195 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/87f83e527a87f61b44d9ecd0f7e995e0.pdf b5607185279a04a641ea7e56837f7a19 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo New Marketing Strategy in Tourism Sector: e-Tourism Mehmet Akif CAKIRER Afyon Kocatepe University Bolvadin Vocational School Turkey makif77@yahoo.com Abstract Rapid development in information and communication technologies has created a transformation in the economic and social life through changing the way the trade dealt. New technologies help to improve the efficiency of the economy, create new job opportunities, spread the technical progress and new ideas easily, establish the simultaneous communication among people and institutions in the different countries and regions. The goal of this study is, evaluating the present situation of Turkey's tourism sector and using information technologies in the sector, to form long-term competition strategies for the sector which has important potential. Furthermore, it is searched that, depending on the data of World Tourism Organization which states serious changes would occur in tourism sector by 2023, how Turkey that has to be prepared for a merciless competition in tourism immediately, would take advantage of using e-tourism strategy in global competition. Key Words: E-Tourism, Tourism Sector Global Competition and Tourism Sector The importance of quality, competition and cost has rosen in the world economy with arising of globalization concept. With development of information and communication technologies (ICT), removing borders and the studies of to free the international trade completely there is an intense competition in world economy. The rapid developments in technology, and attempts like globalization of international market, increase in communication, making the knowledge transfer and transportation easier and removing the barriers of free trade changed the economies and the strategies completely. Technology, especially information and communication technologies has the most important role in these changes. The continuous developments in the hardware and software of information and communication technologies caused the old structures and processes significantly by providing the enterprises to construct their hierarchic forms again, to rise the efficiency of their management functions, to change the work processes effectively, to develop new products and services and to make new industries. The competition that became harsh in the globalization process which occurs with developing technology made the enterprises try new strategies. The internet technology that erosa in the paralel of rapid technologies affected economy, education, consumer behaviours and our lives deeply. With the internet people have the chance to share their knowledge that they are uploaded to internet. With this reason the countries, people and companies make an added value to themselves via information and communication technologies. The Definition and Importance of e-Tourism Nowadays trade methods at electronic media took place of classical trade methods and the companies which persistently try to use the classical trade methods have lost their competition advantages and so they can not continue their existence. Nowadays the most rapidly developing sector of E-tarde is tourism sector. E-Tourism; with a broad definition means the use of information and communication technologies in tourism sector. E-tourism; contains all kinds of buying and selling of goods, service and product and the money transfer by the means of electronic systems. E-tourism must not be confused with internet tourism which is its most important base. Internet which we will define as a web based information communication system whish is served on a platform having a computer network can also be defined as buying touristic and transportation service via the computer 598 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Networks1. While E-tourism is the most rapidly growing branch of E-trade the internet tourism is the most rapidly growing branch of E-tourism. We can show as follows with the help of the figure. E-Trade E- Tourism Internet Tourism Figure 1: E-Trade, E- Tourism ve Internet Tourism The Importance of Tourism Sector and e-Tourism for Turkey Tourism; becomes an important sector especially for developing countries like Turkey with its effect on balance of payments, creating employmet and income, having a high added value, positive effects on substructure and superstructure and effects to the other sectors. (Özkök, 2003, p.72) Turkey is like a tourism heaven with its geopolitical and geostrategical situation, being a capital of many different cultures, looming large by being a country where 4 celestial religions meet, nonetheless having extremely clean beaches and bays as per the computing countries, and having the four seasons together at the same time. (Çeken and Erdem, 2003) Turkey‘s using these values with the aim of tourism will have an important role at the country‘s economical development. But the global competition is carried to internet depending on the rapid developments in information and communication technologies. With this reason Turkey who have many earthly goods in terms of tourism must apply E-Tourism strategies in order to get more tourism income at the global competition carried to internet. Instruments Used At e-Tourism We can say that a lot of information and communication technologies is used in E-tourism. Call Centers, Internet, Intranet and Web are the most important of these instruments. Some basic features and information that must be at the web sites of tourism enterprises can be summarized like that: (Karamustafa, Biçkes, Ulama, 2002, p.113) electronic mail feature, information about travel, having own web adress (URL), information about promotion applications and discount, feature of communicating with other tourism enterprises, feedback form feature, online payment feature, feature of informing with more than one language, audio-visual features, information about enterprise ownership, feature of replying the frequently asked questions, information aboutnthe staff and it can be updated. The Reasons of the Need of e-Tourism 1. The global competition in tourism sector is carried to internet. For this reason the countries must form competition strategies related to this trend as well as making investment on information and communication technologies. 2. Today the basic problem that the enterprises face all over the world is the decrease at the loyalty of the customers seriously. For this reason the enterprises always focus on customer satisfaction and use the method of Consumer Relation Management (CRM). CRM is very important whatever the sector is in terms of continueing the success and existence of the enterprises. For all these reasons today the tourism enterprise must focus on customer satisfaction and benefit the E-CRM strategy used in E-tourism in order to increase the customer satisfaction. 3. Internet is more effective than other commercial toolsa as per other commercial tools. Formerly the advertisements given to the papers and televisions are given to internet in order to be observed and because of the increasing interest. 599 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo INTERNET PAPERS SUPERIORITIES Control of the effectiveness personalization(CRM), becoming widespread The chance of reader‘s looking the ad again, having the chance to advertising to small groups Adressing to a large crew, have repeating chance, flexible and prestigious Selectivity, intense inclusion, speed, flexibility, personal, ineffective information MINORITIES Not being widespread of usage of internet Short lived High cost, temporary messages, choice deficiency Expensive, customer‘s possible DIRECT resistance, success depending on up-toMAIL date and correct list Low cost, flexibility, targeted listener, Short lived, many parted and different RADI chance to prepare fast advertisement listener crowd Selective, quality in print, long lived Life far away from flexibility, prestige MAGAZINE short message, and OPEN SPACE Forward the idea fast, repetition chance, Very giving opportunity to local products environmental concerns Table:1. Comparison Of Commercial Tools Source: Genel ĠĢletme, Anadolu Üniversitesi, EskiĢehir 2000, p.217 TELEVISION 4. When looked in terms of tourism, since the easy access to the information about the arrival points can reduce the costs of travel planning and organization, marketing processes will be able to be increased and will take place faster. As such internet is an important factor with the feature of conversion of direct marketing method‘s potential capacity. (Egeli and Özturan, 2002) 5.Today multinational firms give their advertisements to internet instead of the instruments such as papers and television. For example the competents of McDonald‘s which is one of the most 20 advertiser companies in USA stated ―their customers are busy with internet than watching TV the young people head these and as an advertiser company to reach this customer crowd they will transfer the millions of dollars that will be cut from the television advertisements to the firms called dot.com‖. the competents of Coca-Cola company stated that ―they will tend to new and creative commercial instruments including electronic media‖. American Airlines Company has decided to increase the rate of advertisements published on internet from 6% to 9%. (Zaman, 23 Nisan 2003) As seen in table 1,2. between the years 1997 and 2001 internet has the most increase in the use commercial tools in USA with 753,3%. 1997 2001 Change Newspaper 41,670 51,430 23.4 Magazine 9,827 12,965 32 Television 36,893 45,070 22.2 Cable Television 7,237 13,758 90.1 Radio 13,491 20,810 54.3 Yellow Pages 11,423 14,090 23.3 Letter 36,890 49,950 35.4 Business Pages 4,109 5,310 24.8 Internet 600 5,120 753.3 Others 23,940 34,667 45 Table 2 The Usage of Commercial Tools in USA in 1997 and 2001 Source: Ferrel O. C., Hirt Geoffrey, Business, McGraw-Hill, Fourtyh Edition, Irwin 2002, s.368 6. Complexity of technological changes and incresing speed of work life, incresing of the pressures on competition and wages, difficulties caused by globalization, social and demographic changes, the information workers‘ need of flexibility at job environment, and providing rapid development increased the need to the E-Tourism. 7. E-Tourism is a continuously growing sector because the fastest accrueing information and it is the fastest developing branch of e-trade. In 1999 at a study enclosing 6000 people which is made in USA showed that 70% of internet surfers visit travel sites. 80% of these sites are airline companies and this shows that personal users use internet for airline information and reservation. (Öymen, 1999, p.17) 600 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 8. The important developments and changes that happened in economical, technological, political, socio-cultural, environmental and organizational areas in the world also affect the tourism companies closely. All these changes make some new management applications and changes necessary in the management of tourism companies. (Kozak And Güçlü 2003) 9. Online advertisement has a day by day increasing marketing share on internet which is the most important branch of E-Tourism. Table 3. Online Advertisement Revenue in USA 10. The tourists examine the hotels and reserve on internet and also can buy travel from the sites of airline or bus companies and this finishes the function of agents that make interagency between the companies and people. 11. The rules and standarts of traditional trade methods do not let small and middle grede companies to compete with big companies supported with high capitals. Thanks to the advantages of E-tourism small or big all companies by getting rid of the harsh rules of traditional trade methods open virtual tourism enterprises, find new markets to sell their service, get new sources of income, strengthen their images and have competing superiority.(Oral, p.202) 12. The developing technology and day by day increasing customer satisfaction causes technology take place of human source. According to Peter Rothwell, North Europe Chief of TUI in the next years call centers will take place of agents because while only one reservation will be made per day at the agents but at call centers will make five reservations. According to Rothwell especially long families will prefer mostly call centers and web sites because they are free of commission. (Türsab, 2003, p.50) Advantages of e-Tourism We can summarize the advantages of e-tourism as follows. (Atalay, 2000) 1. Added value is easy access to services. 2. Providing a comparison chance easily. 3. Personalized services. 4. Travel services which are at exclusive possession of tour operators are made open for competition 5. Having the the services under the best conditions by the help of increasing competition. 6. It enables the customer get information whenever or wherever wanted. Tourism Sector Report Of World Tourism Organisation (WTO) And Swot Analysis Of Turkish Tourism Sector It is impossible to have a result in tourism sector globalizing world with short term projects. If Turkey wants to get better results in tourism sector it must form long term and strong competition strategies considering the expectations in the future. Nowadays when the tourism competition slipped to internet if we do not form our long according to this we will be adjudged to lose. For this reason according to the tourism sector report prepared by 601 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo World Tourism Organisation (WTO) long term and strong strategies must be formed by well analysing the SWOT of Turkish tourism sector. Tourism Sector Report Of World Tourism Organisation (WTO) and Turkey Tourism sector on which globalisation is the most effective grew up since it was born and is one of the most important sectors in the world. (Oral And Kurgun, 2002) According to the data of WTO in spite of the economical sagnation in the world tourism sector will increase its development. The tourist Number of 285 millions in 1980 has risen to 455 millions in 1990 and to 625 millions in 1998. The tourism income in the world has risen to 445 billions Dolars from 102 billions Dolars in this process. In 90‘s average increase rate in the world tourism sector is 4% in tourist and 7,2% in tourism income. According the data of WTO in 2010 1 billions 50 millions tourist Number and 1 trillions 550 billions Dolars of tourism income is reached, in 2020 these numbers will be as; 1 billion 600 millions tourists and 2 trillions Dolars of tourism income. (Turizm, 2001) WTO calculates that tourism income will be 2 trillions Dolars in 2023, and declares that a serious change will be in tourist profile and the countries will harshly compete to attract the tourists. Turkey who hosted 11,6 millions tourists and has risen its tourism income to 8 billion Dolars must complete all the lacks that were specified by WTO. WTO declares that there will be serious changes in tourist profile till 2023, Turkey must prepare a savage tourism competition. (Köylü, 2002) The results of the study related to the basic affinities and consumer profile of next year made by WTO which takes attraction to the short term projects will have no results are as follows: (Köylü, 2002) 1. In product developing 3E (exciting, entertainment, educational) will take place of 3S (sea, sand, sun) . 2. In 2023 the sum of world tourism income will be 2 trillions Dolars and in 2000‘s long distance and overseas travels will increase. 3. At route choice and reservation processes information technologies (CD-ROM atlas, internet, web sites ...) will have more importance. 4. The increase at the education and comfort levels will continue and experienced tourist group will grow up. 5. Tourist choices will polarize, demand of innovation ant variety will increase, comfort and adventure motifs will be predominant. 6. In paralel to rise of average human life the retirement time will lengthen and there will be more time for vacation. 7. It is expected that the singles, childless couples and 65 and older group called 3rd period will reserve more money for travel and entertainment by having predominancy in world population. Swot Analysis of Turkish Tourism Sector Swot; is a context which is widely used in strategic management literature recently and formed from the first letters of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. In swot analysis an answer to the question ―where are we now?‖ is seeked. The aim of this analysis to determine the strengths and weaknesses of an Organisation with its current situation and to the changes in the environment and to determine the opportunities and threats. Expansion of Swot is like that. Strengths : what are made well? Weaknesses : what must be developed? Opportunites: how can be performance increased? Threats: what can be risk for the organisation? Here the important point to be careful about is instead of ranking the strenths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats one by one to find out the important data to help us to form long term strategies for our tourism sector. Because it is impossible for Turkey to get result with short term projects. The weakest point of tourism is while etourism gives us opportunities it is not thought to be widespread and dependable. It is stil not accepted internet to be the most efeective tool and having cold shoulder to internet as turkish tourism companies is the biggest strategical mistake. When the web sites in the sector are examined the information about presentation and communication can be found but the information that must be updated are not updated. Tourism sector must invest internet. The most important point that must not be forgotten is that the companies that do not invest will not be able to compete in the sector in the future. 602 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES  Importance of the sector is understood  The chance to live different seasons at the same time  Having different tourism alternatives because of its natural and cultural aspects (belief, yachting, ski tourism…)  Existence of young and dinamic population  The acceleration in tourism by EU advocacy  Offer the egzotic combination of East and West cultures  Geopolitical position  Not being discovered for young and over continental markets  Closeness to the main market with its geograhical position  Entrance among the developed routes in last 10 years OPPORTUNITIES  Deficiencies in tourist health and safety  Disharmony of high Standard facilities with the units in close neighbourhood  Environmantal pollutioni  Tourism sector‘s being immediately by uncontrolled events (teror, war, etc)  Economical and political instability  E-trade‘s being not widespread and dependable  Legislation making foreign capital come harder  Deficiencies in strategical marketing method  Substructure‘s not responding needs caused by the rapid demand raise  Low Number of internet users  Minority of sectoral content at internet  The country‘s image is not at the expected place THREATS  Expanding the tourism to 12 months having alternative strategy  As a result of customs union advantages of complete membership to EU  To transfer the strategies from tourist Number to tourists having high potential of spending  To establish economical stability  E-tourism‘s giving  Increase of tourist choices demanding innovation and variety  To increase tourism income with country presentation and advertisement  Providing low cost but high quality service  In long term offering new job and employment opportunities  Increase and prompt the investments  Increase of global competition  Local and global crisises  Incorrect investments  To lose the competition advantage because of low efficiency  Deficiency of capital and hand changes at crisises  Banking sector finds tourism sector risky  Not including SMEs in investment, prompt and credit  Structure change of tourism, 3S‘s replacing 3E  To lose the chance to be one of the biggest economies of the world Table 4 SWOT Analysis of Turkish Tourism sector (Sahillioğlu,1998) Faults of Turkish Tourism in Marketing and Presentation Strategies It can be seen that there are faults in marketing strategy when Turkish tourism is examined. Although differentiation loomed large in global competition our countryis not presented enough and becomes an innocent victim of wrong competition strategies. According to Jack Trout the famous marketing theorist who came to 4th Marketing Suumit ―Turkey can be an opportunities country in tourism. Turkey is the meeting point of history and civilizations. To highlight this idea which is not highlighted enough is of value to Turkey. If Turkey appreciate this essence and use it well it can be a tourism heaven in the world.‖ The declaration of Prof. Dr. Don Thompson is more noteworthy. According to Don Thompson ―Turkey is the worst marketed country of the world and is an opportunity waiting to be real.‖ Under the lights of these declarations our country must overview its marketing strategy and must implement the E-Tourism Strategy. Turkey must transfer its strategy not to tourist Number but the tourists having more spending potential. (Kumcu, 2002) With the classical marketing used in tourism the tourist Number coming to our country increases but the tourism income does not increase as well. In order to reach the aim ―in 2010 30 million tourist, 30 billion Dolars tourism income‖. (Dönmez, 2004) declared by Prime Minister R. Tayyip Erdoğan E-tourism strategy must be taken 603 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo into consideration. Turkey is face to face with the problem of not varying tourism sector. Although there are alternative tourism opportunities there no investments. According to World Travel And Tourism Council (WTTC) chairman Jean-Claude Baumgarten tourism affinities is in a change according to quality at tourism types like spa, golf, wellness and congress more than destinations. In the next years there will be a very important change in health tourism and people will be able to go South Africa for plastic surgeon. (TaĢ, 2004)Turkey is face to face with the problem of not varying the products in tourism. In today‘s harsh competition atmosphere the most important problem of companies and countries is not differentiating. With globalization while the all the products, all the services look the same as each other, the companies that show their difference increase their profit and the countries increase their foreign exchange income. Since Turkey has product variety to offer to the tourists it is settled for 30 products. (Köfteoğlu, 2003) One of the most important difficulties of Turkish tourism sector is label problem. A product whish is not a label yet is to be at street vender. A product which is at street vender is sold cheaper it doesn't matter how quality it is. Since our products in tourism sector could not be trademarked they are at street vender. Today while a week at a hotel in Spain is sold for over 1.000 Euros, a week at a first class holiday village or a five star hotel in Antalya is 500 Euros. In addition our price is all inclusive. (Yeni,2003) Tom Blackett the vice-chairman of Interbrand label consultancy company which determines 100 the most valuable label of the world states that Turkey has a potential to createwho-wide labels in tourism. (Arman, 2004) We must benefit information technologies to solve the label problem in tourism. For long years the target group of Turkish tourism was foreign tourists, and the home market was not taken into consideration. (Platin, 2004) Turkey can not balance foreign and home tourism. Sector sees home tourism as alternative tourism. Turkey must revive home tourism and should balance well. We can‘t increase our tourism income over a specific level by just focusing sea, sun and sand (3S) tourism. (Atakan, 2004) In our country holiday village tourism made progress. The tourists coming to our country for holiday village tourism, unfortunately perceive our country just as sea, sun and sand; they turn their country withıout learning anything about out country‘s culture and history. So we should introduce our culture and history to the tourists coming to our country. The image problem of our country results from not being presented well enough. Today we live in information world so our country can be presented best on internet. But our past experiences show us that we have lost presentation opportunities we had. For example we lost the presentation opportunity with Eurovision Song Contest that was held in our country this year because we could not use internet. In this age a advertisement campaign that does not have internet means wasting the resources. Internet gives us the chance to give with low cost that could not be given on TV with limited time, on papers with limited space. e-Tourism Application in Tourism Sector The rapid developments in ICT affects tourism sector deeply. Now you can watch touristic cities and sites live on internet and many people take the information about tourism and travel on internet with their computers. In this case there is a mass of information about tourism and travel, our tourism sector must develop their selling and marketing strategies on this point. Because the competition in tourism sector is carried to internet. In parallel to the developments in tourism sector education policy in our country must be restructured. Large scale hotel enterprises can follow the developments in ICT with their structure of organisation, their advantage of scale and financial opportunities. This case gives them an advantage of global competition against the other enterprises. (SarııĢık and Akova, 2003) For example: Hilton International with 400 hotels will make new web sites in native languages in their very important markets England. Germany and Japan according to their new e-trade strategy of 13 millions of Dolars that was stated in last July. Search, choosing and reservation will be able to be made for all Hilton Hotels in the world in native languages. Another feature of these sites is that they will be designed different from each other according to that country‘s citizens‘ demands, habits and cultures. Hilton International‘s main (international) web site will carry on its duty the decision of designing local web sites come from the the data of 4% hotel the reservations are made on internet this ratio will inrease to 20% in 2007. (BThaber 2003). Moreover a study made to light the way for the future put forth 2/3 of the companies making international marketing both the global and local campaigns together according to the label they market for consideration. Hilton Ġnternational‘s new e-trade strategy predicate this study result. A survey made by TÜRSAB shows that e-tourism in tourism sector must be focused on immediately. 18 travel agency participated in the survey made for members of TÜRSAB giving outgoing service at home tourism sector declared that they sold travel and/or tour services to 84 thousand Turkish citizens. (Türsab Magazine, 2003) 604 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Local Newspapers 18,6 National Newspapers 5,8 Brochure distibution 14,2 Customer Visits 14,2 Web Sites 13,7 E- mail 13,3 Other 2,9 TV- Radio Ads 2,7 Magazine Ads 1,7 Posting brochures to adresses 1,6 Fairs 1,3 Total 100 Table 5. Turkish Travel Agencies‘ Marketing Instruments Source: “Yurt DıĢı Seyahat Pazarı DeğiĢiyor”, Türsab Dergi, Sayı:233, Temmuz 2003, s.15 Advantages of e-Tourısm on Turkish Tourism We can list the main advantages got by adopplying e-tourism to Turkish tourism sector. 1. E-Tourism is an important instruments to enter markets that are not known before, accessed and not evaluated well enough, to widen the tourism area by attracting tourist demand for other enterprises and countries 2. Globally the areas that Turkey is not known or little known are more than areas Turkey is known for. There are people who do not know Turkey in the countries where Turkey is known or people have wrong images. When looked from this aspect the presentation of Turkey at expected level is a versatile and large scale. (AslantaĢ 2002) ETourism gives an oppotunmity to our country in this area. By this way we can give our country the image in the world it reserves. 3. E-Tourism makes marketing segmentation and market departments to be adressed be determined. With effect of ICT market is seperating into small niches, tourism is like ―design your holiday‖ with personalizes demands. 4. In the recent years ICT that is started to be known as competition force in every area from product and service design to presentation from marketing to getting customers and selling points and became an important dimension of globalisation. In this framework the most notewothy development is the increase at the international marketing activities on internet and it is started to form the international database. 5. Globalisation process and technological developments caused an increase in international competition in tourism sector and this made tourism sector need more qualified workers. Application of e-tourism to tourism sector will make the profile of the all human force working in the sector fit global norms. With this cooperation between the enterprises in tourism will be developed. It will cause the integration and coordination arise with sinergy effect by using the current resources the most rationally. 6. Nowadays with globalisation quality in tourism sector must be taken consideration more seriously. It must be perceived as a international marketing policy. Günümüzde globalleĢmeyle birlikte, turizm sektöründe kalite her zamankinden daha ciddiye alınması gereken bir konu niteliği kazanmıĢtır. Bunun bir ulusal pazarlama politikası olarak algılanması zorunludur. To get a continuous income from tourism sector in world market is only possible with maintaining a specific service quality. (Yüksel, 2002) E-Tourism, will increase the quality of Turkish tourism sector. 7. Not being a label, one of the most important difficulties of Turkish tourism sector, can be solved by a strong Etourism strategy. As Patel and McCharthy said ―e-business models and e-transformations which do not have no aims or strategies looks like a truck which has no driver, map and arrival point on a highway,‖ (Özmen, 2003) Conclusion The rapid developments in ICT affects tourism sector deeply. ow you can watch touristic cities and sites live on internet and many people take the information about tourism and travel on internet with their computers. In this case there is a mass of information about tourism and travel, our tourism sector must develop their selling and marketing strategies on this point. Because the competition in tourism sector is carried to internet. In parallel to the developments in tourism sector tourism policy in our country must be restructured. Tourism is the most dinamic sector of Turkey with its subsectors and it is a potential leader of economy. In terms of our country tourism sector is among the leading sectors which we can use technology for efficiency and 605 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo with technology we can have competition advantage. Usage of ICT in tourism sector will increase the added value of tourism sector and will promote the efficiency. Consequently the international standarts can be caught in tourism sector which is important for the economyof our country. Turkish tourism sector must follow E-Tourism strategy in order to take place in global competition and create a competition advantage. Turkey that is on the way to be a global label in the rapidly growing tourism sector in the world will reach its aim by using the tourism potential in the best way with e-tourism. References Akat, Ö. (2000). Turizm iĢletmeciliği, Ekin Kitapevi, Bursa Arman, S. (19 Eylül 2004). ―Turizm ve Gıdada Marka ġansı Var‖, Milliyet Gazetesi, AslantaĢ, H. (12-14 Nisan 2002). Türkiye‘nin Turizm Stratejisi ve Tanıtım Politikaları‖, 2. Turizm ġurası Bildirileri, Cilt:2, Atakan, Y. (23 Mayıs 2004). ―Eurovision‘la Kaçan Tanıtım Fırsatı‖, Hürriyet Pazar Atalay, Ġ. (22 Ağustos 2000). Türkiye‘de Internet Turizmi , www.ilkeratalay.com., Civelek, M and Sözer, E. G. (Nisan 2003). Ġnternet Ticareti, Beta Yayıncılık, Ġstanbul Çakırer, M.A. (11-13 Aralık 2002). ―Turizm Eğitiminde E-Öğrenimin (E-Learning) Uygulaması Ve Türk Turizm Sektörüne Sağlayacağı Avantajlar‖ Turizm Eğitimi Konferans/ Workshop, Turizm Bakanlığı Turizm Eğitim Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Çağrı Merkezi Ġnrenetin Yerini Alacak, (Eylül 2003). Türsab Dergi, Sayı:235, Çeken, H and Erdem, B. (5 Mayıs 2003). ―Turizm Sektörünün Ġstihdam Yaratmadaki Etkisi‖, http://www.isguc.org/ Dönmez, A. ―Turizmde Hedef 30 Milyon Turist 30 Milyar Dolar Gelir‖, (12 Ocak 2004) Zaman Gazetesi, Egeli, B. & Özturan, M. (23-25 Ekim NevĢehir 2002) ―Rekabet Stratejisi Olarak Ġnternet‖, Turizm Sektöründe Rekabet Stratejileri, Hafta Sonu Semineri 5., Ferrel O. C., Hirt. G, (2002). Business, McGraw-Hill, Fourtyh Edition, Irwin Genel ĠĢletme,(2000). Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayın No:931, EskiĢehir ―Hilton‘dan 13 Milyon Dolarlık E-Ticaret Stratejisi‖, (4-10 Ağustos 2003). BThaber Gazetesi, Ġnternet Hangi Sektörleri Nasıl Etkileyecek,, (5 Mayıs 2003) http://www.arge.com/tr/intseketkisi.html Karamustafa K, Biçkes D. M., Ulama ġ. (2002). ―Türkiye‘deki Konaklama ĠĢletmelerinin Ġnternet Web Sitelerini Değerlendirmeye Yönelik Bir ÇalıĢma‖,Turizmde Bilgi Teknolojileri, Hafta Sonu Semineri, NevĢehir Kozak M. A. & Güçlü H. (05 05 2003) ―Turizm ĠĢletmelerinde DeğiĢim Yönetimi Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Ġnceleme‖ http://www.isguc.org/degisim_yonetimi.php Köylü. H, (21 Ekim 2002) ―Turizmci Dikkat‖, Posta Gazetesi, Köfteoğlu, K. (28 Aralık 2003) ―Her ġeye Rağmen Ayakta‖, Türkiye 2004 Ekonomist Yıllığı, Kumcu Ercan, ―Turizm Ekonomisi‖, Hürriyet Gazetesi, 22 Eylül 2002 606 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Kumcu Ercan, ―Turizm Stratejisi‖, Hürriyet Gazetesi, 19 Eylül 2004 Nitelikli Ġnsan Gücü Meslek Standartları Düzeni ve Sosyal Sermaye Birikimi, DPT Özel Ġhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Ankara 2001 Oral. E, (12-14 Nisan 2002) ―Ġnternet Turizminde Elektronik Ticaret ve Web‘in Etkin Kullanımı‖, 2.Turizm ġurası Bildirileri, Cilt:3, Oral. S, Kurgun. H, (23-25 Ekim NevĢehir 2002) ―Uluslararası Turizm Pazarında Bir Rekabet Stratejisi Olarak Fiyatlama‖, Turizm Sektöründe Rekabet Stratejileri, Hafta Sonu Semineri 5., Özkök F, (12 Temmuz 1999) ―Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği‘nde Turizmin Ekonomik Etkileri‖, Standard Dergisi, Haziran 2003 Öymen. E. E ―Masa Üstü Turizmi‖, Milliyet Gazetesi, Özmen. ġ, Ağ Ekonomisinde Yeni Ticaret Yolu E-Ticaret, Ġstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, Ocak 2003 Sahillioğlu. E, ―Swot Analizi (Durum Analizi)‖, Sağlıkta Strateji Dergisi, Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık projesi Genel Koordinatörlüğü, sayı:19, Eylül 1998 SarııĢık M, Akova O, (Mayıs 2003) ―Otel ĠĢletmelerinde Bilgi Teknolojilerinin Kullanımına ĠliĢkin Bir AraĢtırma‖ Stadard Dergisi, TaĢ D, (3 Ekim 2004) ―2014‘te Turizm Geliri 64 Milyar Olacak, Ama Hala Marka Olamadınız‖,Milliyet Gazetesi, ―Televizyon Reklamlarının Yerini Ġnternet Reklamları Alıyor‖, Zaman Gazetesi, 23 Nisan2003 Turizm, Sekizinci BeĢ Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, DPT, Ankara 2001 Türkoğlu. R, ―On-Line Eğitim‖, www.bilisimrehber.com.tr/arastirma/tr-arastirma-online-egitim.phtml, (28.10.2002) Yeni M, (16 Kasım 2003) ―Turizmde Marka Sorunu‖ , AkĢam Gazetesi, ―Yerli Turist Yeniden KeĢfedildi‖, Platin Dergisi, Sayı: 10, Ekim 2004 4.Pazarlama Zirvesi, Ġstanbul, 10 Aralık 2003 607 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 288 Title A name given to the resource New Marketing Strategy in Tourism Sector: e-Tourism Author Author CAKIRER, Mehmet Akif Abstract A summary of the resource. Rapid development in information and communication technologies has created a transformation in the economic and social life through changing the way the trade dealt. New technologies help to improve the efficiency of the economy, create new job opportunities, spread the technical progress and new ideas easily, establish the simultaneous communication among people and institutions in the different countries and regions. The goal of this study is, evaluating the present situation of Turkey's tourism sector and using information technologies in the sector, to form long-term competition strategies for the sector which has important potential. Furthermore, it is searched that, depending on the data of World Tourism Organization which states serious changes would occur in tourism sector by 2023, how Turkey that has to be prepared for a merciless competition in tourism immediately, would take advantage of using e-tourism strategy in global competition. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3566 Title A name given to the resource NEW RECIPE TWISTS FOR OLD INGREDIENTS - OBSERVE, DISCUSS AND ASSESS Author Author BABIC, Željka Abstract A summary of the resource. Teaching observation and assessment is sometimes taken for granted. When one randomly looks atEFL methodology syllabi at the tertiary level in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is obvious that mostly there is only one class dedicated to teaching observation (if any at all) and the same amount of time is dedicated to assessment itself. Due to lack of time and especially funds, and sometimes good will on the part of some school authorities, lecturers and students are left to their own devices in trying to establish a systematic approach towards dealing with these basic issues, which are to be in the focus of their future work with students. Still, future teachers and their professors never cease to forget that both effective peer observation and assessment are of immense value to the on-going process, which is known as the practice of foreign language teaching. Farrel and Richards (2008: 85) claim that the mere fact that there is an equation between observation and evaluation results in ever so negative feelings towards observation. This aim of this presentation is to show the results of a small-scale project of raising awareness of necessity of introduction and implementation of more observation and assessment classes at the tertiary level, especially in the second cycle studies in the foreign language departments.The main focus is put on helping teachers to develop their own teacher decision making processes by eliciting the reflections on their own practices and comparing them to both positive and negative aspects emphasized through evaluationfocused observation. Keywords: raising awareness, peer observation, reflection. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5e417dc1d2af58465ca945eaeb345d95.pdf 7bcd40eff8551df3caafa03ed2bfe588 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource News App Author Author Basil Bošnjak Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this project is to develop a comprehensive news application that aggregates and displays news articles from various sources, including a hosted database and external APIs. The primary problem addressed by this project is the need for a centralized platform where users can access diverse news content categorized by different topics such as politics, business, sports, technology, entertainment and world news. The methods and procedures involved in this project include the use of HTML, CSS and JavaScript for the front-end development, along with the jQuery library and the Single Page Application (SPAPP) framework spapp.js for dynamic content loading and navigation. The application fetches news articles from a MySQL database using AJAX requests and displays them in respective views. Additionally, it integrates with TheNewsAPI to fetch and display world news articles. User authentication is managed using JSON Web Tokens (JWT) stored in local storage, ensuring secure access to the application. The backend is developed using FlightPHP, and front-end design is enhanced using Bootstrap for responsive and modern UI components. The result of this project demonstrates a functional news application that allows users to seamlessly navigate between different news categories and search for specific articles. The application dynamically loads content based on user interactions, providing a smooth and responsive user experience. The conclusion of this project highlights the successful implementation of a centralized news platform that meets the objective of aggregating and displaying news content efficiently. Keywords Keywords. Single Page Application (SPAPP), AJAX, JSON Web Token (JWT), TheNewsAPI, jQuery, Dynamic Content Loading, User Authentication, FlightPHP, Bootstrap, MySQL Language A language of the resource English language sdp software engineering web development Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3353 Title A name given to the resource NEWSPAPER AS THE MEANS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: ALTERNATIVE NEWSPAPER (STRASBOURG/FRANCE Author Author Büyükaslan, Ali Albayrak, Muhamed Akif Abstract A summary of the resource. Newspaper is defined by the dictionary of Turkish Language Institution as “a publication which provides information on subjects such as politics, economy, culture and others, and which is published daily or for certain amount of periods.” However, modern era necessitates different definitions of the terms parallel to particular transformations. In this regard, the concept of newspaper needs to be redefined in terms of its definition and function. Modern societies have certain characteristics such as living together, being mobile and existing together with different cultures. Newspapers in modern societies position themselves within different cultures and undertake bilingual publishing facilities, which include the coexistence of different cultures. Published at Strasbourg in France, Alternative Newspaper, which occupies an important role in developing relations between Turkish citizens living in Europe and the societies that they live in, and which contributes to the preservation of identities and cultures of Turkish citizens abroad, will be the main subject of this paper. Dealing with problems of identity and culture due to the assimilationist policies that they face in host countries, Turkish citizens had the chance to enjoy their cultural identities and develop communication among them by means of this newspaper. In this research, we’ll analyze ALTERNATIVE NEWSPAPER within the context of newspaper’s function in intercultural communication. There are various factors, which make possible the analysis of the unique characteristics of this newspaper in this research, including the 7-year period that it has been published so far (with the title Alternative Newspaper since 2011), and its bilingual publication. Alternative Newspaper becomes an important counterpart of intercultural communication since it facilitates communication between the Turks living in Strasbourg and French society. This research will undertake a contextual analysis in terms of intercultural communication, as it will examine the ways in which Alternative Newspaper attempts to become a means of communication between different cultures. Keywords: Intercultural Communication, Newspaper, Alternative Newspaper Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/157e9c01f312287cb489ddbd6a2f27b8.pdf dcbb78ae2c89d61e5ce84a423a971b11 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Schwarzler, Nikolaus, “The Austurian Ombudsman (Volksanwalt)”, ed. Federal Chancellery, Public Administration in Austuria, Austuria, 1992, Seneviratne, Mary, “Local Government Ombudsman”, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 20(1), 1998, Seneviratne, Mary, “The Local Government Ombudsman”, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 21(2), 1999, Seneviratne, Mary, Ombudsmen in the Public Sector, Open University Press, 1994, Temizel, Zekeriya, “Yurttaşın Yönetime Karşı Korunmasında Bir Başka Denetim Organı: Ombudsman”, Yeni Türkiye Dergisi, Siyasette Yozlaşma Özel Sayısı II, Yıl 3, Sayı 14, MartNisan 1997, Temizel, Zekeriya, Yurttaşın Yönetime Karşı Korunmasında Bağımsız Bir Denetim Organı Ombusman, İstanbul, IULA-EMME Yayınları, 1997, TÜSİAD, Ombudsman (Kamu Hakemi) Kurumu İncelemesi: Devlette Bir Toplam Kalite Mekanizması Örneği, TÜSİAD Yayını No T/97-206, Ocak 1997, Uler, Yıldırım, “Ombudsman (Kamu Denetçisi)”, I. Ulusal İdare Hukuku Kongresi, Üçüncü Kitap, Çeşitli İdare Hukuku Konuları, Ankara, 1-4 Mayıs 1990, Woolf, Harry, The Protection of the Public-a New Challenge, London, Stevens, 1990. Next Step Of Corporate Governance: Appreciative Inquiry In Corporate Governance Çiftçi Münire, Öztürk Umut Can Süleyman Demirel University- Faculty Of Economics And Administrative SciencesTurkey/Isparta E-mails: munireciftci@sdu.edu.tr,umutcn.ozturk@gmail.com Abstract It was seen in the last decade that traditional management system and models cannot meet the needs of today. Crisis and scandals have proved the need for a more transparent and participatory structure. Governance met this need for a certain period of time and presented a more useful model. However through the end of 2000s negative effects of modern structures were seen; such as being quantitative and unnecessarily rational which make participants fear of doing wrong. In this case postmodern approaches came into agenda. One of them is 344 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo appreciative inquiry approach based on realized successes and collective decisions. In this study, hybridization model is proposed for the concept of Governance, which has got some problems to harmonize with today’s conditions, with appreciative inquiry as a supportive updating. On this context “Appreciative Governance” concept is put forward as a theory. Keywords: Governance, Appreciative Inquiry, Appreciative Management Approaches, Appreciative Governance 1. INTRODUCTION Governance is a structure or order composed of results of common efforts of all related actors in a social-political system. Application has been sufficient for a long period to bandage wounds of the market. However organizations are living and developing systems and they change like human beings. Some lacking and limits of governance concept were seen by time, as the need for human beings and humanistic values for an organization to be successful has been understood in the recent years and the vitality of these values has been perceived. Therefore the understanding of “employee and organization are together a systematical machine”, which was created with traditional management understanding, is leaving its place to postmodern approaches. Now it will be appropriate today’s complex markets’ organizations to evaluate the most satisfying choices instead of rational and empiric choices collectively. At this point humanistic opinions and emotions gain importance. Numerical expression of empirical approaches cannot reflect real emotions of employees completely. Employees have emotions and dreams. They can shape their lives and the future of organization. This change and necessity in frame of mind affected problem solving methods, too. Appreciative inquiry was developed, by being away from traditional approach, to find a more motivating process and to take decisions by adding health and strong values in this process. Appreciative inquiry is one of many appreciative management approaches and it becomes prominent with its reformative approach for employees’ expectations and institutional change. Founders of the approach, David Cooperrider and Suresh Srivastva (1987), define appreciative inquiry, this very new approach, as “a collective action and information research theory assisting development of normative vision, and developing group, organization and society’s demands as a whole”. Researchers like Gervase Bushe, Diana Whitney and Amanda Trosten-Bloom have grounded and developed the thought since 1987, when the thought came into being. It began spreading in Turkey too, development and consultancy firms began to use it but it could not find its deserved place among academic environments. 345 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In this study, Appreciative Inquiry Approach and governance concept are examined, and their theoretical basis and structure are explained. Advantages of governance, which is founded with Appreciative Inquiry Approach, over classical approaches, and benefits of using logic and emotions together on problem solving and transformation process are evaluated. 2. Governance Concept and Its Theoretical Basis The concept of governance was first seeded in North Europe. Governance, which was seen as reconciling government with civil society or combining them in 17th Century France (Yüksel,2000), lived its developing process in Britain; governance was born as a challenge to Westminster model in the British model (Adıgüzel et al., 2011). Stoker (1998) explained Westminster model in his study as “Parliament superiority, powerful cabinet government system and responsibility provided with selections are key elements. Dominating element is management of unitary state on the context of ministry’s responsibility”. It is seen that the term began maturating and systemizing at the end of 70s. Its development increased with democracy waves in Latin America in 1980 and by spreading of this wave to Africa in 1990s (Özer, 2006). The concept was first used in today’s meaning in a report of the World Bank which was published in 1989 as “good governance”. An open definition of governance was not given in the report but the term was used by OECD and United Nations too, and it became an open formula in various meeting and publications of these tree organizations (Akçagündüz, 2010). When development process of governance is examined it is seen that certain developments made governance necessary. Toksöz (2008) summarized these developments as follows;     Globalization – localization Changes in political participation process New middle classes and new social movements Transformation from citizen to sharer It is difficult to make a certain definition of governance concept. However, when definitions of governance are examined, it will be possible to give a basic frame of the concept as follows (Stoker.1998; Yüksel,2000; Adıgüzel et al., 2011);      346 Governance takes its basis from governing but also takes attention to a group of actors and organization Emphasizes frame and responsibilities of applications on solution of social and economic problems. Explains power dependency between organizations participating common works. A concept of self governing, autonomous relationship networks. Defends it is possible to do some works without authority of government. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.1. Principles of Governance Certain principles are seen when literature in Turkey and international scale are examined. Content of governance was added and expanded by the time. Said principles are below (Adıgüzel et al., 2011). Table 1: Principles of Governance 1. PRINCIPLES CONTENT Transparency Transparency in management can be possible by providing free information flow. It can be possible by accessibility of methods, institutions and information to people needing them (Ministry of Finance, 2003:8). There are two dimensions of transparency in literature. These are:   TRANSMITTER/COMPILER Accessible, concrete and understandable information about current condition and events (Dinç and Abdioğlu, 2009) Realization of decision making processes of public authorities with the participation of other sharers in an open way (Toksöz,2008:18) 2. Accountability Decision makers in public organizations, private sector and non-governmental organizations should give accounts to the general public and institutional partners (Ministry of Finance, 2003). Public authorities will be responsible on usage, budgeting and reporting issues of public sources, and give accounts when it is necessary (Toksöz,2008). 3. Participation All citizens can join decision making process directly or by representation of intermediary institutions (Özer,2006) 4. Superiority of Law Superiority of law, which is one of the basic principles of governance, means institution’s behaving in legal frames and acceptance of individuals that laws can be applied to their behaviors (Karabacak,2003) 5. Efficiency This is an important principle which proposes that all actors of governance concept act in cooperation (Soylu,2003). Kesim and Petek (2005) defined action as “doing right things and activity in the process of realizing right things”. Şaylan(1998) 347 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6. Responsiveness With this principle, individuals who become aware of carried out activities can act with acquired information and comprehend how to behave towards future (Acar,2003). 7. Equality Not doing favoring applications for any person in decisions of organization, having clear and neat rules for workers, and their application to everybody equally creates an emotion of reliability (Toksöz, 2008). 8. Strategic Vision Strategic visions will be clear and continuous. Vision should be determined by employees and managers; targets of this vision should be approachable and employees should believe this vision (Özer,2006). 9. Locality A principle which proposes direct participation of local people and their taking place in management instead of a strong central management (Acı,2005). Özer (2006) Toksöz (2008) 2.2. What to Do in order to reach Purposes of Governance Process It is necessary to take care of certain rules and follow some road maps in order to reach purposes of governance on institutional basis. Some of them are (Bumko,2006);         Determination of effective institutional strategies and planning of mechanisms to reach these strategies Determination and management of risks which can prevent realization of this strategy and planned performance Measurement and follow up of performance Creation of institutional values and ethics for realization of strategy and performance – Making arrangements from the top rank Providing that institution takes on activities which will support realization of institutional plan targets Making sure that managements is educated well, its performance is evaluated well and they receive a satisfactory salary on context of a success plan Informing partners about incidents – communication & sharing Appropriate organization structure especially at higher ranks to reach demanded results. 3. Appreciative Inquiry Concept and its Theoretical Basis 348 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The idea for appreciative inquiry approach was first seen in doctorate study of David Cooperrider in 1980 and he first presented the developing approach to the academic world in 1984 (Watkins and Mohr,2001). Appreciative inquiry met with professional environment in 1987 with Srivastva’s study named "Appreciative inquiry in organizational life" (Demir et al., 2010). When we consider definitions of Appreciative Inquiry Approach it is defined as “common search to find the best for human beings, organizations and the world surrounding them” by the founders Cooperrider and Srivastva (1987). Hammond (1998:6) states in his study that “it focuses on working status of organization. Inquiry process determines acceleration moments of organization concretely and defines the point where organization wants to be at. As current situations are based on real experience and events, by this way people know how to repeat their successes.” White (1996) defines appreciative inquiry as follows: “Appreciative Inquiry concentrates on positive conditions in our life and focuses on solving the negative ones. It is the opposite of problem solving method” (Adıgüzel and Öztürk, 2011). Shaping the future is based on the reality experienced past (Demir et al., 2010). Table 2 shows traditional approach and Appreciative Inquiry approach’s points of view (Yurdakul, 2010). Table 2: Differences between Traditional Approach and Appreciative Inquiry Approach’s Points of View Traditional Approach Appreciative Inquiry Approach Focuses on lacking and problems Focuses on excesses and potential Heads for determination of problem and needs. Defines the period with the best performance. Examines causes. Examines successes. Aims to solve problems. Tries to find the best characteristics to emphasize. Plans things to be done. Shapes its destiny. Imagines ideal state. Basic assumption: Our work is to overcome problems Basic assumption: Our work is to take out our potential and reach our best performance Source: Yurdakul, S., (2009) “Olumlu Sorgulama (AI): Teorik temelleri; pratikte uygulanması” www.ikedaconsulting.com, date of access: 08.04.2012 3.1. Principles of Appreciative Inquiry 349 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo There have been transformations in appreciative inquiry approach in time, as in all system proposals, in order to work more efficiently. On this context 5 more principles were added after the first 5 principles of Cooperrider and Whitney (1999. Said principles compiled by Demir and friends (2010) as below. Table 3: Principles of Appreciative Inquiry Table 3: Principles of Appreciative Inquiry PRINCIPLE 1. The Constructionist Principle CONTENT      2. The Simultaneity Principle    DEFINER Reality and Identity are Co-created. Truth is Local. There is no absolute truth. We Are Deeply Interconnected as people. Words Create Worlds. Reality is constructed through language. We perceive our environment with our point of view.  We Live in the World Our Questions Create. Change Begins the Moment We Question. The Unconditional Positive Question is transformational. Develop Your Sense of Wonder. 3. The Poetic Principle      Life experience is very rich. Human beings are born with the emotion of searching. Whatever We Focus On, Grows We should be able to appreciate. Find What We Want More of, Not Less of 4. The Anticipatory Principle      Positive Images Create Positive Futures Vision is Fateful Create Vision Before Decisions What We Believe, We Conceive Big Change Begins Small 5. The Positive Principle   Positive Emotions Broaden Thinking and Build. Identify and Leverage Strengths and factors that support them. Cooperrider and Whitney (1999) The Wholeness Principle   Wholeness Provides More Expansive Thinking Than Reductionism Learn to Be Present to the Emerging Whole. 7. The Enactment Principle   Embody What You Want Just Try Something 8. The Free Choice Principle  Freedom from Internal and External Forces is one type of freedom The Freedom of Inner Clarity allows us to pursue life freely 6. 350  �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Whitney and Trosten-Bloom (2003) 9. The Narrative Principle   We Construct Stories About Our Lives Stories are Transformative Barrett and Fry (2005) 10. The Awareness Principle    understanding and integrating the AI principles Surfacing assumptions is important in good relationships Practice cycles of action and reflection Stavros and Torres (2005) 3.2. Appreciative Inquiry Process and its Positive-Negative Aspects The process of appreciative inquiry approach is called 4-D cycle which is composed of: Discovery, Design, Dream and Destiny (Whitney and Trosten-Bloom, 2003). Appreciative Inquiry was applied in organizations and arrangements with success. It was applied in a variety of groups like small societies in Nepal and other developing societies and big and complex companies in the USA. Application areas are customer queries, new employee orientation, projects, strategy formulation and vision creating (Pradhan,2000). Figure 1 shows 4-D model of Appreciative Inquiry (Demir et al.,2010;). The process of appreciative inquiry approach is called 4-D cycle which is composed of: Discovery, Design, Dream and Destiny (Whitney and Trosten-Bloom, 2003). Appreciative Inquiry was applied in organizations and arrangements with success. It was applied in a variety of groups like small societies in Nepal and other developing societies and big and complex companies in the USA. Application areas are customer queries, new employee orientation, projects, strategy formulation and vision creating (Pradhan,2000). Figure 1 shows 4-D model of Appreciative Inquiry (Demir et al.,2010;). DISCOVERY (Defining the best) Valuation DREAM DESTINY (Creating what can happen) Supply and sustenance 351 Selection of Positive Subject (Dreaming what can happen) Proposing Results �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo DESIGN (Determining what can happen) Co-arrangement Figure 1: 4-D MODEL of Appreciative Inquiry Source: Adapted from the studies of Whitney and Trosten-Bloom, 2003. 352  Positive Subject Selection: There is title/subject selection at the basis of model. Each Appreciative Inquiry is an important part of model. It is the answer of the first question to be asked in the creation process of organizational destiny. It forms the core of change movement (Whitney and Trosten-Bloom, 2003; Cooperrider and Srivastva ,1987).  Discovery: In this phase successful results which make us happy are discovered; attendees discover their successful and perfect periods in their past at the end of detailed interviews (Yurdakul, 2009).  Dream: Dream phase is composed of dreaming to create a result oriented vision of future. Attendee groups discuss their individual visions for ideal organization and what will happen in the next few years. And total vision of group is developed beginning with these discussions (Staron, 2007).  Design: New structure and processes are designed in this phase where short and long term targets are determined (Yurdakul, 2009). �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  Destiny: Developing a positive point of view makes it possible to give hope to all system around a purpose and accelerate the system. Learning and harmony process is created in improvisation just like a jazz band (Barrett, 1995). There will be lacking and weaknesses of each model in application. Post-moderns systems open to development accept them as feedbacks on renewing themselves. There are weaknesses and strengths of Appreciative Inquiry applied with 4-D model, too. Nauheimer (2009 cited by Demir et al.., 2010) states them in his study as follows; Strengths:      The 4D-model works with what exists already in organizations. People can easily relate to their past success stories and link them to what they want for the future. It is highly participatory and inclusive and respects different views and values. The results of a 4D process are directly action oriented. It creates energy and enhances motivation of people involved. Weaknesses:    The model is more related to the past and present than to the future. It does not include a wake-up call. Problems and challenges, although not denied, do not receive the same attention than visions. Model requires a highly skilled facilitator to make sure that the output of the process satisfies the expectations of the process owner. At this point it s important to analyze weaknesses and strengths of two approaches and creating a hybrid model in order to be more effective. 4. HYBRIDIZATION AND APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY STRENGTHENING OF GOVERNANCE WITH It is proposed that Appreciative Inquiry will give flexibility and partner based participation spirit to governance. For example instead of saying “we should be transparent”, a meaningful road map and strategy to be transparent is presented. Table 4 compares principles and gives an Appreciative Inquiry model proposal in application process. 353 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 4: Appreciative Governance Model Proposal PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES OF APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY Transparency Enactment Accountability Awareness Participation Commenting APPRECIATIVE GOVERNANCE MODEL DEFINITION (Selection of Positive Subject) DISCOVERY (Defining the best) Defining Neatly Being Positive Wholeness Narration * Participation * Responsiveness Superiority of Law Enactment Effectiveness Commenting * Transparency Wholeness Awareness * Accountability Responsibility Awareness Fairness Enactment Strategic Vision Anticipatory P. Legitimacy Simultaneity Being Poetic DREAM DESTINY (Creating what can happen) * Fairness Appreciative Governance (Dreaming what can happen) * Strategic vision DESIGN * Legitimacy (Determining what can happen) * Efficiency * Superiority of Law Free Choice The core value of governance is “participation” idea. The main purpose is to create a transparent and collective structure involving partners. The target is exciting with its content. However strategies to follow on the road to reach targets are also important. Appreciative inquiry process and principles will involve employees without realizing. Employees will become a part of organization and decisions without feeling any compulsion. Because of the belief that they can manage, targets shaped on previous successes and strategies coming out of their own experience and memories will be understood and responded by them more easily. With a simpler expression it is very easy to correspond processes as understood from Table 4 and go forward on a similar line. Appreciative Inquiry concept can be put forward by maturing and hybridizing principles to support each other. 5. CONCLUSION Governance is which stability realized with respect to each other to some extent in providing stakeholders with an independent approach is used for a long time. In this process, the hierarchy is the only way top-level decisions, rather than managed mutual among themselves for a wide range of autonomous governance, compliance and coordination between 354 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo stakeholders is provided. Seen as an interactive process perspective of governance to manage. Because no single stakeholder capacity and knowledge are not enough resources to solve problems. The common goal is to find the best for the organization of stakeholders in the process of governance. Jointly for the best possible approach to querying a positive finding. For that reason govarnance should hybridize with Appreciative Inquiry. " Appreciative Governance" called for the hybridization with the stakeholders, the better the organization will reach a different perspective. Appreciative Governance Model, the complexity is quite remote, easy to apply, and understandable interbreeding. Proposal for starting to show deterioration trend of the head against the negative entropy of governance. All employees and stakeholders, the vision, objectives and strategies by incorporatinginto the pull to create a common vision of a wellknown. Hybridization of governance’s, disciplinary rules of the modernist framework and appreciative inquiry’s participatory, easier to see and accept the creative collective, postmodern structure may be the solution to the needs of contemporary organizations. In future studies, the results of testing and evaluation of the applicability of this theory is recommended. REFERENCES Acar, P. (2003) “Cevap Verebilirlik ve iyi Yönetişim”, İyi Yönetişimin Temel Unsurları, T.C. Maliye Bakanlığı Avrupa Birliği ve Dış ilişkiler Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara. Acı, E. (2005), “Neoliberal Yaklaşım Ve Yönetişim Kavramı”, Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F Dergisi 20(1), pp. .201-216. Adıgüzel O. and Öztürk, U.C. (2011), “Örgütsel Değişim Sürecindeki İki Reformsal Kavramın Melezlenmesi: Süreç Danışmanlığında Olumlu Sorgulama Yaklaşımı”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(13): 119-144. Adıgüzel O.;Öztürk, U.C. and TATAR, T. (2011). “Yönetişim:Fark Yaratan Yönetim Anlayışı” Ed: Cengiz DEMİR and Nesrin DEMİR, “İşletme ve Toplum”, Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa. Akçagündüz, E. (2010), “Küresel Krizlerde Yönetişim Kavramının Önemi”, Turgut Özal Uluslararası Ekonomi Ve Siyaset Kongresi – I,Malatya, pp. 321-336. 355 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Barrett, F. and Fry, R. (2005) Appreciative Inquiry: A Positive Approach to Cooperative Capacity Building. Chagrin Falls, OH: Taos Institute Publishing. Barrett, J. (1995). “Creating Appreciative Learning Cultures,” Organizational Dynamics, 24 (1): 34 – 49. Bumko/Bütçe Ve Mali Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü (2006), “Kurumsal Yönetişim ilkelerin geliştirilmesi-Etkinlik 4.2” http://www.bumko.gov.tr, date of access: 13.03.2012. Cooperrider, D. L., and Whitney, D. (1999). Appreciative inquiry: A positive revolution in change. In P. Holman & T. Devane (Eds.), The change handbook: Group methods for shaping the future (pp. 245-261). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. Cooperrider, D.L., Srivastva, S. (1987). "Appreciative Inquiry in Organizational Life," In R. Woodman & W. Pasmore (eds.) Research in Organizational Change and Development: Volume 1 (pp.129-169). Greenwich, CT: JAI Pres. Demir, C.; Öztürk, U.C. and Erkal, H.(2010). Apprecıatıve Inquıry:A Reformatıve Approach In Management. Demir, C.(ed.).” Contemporary Issues In Management And Organızatıons: Prıncıples And Implıcatıons” içinde (pp.249-268). Ekin Yayınevi. Bursa. Dinç, E. and Abdioğlu, H. (2009) “ işletmelerde Kurumsal Yönetişim Anlayışı ve Muhasebe Bilgi Sistemi ilişkisi: iMKB–100 ġirketleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araştırma”, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(21): 157–184 Hammond, S.A. (1998), “The Thin Book Of Appreciative Inquiry”, ,Plano,TX: Thin Book Publishers. Karabacak, H. (2003) “Hukukun Üstünlüğü ve iyi Yönetişim”, iyi Yönetişimin Temel Unsurları, T.C. Maliye Bakanlığı Avrupa Birliği ve Dış ilişkiler Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara, pp. 63-78. Kesim, H. K. and Petek, A. (2005), “Avrupa Komisyonu’nca Belirlenen İyi Yönetişimin İlkeleri Çerçevesinde Türk Kamu Yönetimi Reformunun Bir Eleştirisi “, Amme İdaresi Dergisi,38(4):39-58 Maliye Bakanlığı (2003), “ İyi Yönetişimin http://www.abmaliye.gov.tr/?q=node/142 ,date of access:15.01.2011. 356 Temel Unsurları”, �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Nauheımer,H. (2009). “Change Model 1: The 4D Model (Appreciative Inquiry),” http://www.change-management-blog.com/2009/07/change-model-1-4d-modelappreciative.html, Date of access: 10.05.2010. Özer, A. (2006). “Yönetişim Üzerine Notlar”, Sayıştay Dergisi, Volume: 63: 59-89. Pradhan, R. (2000). “Apprecıatıve Inquiry The Art of Constructing a Positive Future,” (adapted from the writings of David Cooperrider and Diana Whitney) , http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/appreciative1.pdf, Date of access: 17.03.2012. Soylu, H. (2003), “Etkinlik ve iyi Yönetişim”, iyi Yönetişimin Temel Unsurları, T.C. Maliye Bakanlığı Avrupa Birliği ve Dış ilişkiler Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara, pp. 78-94. Staron, M. (2007). “Appreciative Inquiry: Seeing Our Organisations as Living Systems,” http://www.icvet.tafensw.edu.au/ezine/year_2007/may_jun/appreciative_inquiry.htm, Date of access: 07.05.2010. Stavros, J. and Torres, C. Dynamic Relationships: Unleashing the Power of Appreciative Inquiry in Daily Living. Chagrin Falls, OH: Taos Institute Publishing, 2005. Stoker, G. (1998), “Governance As Theory: Five Positions”, International Sociel Science Journal, 50, 1:17-29. Şaylan,G. (1998), Devletin yeniden yapılanması,Türkiye'de Bunalım ve Demokratik Çıkış Yolları,Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Proje Raporu,Ankara,s.119-160. Toksöz, F. (2008). iyi Yönetişim El Kitabı, TESEV Yayınları, http://www.tesev.org.tr/UD_OBJS/PDF/IYIYNTSM/Iyi%20YonetisimKaliteli%20Yasam.pdf , date of access:15.01.2011. istanbul, Watkins, J.M. and , Mohr, B.J. (2001), “Appreciative Inquiry: Change at the Speed of Imagination”, Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer San Francisco, CA United States. 357 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Whıte, T.H. (1996). Working in Interesting Times: Employee morale and business success in the information age. Vital Speeches of the Day”, , Vol XLII, No. 15. Whitney, D. and Trosten-Bloom, A. (2003). The Power of Appreciative Inquiry. San Francisco, CA: Berrett Koehler, pp. 69-71. Yurdakul, S. (2009). “Olumlu Sorgulama (AI): Teorik Temelleri; Pratikte Uygulanması,” www.ikedaconsulting.com, Date of access: 17.03.2012. Yüksel, M. (2000), “Yönetişim Kavramı Üzerine”, Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 58(3):145-159. Effects Of Hoshin Kanri And Balance Scorecard With Integrated Strategic Plan To Sustainable Development: Application To Chamber Of Commerce And Industry Buket Karatop1 Zeynep Kahraman2 Cemalettin Kubat3 Özer Uygun3 Adem Korkmaz4 1Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Uluborlu Selahattin Karasoy MYO, Elektronik ve Otomasyon Bölümü, Isparta 2Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü, Isparta 3Sakarya Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü, Sakarya 4Isparta Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası, Isparta E-mails: buketkaratop@sdu.edu.tr, zeynepkhrmn11@hotmail.com,kubat@sakarya.edu.tr ouygun@sakarya.edu.tr,ademkorkmaz@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Strategic management can be defined as an administrative technique in taking decisions for the future in an organization, implementation and evaluation. In fact, It can be said that, applications of strategic management provides sustainable development. Strategic management has a dynamic structure and it requires continuous improvement. When Strategic management is used integrated with management tools such as Total Quality Management, Process Management, Hashin Kanri can be more efficient and effective. Using Balance 358 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1131 Title A name given to the resource Next Step Of Corporate Governance: Appreciative Inquiry In Corporate Governance Author Author ÇiFTÇi, Münire Abstract A summary of the resource. It was seen in the last decade that traditional management system and models cannot meet the needs of today. Crisis and scandals have proved the need for a more transparent and participatory structure. Governance met this need for a certain period of time and presented a more useful model. However through the end of 2000s negative effects of modern structures were seen; such as being quantitative and unnecessarily rational which make participants fear of doing wrong. In this case postmodern approaches came into agenda. One of them is appreciative inquiry approach based on realized successes and collective decisions. In this study, hybridization model is proposed for the concept of Governance, which has got some problems to harmonize with today’s conditions, with appreciative inquiry as a supportive updating. On this context “Appreciative Governance” concept is put forward as a theory. Keywords: Governance, Appreciative Inquiry, Appreciative Management Approaches, Appreciative Governance Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3456 Title A name given to the resource NOMINAL COMPOUNDS IN TECHNICAL ENGLISH Author Author Ferčec, Ivanka Liermann-Zeljak, Yvonne Abstract A summary of the resource. An important feature of technical English is a sequence of modifiers placed in front of the final noun, the head noun. These structures, called (lexicalised) noun phrases or nominal compounds, are very productive and they are mainly used as text compression devices. Since the number of modifiers is not limited, rather long and complex structures found in scientific and technical texts may cause ambiguity, difficulties in comprehension or even misinterpretation. In this paper, complex noun phrases extracted from technical English textbooks and scientific papers in the field of electrical and computer engineering are classified into two groups depending on what elements they consist of, i.e., i) different-component compounds, and ii) noun compounds. We also discuss the problem of the analysis and interpretation of the meaning of nominal compounds since these issues usually pose major challenges for the translation of scientific texts written in English into Croatian. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/dfde655592bbac9b85376c004973c8fb.pdf 608e4148380fccb440f7d45fc3259f3b PDF Text Text ���������������������Δ Δ Δ Δ ������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3015 Title A name given to the resource Nominalism in Position of Contract Will Author Author Mulalić, Aida Abstract A summary of the resource. Changes in the value of money reach almost all segments of society. In this way the issue of the protection of monetary claims in terms of depreciation shows in its full expansion. Source of the problem, as we attempt to prove is based on a different understanding of the essence of money in monetary and legal theory and judicial practice that characterize the money differentaly. Consequently there are different doctrinal conflicts in various attempts to define the money referred to two questions: what are the main characteristics of money and what is the nature of the intrinistic value of money? There is a point where legal and economic theories diverge. Those differences result in unequal legal treatment of legal subjects. To that goal we subordinate our choice of scientific methods: induction, explicative analysis and abstraction, with the intention of forming a general conclusion about causality among phenomena induced by economic factors and conditions embedded in legal matters. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-12-28 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b2afed6f74adec36192d2bbbd6d80676.pdf 8f91f374f7d61a095d3e128b99e64c24 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Nominalni stil u jeziku reklame u Italiji Gordana BojiĦiĤ Studijski program za italijanski jezik I knjiņevnost Filozofski fakultet NikńiĤ, Univerzitet Crne Gore bgole81@yahoo.com Apstrakt: M. Garavelli (1971:2003) definińe nominalni stil kao sintaktiĦku jedinicu koja u osnovi ima „una frase in cui la funzione predicativa è affidata a una forma della classe morfologica dei nomi‖. U italijanskom jeziku uopńte, nominalni stil je toliko rasprostranjen da je postepeno izgubio sopstvenu stilsku moĤ. Razlog za njegovu tako veliku upotrebu moņe biti taj ńto se imenske reĦenice smatraju idealnim sredstvom koje moņe odgovoriti zahtjevu jeziĦke ekonomiĦnosti, posebno u nekim kanalima prenońenja (prije svega usmenom, ali i pisanom: u jeziku novina pa i samoj reklami). U radu Ĥemo prenijeti klasifikaciju razliĦitih vrsta nominalnog stila u zavisnosti od pozicije u kojoj se nalaze subjekat i predikat i ograniĦiti se na primjere u jeziku televizijske i novinske reklame. KljuĦne rijeĦi: italijanski jezik, jezik reklame, nominalni stil Uvod Sloboda je bez sumnje najoĦiglednija karakteristika jezika reklame. Ona se prepoznaje u leksici (neprestano stvaranje novih rijeĦi, naziva za proizvode), sintaksi (izostavljanje glagola, Ħlana, predloga) i stilu (izbor rijeĦi, upotreba stilskih figura). Ovako je, u osnovi, Marcel Galliot (1954: 7) opisao jezik reklame, jedan od najņivljih struĦnih jezika, koji, buduĤi da je svakodnevno prisutan u svim zemljama, obuhvata sve aspekte nańeg svakodnevnog ņivota. Zbog ove njegove jedinstvene prirode koja ga stavlja negdje na pola puta izmeħu struĦnog i razgovornog jezika, jezik reklame Ħini taĦku u kojoj se susreĤu daleke i neobiĦne jeziĦke realnosti, tako da mu je povjeren ne bań lak zadatak da uskladi te realnosti i uĦini ih izraņajnim kroz inovativna a ponekad i smjela reńenja. Ako se nadoveņemo na Galliotovo objańnjenje, moņemo bez sumnje tvrditi da je jedna od osnovnih karakteristika ovog jezika, koji ne moņemo nazvati prostim jeziĦkim kodom, buduĤi da je i sam skup raznih kodova i potkodova, njegova velika sloboda. To je jezik Ħije se izraņajne moguĤnosti neprestano ńire, toliko da ponekad, kako tvrde jeziĦki puristi, prelazi granice prihvatljivosti. Testa (1988: 107) smatra da postoje tri osnovna razloga zbog kojih jezik reklame mora biti inovativan: - Una novità formale può rendere curioso un messaggio che non comunica novità sostanziali, ma che d'altra parte intende ricordare alcune importanti caratteristiche del prodotto. - Tra la lingua parlata e il linguaggio pubblicitario l'interscambio è costante. Chi si occupa di comunicazione dovrebbe poter cogliere tempestivamente le mode e i mutamenti verbali, per poi rielaborarli e riproporli al pubblico con le opportune variazioni. - Molto spesso prodotti analoghi vantano performance simili. In questi casi l'originalità del trattamento creativo e del linguaggio può servire a ristabilire qualche differenza. Ad attribuire al prodotto oggettivamente allineato con gli altri un valore soggettivo corrispondente alle attese del target. Reklama, dakle, nije samo mjesto gdje se sreĤu i prepliĤu razliĦiti jeziĦki kodovi, od jezika tehnike do ņargona, od stranih jezika do knjiņevnog jezika, veĤ i plodno tle za jeziĦko eksperimentisanje a istovremeno i jedan od osnovnih razloga, prema lingvistima, takozvanog fenomena jeziĦke anemije koja, kako istiĦe Maria Corti (1978: 142), putem progresivne i stalne kristalizacije formi i rijeĦi, atrofira i sputava potencijale karakteristiĦne za svaki jezik. Jezik reklame je imao pozitivan uticaj u odbacivanju jednog previńe „krutog‖ italijanskog jezika koji je bio bliņi knjiņevnom nego razgovornom jeziku, jer je uveo u upotrebu jednostavnije sintaktiĦke konstrukcije. Jedna od takvih sintaktiĦkih pojava je sve veĤe prisustvo nominalnih knstrukcija u jeziku reklame. 508 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Nominalni stil Ńta je to nominalni stil? Brojne su definicije a neveńĤemo samo neke od njih. Orlandoni (2005: 19) smatra da nominalni stil predstavlja transformaciju glagola u imenicu, odnosno prelaz obiĦnog glagola u frazeolońki izraz, i datu pojavu vidi kao osnovnu karakterstiku jezika politike. Scarpa (2001) nominalizaciju definińe kao transformaciju glagolske sintagme u imeniĦku sintagmu Ħime se, eliminacijom relativnih reĦenica, postiņe sintaktiĦka konciznost. Meħutim, nominalizacija dovodi i do velike leksiĦke gustine, ukidanja moĤi samih glagola koji, ukoliko su i navedeni, bivaju svedeni na ulogu kopule, kao i do semantiĦki sloņenih izraza koji mogu nańkoditi razumijevanju teksta. Mortara Garavelli (1971: 273) definińe nominalni stil kao sintaktiĦku jedinicu koja u osnovi ima ―una frase in cui la funzione predicativa è affidata a una forma della classe morfologica dei nomi.‖ Dardano (2001: 327) smatra da je sasvim pogreńno shvatanje da glagol, odnosno predikat, predstavlja sintaktiĦki centar reĦenice. Kao glavni argument u tom smislu navodi upravo nominalni stil. Fenomen da imenica preovladava nad glagolom karakteristika je razliĦitih sektorskih jezika, ne samo u Italiji, nego svuda u svijetu, prije svega u jeziku novina, birokratskom i tehniĦkom jeziku. U tim poljima autori jeziĦkih poruka, kako u pisanom tako i u govornom jeziku, maksimalno koriste imenice i odnose meħu imenicama, pridjevima, predlozima, prilozima i sl. Klasa glagola se svodi na malobrojne elemente, i to prije svega na glagol biti koji najĦeńĤe moņe biti eliminisan, a da pritom znaĦenje poruke ne bude naruńeno. Dardano, dalje, istiĦe da je upravo jezik reklame uticao na ńirenje nominalnog stila, prije svega u ńtampanim medijima. U italijanskom jeziku uopńte, nominalni stil je toliko rasprostranjen da je postepeno izgubio sopstvenu stilsku moĤ. Otkuda tolika upotreba imenskih reĦenica? Razlog za to moņe biti taj ńto se imenske reĦenice smatraju idealnim sredstvom koje moņe odgovoriti zahtjevu jeziĦke ekonomiĦnosti, posebno u nekim kanalima prenońenja (prije svega usmenom, ali i pisanom: u jeziku novina pa i samoj reklami). Nominalni stil u jeziku reklame PolazeĤi od Dardanove tvrdnje da se nominalni stil rasprostranio upravo zahvaljujuĤi jeziku reklame, pokuńali smo da utvrdimo koliko je zaista prisustvo ove pojave u tom sektorskom jeziku. Joń je Cardona (1974: 46) prije skoro pola vijeka smatrao nominalizaciju osnovnom karakteristikom jezika reklame koja privlaĦi paņnju primaoca poruke upravo zahvaljujuĤi svojoj neobiĦnosti koja istovremeno uspjeva da prenese osnovnu poruku. Prilikom analize, kao model smo uzeli klasifikaciju razliĦitih vrsta nominalnog stila koju daje Mortara Garavelli (1971) a svi primjeri odnose se na novinske i televizijske reklame. Data klasifikacija Ĥe nam pomoĤi i da utvrdimo koji je to tip nominalnog stila najfrekventniji u jeziku televizijske i novinske reklame u Italiji. Mortara Garavelli polazi od stava da u svakoj jeziĦkoj poruci mora postojati subjekat (ono o Ħemu se govori) i predikat (koji govori neńto o subjektu). Odnos izmeħu subjekta i predikata smatra se osnovnim sintaktiĦkim odnosom. U zavisnosti od pozicije u kojoj se ta dva osnovna elementa nalaze, ona izdvaja Ħetiri osnovne grupe sa odreħenim podgrupama. 1. grupa: kada postoje subjekat koji je nosilac poruke i imenski predikat u okviru kojeg se pretpostavlja postojanje kopule. RazliĦiti podtipovi su konstrukcije u kojima pronalazimo neku od sledeĤih kombinacija: a) dvije imenice: imenica u funkciji predikata mora prethoditi imenici u funkciji subjekta jer bi u suprotnom sluĦaju u pitanju bila apozicija: ―Ecco la novità giovane, la Peugeot 206 station wagon.‖ b) infinitiv (subjekat) + imenica (predikat), i c) infinitiv (subjekat) + pridjev (predikat) u kojima takoħe predikat mora prethoditi subjektu. Nijesmo pronańli primjer za ove dvije konstrukcije u korpusu ovog rada. d) imenica (subjekat) + pridjev (predikat): ―La casa in Laterizio: logica, ed ecologica. Microclima ottimale, acuistica perfetta, resistenza alle intemperie, nessun bisogno di manutenzione, estetica e sicurezza certificate, totale rispetto dell‘ambiente... Oggi come sempre. Andil Assolaterizi‖164; ili Ħesta konstrukcija offerta valida fino al... 164 L‘espresso, n.33, 25/08/2005: 166. 509 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo U prvu grupu spadaju joń neki podtipovi, u kojima je, meħutim, predikat predstavljen imenskim oblikom glagola ili prilogom: e) imenica + particip prezenta: ―Nuovo Colour Surge Impossibly Glossy. Scandalosamente lucido. Spudoratamente brillante. Incredibilmente idratante. In una parola irresistibile. In 10 tonalità ultra sexy. Clinique165. f) imenica + particip prošli: ―Nuova Citroën C3. Decisamente sconsigliata ai timidi‖166; ―MatiSpa: la nuova linea di trattamenti e prodotti con i principi attivi degli estratti marini e oli essenziali, studiata per ogni tua esigenza. Qualità esclusiva. Straordinaria efficacia. Puro piacere‖167. g) imenica + predlog a + infinitiv i h) imenica (ili imenska sintagma) + prilog. Za ove dvije kategorije nijesmo pronańli primjere u korpusu. 2. grupa: kada postoji imenska sintagma, obiĦno prońirena, koja ima ulogu predikata u odnosu na subjekat koji se ne pojavljuje u reĦenici (tzv. soggetto sottinteso). Postoje sledeĤi podtipovi: a) imenica (+ atribut) i b) jedan ili više povezanih pridjeva, iza kojih slijede priloške odredbe za koliĦinu ili relativne reĦenice Nijesmo pronańli primjere u korpusu. 3. grupa: ne postoje posebno izdvojeni subjekat i predikat; nalazimo samo jedan imenski element koji moņe imati ulogu ili subjekta ili predikata. U ovoj grupi se izdvajaju tri podtipa, kako postepeno raste glagolska vrijednost: a) deverbali kojima slijedi neka odrednica: ―risposte per i tuoi bisogni― b) deverbal ili infinitiv kojem prethodi odrednica i c) infinitiv + sintagma koja oznaĦava vršioca radnje: za koje, opet, nema primjera u korpusu. 4. grupa: postoji samo jedan imenski element, koji uvijek ima funckiju subjekta. Predikat se obiĦno odreħuje logiĦkim putem, pomoĤu oblika koji ukazuju na postojanje subjekta (c‘è), koji ustanovljavaju njegovo postojanje (si vede) ili ga smjeńtaju u odreħenu sredinu (si trova). Ovaj tip se najeĦeńĤe sreĤe u reklamama. Navodimo samo neke od primjera: ―Lea ceramiche. Emozioni in casa. STONEHENGE. Atmosfere millenarie per ambienti d‘avanguardia. Superfici naturali o satinate in 4 colori e 4 formati diversi. Lea. La passione della Ceramica168‖; ―Linea solare Sisley. In pieno sole. Per tutte le pelli. Un vero successo‖169. Mortara Garavelli posebno izdvaja druge tri kategorije koje se mogu smatrati nominalnim stilom. To su: 1. giustapposizione, odnosno izostavljanje predloga i veznika: ―‘Unica‘ Tim con super-autoricarica, tutti ti chiamano tutti ti ricaricano‖170; ―Aperol soda, beati gli avidi.‖171 2. imenske grupe u ulozi apozicije (obiĦno ovakve reĦenice pronalazimo na samom kraju reklame): ―Mondiali Fifa 2006, il videogioco ufficiale per PC e Play-station‖172 165 Cosmopolitan, n.5, maggio 2005: 19. TV: Canale 5. 167 Silhouette, n.8, agosto 2005: 12. 168 Casamica, n.4, 5/04/2003: 202. 169 Donna moderna, n.31, 31/07/2002: 35. 170 idem. 171 Gioia, n.8, 26/02/2002: 15 172 TV: Canale 5. 166 510 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo ―Geomar. Bellezza naturale della terra e del mare"173; "Ariston. Il tuo prossimo desiderio"174; ―Collistar. Leader nei trattamenti corpo‖175; ―Leicht. Cucine tedesche"176; ―Iodase complex e Ice. Il personal trainer contro la cellulite. Crema iodase complete‖177 3.imenske grupe u ulozi atributa: ―Nuova Citroën C3. Unica, decisa e inconfodibile‖178; ―Tutti pazzi per il mais. Buono, buonissimo‖179; ―Il Fiat JTD Diesel Common Rail. Più pulito, potente e performante...‖180; ―Mascara extrablack. Allungante. Incurvante. Volume‖181. Osnovna razlika izmeħu imenskih kategorija u ulozi apozicije i atributa ogleda se prije svega u Ħinjenici da kod prvih nukleus nominalne grupe predstavljaju imenice dok je u drugoj grupi ta uloga prepuńtena pridjevima i participima. ZakljuĦak Ukoliko osmotrimo ovaj kratak pregled ostaje nam da zakljuĦimo da su u jeziku reklame najbrojniji primjeri koji se mogu svrstati u prvu i Ħetvrtu grupu, dok primjera za drugu i treĤu grupu gotovo da i nema. Uopńte gledajuĤi, nominalni stil je glavno obiljeņje jezika reklame upravo radi njene ekonomiĦnosti i efikasnosti. Ako je, dakle, nominalni stil sredstvo kojim se postiņe jeziĦka ekonomiĦnost, jasno nam je da je moguĤe eliminisati iz teksta elemente koji imaju malu informativnu vrijednost (Ħlanovi, veznici, predlozi), a da to nije moguĤe kada su u pitanju imenice i pridjevi pomoĤu kojih se postiņe najveĤa ekonomiĦnost uz najmanje upotrebljenih rijeĦi. 173 Silhouette, n.4, aprile 2005: 154. Gioia, n.21, 29/05/2001: 170. 175 Silhouette, n.4, aprile 2005: 69. 176 TV: Rai 1. 177 Cosmopolitan n.6, giugno 2005: 261. 178 TV: Canale 5 179 TV: Rai 1. 180 idem. 181 Donna moderna, n.31, 31/07/2002: 127. 174 511 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo REFERENCE AA.VV. (1974). Fenomeni morfologici e sintattici nell‘italiano contemporaneo. Roma: Bulzoni. Id. (1991). Il linguaggio della pubblicità. Milano: Mursia. Baldini, M. (a cura di). (2003). Il linguaggio della pubblicità. Le fantaparole. Roma: Armando. Cardona, G. R. (1974). La lingua della pubblicità. Ravenna: Longo. Corti, M. (1978). Il linguaggio della pubblicità. In A. Chiantera (a cura di), Una lingua in vendita. L‘italiano della pubblicità. Roma: NIS, pp. 139-159. Dardano, M. (1981). Il linguaggio dei giornali italiani, Bari: Laterza. Id. (2003). Il linguaggio dei giornali: il registro pubblicitario. In M. Baldini (a cura di), Il linguaggio della pubblicità. Le fantaparole. Roma: Armando, pp. 199-206. Dardano, M., Trifone, P. (2001). La nuova grammatica della lingua italiana. Bologna: Zanichelli. Galliot, M. (1954). Essai sur la langue de la réclame contemporaine. Toulouse: Edouard Privat. Mortara Garavelli, B. (1971). Fra norma e invenzione: lo stile nominale. In Studi di grammatica italiana I. Firenze: Sansoni, pp. 271-315. Orlandoni, O. (2005). Tecnica della comunicazione scritta. http://www.scribd.com/doc/51102460/TecnicaDella-Comunicazione-Scritta-Imparare-A-Scrivere-Uniroma Scarpa, F. (2001). La traduzione specializzata: lingue speciali e mediazione linguistica. Milano: Hoepli. Sergio, G. (2004). Il linguaggio della pubblicità radiofonica. Roma: Aracne. Testa, A. (1988). La parola immaginata. Parma: Pratiche. Zingarelli, N. (2001). Vocabolario della lingua italiana. Bologna: Zanichelli. 512 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 77 Title A name given to the resource Nominalni stil u jeziku reklame u Italiji Author Author Bojičić, Gordana Abstract A summary of the resource. M. Garavelli (1971:2003) definińe nominalni stil kao sintaktiĦku jedinicu koja u osnovi ima „una frase in cui la funzione predicativa è affidata a una forma della classe morfologica dei nomi‖. U italijanskom jeziku uopńte, nominalni stil je toliko rasprostranjen da je postepeno izgubio sopstvenu stilsku moĤ. Razlog za njegovu tako veliku upotrebu moņe biti taj ńto se imenske reĦenice smatraju idealnim sredstvom koje moņe odgovoriti zahtjevu jeziĦke ekonomiĦnosti, posebno u nekim kanalima prenońenja (prije svega usmenom, ali i pisanom: u jeziku novina pa i samoj reklami). U radu Ĥemo prenijeti klasifikaciju razliĦitih vrsta nominalnog stila u zavisnosti od pozicije u kojoj se nalaze subjekat i predikat i ograniĦiti se na primjere u jeziku televizijske i novinske reklame. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/51070e15aec2919aa2fa126782bb1a74.pdf 680c24a0fddf48718102d6ba44ed6d08 PDF Text Text Non-Linear Transverse Vibrations of A Simply Supported Multi-Stepped Beam Erdoğan Özkaya Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celal Bayar University, TURKEY erdogan.ozkaya@bayar.edu.tr Ayla Tekin Soma Technical Vocational School of Higher Education, Celal Bayar University, TURKEY ayla.tekin@bayar.edu.tr Abstract: In this study, the nonlinear vibrations of Euler-Bernoulli multiple-stepped beam are investigated. The beam is simply supported at both ends. The equations of motions are obtained using Hamilton’s principle and made non-dimensional. The stretching effect induced non-linear terms to the equations. Forcing and damping terms are also included in the equations. A perturbation method is applied to the equations of motions. The first terms of the perturbation series led to the linear problem. Natural frequencies for the linear problem are calculated exactly for different step cases. Second order non-linear terms of the perturbation series behaved as corrections to the linear problem. Amplitude and phase modulation equations are obtained. Non-linear free and forced vibrations are investigated in detail. These analyses are repeated for different step ratios and step numbers. Keywords: Nonlinear vibration, multi-stepped beam, perturbation method Introduction In real life, many engineering problems can be modeled as stepped beams such as bridges, rails, automotive industries, work pieces and machine elements. The most important aspect of vibration analysis is the calculation of natural frequencies. If the system is forced with a frequency close to its natural frequencies, the system comes to resonance state and the amplitudes increase dangerously. While computing the natural frequencies of the systems, assuming the systems to be linear makes the calculations easier but the results are usually not reliable. Because no system acts linearly obtained linear results may deceive us. Therefore, nonlinear effects originated from the stretching during the vibration of the beam should be included in the computations as well. Many studies on beam vibrations, both linear and nonlinear, have previously been performed. The studies prior to 1979 are summarized by Nayfeh and Mook(1979). Particularly, the nonlinear behavior caused by the immobility of beam-ends has been analyzed by various researchers. Qaisi(1997) obtained the nonlinear vibration of beams with simply and clamped supports by using a power series approach and compared the results with existing solutions. Özkaya et al (1997) analyzed mass beam system for different boundary conditions. By considering the effects of stretching, they solved the obtained problem with the method of multiple scales, a perturbation technique. Özkaya(2002) considered a beam-masses system under simply supported end conditions. The effects of positions, magnitudes and number of the masses are investigated. For slightly curved beams with stretching, one may refer to Rehfield(1974) and Öz at al(1998). Stepped beams are increasingly used in various branches of engineering, and so there are numerous studies on the vibration analysis of stepped beams with circular, rectangular cross sections and shafts. The first study on this subject is done by Taleb and Suppiger(1961). In their study, they obtained the frequency equation of a stepped beam with simple support and found the natural frequencies via the solution of the equation. Levinson (1976), on the other hand, listed the frequency equations for stepped beams with simple support but did not acquire any numeric results. Sato (1980) performed non-linear free vibration analysis for stepped beams with rectangular cross section and clamped and simple supports at both ends, and used the transfer matrix method for the solution. Balasubramanian and Subramanian (1985) analyzed vibrations for beams stepped at the middle. In another study, Balasubramanian et al (1990) acquired natural frequencies for high mode structures by using the study of Balasubramanian and Subramanian (1985). Jang and Bert (1989) obtained the frequency equation for 749 �stepped beam under various boundary conditions and computed the smallest natural frequencies for a circular cross-section beam. They compared the results with the results of Bert and Newberry (1986), who used a finite element analysis. In another study, Jang and Bert(1989) obtained natural frequencies for high mode structures using the frequency equation they acquired from the study by Jang and Bert (1989). Wang (1991) studied the vibration of stepped beams on elastic foundations. Rosa et al (1995) presented the free vibration analysis of stepped beams with intermediate elastic supports. Lee and Bergman (1994) submitted the vibration of stepped beams and rectangular plates. In their study, the structure with discontinues is divided into elemental substructures and the displacement field for each is obtained in terms of its dynamic Green’s function. Aydın and Aksu(1981) used finite differences to estimate free vibration characteristics of regular changing beams and regular and irregular stepped beams and shafts. Energy functionality is minimized based on translocation elements and is computed as natural frequencies and mode forms. Krishnan at al(1998), studied the analysis of stepped beams using finite difference method and a single differential equation. In a study performed by Naguleswaran(2002), equations of motion of three different Euler-Bernoulli stepped beams with all states of boundary conditions are obtained and three natural frequencies are computed using the equations of motion. In another study, Naguleswaran(2002) considered three different types of stepped beams and investigated vibrations of a beam with up to three step changes. The dynamic stability of a stepped beam carrying mass is studied by Aldraihem and Baz(2002). The stepped beam equations of motion developed a discrete parameter form and a finite element form. Aydogdu and Taskin(2007) explored free vibration of simply supported FG beam and also they found the equations by applying Hamilton’s principle. They used Navier type solution method in order to obtain frequencies. Kwon and Park(2002), focused on the effect of the position of the stepped point and thickness ratio on the dynamic characteristics of the system. The equation of motion and boundary equations are analytically obtained by using Hamilton’s principle. The exact solutions are compared with the results obtained by FEM. Naguleswaran (2003) investigated the vibrations of beams with up to three step changes in cross section and axial force. The frequency equation for classical boundaries is expressed and the first three frequency parameters for the three types of beams are displayed. Kisa and Gurel(2007) represented the free vibration analysis of uniform and stepped cracked beams with circular cross sections. They used the finite element method and mode synthesis method and a non-linear problem separated into linear subsystems. Li (2001) analyzed the natural frequencies and mode shapes of multi-step beam and non-uniform beam with an arbitrary number of cracks and concentrated masses. Dong et al (205) investigated the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a stepped laminated composite Timoshenko beam. Their developed method can be used to deduce the frequency function of laminate stepped beams under other complex boundary conditions. In this study, nonlinear vibration of an Euler-Bernoulli multi-stepped beam is considered. Natural frequencies are calculated for different locations, magnitudes and number of the steps. Nonlinear vibration analysis for multi-stepped beams is performed and the contributions of nonlinear terms on natural frequencies are investigated. Phase-modulation equations are acquired and frequency amplitude graphs are plotted using these equations. Equation of Motion For the system show in Fig. 1, the Lagrangian can be written as follows x *m +1 x *m +1   x *m +1 n 2 2 1 1 * 2 2 * * * * * *  ρA & ′ ′ ′ ′ − − + w dx EI w dx EA ( u w ) dx £= 1 m + m +1 m +1 m +1 m +1 m +1 m +1  2 m =0  * 2 x *m x *m   x m (1) x 0* = 0, x n* +1 = L (2) where L is the length, ρ is the density, Am+1 is cross sectional area of multi-stepped beam, E is Young’s modulus, Im+1 is the moment of inertia of the multi-stepped beam’s cross-section with respect to the neutral axis, n is number of steps, w is transverse displacement, ( . ) and ( )′ denote differentiations with respect to time t* and the spatial variable x* respectively. The terms in Eq. (1) are the kinetics energies due to transverse motion, elastic energies due to bending and stretching of the beam, respectively. Invoking Hamilton’s principle, ∑ ∫ δ ∫ t2 ∫ ∫ £ dt* = 0 t1 (3) 750 �and substituting the Lagrangian from Eq. (1), performing the necessary algebra and eliminating the axial displacements between equations, one finally obtained the following non-linear coupled integro-differential equations of motion:   n x *r +1 2 EA1 * iv *  && m +1 + EI m +1w m +1 = n w ′r*+1 dx *  w ′m′*+1 (m = 0,1,2....n) ρA m +1 w   2 r =0 x* * * 2 (x r +1 - x r )/α r  r  ∑ ∫ ∑ r =0 (4) There are n+1 equations in Eq. (4). In equation (4) α r = d r +1 / d1 and α o = 1 ( αr is the ratio of r+1 th diameter to the first diameter). Note that viscous damping coefficient µ*, external excitation with amplitude F*m+1 and frequency Ω* will be added to the equations. The boundary conditions can be written for this equation as follows w*p ( x p , t * ) = w *p +1 ( x p , t * ) , w′p* ( x p , t * ) = w′p*+1 ( x p , t * ) , EI P w′p′ * ( x P , t * ) − EI P +1 w′p′*+1 ( x P , t * ) = 0; EI P w′P′′* ( x P , t * ) − EI P +1 w′p′′+*1 ( x P , t * ) = 0 w1* (0, t * ) = w1′′* (0, t * ) = 0 , wn*+1 ( L, t * ) = wn′′+*1 ( L, t * ) = 0 (5) p=1,2,3……n The equations and boundary conditions are made dimensionless using the following definitions x= x* , L w m +1 = w m* +1 , R m +1 η m +1 = x m +1 , L 1 t= 2 L EI 1 * t ρA1 (6) where Rm+1 is the radius of gyration of the stepped beam cross-section with respect to the neural axis. Substituting the dimensionless parameters into the equations of motion yield for the general case η r +1  n  1 2 '2 2 iv   w" && m +1 + α m w m +1 = α w dx m=0,1,2…..n w r r +1 n   m +1 2 2 r =0 η r  2α m (η r +1 − η r ) / α r  ∑ ∑ ∫ r =0 (7) and boundary conditions are w p (η p , t ) = αp α p −1 w p +1 (η p , t ) = 0 , w′p′′ (η p , t ) = p=1,2,3……n α 5p α 5p −1 w′p′′+1 (η p , t ) w′p (η p , t ) = αp α p −1 w′p +1 (η p , t ) , w1 (0, t ) = w1′′ (0, t ) = 0 , w′p′ (η p , t ) = α 5p α 5p −1 w′p′ +1 (η p , t ) , wn +1 (1, t ) = wn′′+1 (1, t ) = 0 (8) The equation of motion including damping and forcing is given below η r +1  n  1 2 '2 2 iv   w " − 2µ * w && m +1 + α m w m +1 = & m +1 + Fm* +1 cos Ωt α w dx w m +1 r r +1 n   ηr  2α m2 (η r +1 − η r ) / α r2  r =0 ∑ ∑ ∫ r =0 m=0, 1, 2…..n (9) In equations (7 and 9) α m = d m +1 / d1 , α o = 1 , η0=0 and ηn+1=1. Approximate Analytical Solution In this section, approximate solutions of Eqs. (8) and (9) are searched with the boundary conditions. The method of multiple scales is applied to the partial differential equation systems and boundary conditions directly. Due to the absence of quadratic non-linearities, one can assume expansion of the form 751 �wm+1 ( x, t ; ε ) = ε w( m +1)1 ( x, T0 , T2 ) + ε 3 w( m +1)3 ( x, T0 , T2 ) + ...... (10) where ε is a small book-keeping parameter artificially inserted into the equations. This parameter can be taken 1 at the end upon keeping in mind, however, that deflections are small. We therefore investigated a weakly nonlinear system. T0=t and T2=ε2t are the fast and slow time scales. Let’s consider only the primary resonance case and hence, the forcing and damping terms are ordered so that they counter the effect of non-linear terms µ* = ε 2µ , Fm*+1 = ε 3 Fm +1 (11) the time derivatives are written as ( . ) = D0 + ε 2 D 2 , ( .. ) = D02 + 2ε 2 D0 D2 , Dn = ∂ ∂Tn (12) Inserting Eqs. (10)-(12) into Eqs. (8) and (9), and equation coefficients of like powers of ε, one obtained Order (ε): D02 w( m +1)1 + α m2 w(ivm +1)1 = 0 (13) w p1 (η p , t ) = αp α p −1 w ′p′′1 (η p , t ) = α 5p α 5p −1 w( p +1)1 (η p , t ) , w(′′′p +1)1 (η p , t ) w′p1 (η p , t ) = αp α p −1 w(′ p +1)1 (η p , t ) , ′′ (0, t ) = 0 , w11 (0, t ) = w11 w′p′ 1 (η p , t ) = α 5p α 5p −1 w(′′p +1)1 (η p , t ) w( n+1)1 (1, t ) = w(′′n+1)1 (1, t ) = 0 (14) Order (ε3): D02 w( m +1)3 + α m2 w(ivm +1)3 = −2 D0 D 2 w( m +1)1 − 2µD0 w( m +1)1 1 + n ∑ (η r +1 − η r ) / α r2 w( p +1)3 (η p , t ) , w′p 3 (η p , t ) = 2α m2 η r +1   n  α2 w (' 2r +1)1 dx  w " (m +1)1 + Fm +1 cos ΩT0 r   r =0 ηr   ∑ ∫ r =0 (15) w p 3 (η p , t ) = αp α p −1 w′p′′3 (η p , t ) = α 5p α 5p −1 w(′′′p +1)3 (η p , t ) w( n+1)3 (1, t ) = w(′′n+1)3 (1, t ) = 0 αp α p −1 w(′ p +1)3 (η p , t ) , w ′p′ 3 (η p , t ) = α 5p α 5p −1 w(′′p +1)3 (η p , t ) , ′′ (0, t ) = 0 , w13 (0, t ) = w13 (16) 3.1. Exact Solution To The Linear Problem The linear problem is governed by Eqs. (13) and (14). Assuming solutions of the form w( m +1)1 = [ A(T2 )e iωT0 + cc]Ym +1 ( x) (17) where cc stands for complex conjugate of the preceding terms and substituting Eq. (17) into Eqs. (13) and (14), one obtains Ymiv+1 − 1 α m2 ω 2Ym +1 = 0 (18) 752 �Y p (η p ) = αp α p −1 Y p′′′ (η p ) = Y p′ (η p ) = Y p +1 (η p ) , α 5p α 5p −1 αp Y p′ +1 (η p ) , α p −1 Y1 (0) =Y1′′ (0) = 0 , Y p′′′+1 (η p ) , Y p′′ (η p ) = α 5p α 5p −1 Y p′′+1 (η p ) , Yn +1 (1) = Yn′′+1 (1) = 0 (19) One can assume Ym +1 ( x) = C 4m +1 sin k m βx + C 4m + 2 cos k m βx + C 4m +3 sinh k m βx + C 4m + 4 cosh k m β x (20) for the solution of Eq. (18). Where β = ω and k m = 1 / α m . When the boundary and continuity conditions are applied to the equation of motion, frequency equations can be obtained. The multi-stepped beam system with simple end conditions is shown in the Fig.1. X2 X1 Xn w1 (0, t ) = w1′′(0, t ) = 0 wn +1 ( L, t ) = w′n′+1 ( L, t ) = 0 Figure 1: A simply supported multi-stepped beam The transcendental equation is numerically solved for the first three modes. The natural frequencies are listed for different α and η. Natural frequencies are given for one; two and three-step in Table (1-3). α1 η1 ω1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0 ω2 4.76136 4.519872 5.154486 7.739925 7.913373 8.140749 8.813577 9.639997 9.869604 15.479851 10.308972 9.039745 9.522719 13.881543 7.831783 7.149344 8.747012 ω3 18.940256 23.954239 32.960370 28.929586 32.063323 34.989506 35.901440 37.244195 39.478417 57.859172 65.920741 47.908479 37.880512 74.798548 88.851217 46.586371 33.945355 λ1 45.241049 62.489572 59.994383 75.661069 73.589218 77.524216 81.710293 83.454455 88.826439 151.322138 119.988766 124.979144 90.482097 224.751695 136.674622 138.167797 85.829771 14.27798 9.10129 5.85852 2.86631 3.70809 3.20758 2.38701 1.79947 1.85055 0.35828 0.73231 1.13766 1.78475 0.28824 0.35699 0.58359 1.40013 Table- 1: The first three natural frequencies and the non-linear frequency correction coefficients of one-step beam for different step ratios and step locations α1 α2 η1 0.1 η2 0.3 ω1 ω2 5.953690 25.127266 753 ω3 59.138766 λ1 8.40157 �0.8 0.6 0.4 0.8 2.0 1.2 2.0 4.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.9 6.323862 7.174081 7.854582 6.256803 7.196704 7.934874 4.890838 3.714266 3.630831 3.875303 3.611960 3.265050 3.362330 11.466482 12.000198 14.794350 18.596803 10.380079 11.193682 12.166286 20.481951 17.494518 17.570170 18.800126 9.383658 11.159667 12.173198 28.201730 27.950965 31.031939 29.719228 29.455923 32.638595 23.486590 21.794759 15.493808 14.934684 23.322577 15.487205 15.177929 47.998109 58.546396 56.059170 65.717636 41.728688 41.884783 57.264207 111.238748 94.838302 69.802282 68.051795 104.081462 62.918320 59.990005 59.967335 66.279061 68.938398 64.978786 71.398037 74.188639 54.397537 46.113427 39.556262 32.864094 57.524918 57.356942 41.130527 110.501310 108.929445 134.507356 136.873060 107.578383 140.201020 141.771501 236.966957 211.264803 169.750578 145.611558 195.491493 167.058284 149.741932 6.45813 4.28819 3.49167 6.27273 4.19713 3.29743 9.90087 15.63241 24.40730 31.72566 11.02089 16.93990 19.45277 0.84014 0.55186 0.31517 0.18292 0.56262 0.42031 0.51229 0.11624 0.10834 0.15595 0.20869 0.30933 0.46987 0.58125 Table- 2: The first three natural frequencies and the non-linear frequency correction coefficients of two-step beam for different step ratios and step locations α1 α2 α3 0.8 0.6 0.3 2.0 1.0 0.8 2.0 4.0 6.0 η1 η2 η3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 ω1 ω2 2.672081 4.599781 3.421390 5.884991 6.558926 7.564975 8.737297 8.069798 8.686695 8.669208 18.078519 18.296694 12.185894 9.352935 7.798921 18.112328 19.681724 24.398166 25.159252 28.234674 36.586408 43.147793 41.320096 38.685370 38.341971 153.972235 112.443789 86.740381 103.998808 59.074062 ω3 41.765754 52.357778 50.468413 54.127598 60.753715 86.878086 99.166220 80.532388 87.109404 88.505866 271.133296 199.559828 260.992262 195.308334 192.978599 λ1 30.50196 13.61319 19.15705 5.92665 4.97262 2.02849 1.01868 0.89315 0.68235 0.67547 0.09026 0.10216 0.20382 0.30903 0.56567 Table-3: The first three natural frequencies and the non-linear frequency correction coefficients of three-step beam for different step ratios and step locations Non-Linear Problem Solving order ε3, one obtains the non-linear corrections to the problem. Because the homogeneous Eqs. (13) and (14) have a non-trivial solution, the non-homogeneous problem (15) and (16) will have a solution only 754 �if a solvability condition is satisfied. To determine this condition, we firstly separated the secular and nonsecular terms by assuming a solution in the form of w( m +1) 3 = φ m +1 ( x, T2 )e iωT0 + cc + W m +1 ( x, T0 , T2 ) (21) By substituting this solution into Eqs. (15) and (16), the terms producing secularities are eliminated. Hence the part of the equation determining φ(m+1) is as follows: α m2 φmiv+1 3A2 A 2 − ω φm+1 = −2iω( A′ + µA)Ym+1 + n n [ ∑ ∫Y ′ η ∑ (ηr +1 − ηr ) / α r2 ] r =0 , φ ′p′ = 2α m2 [ ηr +1 2 ′′+1 r +1 dx]Ym α r2 1 + F(m+1)ei σT2 2 r r =0 φp = αp α p −1 φ p +1 , φ ′p = φ1 (0) = φ1′′ (0) = 0 , αp α p −1 φ ′p +1 , α 5p α 5p −1 φ ′p′ +1 , φ ′p′′ = α 5p α 5p −1 φ ′p′′+1 φ n +1 ( 1 ) = φ n′′+1 ( 1 ) = 0 (23) In obtaining these equations, one emplayes the first order solutions (17). One can also assume that the external excitation frequency is close to one of the natural frequencies of the system; that is, Ω = ω + ε 2σ (24) where σ is a detuning parameter of order 1. After some algebraic manipulations, one can obtain the solvability condition for Eqs. (22) and (23) as 3 2iω ( A′ + µA) + n 2 ∑ (η r +1 A2 Ab 2 − − η r ) / α r2 1 iσT2 fe =0 2 r =0 (25) where the equations are normalized by requiring n η r +1 ∑ ∫ r =0 α r4 Yr2+1dx = 1, n ∑ ∫ r =0 ηr η r +1 α r2 Yr′+21dx = b, n ∑ ∫α r =0 ηr η r +1 4 r Fr +1 Yr +1dx =f ηr (26) The complex amplitude A can be written in terms of a real amplitude a and a phase θ A= (27) 1 a (T2 )e iθT2 2 Substituting Eq. (27) into Eq. (25), and separating real and imaginary parts, one obtained finally phase and modulation equations ωa γ ′ = ωa σ − (28) where 3 2 3 1 b a Λ + f cos γ , 16 2 ωa ′ = −ωµa + 1 f sin γ 2 Λ and γ are defined as n γ = σT2 − θ Λ = 1/ ∑[ r =0 (η r +1 − η r ) α r2 ] (29) In this section amplitude and phase modulation equations are determined from the non-linear analysis for multiple stepped. 755 (22) �Numerical Results In this section numerical examples are presented for different step numbers. Firstly, the linear natural frequencies for different step numbers (n=1,2,3) for various α and η values are found and given in Tables 1-3. As long as the beam supports are fixed nonlinearity is actually negligible though it has some cubic order of perturbation. This effect which is well known as slenderness parameter is considered in the numerical results presented. When the step number is increased, the natural frequency value decreased for diminishing step ratios. The decrease is inclined to the value of cone’s natural frequency. When η = 1 , the natural frequency values are obtained as straight simple supported beam. Also, the linear natural frequencies for various step ratios are compared with those given by Naguleswaran (2002) and are observed similar results. Then, the non-linear frequencies for free undamped vibrations are calculated similarly. In equation (28), by taking µ=f=σ =0, one obtains a′=0 (30) and a = a0 (constant) Note that a0 is the steady-state real amplitude of response. Hence the non-linear frequency is ωn1 = ω + θ ' = ω + λa0 2 (31) where λ= 3 Λb 2 16 ω (32) In this order of approximation, thus, the non-linear frequencies had a parabolic relation with respect to the maximum amplitude of vibration. λ could be defined as the non-linear correction coefficient. For different α and η, the nonlinear correction coefficients are listed in Tables 1-3 for the first mode for different step numbers. λ is a measure of the stretching effect. The non-linearities are of hardening type. When the stepped ratio is increased, the nonlinear frequency correction coefficient decreased for one step case. Similarly, as the step location changed from left to right, the stretching effects decreased regardless of the step ratios. The curves showing the relationships between nonlinear frequency and amplitude are given in Figures 2-4 for different α, η values and different step numbers. In figures 2, non-linear frequency-amplitude curve is drawn for one step case and different step ratios. In figure-2, as η increased, the effects of stretching decreased. In figure 3, non-linear frequency versus amplitude is plotted for two step case only when η1=0.3 and η2=0.5, 0.7, 0.9. For α 1 =2.0 and α 2 =4.0, as the stepped location (η2 ) increased, the stretching effects increased. Figs. 4 show non-linear frequency versus amplitude for three step case for the first mode only when η1-η2-η3: 0.1-0.30.5, 0.2-0.5-0.7, and 0.3-0.5-0.9. For α 1 =0.8, α 2 =0.6 and α 3 =0.3, as the step location shifted from left to right, the stretching effects decreased. For all step cases, the stretching effects decreased as step ratios increased. The results for one step, two steps and three steps are given in Figure 5-7 for different step parameters. One now can consider damping and external excitation case. In Eq. (28), when the system reaches the steady state region, a′ and γ′ vanish and hence one obtains the following equations. σ= 3 a 2b2Λ f2 −µ2 m 16 ω 4ω 2 a 2 (33) The detuning parameter shows the nearness of the external excitation frequency to the natural frequency of system. Several figures can be drawn using Eq. (33) assuming f=1 and damping coefficient µ=0.2. Frequency response curves are presented in Figs. 8-11. In Figs. 8-9, the frequency–response curves for one step case are shown when η1=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8. In Fig. 8, when η1 decreased and provided that other parameters are kept constant, multi-valued regions increased drastically (α1=0.5). In Fig. 9, the effect of forcing is maximum when η1=0.6 and, is minimum when η1=0.2(α1=3.0). Fig. 10 shows frequency–response curves for two steps case for the first mode only when η1=0.1 and η2=0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9. When the step position (η2) is shifted from left to right, the amplitudes decreased ( α 1 =0.8 and α 2 =0.6). Fig. 11 shows frequency–response curves for three steps case 756 �for the first mode only when η1-η2-η3: 0.1-0.3-0.5, 0.2-0.5-0.7, and 0.3-0.5-0.9. The effect of forcing is maximum η1=0.3, η2=0.5 or η3 = 0.9, is minimum when η1=0.1, η2=0.3 or η3=0.5. Similar conclusions can be drawn. The effect of stretching bends the curves to the right causing multi-valued regions for the solution. This phenomenon is the well-known jump phenomena. 1 1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 η1=0.6 0.6 a 0.8 η1=0.4 0.6 η1=0.2 a 0.5 0.5 η1=0.8 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 η1=0.3 η2=0.5 0.4 0.4 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 10 20 ωnl 10.5 η1=0.3 η2=0.7 11 η1=0.3 η2=0.9 11.5 12 ω nl 12.5 13 Figure 2: Non-linear frequency versus amplitude for Figure 3: Non-linear frequency versus step location amplitude for different different step location values (first mode, one step α1=0.5) values(first mode; two step α1=2.0, α2=4.0) 1 1 0.9 0.9 η =0.3 1 η2=0.5 η =0.9 0.8 0.8 η1=0.2 η =0.5 2 η =0.7 3 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 3 η =0.1 1 η =0.3 2 η3=0.5 a 0.5 0.7 a 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 5 10 15 ωnl 20 25 30 35 α1=0.5 4 8 10 α1=2.0 α1=3.0 12 14 16 18 20 ωnl Figure 4:Non-linear frequency versus amplitude for different amplitude for step location values(first mode, three step α1=0.8,α2=0.6,α3=0.3) step, η1=0.2) 1 1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 Figure 5: Non-linear frequency versus different step ratio values (first mode, one 0.6 0.6 α = 0.4 1 α 2=0.8 a 0.5 0.4 α = 0.8 1 α =0.6 0.3 a 0.5 α = 2.0 1 α =1.2 α 1= 2.0 α =4.0 2 0.4 2 2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0 6 α1=0.8 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 22 α 1 = 0.8 α 2 =0.6 α 3 =0.3 0 5 α 1 = 2.0 α 2 =4.0 α 3 =6.0 α 1 =2.0 α 2 =1.0 α 3 =0.8 10 15 20 25 ωn1 ωn1 Figure 6: Non-linear frequency versus amplitude for different amplitude for different step ration values (first mode, two step η1=0.1, η2=0.3) η1=0.2, η2=0.5, η3=0.7) 757 Figure 7: Non-linear frequency versus step ration values (first mode, three step �0.6 0.5 η1=0.6 0.4 a η1=0.4 0.3 η1=0.2 0.2 η1=0.8 0.1 0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1.5 2 σ 0.35 η1 =0.4 0.3 η1=0.6 η1 =0.8 0.25 a 0.2 0.15 η1=0.2 0.1 0.05 0 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 σ Figure 8: Frequency-response curves for different step Figure 9: Frequency-response curves for different step locations (first mode, one step, α1=3.0) locations (first mode, one step, α=0.5) 0.3 0.45 η1=0.3 η2=0.5 η3=0.9 0.25 0.4 η =0.1 1 η =0.3 0.35 2 η1=0.2 η2=0.5 η3=0.7 0.2 η =0.1 1 η =0.5 0.3 2 0.25 a η =0.1 1 η =0.7 a 0.2 0.15 η1=0.1 η2=0.3 η3=0.5 2 0.1 0.15 η =0.1 1 η =0.9 0.1 2 0.05 0.05 0 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 -4 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 σ σ Figure 10: Frequency-response curves for different step different locations (first mode, two step α1=0.8 α2=0.6) α2=4.0, α3=6.0) 758 Figure 11: Frequency-response curves for step locations (first mode, three step α1=2.0, �Concluding Remarks The non-linear response of multi-stepped beam is investigated. The beam is simply supported at both ends. The non-linear equations of motion including stretching due to immovable end conditions are derived. Forcing and damping terms are added to the equations. Linear and non-linear analyses are performed. Approximate solutions are searched by applying the method of multiple scales directly to the partial differential equations. The first term led to the linear problem. When the boundary conditions and continuity are applied to the equation of motion, frequency equations are obtained and given for one step beam. Mode shapes and natural frequencies are calculated for different step ratios, step locations and number of the steps. The second terms provided the nonlinear corrections to the linear problem. Non-linear frequency-amplitude and forcing frequency-amplitude relations are investigated and plotted. For one step beam, when the step number is increased, the natural frequency value decreased for diminishing step ratios. The decrease is inclined to the value of cone’s natural frequency. As the step ratio is increased, the natural frequencies and nonlinear frequencies generally increased, but after the step ratio value 2, we observed a decreasing trend in nonlinear frequencies. One can observe that the stretching caused a non-linearity of the hardening type. When the step ratio is increased (α), the effect of stretching on the non-linear frequencies generally decreased. For forced and damped vibrations, since the nonlinearity is of hardening type, the frequency-response curves bent to the right, causing an increase in the multivalued regions for the solution. Acknowledgment This work is supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under project no 104M427. References Aldraihem, O.J. and Baz, A. (2002), “Dynamic stability of stepped beams under moving loads”, Journal of Sound and vibration 250(5),2, 835-48. Aydın, A.S. and Aksu, G. (1981), “Free vibration analysis of nonuniform and stepped thickness beams and shafts”, Metu Journal of pure and applied sciences 14, 130-156. Aydogdu, M. and Taskin, V. (2007), “Free vibration analysis of functionally graded beams with simply supported edges”, Materials Design 28(5), 1651-1656. Balasubramanian, S. and Subramanian, G. (1985), “On the performance of a four-degree-of-freedom per node element for stepped beam analysis and higher frequency estimation”, Journal of Sound and vibration 99, 563-567. Balasubramanian, T. S., Subramanian, G. and Ramani, T. S. (1990), “ Significance of very high order derivatives as nodal degrees of freedom in stepped beam vibration analysis”, Journal of Sound and vibration 137, 353-356. Bert, C.W. and Newberry, A.L. (1986),“Improved finite element analysis of beam vibration”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 105, 179-183. De Rosa, M.A., Belles, P.M., Maurizi, M.J., (1995), “Free vibrations of stepped beams with elastic supports”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 181, 905-910. Dong, X., Meng, G., Li, H., Ye, L. (2005), “Vibration analysis of a stepped laminated composite Timoshenko beam”, Mechanics Research Communications 32, 572-581. Jang, S. K. and Bert, C. W. (1989), “Free vibrations of stepped beams: higher mode frequencies and effects of steps on frequency”, Journal of Sound and vibration 132, 164-168. Jang, S.K. and Bert, C.W. (1989), “Free Vibration of stepped beams: Exact and Numerical Solutions”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 130(2), 342-346. Kisa M., Gurel, M. A. ( 2007), “ Free vibration analysis of uniform and stepped cracked beams with circular cross sections”, International Journal of Engineering Science 45, 364-380. Krıshnan, A., George, G., Malathı, P. (1998), “Use of finite difference method in the study of srepped beams”, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 26(1), 11-24. 759 �Kwon, H.D. and Park, Y.P.(2002), “ Dynamic characteristics of stepped cantilever beams connected with a rigid body”, Journal of Sound and vibration 255(4), 701-17. Lee, J., Bergman, L.A. (1994), “The vibration of stepped beams and rectangular plates by an elemental dynamic flexibility method”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 171(5),617–40. Levinson, M. (1976), “Vibration of stepped strings and beams”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 49, 287-291. Li, Q. S., (2001), “Free vibration analysis of non-uniform beams with an arbitrary number of cracks and concentrated masses”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 252, 509-525. Li, Q. S., (2001), “Vibratory characteristics of multi-step beams with an arbitrary number of cracks and concentrated masses”, Applied Acoustics 62, 691-706. Naguleswaran, S. (2002), “Natural frequencies, sensitivity and mode shape details of an Euler-Bernoulli beam with one-step change in cross-section and with ends on classical supports”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 252, 751-767. Naguleswaran, S.(2002), “Vibration of an Euler-Bernoulli beam on elastic end supports and with up to three step changes in cross section”, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 44, 2541-55. Naguleswaran, S.(2003), “Vibration and stability of an Euler-Bernoulli beam with up to three step changes in cross section and axial force”, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 45,1563-79. Nayfeh, A.H. and Mook, D.T. (1979), Nonlinear Oscillations, Wiley, New York. Öz, H. R., Pakemirli, M., Özkaya, E. and Yılmaz, M. (1998), “Non-linear vibrations of a slight curved beam resting on a nonlinear elastic foundation”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 221(3), 295-309. Özkaya E. (2002), “Non-linear transverse vibrations of a simply supported beam carrying concentrated masses”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 257, 413-424. Özkaya, E., Pakdemirli, M. and Öz, H.R. (1997), “Nonlinear vibrations of a beam–mass system under different boundary conditions”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 199,679-696. Qaisi, M.I. (1997), “A power series solution for the nonlinear vibrations of beams”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 199, 587594. Rehfield L.W. (1974), “Nonlinear flexural oscillation of shallow arches”, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal12, 91-93. Sato, H. (1980), “Non-linear free vibrations of stepped thickness beams”, .Journal of Sound and Vibration 72, 415-422. Taleb, N.J. and Suppiger, E.W. (1961), “Vibrations of stepped beams”, Journal of Aerospace Engineering 28, 295-298. Wang, J.I.(1991), “ Vibration of stepped beams on elastic foundations”, Journal of Sound and vibration 149, 315-322. 760 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 625 Title A name given to the resource Non-Linear Transverse Vibrations of A Simply Supported Multi-Stepped Beam Author Author Özkaya, Erdoğan Tekin, Ayla Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the nonlinear vibrations of Euler-Bernoulli multiple-stepped beam are investigated. The beam is simply supported at both ends. The equations of motions are obtained using Hamilton’s principle and made non-dimensional. The stretching effect induced non-linear terms to the equations. Forcing and damping terms are also included in the equations. A perturbation method is applied to the equations of motions. The first terms of the perturbation series led to the linear problem. Natural frequencies for the linear problem are calculated exactly for different step cases. Second order non-linear terms of the perturbation series behaved as corrections to the linear problem. Amplitude and phase modulation equations are obtained. Non-linear free and forced vibrations are investigated in detail. These analyses are repeated for different step ratios and step numbers. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3415 Title A name given to the resource NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ARABIC: BETWEEN SYNTACTIC DEPENDENCY AND SEMANTIC INDEPENDENCE Author Author DIZDAR, Elma Abstract A summary of the resource. Although there are no formal differences between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses in Arabic, these two types of Arabic relative clauses function in significantly different ways. Restrictive relative clauses, aiming to delimit the reference of the head noun, fully deserve their role as noun-phrase modifiers, and can usually be replaced by other noun-phrase modifiers, such as adjectives and prepositional phrases. Unlike their restrictive counterparts, non-restrictive relative clauses operate based on the assumption that the head-noun reference is already defined. Thus they aim merely to present new information and can consequently be replaced by a wide range of structures, from various types of adverbial clauses to independent sentences. This paper focuses on analysis of semantic implications of non-restrictive relative clauses in Arabic. Although there have been references in literature linking non-restrictive relative clauses with reason adverbials, the paper aims to show that non-restrictive clauses, given their semantic independence, are used to express a wide variety of relations, from those usually expressed by adverbial clauses to those so difficult to define that they tend to take the form of independent sentence. The diversity of semantic implications of Arabic non-restrictive clauses is discussed both based on mechanisms of their paraphrase, i.e. replacement in Arabic, and their existing translations into other languages. Finally, Arabic non-restrictive relative clauses are shown to be stylistically more effective and attractive means of conveying the same meaning than other structures they can be replaced by. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English