613,68 514,59 549,77 570,11 562,82 405 �1432 1910 2384 2864 0.7 327,03 334,68 356,47 381,22 475,27 478,40 505,19 502,01 Table 1. Specific cutting energy values for variation values Effect of saw rotation speed on specific cutting energy With increase of saw rotation speed, specific cutting energy also increases. For each rock examined in the study, specific cutting energy demonstrates a marked increase especially in low travel speeds (0.3 and 0.4 m/min.)(Figure 6).Increase in saw rotation speed (provided thattravel speed willremain fixed) will cause more energy consumption unnecessarily as well asit willspeed deformation of sockets. Forthis reason, saw rotation speed must be keptin a value most convenient forthe cut marble. 1000 700 600 800 500 SE [kWh/m3] 600 SE [kWh/m3] 400 Vw = 0,3m/min. Vw = 0,4m/min. Vw = 0,5m/min. Vw = 0,6m/min. 400 300 Vw = 0,3m/min. Vw = 0,4m/min. Vw = 0,5m/min. Vw = 0,6m/min. 200 200 100 Vw = 0,7m/min. Vw = 0,7m/min. 0 0 1432 1910 2387 1432 2864 Saw rotation speed [rpm] 1910 2387 2864 Saw rotation speed [rpm] (a) (b) Figure 6. Effect of saw rotation speed on specific cutting energy for Bilecik beige marble (a) and Denizli travertine (b) Effect of travel speed on specific cutting energy According to the analysis made for Bilecik beige marble and Denizlitravertine,increase in travel speed decreases the specific cutting energy. Whileincrease intravel speed increases the active power demand,itcauses decrease in cutting time. Decrease in cutting time naturally decreases the specific cutting energy. On the other hand, for allsaw speeds (1432,1910, 2385 and 2864rpm), values of specific cutting energy come very close to each other after some definitevalue oftravel speed (Figure 7). The said becoming closer pointin graphics can be defined as region where the travel speed value getsits optimum value. 1000 700 600 800 500 SE [kWh/m3] 600 400 SE [kWh/m3] 300 400 ns = 1432rpm ns = 1910rpm ns = 2387rpm ns = 2864rpm 200 200 100 0 ns = 1432rpm ns = 1910rpm ns = 2387rpm ns = 2864rpm 0 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 Work piece travel speed[m/min.] (a) 0,7 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 Work piece travel speed [m/min.] (b) Figure 7. Effect oftravel speed on specific cutting energy for Bilecik beige marble (a) and Denizlitravertine (b) 406 �W hen the graphics showing the effect of saw rotation and travel speeds on specific cutting energy are examined together,itcan be seen thatthe effect oftravel speed on specific cutting energy is greaterthan the saw rotation speed. Thisis very clear from incline of graphic curves. For thisreason, adjustment oftravel speed ratherthan speed of saw rotation will be more economical and easy approach. Results In this study realized with a completely computer controlled block cutting machine,the effects oftravel and saw rotation speeds on active energy and specific cutting energy are examined on two natural stones.In this study,the following results are obtained; • With increase in travel speed, the specific cutting energy decreases. To increase the travel speed results with decrease in cutting time and so increase in cutting efficiency. • To increasethe saw rotation speed results withincrease in specific cutting energy. As increase in saw rotation speed (provided that travel speed shall be kept fixed) will also increase the active power demand of motor,this means consuming more energy forthe same work. • The travel and saw rotation speeds have significant effects on cutting energy. With determination of optimum values oftravel and saw rotation speeds,itis clearthatthe energy will be ableto be used in productive manner. Even a saving in rate of 10% in energy consumption will bring significant benefitfor Afyonkarahisar of which half ofindustry is established on marble treating. • With studies to be carried out in future on the prototype test set used in that study, travel speed controllers ensuring optimum energy consumption (like PI, PD, PID and Fuzzy) will be developed. Such controllers will be able to keep the travel speed in its optimum value by monitoring the energy consumption of motor during cutting. Besides,in case the expected performance from the developed controllers can be obtained, it will be also applied on S/T machines used in the industry. References Buyuksagis IS, 2007, “Effect of cutting mode on the sawability of granites using segmented circular diamond sawblade”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Elsevier Transactions on, March, Vol.183, pp 399-406. Buyuksagis IS and Goktan RM, 2005, “Investigation of marble machining performance using an instrumented block-cutter”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Elsevier Transactions on, Nov., Vol.169, pp.258-262.C. Caldara S, Nuccio S and Spataro C, 1998, “A virtual instrument for measurement of flicker”, Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 47, Oct. pp. 1155 – 1158. Chuang HJ, 2005, “Optimisation of inverter placement for mass rapid transit systems by immune algorithm”, IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Jan., Vol.152, pp.61-71. Chen W, 2000, “Cutting forces and surface finish when machining medium hardness steel using CBN tools”, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Now., Vol.40, pp. 455-466. Chen H, Li J, Spence J and Li JCM, 1999, “An ELID-cutting saw”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Feb., Vol.102, pp.208-214. Çınar SM, 2007, Optimization of Electric Energy Consumption in Marble Cutting Machines, Dissertation Thesis at Afyon Kocatepe University, Electrical Education Department. Çimen H, Çınar SM and Nartkaya M, “The Development of Software and Hardware for Marble Cutting Tests”, 2nd WSEAS Int. Conf on COMPUTER ENGINEERING and APPLICATIONS (CEA’08) Acapulco,Mexico, Volume 1, 25-27 Jan. 2008, pp. 244 – 249. Ersoy A, Buyuksagis I S and Atıcı U, 2005, “Wear characteristics of circular diamond saws in the cutting of different hard abrasive rocks”, Wear, Elsevier Transactions on, Nov., Vol.258, pp 1422-1436. Ersoy A and Atıcı U, 2004, “Performance characteristics of circular diamond saws in cutting different types of rocks”, Diamond and Related Materials, Elsevier Transactions on, Jan., Vol.13, pp 22-37. Hazarika D, Laskar S Sarma A and Sarmah P K, 2006, “PC-Based Instrumentation System for the Detection of Moisture Content of Tea Leaves at Its Final Stage”, Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 55, Oct. pp. 1641 – 1647. 407 �Kleimaier A and Schröder D, 2004, “Optimization Strategy for Design and Control of a Hybrid Vehicle”, IEEE Proceedings of 6th International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control, Nagoya-Japan, Dec.8-10, Vol.2, pp.1084- 1089. Martynenko YG and Siregar HP, 2002, “Optimization of power consumption of anthropomorphic robots driven by electromotor”, Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Robot Motion and Control, Ponzan, Nov.9-11, pp.113117. Polini W and Turchetta S, 2004, “Force and specific energy in stone cutting by diamond mill”, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Sept., Vol.44, pp.1189-1196. Sun L, Pun J and Lin C, 2002, “A new approach to improve the performance of diamond sawblades“, Materials Letters, Elsevier Transactions on, Dec., Vol.57, pp 1010-1014A. Tutmez B, Kahraman S andGunaydin O, 2007, “Multifactorial fuzzy approach to the sawability classification of building stones”, Construction and Building Materials, Elsevier Transactions on, Sep., Vol.21, pp 1672-1679W. Xu X P, Li Y. and Yu Y, 2003, “Force ratio in the circular sawing of granites with a diamond segmented blade”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Aug, Vol.139, pp.281-285. Xu X P, Li Y, Zeng WY and Li LB, 2002, “Quantitative analysis of the loads acting on the abrasive grits in the diamond sawing of granites”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Oct., Vol.129, pp.50-55. Xu XP, Li Y and Malkin S, 2001, “Forces and Energy in Circular Sawing and Grinding of Granite”, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Feb., Vol.123, pp.13-22. Zoric AC and Ilic SS, 2005, “PC-Based System for Electrocardiography and Data Acquisition”, 7th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Services, Serbia and Montenegro-Nis Volume 2, 28-30 Sept. pp. 619 – 622. 408 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 519 Title A name given to the resource Energy Consumption Analysis in Marble Cutting Processing Author Author Çimen, Hasan Çinar, Said Mahmut Abstract A summary of the resource. Energy consumption is main cost part in marble cutting processing with circular sawblades. There exist many parameters that effect the energy consumption. It is possible to ensure optimization in the consumed energy if effects of such parameters can be fully understood. In this study, the effects of travel speed and saw rotation speed on energy consumption for two different natural stones. Cutting tests are realized with the computer controlled test set. In tests, while travel and saw rotation speeds are selected in different values, the cutting depth and cooling water is kept fixed. The results obtained for two cut stones indicate that travel and saw rotation speeds have significant effects on the consumed energy and the effect of travel speed is greater than the effect of saw rotation speed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/48f9460e40fa473505c66f5c647e924d.pdf f20cf4f9e71b400ecca2d6b78e11085d PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo A Blind Video-Steganography Technique Based on Visible Light Wavelength for Raw Video Streams Özdemir Çetin Computer Systems Education, Sakarya University, Sakarya,Turkey ocetin@sakarya.edu.tr Ah met Turan Özcerit Computer Systems Education, Sakarya University, Sakarya,Turkey aozcerit@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: Steganography techniques, which are a set of data hiding algorithms utilizing mathematical methods, have revealed significant advancement by means of latest computing technologies. Although many distinct steganography techniques have been suggested and implemented, an ideal solution has not been reached so far. The primary objective for steganography is to achieve a secure data transfer through a communication channel without attracting attention of unauthorized third parties. Since encryption methods do not meet the steganography requirements, a couple of data masking methods are also required. The performance of a steganography method can be assessed with the statistical similarity between cover media and stego media. In this paper, we have developed a blind steganography technique based on Human Vision System (HVS) using visible light wavelength approach. The proposed technique maintains virtually imperceptible alterations in the stego-video by means of the HVS approach. In addition, the technique developed does not require the cover video in the recovery phase so that it provides more secure manner in many types of applications. 1. Introduction Accessing digital data has not been so easy ever with the dawn of the Internet, especially in the last decade. This reality has also caused many troubles that have not been considered before such as privacy, security, and sharing. In order to create feasible solutions to such issues, many researchers have focused on cryptographic techniques in company with data embedding and data hiding techniques e.g. steganography and watermarking. Although both steganography and watermarking techniques present similar properties, each technique retainsindividual purposes. Whilethe former is usually used for secure data com munication,thelatter is used for copyright protection intents (Cetin 08). In Steganography,the secret datais usually embedded into multimedia files(image, video, audio, etc.).In addition, the media files in the end of steganography routines can be used directly at the destination without requiring extra decrypting procedures. The most distinctive feature of the steganography compared to cryptography isthat unauthorized individuals are not aware ofthe hidden datainthe stego-media (Cetin, Ozcerit 08) Initial steganography techniques have been first applied to images; however, the video streams have attracted a lot attention recently since they can assure a large amount of capacity increase for hidden/secret data (Koz&Alatan 05). The hidden data can be embedded eitherinto image or into audio part of the video streams. The DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) and the D WT (Discrete Wavelength Transform) are the most frequently used methods forthese purposes. In this paper, we developed a new technique to determine the appropriate pixels, which are the target regionsto store hidden data,in the cover-video frames based on the HVS method. Besides,the chief objective of this study isto keep the perceptibilitylevel ofthe secret data in the cover video as much as insignificant so that external suspicions or attacks can be prevented. In order to realize these requirements,the HVS method is used and supported by visible light wavelength and the color deficiency of human vision at extreme frequencies. We have evaluated the picture quality difference between the stego-video and cover-video with the PSNR (Peak Signalto Noise Ratio) criterion. 385 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 2. Previous Work One of the first studies on raw video steganography developed by Hartung and Girod and they were inspired from spread spectrum com munication (Hartung& Girod 96). Hartung also applied data embedding techniques directly on raw video streams.Inthe recovery phase ofthe secret data,a correlation method is used at the receiver side and the secret data capacity achieved up to 50 bit/s according to the experimental results. Hartung applied his method to the compressed video streams by embedding secret data into either intra-frames (I-frames), forward predicted frames (P-frames) or bi-directional predicted frames (B-frames) of the MPEG video. The secret datais embedded intothe frames using 8×8 DCT coefficients. Hartung claimed that his method achieved more robust outcome against standard signal attacks according to the obtained results(Hartung&Girod 98). In another study, Swanson proposed the multi-scale watermarking method in which temporallow-pass and high-pass frames are obtained by applying temporal wavelettransform to each frame (Swanson et al. 98). However,the original video stream is needed to recover the watermarking data and thisrequirement can be considered as a serious drawback. 3. Proposed Steganographic Algorithm In this work, we have designed and developed a new data hiding method for raw video streams based on the HVS (Cetin 08). Unlike earlier studies, the method developed uses visible light wavelength approach to determine the most appropriate pixel locations, in which the bytes of secret data are stored, in the cover video frames. We have utilized the imperceptiblelight wavelengths (ultraviolet,infrared) forthis purpose (Jonathan et al. 99). In Figure-1, the process steps of the proposed algorithm are illustrated as a block diagram. Having selected the embedding method,the secret datais embedded intothe cover video by means of specially designed embedding and coding algorithms. The stego-video obtained isthen forwarded into the com munication channel i.e. Internet. At the receiver side, the extraction methods are selected first in accordance with the methods determined at the sender side. The stego-video is then applied to selected extraction and decoding procedures and the secret dataisrecovered when all procedures is completed. Secret File Cover Video Embedding Algorithm Stego Video Communication Channel Stego Video Coding Algorithm Extracting Algorithm Secret File Coding Algorithm Figure-1 General block diagram forthe proposed algorithms 3.1. Visible Light Wavelength Approach In wavelength approach,the data embedding procedures are implemented by utilizing the imperfection of the color vision. The pillar of the approach is based on the determination of appropriate pixels in the video frames by the help of visible light spectrum data perceived by the HVS. The pixels having the boundary values (~380nm or ~750nm) of visiblelight spectrum in the cover video frames,in which the secret data is stored, are determined. In other words, the pixels having a wavelength in the range of infrared or ultraviolet colors are searched forinthe cover video frames.Itis a well-known factthatthe human eyes cannoteasily perceive minute changes atthe visiblelight spectrum extremities. The data embedding procedures are initiated by the segmentation of cover video into the frames. The wavelength values of each pixel in the frames of cover video are resolved by the developed algorithm. Since each pixel has three color compounds (Red, Green, and Blue), each color compound of the pixels are individually recorded into atable as given in Table-1. However, only a particular wavelength range (380-400nm 386 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo or 730-750nm) of each color compound is significant for the pixel selection procedure. The corresponding wavelength range ofthe R, G, and B compounds are also listed for violet and red colorsin Table-1 accordingly. Wavelength Violent: 380∼400 Red: 730∼750 R - color intensity 97∼130 161∼200 G - color intensity 0∼30 0∼30 B - color intensity 97∼175 0∼50 Table 1. Wavelength range of primary colors For instance, a pixel having an RGB (100,0,105) code can be evaluated as appropriate pixel for data embedding procedures according to Table-1. Having determined the appropriate pixels in video frames, the secret data is embedded into those selected pixels by the developed algorithms. In this step,the modified pixels are further checked to see whether their current wavelength is within the acceptable limits.If so, each pixel is labeled as “1” meaning appropriate, otherwise labeled as “0” meaning inappropriate. The amount of pixel wavelength deviation is one of the most crucial criteria for pixel selection procedures. The wavelength deviation should be kept to the minimum for the perceptiveness, which is another important criterion for data embedding method quality assessment.In other words,the stego-video stream should notimply a manipulation in the video frames during the movie. 4. Experimental Results We have evaluated the performance of our steganography method based on both capacity and perceptiveness criteria. Inthe performance evaluation stage,the ‘vipmen.avi’ video fileisselected and used as a reference since itis a very popular experimental video stream among researches and itisa raw type video (AVI) stream as well. The experimented vipmen.avi video file has 283 frames and each frame consists of 160x120 pixels. In the evaluation period, in order to measure the statistical quality of stego-video streams, the PSNR (Peak Signalto Noise Ratio) parameter has been used. The PSNR value presentsthe similarity ratio between the original video and stego-video. Typically accepted range ofthe PSNR is between 30dB and 50dB for statistical quality parameter which is computed at the end of each statistical calculation period (Netravali&Haskell 95). The higher valuesimply high degree of similarity between the original video and stego-video. Since each person has a distinct sense of color and color tones, the PSNR metric cannot provide a perfect evaluation criterion. Therefore, we have used 12 people astest subjects creating another criterion to validatethe methods developed. To compute the PSNR parameter between two video files, the MSE (Mean Squared Error) value is calculated first(Netravali&Haskell 95). Either Equation-1 or Equation-2 can be used forthe calculation. 1 m −1 n −1 MSE = ∑∑ I(i, j) − K(i, j) mn i =0 j= 0 ∑ [I(i, j) − K(i, j)] 2 (1) 2 MSE = M, N (2) M×N K (modified video frame) and I(original video frame) parametersin Equation-1 are compared with each other. The size of video isrepresented by m×n. The PSNR is computed having calculated the MSE value according to Equation-3 (Rabbani&Jones 99).  MAX 2   PSNR = 10log10   MSE  (3) The MAX parameterin Equation-3 representsthe bitsize ofeach pixel. For example,the M A X is 255 when the color depth is selected as 8-bit. 387 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure-2 Experimentalresults relating to the PSNR parameter The experimental results obtained from data embedding procedures in the wavelength method have been given in Figure-2. The data embedding algorithms developed have been executed for both a low data capacity video labeled as ‘+’ and a high data capacity video labeled as ‘*’. As seen in Figure-2,the PSNR values for both high data capacity video and low data capacity video are higher than 65dB, which is within acceptable limits compared to the PSNR values forlossy image/video compression standards (Netravali&Haskell 95). The secret data can be in compressed form such as ‘zip’ or‘rar’and inthis case, more storage capacity for secret data can be achieved in the stego-video file. Another great advantage is that data compression applications can also provide encryption technologies to some extent. Therefore, the secret data can be compressed and encrypted before steganography in order to utilize the benefits of the applications mentioned above. 5. Conclusion A novel video-steganography method has been proposed to embed secret data into appropriate pixels of a video stream based on visible light wavelength approach. The true advantage of this approach is to determine appropriate pixels that have colors near to visible light wavelength limits i.e. infrared or ultraviolet and this characteristic maintains a better mechanism to concealthe alterations implemented on the pixels because of the weakness of the HVS. The experimental results show that obtained PSNR values for each scenarios are in the acceptable limits and the developed algorithm have worked with the HVS without causing any significant drawback. References Cetin, O. (2008), “A Data Embedding Algorithm Design for Video Applications Using a New Steganography Approach,” Ph.D. dissertation, Elect.&Comp. Edu., Sakarya Uni., Sakarya, Turkey Cetin, O., Ozcerit, A.T., (2008), “A Novel Video-Stego Method Based On HVS (ĐGS Tabanlı Yeni Bir Video–Sırörtme Yöntemi)” 3rd Information Security&Cryptology Conference with International Participation, Ankara, Turkey, pp.84-88 Koz, A., Alatan, A., (2005), “Oblivious Video Watermarking Using Temporal Sensitivity of HVS”, Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2005), Genoa, Italy, September 11-14 Hartung, F., Girod, B., (1996) “Digital watermarking of raw and compressed video” in Proc. SPIE 2952: Digital Compression Technologies and Systems for Video Communication, Berlin, Germany, pp. 205–213. Hartung, F., Girod, B., (1998), “Digital watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video”, Trans. Of Signal Processing – Sprecial Issue on Copyright protection and Access Control for Multimedia Services, 66(3):283-301 Swanson, M.D., Zhu, B., Tewfik, A.T., (1998), “Multiresolution scenebased video watermarking using perceptual models”, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 16, pp. 540–550, 1998. Swanson,M.D. Zhu, B., Tewfik, A.T., (1997), “Data Hiding for Video-in-Video”, Proc.ICIP’97, Santa Barbara, CA, 2:676679. 388 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Cetin, O., Ozcerit, A.T., Cakiroglu, M., (2006), “A New Data Embedding Method into Motion Pictures” The 2006 World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Applied Computing, Las Vegas, USA. Jonathan, K.S., Hartung, F., Girod, B., (1999), “Digital Watermarking Of Text, Image, And Video Documents Comput.&Graphics”, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 687±695, Elsevier Science Netravali, A.N., Haskell, B.G., (1995), “Digital Pictures: Representation, Compression, and Standards (2nd Ed)”, Plenum Press, New York Rabbani, M., Jones, P.W., (1991), “Digital Image Compression Techniques”, Vol. TT7, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellvue, Washington 389 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 516 Title A name given to the resource A Blind Video-Steganography Technique Based on Visible Light Wavelength for Raw Video Streams Author Author Çetin, Özdemir Özcerit, Ahmet Turan Abstract A summary of the resource. Steganography techniques, which are a set of data hiding algorithms utilizing mathematical methods, have revealed significant advancement by means of latest computing technologies. Although many distinct steganography techniques have been suggested and implemented, an ideal solution has not been reached so far. The primary objective for steganography is to achieve a secure data transfer through a communication channel without attracting attention of unauthorized third parties. Since encryption methods do not meet the steganography requirements, a couple of data masking methods are also required. The performance of a steganography method can be assessed with the statistical similarity between cover media and stego media. In this paper, we have developed a blind steganography technique based on Human Vision System (HVS) using visible light wavelength approach. The proposed technique maintains virtually imperceptible alterations in the stego-video by means of the HVS approach. In addition, the technique developed does not require the cover video in the recovery phase so that it provides more secure manner in many types of applications. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/461e204862c7baa2c2f275b74b26db0d.pdf ea585980f1434b6064dda129763986bd PDF Text Text Teaching VAK-abulary Dr. Yakup Çetin Faith University, Turkey ycetin@fatih.edu.tr Abstract:Research on the understanding of the brain and how people learn have introduced the VAK learning styles model to the ELT world in the last two decades. The VAK learning Style - Neuro-linguistic programming model (NLP) - addresses a learner’s three main sensory receivers - Vision, Auditory, and Kinesthetic. Teacher feedback and the findings of prevailing research into the field indicate that teachers’ ability in simultaneous practice of all three styles in their EFL classes boosts language learners’ success almost in all language skills, including vocabulary teaching. Studies on brain and cognition also show that strength of memory depends mostly on how deeply information is processed. The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate that we will not only maintain a lively foreign language class atmosphere but also provide our students with strong memory when we teach new vocabulary by tapping learners’ VAK sensory receivers which are brain friendly learning styles. Key words: Vocabulary, Learning styles, Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic learners, “When it comes to words, every person is destined to be a lifelong learner.” Dale Johnson (2001, 9) Introduction Over the last the decade, necessity of vocabulary knowledge has come into its own again in foreign language teaching. Luckily, thanks to notable research in psycholinguistic, computer-assisted language learning, teaching and learning strategies and styles we have come to better understand how the language learner’s mind processes and stores vocabulary. Since vocabulary growth is of great importance to academic success, traditional methods currently used in ELT classes regarding teaching vocabulary need to be urgently readdressed. In other words, the common vocabulary pedagogy which mainly consists of providing learners with dictionary meaning, synonyms, and antonyms is considered quite traditional and insufficient. David Wilkins’ (1972:111) famous quotation “Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. If you spend most of your time studying grammar, your English will not improve much. You will see most improvement if you learn more words and expressions. You can say very little with grammar, but you can say almost anything with words!” is almost known by everyone interested in teaching foreign languages. Foreign language learners and teachers inspired by these convincing and guiding words have focused on innovative methods both for presenting, practicing, organizing new words and making them accessible and memorable (Harmer & Rossner, 1992; Wellman 1992; McCarthy and O'Dell 1994). For a long time, language courses and textbooks were organized according to a set of grammatical points along side with very limited number of words to support the topic of each language unit. This traditional type of language teaching pedagogy has been mostly based on the common credo of several language teaching methods as Direct Method, Audio-Lingual Method, and Communicative Language Teaching which give great priority to the teaching of grammatical structures. Their rationale behind introducing limited number of words has been that too many words could distract learners from studying the grammatical structures. Conscious or subconscious minds of these methods believe firmly that one grammatical rule can generate numberless sentences; therefore, 73 �teaching grammar is deemed more essential and productive. In their eyes vocabulary is merely a mass of items, while grammar is a system of rules worth teaching. However, more recently the hegemony of grammar has been substantially challenged since Michael Lewis (1998) introduced Lexical Approach whose principles stress the importance of word frequency and lexical chunks in the language teaching and learning process. Similarly proponents of Natural Approach, Total Physical Approach, Suggestopedia, Contend Based Teaching and so forth have also supported the necessity of vocabulary growth which resulted in more interest and research in teaching foreign language words. For instance, Harmer (2007) stated that in certain contexts vocabulary plays greater role than grammatical structures and the correct use of structures is almost impossible if one does not possess the necessary vocabulary knowledge. Fortunately, vocabulary is no more treated like Cinderella even if many ELT publishers insist on grammatical syllabus in their textbooks. The inclusion of different vocabulary activities in recent textbooks shows how seriously vocabulary is treated nowadays. For example, a back cover survey of some popular ELT textbooks shows the degree of importance given to vocabulary teaching: “Strong emphasis on vocabulary, with a particular focus on high frequency, useful words and phrases”. (from Cutting Edge Intermediate) Learning Styles Research in pedagogy has shown that we learn in different ways, at different rates, and under different conditions. Thus, it is significant for teachers to look to come with better ways to teach their students and plan their language classes to address the learning styles of their learners (Carbo, 1981). Newman (1981) defines learning styles as the ways through which people learn, Holland (1982) agrees that learning style is a student's preferred way of learning, and DeCecco (1968: 89) describes learning style as the "personal ways in which individuals process information in the course of learning new concepts and principals." Correspondingly, the results of Specific Diagnostic Study indicate that 29% of elementary and high school students learn best through visuals, 34% through auditory mode, and 37% through kinesthetic mode (Willis and Hodson 1999). Surprisingly, though the concept of learning styles has been known for more than two decades, it is still relatively new for many languages teachers and learners therefore needs constant reminding. Glad to see that it as an indispensable component of most teacher training programs because it stresses the idea of individualized instruction. According to its principles, maximum learning outcome is possible when learners are given to opportunity to learn in terms of their preference. Carbo (1981) argues that learners have different learning styles – mainly visual, auditory, and kinesthetic; thus, there is no single learning method best for all learners. For example, a visual learner may remember words after seeing them several times. A kinesthetic learner may desire to feel, touch, or trace over words to learn them. An auditory learner may learn words better when they are pronounced a few times. Each of these methods may help if they address the right group of learners; otherwise, they may be useless and even hinder learning. With the help of learning style inventory, the teacher can choose the most effective vocabulary teaching activities and materials for their learners. No doubt that when a teacher is able to address all types of learners with the same teaching material, it will help them save time that is otherwise spent on trial-and-error procedures which may result in failure. With respect to vocabulary teaching, if teachers use teaching material which includes visual, auditory and kinesthetic components simultaneously, students may not only learn the target words quickly but also enjoy the class and have long term retention. 74 �Visual Learning of Vocabulary The saying that a picture is often truly worth a thousand words is especially true in foreign language teaching. There is a significant amount of research which supports the idea that pictures can enhance considerably both reading and listening comprehension of L1 students (Clark and Paivio, 1991). Cognitive psychology and visualverbal behavior research supports the influence of pictures on learning (Cronin and Myers, 1997). Canning (2000) also claims that use of visuals in EFL and ESL classrooms can remarkably facilitate language learning, for they are able to form a strong link between the material learned and learners’ mental activity. Pictures are peculiarly effective because they evoke numberless cognitive pegs to make associative and referential connections between mental images and information in the long-term memory. Canning (2000) points out that visuals are available in different forms - illustrations, pictures, perceptions, mental images, figures, impressions, likeness, replicas, reproductions – and provide the learners with immediate comprehension aid. Visuals may help learners predict and infer information, and with their help teachers can present objects, animals, people, occupations, planets, organisms and countless other materials to the students and open useful discussions. However, the same researcher argues as well that visuals can be ineffective when they are not well-chosen and used in improper ways. For example, the use of violent scenes, too many distracters, too crowded or causing an overwhelming effect of information, too small or clearly defined, stereotyped images, poor reproduction, not related to the text, irrelevant captioning, and offering too much information, unclear picture which does not compliment the text do not facilitate learning of the material. Undoubtedly, pictures play an affective and motivational function for students and their benefit is greatest when they are related to the reader’s age. Young learners may benefit more from demonstrations, whereas for older learners “try-to-imagine” instructions may be sufficient. Kehret (1996) has found out that drawing or sketches made by the teachers is a useful tool to enhance comprehension. Accordingly, visual learners have the tendency to see what they are learning; thus, pictures and images help them understand ideas and information better than solely words. They like it when the teacher is capable of creating a mental image, for it provides them with greater understanding and stronger recalling of learning. When they are well-chosen, pictures can make any language learning task, in this case vocabulary teaching, more enjoyable, result in positive attitudes and high retention, and can influence the time learners are willing to spend on the learning material. Kinesthetic Learning of Vocabulary According to pedagogical research, we remember 10% of what we read, 20% of what we hear, 75% of what we see and 90% of what we do. Doubtless to say, the best way to learn something is doing it ourselves. Brown (1996:3) argues that “learning styles research shows that most people prefer learning by experiencing and doing (kinesthetic elements), especially reinforced through touching and movements (tactile elements)”. Similarly, Total Physical Response (TPR) proposes that second language acquisition occurs at a much faster rate when the kinesthetic sensory system of the learner is tapped (Asher, 2003). In TPR - which is based on the coordination of speech and action - language is taught primarily through physical activity. While it addresses both parts – right and left - of the brain, this approach to teaching language seems to enable children and adults to enjoy rapid, stress-free assimilation of any language followed by long-term retention. That is to say, kinesthetic learners enjoy learning when they are given the opportunity to sense the position and movement of a language skill or 75 �learning task. Seemingly, they are likely to avoid lecture and discussion type of classes, yet they do well in learning a language skill when there are materials available for manipulation and hands-on practice. While most children transcend by kinesthetic means during their schooling: especially in their early years they develop in kindergarten by moving, touching, feeling everything as they learn. As they grow older though some may shift to other learning styles – visual or auditory- a great number of them maintain their kinesthetic strengths throughout their lives. Kinesthetic learners strikingly learn faster when the medium of instruction is transmitted through labs, presentations, demonstrations, field trips and other tactile activities. Because of the great number of kinesthetic population it is quite reasonable to change our vocabulary teaching methods which address their gross motor (large-muscle) activity so that they we can enhance their learning. Auditory Learning of Vocabulary According to Dr. Shirley Wyver (reported in FPC Magazine for Australian parents) “Parents may notice they have one child who likes to talk and asks questions,” she says, “whereas the other likes to observe. Both children are engaging, but one is benefiting more from auditory input and the other from visual input”. Auditory learners enjoy listening to someone who talks about a topic rather than reading about it in the first place (Sarasin 1998). They avoid taking lecture notes in order that they can fully understand the lecturer. Further, auditory learners are left brain oriented and therefore respond well to messages, dialogues, speech, and music. They mostly enjoy both internal and external dialogues and demonstrate self-talk habits by often staring into the space and they may ask for somebody to repeat himself. Unlike other learner, they are able to work with music in the background and are not easily distracted by external noise from different sources. Learners with this type of learning style do remember learning instructions better and like it when somebody reads the directions for a given task. Therefore, as far as vocabulary teaching is concerned, they are required to exercise their vocal cords a lot, for their students success mostly relies on how well they can verbalize the learning tasks. VAK – abulary Teaching Sample 1. As an example to VAK-abulary teaching, I would like to present the Frayer Model ( adapted from Yopp, Yopp, and Bishop, 2009) which includes a simple definition of the target word (audio-visual) backed by necessary characteristics (audio-visual), examples (audio-visual), and non-example (audio-visual). I’m certain that the inclusion of pronunciation with phonetic transcription possibility (auditory), a picture (visual) and some tactile activity (kinesthetic) can create a lively classroom, develop deeper comprehension and result in long term retention of the target words. Even though the Frayer Modle is used mostly with nouns, they can be employed to 76 �teach other parts of speech (verb, adjective, adverbs) as well. / `kɑləni / Figure 1 shows a modified version of Frayer Model to present words through VAK-abulary teaching. Figure 1. A Flayer Model for Vak-abulary teaching. 77 �VAK – abulary Teaching Sample 2. The Verbal and Visual Word Association strategy ( also adapted from Yopp, Yopp, and Bishop, 2009) is another exemplar for VAK-abulary teaching, for it asks the learners to approach the target words form several angles as displayed below in Figure 2. Learners are asked to write the target word into the upper-left section (visual and kinesthetic). Further, they are expected to write a simple definition (visual and kinesthetic) obtained either from the teacher or dictionary into the lower-left section of the figure. In order to increase the comprehension of the target word, the teacher should provide the figure with an appropriate picture (visual) and pronunciation possibility of the phonetic transcription (auditory). / `a�sə,le�t / Figure 2. A Verbal Word Word Association strategy for Vak-abulary teaching. VAK–abulary teaching sample 3. This final type of VAK-abulary teaching A. Look, listen and repeat. techniques has been developed by me, myself and is unique in that it provides the teacher not obtain irrigation cultivation only with an energetic class atmosphere, but also amazingly results in high retention of abandon vocabulary, for it tackles concurrently all three learning styles – visual, auditory, and adversely fertilize precipitation aggregate kinesthetic. First, the target words are presented with pictures one by one with exact pronunciation (visual-audio). If teachers do not have access to photos, they may draw sketches. intensify photosynthesis When you choose pictures as a teacher, make B. Listen, point and tell. sure that the pictures are clear and congruent with the words. 4 3 2 In the next phase, the teacher presents the same pictures, only that the words are deleted and 1 replaced with numbers this time. Here the 6 5 7 8 78 9 10 �teacher starts to tell the words randomly and asks the students to point to the proper pictures (kinesthetic) which include a lot of TPR. Following this, the teacher tells the words and asks the students to provide him with the correct numbers that match the pictures and later roles are exchanged (auditory). Finally, this time the teacher deletes the pictures as well and leaves out only the numbers under the pictures. When you ask the students to come up with the C. Imagine and tell. right vocabulary for the numbers, surprisingly they provide you with the correct answers from 2 1 3 4 their mental picture: an activity which involves NLP elements in that it plays both hemispheres 5 6 7 8 of the brain. I firmly believe that rather than simply repeating the words for a longer period 9 10 of time, strong memory relies much more on how deeply the students are able to process the learning of new words. Conclusion Vocabulary teaching is an essential goal in ELT pedagogy, perhaps more significant than is generally accepted by researchers and foreign language teachers. Both parents and teachers can assist learners unforgettably in the vocabulary learning process by providing diverse activities which are most interesting and appropriate to their learning style. Correspondingly, learners’ vocabulary growth, comprehension and retention will increase remarkably provided that teachers practice whole sensory learning by addressing all learning receptors simultaneously: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. As long as teacher’s teaching style employed in the class does not relate to the learner’s sensory style, most probably students will shut down their preferred learning style which will most probably decrease their success, attention and motivation in the topic. As a result, schools, curriculums and lesson plans need to include large quantities of language activities that address multiple learning styles concurrently in the same lesson. Rather than saying "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," we should actually pronounce "Present information to others as they will best learn." References Brown, B. L. (1996). Learning Styles and Vocational Educational Practice. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Practice Application Brief. Carbo, M. (1981). Reading Style Inventory Manual. New York: Learning Research Associates. Decocco, J. P. (1968). The Psychology of Learning and Instruction. Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey: PrenticeHall. Harmer, J. 2007. The practice of English language teaching. (Fourth Edition). London: Longman. Harmer, J. & Rossner, R. (1992). More Than Words, Books 1 and 2. Harlow: Longman. Holland, R. P. (1982). Learner Characteristics and Learner Performance: Implications for Instructional Placement Decisions. Journal of Special Education, 16, 7-22. Johnson, D. (2001). Vocabulary in the elementary and middle school. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Lewis, M. (1998). Implementing the lexical approach. London: Language Teaching Publications. 79 �McCarthy, M. & O'Dell, F. (1994). English vocabulary in use: 100 units of vocabulary reference and practice, self-study and classroom use - upper intermediate & advanced, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Newman, E. (1981). Learning Styles of the Special Needs Student (K-6). Instructor’s Manual, Project: Least Restrictive Environment, MCC In-service Training for Regular Classroom Teachers, 3. Sarasin, L. C. (1998). Learning styles perspectives: Impact in the classroom. Madison, Wis.: Atwood Publishing. Wellman, G. (1992). The Heinemann English Wordbuilder. London: Heinemann. Wilkins D. (1972). Linguistics and Language Teaching. London: Edward Arnold Willis, M.& Hodson, V.K., (1996). Discover Your Child’s Learning Style. Prima Publishing. Yopp, H. K., Yopp, R. H., & Bishop, A. (2009). Vocabulary Instruction for Academic Success. Shell Education. Huntington Beach 80 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 654 Title A name given to the resource Teaching VAK-abulary Author Author Çetin, Yakup Abstract A summary of the resource. Research on the understanding of the brain and how people learn have introduced the VAK learning styles model to the ELT world in the last two decades. The VAK learning Style - Neuro-linguistic programming model (NLP) - addresses a learner’s three main sensory receivers - Vision, Auditory, and Kinesthetic. Teacher feedback and the findings of prevailing research into the field indicate that teachers’ ability in simultaneous practice of all three styles in their EFL classes boosts language learners’ success almost in all language skills, including vocabulary teaching. Studies on brain and cognition also show that strength of memory depends mostly on how deeply information is processed. The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate that we will not only maintain a lively foreign language class atmosphere but also provide our students with strong memory when we teach new vocabulary by tapping learners’ VAK sensory receivers which are brain friendly learning styles. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d3de4135d1f0a38c886025886047ff58.pdf 20412d242c55e324e47290db29888803 PDF Text Text The Changing Sufficiencies for Teachers on the Use of Educational Technologies’ Ahmet Naci ÇOKLAR Faculty of Education, Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies, Selçuk University Konya/Turkey e-mail: ahmetcoklar@selcuk.edu.tr H. Ferhan ODABAŞI Faculty of Education, Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies, Anadolu University, Eskisehir/Turkey e-mail: fodabasi@anadolu.edu.tr Abstract: As with many other fields, technological developments have rapid effects on the field of education. The use of new technologies in the field of education has been followed by ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education) and is conveyed as a standard. The sufficiency requirements of today’s teachers regarding the use of technology is determined by the NETS*T standard. This research studies the changes taking place in the sufficiencies of teachers regarding the use of technology by analyzing the old and new NETS*T (National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers) standards as well as the indicators of these standards. Regarding teachers’ sufficiencies on the use of technology; the speed of technological change, changing roles towards a guide and model (as opposed to an educator) and various innovations brought by the internet (the digital age, digital citizenship etc.) can be described as important determinants. Keywords: Teacher sufficiencies, Educational technologies, Educational technology standards, NETS*T. 1. Introduction In today’s world of rapid technological development, important concepts such as “change” and “innovation” come to mind. Newer, more advanced and more functional models of many products of technology are released before the originals are effectively made use of. Examples of such products would be computers, mobile phones and PDAs. Each new product brings with it new features and capabilities. While once merely tools for voice communication, cellular phones are now capable of playing music, Bluetooth wireless communication, photography and video, multimedia sharing with MMS messaging and lately with the adoption of 3G technology, digital transactions. Mobile phones accurately summarize the change that has taken place in the last ten years. Similarly, despite the fact that the personal computer (PC) entered our lives in the 1970’s and has become small enough to fit in our pockets, it has become more capable and functional. An important technological development of today is the internet. Its current state entered our lives in the late 1990’s and has become an important part of various aspects of our lives such as trade, banking, communication and health services. Another field that has been affected by the internet is education. As a technology, the internet has brought with it various changes and has made certain sufficiencies mandatory. An important part of the education system affected by these changes are teachers. The qualities of teachers change according to changes in technology. 223 �2. Educational Technology Technology can be defined as tools and utilities developed by man to inspect and manipulate their material surroundings as well as all associated knowledge (TDK, 2009). This definition shows that technology is not limited to items and tools. The whole concept regarding the tools and their use is under the scope of the definition of technology. The general purpose of technology, however, is to simplify or make life easier. Educational technology can be seen as the use of technology in the field of education. In this regard, the concept of educational technology encapsulates both tools and utilities and the methods, techniques and underlying system of concepts associated with these tools and utilities (Demierl, Seferoğlu & Yağcı, 2004). Kaya (2005) states that educational technology is a complex and complete process which covers every aspect of human learning as well as the analysis of problems and the people, ideas, equipment and organization required to provide findings, applications, evaluation and management of the solutions to these problems. In other words, educational technology should be considered more than just tools and utilities. The use of educational technologies also covers the methods and techniques, or in other words the sufficiencies associated with the use of devices such as computers, television and PDAs. Akpınar (2004) has stated that every tool or item assisting in the reduction of the interaction of the subject matter to a level understandable by the student is within the study scope of educational technology. 3. Educational Technology Standards Various innovations such as multimedia computers, video discs, CD-ROMs and other computer supported educational applications were introduced to the field of education in the 1990s with the expectation that they would be more widely adopted in time (Kronour, 2004). Due to the inability to ensure the expected levels of technology use, the United States Department of Education started the ‘Preparing Tomorrow’s Teachers to Use Technology’ program (PT3) with significant success in its first year (Stuve & Cassady, 2005). In application, the program made use of the preexisting National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) to remedy what was seen as the problem of ensuring the equal and prevalent use of educational technology throughout the United States (NETS, 2006; Suve & Cassady, 2005; UNESCO, 2002). An important purpose of standards is to add the use of new technologies such as computers and the internet in educational programs. As such, the enforcement of new and high level technologies is attempted (Stuve & Cassady, 2005). 4. The Development and Factor Structure of NETS NETS is not limited to the sufficiencies regarding the use of technology in education by teachers. When analyzed as a process, the standards required for students, teachers and administrators regarding the use and planning of technology were combined under the scope of NETS in June 1998, June 2000 and November 2001 respectively (NETS, 2006). These standards have been designated NETS-S (Student), NETS-T (Teacher) and NETS-A (Administrator). Despite its American origin, many countries and regions such as Australia, China, Ireland, Latin America and England have made use of the NETS standards to develop national and regional standards or have adapted them for their own use (UNESCO, 2002). The primary reason for this is that the NETS subsides within the International society for Technology in Education (ISTE). ISTE has declared its mission statement to be to ensure the effective use of new technology in P-12 education and teacher training without profit. As an international establishment, it is accepted as an authority in many countries (ISTE, 2009). The ISTE updates the NETS standards at regular intervals based on technological developments. The NETS*T standard which deals with teacher sufficiencies has been updated 4 times up to the year 2009. NETS*T was first established in 1993 with 13 indicators and revisions made in 1997 dewvided it into three categories with 18 indicators. In 2000, it took the form of six categories with a total of 23 clauses (NETS, 2006). Finally, the updates performed in 2008 restructured the NETS*T standard into five categories and 20 indicators (NETS, 2009). These indicators determined by the ISTE based on new educational technologies are important aspects in portraying changing sufficiencies for teachers. 5. Changind Teacher Sufficiencies Based on the New NETS*T Standards 224 �To understand the changing sufficiencies of teachers regarding the use of educational technology, a comparison between the latest and previous NETS*T standards must be conducted. Both standards can be viewed in Table 1. NETS*T 2000 Standards NETS*T 2008 Standards I Technology Operations and Concepts I Facilitate and Inspire Student Learning and Creativity II Planning and Designing Learning Environments and Experiences II Design and Develop Digital-Age Learning Experiences and Assessments III Teaching, Learning, and the Curriculum III Model Digital-Age Work and Learning IV Assessment and Evaluation IV Promote and Model Digital Citizenship and Responsibility V Productivity and Professional Practice V Engage in Professional Growth and Leadership VI Social, Ethical, Legal, and Human Issues Tablo 1. NETS-T Standards It can be seen from Table 1 that significant changes have taken place in the sufficiencies required by teachers regarding the use of educational technology. The changing role of teachers towards guidance and counseling advisors stands out. While the teaching qualities of teachers are prioritized in the NETS*T standards of 2000, the new NETS*T standards emphasize teachers’ quialities such as role modeling, inspiration, motivation and assistance. This situation is described in the initial instructions of the NETS*T standards as teachers’ use of technology in the assistance of role modeling and in the fulfillment of student standards (NETS*S). Another important innovation is the inclusion of concepts such as the digital age, digital citizenship and digital responsibility as a reflection of the internet in NETS*T standards. Therefore the innovations brought by educational technology standards towards teachers can be described as the sufficiencies for the digital age. Another important feature is considering teachers have basic levels of sufficiencies regarding technological knowledge and skills, the ensuring of teachers providing technology as a means for creativity and innovation is described as a new sufficiency. Emphasis is placed on teachers’ assistance and role modeling, with teachers making use of face to face or virtual environments to increase student learning stated as sufficiencies. Teachers’ technology sufficiencies such as developing student creativity, increasing learning and planning processes of self evaluation were present in previous standards. Emphasis on the design and development of learning experiences for the digital age can be observed in these standards as well. Considering the speed at which technology changes, new sufficiencies regarding these rapid changes have been put into place. These sufficiencies are described as models for the lifestyle and learning styles of the digital age. In today’s world with rapidly changing technology, a required quality of teachers is the ability to follow new technology, analyze and evaluate it and lead students in its use, providing assistance to students on the use of this technology in both their daily lives and as a research tool or for learning purposes. Another important sufficiency stated is the sufficiencies directed towards digital citizenship and responsibilities. Previous standards incorporated sufficiencies regarding legal and ethical use of computers. This section emphasizes the use of technology and knowledge in a legal and ethical manner with respect towards copyrights. Along with these additions, sufficiencies regarding the healthy use of technology has been omitted. Additionally, new sufficiencies have been implemented regarding the teachers being a model and motivational factor regarding digital ethics in the use of communication technologies for social communication such as chat and e-mail. Regarding vocational development, supporting the use of educational technology as an addition to the general use of educational technologies can be seen as a new sufficiency. In other words, the role modeling and motivation provided by students, teachers and administrators (all individuals) to ensure an increase in the use of technology is considered a standard. Self development and the use of technology for lifelong learning was present in previous standards. However it can be seen that the new standards aim to construct a synergy within the school. 225 �6. Results The new NETS*T standards shaped towards new educational technologies (with an emphasis on the internet) established by ISTE in 2008 put forth new sufficiencies required of teachers regarding the use of educational technologies. The innovations and changes established by the new NETS*T standards regarding teachers’ use of educational technologies can be summarized as follows: ‰ A change in teachers’ roles towards advisors, role models and motivators regarding educational technologies. ‰ Considering teachers’ pre-established and basic levels of technology use, a higher level of sufficiencies through the use of face to face and virtual environments. ‰ Teachers’ ability to use the qualities of the digital age (ie. mobile phones, the internet, PDAs etc.) in the design of learning environments to stimulate curiosity in students, develop creativity and similar objectives rather than mere sources of information. ‰ To follow technology’s rapid change and keep up with this change, while using these new technologies for educational purposes. ‰ In the wake of the spread of the internet, to inform society about increasingly important digital citizenship and to be a leading figure in the legal, ethical and copyright-aware use of technology. ‰ To establish a synergy with all individuals associated with education to increase the use of technology. ‰ Following this study, it is recommended that the new NETS*T standards prepared and established by experts in the field and with a broad field of view by the ISTE be integrated as an important planning resource and organizational tool for in-service training and the teacher training process by all nations. 7. References Akpınar, Y. (2004). Teachers’ Approaches to Some Educational Technology Related Factors Affecting Learning. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – TOJET, 3(3), Article 15, 2004. Retrieved: 21 01, 2006, from: http://www.tojet.net/ articles/3315.htm. Demirel, O., Seferoglu S. & Yagcı E. (2004). Öğretim Teknolojileri ve Materyal Geliştirme. (5.edition), Ankara: Pegema Publishing. Kaya, Z. (2005). Öğretim Teknolojileri ve Materyal Geliştirme. Ankara: Pegem Publishing. Kronour, J. P. (2004). Preservice Teaching Standards: What Skills Should First Year Teachers Possess As They Enter The Field. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Dayton, Ohio, USA. UNESCO, (2002). Information And Communication Technologies In Teacher Education: A Planning Guide. France: Division of Higher Education. ISTE, (2009). International Society for Technology in Education. Retrieved: 22 04, 2009, from Web Pages of ISTE: http://www.iste.org/AM/Template.cfm? Section=About_ISTE. NETS, (2006). National Educational Technology Standards. Retrieved: 12 01, 2006, from Web Pages of NETS: http://cnets.iste.org/. NETS, (2009). National Educational Technology Standards. Retrieved: 23 04, 2009, from Web Pages of NETS for Teachers: http://www.iste.org/AM/Template.cfm? Section=NETS. Stuve M.. ve Cassady J.(2005). A Factor A Factor Analysis of the NETS Performance Profiles: Searching for Constructs of SelfConcept and Technology Professionalism. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 13(2), pp.303-324. TDK, (2009). Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü. Retrieved: 12 05, 2006, from Web Pages of The Turkish Language Association Dictionary: http://www.tdk.org.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx? F6E10F889243CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF05A79F75456518CA. 226 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 403 Title A name given to the resource The Changing Sufficiencies for Teachers on the Use of Educational Technologies’ Author Author ÇOKLAR, Ahmet Naci ODABAŞI, H. Ferhan Abstract A summary of the resource. As with many other fields, technological developments have rapid effects on the field of education. The use of new technologies in the field of education has been followed by ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education) and is conveyed as a standard. The sufficiency requirements of today’s teachers regarding the use of technology is determined by the NETS*T standard. This research studies the changes taking place in the sufficiencies of teachers regarding the use of technology by analyzing the old and new NETS*T (National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers) standards as well as the indicators of these standards. Regarding teachers’ sufficiencies on the use of technology; the speed of technological change, changing roles towards a guide and model (as opposed to an educator) and various innovations brought by the internet (the digital age, digital citizenship etc.) can be described as important determinants. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General)