188 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4f22ca891f718d4d755b30064d06cc54.pdf 5799be9e57a6c740e73d7b3530dab340 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Point of View from the Perspective of an Accountant to Independent Auditing with the New Turkish Commercial Code Güler F. Ünal Uyar Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey gulerferhan@hotmail.com Halit Görmez Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey Bülent Kınay Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey In 01 July 2012, the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Law (no 6102) led to significant changes, especially in the field of independent auditing. These changes include the determination of the persons or organizations for independent audit companies and auditors. These regulations with the other regulations in the new Turkish Commercial Law, will mostly affect Professional groups. For this reason, 29 females, 64 males, including 93 public accountants registered in the Chamber of Certified Public Accountants of Antalya asked for expectations by a survey about the new Turkish Commercial Law. In the first part of the questionnaire includes demographic data such as age, education and gender, the second part includes multiple-choice questions concerning the audit process, the last part includes five-point Likert scale questions about how professionals will be affected. The results were analyzed by SPSS package program. Keywords: New Turkish Commercial Law, Independent Auditing, Accountants. 132 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1545 Title A name given to the resource Point of View from the Perspective of an Accountant to Independent Auditing with the New Turkish Commercial Code Author Author UNAL UYAR, Guler F. GORMEZ, Halit BULENT, Kinay Abstract A summary of the resource. In 01 July 2012, the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Law (no 6102) led to significant changes, especially in the field of independent auditing. These changes include the determination of the persons or organizations for independent audit companies and auditors. These regulations with the other regulations in the new Turkish Commercial Law, will mostly affect Professional groups. For this reason, 29 females, 64 males, including 93 public accountants registered in the Chamber of Certified Public Accountants of Antalya asked for expectations by a survey about the new Turkish Commercial Law. In the first part of the questionnaire includes demographic data such as age, education and gender, the second part includes multiple-choice questions concerning the audit process, the last part includes five-point Likert scale questions about how professionals will be affected. The results were analyzed by SPSS package program. Keywords: New Turkish Commercial Law, Independent Auditing, Accountants. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/46779c1629917c54daedd4e4c8af1de9.pdf 50f437bb3550b3a817b488904d1afc19 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Influence of Local Governments over the Transformation in Inspection Understanding of Turkey on Tutorship Inspection Feyzullah Ünal Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey funal@dumlupinar.edu.tr Selami Erdoğan Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey erdogans274@mynet.com The expansion in the functions and activities of public administration in last years led to the administration more systematic and convenient with the scientific rules. However, the expansion and frequency for the functions and activities of the administration brought about inertia in bureaucracy, red taping and corruption and the complaints of the governed about the activities of the administration. All these developments led to invent, develop and use the contemporary inspection methods and techniques. Local governments are the governmental administrative units which are investable and complementary parameters of the public administration together with the central government in almost all countries. During the historical progress, the local governments has been transformed into the essential institutions in executing the local services by providing the productivity and effectiveness and enhancing the democratic possibilities. Local governments are the closer and at the lower level administrative bodies. The power and the functionality of local administration is directly relevant with the level democracy in any given society. In analysing the legal and structural transformation of public administrative inspection in last years of Turkey, it can be seen that the important problems are still remaining under the inspection of administration for the tutorship. In this presentation, the influence of the transformation emerged in the understanding of inspection in the public administration over the tutorship inspection of local administration has been elaborated and offered some new solutions for the problems which may arise during this process. Keywords: Public Administration, Local Administration, Inspection, Tutorship Inspection, Local Autonomy. 122 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/837e2f19997a945fa0e6012e4386a281.docx 5f045942c8ce36b8399e3657e607fb6f https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7e3e259acd850185d41ea1163c5db700.pdf 6dec10440d79766924f60320ccfa2040 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Influence of Local Governments over the Transformation in Inspection Understanding of Turkey on Tutorship Inspection Feyzullah Unal Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey funal@dumlupinar.edu.tr Selami Erdoğan Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey erdogans274@mynet.com Abstract The expansion in the functions and activities of public administration in last years led to the administration more systematic and convenient with the scientific rules. However, the expansion and frequency for the functions and activities of the administration brought about inertia in bureaucracy, red taping and corruption and the complaints of the governed about the activities of the administration. All these developments led to invent, develop and use the contemporary inspection methods and techniques. Local governments are the governmental administrative units which are investable and complementary parameters of the public administration together with the central government in almost all countries. During the historical progress, the local governments has been transformed into the essential institutions in executing the local services by providing the productivity and effectiveness and enhancing the democratic possibilities. Local governments are the closer and at the lower level administrative bodies. The power and the functionality of local administration is directly relevant with the level democracy in any given society. In analyzing the legal and structural transformation of public administrative inspection in last years of Turkey, it can be seen that the important problems are still remaining under the inspection of administration for the tutorship. In this presentation, the influence of the transformation emerged in the understanding of inspection in the public administration over the tutorship inspection of local administration has been elaborated and offered some new solutions for the problems which may arise during this process. Keywords: Public administration, local administration, inspection, tutorship inspection, local autonomy Introduction In the discipline of public administration, the changing process has been initiated in 1980s and prolonged until now has influenced deeply the understanding of public administration in Turkey as various countries and led to the legal and structural transformation. The most important step in this changing the novelties suffered the control mechanisms and its implementations. The old fashioned inspection in classical public administration contains the punishment of the personal who committed the mistake was replaced by the understanding of inspection consist of preventive approach to take precaution before 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo creating the mistakes and faults and depending upon the guidance function for employees and result and process-based parameters. Local governments as the main parameter of the public administration are governing bodies which has the separate entity and autonomy as well as public entity. Central government attempts to control and take under provision the local governments in order to prevent the abasement of the authorities given by the central government contrary to the legal rules and the common interests, unity and the integration of the state and create the harmony and coordination in the state services. Local governments are bound to be supervised by the central government because it is the direct representative of the central government. Nevertheless, overcontrol and excessive surveillance of the local governments may lead to prevent the development of the potential governance capacity of the local governments. However, the guardianship inspection of the central government over the local governments can be hampered by the convenient balance between the local autonomy and benefits expected from the inspection. The regulations concerned with the guardianship inspection over the local governments put in an appearance in Constitution and the laws. The extents, aims and the constrains of the guardianship inspection should not be directed into the propriety control because of the ambiguity of the legal framework. However, the guardianship inspection of local governments may give harm their local autonomies. For this reason, this surveillance should be in minimum level and in accordance with the legal framework. In this presentation, the influence of the transformation within the understanding of the control over the guardianship inspection of the local authorities and how this transformation led to some legal and structural changings and existing problems and their ways of solution concerned with this transformation will be subjected into the detailed analysis. Transformational Analysis of the Inspection Understanding in Turkey New public administration understanding emerged as a reaction and alternative of traditional and classical approach turned into the paradigm which is prevalent, transforming, directing and interpreting the changings in the activities, structure of the economic and executive system in 1980s (Bilgiç, 2003:36). This paradigm transformation in the discipline of the public administration since 1980s became effective in Turkey and implemented into the legal regulations in 2000s. This transformation suffered in the scope of the public administration reflected into the inspection mechanism with the peculiarities of focusing on the factual trues and convenience with the legal regulations, adequacy on the new requirement and conditions and referring the contemporary inspection techniques and mechanisms. In this context, Public Fiscal Management and Inspection Code with 5018 number entered into force in 2003 separates the inspection as the internal and external control. In accordance with this Code, the internal control can be operated by the internal auditor and internal control has been defined as the guidance, independent and objective security building activities as well as inspecting the public administration to be governed in accordance with the principles of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity (Article 63). 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The external control is the providence of the supreme court of public accounts after spending the expenditure and its aim is the elaboration of the fiscal activities, decisions and transactions of the government within the framework of political accountability of the public administrations in accordance with the targets and plans determined bu the legal regulations (Art 68). The aim of inspection in the local government codes (Provincial Special Administration and Municipalities) is to help the presentation of the mistakes in the activities and transactions of the local governments and provide the improvement of the employees and organizations and ultimately make the government and control system more reliable coherent. In accordance with these targets, other aims of the inspection for the local governments are to analyze the services which have been realized impartially and within the framework of performance criteria and quality standards and to report the obtained results for the concerned people (Provincial Special Administration and Municipalities Codes Art. 37 and Obligation Law Art. 54). One thing to bear in mind here is to overemphasizing the guidance function of the inspection and to focus on the human-based understanding of the control mechanism. The Aim, Extent and Constrain of the Guardianship Inspection Guardianship inspection is the inspection of the local governments by the other governmental institutions excluding the local authorities within the limits of the rules and laws (Gözübüyük 1976: 158). Guardianship inspection is realized by the executive body, institution and office authorized by the legal sources and this control has been limited with the constrains determined by the law. Guardianship inspection is implemented in order to provide the harmony in public services and secure the common interests of the state over the activities, transactions, bodies and employees of the local authorities (Arslan, 1990:508-510; Gürsoy, 1987:8-9; Aktan, 1976:4). Impliedly, Guardianship inspection is a kind of guarantee for the people benefited from the public services as well as the central governments and local authorities. The reasons of the guardianship inspection implemented by the central government over the local authorities have been determined in 127 Article of 1982 Constitution. According to the Constitution, the central government has the authority of guardianship inspection in order to “provide the social interest” and “duly satisfaction of local necessities”. It means that the Constitution allows for the guardianship inspection and the inspection for the compliance with laws. This constitutional regulation has become the source and legitimacy ground of the strong guardianship inspection over the local governments (Eryılmaz, 1997:29; Geray, 1993:31; Çoker, 1992:6). European Autonomy Charter of Local Governments which Turkey signed by putting some reservations includes the regulations pertaining with the guardianship inspection over the local authorities. 8th Article of the Charter is directly relevant with the nature, extent and way of implementation for the guardianship inspection. According to the Charter, the executive governmental inspection of the local authorities can be implemented just only in situations determined in the law and just only aims to provide the compliance with the principles of the Constitution (Keleş, 1995:14). European Autonomy Charter of Local Governments which Turkey signed by putting some reservations is principally limited with the inspection for the compliance with the law in respect of executive guardianship (Yeter, 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 1996:6; Gönül: 1993:33). The task, duty, responsibility of the direct local authorities is constrained with the inspection for the compliance with the law. Implementation Ways of Guardianship Inspection In this kind of guardianship inspection, the inspector people and bodies are openly determined and the scope of inspection is regulated with laws. A public servant or a public institution or a body can be demonstrated as the guardianship post (Tezcan, 1995:268). Turning over of the guardianship inspection is not possible and this authority cannot be used by other bodies and institutions. The guardianship inspection is a kind of inspection committed by the institutions placed in the central government or their representative in local places or back country. In this context, President of the Republic, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Ministry of Internal Affairs, other ministries, State Supervisory Council, Prime Ministry and Ministry of Finance Committee of Inspection, Ministry of Labor and Social Security, court of State and Court of Accounts and other relevant institutions and organizations and their representatives in back country have the authority of the inspection (Bozoğlu, 1996:18; Başsoy, 1993:300). However, the guardianship inspection over the provincial special administrations, municipalities, and relevant institutions or local government unions has been realized and some into enforcement by the local authorities as the representatives of Ministry of Internal Affairs and within the back country. The central government has under the subjection of the continuous inspection in order to provide the compliance of all local authority transactions in accordance with the common methods of the state. The guardianship inspection over the local governments principally provides balance between de facto and de jure. This inspection can be implemented against the negative activities such as the ignorance, negligence and mistakes of the public servants (Onar, 1966:633). The activities of provincial special administrations and the authority of the guardianship inspection can be implemented just only the public servants who are not elected (Coşkun, 1976:32). The elected public servants are frequently inspected by the usual transactions such as the promotion, employee personal rights, annual leave, discipline investigation, suspension, dismissing. The Problems in Guardianship Inspection and Ways of Solution The inspection of local authorities by means of the administrative methods is really important in protecting the local autonomies, inducing the improvement of these institutions, guiding their activities and preventing the potential and possible mistakes. The excessive and gross implementation of the administrative inspection has the danger of the distortion in autonomy of the local governments. On the other hand, the inadequacy of the inspection may lead to hinder for the targeted aims. Unfortunately, the inspection of the local governments has many problems in Turkey. The administrative guardianship inspection over the local governments has been removed for the sake of their budget and employees, but it is rarely argued that the assembly resolutions can revoke these inspection in necessary circumstances (Güler, 2004:31). However, even though the administrative guardianship inspection over the local 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo governments was not totally removed, it was partially palliated in many respects. The most important problem in this matter is that much inspection council was abolished and many institutions were dissolved. As a result of these removals, we can witness a great gap in inspecting the search, investigation, analysis of the mentioned institutions. Especially the Council of Accounts overtaken the mission of external audit cannot function to inspect the local governments with more than three thousand units in accordance with the legal compliance, performance criteria and fiscal dimension (Akdoğan, 2004:28; Uluğ, 2004:114-118). The central government has the authority of guardianship inspection in order to “provide the social interest” and “duly satisfaction of local necessities”. It means that the Constitution allows for the guardianship inspection and the inspection for the compliance with laws. Nevertheless, it has the potential danger to shift the guardianship inspection into the discretionary and expediency inspection. Consequently, this kind of ambivalent and ambiguous statements can lead to misunderstanding and abasement. Therefore, the guardianship inspection should be limited with the compliance with the law and the constrains of the determined targets, aims and extents. Conclusion The inspection of the local government could not be effective and influential in Turkey because there is deprivation of the targets, performance criteria, the principles of the compliance with the law for many years. However, we can mention about the overlapping and repetition of the inspections because many institutions and bodies overtaken the mission of inspection as a discrepancy of functions and conflict situations. In some cases, the local authorities could not have their tasks because they were subjected of excessive inspection and lessening of their power as a result of lack of confidence. On the other hand, the corruption and extravagance and wastage have been prevalent in administrative affairs because of the lack of inspection in different levels of administration. As a result of the latest regulations, and amendments concerned with the local governments in Turkey, many missions, services and powers of the central government were delegated into the local authorities. However the local governments with their new and increased authorities could not achieved to satisfy the expectations of the local people. For this reason, the inspection of these bodies has become inevitable to be restrict inspected in effective and efficient ways. The old fashioned inspection in classical public administration contains the punishment of the personal who committed the mistake was replaced by the understanding of inspection consist of preventive approach to take precaution before creating the mistakes and faults and depending upon the guidance function for employees and result and process-based parameters. This transformation suffered in the scope of the public administration reflected into the inspection mechanism with the peculiarities of focusing on the factual trues and convenience with the legal regulations, adequacy on the new requirement and conditions and referring the contemporary inspection techniques and mechanisms. The regulations concerned with the guardianship inspection over the local governments put in an appearance in Constitution and the laws. The extents, aims and the constrains of the 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo guardianship inspection should not be directed into the propriety control because of the ambiguity of the legal framework. However, the guardianship inspection of local governments may give harm their local autonomies. For this reason, this surveillance should be in minimum level and in accordance with the legal framework. References Aktan, Tahir (1976), “Mahalli İdarelerde Vesayet Denetimi”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 3, Eylül, s.3-24. Arslan, Süleyman (1990), “İdari Vesayet Denetimi ve Türkiye Uygulamasından Ortaya Çıkan Sorunlar”, I. Ulusal İdare Hukuku Kongresi, II. Kitap, Kamu Yönetimi, Danıştay Yayını, Ankara. Başsoy, Ahmet (1993), “Yerel Yönetimler ve Yargı İlişkileri”, II. Ulusal İdare Hukuku Kongresi, İdari Yargının Dünyada Bugünkü Yeri, Ankara, 10-14 Mayıs, s.298304. Bilgiç, Veysel (2003), “Yeni Kamu Yönetimi Anlayışı” Kamu Yönetiminde Çağdaş Yaklaşımlar, Edt: Asım Balcı, Namık Kemal Öztürk, Ahmet Nohutçu, Bayram Coşkun, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara. Bozoğlu, Osman (1996), “Belediyelerimiz nasıl denetleniyor? -1-”, Yerel Yönetim ve Denetim Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, Şubat, s.17-19. Coşkun, Sabri (1976), İdarenin İdari Denetiminde İdari(Yönetsel) Vesayet, y.y., Ankara. Çoker, Ziya (1992), “Anayasa ve Yerel Yönetimler”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 5, Eylül , s.3-9. Eryilmaz, Bilal (1997), Yerel Yönetimlerin Yeniden Yapılanması, Birleşik Yayıncılık, İstanbul. Geray, Cevat (1993), KAYA Yazanağı Açısından Yönetimin Taşra Birimlerinin ve Yerel Yönetimlerin Yeniden Düzenlenmesi: Kamu Yönetiminde Yeniden Düzenleme, Kamu Yönetimi Uzmanları Derneği Yayını, Yayın No 1, Ankara. Gönül, Mustafa (1993), Anayasa Kuralları ve Anayasa Yargısı Açısından Yerel Yönetimlerde Yeniden Yapılanma: Yerel Yönetimlerde Reform, Kamu Yönetimi Uzmanları Derneği Yayını, Yayın No 2, Anakara. Gözübüyük, Şeref (1976), Kamu Yönetimi Hukuku, TODAİE Yayını, Yayın No 151, Sevinç Matbaası, Ankara. Güler, Birgül Ayman (2004), “Yerel Yönetim Taslakları Üzerine Değerlendirme” Türk-İş, Ocak-Şubat, Sayı 359, s.28-35. Gürsoy, Bedri (1987), “Demokratik Bir Toplumda İdari Vesayet Üzerine Bir Deneme”, Türk İdare Dergisi, Yıl 59, Sayı 377, Aralık, s.1-30. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Keleş, Ruşen (1995), “Yerel Yönetimler Özerklik Şartı Karşısında Avrupa ve Türkiye”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, Cilt 4, Sayı 6, Kasım, s.3-19. Onar, Sıddık Sami (1966), İdare Hukukunun Umumi Esasları, Cilt: I,II,III, 3. bs., İsmail Akgün Matbaası, İstanbul. Tezcan, Durmuş (1995), “Türk İdare Hukuku Açısından Yerel Yönetimler ve Denetimi”, Kamu Yönetimi Disiplini Sempozyumu, Cilt 1, TODAİE, Ankara, s.257-271 Uluğ, Feyzi (2004), “Kamu Yönetimi Temel Kanunu Tasarısı Işığında Kamu Denetim Sisteminde Yeniden Yapılanma”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 37, Sayı 2, Haziran, s.97-122. Yeter, Enis (1996), “Avrupa Yerel Yönetimler Özerklik Şartı Karşısında Türkiye: Anayasa ve İlgili Yasalarda Durum”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, Ocak, s.3-13. 3 Temmuz 2005 tarih ve 25874 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan 5393 sayılı “Belediye Kanunu” 4 Mart 2005 tarih ve 25745 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan 5302 sayılı “İl Özel İdaresi Kanunu” 24.12.2003 tarih ve 25326 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan 5018 sayılı “Kamu Mali Yönetimi ve Kontrol Kanunu” 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1565 Title A name given to the resource The Influence of Local Governments over the Transformation in Inspection Understanding of Turkey on Tutorship Inspection Author Author UNAL, Feyzullah ERDOGAN, Selami Abstract A summary of the resource. The expansion in the functions and activities of public administration in last years led to the administration more systematic and convenient with the scientific rules. However, the expansion and frequency for the functions and activities of the administration brought about inertia in bureaucracy, red taping and corruption and the complaints of the governed about the activities of the administration. All these developments led to invent, develop and use the contemporary inspection methods and techniques. Local governments are the governmental administrative units which are investable and complementary parameters of the public administration together with the central government in almost all countries. During the historical progress, the local governments has been transformed into the essential institutions in executing the local services by providing the productivity and effectiveness and enhancing the democratic possibilities. Local governments are the closer and at the lower level administrative bodies. The power and the functionality of local administration is directly relevant with the level democracy in any given society. In analysing the legal and structural transformation of public administrative inspection in last years of Turkey, it can be seen that the important problems are still remaining under the inspection of administration for the tutorship. In this presentation, the influence of the transformation emerged in the understanding of inspection in the public administration over the tutorship inspection of local administration has been elaborated and offered some new solutions for the problems which may arise during this process. Keywords: Public Administration, Local Administration, Inspection, Tutorship Inspection, Local Autonomy. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5e1b169a6834ba4e7c18b71fe9879525.pdf 3ffc4d676d2477b33bfe3665f6470f54 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Economic Crises and Its Impacts on International Road Transportation Sector between European Union and Turkey Ulviyye Aydın Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey ulaydin91@hotmail.com In 2008, when the ratification process of the Lisbon Treaty had been continuing, the global financial crises had been perceived as an AngloSaxon recession early on, however it increased the problems significantly, which EU countries were already faced. So, serious problems arise in such countries, like UK, Ireland and Spain, where the share of financial services in national incomes was sufficiently high. As a result of global crises, loss of consumer confidence and decrease in the world trade volume forced also German economy-one of the biggest exporters of the world. The new members of EU, who realized its largest enlargement in 2004, have been affected negatively by the crises. The EU members, who were unprepared to crises, under the effects of lack of final decisions about the coordination of economic and financial policies in EU agreements, could not perform well in common “struggle” against crises. Although coordination provided by the actions of some EU member states leaders prevented the conclusion of crises with a disaster, but this could not stop low growth rates and high unemployment. All these negative developments deeply affected every sector of the EU economy, a logistics sector also, which has a key role to play in increasing the competitiveness of European industry in both the services and manufacturing sectors with about 7 million employments (in freight logistics). On the other hand, an economic crisis in the EU decreased its trade volume with Turkey. The EU is the Turkey’s first trade partner. But the reduction of the domestic demand in the EU naturally lowered the level of trade between them. Turkey’s import rate from the EU decreased from 40,8% in 2007 to 39,3% in 2010. Also in this period Turkey’s export to the EU declined from 56,8 % to 46,3%. These developments in foreign trade decreased a volume of international road freight transportation between the EU and Turkey also. Additionally, the EU’s protective policies such as permit and visa limitations narrows the trade strongly. 269 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The purpose of this paper is to describe the main reasons of negative changes in international road transportation sector between the European Union and Turkey in the light of economic crises and make suggestions to develop the bilateral sectoral relations on behalf of increasing trade and elimination of crisis’s impacts. The Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges’ and the International Road Transport Union’s data about the quantity of permits and TIR carnets will be used for evaluation of transport volumes between the EU and Turkey. Keywords: Enlargement, European Union, International Road Transportation, Global Economic Crises, Logistics, Permit, Trade, Turkey. 270 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1601 Title A name given to the resource Economic Crises and Its Impacts on International Road Transportation Sector between European Union and Turkey Author Author ULVIYYE, Aydin Abstract A summary of the resource. In 2008, when the ratification process of the Lisbon Treaty had been continuing, the global financial crises had been perceived as an Anglo- Saxon recession early on, however it increased the problems significantly, which EU countries were already faced. So, serious problems arise in such countries, like UK, Ireland and Spain, where the share of financial services in national incomes was sufficiently high. As a result of global crises, loss of consumer confidence and decrease in the world trade volume forced also German economy-one of the biggest exporters of the world. The new members of EU, who realized its largest enlargement in 2004, have been affected negatively by the crises. The EU members, who were unprepared to crises, under the effects of lack of final decisions about the coordination of economic and financial policies in EU agreements, could not perform well in common “struggle” against crises. Although coordination provided by the actions of some EU member states leaders prevented the conclusion of crises with a disaster, but this could not stop low growth rates and high unemployment. All these negative developments deeply affected every sector of the EU economy, a logistics sector also, which has a key role to play in increasing the competitiveness of European industry in both the services and manufacturing sectors with about 7 million employments (in freight logistics). On the other hand, an economic crisis in the EU decreased its trade volume with Turkey. The EU is the Turkey’s first trade partner. But the reduction of the domestic demand in the EU naturally lowered the level of trade between them. Turkey’s import rate from the EU decreased from 40,8% in 2007 to 39,3% in 2010. Also in this period Turkey’s export to the EU declined from 56,8 % to 46,3%. These developments in foreign trade decreased a volume of international road freight transportation between the EU and Turkey also. Additionally, the EU’s protective policies such as permit and visa limitations narrows the trade strongly. The purpose of this paper is to describe the main reasons of negative changes in international road transportation sector between the European Union and Turkey in the light of economic crises and make suggestions to develop the bilateral sectoral relations on behalf of increasing trade and elimination of crisis’s impacts. The Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges’ and the International Road Transport Union’s data about the quantity of permits and TIR carnets will be used for evaluation of transport volumes between the EU and Turkey. Keywords: Enlargement, European Union, International Road Transportation, Global Economic Crises, Logistics, Permit, Trade, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1bdac1141590d77aa9fb9c3e138990b1.pdf cd68de2069efed2be7ff0eb7734e575e PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The New Perspectives in Turkish Foreign Policy Regarding With The West After The Cold War Bülent Uğrasız Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey bulent.ugrasiz@deu.edu.tr At beginning of the 21st century, Turkey’s approach to the West has also entered new period. Recent year’s Turkish society has changed enormously. Turkish foreign policy horizons have expanded, and Turkey has developed a more active and sovereignty centered approach to nearby regions and with allies. As a part West, European Union has changed, too. European Union has moved decidedly ambivalent stance to a more integrationist approach in its relations with Turkey. NATO which is a key institutional link for Turkey to the West has heightened Turkey’s value to the Alliance. The EU is developing foreign and defense policies at the same time independently from NATO. In such case, the role of Turkey remains uncertain. Turkey’s geopolitical importance is very clear for the West. Especially the US and Turkey have developed a common agenda for relations in the period of post-Cold world. Taking care of this background, this study explores the changing parameters in Turkish-Western relations and also looks at the new perspectives in strategic cooperation of Turkish-European-the U.S. triangle. I will also analyze the future relations of Turkey with EU. Keywords: Foreign Policy, the West, European Union, the Future of Turkey in the West 70 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1568 Title A name given to the resource The New Perspectives in Turkish Foreign Policy Regarding With The West After The Cold War Author Author UGRASIZ, Bulent Abstract A summary of the resource. At beginning of the 21st century, Turkey’s approach to the West has also entered new period. Recent year’s Turkish society has changed enormously. Turkish foreign policy horizons have expanded, and Turkey has developed a more active and sovereignty centered approach to nearby regions and with allies. As a part West, European Union has changed, too. European Union has moved decidedly ambivalent stance to a more integrationist approach in its relations with Turkey. NATO which is a key institutional link for Turkey to the West has heightened Turkey’s value to the Alliance. The EU is developing foreign and defense policies at the same time independently from NATO. In such case, the role of Turkey remains uncertain. Turkey’s geopolitical importance is very clear for the West. Especially the US and Turkey have developed a common agenda for relations in the period of post-Cold world. Taking care of this background, this study explores the changing parameters in Turkish-Western relations and also looks at the new perspectives in strategic cooperation of Turkish-European-the U.S. triangle. I will also analyze the future relations of Turkey with EU. Keywords: Foreign Policy, the West, European Union, the Future of Turkey in the West Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/718e1f93fbc236a90fc0b987b10b2e2a.pdf be94b4b4288250352e5d86363ce3ab3a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Role of Religion on Turkey’s International Trade Halil Uçal Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey hucal@adu.edu.tr In the last decade, with the help of political stability, Turkish economy has grown rapidly. After the financial crisis in 2001 not only economy but also international trade volume has started to improve. The trade policy which had focused on Customs Union with European Community changed and resulted to expansion to other regions. Especially Middle East and Asian countries’ share increased in Turkey’s total trade. As it is known, there has been a debate about Turkey's shift of axis on foreign policies and on international trade. In recent years Turkey carries out more active policies in Middle East region. According to some views, a conservative and religiously oriented government is the cause of the changes in policies. The aim of this paper is to find the role of the religious affinity on Turkey's international trade. Turkey's foreign trade will be analyzed by using Gravity Theory Method. Panel regression method will be used for econometric modeling. The variables used in the model covers 2002-20011 yearly data of Turkey's bilateral trade volumes with main trade partners. In the first section, a comparative analysis of Turkish foreign trade will be made between the last decades and before. In the second section, the new aspects on foreign policies and the effects on foreign trade will be discussed. In the third section, the econometric analysis will be presented. Finally, the empirical results will be discussed. It is expected that the religious similarity plays a positive role in enhancing foreign trade. Keywords: Gravity Theory, Trade, Religion, Turkey. 142 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1572 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Religion on Turkey’s International Trade Author Author UCAL, Halil Abstract A summary of the resource. In the last decade, with the help of political stability, Turkish economy has grown rapidly. After the financial crisis in 2001 not only economy but also international trade volume has started to improve. The trade policy which had focused on Customs Union with European Community changed and resulted to expansion to other regions. Especially Middle East and Asian countries’ share increased in Turkey’s total trade. As it is known, there has been a debate about Turkey's shift of axis on foreign policies and on international trade. In recent years Turkey carries out more active policies in Middle East region. According to some views, a conservative and religiously oriented government is the cause of the changes in policies. The aim of this paper is to find the role of the religious affinity on Turkey's international trade. Turkey's foreign trade will be analyzed by using Gravity Theory Method. Panel regression method will be used for econometric modeling. The variables used in the model covers 2002-20011 yearly data of Turkey's bilateral trade volumes with main trade partners. In the first section, a comparative analysis of Turkish foreign trade will be made between the last decades and before. In the second section, the new aspects on foreign policies and the effects on foreign trade will be discussed. In the third section, the econometric analysis will be presented. Finally, the empirical results will be discussed. It is expected that the religious similarity plays a positive role in enhancing foreign trade. Keywords: Gravity Theory, Trade, Religion, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/337ff0023ef0c587fb737b3af0250fbf.pdf b77d39343370545cecd92a7d6b046958 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Impact of Social Media in the Selection of Tourist Destinations: University Students for a Research Ercan Tutan Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey tutanercan@gmail.com Yasin Özaslan Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey ozaslanysn@gmail.com Internet, affecting every sector in the world, the tourism sector and interaction between the consumer and the tourism sector has changed. Consumers, separating time and money to buy touristic goods and services, want to live in the negative sense experience without any surprises. For this purpose, the consumers collect about the product/service information from various sources. These sources of information in the past, the traditional media and social environment of the acquired information with limited today, in online environments more comprehensive information is presented. Today, these online environments, most importantly, are the social media platforms. Social media platforms offer the opportunity to reach a very large audience in a short time, on these platforms, the positive / negative images, thoughts about touristic product / service, affects different degrees of consumers in terms of sharing of experiences. In addition, the increase in the use of smart phone consumers, as well as the use of internet social media makes it easier to transport. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of social media in choice of tourist destination of university students. For this purpose, a questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire in order to improve 50 university students about an hour-long interview made and the meantime, whether they used social media for the selection of a touristic destination, which benefit from social media properties, on the purposes for which they use social media in the process, asked and the answers given in the literature used in conjunction with any item with the support of a total of 30 were obtained. Afterwards, a questionnaire was designed with the support of expert opinion. The questionnaire was prepared, first as a pilot study within the scope of the 100 people applied. After the pilot study, the necessary arrangements have been made and the final version of the 103 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo questionnaire, face-to-face interviews with 1748 university student was applied throughout Turkey. The obtained data were analyzed with statistical analysis program. According to the results of factor analysis for the analysis of the validity of five different sizes were determined. These are: "Information Sharing", " the Effect of the Members”, "Acquisition of Knowledge", "the Effect of Well-known People" and "Accuracy of Information" dimensions. As a result of the reliability test, the individual dimensions, the number of times the lowest and the highest alpha, was determined to be 79% to 69%. According to the results, social media is seen to be effective in the selection of tourist destination. Participants used social media for the purpose of obtaining information, "Acquisition of Knowledge" as a result of having the highest average size has been determined. In this study, as well as recommendations for future work are presented. Keywords: Destination, Decision-Making Process, Information Resources, Destination Marketing, Internet 104 Social Media, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1561 Title A name given to the resource The Impact of Social Media in the Selection of Tourist Destinations: University Students for a Research Author Author TUTAN, Ercan OZASLAN, Yasin Abstract A summary of the resource. Internet, affecting every sector in the world, the tourism sector and interaction between the consumer and the tourism sector has changed. Consumers, separating time and money to buy touristic goods and services, want to live in the negative sense experience without any surprises. For this purpose, the consumers collect about the product/service information from various sources. These sources of information in the past, the traditional media and social environment of the acquired information with limited today, in online environments more comprehensive information is presented. Today, these online environments, most importantly, are the social media platforms. Social media platforms offer the opportunity to reach a very large audience in a short time, on these platforms, the positive / negative images, thoughts about touristic product / service, affects different degrees of consumers in terms of sharing of experiences. In addition, the increase in the use of smart phone consumers, as well as the use of internet social media makes it easier to transport. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of social media in choice of tourist destination of university students. For this purpose, a questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire in order to improve 50 university students about an hour-long interview made and the meantime, whether they used social media for the selection of a touristic destination, which benefit from social media properties, on the purposes for which they use social media in the process, asked and the answers given in the literature used in conjunction with any item with the support of a total of 30 were obtained. Afterwards, a questionnaire was designed with the support of expert opinion. The questionnaire was prepared, first as a pilot study within the scope of the 100 people applied. After the pilot study, the necessary arrangements have been made and the final version of the questionnaire, face-to-face interviews with 1748 university student was applied throughout Turkey. The obtained data were analyzed with statistical analysis program. According to the results of factor analysis for the analysis of the validity of five different sizes were determined. These are: "Information Sharing", " the Effect of the Members”, "Acquisition of Knowledge", "the Effect of Well-known People" and "Accuracy of Information" dimensions. As a result of the reliability test, the individual dimensions, the number of times the lowest and the highest alpha, was determined to be 79% to 69%. According to the results, social media is seen to be effective in the selection of tourist destination. Participants used social media for the purpose of obtaining information, "Acquisition of Knowledge" as a result of having the highest average size has been determined. In this study, as well as recommendations for future work are presented. Keywords: Destination, Decision-Making Process, Social Media, Information Resources, Destination Marketing, Internet Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f57f2b651a91710bef83dfb8f98dc50d.pdf 0f7f435ff3498831fce60557e75eefad PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo IFRS Adoption and Audit LAG: Evidence from Turkey Aslı Türel İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey gunduzay@İstanbul.edu.tr Ahmet Türel İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey aturel@İstanbul.edu.tr Havva Nur Çiftci İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey hnciftci@İstanbul.edu.tr International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption by the European Union is one of the biggest events in the history of financial reporting, making IFRS the most widely accepted financial reporting model in the world. The issue of complexity of IFRS has become a major concern among the preparers of financial statements, directors and auditors. Since IFRS demands detailed disclosures, it requires more effort and time to conduct the audit. Investors need reliable and timely information in order to take correct decisions, and auditing is the process that assures users of the reliability of the financial information that they require. This paper empirically examined whether IFRS adoption would affect audit lag. Also in this paper we investigated the factors (company size, sign of income, opinion, auditor size, sector, gearing, auditor change) that may affect the audit lag. In 2008 listed companies in the İstanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) are required to prepare their financial statements compatible with IFRS adopted by the European Union. Companies that listed in the ISE must submit their separate financial statements within 10 weeks and consolidated financial statements within 14 weeks of the financial yearend. The sample comprises 248 companies listed in the ISE during the period 2007 and 2008. The delays are measured as a function of the number of days that elapse from the closure of the accounting period until the date when the audit report is signed. In 2007, for solo financial th statement preparers 54% of them reported earlier than the expected 69 day after a company’s financial year-end. About 46% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2008, for solo financial statement preparers th 35% of them reported earlier than the expected 67 day after a company’s financial year-end. About 65% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2007, for consolidated financial statement preparers 56% of them 40 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo th reported earlier than the expected 97 day after a company’s financial year-end. About 46% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2008, for consolidated financial statement preparers 49% of them reported earlier th than the expected 95 day after a company’s financial year-end. About 51% of the ISE listed companies reported late. According to our preliminary results there is an increase in audit delay after IFRS adoption both for solo and consolidated financial statements. Keywords: IFRS, Financial Reporting, Audit Lag, Turkey, Timely Reporting. 41 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1483 Title A name given to the resource IFRS Adoption and Audit LAG: Evidence from Turkey Author Author TUREL, Asli TUREL, Ahmet NUR CIFTCI, Havva Abstract A summary of the resource. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption by the European Union is one of the biggest events in the history of financial reporting, making IFRS the most widely accepted financial reporting model in the world. The issue of complexity of IFRS has become a major concern among the preparers of financial statements, directors and auditors. Since IFRS demands detailed disclosures, it requires more effort and time to conduct the audit. Investors need reliable and timely information in order to take correct decisions, and auditing is the process that assures users of the reliability of the financial information that they require. This paper empirically examined whether IFRS adoption would affect audit lag. Also in this paper we investigated the factors (company size, sign of income, opinion, auditor size, sector, gearing, auditor change) that may affect the audit lag. In 2008 listed companies in the İstanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) are required to prepare their financial statements compatible with IFRS adopted by the European Union. Companies that listed in the ISE must submit their separate financial statements within 10 weeks and consolidated financial statements within 14 weeks of the financial yearend. The sample comprises 248 companies listed in the ISE during the period 2007 and 2008. The delays are measured as a function of the number of days that elapse from the closure of the accounting period until the date when the audit report is signed. In 2007, for solo financial statement preparers 54% of them reported earlier than the expected 69th day after a company’s financial year-end. About 46% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2008, for solo financial statement preparers 35% of them reported earlier than the expected 67th day after a company’s financial year-end. About 65% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2007, for consolidated financial statement preparers 56% of them reported earlier than the expected 97th day after a company’s financial year-end. About 46% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2008, for consolidated financial statement preparers 49% of them reported earlier than the expected 95th day after a company’s financial year-end. About 51% of the ISE listed companies reported late. According to our preliminary results there is an increase in audit delay after IFRS adoption both for solo and consolidated financial statements. Keywords: IFRS, Financial Reporting, Audit Lag, Turkey, Timely Reporting. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/247ba129b67d80722280c2cf30f1621c.pdf e2bd42eb26d0db593696c32c2875bfbd PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Audit Tenure and Audit Quality: Evidence from Turkey Ahmet Türel İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey aturel@İstanbul.edu.tr Aslı Türel İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey Havva Nur Çiftçi İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey The rise of accounting scandals in the last decade has reduced trust of the users in audited financial statements, so users have started questioning the quality of audit work. This paper aims to test empirically whether audit-firm tenure reduces audit quality. After the accounting scandals in the USA and the Europe, and the associated failure of Arthur Andersen, benefits of audit firm or partner rotation on audit quality becomes a controversial subject. Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 considered audit firm tenure as a potential area that needed to be investigated because the consecutive years of auditor-client relationship has the potential to impair auditor independence. It is argued that the audit quality and therefore the quality of general purpose financial statements increase when a new auditor with fresh and skeptical eyes evaluates the financial statements. Using the same senior personnel on an audit engagement over a long period of time believed to create self-interest and familiarity threats to independence (Eilifsen, Messier, Glover and Prawit, 2010). For example, in the Enron case, it appears that the auditors became too familiar with the company personnel, such that independence in fact and in appearance both may have been compromised (Ryken et al, 2007). Familiarity lead to learned confidence about the results when making assumptions about outcomes and using less rigorous audit procedures or static audit programs. According to the new Independent Audit Communiqué issued in December 2012 by Turkish Public Oversight Accounting and Auditing Standards Board (POAASB), in an audit of the public interest entity, a firm shall not be the auditor for more than seven years for the last ten years. In addition to that, an individual shall not be a key audit partner for more than five years in the last seven years. After such time the individual shall not be a 21 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo member of the engagement team or be a key audit partner for the client for two years (Official Gazette, 25809). This paper tests whether a statistically significant association exists between the audit firm tenure with a client and evidence of reduced audit quality as measured by the propensity of modified audit opinions. We assume that the decline in audit quality is indicated by the auditor not issuing a modified opinion for firms whose financial statements are materially misstated. Based on a sample of 253 firms listed on İstanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) and 2277 firm-year observations of audit reports during the 2002-2010 periods, the analysis produces evidence that the number of consecutive years of audit firm-client relationship negatively affects the auditor quality measured by the propensity of modified audit opinions. We choose the 2008 and 2009 periods for our main analysis because in 2010 a mandatory audit firm rotation policy was executed for the companies listed in the ISE. Before this period Turkey has an environment where the rotation policy is not mandatory. The results of this study are expected to contribute the regulation of the quality of auditing by the regulator (POAASB) with regard to auditor rotation. Keywords: Audit Tenure, Audit Quality, Audit Opinion, Independence 22 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1468 Title A name given to the resource Audit Tenure and Audit Quality: Evidence from Turkey Author Author TUREL, Ahmet TUREL, Asli NUR CIFTCI, Havva Abstract A summary of the resource. The rise of accounting scandals in the last decade has reduced trust of the users in audited financial statements, so users have started questioning the quality of audit work. This paper aims to test empirically whether audit-firm tenure reduces audit quality. After the accounting scandals in the USA and the Europe, and the associated failure of Arthur Andersen, benefits of audit firm or partner rotation on audit quality becomes a controversial subject. Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 considered audit firm tenure as a potential area that needed to be investigated because the consecutive years of auditor-client relationship has the potential to impair auditor independence. It is argued that the audit quality and therefore the quality of general purpose financial statements increase when a new auditor with fresh and skeptical eyes evaluates the financial statements. Using the same senior personnel on an audit engagement over a long period of time believed to create self-interest and familiarity threats to independence (Eilifsen, Messier, Glover and Prawit, 2010). For example, in the Enron case, it appears that the auditors became too familiar with the company personnel, such that independence in fact and in appearance both may have been compromised (Ryken et al, 2007). Familiarity lead to learned confidence about the results when making assumptions about outcomes and using less rigorous audit procedures or static audit programs. According to the new Independent Audit Communiqué issued in December 2012 by Turkish Public Oversight Accounting and Auditing Standards Board (POAASB), in an audit of the public interest entity, a firm shall not be the auditor for more than seven years for the last ten years. In addition to that, an individual shall not be a key audit partner for more than five years in the last seven years. After such time the individual shall not be a member of the engagement team or be a key audit partner for the client for two years (Official Gazette, 25809). This paper tests whether a statistically significant association exists between the audit firm tenure with a client and evidence of reduced audit quality as measured by the propensity of modified audit opinions. We assume that the decline in audit quality is indicated by the auditor not issuing a modified opinion for firms whose financial statements are materially misstated. Based on a sample of 253 firms listed on İstanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) and 2277 firm-year observations of audit reports during the 2002-2010 periods, the analysis produces evidence that the number of consecutive years of audit firm-client relationship negatively affects the auditor quality measured by the propensity of modified audit opinions. We choose the 2008 and 2009 periods for our main analysis because in 2010 a mandatory audit firm rotation policy was executed for the companies listed in the ISE. Before this period Turkey has an environment where the rotation policy is not mandatory. The results of this study are expected to contribute the regulation of the quality of auditing by the regulator (POAASB) with regard to auditor rotation. Keywords: Audit Tenure, Audit Quality, Audit Opinion, Independence Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0358794b713817f694bbffde934fc402.pdf 19984ad179d2a1d801bdaa78540d0079 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Implementation of MIS in Banks of Tuzla Canton Danel Trumic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina danel_tr@hotmail.com Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mhandzic@ibu.edu.ba Management Information Systems (MIS) are playing an important role in the banking sector. Increasing speed and power of information and communication technologies and their innovative applications enable banks operating in developed economies to gain competitive advantage and enhance their customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the issue in the case of a transitional economy. In particular, a survey study was conducted to audit the implementation of MIS in the banking sector of Canton Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The data were collected from the employees who were users of MIS in major banks operating in Canton Tuzla. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive tests. The results revealed some interesting patterns. These findings and their implications are discussed in detail. In the end, some plausible directions are recommended for future research. Keywords: Management Information Systems, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bank 84 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6dfa4d181fd92372112b02a1b0dd1355.docx c4aa2be2b5c6402e975a48560c224879 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0eedce49f6914bee19a3b8ec132cd1e4.pdf fe59cd128906797bb9cb0585a407d149 PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Implementation of MIS in Banks of Tuzla Canton DanelTrumic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina danel_tr@hotmail.com MelihaHandzic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mhandzic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Information Systems (IS) are playing an important role in the banking sector. Increasing speed and power of information and communication technologies and their innovative applications enable banks operating in developed economies to gain competitive advantage and enhance their customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of banking IS in the context of a transitional economy. In particular, a survey study was conducted to audit the implementation of IS in banks operating in Canton Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The data were collected from the employees who were users of IS in these banks. The collected data were analysed using descriptive tests. The results revealed some interesting patterns. These findings and their implications are discussed in detail and some plausible directions are recommended for future research. Keywords: Information systems (IS), IS sophistication, IS usage, IS success, banking sector, survey study, Bosnia and Herzegovina Introduction Banksarebecomingincreasinglydependant on informationsystems (IS) fortheirday-todayperformance. IS isplaying a vital role in increasingefficiencyandreducingcost, as well as in differentiation of bankingproductsfromitscompetitors. Increasingspeedandpower of informationandcommunicationtechnologiesandtheirinnovativeapplicationsenablebanksoper ating in developedeconomiestogaincompetitiveadvantageandenhancetheircustomersatisfaction. However, thenewrequirementsforinformation, largeexposuresandstresstestingpresentnewchallengestothefinancialsector. Therefore, banksneedtocontinuoslylook at how theyareaddressingthere IS requirements. The 2011 survey of managementinformationsystemsconductedbytheAssociation of ForeignBanks (2011) reportedslowprogressfromtoomuchdependence on spreadsheetstoincreasedinvestments in businessintelligencetechnology. However, verylittleresearchexiststhatinvestigatesthe role of IS in thebankingsector of thedevelopingandtransitionaleconomies. Recognisingtheimportance of the role that IS plays in thebankingsector, thepurpose of thisstudy is toaddresstheissue in thecontext of BosniaandHerzegovina. Inparticular, thestudyaimstogain an insightintothestate of IS implementation in thebanksoperating in 152 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Tuzla Canton, a region of BosniaandHerzegovina. Canton Tuzla is a homeregion of one of theauthorsandtherefore of specialinterest. LiteratureReview Information systems (IS) are defined as inter-related sets of hardware, software, people, procedures and data components (Turban et al, 1999). The main goal of IS is to collect, manipulate and disseminate information in order to help individuals and collectives to improve their business operation and decision making. The literature classifies IS into different types on the basis of the activities and functions they support (Laudon and Laudon, 2006, 2007). The major types of IS mentioned in the literature include: Transaction Processing Systems; Enterprise Systems that cover Supply Chain Management Systems and Customer Relationship Management Systems, as well as various Functional Information Systems such as Human Resources Management Systems, Accounting, Finance, Marketing Information Systems; Managerial Support Systems that include Management Information Systems, Decision-Support Systems, Executive Support Systems, Knowledge Management and Business Intelligence Systems, There are also special purpose systems like Geographic Information Systems. The role of transaction processing systems is seen in capturing and recoding daily business transactions such as sales, receipts, orders, cash deposits, payroll records etc. Management information systems support operational management by summarising and reporting basic operations using data from the transaction processing systems. Decision support systems focus on solving semi-structured decision problems. Executive support systems are concerned with internal and external data needed for long-term planning. More recently, knowledge management and business intelligence/analytics systems are becoming popular means of support for organisational knowledge development and transfer (Post and Anderson, 2006; Oz, 2009). Enterprise systems comprise of two major subsystems: supply chain management and customer relationship management systems. The first one supports purchasing of raw materials, and manufacturing and assembly activities. The second one manages organisation’s relationships with customers. The major goal is to increase the quality of customer service. Enterprise systems also include various functional systems (eg. human resources, accounting and finance management) that provide support for secondary activities in the value chain. All these types of systems can be found in the banking sector where they support various primary and secondary value chain activities. For example, retail banks use internet and phone banking to provide maximum customer services on loans, accounts, credit cards, insurance, etc. (Pond, 2007). Wholesale banking provides internet solutions for commercial banking, corporate banking, specialised lending services, treasury management etc. (Hoyt, 2012). Customer identification (Rhodes, 2012) systems provide security, employee records (Islam, 2011) monitor the working efficiency of an employee, complaints system gives an opportunity to a customer to complain via a written and online communication (European Investment Bank, 2010; Uppal, 2010). Account opening is simplified (Sinha 2012) and ATM enables easy withdrawal of cash (Hayashi et al, 2006). Electronic banking has been seen as an inevitable aspect of financial services (Harris and Spence, 2012). More recently, mobile banking is being encouraged (Hayashi, n.d.). Electronic clearing service deals with bulk and repeating payment transactions (Reserve 153 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Bank of India, 2011). RTGS (real time gross settlement) service facilitates interbank money transfer (Kaushik, 2012). Finally, e-billing solutions increase convenience and decrease biller’s cost (Radecki and Wenninger, 1999). Research Methodology Descriptive survey was selected as a preferred research method to investigate the level of sophistication, usage and impact of information systems (IS) implemented in major banks operating in Canton Tuzla. This method enabled systematic gathering of quantitative data from a sample of individuals for the purposes of describing the attributes of the larger population of which the individuals were members (Glock, 1967). For the purpose of the current study, IS sophistication was evaluated in terms of the availability and quality of various IS types from the bank employee-user point of view. IS usage was examined in terms of the level of support provided for internal bank activities, as well as bank obligations towards external regulatory bodies. Finally, IS impact was assessed in terms of its perceived effectiveness and user satisfaction. The collection of data was carried out through surveys of employees who were working in different bank departments. A total of 21 employees from 4 different banks participated in the study on a voluntary basis. The survey forms were distributed to respondents personally by one of the researchers. The names of the participating banks and employees are not disclosed in this paper in order to protect their privacy. In responding to the survey questions, the respondents provided basic demographic information (ie. position, education, experience, sex, age, duties). Then they rated various aspects of their bank IS (ie. sophistication, usage, impact) on seven-point Likert scales, with 1 and 7 representing the most negative and positive end-points. They were also asked to provide optional textual comments and/or suggestions. Their responses were encoded and analysed using MS Excel descriptive statistics. In addition, bank websites and documents were used to collect secondary data about the prevailing bank culture and strategy. Results The overall results shown in Table 1 indicate that almost all aspects of the banking IS were positive. These positive assessments were demonstrated by the average scores greater than 4 (out of 7). The only negative assessment was obtained for ERP. Its average score of 3.79 was lesser than 4 (out of 7). Respondents were somewhat undecided with respect to IS Usage for fulfilling their bank obligations towards state. This was demonstrated by the overall mean score equal to 4 (out of 7). The results further show that all average scores were below 7. Such scores point to major weaknesses and obstacles and indicate that there is room for further improvement. The most sophisticated types of IS were electronic banking (6.57) and communication systems (6.43). They were followed by basic banking system (5.90), clearing system (5.76) and RTGS (5.71). Business intelligence systems were fairly good (4.80). In contrast, enterprise resource planning systems were poor (3.79). 154 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo With respect to IS usage, the results indicate that the systems were used mostly for management support (6.06). This was followed by fullfiling obligations towards regulatory bodies (5.35). As mentioned before, respondents were unsure about IS usage for fullfiling obligations towards state. The results for IS impact show that the users of the evaluated bank IS were very satisfied with their systems (6.43) and that these systems were highly effective (6.14) in supporting their work. Table 1: Mean Respondents’ Scores of Various IS Aspects Examined Aspect of Information Systems IS Sophistication: Basic banking system Business intelligence Enterprise resource planning Electronic banking RTGS Clearing system Communication systems IS Usage: Management support Support for obligations towards regulatory bodies Support for obligations towards state IS Impact: System effectiveness User satisfaction Score 5.90 4.80 3.79 6.57 5.71 5.76 6.43 6.06 5.35 4.00 6.14 6.43 Further analysis of collected data was performed to examine any potential differences among four banks with respect to their IS sophistication, IS usage and IS impact. The results of the comparative analysis among banks is presented in Figure 1. 155 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Figure 1: Comparative Analysis of IS Aspects in Four Banks Figure 1 shows clear differences between four banks. One bank (bank 4) has much higher scores than other three banks (bank 1,2,3) for all three IS aspects evaluated. The mean score for IS sophistication of bank 4 (6.90) is higher than those of bank 2,1 and 3 (5.43, 5.33 & 5.14). Similarly, the mean score for IS usage of bank 4 (7.00) is higher than those for bank 3,2 and 1 (5.33, 4.76 & 4.71). Finally, The mean score for IS impact of bank 4 (7.00) is higher than those for other banks 2,3 and 1 (6.29,6.13 & 6.07). Only three respondents from the same bank gave written comments. Two were negative and one positive. One respondent commented that the bank had “poor equipment”, and another one that the bank “needs to improve its information system due to frequent break downs”. In contrast, the third respondent from the same bank claimed that “in our bank, all functions well”. Discussion This study examined the implementation of IS in the banking sector of one specific region (Canton Tuzla) of a national economy in transition (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The study found out that the banks operating in this economy and region: (a) possess sophisticated IS, (b) use IS extensively to support their banking activities; and (c) banking IS have positive impact on business. The study also determined that some banks were more successful than others in implementing IS. With respect to IS sophistication, the overall findings indicate that transaction processing types of systems were highly sophisticated, business intelligence systems were fair, while enterprise resource planning systems were poor. Such findings are consistent with early stages of IS maturity. They suggest the need to better integrate disparate functional systems, as well as front-end and back office systems in order to provide full support along the primary upstream/downstream and supporting activities in the value chain. The findings also suggest that the banks could better use their business intelligence systems to discover valuable patterns from their transaction data. 156 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The overall findings regarding IS usage indicate that the systems were mainly used for the operational management, and to a lesser extent for fulfilling regulatory obligations and still lesser extent for fulfilling state obligations. This is consistent with the earlier study finding of poor integrated enterprise systems and fair business intelligence systems. Yet, these systems are essential for providing key performance indicators across banking activities. Finally, he study found that the participants were overall satisfied with their IS and perceived them as effective in supporting their daily work. Given that most respondents were employees in positions of tellers, cashiers and bank officers rather than managers, this is not surprising. These employees were prime users of various transaction processing systems that were assessed as highly sophisticated and used to support operational management. However, a comparative analysis of four banks showed that one bank was more successful than other three banks in implementing a successful IS system. Bank 4 was dominant with perfect or near-perfect mean scores on all three aspects of IS (sophistication, usage and impact) that were evaluated. Deeper analysis of this bank revealed that it was a very successful big international bank with very high standards established in every aspect of their operation. In contrast, the other three banks need a lot of catching up. The encouraging finding from one of these banks is that some respondents from this bank recognised the problem they had with poor equipment and frequent system break downs. Conclusions This study made two important contributions to research and practice. For research, the study provided an insight into the state of IS implementation in the context of a transitional economy and at a regional level. The findings revealed notable differences among banks and system types implemented. For practice, the study pointed out major weaknesses and obstacles that need to be overcome by banks in order to provide full support for their banking activities. However, the study is not without limitations. It examined IS implementation from the bank employees’ rather than the bank customers’ perspective. The number of participants was rather small. This may affect its reliability. Data were collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The question is whether these results would hold in a different economy and culture. Further research is recommended to overcome these limitations. Future research may replicate and extend the current investigation to other contexts, systems and subjects in order to verify and generalise these findings. Future research is also encouraged to develop new research models and variables aimed at enriching our collective understanding of the successful IS implementation. References Association of Foreign Banks (2011), Management Information Systems: Survey 2011, Cambridge Corporate Management, UK. 157 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Glock, C.Y. (1967) Survey Research in the Social Sciences. Russell Sage Foundation, New York. Kenneth C.Laudon, Jane P.Laudon (2006/2007). Management Information Systems: Managing The Digital Firm (10th. ed.). New Jersey, U.S.A. Pearson Prentice Hall. Efraim Turban, Ephraim McLean, James Wetherbe (1999). Information Technology for Management (2nd. ed.) New York, U.S.A. John Wiley & Sons. Gerald V.Post, David L.Anderson (2006). Management Information Systems: Solving Business Problems with Information Technology (4th. ed. international edition). New York, U.S.A. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EFF OZ (2009).Management Information Systems (6th. ed. international edition). Boston, U.S.A. Course Technology, Cengage Learning. Keith Pond (2007). Retail Banking . London, Great Britain. Request Digital, Global ProffesionalPublising Limited. Dave Hoyt (May 22, 2012). Wholesale Banking.Retrieved December 10, 2012, from https://www.wellsfargo.com/downloads/pdf/invest_relations/presents/may2012/wh olesale-banking.pdf. Kimberly Rhodes (2012). SunTrust Banks, Inc. Global Certification Of Anti-Money Laundering Program & Customer Identification Program. Retrieved December 18, 2012 from https://www.suntrust.com/Static/Documents/Global_Navigation/About_Us/Corpora te_Governance/AMLandCIPCertification.pdf. Md. Zahidul Islam (2011).Standard Chartered Bank. Retrieved December 18, 2012 from http://www.scribd.com/doc/88553742/Standard-Chartered-Bank. European Investment Bank (2010). THE EIB COMPLAINTS MECHANISM.Principles Terms of Reference and Rules of Procedure.Retrieved December 20, 2012 from http://www.eib.org/attachments/strategies/complaints_mechanism_policy_en.pdf. R. K. Uppal(2010). Customer complaints in banks: Nature, extent and strategies to mitigation. Retrieved on December 20, 2012 from http://www.academicjournals.org/jeif/pdf/pdf2010/Oct/Uppal.pdf. Fumiko Hayashi, Richard Sullivan, Stuart E. Weiner (2006). A Guide to the ATM and Debit Card Industry (2nd. ed.) Payments System Research, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA. Dr Lisa Harris, Dr Laura J. Spence (2002). THE ETHICS OF EBANKING.Retrieved on December 26, 2012 from http://www.csulb.edu/web/journals/jecr/issues/20022/paper5.pdf. 158 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Fumiko Hayashi (n.d.). In Mobile Payments: What’s in It for Consumers?. Retrieved November 04, 2012, from http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/pdf/12q1Hayashi.pdf Reserve Bank of India (2011).Electronic Clearing Service (Credit) Procedural Guidelines. Retrieved on December 23, 2012 from http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/ECS/PDFs/ECR300411E.pdf. MR. ARUN KUMAR KAUSHIK(2012). E-BANKING SYSTEM IN SBI.Retrieved on December 23, 2012 from http://zenithresearch.org.in/images/stories/pdf/2012/JULY/ZIJMR/7_ZIJMR_JUL Y12_VOL2_ISSUE7.pdf. Lawrence J. Radecki and John Wenninger (1999).Paying Electronically.Retrieved on December 25, http://ftp.ny.frb.org/research/current_issues/ci5-1.pdf. 159 Electronic 2012 Bills from � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1563 Title A name given to the resource The Implementation of MIS in Banks of Tuzla Canton Author Author TRUMIĆ, Danel HANDZIC, Meliha Abstract A summary of the resource. Management Information Systems (MIS) are playing an important role in the banking sector. Increasing speed and power of information and communication technologies and their innovative applications enable banks operating in developed economies to gain competitive advantage and enhance their customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the issue in the case of a transitional economy. In particular, a survey study was conducted to audit the implementation of MIS in the banking sector of Canton Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The data were collected from the employees who were users of MIS in major banks operating in Canton Tuzla. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive tests. The results revealed some interesting patterns. These findings and their implications are discussed in detail. In the end, some plausible directions are recommended for future research. Keywords: Management Information Systems, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bank Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/04df7e1ca1f4b878d6a45e8d92237bce.pdf 7d86d998a0cdb1118873fbc86fbb396a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Ethical Issues of the Child as Consumer Edina Trnka Zeljkovid Islamic Parental Association “ISRA”, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina edinatrnka@hotmail.com This paper, entitled as "Ethical issues of the child as consumer" deals with the major issues related to child as consumer and children's marketing. Issues related to child as consumer are: what children buy how parents affect children's consumer behavior, how children affect purchase decision of their families and how relationship with peers affects children's purchase decisions? Issues related to children's marketing are what the effect of marketing on children’s behavior is and how children process advertising messages. Special emphasis is on techniques that marketers use when communicating with this group. The most important techniques are those that are used on television and internet. Emphasis is also on ethical issues of the marketing which has children as its target group. Those ethical issues are from critics of marketing that it misleads children to claims that it causes obesity and unhappiness. Main ideas of work are that children are an important market for the producers and they have a great market potential. Children are primary market for some products, but they are also future market for products that they will use in future and influential market on their families. They are group that is particularly vulnerable to the messages that are sent to them. Children under age of 8 can't understand intention of advertiser which makes them easy to mislead. Literature of significant authors in this field is used, such as: McNeal, Gunter, Furnham, Calvert and others. Attention was also on expert articles from this field. Content analysis of advertising messages aimed at children in Bosnia and Herzegovina led to conclusion that those messages are unethical in a large percentage. Unethical messages are mostly in contrast of moral and social standards and they bring up false claims. Besides that, in advertising messages for product that are intended for parents children are used to encourage them on purchase. The study of regulation of marketing to children in developed markets and in Bosnia and Herzegovina proved that regulations of children's marketing in Bosnia and Herzegovina isn't regulated enough by standards and norms. Bosnian regulations are inconsistent with international standards that regulate this field globally. Keywords: Children’s Marketing, Advertising Messages Aimed At Children, Criticism Of Marketing To Children, Regulation Of Marketing To Children. 90 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1521 Title A name given to the resource Ethical Issues of the Child as Consumer Author Author TRNKA ŽELJKOVIĆ, Edina Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper, entitled as "Ethical issues of the child as consumer" deals with the major issues related to child as consumer and children's marketing. Issues related to child as consumer are: what children buy how parents affect children's consumer behavior, how children affect purchase decision of their families and how relationship with peers affects children's purchase decisions? Issues related to children's marketing are what the effect of marketing on children’s behavior is and how children process advertising messages. Special emphasis is on techniques that marketers use when communicating with this group. The most important techniques are those that are used on television and internet. Emphasis is also on ethical issues of the marketing which has children as its target group. Those ethical issues are from critics of marketing that it misleads children to claims that it causes obesity and unhappiness. Main ideas of work are that children are an important market for the producers and they have a great market potential. Children are primary market for some products, but they are also future market for products that they will use in future and influential market on their families. They are group that is particularly vulnerable to the messages that are sent to them. Children under age of 8 can't understand intention of advertiser which makes them easy to mislead. Literature of significant authors in this field is used, such as: McNeal, Gunter, Furnham, Calvert and others. Attention was also on expert articles from this field. Content analysis of advertising messages aimed at children in Bosnia and Herzegovina led to conclusion that those messages are unethical in a large percentage. Unethical messages are mostly in contrast of moral and social standards and they bring up false claims. Besides that, in advertising messages for product that are intended for parents children are used to encourage them on purchase. The study of regulation of marketing to children in developed markets and in Bosnia and Herzegovina proved that regulations of children's marketing in Bosnia and Herzegovina isn't regulated enough by standards and norms. Bosnian regulations are inconsistent with international standards that regulate this field globally. Keywords: Children’s Marketing, Advertising Messages Aimed At Children, Criticism Of Marketing To Children, Regulation Of Marketing To Children. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564