193 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8be5b3bf154ed34e20aec978ddb4c129.pdf 4638dae39d94e51f3693550552b319e3 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo An Analysis in Banking Sector with Knowledge Management Assessment Tool Özlem Yaşar Uğurlu University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey yasar@gantep.edu.tr Mustafa Uğurlu University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey ugurlu@gantep.edu.tr Duygu Kızıldağ University of Afyon Kocatepe, Afyon, Turkey dkizildag@aku.edu.tr The main problem of today's enterprises is to sustain their development and growth, because of the changing environmental conditions and the global competitiveness. Therefore, the concept of knowledge, especially after 1990s’, has begun to be seen as one of the most valuable strategic resource of businesses. Additionally, the concept of knowledge management has been discussed frequently in management research and applications. Knowledge management is defined as the process of creating, storing, transferring, applying and saving organizational knowledge (Schultze and Stabell, 2004); discovering the sources of required information (SabherwalandSabherwal, 2005); the process of gathering, transferring and effective use of information (Davenport, 2001); developing informal knowledge flow among individuals; codifying knowledge in organizations and building systems for sharing (Birkinshaw, 2001). It has been suggested that knowledge management practices has provided many positive outcomes for businesses. In the literature, there is a number of empirical studies about knowledge management, revealing organizational learning, developing new product/service by creating a more suitable environment for innovation (Corso and etc, 2001; Lester, 2001; Sherman etc, 2005), increasing employee performance by improving core competencies (Sabherwal and Sabherwal, 2005), providing competitive advantage (Roth, 2003) and sustainable organizational performance (Bogner and Bansal, 2007). 237 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In this context, the aim of this research is to examine the level of organizational knowledge management skill and practices in banking sector and also whether there is a difference between public and private banks in terms of knowledge management skills. The reason for selecting banking sector as sample is because customer satisfaction, creativity and innovation are so important and the sector is so sensitive to technological development. Therefore knowledge management practices are being used intensively in this sector. The scale used for data collection is “Knowledge Management Assessment Tool” which was developed by American Productivity and Quality Center (APQC) and Arthur Andersen in 1995. It is aimed to analyze the dimensions of knowledge management which are leadership, technology, process, and culture. There are a few studies in this field in literature. So based on the framework and the insights generated by the investigation, the study will lead scholars to new research areas and contribute to business world. Keywords: Knowledge, Knowledge Management, Banking Sector, KMAT. 238 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1581 Title A name given to the resource An Analysis in Banking Sector with Knowledge Management Assessment Tool Author Author OZLEM UGURLU, Yasar UGURLU, Mustafa KIZILDAG, Duygu Abstract A summary of the resource. The main problem of today's enterprises is to sustain their development and growth, because of the changing environmental conditions and the global competitiveness. Therefore, the concept of knowledge, especially after 1990s’, has begun to be seen as one of the most valuable strategic resource of businesses. Additionally, the concept of knowledge management has been discussed frequently in management research and applications. Knowledge management is defined as the process of creating, storing, transferring, applying and saving organizational knowledge (Schultze and Stabell, 2004); discovering the sources of required information (SabherwalandSabherwal, 2005); the process of gathering, transferring and effective use of information (Davenport, 2001); developing informal knowledge flow among individuals; codifying knowledge in organizations and building systems for sharing (Birkinshaw, 2001). It has been suggested that knowledge management practices has provided many positive outcomes for businesses. In the literature, there is a number of empirical studies about knowledge management, revealing organizational learning, developing new product/service by creating a more suitable environment for innovation (Corso and etc, 2001; Lester, 2001; Sherman etc, 2005), increasing employee performance by improving core competencies (Sabherwal and Sabherwal, 2005), providing competitive advantage (Roth, 2003) and sustainable organizational performance (Bogner and Bansal, 2007). In this context, the aim of this research is to examine the level of organizational knowledge management skill and practices in banking sector and also whether there is a difference between public and private banks in terms of knowledge management skills. The reason for selecting banking sector as sample is because customer satisfaction, creativity and innovation are so important and the sector is so sensitive to technological development. Therefore knowledge management practices are being used intensively in this sector. The scale used for data collection is “Knowledge Management Assessment Tool” which was developed by American Productivity and Quality Center (APQC) and Arthur Andersen in 1995. It is aimed to analyze the dimensions of knowledge management which are leadership, technology, process, and culture. There are a few studies in this field in literature. So based on the framework and the insights generated by the investigation, the study will lead scholars to new research areas and contribute to business world. Keywords: Knowledge, Knowledge Management, Banking Sector, KMAT. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b07ae2e7cdb426af0bd5e81602a845d8.pdf 8976d157caa358b3dffa6711cd6f743d PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Turkey and EU Relations on Realistic Theory Perspective Metin Özkan Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey camulog43@gmail.com Fevzi Kaya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey kaya_fevzi@hotmail.com In this study, critique of realist approach, which has shaped the discipline of İnternational Relations, has been argued. The discipline that mentioned above, emerged mostly as a result of Realist Theory contribution has been critiqued to explain today’s complex World is one of the basic theses defended in this case study. Realist Theory is concentrated on power emphasis only on the nation-state as an actor, and being very simple and such features have been explained and critiqued in details. Relations with the EU have always been very important for Turkey, and referred to be tough process. Although from the signing of the Ankara agreement and continuing in different stages to the present day, developments in various stages have caused different expectations for the both parties, neither Turkey has given up to the neither membership decision, nor European Union has completely rejected Turkey’s membership process. At Luxembourg Summit in December 1997 the country’s name among the candidates for full membership was not included, and as a result of this, Turkey’s response was very threating in cutting the political dialogue with the EU. Turkey’s candidacy was confirmed by the Helsinki European Council in December 1999, preparing a pre-accession strategy and accession partnership document showed some easygoing in the attitude of the EU Council against the country. Finally as a result of these changes, once more the relations of mutual obligations and expectations come to the fore period. Keywords: International Relations, Realist Theory, the Balance of Power, EU, Turkey-EU Relations. 207 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1675 Title A name given to the resource Turkey and EU Relations on Realistic Theory Perspective Author Author OZKAN, Metin KAYA, Favzi Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, critique of realist approach, which has shaped the discipline of İnternational Relations, has been argued. The discipline that mentioned above, emerged mostly as a result of Realist Theory contribution has been critiqued to explain today’s complex World is one of the basic theses defended in this case study. Realist Theory is concentrated on power emphasis only on the nation-state as an actor, and being very simple and such features have been explained and critiqued in details. Relations with the EU have always been very important for Turkey, and referred to be tough process. Although from the signing of the Ankara agreement and continuing in different stages to the present day, developments in various stages have caused different expectations for the both parties, neither Turkey has given up to the neither membership decision, nor European Union has completely rejected Turkey’s membership process. At Luxembourg Summit in December 1997 the country’s name among the candidates for full membership was not included, and as a result of this, Turkey’s response was very threating in cutting the political dialogue with the EU. Turkey’s candidacy was confirmed by the Helsinki European Council in December 1999, preparing a pre-accession strategy and accession partnership document showed some easygoing in the attitude of the EU Council against the country. Finally as a result of these changes, once more the relations of mutual obligations and expectations come to the fore period. Keywords: International Relations, Realist Theory, the Balance of Power, EU, Turkey-EU Relations. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/087ac32234d94d31aa48e0e2f7147b53.pdf 11b9b7f343a71224fc601dec422cdb24 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Working Condition Quality Comparison of The Bank Staff: The Case of Turkey Ahmet Özkan Okan University, Tuzla, Turkey ahmet.ozkan@okan.edu.tr Purpose: The bank staff represents the bank to the customers. The working conditions of the bank employees play a great role on the success. The main aim of this study is measuring the quality of the working environment of the banks by using three factors, which are knowledge, consistency and trust, and comparing the working environment of the agents to the managers. Design/methodology/approach: 100 questionnaires are used to evaluate the quality of the working condition quality of the banks. Semi-structured interviews and snowball sampling is used to reach various departments of the banks. Findings: The working condition quality of the managers is better than the working condition quality of the agents. But there is no significant difference on the consistency of the conditions. Duration has a significant effect on the working conditions which create trust on the employees to the company. Originality/value: This paper is a proof of that the managers do not have good conditions as expected. The managers can be disturbed by the managers which are above them. Keywords: Bank Staff, Working Condition Quality, Agents and Managers. 19 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1478 Title A name given to the resource The Working Condition Quality Comparison of The Bank Staff: The Case of Turkey Author Author OZKAN, Ahmet Abstract A summary of the resource. Purpose: The bank staff represents the bank to the customers. The working conditions of the bank employees play a great role on the success. The main aim of this study is measuring the quality of the working environment of the banks by using three factors, which are knowledge, consistency and trust, and comparing the working environment of the agents to the managers. Design/methodology/approach: 100 questionnaires are used to evaluate the quality of the working condition quality of the banks. Semi-structured interviews and snowball sampling is used to reach various departments of the banks. Findings: The working condition quality of the managers is better than the working condition quality of the agents. But there is no significant difference on the consistency of the conditions. Duration has a significant effect on the working conditions which create trust on the employees to the company. Originality/value: This paper is a proof of that the managers do not have good conditions as expected. The managers can be disturbed by the managers which are above them. Keywords: Bank Staff, Working Condition Quality, Agents and Managers. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/01e2f3b74c7e0e9257877c5944effe88.pdf 4f5e793db594dcd03ab53848a1547031 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Virtual banking: An Overview Muhammet Özcan Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey Murat Serçemeli Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey Ensar Ağırman Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey Reşat Karcıoğlu Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey rkarci@atauni.edu.tr M. Dursun Kaya Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey dursun@atauni.edu.tr Virtual banking can be defined as a bank without branch which offers its services by means of individual computers or electronic tools, ATM and telephone. As virtual banks can’t put up with the cost of branch opening, they offer the savings obtained from the costing to their customers as high saving interest. In the study, it will be mentioned from the definition of virtual banking to its advantages and disadvantages, and samples of virtual banks in the world, the superiority in costing per operation in comparison with traditional banking. In conclusion, thanks to virtual banking, situation of earn and earn will occur, and costing in banking system will reduce, and this will reflect to the customers positively. Keywords: Virtual Banking, Internet Banking, Traditional Banking. 210 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/57e73fd1d6d1fe5311242d829373cd2e.docx eeb567702bd78538fe4611ffbdc58f22 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/25e3371f426c01616dcaebdeff685026.pdf c80912da97ed2ff4bd83264e01cef2bb PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Virtual Banking: An Overview Muhammet Özcan Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Murat Serçemeli Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Ensar Ağırman Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Reşat Karcıoğlu Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey rkarci@atauni.edu.tr M. Dursun Kaya Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey dursun@atauni.edu.tr Abstract Virtual banking can be defined as a bank without branch which offers its services by means of individual computers or electronic tools, ATM and telephone. As virtual banks can’t put up with the cost of branch opening, they offer the savings obtained from the costing to their customers as high saving interest. In the study, it will be mentioned from the definition of virtual banking to its advantages and disadvantages, and samples of virtual banks in the world, the superiority in costing per operation in comparison with traditional banking. In conclusion, thanks to virtual banking, situation of earn and earn will occur, and costing in banking system will reduce, and this will reflect to the customers positively. Keywords: Virtual banking, internet banking, traditional banking Introduction Today is called “Technology Time.” The developments in technology offer many different possibilities to business world. Banking sector as one of the world’s largest sectors is one of the sectors using technology more. The majority today’s banking operations are made through the Internet rather than branches. Internet banking have emerged at the last 12 years, but a research about consumer’s payments shows that there is an increase of 50% in using internet banking of internet surfers. Dream a bank that can be reached easily from your house, office or anywhere you have a smartphone. Virtual bank which offer their banking services by the electronically appliance as ATM, phone, PC or Internet can be defined as a bank without branch. Virtual banks remedy to customer’s problems about security, learning and using easily, functionality, credibility. Virtual banking becomes a focus that makes an effort in order to gain traction of customers and make them glad. This is clear that virtual banking has an important place in future of banking sectors. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Traditional banks reflect to their customer’s cost of opening branches as cost and interest rate. However Virtual Bank’s costs are lower than traditional banks, because Virtual Bank doesn’t need to branch network. It provides operational cost effectiveness, so that we higher lend to interest for your deposits. Just because of this banks are fort his, aren’t they? Advantages of Virtual Banking 1) Provide a useful way for banking operation: Virtual banks provide to their customers lower cost than traditional banks, useful and flexible scope. 2) Flexible virtual banking system: Customer can check his bank account entering username and password in bank’s web site. 3) Security: These banks have got state guarantee so far as a certain amount as in our country. 4) Time factor: One of the reasons of customers prefer to virtual banking is saving time. 5) Access to information on time: Virtual banking provides information as interest rate, checking account, calculating of credit eligibility on time. 6) Saving operation cost: Virtual banking is in terms of the most appropriate than banking system. 7) Digital sign for security: Digital sign is a precaution for preventing bribery and being theft of information. 8) Faster transfer: Basic advantage of virtual banking is being able to reach all operation about money every time and everywhere. 9) Easy occupation and user-friendliness: One of the reasons that customers prefer virtual banking is being useful at his research; Cooper (1997) determined that being useful is one of the three important factors according to customers for evaluating product and service. 10) Cheaper charge of operation: There are two costs at virtual banking. The first one is charge of connection to the Internet; the latter is charge of banking. Customer’s ideas are determined by these two costs. 11) Being able to check data about operations at current and retrospective: It is possible that at current and retrospective information of credit card and customers account can be reached easily. 12) Sensitivity to environment: Virtual banking is also sensitive to environment. There isn’t waste of paper in electronic operations. Vehicle traffic is reduced, as 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo a result of this environment pollution is reduced requirement of building and office requisites are also reduced. Disadvantage of Virtual Banking 1) Access cost: Internet banking is an investment that access cost is high. 2) Difficulty of learning: Firstly surfing on the banking web sites can be difficult. 3) Mobility of banking web sites: The biggest banks also have to update their online programs by adding some features them. So customers have to update their information about this again. 4) The bank relations: Traditional banking provides possibility to establish one to one relationship with bank to customers when customer’s financial situation changes, a manager of bank can restructure customer’s payment with his/her discretional power. In virtual banking, there isn’t one to one relationship with customers, so it’s impossible. 5) Possibility about the operations: Traditional banks can solve problems with special meeting for special situations by experts. What is the Difference between the Virtual Banking with the Internet Banking? In fact, service of Internet banking is the same logic as service of virtual banking. In virtual banking, there isn’t branch as physical. Traditional banks offer service of Internet banking. Because there aren’t branches as physical, there isn’t outlay as rent, electric, paper, tea, staff etc. Virtual banks offer them as high deposit interest to their customers. Table 1:Changing the number of operations and active customers in Turkey Internet banking Year Number of Active Customers 2006 2834223 2012 12075545 Changing (%) Number of Operations Changing (%) 38033000 426,06 104871000 Source: Banking Operation Costs (June, 2012) 3 275,73 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 2: Comparing with traditional banking’s and virtual banking’s interest rate The Deposit Size Less than 10000$ 10000$ - 24999$ 25000$ - 49999$ 50000$ - 99999$ More than 100000$ Bank of America (%) 0,10 0,15 0,18 0,20 0,20 Virtual Bank.com 0,70 0,70 0,73 0,78 0,83 System being done operation Branch Costing per number of operation 1,07$ The total amount 112211970 Phone ATM The Internet 0,52$ 0,27$ 0,01$ 54532920 28315170 1048710 Results In the world becoming global, using virtual banking become unavoidable to be different and permanent as a result of technological developments. Number of Internet users in Turkey is about 35 millions. Turkey is the 12th country in the world and the 4th country in Europe with this number. The institutions and people trade on the Internet during 7/24 and they want to do their banking operations too. At a last research about Internet users in our country, although there is an increase of 50% in rate of using Internet banking, there isn’t a business as a virtual bank. There is an increase of 426% in number of customers doing online operation between the years of 2006-2012. This shows us the potential of virtual banking in our country. Neither customer nor banking system can benefit from advantage of virtual banking for online banking in our country offering with traditional banking to customers. With using virtual banking in our country, situation of earn and earn will occur. And cost will be reduced in banking system and this will be positive for bank customers, too. Developing and growing in banking sector will affect the entire finance sector. Virtual banking will accelerate the growth of Turkish banking sector. In conclusion, thanks to virtual banking, decline of banking operation cost will affect all real sector positively. References The Adoption Of Virtual Banking: An Empirical Study Shaoyi Liao! Yuan Pu Shao!, Huaiqing Wang!, Ada Chen" Safya 1,2 1999 The Pros And Cons Of Internet Bankıng: A Short Revıew Ioannis Koskosas 54.55.56 2011 https://www.virtualbank.com/Banking/MoneyMarket.html 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo http://www.tbb.org.tr/tr/Banka_ve_Sektor_Bilgileri/Tum_Raporlar.aspx https://www.bankofinternet.com/bofi/about/why_bank_of_internet.aspx 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1679 Title A name given to the resource Virtual banking: An Overview Author Author OZCAN, Muhammet SERCEMELI, Murat AGIRMAN, Ensar KARCIOĞLU, Reşat M. DURSUN, Kaya Abstract A summary of the resource. Virtual banking can be defined as a bank without branch which offers its services by means of individual computers or electronic tools, ATM and telephone. As virtual banks can’t put up with the cost of branch opening, they offer the savings obtained from the costing to their customers as high saving interest. In the study, it will be mentioned from the definition of virtual banking to its advantages and disadvantages, and samples of virtual banks in the world, the superiority in costing per operation in comparison with traditional banking. In conclusion, thanks to virtual banking, situation of earn and earn will occur, and costing in banking system will reduce, and this will reflect to the customers positively. Keywords: Virtual Banking, Internet Banking, Traditional Banking. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bc0f0457f8cfe13bcc8bc98445d7d5fc.pdf e89730ed992735a5dabe37f596aa473b PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Effect of Advertising Activities on Foreign visitors Purchasing Preferences: The Case of İstanbul Yasin Özaslan Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey ozaslanysn@gmail.com Ercan Tutan Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey tutanercan@gmail.com This study, tourism industry, aims to measure the impact of advertising in consumer preferences. Businesses in terms of sales increase, consumers in terms of product knowledge and the affordability, quality, purchase your product, which enables advertising to the issue of the timeliness of the protection and 2011, approximately one billion people travel to the tourism industry has a great importance of this study is the necessity of show. Turkey's most important tourism centers, which was held in İstanbul. In this study the universe in İstanbul, 2010 from foreign tourists. Field research based on this study, the primary data collection as a method of the survey have been used in the survey consists of three parts. The survey is the first part of the participants ' demographic characteristics of the variables to detect the questions are given. In the second chapter, the participants in the rest of the variables to detect the questions are given. The survey in the last section; participants' views on the activities of advertising, for the detection of the size of the expressions given in the bottom of the ad. In 2010, a total of 289 foreign tourists views on the data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed through statistical software package. Of the respondents' perceptions about advertising activities, demographic and holidays differed significantly according to the characteristics of the two groups t-test for variables with more than two groups for variables that contain a single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA test) were tested. All statistical results were analyzed based on the significance level of 0.05. Results of this research have been identified by tourists are affected by advertising activities. In addition, according to the results of the t and ANOVA tests, educational status, income status, countries, number of visits, number of days of encampment, objectives and benefit from resources such variables as the arrival of tourists has resulted in any significant difference in submissions for the ad, while the other variables between views on advertising no difference was found. Keywords: Advertising, Purchasing process, Tourism, İstanbul, Turkey. 274 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/88583612a066892d8ee3d3944e0a6506.docx dce87432ae32f346d6198ae51d950e52 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c60e0f89f9e01bdd16ecd12755cdbb76.pdf 66759690b456813c914f108c435e5a0a PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Effect of Advertising Activities on Foreign Visitors Purchasing Preferences: The Case of Istanbul YasinOzaslan Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey ozaslanysn@gmail.com ErcanTutan Pamukkale University,Denizli, Turkey tutanercan@gmail.com Abstract The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of advertising activities on consumer preferences in the tourism sector. Advertising, increasing sales for enterprises, consumers and affordability in terms of knowledge about the product, provides the opportunity to purchase quality products. The tourism sector provides large inputs to the economies of the countries and the effects of advertising on consumers, the main reasons for this study are to put forth. In this study, Turkey's most important tourism centers, one of which is in Istanbul. This study based on field research, the primary data collection as a method of the survey has been used in the survey consists of two parts. In 2010, a total of 289 foreign tourists' views on the data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed through statistical software package. Of the respondents' perceptions about advertising activities, demographic and holidays differed significantly according to the characteristics of the two groups t-test for variables with more than two groups of variables that contain a single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA test) were tested. Research results, tourists are affected by advertising activities have been identified. In addition, according to the results of the t and Anova tests, educational status, income status, countries, number of visits, objectives and benefit from resources such variables as the arrival of tourists has resulted in any significant difference in submissions for the ad, while the other variables between views on advertising no difference was found. Keywords: Advertising, Purchasing process, Tourism, Istanbul, Turkey Introduction Characterized by intense competition, so tourism businesses operating in today's market conditions, obtain new customers while keeping existing customers coming back by pulling destinations, they can outmaneuver competitors, which should give due consideration to their marketing communications. In addition, goods and services produced by tourism enterprises no matter how different and high quality, if consumers are not aware of these products and services, not notified, they wake a curious and product / service is not to try to convince the activities, carried out on the product (restoration, differentiation) becomes meaningless. For this reason, tourist goods and services to be noticed, to be appreciated and the purchase, and the most efficient transmission of the 1 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo shortest and the fastest way to the right people, with the advertising activities are provided. Advertising, any product, service or idea to be understood in the price paid and the amount paid by whom and other than personal sale, a method of mass communication tools to provide the consumer with a positive message (Kotler, 1978; Reilly, 1988; Oluç, 1990). In Güleç (2006) it is proposed advertising, products and services produced by businesses, is preferred by tourists and tourist demand is expressed as a factor in effective to be kept alive. However, a good ad the customer to the attention of interest, in the interest of the desire, the desire decision to orient the raise function (Mimtad, 1990: 31). Tanrıverdi and Cömert (2003), tourism enterprises advertising efforts, the physical distance between the increase in the consumer and the producer, the consumer and the increase in the number of competitors, the proliferation of intermediary organizations, consumer structure, income, education, depending on factors such as the growth refers to the change in the gaining importance due to the widespread nowadays. At the same time, advances in technology of mass communication, marketing efforts increasingly competitive environment, increase the importance of ad today (Yükselen, 2008: 375). In addition, the tourism industry is a service industry, advertising activities need more than other sectors.Because of the tourist product cannot be stock, production and consumption is synchronized. In other words, the empty rooms at night, the customer cannot find the restaurants and transport businesses cannot sell seats will be doomed to hurt businesses (Olalı, 1969: 231). In addition, advertising made by tourism businesses, compared to other promotional efforts, attracting more and more attention of consumers. Because a large number of advertising mediums to come together and exchange of information can be found in consumer and business. Used mass media advertising media, day by day, although costly, it still continues to be the most effective media. Cost though, Middleton and Clarke (2001) tourist demand created by advertising is concerned, the money paid can be met easily the highlights of the revenues from tourists (quoted in: Ozdemir, 2008: 152). In Abela and Farris (2002) it is proposed advertising products, advertising the products are not sold at higher rates than have been identified. Given this context, advertising can be said that the more advantageous than businesses that do not advertise businesses. In addition to this, many studies have emphasized the effect of advertising in choosing a holiday destination (Loda et al. 2007). Another study also measured the levels of consumers affected by the activities of the tourism sector advertising (Kim et al., 2005). As a result, the study, consumers is affected by advertising, but the advertising activities for the success of the tools used is also important emphasized. Çetinel (2001) in a study, especially in the USA, Australia, Belgium, France, Netherlands, UK, Spain, Japan, and Canada for the promotion of Turkey stressed that a high level of broadcast television advertising effects. Gulec (2007) advertising activities, is an influential factor in the preferences of tourists, especially German tourists affected by television and internet advertising reveals. Wu et al. (2008) emphasizes that an important factor in consumer preferences, internet ads. Sabra et al. (2004) state that internet advertising is an important source of information. In Woodside (1990) it is proposed that advertising activities are perceived differently by different groups of tourists. Examples of this statement; Akarsu (2001), a study carried out by Turkey during the introduction of the German, British and French tourists tried to be influenced by advertising in which advertisement tool. According to the survey, most participants in the German television, newspaper and magazine advertising, newspaper and magazine ads for the British participants, influenced by French participants appeared in the television commercials. 2 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In Alegra and Juaneda (2006) stated that consumer products are a tourist destination in the Balearic Islands, carried out in order to determine the factors that influence their choices according to the study, the most important factor in the choice of holiday destination tourist consumers, for the region, from the quality of the ads and the positive image of the area's attractions. In Bojanic (1991), advertising activities and be maintained in the process of creating a positive image for the destination indicates that an important factor. Methodology The purpose of this study, foreign tourists coming to Istanbul determine ideas about advertising activities. Demographic characteristics of the participants and also tried to determine the properties for the holidays. The findings of a significant difference between the opinions of tourists whether it is related to advertising activities were investigated. Purpose of the study the scope of the research questions below: 1. What are your views on the advertising activities of foreign tourists coming to Istanbul? 2. What are the goals of the participants of tourists coming to Istanbul? 3. Opinions about the advertising activities of foreign tourists coming to Istanbul, Is there a difference according to demographic characteristics? 4. Opinions about the advertising activities of foreign tourists coming to Istanbul, is there a difference according to the source of information obtained? A descriptive research, this study determined the purposes for the achievement of the primary and secondary data was used. The primary data collection method the survey was used. The survey consists of two parts. The first section of the consumer’s demographic features with the rest of the features to detect questions. In the second part of the participants of the advertising activities of views for the detection of 11 included in the statement are given. The last section of the participants of the advertising activities of views for the detection of the statements by the authors has been established. As a data collection tool used in the survey in the last section for each question (statement) levels of participation on a 5-point Likert-type (strongly disagree, disagree, neither agree neither disagree, agree and strongly agree) with scale rated. Research is prepared within the context of the scale of internal consistency reliability of the analysis made and the scale the entireCronbach alpha coefficient of 0.86 be measured. Also expressions of the Cronbach's alpha coefficients in Table 4 shows. Measured Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.70 greater than reliable measurements show that (Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994). The universe of the study 2010-2011 (December-January) in Istanbul from foreign tourists. 2010 January December period to Istanbul from the total number of foreign visitors 7.824.995 as for the same period. The study of the universe, all of the cost and the application due to shortage will not be achieved. Therefore, the sampling required to be done seen and sampling as a method of convenience sampling method was preferred (the Ural and the Sword, 2006). In Istanbul tourists as intense as the date of the half-island in the polls, the tourists shall be distributed to fill in requested. Obtained from the surveys examined the current 289 survey were included in the study. Survey of the practices of the data obtained, the statistical program of the study the purpose of the various analyses (frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, t-test, Anova and Tukey test) made along these lines, and reviews have been introduced. 3 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Results Research 289 on tourist carried out. Demographic information of the participants is examined (Table 1); of the participants 51,2 % (n = 148) of women and of 63.3 % (n = 183) were single has been observed. The participants in the young and middle-age and the European countries, the marriage age of 30 years and over (UNECE, 2010), this result is supported. Table 1. Distributions of Demographic information on the Participants and the Participants' Views on Ad Operations Comparison of Some Variables Variables Gender Age Maritial status Country of residence Educational background Annualincomeof your family The number of visits to Istanbul Male Female 19 or less 20-29 30-39 40-49 50 or more Married Single Germany Russia England Italy France USA Other Literate Primary education Secondary education Associate degree Undergraduate Postgraduate 5000 $ or less 5001 – 10000$ 10001-20000 $ 20001 – 40000$ 40001 $ or more First time 2 or more N : Number of people, X N 141 148 19 113 91 38 28 106 183 28 52 42 55 24 21 67 6 32 60 % 48,8 51,2 6,6 39,1 31,5 13,1 9,7 36,7 63,3 9,7 18 14,5 19 8,3 7,3 23,2 2,1 11,1 20,8 X 3,23 3,26 3,53 3,21 3,22 3,32 3,21 3,28 3,23 3,15 3,38 3,33 3,17 3,21 3,37 3,20 3,56 3,28 3,43 s.d. 0,69 0,73 0,63 0,71 0,72 0,67 0,75 0,70 0,71 0,66 0,62 0,88 0,62 0,61 0,87 0,73 0,49 0,58 0,67 58 76 57 54 60 72 49 54 141 148 20,1 26,3 19,7 18,7 20,8 24,9 17 18,7 48,8 51,2 3,47 3,12 2,95 3,55 3,38 3,22 3,12 2,94 3,11 3,39 0,66 0,66 0,81 0,69 0,69 0,61 0,71 0,73 0,70 0,69 t/F 0,424 P 0,672 0,983 0,417 0,615 0,539 0,667 0,676 4,977 0,000* 6,145 0,000* 3,364 0,001* Tukey 6 5-6 4 3-4 4-5 5 1 1-2 : Mean., s.d: standard deviation, *: P<, 01 Distribution of respondents by age, 39.1% (n=113) and the 20-29 age range, creating at least, 6.6% (n=19) and is under the age of 19. Participants 7.3% (n=21), the United States, 8.3% (n=24) in France, 9.7% (n=28) Germany, 14.5% in 'I (n=42), the UK, 18% (n=52) from Russia, 19% (n=55) from Italy and 23.2% (n=67) from other countries. Participants examined education 66.1% (n = 191), as a large proportion of university (undergraduate, graduate, post-graduate) is composed of graduates. From the participants' annual income 64,4% (n=186), while an income below $ 20,000, 35.6% of the (n=103) has an income of $ 20,000 and above. 4 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo According to Table 1, the participants examined the information on holidays, 48.8% of visitors to Istanbul for the first time (n=141), while 51.2% of those who visit for the second time or more is (148). According to Table 2, in the first analysis of the purposes of the tourists coming to Istanbul sightseeing, entertainment and leisure tourism, while the second cultural tourism (cultural and artistic activities) is included. This is because; Istanbul's unique history, cultural history and modern hotels in addition to numerous attractions, exceptional eateries, nightclubs, entertainment and shopping centers, and so on attractions, such that it has. Table 2. The distribution of participants' purpose for coming to Istanbul Purposes of consumers who visit Istanbul f %* Travel , entertainment and recreation 238 82,3 Culturalandartisticactivities 229 79,2 Sports activities 52 17,9 Congress tourism 33 11,4 Shopping tourism 157 54,3 Health tourism 62 21,4 Surveyed tourists, tourist goods and services reached when asked which sources of information (Table 3), "Internet", select "Yes", who mark rate of 76.1%, while the "No" who mark 23.9% of the 'stop. "Friend-related recommendations", select "Yes", who mark rate of 52.2%, while the "No" who mark rate of 47.8% respectively. "Travel Agent", select "Yes", who mark rate of 42.6%, while the "No" who mark 57.4% of the 'species. "Brochures and catalogs", select "Yes", who mark rate of 39.1%, while the "No" who mark 60.9% of the 'stop. "Past experiences", select "Yes", who mark rate of 38.8%, while the "No" who mark rate 61.2% respectively. "Newspapers and magazines", select "Yes", who mark rate of 27.7%, while the "No" who mark 72.3% of the 'species. "Radio, television and cinema", select "Yes", who mark was 22.5%, No "who mark rate of 77.5% is. Finally, the "tourist information offices", select "Yes", who mark rate of 20.4%, while the "No" who mark rate of 79.6% is. Sources of information, products and services that benefit tourists before buying the first three places are overviewed in order by severity, internet, friends-relatives share hints and travel agencies. The findings of other research findings on sources of information (Seabra, Lages and Abrantes, 2004; Wu, Wei and Chen, 2008; Frias, Rodrigues, and Castaneda, 2008) are consistent. 5 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 3. Opinions on the Activities of Tourists Participating in the Study Utilized Advertising Comparison of Information Resources Sources of Information Travel Agents Web sites Brochures and catalogs Radio, television and movies Newspapers and magazines Suggestions of family, relatives or friends Past experiences Tourist information offices N : Number of people, Option Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No X n 123 166 220 69 113 176 65 224 80 209 151 138 112 177 59 230 X 3,42 3,12 3,17 3,50 3,21 3,27 3,33 3,22 3,22 3,26 3,07 3,44 3,23 3,26 3,32 3,23 s.d. 0,66 0,72 0,73 0,55 0,73 0,70 0,80 0,68 0,83 0,66 0,71 0,66 0,72 0,70 0,70 0,71 t 0,419 p 0,000* 3,497 0,000* 0,673 0,502 1,007 0,315 0,393 0,695 4,431 0,000* 0,308 0,758 0,943 0,347 : Mean., s.d: standard deviation, *: P<,01 According to Table 4, when examined the opinions of the participants on the activities of advertising; "should be advertised goods and services of interest" with the expression of the higher average is 3.69, it is observed that positive view on the activities of tourist advertising. "I'm aware of how to access the product with ads," the report participants' average responses 3.42 respectively. Participants in other words, finding alternatives to the stage of the second phase of the purchase decision-making process is an important source of information for consumers think that ad. "Ads that appeal to my emotions, product preference becomes effective" mean expression 3.37 respectively. Appeals to the feelings of the participants, influenced the preferences of tourists reached ads from them warmer. Advertisements for tourists asked to measure the credibility of "the ads for the product is a reliable tourist expression" average 3,30. "Desire to purchase the advertised product increases the expression" average is 3.26, possible to say that tourists tend to purchase the advertised products.To measure the importance of inclusion of the beloved characters or celebrities in advertisements asked "Ad films that take place in my favorite characters, my interest in the product increases the expression" average is 3.21, most participants reported a positive opinion. "Fascinated by ads for products of interest" has been identified as the testimony of the participants' views 3.20 averages. Research, advertising - to measure the quality of the relationship between "the advertised product qualities," the report comments as to the average 3.09 'stop. "I prefer advertised product," the report, the average of the views of the participants 3.08 respectively. Advertised products are higher in this context could be preferred to other products obtained. "How much of a product is advertised again, increases the interest for that product," and "the information given is true that the ads" averages 3.07 of the statements respectively. In this context, the medium level of tourists participating in these two statements and advertisements the product advertised in the interest of tourists sign of recurrence. 6 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 4. Opinion on the Operation of Retail Development of Tourists Participating in the Survey's Mean, Standard Deviation, and Cronbach's Alpha Values Items X S.d. α If I see the advertisement, my urge of purchase increases. 3,26 1,11 0,84 I am informed about the ways of purchasing the product thanks to advertisements. The presence of my favorite characters in the advertisement increases my interest towards that product. The more an advertisement of a product is displayed the more I become interested in that product. Advertisements that are effective on my emotions affect my choice of product. 3,42 1,02 0,85 3,21 1,15 0,85 3,07 1,11 0,85 3,37 1,11 0,85 Tourists goods and services should be advertised. 3,69 0,96 0,86 Information that is given in advertisements is true. 3,07 1,14 0,84 The product that is advertised is of good quality. 3,09 1,16 0,84 I am affected by the advertisements of touristic products. 3,21 1,04 0,84 I prefer the product that is advertised to that is not advertised. 3,08 1,13 0,84 An advertisement for a touristic product is reliable. 3,30 1,18 0,84 (1=I totally disagree, 2=I disagree, 3= Neither agree nor disagree,4=I agree, 5= I totally agree) Within the framework of the answers given to the tourists surveyed respondents in terms of demographic characteristics is a significant difference between the views on the activities of not advertising Status Independent samples t-test and one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be tested on. According to the findings in Table 1, participants' opinions about advertising activities, gender, age, marital status and nationality, different from the 0.01 level of significance. Although there is no significant difference in women than in men, between the ages of 19 and under the other tourists by tourists, married bachelors, and by the tourists from Russia as a more positive viewof other advertising activities observed by tourists. According to the findings in Table 1, participants' opinions about the advertising activities of tourists surveyed varies by education level is a 0.01 level of significance. This difference, Tukey test, according to the results of secondary school graduates and graduates of associate degree graduates with post-graduate and postgraduate degree was found to be among the graduates. Looking at the data for advertising activities, especially graduates of undergraduate and graduate level more negative feedback than others. Analyzed in terms of the income variable, the opinions of the participants on the activities of advertising income levels vary according to the 0.01 level of significance. In addition, according to Tukey's test results, the difference 5000-10000 income of $ 20,001 USD and higher income tourists have been observed among tourists. Based on the above views on the advertising activities of tourists with a status of low-income, high income status according to the views of tourists, more positive.With the number of tourists visiting Istanbul in the same way as advertising activities have been identified for the difference between the perceptions of the level of significance of 0.01. The second and more visitors compared to those who visit for the first time reported more positive advertising activities have been identified. 7 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo From the findings in Table 3; advertising affect consumer preferences, product preferences of the tourists surveyed averages for the activity of benefit to sources of information (brochures and catalogs, radio, television and film, newspapers and magazines, past experiences and the tourist information offices) 0.01 of statistically significant difference in the level of significance is detected in the advertising resources utilized for the operation averages (travel agent, the internet and friends - related recommendations) have been identified a significant difference between. Opinions about advertising activities examined, benefiting tourist travel agency reporting a positive opinion than others have been identified. Conclusion and Recommendations Opinions about the advertising activities of foreign tourists coming to Istanbul analyzed; aid in this study, and to provide information about tourist products and services are used to attract the attention of the consumer are met, and the ad was found positive in terms of the participants. The most positive views of the tourists surveyed for the ad, "tourism goods and services should be advertised" statement stated. Tourists, how to reach information about the products and services they have learned through the ads and expressed a favorable opinion on the ad is a good source of information. VesileÇakır and VedatÇakır’s (2008) study, consumers, advertising, regarding is as informative and entertaining. Tourists surveyed, the ads that appeal to their emotions, product preferences, expressed an unqualified opinion stating that effective. Research results, Uztuğ and others (2007) supports the work of the. Because Uztug and others (2007) were able to identify the emotional content of ads affect consumers more. Tourists, emotional ads they put out a positive opinion to explain why Robert Ranson'un with a quote: "If you captured the people's feelings, minds and wallets will follow your feelings." This approach clearly shows that tourism enterprises should be given attention to the feelings of the tourists. Participants, prepared advertisements for touristic products and services, stated that they were generally reliable. The accuracy of the information provided in the advertisements, have prescribed a favorable opinion. However, the views cannot be said that the entire negative. The reliability of the ads that pay close attention to the tourists, but, sometimes do not believe in the accuracy of the information given raises. Because, product preferences, attracting attention to information and the adoption of which is a function of the ads to be trusted for the consumer is very important. In a similar study; VesileÇakır and VedatÇakır’ study, the lack of television advertising is misleading, either positively or negatively affect consumers' stated preferences. Tourists participated in the study, and particularly preferred are buying the advertised products are put forward. In addition, the advertised product without the product they prefer, stating the previous expression in the supporting comments. Here it is understood that the ad only attracted the attention of consumers but also encourages consumers to buy right now, and as a factor in the failure of other products is preferred. Research results, "advertising are more preferable compared to products that are not advertising the products as" commenting Abela and Farris (2002) survey overlap. However, Bozok (2009)’ study, to influence consumers' buying decisions ad rate of 5% and 10% claim to have a small percentage. Karafakioğlu’ study (1988), the influence of celebrities in terms of where the ads are more successful than others, refers to consumers. In this study, participants increased their interest in celebrities and beloved characters, including the opinion that the ads are indicated. 8 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo As a result of this study, the tourists are affected by advertising tourist products have been introduced. Similar studies tourists are buying preferences of the ad effective element is the fact that, at the same time successful ads affected by a tourist mouth to mouth advertising more and more people also affect it has been revealed (Güleç, 2006). Güleç (2007)’ study is an influential factor in the preferences of German tourists in advertising activities, and in particular reveals that the tourists were affected, television and internet advertising. According to the survey, the level of income from tourists, the views of the ad, the higher income status according to the views of tourists, has been found to be more positive. Hysterectomy (1993) is for identifying and determining the level of income together with effective choices, low-income consumers, and the price stated in the informative ads that have found positive. Leveraging tourist travel agency, travel agencies not benefit from more favorable opinion of the tourists reported to have been identified with the advertising activities. Here are the pillars of hotel companies selling advertising activities of travel agencies that they have made, to be successful in influencing tourists regarding the judiciary be achieved. Female tourists by male tourists more sympathetic to advertising activities are obvious. Therefore, enterprises should give more attention to marketing activities, female tourists. In other words, the elements that appeals to women tourists more essential to get results for businesses. The same way as married, have been identified for reporting a positive opinion than bachelors. The reason for this caution since they will be married in economic terms than singles. Because it is usually singles, family responsibilities, such as not feeding. Therefore, to conduct marketing activities of enterprises out of married people is important in terms of customer acquisition and loyalty. Russia is Turkey's second largest tourism market, but also by the advertising activities of Russian tourists than other tourists is given a positive opinion, requires businesses to devote more attention to this market than others. Also the tourists coming through your travel agent, more positive views on advertising activities. In this context, the advertising activities of travel agencies can be said to be successful. Nearly half of the tourists come to Istanbul for the first time. Although there may be many factors that encourage them to visit Istanbul for the second time to visit the region emerges as an important factor in advertising activities. Second, and more, because those who are more positive opinions about the advertising activities. Tourists, positively affected by advertising activities, visit to Istanbul again, as well as even they recommend to their social networks, visiting there. Because, who reveals the results of the research, some of the tourists visiting Istanbul is the advice of their social networks. Because of this, you are not satisfied with how negatively affect people around a tourist, but a tourist staying happy with the way people around the positive impact (Anderson, 1998). In this context, business guests leave satisfied customers can provide a marketing staff volunteered to work as well as businesses. In this research, tourism enterprises by means of various media advertising activities for tourists to affect the destination are considered. However, future researchers can address the promotion mix as a whole and compare the attitudes of consumers. In addition, consumers in different sectors can be demonstrated by comparing the views of promotional activities. 9 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo References Anderson, E.W. (1998) “Customer Satisfaction and Word of Mouth” Journal of Service Research, 1(1): 5–17. Abela,Andrew V. and Farris, Paul W. (1999).Advertising and Competition. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.202.3968&rep=rep1&t ype=pdf (25.04.2013) Akarsu, N. E. (2001). TuristikTanıtmaAmaçlıUluslararasıDüzeydeVerilenReklamlarınTuristlerÜzerinde kiEtkisininAraştırılması. YayınlanmamışYüksekLisansTezi. HacettepeÜniversitesiSosyalBilimlerEnstitüsü. Alegra, J., Juaneda, C. (2006). 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Influential factors and relational structure of Internet banner advertising in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 29, 211-236. Yükselen, C. (2008). Pazarlama; ilkeler-Yönetim-ÖrnekOlaylar.(7.Baskı). Ankara: DetayYayıncılık. 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1684 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Advertising Activities on Foreign visitors Purchasing Preferences: The Case of İstanbul Author Author OZASLAN, Yasin TUTAN, Ercan Abstract A summary of the resource. This study, tourism industry, aims to measure the impact of advertising in consumer preferences. Businesses in terms of sales increase, consumers in terms of product knowledge and the affordability, quality, purchase your product, which enables advertising to the issue of the timeliness of the protection and 2011, approximately one billion people travel to the tourism industry has a great importance of this study is the necessity of show. Turkey's most important tourism centers, which was held in İstanbul. In this study the universe in İstanbul, 2010 from foreign tourists. Field research based on this study, the primary data collection as a method of the survey have been used in the survey consists of three parts. The survey is the first part of the participants ' demographic characteristics of the variables to detect the questions are given. In the second chapter, the participants in the rest of the variables to detect the questions are given. The survey in the last section; participants' views on the activities of advertising, for the detection of the size of the expressions given in the bottom of the ad. In 2010, a total of 289 foreign tourists views on the data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed through statistical software package. Of the respondents' perceptions about advertising activities, demographic and holidays differed significantly according to the characteristics of the two groups t-test for variables with more than two groups for variables that contain a single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA test) were tested. All statistical results were analyzed based on the significance level of 0.05. Results of this research have been identified by tourists are affected by advertising activities. In addition, according to the results of the t and ANOVA tests, educational status, income status, countries, number of visits, number of days of encampment, objectives and benefit from resources such variables as the arrival of tourists has resulted in any significant difference in submissions for the ad, while the other variables between views on advertising no difference was found. Keywords: Advertising, Purchasing process, Tourism, İstanbul, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/144eb42a3d0a3b8995bcf49091302fa6.pdf dd170e55a7942ee6c5ec37713688b1c5 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relatıonship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Turkey Case İbrahim Örnek Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey ornek@ksu.edu.tr This study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Especially energy resources are most crucial input for developing countries. Also energy resources are not balanced distribution around the countries. The direction of causation of this relationship is controversial. Because, the energy consumption affect the economic growth but also economic growth leads to the energy consumption. Empirically this paper tries to find the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth for Turkey. For the empirical analysis is used to be co-integration analysis. Keywords: Economic Growth, Turkey, Energy Consumption. 166 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b9d8f15a683d53b5d91d14962b145d85.docx a53a9615af9ba1b6902b76c6bae9772a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/dc06e9c7996cc55f9f3baee1d78f5b3a.pdf e375c12769984eae16befb686f06663d PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Turkey Case İbrahim Örnek Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey ornek@ksu.edu.tr Abstract This study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Especially energy resources must crucial input for developing countries. Also energy resources are not balanced distribution around the countries. The direction of causation of this relationship is controversial. Because, the energy consumption affect the economic growth but also economic growth leads to the energy consumption. Empiricallythis paper tries to find the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth for Turkey. For the empirical analysis is used to be co-integration analysis. Key words: economic growth, Turkey, energy consumption. Review of Literatures Empirically some papers have been investigated direction causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the literature. So thesepapers’ results are mixed. For example, Kraft’s (1978) found that unidirectional causality from growth to energy consumption for USA. Yet, Yu, et. (1988), found no relationship between growth and energy consumption in case of USA. Yu and Chai, (1985), also found causality from energy consumption to economic growth. For Taiwan was found bi-directional causality between energy and growth (Aqeel and Butt, 2001, 202). MucukandUysal (2009), in Turkey,the causal relationship betweenenergyconsumption and economic growthexaminedusingco-integrationand Grangercausality tests. In their study,the results obtainedwithstationaryseriesare co-integratedin the long termsothat they move togetherfound. Akan,Doğan andIşık(2010),studiesof economic growthand energyconsumption variablesare examinedfor the period1970-2007. As a result ofresearchin Turkeybetweeneconomic growth andenergy consumptionhave revealedthata twowaycausal relationship. Alptekin and Güvenek(2010),studiesthe causalrelationshipbetween economic growth andthe finalenergy consumptionfor25OECD member countrieshas beenestimated usingPanelDataAnalysis. The result of analysisofenergy consumption andeconomic growthin these countriesis a remarkablerelationship between variables. KerimoğluandYanar(2011), examined to the between Turkey's energyconsumption, economic growth and the current account deficitwith usingthe co-integrationtest. As a result ofanalysis, increase inenergy consumptionaffects thehigh rate ofGDP. Alsoin this study was found bi-directional causality growthand current account deficitbut correlation was weak. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Yapraklı andYurttançıkmaz(2012), studiesin Turkeyfor the period1970-2010, the relationship between total electricity consumption and economicgrowth have been analyzed with theco-integration and errorcorrectiontest. As a result ofanalysis,bidirectional causalitybetweenelectricity consumption and economicgrowthhas been concluded. Turkey’s Energy Profile and Strategy Turkey is a developing country so energy needs to be increases. The relative insufficiency of the domestic resources of our country especially in terms of oil and natural gas in proportion to the rising energy demand in our country brings about the importation of oil and natural gas. In the year 2008 the total primary energy consumption of our country has been 106,3 million Ton Equivalent Petroleum (TEP), and its production has been 29,2 million TEP (EB, 2010:12). Table 1 Energy Supply and Demand of Turkey (2008) (Keskin, 2010: 14) Resources Coal Oil Wood, Waste 4.814 Hydro Wind Geothermat Sun 31.784 Natural Gas 33.807 2.861 73 1.011 420 Total (TEP) 106.273 Primary Energy Demand (000 Tep) Share of Total Demand (%) Primary Energy Supply (000 Tep) Share of Total Supply (%) Ratio of production to demand (%) 31.391 29.5 29.9 31.8 4.5 2.7 0.1 1.0 0.4 - 16.674 2.268 1014 4.814 2.861 73 1.011 420 29.192 57.1 7.8 3.2 16.5 9.8 0.2 3.5 1.4 - 53.1 7.1 2.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 27.5 In the year 2008 the total primary energy consumption of our country has been 106,2 million Ton Equivalent Petroleum (TEP), and its production has been 29,1 million TEP. The relative insufficiency of the domestic resources of our country especially in terms of oil and natural gas in proportion to the rising energy demand in our country brings about the importation of oil and natural gas. Currently, Total energy dependence of our country is 73 pct. Oil and natural gas dependence are higher, 90 % and 98 % respectively. In this context, great importance is given to the improvement of the diversification of resources, technologies and infrastructure (EB, 2010:13). Graph 1 Rate of Foreign Dependence 2000-2008 (%) (EB, 2010: 13) 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo As Turkey, EU-27 dependency on energy imports increased to reach 54.1 % by 2010. The highest energy dependency rates in 2010 were recorded for crude oil (85.2 %) and for natural gas (62.4 %) (Eurostat, 2013). The energy supply security, which sets the basis for the debates on the energy sector both across the world and for Turkey. Within the context of the energy supply security of Turkey, in recent years, the legal and technical studies have been intensified for the purpose of restructuring our energy market with a market understanding that is based on competition and transparent, detecting and using our domestic and renewable resources potential, integrating the nuclear energy into the electricity production, and utilizing the new energy technologies. For this reason, the oil and natural gas exploration operations both at home and abroad have been intensified in the recent years(EB, 2010;12). With the moves of investment in the exploration works both at home and abroad that have been accelerated in 2003, the exploration and drilling operations have been improved. In line with the changing exploration strategy and the rising exploration investments, the exploration works at home in the land as well as the hydrocarbon explorations in the seas abroad are given much importance. In line with this strategy, especially in the Black Sea, from 2004 to 2009, an intensive seismic program was implemented in our waters and the studies will be sustained increasingly. The graphics on the oil and natural gas drilling amounts conducted in the period from 2000 to 2009 are given below (EB, 2010: 13). Graph 2Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Total Amount 2000-2009 (1,000 meters) (EB, 2010: 14) In 2011, As a result of oil and natural gas drilling, in total 201 wells being as 101 exploration wells, 35 appraisal wells, 60 production wells and 5 natural gas storage wells were drilled. So 2.4 million tonnes of oil and 793 million m³ natural gas was produced in 2011 and totally 137.9 million tonnes of oil and 12.8 billion m³ natural gas were produced by now (TP, 2011:26). Furthermore, through new production wells drilled in old fields and new natural gas explorations conducted and partnerships in Thrace since 2002; gas production that declined in 2001 started to increase again and reached its peak level in 2008 with production rate of 1,014 million m3. In 2011 natural gas production recorded as 793 million m3(TP, 2011:26). By the year 2011, recoverable oil reserve reached 310.4 million barrels (45.43 million tonnes) and in case of no new exploration; estimated R/P ratio of domestic crude oil is 19.2 years with the current production level. Also, domestic natural gas reserves were 7.17 billion m3. In case of no new discovery and with the current production level, estimated R/P ratio of domestic natural gas reserves is 9 years (TP, 2011:26). 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Graph 3 Crude Oil Productions in Turkey (2002-1012) (TP, 2011:28) Graph 4 Natural Gas Productions in Turkey (2002-2012) (TP, 2011:28) In the last decade, crude oil supply of Turkey has decreased by 15%, whereas natural gas supply has increased by 121%. But, 9.5% of crude oil demand and 2% of natural gas demand have been met by local supply in 2011(TP, 2011:28). The exploration and drilling operations have been improved by the years, production of primary energy very less. Especially, there are very high foreign dependence on oil and natural gas for Turkey. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Graph 5 Crude Oil Supply in Turkey (2002-2011) (TP, 2011:30) Graph 6 Natural Gas Supply in Turkey (2002-2011) Graph 7 shows us dependence of energy ratio of EU27. EU-27’s net imports of energy have been greater than its primary production; in other words, more than half of the EU27’s gross inland energy consumption was supplied by net imports. Denmark was the only EU-27 Member State in 2010 with a negative dependency rate. Among the other Member States, the lowest dependency rates were recorded by Estonia, Romania, the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom, but Cyprus, Malta and Luxembourg were almost entirely dependent on primary energy imports. Graph 7 EU-27 Energy Dependency Rate (Eurostat, 2013) 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Turkey has become one of the fastest growing energy markets in the world. Turkey has been experiencing rapid demand growth in all segments of the energy sector for decades. Now Turkey has been the second country, after China, in terms of natural gas and electricity demand increase. Turkey is expected to become one of the most dynamic energy economies of the world in terms of increase in energy demand.The limits of Turkey’s domestic energy sources in light of its growing energy demand have resulted in dependency on energy imports, primarily of oil and gas. At present, around 26 % of the total energy demand is being met by domestic resources, while the rest is being provided from a diversified portfolio of imports (DB,2013). The primary aim of Turkey is to realize its own energy security. To this end, Turkey has for objective to (DB,2013). - diversify its energy supply routes and source countries, increase the share of renewables and include the nuclear in its energy mix, take significant steps to increase energy efficiency, Turkey’s role as a reliable transit country on the East-West as well as North-South energy axis Turkey is geographically located in close proximity to more than 70% of the world’s proven oil and gas reserves so the importance of Turkey is getting increasing for energy corridor to carry the energy resources to the world market. Especially, considerations that have gained increased significance in today’s Europe. The purpose of forming a natural energy bridge between the source countries and consumer markets that was initiated construction of pipeline projects in Turkey. Turkey’s Role as a Pipeline Projects 1 Oil Pipeline -Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline The transportation of oil produced in Caspian Region, especially from Azeri-ChiragGuneshli (ACG) Project in Azerbaijan to a terminal at Ceyhan on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey,, in a safe, secure, reliable and environmentally friendly way is continuing through the BTC Project which is the first step of East-West Energy Corridor. BTC pipeline, which has a capacity of 1 million barrels per day, and at 1760 kilometers is the second longest of its kind in the world. The first cargo of oil, which had travelled through the BTC pipeline to Ceyhan, has been loaded onto a tanker on 4 June 2006. As of 15 October 2012, over 1.5 billion barrels of Azeri oil was loaded to tankers from Ceyhan and shipped to international markets (DB,2013). -Iraq - Turkey (Kirkuk – Yumurtalık) Crude Oil Pipeline It transports the oil produced in Kirkuk and other areas of Iraq to the Ceyhan Marine Terminal. The pipeline system is with an annual transport capacity of 35 Million tons in 1976. The capacity of the line was increased to 46.5 Million tons/year in 1984. With the completion of the second pipeline, parallel to the first one, the annual capacity reached 70.9 million tons as of 1987. Turkey has concluded the negotiations with the Iraqi side 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo aiming at extending the duration of the transportation agreement via this pipeline on 19 September 2010 (DB,2013). 2 Natural Gas Pipeline - Blue Stream Gas The Blue Stream gas pipeline is designed to supply Russian gas directly to Turkey via the Black Sea. The Blue Stream supplements the gas transportation corridor from Russia to Turkey. Pipeline’s construction was completed and natural gas supplies through Blue Stream began in February 2003. The total length of the Blue Stream pipeline is 1213 km, design capacity 16 billion cubic meters of gas a year. At the end of 2010 the total volume of gas delivered through Blue Stream exceeded 54.5 billion cubic meters of gas (GASPROM, 2013). - South Caucasus Natural Gas Pipeline (SCP) Project Within the scope of SCP Project, Shah Deniz natural gas is being transported to GeorgianTurkish border. The SCP passing through the same corridor with BTC is about 690 km in length. After commencement of the construction of the pipeline physically in 2004, construction activities have been completed. In parallel with the production activities of Shah Deniz, continuous gas transportation was started on March 7th, 2007. The pipeline having an investment cost of 1.4 billion USD, is transporting natural gas through Azerbaijan, Georgia, Türkiye and BTC’s pump stations in Azerbaijan and Georgia. The pipeline has a transportation capacity of 9 billion m3 of natural gas to Turkish border with one compressor station in Sangachal Terminal in line with the terms of AGSC-BOTAŞ Sales and Purchasing Agreement (SPA). However, it is possible to expand this capacity up to 22 billion m3 in a year by adding new compressor stations and/or looping. In 2010, totally 6.8 billion m3 natural gas was transported and 4.4 billion m3 of this amount was sold to BOTAŞ (TP, 2013) - Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum (BTE) Natural Gas Pipeline, It has become operational as of 3 July 2007. Designed to transport natural gas from the Shah Deniz field in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea, through Georgia to Turkey, it is envisaged that the pipeline will export 6,6 billion cubic meters a year according to the Agreement between our country and Azerbaijan for Shah Deniz Phase I. As for Phase II, a common understanding was reached between the parties on 7 June 2010 in Istanbul in terms of both Azeri natural gas amount to be exported by Turkey, and Azeri natural gas amount to be exported to Europe via Turkey, and also price and transit tariffs. Methodology and Data The time series analyses have suggested some improvements in the standard Granger test. The first step is to check for the stationary of the original variables and then test cointegration between them. According to Granger (1986), the test is valid if the variables are not co-integrated. Second, the results of Granger causality are very sensitive to the 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo selection of lag length. We chose lag length is used to the Akaike’s Final Prediction Error (Aqeel and Butt, 2001,103). The basic model relates economic growth to energy consumption. The model is: log Y = f(log Xi) (1) Y is GDP and X is primary energy consumption. All the variables are in per capita log form. The relevant data were available for the period 1975-2011 from Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. The procedures to estimate the model are discussed below. - Engle-Granger Test The aim is to explore the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables namely, trade openness and income inequality. To do so, we use Engle-Granger’s (1988) two step procedure. First, co-integrated regressions are estimated by the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method (Örnek and Elveren,2010:66): X t  0  0Yt  t (2) Yt  1  1 X t   ' t (3) Where  0 and 1 are constants, and  t and  are error terms. In the paper, first, it is tested whether the series are co-integrated or not, and then, in the second step, using the Error Correction Model (ECM) we apply the Granger Causality Test for variables based on the significance of coefficients of the error terms. The ECM can be formulized as following ' t m n i 1 j 1 X t  a0  b0  t 1   c0 i X t i   d 0 Yt  j  et Yt  a1  b1 ' t 1 q r i 1 j 1   c1i Yt i   d1i X t  j  et' (4) (5) In equations  t 1 and  t' 1 the lagged residuals are estimated by the co-integrated regressions of equations of (3) and (4). “  ” shows that we make the variables stationarybydifferencing variables. If b0 and b1 are statistically significant a time series X is said to be Granger-cause Y and Y is said to be Granger-cause X. The ECM states that if two variables are co-integrated there is at least one-way causality between variables. In this paper, the causality relationship between growth (gdp), primary energy consumption (cons) and secondary (electricity) energy consumption (elec) is examined. The investigation of stationary is closely related to the tests for unit roots. We employ Dickey-Fuller (DF) and Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) to test the stationary. The results of DF and ADF unit roots tests are provided in Table 2. 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 2 DF and ADF Unit Roots Analysis cons gdp elec Test Statistics Level Value First Difference -0.53 9 -5.77 9  -0.039 9 1.74 9 Critical Values %5 -2.95 %1 -3.63  -6.20 9 5.80 9 %10 -2.61 -3.63 -2.95 -2.61 -3.63 -2.95 -2.61  1 Number of Lagged Residuals with respect to the Schwarz Information Criterion In Table 2 the results of DF and ADF tests shows that the levels of variables are nonstationary. Applying the same tests to first differences to determine the order of integration, it is concluded that series are stationary in first differences. That is, the series are integrated order of one, I(1). Therefore, the co-integration test can be applied in order to investigate the existence of a long-run relationship between variables. Table 3 shows result of the Engle-Granger (1988) co-integration test. The absolute values of the calculated test statistics for all the residuals are less than its critical value at the 5 per cent level. So, it’s mean that there is no relationship between growth and primary energy consumption. Table 3 Two-way Co-integrations Analysis Co-integrated Regressions gnp = f (cons) cons = f(gdp) Calculated ADF Residuals 7 -2,62 7  -2,62 Critical Value %5 %10 Results -2,99 -2,63 Non-Co-integrated -2,99 -2,63 Non-Co-integrated  1 Number of Lagged Residuals with respect to the Schwarz Information Criterion We made other analysis that causality relationship between the growth and secondary (electricity) energy consumption is examined for Turkey. As Table 4 shows, there is a twoway log-run relationship between gdp and electricity energy consumption. Table 4 Two-way Co-integrations Analysis Co-integrated Regressions gdp = f (elec) cons = f(gdp) Calculated ADF Residuals 7 -3,32 7  --3.32 Critical Value %5 %10 Results -2,94 -2,61 Cointegrated -2.94 -2,61 Cointegrated However, existence of a long-run relationship does not necessarily imply a short-run relationship. Therefore, an error-correction mechanism as in equations (4) and (5) is needed. 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 5 Error Correction Models and Granger Causality Test Dependent Variable ∆gdp Wald Test ∆elec  (2)=164,70(0,0000) 2 Wald Test ECM-1(t-test) ( Delec, ECM-1) *** -0,014 (2,70) 2 (3)=165(0,0000) *** ( gdp, ECM-1) ∆gdp ∆elec  (2)=268(0,0000) 2 -0,16 (-3,18) ***  (3)=178(0,0000) 2 *** *,** and ***, show 10%, 5% and 1% level of significances, respectively. In Table 5 “Δ” shows first differences of variables and values in parenthesis show p-value. Number of lags for variables was chosen by the Schwartz Criterion. The Error Correction Model (ECM) shows the strength of adjustment toward equilibrium in the short-run. As shown in Table 5, the sources of causality are examined in three ways. All these tests show a significant causality between economic growth and electricity energy consumption inequality. The signs of coefficients of error correction terms of both variables are negative and t-value is statistically significant. Therefore, there is a strong two-way causality between variables in question. Conclusion In this study we attempt to provide some empirical evidence on the relationship between economic growth, primary and secondary energy consumption for Turkey for the period of 1975-2011. Our analysis shows that there is no causality growth and primary energy consumption but we found that there is a strong two-way causality between growth and electricity energy consumption. Consequently, in the progress of growth of Turkey need to the energy demand increasingly. Also, within the context of the energy supply security of Turkey should be make the legal and technical studies, thus Turkey have been intensified for the purpose of restructuring our energy market with a market understanding that is based on competition and transparent, detecting and using their domestic and renewable resources potential, integrating the nuclear energy into the electricity production, and utilizing the new energy technologies. References Aqeel A, Sabihuttin Butt, (2001). The Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Pakistan”, Asia-Pasific Development Journal, Vol. 8, No.2, 101-110. Akan, Y., Doğan, E. M. ve Işık, C. (2010). “The Causality Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey”, Enerji, Piyasa ve Düzenleme, 1(1), 101-120. 10 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Alptekin, V. ve Güvenek, B. (2010). “Enerji Tüketimi ve Büyüme İlişkisi: OECD Ülkelerine İlişkin Bir Panel Veri Analizi”, Enerji, Piyasa ve Düzenleme, 1(2), 172-193. Dış İşleri Bakanlığı, (2013). Turkey’s Energy Strategy, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkeysenergy-strategy.en.mfa (23.04.2013) Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı, Energy and Natural Resources Strategıc Plan (20102014). EUROSTAT, (2013). Energy Production and Imports, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europ a.eu/statistic (20 April 2013). GASPROM, (2013). Blue Stream, http://www.gazpromexport.ru/en/projects/1/, (24April 2013). Kerimoğlu, G. ve Yanar, R. (2011). “Türkiye’de Enerji Tüketimi, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Cari Açık İlişkisi” Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 191-201. Kraft, J. And A. Kraft (1978). “On the Relationship between Energy and GNP”, Journal of Energy and Development, 3, pp. 401-403. Mucuk, M. ve Uysal, D. (2009). “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme”, Maliye Dergisi (157), 105-115. Örnek, İ., and A.Y. Elveren(2010). “Trade liberalization and income inequality in Turkey: An Empirical –Analysis” ´Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19, no. 2: 62–70. Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TP), (2011). Oil and Natural Gas Sector Report. Yapraklı, S. ve Yurttançıkmaz Z. Ç. (2012). “Elektrik Tüketimi İle Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik: Türkiye Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz” C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 195-215. 11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1665 Title A name given to the resource The Relatıonship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Turkey Case Author Author ORNEK, Ibrahim Abstract A summary of the resource. This study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. Especially energy resources are most crucial input for developing countries. Also energy resources are not balanced distribution around the countries. The direction of causation of this relationship is controversial. Because, the energy consumption affect the economic growth but also economic growth leads to the energy consumption. Empirically this paper tries to find the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth for Turkey. For the empirical analysis is used to be co-integration analysis. Keywords: Economic Growth, Turkey, Energy Consumption. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4c67c74304093563e61afa80d5abd12b.pdf 16011ae8036405efb50ddd9f0b65ef7f PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Knowledge Economy and its Impact on the Employment and the Employees’ Profile Kenan Ören Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey koren25@hotmail.com Hasan Yüksel Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey hasanyuksel37@gmail.com Throughout history, there has been a radical transformation concerning the developmental stages in the lives of human beings. The first stage that initiates with the agriculture continues with industry which is the main turning points in the sociological perspective of work and working life. The Industrial Revolution that was the sign of transformation from the manual oriented economy to the machine oriented ones also shifted the requirements of the human resource capital. The new terms about the work entered to the literature such as the time, wage, and trade unions, working conditions, factories and so forth. This event called as industrialization as different from the period of agriculture isolated the work and family life from one another. In the third period, the economic, sociological, and the political procedures resulted in the development as well as the importance of the knowledge and the knowledge economy. Today, the knowledge which is the particular indicator of knowing something and know-how is associated with the welfare and the power. Those who can produce and utilize the knowledge can compete with the others easily. Therefore, it can be stated that the knowledge is the main determinant of current age called as ‘the age of information’. In a way, this inclination shaped a great many things in the society from the education to the employment strategies of the nations. Even more, the requirements of the employees altered unlike those in the industrial period. As an example, the internationalization of the human capital in terms of their qualifications, the occurrence of the knowledge workers put a different point to the employment based strategically approach. Within this framework, the main aim of the study is to analyze the changing perspectives of the employment and the employees by referencing to the information centered society. Keywords: Knowledge Economy, Knowledge, Knowledge Worker. 187 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f5c5cad5927e55fe3914f7e6b2702a50.docx 58505ea4570fd2709f06b7c0cef78830 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/50c4d1b0b732b981f63b35d73fc1e536.pdf 5e9e712b15c127a05560c033a54855f9 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Knowledge as the Main Determinant on the Employment and the Employees‟ Profile Kenan Ören Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey koren25@hotmail.com Hasan Yüksel Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta hasanyuksel37@gmail.com Abstract Throughout history, there has been a radical transformation concerning the developmental stages in the lives of human beings. The first stage that initiates with the agriculture continues with industry which is the main turning points in the sociological perspective of work and working life. The Industrial Revolution that was the sign of transformation from the manual oriented economy to the machine oriented ones also shifted the requirements of the human resource capital. The new terms about the work entered to the literature such as the time, wage, trade unions, working conditions, factories and so forth. This event called as industrialization as different from the period of agriculture isolated the work and family life from one another. In the third period, the economic, sociological, and the political procedures resulted in the development as well as the importance of the knowledge and the knowledge economy. Today, the knowledge which is the particular indicator of knowing something and know-how is associated with the welfare and the power. Those who can produce and utilize the knowledge can compete with the others easily. Therefore, it can be stated that the knowledge is the main determinant of current age called as „the age of information‟. In a way, this inclination shaped a great many things in the society from the education to the employment strategies of the nations. Even more, the requirements of the employees altered unlike those in the industrial period. As an example, the internationalization of the human capital in terms of their qualifications, the occurrence of the knowledge workers put a different point to the employment based strategically approach. Within this framework, the main aim of the study is to analyze the changing perspectives of the employment and the employees by referencing to the information centered society. Key Words: Knowledge economy, knowledge, knowledge worker Introduction There has been an ongoing change all over the course of the history in every fields of the society, that is to say, politically, economically, scientifically and so forth. From this perspective, it can be argued that the change is the main dynamism of the world. Each member of the world renew themselves based upon this change criteria perpetually. Concerning the developmental process of humankind, that is also the case. For example, the industrial revolution which is the root of the economic growth in the Western countries on technology which results from the usage of useful knowledge and the interaction of the knowledge itself can be interpreted as the turning point in the life cycle of the humans. The reason is that the industrial revolution which was a kind of transition from hand made 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo products to the industrial manufacture provided the productivity growth and the relative quality in the life. 1 In the aftermath of industrial revolution, the parameters belonged to the age of agriculture was redefined. Along with the development of industry, new terms such as factory, wage, trade unions, and social policy implementations entered to the life and the life of one‟s own was isolated from the working place. The working hours occurred and the freedom of the employees was submitted to the initiative of the employers in spite of the fact that the means of production did not belong to the employees which bring about the alienation to the work, to the employers and to the product that they manufactured. The gap between employees and the employers resulted in the clash, so to say, the clash of power on the manufacturing system. At the same time, the capitalism which can be taken into account as the social system in which “the means for producing and distributing goods (the land, factories, technology, transport system etc.) are owned by a small minority of people.” To put in another way, the capitalists are those who possess the capital. And the majority of the people who work for them are called the workers who sell their ability to work in return for a salary or wage. That‟s why, the ultimate effect of industrial revolution is the occurrence of the class of employees and the employers. But, the profile of the employees are too low, they are not so talented and they just serve for the capitalist idea which is profit driven. Here, it can be said that in the early times of the industrial revolution, the great majority of the people who were workers were exploited by the employers because of the fact that they do not have the bargaining power and they are not so skilled. All these also cause the low wage for the workers as well. 2 The third turning point in the lives of humankinds is the knowledge revolution which lays a great emphasis on the production and the usage of the knowledge. In this age, the knowledge is synonymous with the power. Those who produce knowledge and those who use it have the power all over the world. In this term, the employment and the worker profile radically changed on account of the fact that the requirements of the employment and the worker altered too. Therefore, in this study, the ultimate objective is to reveal the significance of the knowledge economy on the labor relations generally, and specifically the employment and employees profile. Knowledge Knowledge that is regarded as the asset of the upcoming future is “understanding of or information about a subject that you get by experience or study, either known by one person or by people generally” or “the state of knowing about or being familiar with something”. 3 What about information, wisdom, data and the other terms? What are the differences of these terms with knowledge? Are they the same or similar? The equation among these terms can be revealed in the following formula: 4 1 Joel Mokry, “Why Was The Industrial Revolution A European Phenomenon?” Supreme Court Economic Review, Vol 10, The Rule of Law, Freedom and Prosperity, 2003, pp. 27, 28. 2 http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/what-capitalism (Retrieved 15.04.2013). 3 Cambridge University Dictionary, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/knowledge?q=knowledge (Retrieved 15.04.2013). 4 Anthon P. Botha, Knowledge-Living and Working With It, Published by Juta and Co, Cape Town South Africa, 2007, p. 10. 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Figure 1: The Equation of Knowledge Wisdom=Knowledge+Experience Source: Anthon P. Botha, Knowledge-Living and Working with It, Published by Juta and Co, Cape Town South Africa, 2007, p. 10. As seen in figure one, knowledge, along with the experience, equates the wisdom. In regards to hierarchy, wisdom ranks higher than knowledge which was followed by information and data. The knowledge can be put in order in this way: Data includes raw and fresh facts. Information is the facts given in a particular context. Knowledge is the information that targets action. Wisdom is to determine which knowledge can be used in which context and for what purpose. So, wisdom is the highest level of ranking. So as to make these terms more concrete, a new example can be given. For instance, if someone says “30”, this does not mean anything. It could be height, kilometer, kilograms or something like that. So here the number 30 is the raw material. But, if someone says 30 Centigrade, everyone will understand that it is about temperature. This is the information which is used in contexts. Additionally, if someone says that 30 is the age when a person is productive most, this is called as knowledge. So, in a way knowledge is type of information that is accepted generally by everyone. Wisdom as the upper degree of knowledge is common feeling which is also tested with the experiences as well. 5 In a way, knowledge is something like a term that is neither data nor information but it is actually related to both. Maybe, knowledge “is plural, heterogeneous phenomenon that comprises multiple rationalities, whose logics are not defined by a transcendental norm but relate to the pragmatics of contexts.” 6 There are some very particular developments that play a key role in the development of the knowledge as in the following: 7 a) The economic globalizations that necessitate the firms adapt themselves to the innovation and the scientific improvement. b) The increasing awareness concerning the value of specialized knowledge. c) The increasing awareness on the knowledge as a distinct factor for production. d) Computer networking. As seen in the items, the knowledge taken into account as the value in 21th century does not occur all of a sudden. However, there are some turning points that contribute to the emergence of the knowledge such as industrial revolution, globalization and computer networking. All these things pave the way that the knowledge is the ultimate result concerning these development oriented issues. Age of Knowledge and Its Reflections on the Society Rather than the theoretical basis of the knowledge, it is a kind of name that is associated with a particular period. Especially after the neoliberal policies in the world following the 5 Botha, Ibid, p. 10. Elias M. Awad and Hassan M. Ghaziri, Knowledge Management, Second Impression, Published by Dorling Kindersley, India, 2008, p. 56. 7 James W. Cortoda, Rise of the Knowledge Worker, Heinamann Press, 1999. 6 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo crisis of 1970, the world started to debate about the knowledge and its importance. The industry and all aspects of live started to be associated with the knowledge. The paradigms of the industrial revolution changed. Instead of physical inputs, the intellectual capabilities of the humans come to the fore.8 The knowledge is regarded as a sort of “unique attribute” and it is dealt with by humans through mental processes, awareness as well as intuition and can solely be transferred through learning activity. 9 Here, this age is named after information age, knowledge age, information society and ext. The developmental process is a little bit relative. Without any hesitation, the unique feature of this society is that these societies are driven by the creativities. It is an advantage for the economy but some people like Schumpeter argue that this is a period of “creative destruction.” Yeah, it causes continuous economic growth and richness for the general society and it includes the public good but its identity of “profit” disorders the social norms and social orders. 10 The availability of the knowledge in the internet erodes some of the professions and also the subject centered knowledge. 11 The remains of the knowledge society dates back even before the industrial revolution. To put in an explicit term, it can be argued that the knowledge society is not the first experience of the humankinds in the nineteenth century. As an example, the Renaissance which can be interpreted as the rebirth of the Europe is well known for the scientific improvements in the Middle Ages. There were technological and communicative progresses that left a great impact on the society with the mass printing technologies that superseded the hand written manuscripts. In the period of Renaissance, the books are started to be published and they became more accessible. As in Renaissance, the knowledge society that is the upper advance stage of the knowledge production and the usage, electronic communications, software service providers, the internet, the mobile phones symbolize the extended form of the information. In each situation, the possession of the knowledge is viewed as the social and economic resource, in a way, commercial item. Both in the period of Renaissance and modern age, the knowledge has been practical if it is put into practice along with its theoretical side. All these things pave the way that there is not a single knowledge society but a few which changed the vision of the nations and broadened their perspectives. 12 8 Walter W. Powell and Kasia Snellman, “The Knowledge Economy”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol 30, 2004, p. 199; Süleyman Kevük, “Bilgi Ekonomisi”, Journal of Yaşar University, 1/ 4, Ekim 2006, pp. 320322. 9 Debra M. Amidon, Innovation Strategy For The Knowledge Economy The Ken Awakening, Heinmann Publication, USA, 1997, p .5. 10 Andy Hargreaves, Teaching in The Knowledge Society Education In The Age of Insecurity, Teachers College Press Publication, Colombia University, USA, 2003, p. 1. 11 Peter John Williams, “Valid Knowledge: The Economy and The Academy”, Higher Education, Vol 54, No 4, October 2007, p. 512. 12 Jennifer Adelstein, “What Makes Knowledge Society? Privileging Discourses”, Ed. Katerina Nicolopoulou, Mine Karataş Özkan, Ahu Tatli, John Taylor, Global Knowledge Work Diversity and Relational Perspectives, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, USA, 2011, p. 9. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 1: The Comparison of the Knowledge Societies Knowledge Society Information technologies Computers Discursive Objects The shift of communication Technology Electronic telecommunication systems Knowledge as a social and economic resource Knowledge as an accessible concept Application of the knowledge as well as its practice New forms of organization that emphasizes knowledge frameworks Electronic databases Information society The spread of knowledge Resource Accessibility Not just theory but also practice Renaissance Script to printing The development of the printing press Book publishers and the book sellers Publishing as a social and political source Greater access to the written materials The theories are made a knowledge framework Advance The progress translation in the The storage of the information Informing and to be informed Printed books The transition to medieval to early modern From oral to literature society Church and the state From elementary education Educational shift to higher education Global institutions, Institutional control governments, and corporations Knowledge society Political effectiveness The nation states and contributes to the nationalism development of the globalization. Source: Jennifer Adelstein, “What Makes Knowledge Society? Privileging Discourses”, Ed. Katerina Nicolopoulou, Mine Karataş Özkan, Ahu Tatli, John Taylor, Global Knowledge Work Diversity and Relational Perspectives, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, USA, 2011, p. 10; Michael B. Arthur, Denise M. Rousseau, The Boundaryless Career A New Employment Principle For A New Organizational Era, Oxford University Press, UK, 1996. The age of knowledge brings communication technologies and the computer as the main directors of the labor and labor relations. Unlike from the agricultural and industrial revolution, the age of knowledge can be defined as the knowledge revolution as it causes radical changes in all the spheres of life. Especially those countries that adapt themselves to the knowledge based orientations get a competitive advantage over the other countries. Also, in this age, the knowledge means the power and the power means running and controlling the world. 13 The production and the use of the knowledge which adds plus value to the productivity and innovation14 is the indispensable parts of the knowledge age. All the paradigms of the society are shaped within the knowledge identity and learning such as lifelong learning that constitutes the core of the society and that paves the way for the development of the society as well. Here it can be discussed that it is impossible to isolate the knowledge age from the ongoing learning process. The learning is not teacher centered but in the stark contrast the learning is student centered. And also the learning as different from the classic 13 Derek Law, “Information Policy For A New Millennium”, Library Review, Volume 49, Number 7, 2000, p. 324. 14 Giovanni Peri, “Determinants of Knowledge Flows and Their Effect on Innovation”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol 87, No 2, May 2005, p. 308. 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo idea is not just confined to the school and there are lots of sources to learn information. However, the function of the schools is to make the students teach how to learn. 15 In the age of knowledge, the production of the knowledge as well as using it has been paramount importance as the knowledge is taken into account as the power itself. The internet, the telecommunication systems, the computer are the prominent devices utilized for the production of the knowledge which pave the way that humans come closer and the world is smaller. This also fosters the globalization itself. The information age in which organizational effectiveness gained momentum with the various management styles such as Total Quality Management (TQM), Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM), and Talent Management (TM) supported the competitiveness and also operational learning for the businesses. 16 The old paradigms, the old management styles, and the traditional company concepts doom to change with this new trend as shown in the following table. 17 Table 2: The Difference between Traditional Company and Knowledge Driven Company Traditional Company The Knowledge Driven Company Procedures Challenges Centralized Management, Hierarchy Self-Management, Flexibility External Allocation of Work Ones of allocation of work Resistance to the change Ongoing change Closed to the world Open to the world Supervision Self-supervision Source: Peter Hold Christensen, Knowledge Management Perspectives and Pitfalls, Copenhagen Business School Press, Denmark, 2003, p. 10. As seen in Table 2, with the knowledge oriented concept, the businesses commenced to alter their strategies, and they reshaped their ideas concerning the knowledge itself. The new age made the companies bend the rules and they put the flexibility into the center. The companies in this age are open to change and open to the world. So, they used these kinds of motives and methods to capture the attention of the knowledge workers and to adapt this new era as illustrated in Table 3. 18 15 Andy Hargreaves, Teaching In The Knowledge Society Education In The Age of Insecurity, Published by Teachers College Press, New York, USA, 2003, p. 1, 3; Refik Balay, “Küreselleşme, Bilgi Toplumu ve Eğitim”, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 37, Sayı 2, 2004, p. 69. 16 Amit Shankar Mukherjee, Michael A Lapre, Luk N. Van Wassenhove, “Knowledge Driven Quality Improvement”, Management Science, Vol 44, No 11, 1998, p. 35. 17 Peter Hold Christensen, Knowledge Management Perspectives and Pitfalls, Copenhagen Business School Press, Denmark, 2003, p. 10. 18 Christensen, Ibid, pp. 10, 17. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 3: The Motives and the Methods That the Knowledge Companies To Use Motives Adapting a management style that is quite modern for the knowledge workers. Searching new knowledge. Methods Informing the public concerning the engagement of the company in the knowledge management. Allowing the staff to produce new knowledge and making them to be productive. Learning from the experience of the company. Spending so much time on the projects that the company developed well in advance. Improving the knowledge of the staff concerning the Establishing a network that provides to the each staff company. what they are doing about the company. Guaranteeing the independence of the staff Documenting the knowledge of the employees which will decrease the vulnerability effect of the company when the staff leaves from the work. Finding a way to retain the staff as they possess Offering better opportunities to the staff which will invaluable knowledge. motivate them. Encouraging the staff to improve knowledge Developing the dialogue among the staff to share sharing. their knowledge on the staff. Source: Peter Hold Christensen, Knowledge Management Perspectives and Pitfalls, Copenhagen Business School Press, Denmark, 2003, p. 17. The companies in the age of knowledge are to use some motives and methods to increase the dynamism of them. For example, they should adapt flexible management, they should find a way to search for new knowledge, they should get lessons from their past experiences, they should give utmost importance to free mobility of the employees, they should learn to retain the staff and so forth. These new organizational ways of the knowledge companies are to be competitive and it is to strengthen the organizational culture of them which is the sinequanon of the information age. In this context, considering that the information age is effective in all parts of society, the reflections of the knowledge on the society as a whole not just on the businesses can be summarized in the following items. The improvement of the knowledge in the society can be regarded as a kind of revolution as it ends with radical transformations. In the age of knowledge, the society is started to be shaped concerning information production and its usage. The fundamental paradigms of the industrial society were left and the codes of the community were reshaped within the idea of innovation. The knowledge means economic, politic and cultural power all over the world. The classical management styles also changed as in personnel management. Instead of all these, new and modern ones were replaced like human resource management, strategic human resource management, talent management and so on. The hierarchical mechanisms of the working environment were left and flexibility was put into practice. At the same time, flexible working such as tele-work, part time work, homework entered to the working. The devices of the knowledge society such as internet and telecommunication accelerated the process of globalization. New concepts in the education like lifelong learning, distance learning occurred. So, the learning process went beyond the school environment and a particular age period owing to the fact that the information becomes old and obsolete in a short period of time, and it is to be updated. All these arguments pave the way that the learning turns into a paradigm which something like from “cradle to grave”. 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The profiles of the employees changed as well. This means that the requirements of the workers are needed to be updated within the context of the knowledge age. Otherwise, the companies do not increase their competitive advantage as the human resource is their assets. The e-mail, Google, Facebook, messenger as the products of the social media are the other outputs of the information age. Through thisequipment, the world come closer and the people get in touch with one another easily. The modern education techniques like computer assisted learning and also the technological devices like smart boards, overhead projectors, computer labs altered the vision of the education. Knowledge Management The internal infrastructure of the companies and the increasing complexity of the environment make them invest in innovation and the scarcity of the resources brings the knowledge to the fore as the success of the businesses. From this perspective, it can be mentioned that knowledge is taken into account as the crucial factor that surpasses the other production factors such as labor, capital, land, and so forth. Here, knowledge management occurred “as a label for consciously perceiving and addressing the issues raised by the importance and availability of knowledge.” Knowledge management can be addressed as a sort of management that manages the knowledge as the source. It is also concerned with managing the knowledge related concepts such as knowledge workers on the basis of creating and maintaining plus value concerning knowledge. Knowledge management as its perspective is so wide; it includes business studies, sociology, psychology, educational science, computer science, cognitive science, and so forth. 19 Knowledge management in other words is a new, interdisciplinary concept that puts the knowledge on the center of the organizational processes. Knowledge as it provides the ultimate competitive advantage for the firms; it involves different factors like technology, people, organizational processes, and knowledge. 20 Figure 1: The Components of Knowledge Management Knowledge People (Workforce) Technology (IT Infrastructur e) Organization al Processes Source: Elias M. Awad and Hassan M. Ghaziri, Knowledge Management, Second Impression, Published by Dorling Kindersley, India, 2008, p. 27. 19 Herwig Rollett, Knowledge Management Processes and Technologies, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts, USA, 2003, p. 6. 20 Awad and Ghaziri, Ibid, pp. 26, 27. 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Figure 1 reveals that knowledge management is the main framework of the management in the organizations rooted in the production of the knowledge including knowledge, people as human resource, technology and organizational processes. According to the knowledge management, the organizations use accessible knowledge from outside resources, stores knowledge in business products, represents the knowledge in various databases as well as documents, promotes the knowledge improvement by means of organizational culture and the other incentives, transfers and shares the knowledge among the different parts of the organizations and assess the value of the knowledge. 21 Knowledge Economy Knowledge economy which will be “complemented by a set of organizational mechanisms that encourage and promote the sharing/reuse of organizational knowledge”22 can be defined as a term that plays a key role in the production as well as the services based knowledge intensive activities that contribute to the technological scientific progress besides the quick obsolescence. This means that in the knowledge based economy, the primary thing to be taken into account is the knowledge itself and it is to be updated perpetually. Additionally the key component of the knowledge economy is the dependence on the mental in other words intellectual capabilities of a particular person rather than the physical strength or the natural resources. The main arguments mentioned here are the results of the leading sides of the economy especially in the developed countries which is actually driven by the technology and technological devices centered on the knowledge production and spread. 23 The concept of knowledge economy is the direct results in the development of the new technologies which starter to emerge in the late 1950s and gained momentum with the advance in the personal computers and then systematically become so widespread through the use of email and the internet technology. 24 All these things make the knowledge as the main important factor in the development of the economy as a result of the high technology investments and high technology industries. 25 The usage of the knowledge economy dates back to the OECD report from 1996 and also the Lisbon strategy in the European Union from 2000 in spite of the fact that the debates about the central role of the concept for productivity and the competitiveness commenced so earlier. The knowledge economy entails the production of the knowledge as a sort of must for the countries along with the innovation. These requirements also necessitate the transformation of the employment policies as well as the employees‟ profiles. 26 The emergence of the knowledge economy is the indicator of the human development. It ruins the particular parameters of the agricultural and industrial period. For example, in the agricultural economy, the key source is the land while in industrial economy, natural 21 Awad and Ghaziri, Ibid, p. 27. Uday R. Kulkarni, Sury Ravindran and Ronald Freeze, “A Knowledge Management Success Model: Theoreticel Development and Emprical Validation”, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol 23, No 3, Winter 2006, 2007, p. 311. 23 Powell and Snellman, Ibid, p. 199. 24 Powell and Snellman, Ibid, p. 199. 25 OECD The Knowledge Based Economy, General Distribution, Paris, 1996, p. 7. 26 Knut Ingar Westeren, “Developments In The Analysis of The Knowledge Economy: Introductory Comments”, Ed. Knut Ingar Westeren, Foundations of The Knowledge Economy Innovation, Learning and Clusters, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, USA, 2012, pp. 1, 6. 22 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo resources like coal or iron ore as well as the labor are of great significance. On the other hand, in the knowledge economy the key resource is the knowledge which plays an important role in the development of the economy which is not a new idea actually. At the same time, it is to be demonstrated that knowledge is not a peculiar concept to the knowledge economy or knowledge age, contrarily; it has been used since the period of Industrial Revolution. However, the intensity of the knowledge and its main significance increased in the age of knowledge and it becomes the main dynamics of the economy as well which means that there is a rise in the knowledge intensity of the economic activities and the concept of globalization process. 27 Figure 2: The Dynamics of Knowledge Economy 1. The transformation of knowledge as an economic output. 2. The knowledge is the main director of the economic activities. 3. The knowledge means money and power. 4. Technological devices, internet, information technologies are the complementary items of knıowledge economy. 5. The knowledge transforms the profiles of the employees and the employment. Source: John Houghton and Peter Sheehan, A Primer On The Knowledge Economy, Centre For Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Australia, 2000, pp. 1, 2. Knowledge Worker The importance of the knowledge also has a deep impact on the worker and employment profiles. Knowledge worker is the output of the knowledge society who emphasizes the significance of the knowledge. The progress in the knowledge didn‟t just transform the society, education but also it affected the worker profile and the employment policies. The knowledge skills are quite different from the industry or agriculture skills which can be assessed that the employment tactics of the twentieth century are not the case for the organizational innovation in the age of information. As in the management skills of the organizations, the requirements of the workers strikingly changed. As an example, the basic skills like reading, writing become so irrelevant and inadequate when we enter the twenty first century as the main parameters to be focused in this period is the continual learning oriented knowledge production. Even the skills like computer programming, 27 John Houghton and Peter Sheehan, A Primer On The Knowledge Economy, Centre For Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Australia, 2000, pp. 1, 2. 10 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo system analysis and system design have to be redefined again by taking into account the critical in the society. 28 The knowledge workers are quite distinctive from the other workers in regards to their task structures and skill requirements that bring them creative use, manipulation, and the extension of the knowledge. Moreover, the requirements of the knowledge workers are those: continuous job learning, partly formal education, the capability to use modern technology, information and the communication technologies. The knowledge workers also do not work alone them work in teams. Based upon all these, the knowledge workers can be defined as the groups of workers or wage earners whose job meet these criteria: “(1) the use of information technology; (2) independent design of important aspects of the job; and (3) at least upper intermediate vocational training (a college degree).29 The differences between knowledge workers and the workers in the industrial revolution are stated below. The knowledge workers rely upon their intellectual capabilities while the industrial workers depend on their physical strengths. The knowledge worker focuses on innovation but the industrial workers centers on production. The knowledge workers are goal oriented. The industrial workers are wage oriented. The knowledge workers‟ objective is the production of the knowledge. However, the industrial workers aim at the production of the commodities. There is no time and space limitation for the knowledge workers, but that is not the case for industrial workers on account of the fact that their works are carried out in a limited area, that is, the factory. The knowledge workers are educated and skilled but this is not the point for the industrial workers. For example in the early years of the industrialization, the workers are low skilled. The instruments of the knowledge workers to produce the knowledge are strikingly different from the industrial workers. Knowledge workers use computers, information technologies whereas the industrial workers utilize the machines in the factory. The knowledge workers have the bargaining power as they cannot be replaced easily, but this is not so in industrial workers. The knowledge workers view the work as a time demanding activity while the industrial workers regard it as a type of time consuming activity. This means that their perception of the work is quite different. The added value of the product of knowledge workers are higher than the others because the knowledge that can be used in the real life is something like the money itself. Conclusion The change is the main paradigms in all the societies. Throughout history, there are various events that cause radical transformations in the society like renaissance, industrial revolution, French revolution, knowledge revolution and so on. Particularly from the 28 A.D. Amar, Managing Knowledge Workers Unleashing Innovation and Productivity, Greenwood Publishing, USA, 2002, p. 10. 29 Pasi Pyöria, Harri Melin and Raimo Blom, Knowledge Workers in The Information Society, Tampere University Press, Finland, 2005, p. 14. 11 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo perspective of industrial relations and labor economics, it can be stated that the knowledge economy shifted the employment procedures as well as the employees‟ profile. In a way, knowledge revolution increased the standards of the employees. The employment policies changed as the information become so obsolete in a short period of time. The employee characteristics changed as they turn into the workers who produce knowledge and the knowledge is regarded as added value for the economy. The knowledge also means money and the power despite some arguments. No one can deny the fact that the gaining momentum of the knowledge economy is resulted in fundamental changes in all the spheres of society. References A.D. Amar, Managing Knowledge Workers Unleashing Innovation and Productivity, Greenwood Publishing, USA, 2002. Amit Shankar Mukherjee, Michael A Lapre, Luk N. Van Wassenhove, “Knowledge Driven Quality Improvement”, Management Science, Vol 44, No 11, 1998, pp. 35-49. Andy Hargreaves, Teaching In The Knowledge Society Education In The Age of Insecurity, Published by Teachers College Press, New York, USA, 2003. Andy Hargreaves, Teaching in The Knowledge Society Education In The Age of Insecurity, Teachers College Press Publication, Colombia University, USA, 2003. Anthon P. Botha, Knowledge-Living and Working With It, Published by Juta and Co, Cape Town South Africa, 2007. Cambridge University Dictionary, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/know ledge?q=knowledge (Retrieved 15.04.2013). Debra M. Amidon, Innıvation Strategy For The Knowledge Economy The Ken Awakening, Heinmann Publication, USA, 1997. Derek Law, “Information Policy For A New Millennium”, Library Review, Volume 49, Number 7, 2000, pp. 322-330. Elias M. Awad and Hassan M. Ghaziri, Knowledge Management, Second Impression, Published by Dorling Kindersley, India, 2008. Giovanni Peri, “Determinants of Knowledge Flows and Their Effect on Innovation”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol 87, No 2, May 2005, pp. 308-322. Herwig Rollett, Knowledge Management Processes and Technologies, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts, USA, 2003. http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/what-capitalism (Retrieved 15.04.2013). James W. Cortoda, Rise of the Knowledge Worker, Heinamann Press, 1999. 12 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Jennifer Adelstein, “What Makes Knowledge Society? Privileging Discourses”, Ed. Katerina Nicolopoulou, Mine Karataş Özkan, Ahu Tatli, John Taylor, Global Knowledge Work Diversity and Relational Perspectives, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, USA, 2011, pp 3-21. Joel Mokry, “Why Was The Industrial Revolution A European Phenomenon?” Supreme Court Economic Review, Vol 10, The Rule of Law, Freedom and Prosperity, 2003, pp. 27-63. John Houghton and Peter Sheehan, A Primer On The Knowledge Economy, Centre For Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Australia, 2000. Knut Ingar Westeren, “Developments In The Analysis of The Knowledge Economy: Introductory Comments”, Ed. Knut Ingar Westeren, Foundations of The Knowledge Economy Innovation, Learning and Clusters, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, USA, 2012, pp. 1-14. Michael B. Arthur, Denise M. Rousseau, The Boundaryless Career A New Employment Principle For A New Organizational Era, Oxford University Press, UK, 1996. OECD The Knowledge Based Economy, General Distribution, Paris, 1996. Pasi Pyöria, Harri Melin and Raimo Blom, Knowledge Workers in The Information Society, Tampere University Press, Finland, 2005. Peter Hold Christensen, Knowledge Management Perspectives and Pitfalls, Copenhagen Business School Press, Denmark, 2003. Peter John Williams, “Valid Knowledge: The Economy and The Academy”, Higher Education, Vol 54, No 4, October 2007, pp. 511-523. Refik Balay, “Küreselleşme, Bilgi Toplumu ve Eğitim”, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 37, Sayı 2, 2004, pp. 61-82. Süleyman Kevük, “Bilgi Ekonomisi”, Journal of Yaşar University, 1/ 4, Ekim 2006, pp. 319-350. Uday R. Kulkarni, Sury Ravindran and Ronald Freeze, “A Knowledge Management Success Model: Theoreticel Development and Emprical Validation”, Jorunal of Management Information Systems, Vol 23, No 3, Winter 2006, 2007, pp. 309347. Walter W. Powell and Kasia Snellman, “The Knowledge Economy”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol 30, 2004, pp. 199-220. 13 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1659 Title A name given to the resource The Knowledge Economy and its Impact on the Employment and the Employees’ Profile Author Author OREN, Kenan YUKSEL, Hasan Abstract A summary of the resource. Throughout history, there has been a radical transformation concerning the developmental stages in the lives of human beings. The first stage that initiates with the agriculture continues with industry which is the main turning points in the sociological perspective of work and working life. The Industrial Revolution that was the sign of transformation from the manual oriented economy to the machine oriented ones also shifted the requirements of the human resource capital. The new terms about the work entered to the literature such as the time, wage, and trade unions, working conditions, factories and so forth. This event called as industrialization as different from the period of agriculture isolated the work and family life from one another. In the third period, the economic, sociological, and the political procedures resulted in the development as well as the importance of the knowledge and the knowledge economy. Today, the knowledge which is the particular indicator of knowing something and know-how is associated with the welfare and the power. Those who can produce and utilize the knowledge can compete with the others easily. Therefore, it can be stated that the knowledge is the main determinant of current age called as ‘the age of information’. In a way, this inclination shaped a great many things in the society from the education to the employment strategies of the nations. Even more, the requirements of the employees altered unlike those in the industrial period. As an example, the internationalization of the human capital in terms of their qualifications, the occurrence of the knowledge workers put a different point to the employment based strategically approach. Within this framework, the main aim of the study is to analyze the changing perspectives of the employment and the employees by referencing to the information centered society. Keywords: Knowledge Economy, Knowledge, Knowledge Worker. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/de189359ae0a3b6b196fd90c0d9292d9.pdf 4fff8885d0e79749c91f53ad913480aa PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Ranking the Strategies of Human Resource Management During Economic Crisis Period Using Analytic Hierarchy Process Emrah Önder İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey emrah@İstanbul.edu.tr Altan Doğan İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey altandogan@gmail.com Choosing a right action in economic crisis period is a kind of multi-criteria decision making problem for human resource management. The aim of this study was to determine the precedence order of these human resource management activities including recruitment, reducing workforce, terminating contracts before they are due, stopping renewing labor contracts, outsourcing business in order to reduce workforce, using more casual workers, increasing the use of flexible working hours, freezing recruitment, expanding workforce, cutting training budget, reducing support for self-initiated study , reducing off-the-job training for middle managers, reducing off-the-job training for low managers, reducing offthe-job training for other employees, reducing on-the-job training, increasing training budget, increasing off-the-job training for middle managers, increasing off-the-job training for low managers, increasing offthe-job training for other employees, increasing on-the-job training, reducing individual performance goals, conducting appraisals more often, conducting appraisals less often, stopping conducting appraisals, rewards and compensation, freezing pay increments, increasing pay increments, reducing base pay rate, increasing base pay rate, reducing performancebased pay rate, increasing performance-based pay rate, reducing fringe benefits, reducing superannuation contributions, restructuring working hours by means of training, hiring part-time employees, freezing the wages and stopping performance-related payment, etc. The survey participants were the human resource management professionals and academicians. In analyzing the data, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology was used. AHP was developed in the 1970s by Thomas Saaty is a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology. It has been used extensively for analyzing complex decisions. The approach 96 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo can be used to help decision-makers for prioritizing alternatives and determining the optimal alternative using pair-wise comparison judgments. AHP is a effective decision making method especially when subjectivity exists and it is very suitable to solve problems where the decision criteria can be organized in a hierarchical way into sub-criteria. The findings of previous studies about human resource management activities in economic crisis time were first identified by literature review. Human resource managers/experts expressed or defined a ranking for the attributes in terms of importance/weights. Each human resource expert is asked to fill ‘‘checked mark’’ in the 9-point scale evaluation table. The AHP allows group decision making. One of the main advantages of the AHP method is the simple structure. This paper analyzes the possible actions taken by Human Resources managers that are facing the economic crisis. Keywords: Human Resource Management, Economic Crisis, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Multi Criteria Decision Making, Ranking Strategies 97 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1547 Title A name given to the resource Ranking the Strategies of Human Resource Management During Economic Crisis Period Using Analytic Hierarchy Process Author Author ONDER, Emrah DOGAN, Altan Abstract A summary of the resource. Choosing a right action in economic crisis period is a kind of multi-criteria decision making problem for human resource management. The aim of this study was to determine the precedence order of these human resource management activities including recruitment, reducing workforce, terminating contracts before they are due, stopping renewing labor contracts, outsourcing business in order to reduce workforce, using more casual workers, increasing the use of flexible working hours, freezing recruitment, expanding workforce, cutting training budget, reducing support for self-initiated study , reducing off-the-job training for middle managers, reducing off-the-job training for low managers, reducing offthe- job training for other employees, reducing on-the-job training, increasing training budget, increasing off-the-job training for middle managers, increasing off-the-job training for low managers, increasing offthe- job training for other employees, increasing on-the-job training, reducing individual performance goals, conducting appraisals more often, conducting appraisals less often, stopping conducting appraisals, rewards and compensation, freezing pay increments, increasing pay increments, reducing base pay rate, increasing base pay rate, reducing performancebased pay rate, increasing performance-based pay rate, reducing fringe benefits, reducing superannuation contributions, restructuring working hours by means of training, hiring part-time employees, freezing the wages and stopping performance-related payment, etc. The survey participants were the human resource management professionals and academicians. In analyzing the data, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology was used. AHP was developed in the 1970s by Thomas Saaty is a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology. It has been used extensively for analyzing complex decisions. The approach can be used to help decision-makers for prioritizing alternatives and determining the optimal alternative using pair-wise comparison judgments. AHP is a effective decision making method especially when subjectivity exists and it is very suitable to solve problems where the decision criteria can be organized in a hierarchical way into sub-criteria. The findings of previous studies about human resource management activities in economic crisis time were first identified by literature review. Human resource managers/experts expressed or defined a ranking for the attributes in terms of importance/weights. Each human resource expert is asked to fill ‘‘checked mark’’ in the 9-point scale evaluation table. The AHP allows group decision making. One of the main advantages of the AHP method is the simple structure. This paper analyzes the possible actions taken by Human Resources managers that are facing the economic crisis. Keywords: Human Resource Management, Economic Crisis, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Multi Criteria Decision Making, Ranking Strategies Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f7512b2dd442b92589416647a6091ac9.pdf 9df0af6d8a5dfd2b5cb01ca1f3e365d5 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Combining Analytical Hierarchy Process and TOPSIS Approaches for Supplier Selection in a Cable Company Emrah Önder İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey emrah@İstanbul.edu.tr Sündüs Dağ İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey skumpas@İstanbul.edu.tr In the competitive business environment of the 21st century, organizations must reply quickly and precisely to customer demands. The choice of suppliers and their performance assessment are becoming major challenges that face supply chain managers or directors. Evaluating suppliers and selecting one of them are complicated tasks due to the fact that various criteria or objectives must be considered in the decision making process. Also in many real world cases the criteria are not equally important for the purchase managers. Numerous decision making techniques have been offered to handle with the supplier selection problem. In this study, we proposed a supplier selection analysis model considering both Analytic Hierarchy Process and TOPSIS method. Subjective and objective opinions of purchase managers/experts turn into quantitative form with Analytic Hierarchy Process. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) technique is used for calculating the supplier’s ratings. The aim of this paper is to determine the appropriate supplier providing the most customer satisfaction for the criteria identified in the supply chain. In this paper, data taken from a well-known cable manufacturing company in Turkey is used to illustrate the supplier selection procedure. Due to the fact that main raw material used in all cables, the company strongly focuses on supply of the Electrolytic Copper Cathode. The company detects eight different criteria for procurement of the Electrolytic Copper Cathode. These are origin, quality, availability, cost, delivery requirements, cost of conveyance, and quality certificates. Apparently, supplier selection is a multi-criteria problem that includes both quantitative and qualitative factors. It is necessary to make trade-off between these tangible and intangible factors while considering a suitable supplier. There are four firms providing the Electrolytic Copper Cathode for the company. In analyzing the data, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methodologies are used for the outranking of supplier alternatives. Keywords: Supplier Selection, Multi Criteria Decision Making, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), TOPSIS Method, Cable Sector. 95 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1510 Title A name given to the resource Combining Analytical Hierarchy Process and TOPSIS Approaches for Supplier Selection in a Cable Company Author Author ONDER, Emrah DAG, Sundus Abstract A summary of the resource. In the competitive business environment of the 21st century, organizations must reply quickly and precisely to customer demands. The choice of suppliers and their performance assessment are becoming major challenges that face supply chain managers or directors. Evaluating suppliers and selecting one of them are complicated tasks due to the fact that various criteria or objectives must be considered in the decision making process. Also in many real world cases the criteria are not equally important for the purchase managers. Numerous decision making techniques have been offered to handle with the supplier selection problem. In this study, we proposed a supplier selection analysis model considering both Analytic Hierarchy Process and TOPSIS method. Subjective and objective opinions of purchase managers/experts turn into quantitative form with Analytic Hierarchy Process. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) technique is used for calculating the supplier’s ratings. The aim of this paper is to determine the appropriate supplier providing the most customer satisfaction for the criteria identified in the supply chain. In this paper, data taken from a well-known cable manufacturing company in Turkey is used to illustrate the supplier selection procedure. Due to the fact that main raw material used in all cables, the company strongly focuses on supply of the Electrolytic Copper Cathode. The company detects eight different criteria for procurement of the Electrolytic Copper Cathode. These are origin, quality, availability, cost, delivery requirements, cost of conveyance, and quality certificates. Apparently, supplier selection is a multi-criteria problem that includes both quantitative and qualitative factors. It is necessary to make trade-off between these tangible and intangible factors while considering a suitable supplier. There are four firms providing the Electrolytic Copper Cathode for the company. In analyzing the data, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methodologies are used for the outranking of supplier alternatives. Keywords: Supplier Selection, Multi Criteria Decision Making, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), TOPSIS Method, Cable Sector. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7291aa5ec8bb358bffe5e56a27a1bf2c.pdf b1c5ff0a3eaeb6498f2f4d09d7cf5cb8 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Forecasting Macroeconomic Variables Using Artificial Neural Network and Traditional Smoothing Techniques Emrah Önder İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey emrah@İstanbul.edu.tr Fırat Bayır İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey firat.bayir@gmail.com Ali Hepşen İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey alihepsen@yahoo.com For many years, economists have been using statistical tools to estimate parameters of macroeconomic models. Forecasting plays a major role in macroeconomic planning and it is an essential analytical tool in countries’ economic strategies. In recent years, researchers are developing new techniques for estimation. Most of these alternative approaches have their origins in the computational intelligence. They have the ability to approximate nonlinear functions, parameters are updated adaptively. In particular, this research focuses on the application of neural networks in modeling and estimation of macroeconomic parameters. Neural networks have received an increasing amount of attention among macroeconomic forecasters because of the ability to approximate any linear and nonlinear relationship with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Turkey is one of the European Union candidate countries such as Iceland, Montenegro, Serbia, and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. In this study 13 macroeconomic indicators including gross domestic product (volume), current account balance, general government gross debt, general government revenue, general government total expenditure, gross national savings, inflation, average consumer prices, population, total investment, unemployment rate, volume of exports of goods and services, volume of imports of goods and services. In this study classical time series forecasting methods such as moving averages, exponential smoothing, Brown's single parameter linear exponential smoothing, Brown’s secondorder exponential smoothing, Holt's two parameter linear exponential smoothing and Winter's linear and seasonal exponential smoothing were applied to macroeconomic data. The study focuses mainly on the 98 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo applicability of artificial neural network model for forecasting macroeconomic parameters in long term and comparing the artificial neural network’s results with the Traditional Time Series Analysis (Smoothing Techniques). To facilitate the presentation, an empirical example is developed to forecast Turkey’s important macroeconomic parameters. Time Series statistical theory and methods are used to select an adequate technique, based on residual analysis. Turkey will celebrate the 100th anniversary of its foundation in 2023. Policies and implementations targeted for raising economic position. Keywords: Macro Economic Parameters, Economic Growth, Artificial Neural Network, Forecasting, Smoothing, Time Series, Turkey. 99 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1528 Title A name given to the resource Forecasting Macroeconomic Variables Using Artificial Neural Network and Traditional Smoothing Techniques Author Author ONDER, Emrah BAYIR, Firat HEPSEN, Ali Abstract A summary of the resource. For many years, economists have been using statistical tools to estimate parameters of macroeconomic models. Forecasting plays a major role in macroeconomic planning and it is an essential analytical tool in countries’ economic strategies. In recent years, researchers are developing new techniques for estimation. Most of these alternative approaches have their origins in the computational intelligence. They have the ability to approximate nonlinear functions, parameters are updated adaptively. In particular, this research focuses on the application of neural networks in modeling and estimation of macroeconomic parameters. Neural networks have received an increasing amount of attention among macroeconomic forecasters because of the ability to approximate any linear and nonlinear relationship with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Turkey is one of the European Union candidate countries such as Iceland, Montenegro, Serbia, and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. In this study 13 macroeconomic indicators including gross domestic product (volume), current account balance, general government gross debt, general government revenue, general government total expenditure, gross national savings, inflation, average consumer prices, population, total investment, unemployment rate, volume of exports of goods and services, volume of imports of goods and services. In this study classical time series forecasting methods such as moving averages, exponential smoothing, Brown's single parameter linear exponential smoothing, Brown’s secondorder exponential smoothing, Holt's two parameter linear exponential smoothing and Winter's linear and seasonal exponential smoothing were applied to macroeconomic data. The study focuses mainly on the applicability of artificial neural network model for forecasting macroeconomic parameters in long term and comparing the artificial neural network’s results with the Traditional Time Series Analysis (Smoothing Techniques). To facilitate the presentation, an empirical example is developed to forecast Turkey’s important macroeconomic parameters. Time Series statistical theory and methods are used to select an adequate technique, based on residual analysis. Turkey will celebrate the 100th anniversary of its foundation in 2023. Policies and implementations targeted for raising economic position. Keywords: Macro Economic Parameters, Economic Growth, Artificial Neural Network, Forecasting, Smoothing, Time Series, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564