198 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e57c5ef92994523755b9dbe04f9d3829.pdf 70ee1b09fd0e280ba40ac5b9aa43954a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Telemarketing as a Global Market Tool Adnan Karajbid International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina karajba@hotmail.com Teoman Duman International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina tduman@ibu.edu.ba Globalization as unstoppable trend, changes all aspects of life as we know it. In traditional way of business relations, product was brought in a new market by a sales representative personally and if the seller would recognize possible success, business unit would be established in form of subsidiary, franchise or any other type of business model. If the market was on a different geographical area, far from headquarters, new business unit would have to have a full capacity establishment often including middle management; this actually represents a situation where extra cost cannot be avoided. Today though, call agent from Sarajevo can sell a product to buyer in Adelaide in a situation where none of them saw actual product but all information needed were obtained through websites and phone lines. The only person that actually saw an item of sale is a distributor in Melbourne that will get information from Sarajevo that specific package needs to be delivered to an address in Adelaide. This form of sales is a new trend that international companies are more than welcoming, it lets them keep their businesses running and sales high with significantly lower labor costs. It is already a common practice that customer support and sales centers of American and Australian companies are based in South Asia, the only difference that customer will notice is agents accent but other than that they are giving them all needed information as if they were in their local communities and they are very familiar with issues that customer might be having with a company`s product. So far I have mentioned sales and support being realized over the phone, but it is just an aspect of what tele-business actually is. The one that is mostly used is for user telephone advertising and sales in combination. Product awareness is a stage that every product has to go through and companies have been trying to make it as shorter as possible and as cheaper as possible, but now it seems they finally got so long needed solution. With extremely cheap phone costs and staff that can locate a customer in any part of the World from one single office, 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo telephone advertisements are absolute hit of today`s business. Not all companies are global; there is an example of German insurance company, selling its policies to German customers but from offices placed all across Western Balkans. Lower labor costs are significant but not the only reason for dislocated business operations, management control of all business aspects is genuinely simpler and more effective. Not all aspects of telephone marketing and sales are positive, as I have already stated, agents are often not familiar with type of product or service they are selling, but this is something that can be resolved with a good training. Hence, there is another issue that cannot be so resolved in such a simple way, different legal standards that agents have to be aware of. This will represent important aspect of this thesis; here I will just give an example where in Canada and most States in the USA there are laws that enable person to start a legal process against the certain company for unwanted calls. Telemarketing is still in a growth phase but it is a trend that helps and encourages global market development. Keywords: Telemarketing, Global Market Tool, Western Balkans, Sarajevo.. 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1464 Title A name given to the resource Telemarketing as a Global Market Tool Author Author KARAJBIĆ, Adnan DUMAN, Teoman Abstract A summary of the resource. Globalization as unstoppable trend, changes all aspects of life as we know it. In traditional way of business relations, product was brought in a new market by a sales representative personally and if the seller would recognize possible success, business unit would be established in form of subsidiary, franchise or any other type of business model. If the market was on a different geographical area, far from headquarters, new business unit would have to have a full capacity establishment often including middle management; this actually represents a situation where extra cost cannot be avoided. Today though, call agent from Sarajevo can sell a product to buyer in Adelaide in a situation where none of them saw actual product but all information needed were obtained through websites and phone lines. The only person that actually saw an item of sale is a distributor in Melbourne that will get information from Sarajevo that specific package needs to be delivered to an address in Adelaide. This form of sales is a new trend that international companies are more than welcoming, it lets them keep their businesses running and sales high with significantly lower labor costs. It is already a common practice that customer support and sales centers of American and Australian companies are based in South Asia, the only difference that customer will notice is agents accent but other than that they are giving them all needed information as if they were in their local communities and they are very familiar with issues that customer might be having with a company`s product. So far I have mentioned sales and support being realized over the phone, but it is just an aspect of what tele-business actually is. The one that is mostly used is for user telephone advertising and sales in combination. Product awareness is a stage that every product has to go through and companies have been trying to make it as shorter as possible and as cheaper as possible, but now it seems they finally got so long needed solution. With extremely cheap phone costs and staff that can locate a customer in any part of the World from one single office,telephone advertisements are absolute hit of today`s business. Not all companies are global; there is an example of German insurance company, selling its policies to German customers but from offices placed all across Western Balkans. Lower labor costs are significant but not the only reason for dislocated business operations, management control of all business aspects is genuinely simpler and more effective. Not all aspects of telephone marketing and sales are positive, as I have already stated, agents are often not familiar with type of product or service they are selling, but this is something that can be resolved with a good training. Hence, there is another issue that cannot be so resolved in such a simple way, different legal standards that agents have to be aware of. This will represent important aspect of this thesis; here I will just give an example where in Canada and most States in the USA there are laws that enable person to start a legal process against the certain company for unwanted calls. Telemarketing is still in a growth phase but it is a trend that helps and encourages global market development. Keywords: Telemarketing, Global Market Tool, Western Balkans, Sarajevo.. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/be9aac398cfb06dae259389ee44703f6.pdf afcbe0bb8cd5bdc7f3ad39d81639b88f PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Exporting Opportunities Provided by E-Commerce for Small and Middle Sized Enterprises Meryem Kara Fatih University, İstanbul, Turkey meryemkara25@gmail.com Ali Coşkun Fatih University, İstanbul, Turkey alicoskun@fatih.edu.tr E-foreign trade, a way of commerce in which business contacts and activities such as international marketing and advertising are carried out through electronic media, without coming face to face increases competitive power of small and middle sized enterprises (SMEs) with its fast, economic structure enabling access to world market through internet. Due to opportunities provided and properties it has, e-foreign trade has become new way of commerce of the era and this way contributes to exportation of countries which is the most important source of income of countries. In this study we will present the results of a research conducted to analyze the e-foreign trade process of exporters and importers have experienced in Turkey. In addition current problems of the e-foreign trade companies in Turkey will be discussed and we offer some solutions to the problems in the light of the obtained findings. Finally we will suggest some new opportunities of e-commerce to improve the export of SMEs. As the research method the interview technique was chosen and we interviewed 30 actively e-foreign trader firms in the Turkish food sector from different cities. Keywords: E-Foreign Trade, E-Commerce, E-Trade, Foreign Trade, SMEs. 201 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1609 Title A name given to the resource Exporting Opportunities Provided by E-Commerce for Small and Middle Sized Enterprises Author Author KARA, Meryem COSKUN, Ali Abstract A summary of the resource. E-foreign trade, a way of commerce in which business contacts and activities such as international marketing and advertising are carried out through electronic media, without coming face to face increases competitive power of small and middle sized enterprises (SMEs) with its fast, economic structure enabling access to world market through internet. Due to opportunities provided and properties it has, e-foreign trade has become new way of commerce of the era and this way contributes to exportation of countries which is the most important source of income of countries. In this study we will present the results of a research conducted to analyze the e-foreign trade process of exporters and importers have experienced in Turkey. In addition current problems of the e-foreign trade companies in Turkey will be discussed and we offer some solutions to the problems in the light of the obtained findings. Finally we will suggest some new opportunities of e-commerce to improve the export of SMEs. As the research method the interview technique was chosen and we interviewed 30 actively e-foreign trader firms in the Turkish food sector from different cities. Keywords: E-Foreign Trade, E-Commerce, E-Trade, Foreign Trade, SMEs. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/23a275ccca59bd042303f86a9955931a.pdf bb1c8b0b7210481090b1baaec559fbe1 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Information-Supported Efficient Frontier for the Taiwanese Stock Market Chiang Kao Department of Industrial and Information Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ckao@mail.ncku.edu.tw The mean-variance portfolio model helps investors to allocate their available funds to a set of assets, such that the portfolio return will be maximized at a specified risk level. Since the asset return rates are random variables, expected values are conventionally used to make the mathematical model tractable. If the asset return rates can be predicted in advance, then higher portfolio returns are expected, and the extra returns obtained are the value of information. This paper introduces the idea of an information-supported efficient frontier, and the difference between this curve and the conventional one is the value of information. At the lowest attainable risk level, the value of information is zero, and it increases along with the risk level. A case of the Taiwanese stock market illustrates how to calculate the value of information in portfolio selection in practice. Notably, the value of information in the Taiwanese stock market is substantial, indicating that it is worth acquiring the information to better predict the future stock return rates. Keywords: Efficient Frontier, Portfolio Selection, Stochastic Programming, Value of Information, Taiwan Stocks. 81 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1536 Title A name given to the resource Information-Supported Efficient Frontier for the Taiwanese Stock Market Author Author KAO, Chiang Abstract A summary of the resource. The mean-variance portfolio model helps investors to allocate their available funds to a set of assets, such that the portfolio return will be maximized at a specified risk level. Since the asset return rates are random variables, expected values are conventionally used to make the mathematical model tractable. If the asset return rates can be predicted in advance, then higher portfolio returns are expected, and the extra returns obtained are the value of information. This paper introduces the idea of an information-supported efficient frontier, and the difference between this curve and the conventional one is the value of information. At the lowest attainable risk level, the value of information is zero, and it increases along with the risk level. A case of the Taiwanese stock market illustrates how to calculate the value of information in portfolio selection in practice. Notably, the value of information in the Taiwanese stock market is substantial, indicating that it is worth acquiring the information to better predict the future stock return rates. Keywords: Efficient Frontier, Portfolio Selection, Stochastic Programming, Value of Information, Taiwan Stocks. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cede0fd0cb485b13c0e57468b9e9f551.pdf 15c86ed95d562d92ea84a8379b19bc2e PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Impact of Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Factors on Tourism Performance: The Case of Silk Road Countries Kemal Kantarcı Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya-Antalya / TURKEY kantarci@akdeniz.edu.tr Kazim Develioğlu Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya-Antalya / TURKEY kdevelioglu@akdeniz.edu.tr Nowadays, tourism industry has gained a momentum in balancing countries’ balance of payments, contributing to GDP, and employment. These contributions of the industry to local economies made it a critical sector and a source of foreign currency in many countries of the World. As a result, obtaining and sustaining competition factors become critically important. By the similar vein, it can be indicated that tourism performance of countries will be greatly influenced by competition factors. In certain studies different models had been used to classify competitive factors in tourism industry (Hassan, 2000; Dwyer and Kim, 2003). In this study, we use World Economic Forum’s (WEF) classification of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness factors to examine resources that are expected to influence Silk Road countries’ tourism performance. We conceptualized the tourism performance by two variables: international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts. WEF’s classification of competitive factors consists of three sub-indexes and 14 factors that measure these sub-indexes, which are reported below:  T&T regulatory framework (Policy rules and regulations, Environmental sustainability, Safety and security, Health and hygiene, Prioritization of Travel & Tourism)  T&T business environment and infrastructure (Air transport infrastructure, Ground transport infrastructure, Tourism infrastructure, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure, Price competitiveness in the T&T industry) 185 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo  T&T human, cultural, and natural resources (Human resources, Education and training, Availability of qualified labour, Affinity for Travel & Tourism, Natural resources, Cultural Resources) Methodology In this study, we aim to investigate the impact of Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Factors on the tourism performance of Silk Road Countries. As a promising project, the Silk Road project is gaining a critical importance for countries in the region. The list of Silk Road Countries consists of 28 countries: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China,Croatia, DPR Korea, Egypt, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Republic of Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. We used the data for 23 countries and excluded 5 countries because of lack of data. Countries that are excluded from the list are DPR Korea, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. In order to perform multiple regression analyses to investigate the relationship between competitive factors and country performances, we used the data of The World Economic Forum’s “The Travel and Tourism (T&T) Competitiveness Index” for the years between 2008 - 2011. Findings Performance of two-separate multiple regression analyses postulated for the first analysis that The Silk Road Countries’ tourist arrivals as a performance variable is influenced by three competitive factors, namely, air transport infrastructure, ground transport infrastructure, and cultural resources. For the second analysis, findings revealed that tourism receipts of the Silk Road Countries are influenced by five competitive factors: Air transport infrastructure, ground transport infrastructure, environmental sustainability, health-hygiene, and cultural resources. Keywords: Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index, Strategic Marketing, Silk Road Countries, Tourism Performance. 186 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b8a71fbc04a725c4807fdc59858e8565.docx 1e336234a4c64a872813db50b259e6a6 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f85a1e2b9d9aa6b8ff23429d5832856a.pdf 966e2b6f1dc5b742899924d138f5836f PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Impact of Travel&Tourism Competitiveness Factors on Tourism Performance: The Case of Silk Road Countries Kemal Kantarci Akdeniz University, Alanya – Antalya, Turkey kantarci@akdeniz.edu.tr Kazim Develioglu Akdeniz University, Alanya – Antalya, Turkey kdevelioglu@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract The Silk Road project is a tourism-based project that aims to increase welfare and performance of member societies. In order to explore potential determining factors of the Silk Road countries’ performance, we used Travel and Tourism Competitiveness pillars as independent and international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts dependent variables. Multiple regression analyses results revealed that air transport infrastructure is the most influential factor in explaining variance in performance variables. Other independent variables to be mentioned are ground transport infrastructure, cultural resources, environmental sustainability, and health and hygience. Key words: Travel&Tourism Competitiveness Index, Strategic Management, The Silk Road Project, Tourism Performance Introduction Importance of competition factors on performance of countries has long been recognized. As the globalization increases, it becomes more difficult to sustain competitive advantages, which results to performance of countries. This difficulty also has been felt in tourism industry by policy makers at national and firm level, because of current global crisis that increased competition among nations. As the result, policy makers develop competitive strategies to increase performance of their countries. Obtaining a sustainable competitive advantage and increasing tourism performance have been a central concern for strategy makers and necessitate discovery of potential causes for a successful performance. In order to develop an answer for this concern, authors of this study use Travel and Tourism Competitiveness pillars as potential causes of tourism performance for the Silk Road countries. Literature Review Nowadays, tourism industry has gained a momentum in balancing countries’ balance of payments, contributing to GDP and employment. These contributions of the industry to local economies made it a critical sector and a source of foreign currency in many countries of the World. As a result, obtaining and sustaining competitive advantage become critically important. The long term economic performance of countries mainly depends on their success in creating and sustaining sectors that produce revenue and employment. In order to obtain long-term sustainable economic performance, countries try 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo to develop competitive advantages over other countries. As Onsel et al. (2008) indicate “in order to provide firms the necessary opportunities to survive and realize global competitive advantage, it is essential to define the relative competitive position of their home country…A nation’s competitiveness can be viewed as its position in the international marketplace compared to other nations of similar economic development” (pp. 222). At the industrial level, “the potential for any country’s tourism industry to develop will depend substantially on its ability to maintain competitive advantage in its delivery of goods and services to visitors (Dwyer, et al., 2000: 9). Discussions regarding competitive advantage at the regional level fueled fire of theories of new economic geography and regional economy (Vukovic, et al., 2012). Establishment of European Union can be appraised as the major regional economic movement. One the biggest contribution has been made by Porter (2004) by explaining sources of innovativeness and competitiveness in the framework of regional clusters of related sectors. Regional competitiveness described as “the ability of a region to generate income and sustain the employment level with the aim of domestic and international competition” (DTI, 2002: 3). Economic Forum (2011) defines competitivenessas the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country. The level of productivity, in turn, sets the level of prosperity that can be earned by an economy. The productivity level also determines the rates of return obtained by investments in an economy, which in turn are the fundamental drivers of its growth rates. In other words, a more competitive economy is one that is likely to grow faster over time and exhibit a superior performance. As Reed and DeFillippi (1990) indicate “superior performance is correlated with competitive advantage, and achieving an advantage will automatically result in higher performance” (pp. 90). Early studies of competitiveness stated that competitiveness resulted from certain key driving factors, such as capital, trade, investment, government spending, foreign direct investment, etc. New trade theory accentuates on factors like skilled labor, specialized infrastructure, networks of suppliers, and localized technologies. In addition to macro-economic approaches cited above, some micro-economic perspectives are also available. One of the most influential perspectives is Porter’s cluster theory, which posits that geographical clusters encourage both operational effectiveness and distinctive strategic positions (Porter 1990). Another perspective is the Shumpeterian’s theory of entrepreneurship, which focuses on the role of technology and entrepreneurs in creating innovation and learning. In order to create a competitive position, there are three broad groups of factors [(European Commission, 2003: Martin (edt)]:    Infrastructure and accessibility Human capital R&D and innovation, demography. In certain studies different models were used to classify competitive factors in tourism industry (Hassan, 2000; Dwyer and Kim, 2003). In this study, we use World Economic Forum’s (WEF) classification of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness factors to examine resources that are expected to influence Silk Road countries’ tourism performance. Leadership of United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) played the key role to organize 28 countries from Asia, Europe, and Africa and formed the Silk Road Project. The Member States currently involved in the Silk Road Program include: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, DPR Korea, Rep. Korea, Egypt, Georgia, 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan (UNWTO, 2012: 4). The Silk Road Countries are aware of the importance of the tourism industry in order to develop and be competitive. In order to succeed this result, the Silk Road countries should increase their capabilities and develop a competitive position to attract more tourists from around the world. In this sense, tourism performance can be evaluated as a result of using competition tools effectively in order to create a sustainable macroeconomic environment. In the study, we conceptualized the tourism performance by two variables: international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts. WEF’s classification of competitive factors consists of three sub-indexes and 14 factors that measure these sub-indexes, which are reported below:  T&T regulatory framework (Policy rules and regulations, environmental sustainability, safety and security, health and hygiene, prioritization of travel and tourism)  T&T business environment and infrastructure (Air transport infrastructure, Ground transport infrastructure, Tourism infrastructure, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure, Price competitiveness in the T&T industry)  T&T human, cultural, and natural resources (Human resources, Education and training, Availability of qualified labor, Affinity for Travel & Tourism, Natural resources, Cultural Resources) Methodology In this study, we aim to investigate the impact of Travel&Tourism Competitiveness Factors on the tourism performance of Silk Road Countries. As a promising project, the Silk Road project is gaining a critical importance for countries in the region. The list of Silk Road Countriesconsists of 28 countries: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China,Croatia, DPR Korea, Egypt, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Republic of Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. We used the data for 23 countries and excluded 5 countries because of lack of data. Countries that are excluded from the list are DPR Korea, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. In order to perform multiple regression analyses to investigate the relationship between competitive factors and country performances, we used the data of The World Economic Forum’s “The Travel and Tourism (T&T) Competitiveness Index” for the years between 2008-2011, excluded 2010 because of lack of data. Findings We performed two-separate multiple regression analyses and results postulated for the first analysis that the Silk Road Countries’ tourist arrivals as a performance variable is influenced by three competition pillars, which are air transport infrastructure, ground transport infrastructure, and cultural resources. For the second analysis, findings revealed that tourism receipts of the Silk Road Countries are influenced by five competitive pillars: 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Air transport infrastructure, ground transport infrastructure, environmental sustainability, cultural resources, and health-hygiene. Table 1: Regression Analysis Results for Competitiveness Pillars and International Tourist Arrivals Independent Variables Beta Constant Significance of t -10510.379 Air transport infrastructure 0.695 0.000 Ground transport infrastructure -0.476 0.000 Cultural resources 0.347 0.001 R2 F Significance of F 0.50 28.673 0.000 *Dependent variable: International tourist arrivals Table 1 portrays the results for the first regression analysis results for competitiveness pillars and international tourist arrivals. The regression model obtained is significant at 95% significance level and explains 50% of variance in dependent variable (F= 28.673; p= 0.000; R2= 0.50). As it can be seen from Table 1, out of 14 competition pillars, only 3 of them have statistically significant impact on the number of international tourist arrivals, as dependent variable. Scores imply that the most significant variable to influence tourist arrivals is air transport infrastructure, which accounts 37% variance in dependent variable. Other independent variables to influence international tourist arrivals are found to be ground transport infrastructure (Beta= -0.476; p= 0.000) and cultural resources (Beta= 0.347; p= 0.001). Table 2: Regression Analysis Results for Competitiveness Pillars and International Tourism Receipts Independent Variables Beta Constant Significance of t -19681.719 Air transport infrastructure 0.609 0.000 Cultural resources 0.531 0.000 Ground transport infrastructure -0.540 0.000 Environmental sustainability 0.318 0.001 Health and Hygiene -0.250 0.001 R F Significance of F 0.66 33.050 0.000 2 *Dependent variable: International tourism receipts The impact of competition pillars on international tourism receipts has been summarized at Table 2. The regression model is statistically significant at 95% significance level and explains 66% variance in dependent variable, international tourism receipts (F= 33.050; p= 0.000; R2= 0.66). There are five independent variables that have explanatory power to explain the variance in dependent variable are air transport infrastructure (Beta= 0609; p= 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 0.000), cultural resources (Beta= 0.531; p= 0.000), ground transport infrastructure (Beta= 0.540; p= 0.000), environmental sustainability (Beta= 0.318; p= 0.00), and health and hygiene (Beta= -0.250; p= 0.001). Discussion Based on the findings reported in findings part of this study, we can postulate that the most significant variable to have impact on tourism performance is air transport infrastructure. In or two separate multiple regression analyses, air transport infrastructure is found to have impact on our tourism performance variables, international tourist arrivals and international tourism receipts. Because conditions of air transport infrastructure is easily observed and evaluated by tourists and provides easy accessibility to destinations for them; it is capable to influence the choice of destinations. Cultural resources and environmental sustainability are other two independent variables that have impact on dependent variable, tourism performance. Cultural resources variable has capability to explain the variance in tourist arrivals and tourism receipts variables. The result is not surprising because many tourists choose a destination not only for sun and sea but also some events like international fairs and exhibitions, cultural sites, and sport events. Environmental sustainability is also important to influence tourism performance because this pillar includes variables such as, environmental regulations, sustainability of travel and tourism industry development and threatened species, which are directly related to attractiveness of a destination. Health and hygiene and ground transport infrastructure have been found to influence tourism performance negatively. Potential explanation for this result could be destructive impact of global economic crisis which necessitated many governments in applying budget cuts in infrastructure investments and health care system to balance national budget deficits. Our suggestion is that owners, managers and associations in tourism sector should lobby national governments about preventing cut in the budget. References DTI (Department of Trade and Industry). (2002). A Modern Regional Policy for the United Kingdom. London. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. and Rao, P. (2000). The price competitiveness of Travel and Tourism: A Comparison of 19 Destinations. Tourism Management, 21, 9-22. Dwyer, L. and Kim, C. (2003). Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators, Current Issues in Tourism, 6, 369-414 European Commission. (2003). Ronald L. Martin (edt). A Study on the Factors of Regional Competitiveness. Draft Final Report for the European Commission DirectorateGeneral Regional policy. Hassan, S. (2000). Determinants of Market Competitiveness in an Environmentally Sustainable Tourism Industry, Journal of Travel Research, 38, 239-245. 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Onsel, S, Ulengin, F., Ulusoy, G., Aktas, E., Kabak, O. and Topcu, Y. I. (2008). A New Perspective on the Competitiveness of Nations, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 42, 221-246. Porter, M. (1990). Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press, New York. Porter, M. (2004). Competitive Advantage, Free Press, New York. Reed, R. and DeFillippi, R. J. (1990). Causal Ambiguity, Barriers to Imitation, and Sustainable, Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 15:1, 88102. UNWTO. (2012-2013). The Silk Road Action Plan. Vukovic, D., Jovanovic, A. and Dukic, M. (2012). Defining Competitiveness through the Theories of new Economic Geography and Regional Economy, J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic., 62(3), 49-64). World Economic Forum. The Travel&Tourism Competitiveness Report, 2007. World Economic Forum. The Travel&Tourism Competitiveness Report, 2008. World Economic Forum. The Travel&Tourism Competitiveness Report, 2009. World Economic Forum. The Travel&Tourism Competitiveness Report, 2011. 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1654 Title A name given to the resource The Impact of Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Factors on Tourism Performance: The Case of Silk Road Countries Author Author KANTARCI, Kemal DEVELIOGLU, Kazim Abstract A summary of the resource. Nowadays, tourism industry has gained a momentum in balancing countries’ balance of payments, contributing to GDP, and employment. These contributions of the industry to local economies made it a critical sector and a source of foreign currency in many countries of the World. As a result, obtaining and sustaining competition factors become critically important. By the similar vein, it can be indicated that tourism performance of countries will be greatly influenced by competition factors. In certain studies different models had been used to classify competitive factors in tourism industry (Hassan, 2000; Dwyer and Kim, 2003). In this study, we use World Economic Forum’s (WEF) classification of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness factors to examine resources that are expected to influence Silk Road countries’ tourism performance. We conceptualized the tourism performance by two variables: international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts. WEF’s classification of competitive factors consists of three sub-indexes and 14 factors that measure these sub-indexes, which are reported below:  T&T regulatory framework (Policy rules and regulations, Environmental sustainability, Safety and security, Health and hygiene, Prioritization of Travel & Tourism)  T&T business environment and infrastructure (Air transport infrastructure, Ground transport infrastructure, Tourism infrastructure, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure, Price competitiveness in the T&T industry)  T&T human, cultural, and natural resources (Human resources, Education and training, Availability of qualified labour, Affinity for Travel & Tourism, Natural resources, Cultural Resources) Methodology In this study, we aim to investigate the impact of Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Factors on the tourism performance of Silk Road Countries. As a promising project, the Silk Road project is gaining a critical importance for countries in the region. The list of Silk Road Countries consists of 28 countries: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China,Croatia, DPR Korea, Egypt, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Republic of Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. We used the data for 23 countries and excluded 5 countries because of lack of data. Countries that are excluded from the list are DPR Korea, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. In order to perform multiple regression analyses to investigate the relationship between competitive factors and country performances, we used the data of The World Economic Forum’s “The Travel and Tourism (T&T) Competitiveness Index” for the years between 2008 - 2011. Findings Performance of two-separate multiple regression analyses postulated for the first analysis that The Silk Road Countries’ tourist arrivals as a performance variable is influenced by three competitive factors, namely, air transport infrastructure, ground transport infrastructure, and cultural resources. For the second analysis, findings revealed that tourism receipts of the Silk Road Countries are influenced by five competitive factors: Air transport infrastructure, ground transport infrastructure, environmental sustainability, health-hygiene, and cultural resources. Keywords: Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index, Strategic Marketing, Silk Road Countries, Tourism Performance. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e56b18729b596e356370beafa55a0941.pdf f453825d39e95040bc2420b3aa50a256 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Exploring the Potential Contribution of B&H Diaspora to Economic Lejla Kamenjas Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina lejla.kamenjas@gmail.com Bosnia and Herzegovina has recently experienced a period of violent conflict that caused mass emigration of around one fourth of its population. In the period following the conflict, we have seen a process of establishment of a strong transnational community of B&H Diaspora. This thesis aims to explore possible solutions for increased involvement of B&H Diaspora in enhancing its economic development. Overview of the current contributions of B&H Diaspora is first provided. It includes remittances, skills transfer, investment, tourism, and other areas of contribution. Then, the results of the survey originally conducted for this thesis, providing information about potential available for exploiting it for, and willingness of B&H Diaspora to use it for, economic development of B&H. Based on the survey analysis, alternative solutions for engagement of diasporas in economic development of a country, available in literature, were reviewed and their appropriateness, effectiveness and means of implementation were discussed. The results of the thesis reveal large potential of B&H Diaspora that still remain unexploited and provides a range policy recommendation for B&H institutions dealing with the economic development of the country, offering solutions for enhancing large contribution of B&H Diaspora. Keywords: Migrations, Diaspora, B&H, Potential, Diaspora Survey. 188 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2ebe85386f62d5e776a2478333ba5fcf.docx 8c3259ab13bd40b4e5b3b4fa954e7f1b https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/99a297d6f9beb882335236646ceb24ed.pdf 5e49cc5d1cfefb22e6bbd01520dbbac9 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Exploring the potential contribution of B&H diaspora to economic development of B&H1 LejlaKamenjaš Centre for Economic Development and Research, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, kamenjas@cedar.ba Abstract Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) was subjected to a period of violent conflict that caused mass emigration of around one fourth of its population. In the period following the conflict, we have seen a process of establishment of a strong transnational community of B&H Diaspora. This paper investigates how the Diaspora enhances the economic development of B&H on a unique survey conducted in 2012; it then investigates if additional forms of economic support are in place. Based on the survey analysis, alternative solutions for engagement of Diasporas in economic development of a country, available in literature, were reviewed and their appropriateness, effectiveness and means of implementation were discussed. The results of the article reveal large economic and investment potential of B&H Diaspora that still remains unexploited and provides a range policy recommendation for B&H institutions dealing with the economic development of the country, offering solutions for enhancing large contribution of B&H Diaspora. Keywords: migrations, diaspora, Bosnia and Herzegovina, potential, diaspora survey Introduction Migration and development are no longer been considered separate, but rather interlinked and complementary issues. The focus of the debate has shifted from the negative effects of migration to the potential benefits migrants can offer as agents of development for both their home and host countries. Many developing countries rely on diaspora businesses, investments and knowledge as main drivers of their economic development. Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) well illustrates ongoing trends towards diaspora engagement and showing the complexity of this topic. The potential of Diaspora is recognized and some efforts are made both from government and international institutions to mobilize B&H diaspora for development. However, the issue is still very challenging task, since there is no consensus within B&H institutions about the issue, institutional capacities are rather weak, and diaspora is divided along ethnic lines, where ethnic Serbs and ethnic Croats are more interested in contributing to the development of Serbia and Croatia, respectively. Consequently, this paper aims at investigating the potential for contribution, willingness for contribution, and possible means of contribution of B&H Diaspora to the economic development of the country. Bosnia and Herzegovina‘s historical situation and wars that have occurred on this area contributed to higher level of migrations, so nowadays BIH is placed among the top ten 1 This research is a part of the project named:„Linking Rural Entrepreneurs and Diaspora in Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina―, under the RRPP Western Balkans. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo countries with the largest diaspora as a share of population, according to the estimates by the Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees (MHRR) reported in the BIH Migration Profile for 2011. International organization for Migration (IOM) and Migration and Development Department, recognize the link between migration and development as increasing. Migrants make considerable progress and contribution worldwide, through their involvement in capacity building projects in their origin country, remittances they send back home, knowledge, education and connections they established in migrant country. Generally, migrant contribution can be distinguished as: human capital and financial advantages. All of the above contributes to technological development, economic activities and cultural enrichment. The purpose of the paper is to determine willingness and opportunities of BH Diaspora to invest their assets in origin country. We will determine economic potential of B&H diaspora due to increase of economic activity in BIH. We set the research question as follows: What is the current potential of BH Diaspora and what are the possible solutions for improving possible economic engagement in Bosnia and Herzegovina? Paper is further organized in three main sections. Section 1. Problem description focuses on BIH Diaspora and its current engagement, Section 2. Data and Methodology describes the sampling scheme, descriptive and inferential methodology and gives the results of the analysis, Section 3. Conclusion sets the concluding remark and the policy recommendations. Problem Description Territorial status and historical events in Bosnia and Herzegovina created such an environment suitable for migrations so BIH have a long migration history which started in early 60‘s when first wave of migrants left BIH for work opportunities abroad, so called ―guest workers‖ (Germ. Gasterbeiters). Germany was traditionally destination country of labor migrants from ex-Yugoslavia in the first wave, but also many migrants left to Austria and other Western Europe countries. Second period which matches with the war 1992-95, was marked by mass population displacement of about half of the entire population. UNHCR data estimates the total number of refugees at the end of 1992 was around 1.8 million, and the most interesting countries for our migrants were neighboring countries as Croatia (714.000 migrants), Serbia and Montenegro (495.000 migrants) and around 537.000 migrants outside exYugoslavia. (Tabeau & Bijak, 2005). In that first wave there was another large outflow, in a time when Srebrenica massacre happened. ―This is in line with generally observed patterns of forced migration, when people flee to neighboring countries first, and then chose more distant destination attracted by economic opportunities (acting as push factors) or lack of prospects in the neighboring countries (acting as pull factors).‖ (Kačapor-Džihić & Oruč, 2012). Based on BIH Migration Profile for 2010 the leading destination country of Bosnian migrants were again neighboring countries where 40% of them left to Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro or Slovenia, while around 28% left to Germany, Austria (7%), Sweden (5%), Slovenia (3,5%), Switzerland, Turkey and USA (app. 2% each). Finally second period is mainly characterized by great outflows and post-war return of emigrants to BIH. 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Third period, started from the beginning of the new century until now. Main characteristic is voluntary migration of workers, students and migrant family members. Literature shows that emigration to United States of America (USA) decreased and emigration to Slovenia increased. Unfortunately, data on emigration to other countries are not available, but some authors interviewed agree that the emigration to other already mentioned countries also increased (Kačapor-Džihić & Oruč, 2012). OECD database shows that between 15.000 and 20.000 Bosnians on average emigrates every year to the EU since 2000. Also, there is significant migration of workers to neighboring countries (ex-Yugoslavia). Again, the most interesting destination is Slovenia, but also a large proportion on workers leaves to Croatia and Montenegro. ―According to the experts‘ estimates, the figures for migration to Croatia and Montenegro are somewhat larger, particularly in terms of circular migration, as a large number of temporary workers in construction and tourism sector work in these two countries over the summer season, and return to BiH. They are not recorded in the work permits figures, as both countries have large informal sector and many workers from BiH are employed without a contract. ― (Kačapor-Džihić & Oruč, 2012). BIH Migration Profile for 2011 showed that 43,4 % of total Bosnian and Herzegovina population reside outside their origin country. These data for most states do not include the second and third generation emigrants BiH who were born in the receiving state2. Table 1: Stock of emigrants from BiH by country of destination Country USA Croatia Germany Serbia Austria Slovenia Sweden Switzerland Australia Canada Italy Denmark Norway Estimates 350.000 300.000 240.000 150.000 150.000 150.000 80.000 60.000 60.000 Official data 120.655 262.620 240.000 131.108 133.585 97.142 56.127 59.222 37.898 Source of official data US Census Bureau Agency of Statistics of Croatia Agency of Statistics of Germany Agency of Statistics of Serbia EUROSTAT Agency of Statistics of Slovenia Agency of Statistics of Sweden Agency of Statistics of Switzerland Ministry of Immigration and Citizenship of Australia 50.000 28.735 Agency of Statistics of Canada 40.000 29.066 Agency of Statistics of Italy 23.000 22.338 Agency of Statistics of Denmark 16.000 15.918 Agency of Statistics of Norway Source: BiH Ministry of Security, BiH Migration Profile 2011 The first five countries are considered to be ―traditionally destination countries of emigrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina‖. Many of the literature states these countries with strong diaspora communities and associations because of the long migration history of BIH citizens related to these countries. According to DIOC-E 2000 Database (release 2.0) 51,4% of Bosnian migrants are women, 11,9% young people age 15-24 and 11,2% is tertiary educated. A study performed by Uvalic (2005) indicates a high percentage of 80 % of PhD graduates which emigrated from BIH, showing enormous ―brain drain‖ from BIH. Unfortunately, there are no studies which show structure of this ―brain drain‖ divided by professions and effects on labor market in Bosnia and Herzegovina. De Zwager and Gressmann (2010) conducted a survey on 1.216 migrants from Bosnia who visited BIH during the holiday season and discovered that our migrant population involves 2 Migration Profile for 2010 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo mostly entire families and are mostly a great part of economically active population, and that average age in EU countries of BIH migrants is 41 year while in neighboring countries 37 years. These findings lead to the conclusion that BIH will have huge problems with ageing population and will have to import labor force. This survey showed that BIH migrants in the vast majority work in the formal sector, and do not have intention of returning home before the retirement. Observing frequency of home visits, they concluded that BIH migrants still have strong ties with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Current Engagement of BH Diaspora BH Diaspora is currently engaged in BIH trough several channels which are respectively remittances, investments and skills transfer. Bosnia and Herzegovina ranks 12th on the list of Top Emigration Countries as a percentage of population (2010) with a score of 38,9%3 of emigrants from 3,752 million of estimated population in 20114, meaning that almost 1/3 of total population lives abroad, mostly in Western Europe. These facts place BIH's Diaspora as one of the most numerous Diasporas in the world. Data taken from the World Bank shows that Workers‘ remittances as a percentage of GDP represent a valuable amount in that relation every year, which can be seen in the following table5: Table 2: Remittances as a percentage of GDP in BIH Country name Bosnia and Herzegovina 2003 20,9 2004 20,67 2005 18,66 2006 17,39 2007 17,67 2008 14,75 2009 12,49 2010 11,44 Source: World Bank data The World Network of Bosnian Diaspora estimates remittances on at least 3 billion KM in 2011, saying that most of these amounts is sent through informal channels. Based on BIH Central Bank, remittances to BIH represent 40 % of total inflow and De Zwager and Gressmann (2010, p.13) assert that only 22,5 % of those remittances is sent through formal channels. There are two types of investments that can be provided by diaspora, direct investments and households‘ investments. There are no exact data about the extent of contribution of BiH Diaspora through any of the two investments channels. However, sporadic evidence suggests that BiH Diaspora is investing in starting new businesses, purchase of land and houses, which is mainly households‘ investment. As the inflows of direct investments to BiH are generally very low, consequently the Diaspora‘s involvement through this channel cannot be expected to be significant. Transfer of skills from diaspora to their homeland can be performed in two ways, return and ―virtual return‖, where the skills are transferred by using new means of communication 3 Development Prospects Group - The World Bank. Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011. The World Bank. 4 The World Bank Data about Bosnia and Herzegovina, from: http://data.worldbank.org/country/bosnia-andherzegovina. We emphasize the estimated values because the last official census was performed before the war in 1991. 5 Data from the World Bank on Bosnia and Herzegovina. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo without the need for change of place of living. Also, it can be either permanent or temporary return. Unfortunately, the data about return by education and/skills of returnees are not available, so the only solution for providing insight about current level of contribution of BiH diaspora through skills transfer can be by providing information about the return, regardless of their skills, which can at least suggest the approximate level of the skills transfers flows. Regarding the programs that would attract return of highly skilled members of BiH Diaspora, no such activity has been conducted by BiH government. Only two programs were conducted, Brain Gain Plus (BG+) by World University Service (WUS) from Austria and another by IOM, called Temporary Return of Qualified Nationals (TRQN). Brain Gain Plus program was focused on temporary placement of academics from BiH Diaspora at public universities in BiH. Also, they have created a database of academics from diaspora who are interested in temporary placements in BiH. More effective was the TRQN program, supported by the government of Netherlands, which managed to attract more than 800 BiH nationals from abroad and provide them temporary placement, mainly in industry (26%), self-employment (21%), education (20%) and health (15%). Data and Methodology The empirical strategy aiming at measuring latent resources available within the BiH diaspora community (such as savings, skills, and social capital) and their willingness to engage it in activities that would increase economic development of the country is based on the survey of BiH diaspora, using a questionnaire that contains a mix of mutually reinforcing qualitative and quantitative questions. The survey attempted to research the following: Interest (willingness) and potential capacity (availability) of the Bosnian Diaspora have to invest in their home country and to identify the potential channels through which they can contribute to BIH economy. The questionnaire used in the survey is designed based on the literature review on diaspora potential an previous empirical research on this topic. It was available in Bosnian language and was developed using SurveyMonkey, an online survey software and questionnaire tool. Survey started in August 2012 and finished in November 2012. All people from Bosnia and Herzegovina living abroad were invited to participate in the survey. Potential respondents were contacted through e-mail invitations, personally and through different Diaspora associations and unions (Congress of North American Bosnians, Federation of Balkan American Associations, and World Alliance of Diaspora) so as through Ministry for Human Rights and Refugees of BIH. Given that we did not have sufficient answers at the beginning, calls were repeated several times. The questionnaire consists from 62 closed-ended (yes/no, multiple-choice, rating scale, etc.) and open-ended (comments) questions divided in 7 modules. The modules reveal information as regards to education level, job and income, entrepreneurship ability, financial capital (savings and remittances) and social capital (links with home country and affiliation to Diaspora association). Although not in an ordinary sense, we devote the last module to demographic information in order to gather background information on migrants in Diaspora. Also, questions are constructed in the way as to be as much as clear to the respondents while answers in percentages are avoided for the same reason. 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The questions were analyzed primarily by using descriptive statistics, in order to transform data collected through the survey into information that will serve as inputs into further discussion of possible solutions for enhancing engagement of diaspora by each of possible channels, such as remittances, investments, transfer of skills, tourism, another contribution. Then, inferential statistical analysis is provided, where we analyzed significance of means for considerable variables. Ethnicity is very sensitive question for our Diaspora so when it comes to ethnicity we used Identity points, based on Taeku Lee which extended analysis on identity points to measuring ethno racial self-identification in surveys as one potentially fruitful means of bridging this gap. (Lee 2009) We have found that 26,7 % of respondents own a business, and 96,7 % of them located their business in a country of current living, while 3,3 % have business located in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Those who have a business outside of BIH, still have some but also very weak connections with BIH through: importing products from BIH, employment of seasonal workers from BIH, branching/manufacturing facilities in BIH, financial support and investments in BIH. Table 3: Business connections with BIH Yes No Import products from BIH Employment of seasonal workers from BIH 5,30% 5,60% 71,10% 77,80% No, but I am interested 23,70% 16,70% Branche / manufacturing facility in BIH 5,60% 86,10% 8,30% Provide financial support and investment in BIH 20,00% 68,60% 11,40% 31,80% Source: Own calculation based on survey 54,50% 13,60% Other The results also suggest that 49,3 % of respondents have never invested in BIH, while 50,8 % did. More than a half of them invested in urban areas, and the rest in rural or both areas. Respondents mostly invested in buying apartments/houses (58%), business start-ups (26%), government bonds (8%), land (5%) and company shares (3%). 42,2 % of the sample is interested to invest more in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 20 % is not and 37,5 % do not know. Main reasons for the lack of interest indicate what is already stated in literature as a main problem in Bosnia and Herzegovina, investment uncertainty (39%). Other reasons are: lack of savings (19%), no investment ideas (22%), complicated start-up procedures (11%) and respectively great investment demands, lack of local government support and high taxes (3%). Those interested in investing want to start up a business (66,7 %), buy a land (9,8 %) or a house/apartment (21,6 %). Only 2 % want to invest in company shares. Urban and rural areas are interested to 45,3 % of the sample, while urban area exclusively to 30,2 %, and rural area to 3,8 % of the sample. In the framework of inferential statistics we conducted two types of tests in order to determine statistical significance in means: t-test and one-way ANOVA. T-test was used for variables with two categories and one-way ANOVA for variables with 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo more than two categories within. Finally, for interpretation of the results in this paper we will use only those variables with significant p-values. The research has shown there are significant differences when it comes to gender and willingness to offer skilled in BIH. Female respondents are more prone to offer their skills in BIH than their male counterparts (Mean: male=1,243243; female=1.652174). These variables are taken as statistically significant with the p-value of 0.0490 within 95% Confidentiality Interval. Finally, interest for investing in BIH is more noticeable with those respondents who hold the BIH citizenship based on Barlett's test for equal variances performed under the one-way ANOVA, where p-value of 0,0509 shows statistical significance. Ethnicity is very sensitive question for our Diaspora so when it comes to ethnicity we used Identity points, based on Taeku Lee6 which extended analysis on identity points to measuring ethno racial self-identification in surveys as one potentially fruitful means of bridging this gap. (Lee 2009) Limitations The main limitation of any online survey, including this one, is the difficulty in achieving a satisfactory representation of the desired demographic. Thus, we can expect three main types of biases as part of this survey. First, there is the sample selection problem of online surveys, i.e. that only those individuals who use the internet are potential interviewees. Second, the sample is usually biased towards more educated individuals. Third, the supposition is that willingness to participate in such surveys is proportional to the degree to which the individual maintains ties with her or his home country. Therefore, results may be slightly biased towards a greater potential and/or willingness to contribute than is typical. However, a survey such as this, where a country‘s Diaspora lives in numerous destination countries, cannot be conducted practically in any other way. Therefore the drawbacks of such a method must be accepted if we wish to study this target population. Another problem we faced during this survey is a lack of interest so the 112 is the final number of the respondents, making sample slightly biased but statistically acceptable. Conclusion Diaspora is generally recognized as valuable economic potential for its origin country. Current Engagement of Diaspora in BiH is seen through remittances, investments, skills transfer and philanthropic contribution. Literature on this issue states on great financial pools which were created during time in Diaspora, which could be invested in BIH and create benefits for both individual investor and BIH economy. Studies have shown a great percentage of highly educated young migrants with skills and willingness to contribute its home country through different channels, even though temporary or permanent return. This paper has provided empirical evidence and solutions for further engagement of BiH diaspora for economic development of the country. Individuals living and working in diaspora earn relatively higher income than individuals in a origin country. Increased incomes increase investment and entrepreneurial activity 6 Lee, T. (2009) Between Social Theory and Social Science Practice: Toward a New Approach to the Survey Measurement of 'Race'. Cambridge University Press. 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo among diaspora population because of greater amount of disposable income available for investment activity. „On balance, the amount of net savings retained by Bosnian migrant HHs abroad remains substantial at EUR 8,508 on average per annum. And, due to the high number of BiH households in long-term migration (conservatively estimated at between 480,000–536,000), the total estimated pool of annual ―retained savings‖ for 2009 is EUR 4,660 million. By means of simple extrapolation over BiH‘s near 20-year overall mass migration experience (since the Balkan wars), it can be imagined that this accumulated capital pool now stands at many billions of euro. ― Money sent to Bosnia and Herzegovina through remittances is often used shortly for daily consumption and basic needs. According to the literature remittances are largely spent (in order of importance) on: food and clothing, education, home repair, savings, property purchase, medical expenses, business investments and durables as well as on ―special events‖. A very small part of these amounts were left aside for savings and investments. USAID predicts that with the right incentives for savings and investment, these remittances hold a potential to contribute to poverty reduction and spur long‐term economic development. As the evidence provided in the paper suggest, BiH diaspora is already contributing greatly to the economy of their homeland. However, its potential is considerably larger, and there is a great opportunity for BiH government to increase diaspora's contribution through well designed programs that would benefit both BiH economy and diaspora. Alternative policies used in other countries are discussed above and, based on the potential and willingness of diaspora identified through empirical research, as well as consideration of specific context of BiH, selected areas of engagement and programs were proposed. Knowing the financial potential of BIH diaspora, Diaspora Handbook suggest several options for increasing investment opportunities in general, such as: Provide access to information, Share information on how to invest or obtain business loans, Create a onestop shop for investment information, Provide access to networks, Organize business events for diaspora members, Match local entrepreneurs, business owners, and government leaders with their diaspora counterparts, Create exclusive international networks of top business leaders, Provide access to business training programs, Supply training directly, Support training programs provided by the private sector and international organizations, Provide entrepreneurs access to funds, Set up matching funds, Provide loans, Channel private funds to finance private businesses or public infrastructure. Gillespie et al. (2001) argues that rather than financial deals which are costly, diaspora entrepreneurs may need more brokering assistance to establish businesses even in a homeland they believe they know. Main conclusion is that Diaspora needs to be introduced to people with whom they can work. In BIH, a possible good solution would be a Foreign Trade Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which could potentially be a link between Diasporas and Bosnian Entrepreneurs. Education, trainings, seminars, roundtables, newsletters and other promotional materials should be provided to potential investors which a clear presentation on potential for investments, gaps and oversights and an extensive overview of BIHs market. Riddle (2008) gives interesting solutions for diaspora utilization. Inter alia, diaspora entrepreneurs can serve as ―reputational intermediaries‖ for domestic companies in foreign market, while domestic firms can utilize connections they have with diaspora investors/entrepreneurs‘ to use transnational networks to identify business leads, opportunities and financing markets abroad. Then, financial organizations 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo could be established like international organization Investors without Borders. The main purpose of such organization is intermediary between Diaspora investors who would lend money to Bosnian firms below the marker rates of interest. This is an example of diaspora investments without ever leaving country of residence and very much time-saving. Finally, there is existing and urgent need to BIH Government more serious approach these issues, because of the maturity of BIH Diaspora, meaning they are still linked to BIH through family members, investments they have in BIH and emotionally, but verily Diaspora structure is changing and will not eventually have strong ties to BIH. Considering such a high position BIH occupies in world statistics due to its Diaspora, it is truly amazing we still do not have inimitable institution in charge for all related questions. References Acosta, P., Calderon C., Fajnzylber, P. & Lopez, H. (2007) The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Human Capital: Evidence from Latin American Household Surveys. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4247. Acosta, P., Calderon C., Fajnzylber, P. & Lopez, H. (2008) What is the Impact of International Remittances on Poverty and Inequality in Latin America?. World Development, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 89–114. 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(2009) Between Social Theory and Social Science Practice: Toward a New Approach to the Survey Measurement of 'Race'. Cambridge University Press. Lucas, R. & Stark, O. (1985) Motivations to Remit: Evidence from Botswana. Journal of Political Economy, 93 (5): 901-918. Maximizing the Development Impact of Migration-related Financial Flows and Investment from Austria to Bosnia and Herzegovina (2009) Prepared for OeEB by International Agency for Source Country Information (IASCI) and International Organization for Migration (IOM), Vienna Mission. Maximizing the Development Impact of Migration-related Financial Flows and Investment to Bosnia and Herzegovina (2010) Prepared for OeEB by International Agency for Source Country Information (IASCI) and International Organization for Migration (IOM). Migration & Development Department, IOM the Hague (2010) Migrant Stories. International Organisation of Migration. Ministry of Security of BIH, Immigration Sector (2011) Bosnia and Herzegovina Migration Profile for the year 2010. Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Newland, K., Taylor, C. (2010) Heritage Tourism and Nostalgia Trade: A Diaspora Niche in Development Landscape. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Newland, K., Terrazas, A. & Munster, R. (2010) Diaspora Philanthropy: Private Giving and Public Policy. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Riddle, L. (2008) Introduction to Part II, in J. Brinkerhoff (ed.), Diasporas and Development: Exploring the Potential. Lynne Reinner Publisher, Boulder, CO. Stark, O. (2005) The new economics of the brain drain. World Economics , Vol. 6, No. 2 (2005): pp. 137-140. Tabeau, E. & Bijak, J. (2005) War-related deaths in the 1992–1995 armed conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: a critique of previous estimates and recent results. European Journal of Population, Vol 21, Issue 2-3, pp 187-215. Uvalic, M. (2005) Science, Technology and Economic Development in South Eastern Europe. UNESCO, Regional Bureau for Science in Europe. UNCHR (2010) Global trends, 2010 in review. [Internet], Available http://www.unhcr.org/4dfa11499.html [Accessed 1st December 2012]. 11 from: �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Van Houte, M. & De Koning, M. (2008) Towards a better embeddedness? Monitoring assistance to involuntary returning migrants from Western countries. Center for Intenational Development Issues Nijmegen. Wahba, J. & Zenou, Y. (2011) Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Migration, Entrepreneurship and Social Capital. CREAM WP 30/09 Woodruff, C. & Zenteno, R., (2007) Migration networks and microenterprises in Mexico. Journal of Development Economics , No.82, pp. 509—528. World Economic Forum (2010) Country/Economy Profile [Internet], World Economic Forum. Available from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR201112/CountryProfiles/BosniaandHerzegovina.pdf [Accessed 1st December 2012]. 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1608 Title A name given to the resource Exploring the Potential Contribution of B&H Diaspora to Economic Author Author KAMENJAS, Lejla Abstract A summary of the resource. Bosnia and Herzegovina has recently experienced a period of violent conflict that caused mass emigration of around one fourth of its population. In the period following the conflict, we have seen a process of establishment of a strong transnational community of B&H Diaspora. This thesis aims to explore possible solutions for increased involvement of B&H Diaspora in enhancing its economic development. Overview of the current contributions of B&H Diaspora is first provided. It includes remittances, skills transfer, investment, tourism, and other areas of contribution. Then, the results of the survey originally conducted for this thesis, providing information about potential available for exploiting it for, and willingness of B&H Diaspora to use it for, economic development of B&H. Based on the survey analysis, alternative solutions for engagement of diasporas in economic development of a country, available in literature, were reviewed and their appropriateness, effectiveness and means of implementation were discussed. The results of the thesis reveal large potential of B&H Diaspora that still remain unexploited and provides a range policy recommendation for B&H institutions dealing with the economic development of the country, offering solutions for enhancing large contribution of B&H Diaspora. Keywords: Migrations, Diaspora, B&H, Potential, Diaspora Survey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b7808f88ac2b4f8e07058f08badcb55e.pdf 29ed728d1815b53df4f9600522ccc3b2 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Effects of Shift Working System on Employees' Family and Social Lives Recep Kaçmaz Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey recepkacmaz@hotmail.com Celalettin Serinkan Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey cserinkan@pau.edu.tr Family is considered to be the smallest unit of life, on human life, and an institution whose effect continues from the birth to the end of life. The family is born from the culture of its own society and the main influencing factors in shaping the family are the social and cultural aspects. The factors that are effective in re-shaping the family institution are, the changes of the principles that are effective and dominant in the general structure of society, the changes in the economy and political life and the changes in the religious and moral culture. Industrial society system has led to spacious and profound changes in the general life of the society. Changes in general work and life conditions have influenced the family negatively in fulfilling its functions as required for modern conditions. The basic functions of the family can be considered biological, economic, love, protection, socialization, religion, education and the family as a function of evaluation of leisure time. With the process of industrialization, families are shrinking from traditional /extended family to core family. For this reason, some functions of families are transferred to other institutions (careers, nursery, kindergarten, etc.), but, for children, none of them can provide psychological satisfaction by his parents. In 2010, in Family Values Survey in Turkey related to what matters are very important in people life, the family is in the first place with 99.3% rate. This result reveals that the family is indispensable in Turkish society. In another study held in 2010 by using Family Assessment Scale, it is determined that as the number of members icrease, the power of the family weakens in fulfilling the functions and the most problematic function of the family is found to be not showing interest to each other. At the beginning of functions, hindered due to the increased number of individuals, behavior control and communication functions come. 242 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Technological progress in the first half of the twentieth century has developed production-enhancing and efficiency rising methods to solve the needs of modern society. This situation has caused to the discovery of the new systems in terms of better use of natural resources and human power. At the result of the specified developments, non-classical and nonstandard working systems in general and particularly shift working system have taken place. The shift working system, applied due to some economic, social and socio-political reasons, brings problems such as redundancy in work accidents, the disruption of body's circadian rhythm, degradation of workers' health, needs are not provided full and on time, disruption of family scheme and disconnection of social environment relations. When related literature is reviewed, the studies that the effects of shift working system on employee health status, sleeping patterns, eating habits were conducted are observed. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of shift working system on the employees' family and social life. Due to the fact that employee has different roles in business, family and social life; this study, will create the idea of employee in whole system approach on the scientific studies on this issue in the future and in business & family policies, decision-making and applications, and will shed light on finding solutions on improvement of employee's present problems. For sample of study, 10 shift working nurses in the private hospitals, 10 shift working employees in the textile industry , and 10 shift working security guards in private security industry in Denizli, Turkey, total of 30 shift employees are chosen. In this study, as a method of data collection, semi-formal pre-prepared interview questions are applied to each shift employee by one-on-one consultation. Keywords: Family, Functions of Family, Shift Working System, Shift Employee's Family Life. 243 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d6b922ca7a1b29ffdba121c47b1f7dab.docx 44d2ed6d0125b9f2ff7d17a095102f05 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7a15ca53c53afb3dd683d728327f80ad.pdf 5bfc28c80909859e6aeaf5340b5595be PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Effects of Shift Working System on Employees' Family and Social Lives Recep Kacmaz Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey recepkacmaz@hotmail.com Celalettin Serinkan Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey cserinkan@pau.edu.tr Abstract Family is considered to be the smallest unit of life, on human life, and an institution whose effect continues from the birth to the end of life. The family is born from the culture of its own society and the main influencing factors in shaping the family are the social and cultural aspects. The factors that are effective in re-shaping the family institution are, the changes of the principles that are effective and dominant in the general structure of society, the changes in the economy and political life and the changes in the religious and moral culture. Industrial society system has led to spacious and profound changes in the general life of the society. Changes in general work and life conditions have influenced the family negatively in fulfilling its functions as required for modern conditions. The basic functions of the family can be considered biological, economic, love, protection, socialization, religion, education and the family as a function of evaluation of leisure time. With the process of industrialization, families are shrinking from traditional /extended family to core family. For this reason, some functions of families are transferred to other institutions (careers, nursery, kindergarten, etc.), but, for children, none of them can provide psychological satisfaction by his parents. In 2010, in Family Values Survey in Turkey related to what matters are very important in people life, the family is in the first place with 99.3% rate. This result reveals that the family is indispensable in Turkish society. In another study held in 2010 by using Family Assessment Scale, it is determined that as the number of members increase, the power of the family weakens in fulfilling the functions and the most problematic function of the family is found to be not showing interest to each other. At the beginning of functions, hindered due to the increased number of individuals, behavior control and communication functions come. Technological progress in the first half of the twentieth century has developed production-enhancing and efficiency rising methods to solve the needs of modern society. This situation has caused to the discovery of the new systems in terms of better use of natural resources and human power. At the result of the specified developments, non-classical and non-standard working systems in general and particularly shift working system have taken place. The shift working system, applied due to some economic, social and socio-political reasons, brings problems such as redundancy in work accidents, the disruption of body's circadian rhythm, degradation of workers' health, needs are not provided full and on time, disruption of family scheme and disconnection of social environment relations. When related literature is reviewed, the studies that the effects of shift working system on employee health status, sleeping patterns, eating habits were conducted 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo are observed. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of shift working system on the employees' family and social life. Due to the fact that employee has different roles in business, family and social life; this study, will create the idea of employee in whole system approach on the scientific studies on this issue in the future and in business & family policies, decision-making and applications, and will shed light on finding solutions on improvement of employee's present problems. The sample space of this study includes 50 healthcare employees working with shift system in healthcare sector in Denizli/Turkey. For the collection of data, predetermined semi-structured interview questions are used. The interviews are conducted through face-to-face conversations. As a result of the study, the most influential criteria on the family lives of the employees are identified to be: non-regular meals in the family, not-having time together with the family members and negative communication within the family. Furthermore, not-attending effectively to the social events such as conferences, seminars, panels, symposiums, scientific meetings, and exhibitions; in-efficient relationships with relatives and in-efficiently playing social roles and responsibilities are determined to be the most influential social criteria. Key Words: Family, Family Life, Shift Working System, Employee, Social Life, Flexible Working Introduction Family, as the smallest unit of the life, has an influence on human life starting before the life until the end of the life. Beside physical influence, Family shapes human mentality with its economic and community related aspects. It can be asserted that today’s family structure has developed according to the changes with the industrial revolution. If the influence of socio-economic structure on the family is considered, life styles and conditions have impacts on the people and family structures. Unemployment, poverty, work hours, transportation difficulties, life conditions, etc. are suppressing and shaping the future structure of the family. Shift work system, by both increasing the probability of having accident during the work and spoiling circadian rhythm of the employees’ bodies, exposes their bodies an extraordinary working style (Finn, 1981: 32). However, the employee should also be considered as a member of society beside his/her physiologic aspects. Therefore, shift work system influences both social and physiologic aspects of the employees and excludes them from the communal life. This study, by systematically evaluating the employee in shift work system, mainly aims to identify the influencing criteria on his/her family and social life. Since the employee whose problems in family and social environment are reduced to minimum can focus on his/her work, the efficiency will be increased. By the help of this study, it is aimed to contribute to the future scientific studies in this area, in the decisions related to workfamily policies and the negative impacts of shift working system on the family and social life. Furthermore, it may be helpful in developing solutions about the potential problems. This study includes female employees in shift working system in healthcare sector in Denizli Provincial Hospital. In this study, a semi-structured interview methodology is 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo employed on 50 female healthcare personnel. At the end of the study, the important influence of shift working system on the family and social life is explored. Theoretical Framework In this research, initially the subject is evaluated theoretically by stressing on the family, its functions, shift working system and its impacts on family. 1 Overview of Family Soyyiğit (2002) express that family, which has the duties of satisfying the regularity and strengthening the society, is a training place for the children; a trustworthy environment for the couples; the most important structure among the others as the fundamental source of them. Furthermore, he also suggested that despite its structure is different for every society, it is not possible to think a structure without family. Soyyiğit (2002) also stated that the most influenced unit is the family from the change in industrial revolution. The following impacts of industrial revolution on the family can be given (Soyyiğit, 2002:85-87): 1. In transition from the wider family to the nuclear family, the power share has been changed. While the father was influential in paternalistic family, there are appeared equal rights and powers of each family member in a nuclear family. 2. The marriage ratio is decreased and a suitable environment for modern and childless families is prepared. 3. The mostly influenced structure is the family as a result of fast changing technological environment in every aspects of the life. Television, by entering to the family environment, takes the central focus instead of cultural integration, regular reading habits and talks. 4. Besides industrialization, apartment life has reduced the size of large Turkish Families. 5. The elders as the providers of culture are moved away from the family and the children as the providers of the integration are sent to kindergartens. 6. With the industrialization, the relationships among the relatives are weakened. 7. The women who want to get benefit from the industrialization have started to seek duties in every aspect of work life. The technology appeared as a result of industrialization has changed the position of women within the family. The time for housework’s has been reduced with the invented tools and therefore their time to be spent outside has increased. Tezcan (2005), by analyzing the family from socio-cultural perspective from the beginning of announcement of republic till now, states that family is still an influential unit despite its structure has changed through the history. When the Turkish family composition is examined, many types of family structures from large traditional family to the nuclear family and one-parent families. Traditional urban family characteristics are changed and they took the forms of city life because of the wide influence of industrialization and urbanization. However, there exist still traditional features of Turkish family. It can be assumed that family structure continues to have nuclear family structure in the future by considering the research performed by Başbakanlık Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü and TÜİK in 2006. It is reported that Turkish families are nuclear (80,7%), large (13%) and single (6%) (Şentürk, 2008). However Uludağ (1997), since postmodern school criticize every idea as a result of enlightment idea, it approaches every social structure by the same manner. Postmodernists 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo evaluate the family in three steps including social aspect, the relationship between two people and fashion life style (Uludağ, 1997). 2 Family and its Functions Family has biologic, psychologic, economic, social, legal, etc. aspects. It satisfies the continuity of human beings existence through biological relations, starts the process of socialization, has the rules about the relationships between the members, and transmits the culture to the next generation (Sayın, 1990:2). Economic, social, cultural, educational and psychologic functions make the family the fundamental unit of the community and communal structure. Born children take the necessary initial information about the community and the culture within the family and start the interaction with the social environment and the other people there (Gökçe, 1996: 155). Moreover, family has important roles from the couples’ perspectives. Being mother and father, wife and husband and the related responsibilities enhances their life pleasure. Family membership makes the person happy. Family also supports psychologis and social aspects of the couples by providing a regular life style (Şentürk, 2008: 10). Fundamental functions of the family can be considered as biologic, economic, protective, socialization, religion, education and free time activities (Tezcan, 2005). As a result of industrialization, the family becomes nuclear and some of its functions are left to another units. However, love, biologic and socialization of the children functions continue to be the fixed functions of the family. Therefore, the importance of the family still exists and the functions of the school increase continuously. However, Çelenk (2003) suggests that the information derived at school should be strenghtened inside the family (Çelenk, 2003: 30). Alacahan (2010), by using family evaluation scale which includes problem solving, communication, rolles, emotional behavior, giving necessary care, behavior control and general functions, provides the following results (Alacahan 2010: 297-298): 1. When the family functions are considered, despite many functions are taken individually, they can be suggested as interrelated. A failure in one function may give negative results on the other functions. 2. When the number of members increases, the strength of the family reduces while satisfying its functions especially in behavioral control and communication functions. 3. The most important function is giving the necessary care to the other members of the family. 4. Every family in today’s life has some difficulties in satisfying its functions. 5. Especially the work conditions weaken the communication between the member and his family and bring different units for the relationship between parents and children (babysitter, kindergarden, etc.). These cannot provide the satisfaction of the children as their parents can do. Gökçe (2011) suggests that the differences in social level effect the family in two different aspects: (1) as a result of the development of other external units outside the family, these units take some responsibilies of the family and (2) social problems by influencing family internal dynamics causes problems inside the family (Gökçe, 2011:52). 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 3Shift Working System and its Subsequent Attendant Problems Machines, systems and personnel continue to their work outside ususal working hours in shift working system (Odabaşı, 1981; Eke, 1981). Shift working system is the way of benefiting from the full all day capacity. Different economic and social needs bring this working system as an irrevocable application. However, since night shifts are more exhaustive, abusive and hard, they needs to be cared more compared to the day shifts. The related literature reports the problems with shift working system as in the following: the increase in work accidents, changes in health issues of the personnel, dissatisfying the needs on time, the corruptions of family layout and social relationships. This study considers the corruptions of family layout and social relationships. Corruption of Family Layout: The fundamental duties of the father in the family are earning the money; protecting the family members; finding the solutions for family problems and approaching them in a warm manner. However, mother is taking the responsibility of houseworks and care of children. Because of changing family structure as a result of developing communities, women enter to the business and therefore men become more active in houseworks and care of the children. If men, women, or both work in a family in a shifting work system, these duties cannot be successfully accomplished and the form of family corrupts. One of the most negative effects of night shifts for husband is disturbing the duty of protecting the house (Özkalp, 1984:229). Many studies have revealed that wives whose husbands are at work during the nights are scared very much (Finn, 1981: 33). However, this problem can be somehow overcomed by employing night shift working system. Night workers are also face to face with providing limited time for their spouses (Özkalp, 1984: 230). Moreover, nightworkers are detected not to share their time with their children and cannot provide sufficient care for them (Bilgin, 1984: 24). Since nightworkers after hard working conditions at work come to the house very tired and want to have rest, they have difficulty in satisfying the desires of their wives and children. When women, after working all the night, come to the house in the morning and see that all the members are awakened. Therefore, they start for houseworks and cannot find the opportunity for resting. If the couples work in different shifts, the problems become more and they can be together less frequently. This may cause a communication problem between them and damage their trust. Working in different shifts removes the stability in family environment and the opportunity to overcome the problems together and therefore causes high level of family problems. Disconnection of Social Environment Relations: People become members of different social groups along their lives such as a family, a fried group, a volunteer association, a work environment group or a political party. Therefore, they have some responsibilities for their roles in those specific groups. Shift working system spoils the life system of the member and prevents some benefits of him, weakens his relationships with the environment, and reduces social activities. They seem to be the member of those communities but they are not in reality. Nightworkers who do not want to cut the relationships with those groups can less frequently attend the meetings with them. According to the results of a research performed in USA, while 48% of dayworkers can visit their friends once a week, the ratio reduces to 34% for the workers in shift working system (Braddick, 1966: 12). According to the results of a study performed in Turkey, 98% of the workers in shift working system stated that they could visit their relatives less frequently compared to the regular day working system. 90% of the respondents stated that they could also be together with their friends less (Bilgin, 1984: 32-33). Furthermore, attending to the voluntary actions of some associations is very difficult for the workers in 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo shift working system. Some studies’ results have provided supportive results for this claim (Finn, 1981:134). Method of the Study Objective of the Study: This study aims to identify the influence of shift working system in healthcare sector on the family and social lives of the healthcare staff. Sample of the Study: includes 50 healthcare staff in healthcare organizations in Denizli/Turkey. Data Collection Method: A previously constructed semi-structured interview is used as the data collection method. 10 questions are asked for the respondents’ demographic information, 15 questions are used about their family lives and 15 questions are asked for their socil lives. While constructing the questions about Family life, Family evaluation scale, Family Life standards quality scale and Work-Family Life conflict scale are used. While developing the questions related to Social life, the literature review about sociologic and cultural life is used. Model of the Study: This study is performed as a qualitative research model. One of the fundamental aims of qualitative research is reporting the respondents’ idea from an unbiased perspective. Data Analysis: The answers of the respondents, positive (yes), partially and negative (no), are analyzed and by considering their percentages tables are formed. Furthermore, for each question, the respondents’ opinions are given as examples. In the conclusion part, (by summing the respondents’ answers with partially and negative), the criteria of the employees are ranked from the highest to the lowest degree of importance. Assumptions: This study initially assumes that the most dominant party on the form of a family is women. This assumption is parallel to the findings of Gönüllü and İçli (2001). They identified that 64.2% of women workers agree on that the most important duty of women is caring husband and children (Gönüllü and İçli, 2001:94). Second assumption believes that women can be extremely useful especially in parents-children relations because of the given instinct emotion. According to the results of one study in Textile industry, 72.7% of the women workers believe that children are the source of love and 42.6% want to grow their children as a good person in terms of future expectations (Gönüllü and İçli, 2001:97). This study furthermore assumes that the respondents provide reliable information. Constraints: There are two types of constraints on this study. First, only the respondents from healthcare sector are considered. This cannot allow a comparison among sectors. The second is selecting only female respondents cannot give the opportunity to compare the responses from the different genders. The Findings of the Study The collected information is analyzed under three subheadings including their demographic information, family life and social life. 1Demographic Information There are totally 50 female healthcare respondents attended to the study. Two of them are medical officer, 37 of them are nurses, 10 of them are obstetricians and one of them is emergency care technician. Eight respondents are below 30, 23 respondents are between 31 and 40, 17 of them are between 41 and 50 and two are older than 50. If the education levels of them are considered, five have high school degrees, 19 have college degrees, 25 have 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo undergraduate level of degrees and one has master degree. When the work experiences of the respondents are evaluated, 10 of them have 1-10 year of experience, 18 respondents have 11-20 years of experience and 22 of them have 21-31 years of experience. There are 41 married and remaining 9 single in the population. 39 of the respondents’ husbands are working and the remaining two are retired. 15 respondents’ husbands are found to be also working in a shift working system. 43 of the respondents are observed to have children. The respondents are detected to have trouble with the following shifts: 1 respondent for 08:00-17:00, 1 respondent for 17:00-24:00, 31 respondents for 17:00-08:00 and 24:0008:00, 4 respondents for all the day (24 hours), 8 respondents for the weekends and remaining 5 did not answer. 2 Family Lives of Shift Working Employees In this section, the issues related to family life of the respondents are reported. They are: 1- Interaction within the Family: Do you spend time with your family? Do you support each other in order to reach your goals? Everybody in your family is in closer and harmonic relationships with the remaining members? Does your work schedule influence the family meal hours? are the questions reported in this section and their percentages are given in Table 1: Table 1: Respondents’ Opinion about the questions for Interaction within the Family Criterion / (%) Yes Partially No Spending time with family 30 9 11 % 60 18 22 To be in harmony in family 38 5 7 % 76 10 14 Negative influences on dining hours in family 43 2 5 % 86 4 10 The following examples can be given by considering the above criteria: I use efficiently holidays and weekends. There happens a problem when an extraordinary event becomes after shifts. Work environment takes all my energy. We can be together only in dinner time in the evening. Night and weekend shifts influence much. I cannot be with my children during 17:00-08:00 shifts. Weekends, I become not social. Tiredness at the end of Rush hours and the time after shifts influence me negatively. In evening shifts, I get my dinner early. I missed having breakfast. My children are affected negatively because of nonregular meal times. 2- Communication in Family: The answers for the questions are given below table: Are you outspoken inside the family to each other’s? Do you share your emotions (sadness, happiness, pleasure) with your family members? Do you speak everything clearly? Does your working style influence your communication inside the family? Table 2: Respondents’ opinion about the communication inside the family Criterion / % Yes Partially No Outspokenness in family life % 44 88 5 10 1 2 Effects of communication inside the family % 33 66 6 12 11 22 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The following samples from the answers of the respondents can be given according to the above questions: I solve my work related problems by myself. We are outspoken. We speak everything inside the family. Work hours reduce the sharing inside the family. I cannot give attention to my family, when I am under stress. I do not tell the problems at work to my family. Since we are caring the patients in the hospital, we are storing the stress inside and cannot stop ourselves at home. Sometimes, I do not see my husband for 36 hours. When we are tired, we may live communication problems. When I have shift duty, I get angry so much and wrongly understand everything. The stress as a result of work life sometimes negatively influences our communication. Since both my husband and I work in a shift working system, we do not have the opportunity to have some time with my husband. 3- Problem Solving inside the Family: The answers for the questions: Do you solve your problems inside the family? Do you seek solutions together? Do you discuss the implemented solution later inside the family? Are presented below table 3. Table 3: Respondents’ opinion about solving the problems inside the Family Criterion / (%) Yes Partially No Discussion of the problems inside the family 43 4 3 % 86 8 6 Finding solutions to the problems inside the family 35 6 9 % 70 12 18 Some samples from the answers of the respondents about this group of questions can be given as: Yes, we solve the problems together. We can generally overcome the problems and the solutions are generally valid. We talk and discuss the problems inside the family and try to find solutions. It works generally. We cannot track the implementation of the solutions. We can decide on the computer usage of children but we cannot control the decision. I always try to solve the problems in the family. We find the solutions and try to implement them, but sometimes it may not be successful. Everybody tries to solve the questions by himself. 4- Fulfilling Parents' Responsibilities inside the Family: The answers and their corresponding percentages for the question “Do you efficiently perform your responsibilities for your children such as tracking their homework, true selection of friends, value education and etc.” are provided in Table 4. Table 4: Respondents’ opinion about parents' responsibilities inside the family Criterion / (%) Yes Partially No Irresponsive Fulfilling parents' responsibilities inside the family % 26 13 4 7 52 26 8 14 Some samples from the answers of the respondents about above criterion can be given as: I am trying to efficiently perform. If I do wrong, I promise not to repeat them. I am trying whether it is not effective. If I am at home, I care. However, when I work my husband takes the responsibility. I cannot find time for tracking their homework. If I am not stressed, I care for them whether it is not effective. I am trying to track their homework but 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo it is not enough. I become generally alone about this issue. Parents meeting and related activities are generally organized in weekdays. We cannot ask permission every time. Because of time limitation and work hours, sometimes I cannot fulfill my responsibilities. I can have difficulty while caring the children such as completing the homework. 5. Basic Family Functions:The answers and their corresponding percentages for the questions “Do you clearly say your problems and emotions to eachothers inside the family?”, “Do you share your fears and anxiety with your family members?” and “Are you tolerant to the others inside the family?” are shown in Table 5. Table 5: Respondents’ opinion about Basic Family Functions Criterion / (%) Yes Partially No Sharing troubles and feelings in family 35 11 4 % 70 22 8 Being tolerant in family 36 10 4 % 72 20 8 Some of the samples from the answers of the respondents about this group of questions can be given as: We share very thing inside the family. We can overcome our problems. Everything is common in the family. I can openly tell my fears and good feelings. Children can be timid to their fathers for some issues. Sometimes I cannot share everything with my husband and be fearful. I am trying not to express my problems. I cannot be tolerant every time because of day stress and tiredness. I share my feelings, but sometimes we cannot handle. 6. Work Life-Family Life Balance: The following table presents the answers and their percentages for the question “Do you have a balance between your work life and family life? If not, which side of the balance weights more?” Table 6: Respondents’ opinion about Work Life-Family Life Balance Criterion / (%) Yes No 31 Work is dominant 27 Family is dominant 4 Work Life-Family Life Balance % 19 38 62 54 8 Some comments of the respondents about this question can be ordered as follows: Since I return home late, I cannot find the balance between them. I have difficulty in giving my family necessary time. Work stress cannot be forgotten at home. We are continuously revising the day’s deficiencies. Sometimes it continues during my sleep. Work life weighs more. We cannot provide time for our family. We say that we are working for our family, but we are only caring their material issues. We are exhausting while working. Much of my time is spent at work. I cannot share time for home. Family side weighs more. My family always comes first. 4.3. Social Life of Shift Working Employees The respondents’ social life related opinions are analyzed under five sub-headings: 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 1. Communal Role: Table 7 provides the answers and their percentages about the question “Do you believe that you satisfy your communal role as a member of the family, a friend group or an enterprise?” Table 7: Respondents’ opinion about Communal role Criterion / (%) Yes Partially No Fulfillment of Communal role 21 22 7 % 42 44 14 Some examples of the respondents about this question can be given as follows: Yes, I believe and do my best. I share my spare time after work firstly for my family and then for my communal role. I fulfill as both a firm owner and a family member. I try to fulfill as much as possible but I have difficulty. We are trying as both a friend group and family member, but we don’t have time for this. As a mother, I cannot share my time for my children. I suppose I am not sufficient. 2. Neighborhood Relations: The answers and their percentages about the question “How are your relationships (greetings, paying visits, receiving guests, etc.) with your neighbors in your apartment life?” are presented in Table 8. Table 8: Respondents’ opinion about neighborhood relations Criterion / (%) Yes Partially Effectiveness of neighborhood relations % No 22 21 7 44 42 14 Some examples of the respondents about the above question can be ordered as follows: our relations are quite fine. We greet our neighbors and visit them when we have opportunity. We are in good relations with our neighbors. I receive sometimes my neighbors as guests. Our neighborhood relations are weak and disconnected. I greet but visit them very limited. We only greet each other. I do not have time to increase my relations. My neighbors are also working; we are meeting when it is suitable. I cannot visit them frequently, because I cannot find time. Our relations are limited because of my work hours. I cannot spend my time home, since I am working. Therefore, if we meet at the door, we greet each other. However, I cannot have guests home. 3. Friendship Relations: Table 9 shows the answers and their percentages about the questions “How are your relationships with your friends at work and other friends outside the work environment? Do you visit your friends and plan some activities with them?” Table 9: Respondents’ opinion about friendship relations Criterion / (%) Yes Partially Effectiveness of friendship relations % 10 26 52 22 44 No 2 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Some examples of the respondents about this criterion can be provided as follows: I visit my friends. I attend to the planned activities. I cannot visit my friends except for illness and death. I do not have opportunity to visit except health issues. I do not have to interact too much with my friends. We cannot find time for visiting my friends. Because of hard working, after a busy and tiring day, accepting the visits becomes very hard. 4. Relations with Relatives:In Table 10, the answers and their percentages about the questions “How is your relationship with your close and distant relatives (visiting, sharing their happiness and troubles, etc.)?” are provided. Table 10: Respondents’ opinion aboutrelations with relatives Criterion / (%) Yes Partially Effectiveness of relations with relatives % 17 34 No 31 62 2 4 By considering the above criterion, the following examples can be given from their statements: We keep our relationships with the relatives hot. I try to be with them as much as possible. I try to be connected with them. We have good relationships with the relatives. We try to support each other. We are continuously in touch with my relatives. I try to help them in every issue as much as possible. Because of my work, I cannot share time for them. We can meet them in very special activities. Even in their illnesses, we cannot visit many of them. Since they are away, I talk them on phone very much. Our visits can only happen in annual leaves. Since they are outside the city, work hours prevent the relationship. 5. Cultural Activities:The answers and percentages for the question “Do you give importance for the cultural activities (conferences, seminars, panels, congress, scientific meetings, shows and exhibitions, etc.? Do you attend cultural activities effectively?” are provided in Table 11. Table 11: Respondents’ opinion aboutcultural activities Criterion / (%) Yes Partially No Participation on cultural activities % 15 20 15 30 40 30 From the perspective of this question, the following examples about the respondents’ answers are given as: I give importance to cultural activities very much. If I find an opportunity, I try to attend them. I force my conditions to attend them. I think they are effective for my personal career. I give importance very much and attend if I have time. Yes, if it was inside the hospital, but outside the hospital I don’t have time. I give importance, but I cannot attend after work hours. I give importance, but I cannot attend effectively. Unfortunately, I cannot share time for them. 11 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Conclusion and Recommendations European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (EUROFOUND) analyzed the countries under eight categories from the perspectives of work and family life balance in the report of second European Life Quality survey in 2007. Denmark, Finland and Sweden are reported to have the highest conditions by satisfying work and family life balance. The worst countries from this perspective are observed to be Romania and Bulgaria in the seventh group. However, Turkey and three other European Union candidates took place in the eight categories (Erdoğan, 2010:24). When human being is considered as both biologic and sociologic entity, in this study, employees in shift working system are analyzed from these two perspectives. The following findings are detected: Most of the respondents asserted that they have difficulty more in night shifts. This can be explained that the majority of the respondents are married and have children. Moreover, night work is reported to be more exhaustive in the literature. The most influential criterion about shift working system on the family life of the respondents is detected to be the irregularity of meal hours. Not having time with the family, negatively affected communication inside the family, not performing family responsibilities, not sharing the emotions within the family, not finding solutions within the family, not being tolerant inside the family and not being in a harmony inside the family follow respectively. The least effective criteria on the respondents are not talking every problem inside the family and unclear behavior of family members with each other’s. More than half of the respondents answered the questions about work and family life balance that it is not balanced and work life is more dominant on family life. When the most important criterion about the influence of shift working system on social life is considered, the respondents asserted that they cannot attend the cultural events such as conferences, seminars, panels, congress, scientific meetings, shows and exhibitions, etc. this can be explained by the education level of the respondents. Since more than half of the respondents have undergraduate degrees. The remaining criteria are ordered as follows: they cannot perform the necessary actions of relative relationship, communal role neighbor relationships. The least effective social life criterion is found to be not sufficiently performing the friendship relations. As Yavuz Sultan Selim told, “The most favorable object is believed to be government in the society. In fact, one breath health is the most important government”. In order to involve women into work life, socio-cultural barriers which they met should be removed. Since family and social life problems of healthcare employees are directly influential on their services, their work efficiency and service quality can be affected negatively. Therefore, service takers may not be satisfied with healthcare employees. Incompatibility between work and family life can be reduced by: seeking the solutions with all possible parties through social dialogues, increasing and differentiating care services for children, reducing the costs of children care services, providing a flexible work environment for female employees for children care and permission for parents-school relationships; allowing female workers, during some periods, to pass from full time employment to part-time employment, providing easy entrance and exit for females to 12 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo workforce market, providing part-time and fulltime flexible work hours, management support for solving work related problems and training the employees to overcome stress and communication problems. Furthermore, it can be stated that these may be influential for family responsibilities, gender related problems and satisfying the balance between work and family life. When the socio-cultural dimension of human being is evaluated, strengthening the social friendship relations, enhancing corporate social responsibility, planting corporate memory forest, organizing some activities such as picnic and trips by including family members, interorganization sport tournamnets, sport sallons in work environment, organising seminars and courses for personal and career development, planning career development, greeting the special days of the employees (personal-birthday, new year, baby birth, etc and professional (eg. medicine day), organising activities at the end of the work day (music, art, cinema, etc.), professional and cultural book reading sessions and hours support social life of shift working system employees. References Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü and TÜİK. (2006). Aile Yapısı Araştırması, http//:www.tuik.gov.tr, (03.05.2011). Alacahan, O. (2010). Aile Birliğini Oluşturan Faktörler ve İşlevleri. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 297-298. Bilgin, L. (1984). Gece Vardiyasında Çalışanların Sorunlarına Genel Bakış, Eskişehir. Braddick, W.A.G. (1966). ShiftWorking: A. Survey of the Literature, Ashridge Management College. Çelenk, S. (2003). Okul Başarısının Ön Koşulu: Okul Aile Dayanışması. İlköğretimOnline, 2 (2), 28-34. Eke, H. (1981). Kapasite Kullanımı Açısından Vardiya Düzeni, Ankara, M.P. M.Publications. Erdoğan, S. (2010). İş ve Aile Hayatı Çatışması, Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, AB Koordinasyon Dairesi Başkanlığı Bülteni, Issue:53, March - April – May, 2010, Ankara. Finn, P. (1981). Effects of Shift Work on The Lives of Employees, Management, Labour Review, October, 1981. Gökçe, B. (1996). Türkiye’nin Toplumsal Yapısı ve Toplumsal Kurumlar, Savaş Publications. Ankara. Gökçe, B. vd.(2011). Aile Sosyolojisi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını No: 2306, Ağustos 2011, p:52, Eskişehir. http://www.ilkogretim-online.org.tr, 15.02.2013. 13 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo http://www.zekeriyyauludag.com/icerik/makaleler/makaleler.html; 15.02.2013. Gönüllü, M. and İçli, G. (2001). Çalışma Yaşamında Kadınlar: Aile ve İş İlişkileri, C.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, May 2001, 25(1), 81-100. Odabaşı, M. (1981). Kapasite Kullanımı Açısından Vardiya Düzeni, MPM Publications. Özkalp, E. (1984). Gece Vardiyası ve Çalışanlar Üzerine olan Sosyo-Psikolojik Etkileri. Anadolu Ün. İkt.ve İd. Bil. Fak. Der. Eskişehir. Sayın, Ö. (1990). Aile Sosyolojisi, Ege Ün. Ed. Fak. Publications. No:57, İzmir. Soyyiğit, R. (2002). Sanayileşmenin Türk Ailesi Üzerine Sosyal Etkileri, Master thesis, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta. Şentürk, Ü. (2008). Aile Kurumuna Yönelik Güncel Riskler. Aile ve Toplum, T.C. Başbakanlık Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü Eğitim - Kültür ve Araştırma Dergisi, Year: 10, 4(14), April - May – June. Tezcan, M. (2005). Cumhuriyetten Günümüze Türk Ailesinin Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği, http://www.akmb.gov.tr/turkce/books/v.t.kongresi/g.g.o.a,giyim%20k.cilt%20XV/ mahmut%20tezcan.htm; 15.02.2013. T.C. Başbakanlık Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü. (2010). Türkiye’de Aile Değerleri Araştırması, Ankara. Uludağ, Z. (1997). Post modern Pedagoji. OMÜ Eğitim Fak. Dergisi, 10, Samsun. 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1603 Title A name given to the resource Effects of Shift Working System on Employees' Family and Social Lives Author Author KACMAZ, Recep CELALETTIN, Serinkan Abstract A summary of the resource. Family is considered to be the smallest unit of life, on human life, and an institution whose effect continues from the birth to the end of life. The family is born from the culture of its own society and the main influencing factors in shaping the family are the social and cultural aspects. The factors that are effective in re-shaping the family institution are, the changes of the principles that are effective and dominant in the general structure of society, the changes in the economy and political life and the changes in the religious and moral culture. Industrial society system has led to spacious and profound changes in the general life of the society. Changes in general work and life conditions have influenced the family negatively in fulfilling its functions as required for modern conditions. The basic functions of the family can be considered biological, economic, love, protection, socialization, religion, education and the family as a function of evaluation of leisure time. With the process of industrialization, families are shrinking from traditional /extended family to core family. For this reason, some functions of families are transferred to other institutions (careers, nursery, kindergarten, etc.), but, for children, none of them can provide psychological satisfaction by his parents. In 2010, in Family Values Survey in Turkey related to what matters are very important in people life, the family is in the first place with 99.3% rate. This result reveals that the family is indispensable in Turkish society. In another study held in 2010 by using Family Assessment Scale, it is determined that as the number of members icrease, the power of the family weakens in fulfilling the functions and the most problematic function of the family is found to be not showing interest to each other. At the beginning of functions, hindered due to the increased number of individuals, behavior control and communication functions come. Technological progress in the first half of the twentieth century has developed production-enhancing and efficiency rising methods to solve the needs of modern society. This situation has caused to the discovery of the new systems in terms of better use of natural resources and human power. At the result of the specified developments, non-classical and nonstandard working systems in general and particularly shift working system have taken place. The shift working system, applied due to some economic, social and socio-political reasons, brings problems such as redundancy in work accidents, the disruption of body's circadian rhythm, degradation of workers' health, needs are not provided full and on time, disruption of family scheme and disconnection of social environment relations. When related literature is reviewed, the studies that the effects of shift working system on employee health status, sleeping patterns, eating habits were conducted are observed. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of shift working system on the employees' family and social life. Due to the fact that employee has different roles in business, family and social life; this study, will create the idea of employee in whole system approach on the scientific studies on this issue in the future and in business & family policies, decision-making and applications, and will shed light on finding solutions on improvement of employee's present problems. For sample of study, 10 shift working nurses in the private hospitals, 10 shift working employees in the textile industry , and 10 shift working security guards in private security industry in Denizli, Turkey, total of 30 shift employees are chosen. In this study, as a method of data collection, semi-formal pre-prepared interview questions are applied to each shift employee by one-on-one consultation. Keywords: Family, Functions of Family, Shift Working System, Shift Employee's Family Life. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/60634ce35b3d8ce14016284fc0ce3baa.pdf b07a5ec3148446889c44e4bf310930f6 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Social Discourse in History Teaching: Case of BosniaHerzegovina Alma Jeftic International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina alma.jeftic@yahoo.com The results of studies of the OSCE Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Institute for International Textbook Research Georg Eckert in 2008 have shown that teachers consider the content of textbooks and its' attempt to express multiperspectivity as the most important criteria for selection. Two main aims of this study are: to determine the differences in the presentation of significant events from BiH history (disintegration of Yugoslavia, the war in Bosnia 1992-1995) in three history textbooks for fourth grade secondary schools that are currently in use in the Federation BiH, the Republic of Srpska and in areas that teach history according to Croatian curriculum, as well as to observe the ways in which the educational process affects formation of adolescent identity and development of tripartite discourse. In this paper, a method applied includes content analysis as quantitative method, as well as qualitative method (comparison of content related to description of same event in three textbooks). Special attention is paid to the way in which the textbook authors describe the role of neighboring countries (Serbia and Croatia). Textbooks are analyzed in terms of the language in which they are written, publishers, and the degree to which content follows the guidelines for writing and evaluating history textbooks in elementary and secondary schools in BiH prescribed by the Commission for the Development of Guidelines for history teaching in BiH from April 2005. The conclusion is that the three textbooks differ qualitatively, especially when describing topics such as the collapse of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia (1992-1995). Textbooks do not follow the prescribed Guidelines. Also, tripartite narrative formed through history classes leads to tripartite social discourse and therefore seriously impacts ways to reconciliation and international relations. Keywords: History, Textbook, Tripartite Narrative, Tripartite Discourse, Identity, International Relations 34 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ea53fd2ccd64471e2b9ab081c5f635e7.docx 6c09fd8e71b41e74715b336570af6a5a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/67811f955370098ff3d8004e9f65565a.pdf 73c0869176cc64b43009d84cce747538 PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Social Discourse in HistoryTeaching: Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina Alma Jeftic International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina alma.jeftic@yahoo.com Abstract The results of studies of the OSCE Mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Institute for International Textbook Research Georg Eckert in 2008 have shown that teachers consider the content of textbooks and its' attempt to express multiperspectivity as the most important criteria for selection. Two main aims of this study are: to determine the differences in the presentation of significant events from Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) history (disintegration of Yugoslavia, the war in Bosnia 1992-1995) in three history textbooks for fourth grade secondary schools that are currently in use in the Federation BiH, the Republic of Srpska and in areas that teach history according to Croatian curriculum, as well as to observe the ways in which the educational process affects formation of adolescent identity and development of tripartite discourse. In this paper, a method applied includes content analysis as quantitative method, as well as qualitative method (comparison of content related to description of same event in three textbooks). Special attention is paid to the way in which the textbook authors describe the role of neighboring countries (Serbia and Croatia). Textbooks are analyzed in terms of the language in which they are written, publishers, and the degree to which content follows the guidelines for writing and evaluating history textbooks in elementary and secondary schools in BiH prescribed by the Commission for the Development of Guidelines for history teaching in BiH from April 2005. The conclusion is that the three textbooks differ qualitatively, especially when describing topics such as the collapse of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia (1992-1995). Textbooks do not follow the prescribed Guidelines. Also, tripartite narrative formed through history classes leads to tripartite social discourse and therefore seriously impacts ways to reconciliation and international relations. Keywords:History, Teaching, Identity, Adolescents, Textbooks Introduction The aim of this paper is to describe how different cultures of memories persist in BiH, as well as how these cultures lead to the formation of groups and "dangerous" Others. "Other" becomes a threat and a burden bearer of "dead generations". As such, she/he finds salvation in the production of their own memories.Although BiH is an internationally recognized and independent state, the way of teaching history in elementary and secondary schools has not yet been agreed upon and it has been carried out by three different curricula: two entities (the Federation and the Republic of Srpska) and parts of BiH where teaching process is conducted according to Croatian curriculum. At the beginning of 2008 the OSCE Mission to BiH and the Institute for International Textbook Research Georg Eckert conducted the survey among 184 history teachers from across the country, in order to determine the changes that teachers introduced in teaching, to determine the most commonly used textbooks and teachers' opinions on topics dealing with the period 19921995, which should be included in textbooks. 41 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Results revealed that teachers found the content of textbooks as the most important criterion for selection, as well as efforts invested in order to obtain multiperspectivity. Also, about 53% of the examined teachers felt that the 1992 to 1995 war should be included in history textbooks as a special teaching unit. Teachers felt that the themes of "consequences of war" and "destruction of cultural and historical monuments" are very interesting and as such should be included in history textbooks. However, one-third of teachers did not share this opinion, and a somewhat smaller number expressed uncertainty. In most parts of BiH, 1992-1995 war was not included in the official curriculum, which is in line with the recommendations of the Council of Europe to temporarily suspend teaching about the war years. In the "Recommendation 1454 (April 2000) Education in BiH", the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe argued the temporary suspension of the teaching of the 1992-1995 period until historians in BiH with the support of international experts do not establish a common approach to the study of this period in schools. However, previous studies on history teaching in BiH and textbooks‟ analysis have not touched the period that preceded the war in Bosnia - dissolution of Yugoslavia. Therefore, this study aims to determine the differences in the presentation of the breakup of Yugoslavia in three history textbooks for the fourth year of secondary schools operating under three separate teaching curricula. Also, content analysis will be used in order to determine the way textbook authors describe the role of neighboring countries in this process, including the frequency of references to specific countries (Serbia, Croatia), because it is assumed that in the textbooks that are following Croatian curriculum the emergence of an independent and sovereign Croatian state will be emphasized, in textbooks issued by the Institute for Textbooks and Teaching Aids from East Sarajevo emphasis will be on the creation of an independent state of Serbia, while in Federation BiH the development of independent state of BiH will be emphasized. In addition, it will be analyzed how many times 1992-1995 period was mentioned in all three textbooks, regarding two issues: whether only the beginning of war was mentioned, or, whole period of war was described. Also, it will be described if (and to what extent) the war in Croatia was mentioned (only as a date or as more particularly described, as well as the way in which is called (“Homeland war”, “liberation”) and NATO bombing of Serbia. It is considered that this research can complement the existing analysis of history textbooks as well as emphasize the role of religious and national Other (dissolution of Yugoslavia, the war in Bosnia, the war in Croatia, the bombing of Serbia). The very existence of three different curricula implies the formation of three different generational community memories of the war and the events that preceded it, which can lead to the perception of "dangerous" Other that should be avoided. The possibility of accepting Other, as well as identifying the barriers that separate people largely depends on the way in which historical information and facts are presented, so this analysis can provide a basis for exploring different approaches. History Teaching – Importance and Consequences Generation can be viewed as ambiguous term because on the one hand it indicates the continuity of life, and the other marks a new beginning (Kuljic, 2009). It is, as such, an important factor in selective memory, and the different generational relationships determine the structure of society. Life in the past can be very dangerous, because it 42 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo prevents progress and creation of a vision of future. However, without knowing the past advanced vision for the future does not exist (Kuljic, 2009). Different generational communities form various community memories, and their relationships to the past define their system of values. The concept of social memory refers to the dynamic interaction between history, culture and cognition.At the individual level, there are three sources of knowledge: history, collective memory and individual experiences that are combined to create a subjective view of historical reality, another "common sense" narrative that is often manifested through identity and autobiographical context (Hewer and Roberts, 2012). This model of social memory, which comes from the theory of social representations, makes a distinction between collective memory, which is resistant to change, and representation of the past discussed within the broader social milieu, which has the potential to develop into a new or changed perspective, especially when they are sensitive to generations‟ shifts. Revision of historyflows in severaldirections (Kuljic, 2010): contents in historicalnarrativeareeitheromittedorcomplemented, themeaning of thesamefacts is variouslyinterpreted, ratiobetweentherelevanthistoricalfacts is changing, theframeworkfortheinterpretation of historicalfacts is modified. History and history textbooks have always been trapped between the romantic view of the nation and the distorted image of "Other" (Cole and Barsaolu, 2006). Many researchers of historiography agree on two things: the rewriting of history always carries the risk of spreading the ideology and creating a negative history that can be misused to achieve special (exclusive) identity, and, multiperspectivity in textbooks allows students to identify described world as well as at the opposition to selective perception, values and stereotypes (Engelbrecht, 2008). According to Slater (1995), there are intrinsic and extrinsic goals of teaching history. In doing so, the first objective relates to the very scientific discipline, while the other is a broader educational goal focused on changing society. Also, the teaching of history has the task to develop students' critical thinking and analysis, and objectivity in the evaluation of the main facts.Evaluation, analysis, synthesis and interpretation skills that develop during the teaching also deepen students' understanding of the past, but also provide a basis for taking a critical stance when "use" past for evaluation of present. The Council of Europe in the context of the "New Europe" from in 1990 states that "the lessons of history contributes to the development of citizens who have open views of the world, who are aware of the differences, willing to accept those differences and respecting members of other cultures, religions and languages" (Gallagher 1996, p. 22). This would be possible only through the modeling of democratic values in the teaching of history, which includes the commitment to democratic values by teachers, syllabus designed to include content that is related to the past, questioning, and connection between the teaching of history and teaching in related disciplines (democracy and human rights, civic education, etc.). According to Pingel (2008), teaching history has to achieve two main goals: to explain why there conflict exists and to provide a new narrative that will unite the cracks of the past and strengthen the cohesion of the damaged society. Although these two objectives are laudable and worthy, in reality they are faced with many difficulties. Highlighting the causes of conflict can contribute to the separation, rather than unite society. Teaching History in a Divided Post-Conflict Society 43 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Smith and Vaux (2003) define reform of "national courses" (art, literature, geography, and history) as crucial for the establishment of awareness of national identity. In their view, the teaching of history is of particular importance in conflict societies and, as such, is particularly susceptible to bias.The connection between teaching history and sense of identity is explored in the form of the concept of "historical consciousness." Porat (2004) revealed that the Israeli students who attend religious schools and who equated himself with right-wing Israeli policies followed legendary and heroic narratives of Tel Hai event from 1920 (example of Jewish-Arab conflict) even when they read in the books descriptions of the event as accidental and insignificant. In this case, the students added or reinterpreted details from textbooks in a way that fits the context of their narratives. Secular students, leftists, accepted what was written in the textbooks and rejected descriptions of the events that were represented as Jewish heroism. Today their history textbooks contain both narratives with blank space between them, left for students and teacher to write their own opinions on “what happened” (Learning Each Others Historical Narrative, 2003). It is assumed that “third” narrative would bring closer two existing and opposite narratives. For all these reasons it is clear that the teaching of history in a divided society is a challenge, especially if we take into account that history is closely linked with emotions, national identity and collective belonging. Also, the presentation of a single narrative as "the only accurate" has no value in the educational sense, especially in divided societies where ethnicity is debatable. Even in situations where a single narrative is agreed in advance it is impossible to avoid the emotional tension. Therefore, one of the possibilities in organizing the teaching of history is multiperspectivity. However, multiperspectivity as such has its advantages and disadvantages. In their research on 958 students from different parts of Northern Ireland McCaffery and Hansson (2011) found that young people learn history from many more sources than the teaching and tutorial. Also, there is a variation in the level of knowledge they have about the past, but the fact that (regardless of place of residence and background) they are ready to accept other sources and alternative approaches to the past. What is interesting in the abovementioned research are two different interpretations of what history is and what it represents.The first interpretation encompasses history as an academic subject that examines the sequence of events in Northern Ireland, people and places, in an abstract and less important way. Another explanation is related to the very idea of "history" that is highly relevant, since it entails the past where "Other" committed violence against the community. This is one form of the past that is not abstract, and that did not exist only on the pages of books, but also in real life and that continues to live for the majority of young people (McCaffery and Hansson, 2011). Shortly after the collapse of Yugoslavia and the beginning of the wars for Yugoslav succession in both Serbia and Croatia textbooks have been changed. In both countries the textbooks were prescribed by the Ministry of Education, which indicates changing of ideologies, but did not change the principle of state control over education (Stojanovic, 2008). Changing textbooks was also affected by the situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina in which the Republic of Srpska and Herceg-Bosna adopted textbooks from Serbia and Croatia. Sometime later special textbooks for Bosniak children were written, and Bosnia went not only through the division of the territory, but also the division of historical consciousness (Stojanovic, 2008). 44 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Multiperspectivity in history teaching in divided societies has many drawbacks, and even "meeting" with the past is difficult, especially when it comes to societies that are characterized by a collective trauma, anger and grief. Therefore, "revealing the truth" is considered very important, but also the emotional component of the reconciliation process. Chapman (2007) considered deeply divided society as characterized by "politics of identity" and the experience of violence and human rights abuses, which is why it needs multiple levels and types of healing and reconciliation in order to be re-launched. Teaching history therefore should not be merely a re-interpretation of past events, but should also include the return of the most uncomfortable or painful memories, the attribution of personal and collective responsibility and the principles of social justice (Chapman, 2007). Inability to achieve the abovementioned very likely lead to a resurgence of violence in the future and represents what Brandon Hamber (2009) called “toxic past”. Therefore, the role of history teaching is much broader and more significant than it appears at first sight, because it can contribute to reconciliation, justice and the achievement of social reconstruction. However, when talking about "finding the truth", then history can play multiple roles.In the history textbooks from South Africa the statements of witnesses and victims that were recorded during their testimony in front of the Commission for Truth and Reconciliation can be found (Cole and Barsaolu, 2006). Although these stories may contribute to the understanding of one segment of the past, excluded their emotional significance should not be excluded, as well as the reactions they may cause in the classroom. Also, the "truth" imposed during testimony is often not considered "true" because of emotional tone.Therefore, the teaching of history should include a "humane" approach, according to which, within certain limits was right to ask questions about who were the perpetrators, what is important to remember from the past and what is needed learn in order to move on. History Textbooks in Bosnia-Herzegovina – Tripartite Narrative or Triple Silence? BiH is a country where history teaching suffers more because of the political situation and attempts to establish peace, than because of pedagogical methods. Dayton Agreement from 1995 "confirmed" and separate three teaching curricula for the three constituent peoples in BiH. In this way, the education has become a field of political games and the division. Therefore, there are three different teaching curricula in the two entities: the Federation of BiH and the Republic of Srpska.When society is ethnically divided, it is mostly reflected in the teaching of history, geography, literature and art, as each side is trying to emphasize its own history, its writers and artists, and ignore Other. Local politicians instrumentalized educational institutions in terms of their influence by emphasizing cultural differences and separating them at the same time. Despite the efforts of the international community and local institutions to achieve reform of curricula and textbooks until year 2000, these institutions have failed to overcome the existing parameters set by the Dayton Agreement (Pingel, 2008). Generations of which is expected to create a new curriculum were also directly involved in the conflict that should now be objectively presented and described in history textbooks. Therefore, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a resolution on "Education in BiH " in 2000 in which guidelines for teaching about the last war (1992 1995) were proposed. In this way, the historians from all three ethnic groups get a chance to collaborate with international experts with the aim to develop a common approach to that subject (Karge, H., Batarilo, K., 2008).Although they are still in effect, the guidelines 45 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo did not stimulate work on textbooks, but only created a vacuum that has been blocked by intellectual curiosity and development of new approaches to the teaching process (Pingel, 2006). Similar situation occurred in Rwanda, where the government has made a decision on the termination of teaching history until a single agreement has been reached (Pingel, 2008). However, it will be difficult to achieve that in BiH, since the division is strongly expressed, and past conflicts still evoke a lot of emotions and memories. However, research in Bosnia and Rwanda have shown that students want to learn about the war and genocide (Pingel, 2008). The international community has intervened in the case of BiH in the curriculum during the second phase of reconstruction (since first phase was dedicated to the reconstruction of schools and repairing damage). Commission composed of three constituent peoples under the supervision of international experts, analyzed the history textbooks to eliminate "inappropriate" and "offensive" material that could be considered discriminatory from the position of one of three members of the constituent peoples, but also from the position of the International Convention on Human Rights (Pingel, 2008).Authors and publishers were obliged to change textbooks in accordance with the reached agreement. International Commission subsequently sent representatives from UNESCO, who had the task of monitoring teaching of history in schools. Of course, it sparked wide protests in public, and it also encouraged students to seek and read "prohibited" sources. In the third phase, the International Community has made cooperation with the Ministry of Education with the aim of organizing the review and verification of the manuscript prior to printing. Although the work of these committees largely "offset" language and exclude extreme interpretation, it did not change the views and opinions of experts from the three constituent peoples or has come to a unified history textbook to be used in BiH (Pingel, 2008). The next step consisted of writing new history textbooks. In 2003 Guidelines for writing history and geography textbooks were adopted and they were supposed to serve as a basis for developing a balanced, comparative and multi-perspective narrative. "Guidelines for the evaluation of history textbooks for primary and secondary schools in BiH " were unanimously adopted and forwarded to the ministries of education. After three years they were officially signed and thus become an integral part of the decision to accept textbooks for printing (Pingel, 2008). Guidelines for the evaluation of history textbooks for elementary and high school in Bosnia-Herzegovina consist of general, special and individual guidelines for writing history textbooks, their evaluation and use. The general guidelines are defined as the quantity of information relating to the political history that should be reduced, so that students get more information through other aspects of history, such as cultural, social, and economic history of everyday life. Specific guidelines are governing the writing of history textbooks, since the modern textbook is expected to not only educate, but to encourage, guide and lead the development of students. Individual guidelines are regulating how history textbooks of all grades should look like, from format to content. Ability to accept responsibility and the recognition of the crimes is still one of the key problems authors of history textbooks are faced with, and certainly this is one of the reasons why the period from 1992 to 1995 is not mentioned in the two of the three history textbooks used in BiH today. It is questionable how long the identification and recognition of the crime can contribute to reconciliation and coexistence, especially when we take into account that the three constituent peoples in BiH have conflicting attitudes towards the 46 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo credibility and importance of the tribunal, evidence of which are the different reactions of citizens of BiH to Tribunal‟s judgments. It is clear that textbook authors and experts in the field of education refuse to use material from international courts and tribunals located outside the borders of their state, since the courts are considered biased (Corkalo et al., 2004, p. 147). Biro et al. (2004, p. 200) concluded that the results of the research represent the role of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in promoting peace in Croatia and BiH as problematic. Also, it is very questionable to what extent Tribunal judgments in the case of the former Yugoslavia may contribute to the recognition of the crimes, and much less the extent to which they contribute to reconciliation in the former Yugoslavia (if any contributions exist). Therefore, in this paper the results of content analysis will be presented, explaining the differences in three current (school 2012/2013 year) history textbooks used in the Federation of BiH, the Republic of Srpska and parts of the country in which teaching is conducted according to the Croatian curriculum with regard to the topic "disintegration of the former Yugoslavia". The reason for choosing this theme is reflected in the fact that this is the last event described in three books relating to the period just before the outbreak of the war in Croatia and BiH. Therefore, it is expected that different narratives, as well as emphasizing the role of certain neighboring countries, indicate the location and presentation of religious and national Other, but also enlighten the clues of events after the 1991 (if not described entire period). Research aims 1. to determine differences in the presentation of significant events from the past (dissolution of Yugoslavia, 1992-1995 war) in three history textbooks for high school (fourth grade) that are currently (school 2012/2013) applied in the Federation BosniaHerzegovina, the Republic of Srpska and in areas that are applying Croatian curriculum; 2. to determine if there are differences in presentation of religious and national Other's role within significant events from the history of Bosnia-Herzegovina (dissolution of Yugoslavia, 1992-1995 war). Hypothesis 1. There are significant differences in description of causes and events dealing with dissolution of Yugoslavia. 2. There are significant differences in frequency of naming neighboring countries (Croatia, Serbia) in three different textbooks. 3. There are significant differences in frequency of naming and describing of the following events: 1992-1995 war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, war in Croatia and NATO bombing of Serbia. Method The study is planned in quantitative reseach design in which content analysis is applied. Important historical events are analysed within the frequency of their mentioning in three textbooks in 2012/2013 school year in two entities and in parts of the country that apply Croatian teaching curriculum: 47 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 1. Hadziabdiċ, H., Dervisagic, E., Mulic, A., Mehic, V. (2007). HistorijaIstorija-Povijest (History). Tuzla: Bosanska Knjiga. 2. Zivkovic, D., Stanojlovic, B. (2012). Istorija za treci razred gimnazije prirodno-matematickog i za cetvrti razred gimnazije opsteg i drustveno-jezickog smjera (History for the fourth grade of high school). Istocno Sarajevo: Zavod za udzbenike i nastavna sredstva. 3. Matkovic, H., Mirosevic, F., Goluza, B., Sarac, I. (2003). Povijest 4 – Udzbenik za cetvrti razred gimnazije (History – textbook for fourth grade of high school). Mostar: Skolska naklada i Zagreb: Skolska knjiga. Textbooks are also analyzed in terms of the language in which they were written, the publisher and place of issue, and the degree to which analyzed content follows the guidelines for writing and evaluation of history textbooks for primary and secondary schools in BiH prescribed by the Commission for new history textbooks guidelines drafting in BiH in April 2005. Results Although Guidelines for textbooks drafting exist, results of content analysis revealed that none of three currently used textbook follow it. This is especially true of the textbook used in the areas of BiH applying Croatian curriculum, within which period of the war in Bosnia (as well as in Croatia), is described in full. Also, the differences are reflected in the way the dissolution of Yugoslavia was described, especially when it comes to highlighting the role of neighboring countries as well as the frequency of mentioning of the neighboring countries. Specifically, the textbook used in the Republic of Srpska mostly mentions Serbia and its role in the breakup of Yugoslavia, and the textbook used according to Croatian curriculum emphasis Croatia, its role, as well as the subsequent events during the Homeland war (events in Croatia were firstly defined, and events in BiH just followed them). Frequency of describing of historical events from the period 1990-1999 There are significant differences in the frequency of mentioning of some important historical events as well as neighboring countries, depending on which curriculum is a textbook designed for and where it is used (FBiH, RS, Croatian curriculum). 48 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 1: Frequecy of Mentioning of Certain Historical Events in Three Textbooks Textbookapplied Textbookappliedin in Republic of TextbookappliedaccordingtoCroatianteachingcur FederationBiH Srpska Number Number Number Number of lines of of lines Number of lines i of pages Number of pages (f) TOPIC in text pages in text (f) (f) (f) (f) (f) issolution of Yugoslavia 4 154 1.5 51 6 167 War in BiH 1992-1995 stedonlythestartingdate of thewar) 1 5 0 0 (wholewarperiodwasdescribed) - War in BiH 1992-1995 scribedwholewarperiod) 0 0 0 0 6 120 War in Croatia 0 0 0 0 6.5 127 NATO bombardment of Serbia 0 0 0 0 0 0 As shown in Table 1, the textbooks used in the Federation BiH and the Republic of Srpska follow the Guidelines for writing and evaluation of history textbooks for primary and secondary schools in BiH (Commission guideline concept of new history textbooks in BiH, 2005.), and the topic “war in BiH” is not included into its content, as well as the war in Croatia and the NATO bombing of Serbia. However, although the content of textbooks used in the FBiH is not mentioning war in Bosnia, reader can be noted of these topics from the preface: “… This textbook deals withthe world, Europeanand Bosnianhistory ofthe late nineteenthand the entiretwentieth century. This is the timein which very importanteventsand processesinthe historyof mankind took place…It is particularlyimportant to notethat inthis period,an independentstate of Bosnia-Herzegovina was established, after a long andterrible warwhichwas ledagainst itby all means.” (Hadziabdic, H., et al., 2007, p. 5) Also, texbook applied in Republic of Srpska contains interesting instruction for students/readers at the end of chapter on „Yugoslavia after World War II“: „You can be informed oftheevents ofournearestpast (after 1991) onthe basis ofinterviews withcontemporaries(teachers, parents, participants inevents)aswell as from othersources(newspapers,documents, photographs, documentaries, etc.). Information can 49 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo be discussed during history class and tutorials.” (Zivkovic, D., Stanojlovic, B., 2012, p. 163) The above guidance implies that, although not described in the book, the events after the 1991 (the war in Bosnia, the war in Croatia, the NATO bombing of Serbia) can be discussed during history classes, which is not in accordance with the Guidelines. Three books are written in three languages: Bosnian (Latin script), Croatian (Latin script) and Serbian (Cyrillic), which is in accordance with the division of the three official languages existing in BiH. Although textbooks do not contain chapters dealing with historical events after 1991, its content allows discussion on these topics, during the lectures and tutorials. However, textbook applied according to Croatian curriculum deeply analyses war in BiH and war in Croatia. NATO bombing of Serbia is not mentioned, but the United States of America bombing of Republic Srpska is described. However, these are not the only differences that can be observed in the aforementioned three textbooks. Specifically, in the chapters describing the disintegration of Yugoslavia, interruption of XIV Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ) is described in different ways when it comes to reasons for its termination. Example1: A quote from the textbook applied in Republic Srpska „In order toprevent thebreakup of the country, theCommunist Partyleadershipisrequiredto urgentlyholdan extraordinarycongress… The protagonists of thedissolution of Yugoslavia,wellknew thatat the national levelthere areonly twocohesivefactors: theCommunist Partyand theYugoslav People's Army. Therefore they decided to breakfirstlyone(theCommunist Party), then the other (Yugoslav Army) factorof unity… The Sloveniandelegation, supported by theleadership ofCroatian Communist Party left Congress, so it has notcompleted work.” (Zivkovic, D., Stanojlovic, B., 2012, p. 163) Example 2: A quote from the textbook applied in Federation Bosnia-Herzegovina “The culmination of the political crisis occurred at the XIV Congress of the Communist Party. A collapse of Yugoslav Communist Party occurred due to disagreements of Serbian representatives with representatives of Slovenia and Croatia, as well as Bosnian and Macedonian representatives, who left the session. All of these events heralded a major political crisis in the former Yugoslavia, which began to fall apart.”(Hadziabdic, H., et al., 2007, p. 172-173) Example 3: A quote from the textbook applied according to Croatian teaching curriculum "Serbia provoked organization of XIV Congress of Yugoslav Communist Party. Milosevic hoped to ensure dominance in the top of the Yugoslav Communist Party, which would allow him to ultimately achieve proposed aims… During the debate, the delegates of Serbia and Montenegro expressed great aggressiveness, roughly attacking delegates from the Croatia and Slovenia, who left Congress. The remaining delegates concluded that Congress had to be postponed. But Congress has never resumed, and termination signaled dissolution of Yugoslav Communist Party. ” (Matkovic, H., et al., 2003, p. 267) From the above quotations noticeable difference in the description of the objectives and motives for organizing the XIV Congress of Communist Party, as well as causes for termination is evident. The textbook used in the Republic of Srpska does not contain a lot 50 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo of pages devoted to the explanation of dissolution of Yugoslavia, while textbook applied within Croatian curriculum deeply describes dissolution of Yugoslavia. Also, this textbook describes the events related to the war in Croatia and the war in BiH within the two separate chapters: "Homeland War" and "War in BiH." Frequency of mentioning of neighboring countries (Croatia, Serbia) Differences among the three analyzed textbooks regarding the frequency of mentioning of neighboring countries are presented in Table 2. Table 2: Frequency of Mentioning of BIH, Serbia and Croatia Within the Chapter „Dissolution of Yugoslavia“ in Three Textbooks Frequency of Textbookapp Textbookap mentioning of liedin plied in TextbookappliedaccordingtoCroatiante BiH/Serbia/C FederationBi Republic of achingcurricula roatia H Srpska 1 BiH 18 0 16 2 Serbia 5 6 15 3 Croatia 8 1 34 Bosnia-Herzegovina as a state commonly referred in the textbook applied in Federation Bosnia-Herzegovina under the chapter "The Dissolution of Yugoslavia," (18 times), and the textbook used within the Croatian curriculum (16 times). Textbook of the Republic of Srpska does not mention BiH within the chapter on dissolution of Yugoslavia, while Croatia is mentioned only once, and Serbia 6 times. Also, the textbook used in the Croatian curriculum mostly describes events that took place in Croatia and the Croatian position during the breakup of Yugoslavia, mentioning it 34 times. In the textbook applied in Federation BiH Bosnia is mostly mentioned country (18 times), then Croatia (8 times) and Serbia (5 times). From previous quantitative data it is evident that in the same chapter two textbooks used in BiH (one within the curriculum of Republic of Srpska and the other within the Croatian curriculum) devote more attention to the events in the neighboring countries (Serbia and Croatia), than to the events in BiH. Differences in approach greatly influence the development and understanding of adolescent identity. A sense of belonging in this way becomes divided into three parts, and qualitative differences in the presentation of certain events as well as religious and ethnic Other also lead to different interpretations of the same issues and different attitudes towards the other parts of their own country and to neighboring countries. Reconstruction of proandconmultiperspectivity historyteaching in Bosnia-Herzegovina: The reform of history teaching for reconciliation and coexistence in a post-conflict society implies two possibilities: the construction of a common narrative that would be widely accepted, or the presentation of conflicting narratives with an aim of their analysis and 1 How many times Bosnia-Herzegovina was mentioned within the chapter on dissolution of Yugoslavia How many times Serbia was mentioned within the chapter on dissolution of Yugoslavia 3 How many times Croatia was mentioned within the chapter on dissolution of Yugoslavia 2 51 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo discussion. The first method applies to the most divided, post-conflict societies in which it is safest to choose one narrative which is deemed to be accepted by the majority and thus avoid further conflicts. However, we can not say for certain that something was the most secure, since in this situation it is difficult to avoid the resistance of a minority that does not agree with the offered narrative. If you offer multiple narratives, there is a possibility for an open discussion, but also for the grouping and selection of "their" narrative, which is also related to the development of identity and sense of belonging. Multiperspectivity implies interpretation of the past in a way it looks from our perspective but also from the perspective of those who perceived past events. While learning different perspectives students acquire richer and more complex knowledge based on mutually conflicting narratives (Stradling, 2003). However, despite the emphasis on empathy in access to students during the teaching of history, multiperspectivity (especially the way it is applied in the previously described example of Israel and Palestine) can not be applied in BiH without the agreement on a common terminology that would be applied to the three (or maybe more!) narratives.Also, it will be of great importance to leave empty space in between the three narratives textbooks in order to students and teachers had a space for discussion, analysis and possible selection of a new narrative. In this way, it would be clearly stated that both students and teachers can freely and openly discuss all issues until they do not offend the dignity of the Other.The importance of recognition or acceptance of responsibility for war crimes may (but not necessarily) lead to a more positive climate in the teaching of history and therefore, may establish reconciliation. However, since the views of the importance and prestige of the International Tribunal for War Crimes are divided, we can not say with certainty that the recognition of guilt, judgment and punishment can contribute to the establishment of peace, as well as harmonization of narratives. However, the key insight that is gained by this analysis is that people never learn history from a single source, and therefore the teaching and tutorial can be viewed only as additional resources. Just as it is stated in history textbook from Republic of Srpska, for all topics that were not covered, or were partially covered, students can consult with parents, friends, participants in the event, or simply find the relevant sources (books, internet, the media). Consequently, the number of narratives with three suddenly switches to a much higher figure, and it becomes almost impossible to track the flow of information and thought. That is why the advocates of multiperspectivity in history teaching should not ignore the fact of the existence of a lot of resources and the inability of reducing them all to only a small empty space between the three constituent narratives (and maybe a few more non-constituent). ConclusionandRecommendationsforFurtherResearch This paper seeks to explore the importance of teaching the history for the construction of identity, sense of belonging and self-awareness. Also, content analysis of three currently used history textbooks in the territory of BiH is done regarding the way of writing about the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the war in BiH and other events from 1992 to 1999 including BiH and neighboring countries, Serbia and Croatia. It is concluded that the textbooks differ in certain parts of the chapter dealing with the disintegration of Yugoslavia (the XIV Congress of Yugoslav Communist Party), although all three are written according to the Guidelines for writing and evaluation of history 52 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo textbooks for primary and secondary schools in BiH. Also, differences are reflected in the different presentation of certain events in the breakup of Yugoslavia, the way in which the war in BiH (1992nd to 1995th) was described, as well as the frequency of mentioning of the neighboring countries, Serbia and Croatia. Also, it is important to note that multiperspectivity, although desirable, is not expressed in any of the three used textbooks. However, in order to establish a real difference in the writing, it is advisable to compare the analysis of history textbooks with those that were used immediately after the war (1996/1997 school year) in order to determine if indeed there were big differences in the presentation of certain events. This would be especially important because in that period there were no guidelines for writing textbooks, so that the authors had full freedom of explanations and guidance of historical events. History is not taught only in school. History is taught from a multitude of sources and as such it affects identity, self-awareness and membership in a particular group and a particular narrative. What this study does not cover, and what is proposed for future research is to analyze other sources used to inform students and learn about the past. This includes everything that teachers additionally included in the educational process in the form of essays, exercises, additional resources, but also all the students themselves use for their information: various sources (parents, peers, participants of events), the literature, the Internet, media and the like. Only a clear analysis of the additional resources may explain the ways of forming different narratives as well as the possibility of including multiperspectivity in teaching history in contemporary BiH. References Biro, M.,Ajdukovic, D., Corkalo, D., Djipa, D., Milin, P., Weinstein, H.M. (2004). Attitudestowardsjusticeandsocialreconstruction in BosniaandHerzegovinaandCroatia. U: E. Stover, H. Weinstein (eds). My neighbor, myenemy. Justiceandcommunity in theaftermathof massatrocity, (183-205). Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress. Chapman A.R. (2007). Afterward. U: Cole E.A. (ed.) 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AmericanEducationalResearchJournal, 41, 963-996. Slater J., (1995). TeachingHistory in the New Europe. Cassell. London: Council of Europe, Smith A.,Vaux T. (2003). Education, Conflictand International Development. London. Department of International Development. Smjernice za pisanje i ocjenu udţbenika historije za osnovne i srednje škole u BiH. (2005). Komisija za izradu smjernica koncepcije novih udţbenika historije u BiH. 54 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Stojanoviċ, D. (2008). Konstrukcija prošlosti – slučaj srpskih udžbenika istorije (31-44). Izlaganje na meĎunarodnom znanstvenom skupu pro Centru za politološka istraţivanja u Zagrebu. http://cpi.hr/download/links/hr/7008.pdf (18.02.2013.) Stradling R. (2003). Multiperspectivity in history teaching : a guide for teachers. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Ţivkoviċ, D., Stanojloviċ, B. (2012). Istorija za treċi razred gimnazije prirodnomatematičkog i za četvrti razred gimnazije opšteg i društveno-jezičkog smjera. Istočno Sarajevo: Zavod za udţbenike i nastavna sredstva. 55 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1486 Title A name given to the resource Social Discourse in History Teaching: Case of Bosnia- Herzegovina Author Author JEFTIĆ, Alma Abstract A summary of the resource. The results of studies of the OSCE Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Institute for International Textbook Research Georg Eckert in 2008 have shown that teachers consider the content of textbooks and its' attempt to express multiperspectivity as the most important criteria for selection. Two main aims of this study are: to determine the differences in the presentation of significant events from BiH history (disintegration of Yugoslavia, the war in Bosnia 1992-1995) in three history textbooks for fourth grade secondary schools that are currently in use in the Federation BiH, the Republic of Srpska and in areas that teach history according to Croatian curriculum, as well as to observe the ways in which the educational process affects formation of adolescent identity and development of tripartite discourse. In this paper, a method applied includes content analysis as quantitative method, as well as qualitative method (comparison of content related to description of same event in three textbooks). Special attention is paid to the way in which the textbook authors describe the role of neighboring countries (Serbia and Croatia). Textbooks are analyzed in terms of the language in which they are written, publishers, and the degree to which content follows the guidelines for writing and evaluating history textbooks in elementary and secondary schools in BiH prescribed by the Commission for the Development of Guidelines for history teaching in BiH from April 2005. The conclusion is that the three textbooks differ qualitatively, especially when describing topics such as the collapse of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia (1992-1995). Textbooks do not follow the prescribed Guidelines. Also, tripartite narrative formed through history classes leads to tripartite social discourse and therefore seriously impacts ways to reconciliation and international relations. Keywords: History, Textbook, Tripartite Narrative, Tripartite Discourse, Identity, International Relations Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f9577055be2b85002ee90f6a975cc16f.pdf ab9c8122cc3768e197c14c78e7fb7aa3 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Leadership Crisis in Organisations and Islamic Leadership as Value-based Leadership Fatima Jasarevic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Turkey fatima.jasarevic@yahoo.com Ahmed Obralic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Turkey ahmedobralic@hotmail.com Leadership crisis is evidnent in public and private sector in different parts of the world. This leadership has been critisized and charged for commercial and ethical failures. In recent time, modernization of leadership started and it places strong emphasize on values and ethics. Value-Based Leadership disuccion appeared and it put the importance on ethics and values in leadership. Through many leadership failuers in America and Europe and than search for leaders who cares for ethics and positive values in the organisation showed the importance of values for for successful management in the organisation. Islamic leadership is a value based leadership. As a set of ethical rules, islamic leadership is an excellent model of leadership for a successful organisation. In this research we are going to use content analysis. In a comparison to a conventional leaderhip islamic leaderhips promisses higher succes and benefit for the organisation ant its memebers. Keywords: Leadership, Islamic Leadership, Crisis, Value-Based Leadership. 115 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1541 Title A name given to the resource Leadership Crisis in Organisations and Islamic Leadership as Value-based Leadership Author Author JAŠAREVIĆ, Fatima OBRALIĆ, Ahmed Abstract A summary of the resource. Leadership crisis is evidnent in public and private sector in different parts of the world. This leadership has been critisized and charged for commercial and ethical failures. In recent time, modernization of leadership started and it places strong emphasize on values and ethics. Value-Based Leadership disuccion appeared and it put the importance on ethics and values in leadership. Through many leadership failuers in America and Europe and than search for leaders who cares for ethics and positive values in the organisation showed the importance of values for for successful management in the organisation. Islamic leadership is a value based leadership. As a set of ethical rules, islamic leadership is an excellent model of leadership for a successful organisation. In this research we are going to use content analysis. In a comparison to a conventional leaderhip islamic leaderhips promisses higher succes and benefit for the organisation ant its memebers. Keywords: Leadership, Islamic Leadership, Crisis, Value-Based Leadership. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ee03a7d0daa9fe8468a5beb6e4a0aef0.pdf c460a8597e91b195b3b627418e741e33 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Political and Economic Factors Affecting Tourism Demand between Countries: A Case from Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey Füsun İstanbullu Dinçer İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey fusuni@İstanbul.edu.tr İsmail Kızılırmak İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey ismailk@İstanbul.edu.tr Suna Mugan Ertuğral İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey sunam@İstanbul.edu.tr Gürel Çetin İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey gurelc@İstanbul.edu.tr Tourism is a rapidly growing industry with economic, social and political outcomes. Cultural exchange, peace, goodwill and understanding are considered as positive impacts of international tourism flows. Natural and cultural attractions, geographical proximity, convenient transportation systems, safety and security issues impact tourism demand to a destination. Although it lacks the attention it deserves; international politics and economic relations are also important factors affecting tourist flows between countries. In this context Turkey has been playing a pioneer role in establishing stronger relations with Balkan countries. This paper explores impact of political and economic agreements on incoming tourism in the light of Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey within the past decade. Besides having land in Balkans geographically, Turkey has strong historic, cultural and political ties with Balkan geography. Those relations that were established during the reign of Ottoman Empire in the region have been developing during the Turkish Republic as well. Bosnia Herzegovina is not an exception of this relationship. Common culture and heritage with Turkey made Bosnia Herzegovina among popular destinations for Turkish Citizens. Although there was a considerable amount of migration to/from 123 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey, there still is a large amount of Turkish origin citizens in Bosnia Herzegovina and vice versa. Over the last ten years both Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina have been undergoing a major transformation both economically and politically. Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina have also been enjoying rapid tourism growth for the past decade, despite global problems such as economic crises (e.g. mortgage funds), acts of terrorism (e.g. 9/11), wars and conflicts (e.g. Iraq), epidemics (e.g. H5N1) an extreme weather conditions (e.g. volcanic ash clouds). The current situation and reasons behind the development of bipolar tourist movements within these countries are discussed based on economic and political facts and tourism statistics. Revealing the political and economic factors affecting tourism demand between countries might provide a better understanding of prediction and management of international tourism flows. Keywords: Political and Economic Factors, Tourism, Bosnia Herzegovina, Turkey. 124 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1546 Title A name given to the resource Political and Economic Factors Affecting Tourism Demand between Countries: A Case from Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey Author Author ISTANBULLU DINCER, Fusun KIZILIRMAK, Ismail MUGAN ERTUGRUL, Suna CETIN, Gurel Abstract A summary of the resource. Tourism is a rapidly growing industry with economic, social and political outcomes. Cultural exchange, peace, goodwill and understanding are considered as positive impacts of international tourism flows. Natural and cultural attractions, geographical proximity, convenient transportation systems, safety and security issues impact tourism demand to a destination. Although it lacks the attention it deserves; international politics and economic relations are also important factors affecting tourist flows between countries. In this context Turkey has been playing a pioneer role in establishing stronger relations with Balkan countries. This paper explores impact of political and economic agreements on incoming tourism in the light of Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey within the past decade. Besides having land in Balkans geographically, Turkey has strong historic, cultural and political ties with Balkan geography. Those relations that were established during the reign of Ottoman Empire in the region have been developing during the Turkish Republic as well. Bosnia Herzegovina is not an exception of this relationship. Common culture and heritage with Turkey made Bosnia Herzegovina among popular destinations for Turkish Citizens. Although there was a considerable amount of migration to/from Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkey, there still is a large amount of Turkish origin citizens in Bosnia Herzegovina and vice versa. Over the last ten years both Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina have been undergoing a major transformation both economically and politically. Turkey and Bosnia Herzegovina have also been enjoying rapid tourism growth for the past decade, despite global problems such as economic crises (e.g. mortgage funds), acts of terrorism (e.g. 9/11), wars and conflicts (e.g. Iraq), epidemics (e.g. H5N1) an extreme weather conditions (e.g. volcanic ash clouds). The current situation and reasons behind the development of bipolar tourist movements within these countries are discussed based on economic and political facts and tourism statistics. Revealing the political and economic factors affecting tourism demand between countries might provide a better understanding of prediction and management of international tourism flows. Keywords: Political and Economic Factors, Tourism, Bosnia Herzegovina, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3e2e9c795301a8971a030e3ea6d7f247.pdf 76b7a200dcda34ee952d1b5fc25837a3 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Impact of Financial Crisis on Unemployment with Close Look on Bosnia and Herzegovina Erkan Ilgün International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina eilgun@ibu.edu.ba Semira Budic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina semirabudic@hotmail.com Various economic and financial crises were occurring during the last few centuries and had great impact on many variables in the society and as such mostly on unemployment in all countries around the globe. Throughout this research paper we will be defining financial crisis, types of it, how and when each one of them occurred starting with the Great Depression and what kind of impact they had on unemployment comparing European countries with United States. It can contain also analysis on impact of global economic crisis on unemployment in OECD countries. The financial collapse led to a big climb in unemployment especially in the construction and manufacturing industries as well as financial and business sector. We will be following the evolution of unemployment during the current crisis and how does it vary according to gender and age differences as well as which countries were directly and mostly affected. For this study secondary data will be used. Those data are collected from Eurostat web site (statistical office of the European Union) using Labor force survey (LFS) which is designed to obtain the data from labor market Descriptive statistics and econometric models will be used to analyses unemployment and economic growth variables to investigate the level of impact of financial crisis on unemployment in different countries. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Unemployment, Bosnia and Herezegovina 109 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1532 Title A name given to the resource ICT Use in Small and Medium Enterprises for Development in Vlora Region Author Author ILGÜN, Erkan BUDIC, Semira Abstract A summary of the resource. Various economic and financial crises were occurring during the last few centuries and had great impact on many variables in the society and as such mostly on unemployment in all countries around the globe. Throughout this research paper we will be defining financial crisis, types of it, how and when each one of them occurred starting with the Great Depression and what kind of impact they had on unemployment comparing European countries with United States. It can contain also analysis on impact of global economic crisis on unemployment in OECD countries. The financial collapse led to a big climb in unemployment especially in the construction and manufacturing industries as well as financial and business sector. We will be following the evolution of unemployment during the current crisis and how does it vary according to gender and age differences as well as which countries were directly and mostly affected. For this study secondary data will be used. Those data are collected from Eurostat web site (statistical office of the European Union) using Labor force survey (LFS) which is designed to obtain the data from labor market Descriptive statistics and econometric models will be used to analyses unemployment and economic growth variables to investigate the level of impact of financial crisis on unemployment in different countries. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Unemployment, Bosnia and Herezegovina Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564