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                    <text>A Comparison of Turkish and French Teachers in Terms of Teacher Roles of Status Quo
and Progressive Approaches
Ayşe Ottekin Demirbolat
Gazi University/ Ankara,Turkey
Key words: Teacher roles, status quo roles, progressive roles, inter-cultural comparison
ABSTRACT
Teacher roles pertaining to status quo approach include provision of institutional authority, attaching importance to
academic standards, and provision of effective teaching. However, teachers should also pay attention to progressive
roles as a result of globalization. Those teachers performing global roles are interested in events at the local, national
and global levels, actively try to be informed about these events, have a skeptical approach towards sources of
information and exhibit an equitable and supportive approach. On the other hand, these two categories of teacher
roles are mostly in opposition. Such a contradiction may lead to role conflict, which is significantly affected by the
political, social, and cultural conditions of each society.
The purpose of the study is to compare the adaptation level of Turkish and French teachers concerning the teacher
roles of status quo and progressive approaches. Through this comparison, the effects political, social, and cultural
conditions on the teachers’ professional role orientations will be revealed. The reason for choosing these two groups
teachers is that in both countries education is administered at the central level.
The study was designed as a qualitative study. Both groups contained twenty teachers. Their views were collected
through semi-structured interview forms. The data were analyzed with content analysis.

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                <text>OTTEKIN DEMIRBOLAT, Ayse</text>
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                <text>Key words: Teacher roles, status quo roles, progressive roles, inter-cultural comparison  ABSTRACT  Teacher roles pertaining to status quo approach include provision of institutional authority, attaching importance to academic standards, and provision of effective teaching. However, teachers should also pay attention to progressive roles as a result of globalization. Those teachers performing global roles are interested in events at the local, national and global levels, actively try to be informed about these events, have a skeptical approach towards sources of information and exhibit an equitable and supportive approach. On the other hand, these two categories of teacher roles are mostly in opposition. Such a contradiction may lead to role conflict, which is significantly affected by the political, social, and cultural conditions of each society.  The purpose of the study is to compare the adaptation level of Turkish and French teachers concerning the teacher roles of status quo and progressive approaches. Through this comparison, the effects political, social, and cultural conditions on the teachers’ professional role orientations will be revealed. The reason for choosing these two groups teachers is that in both countries education is administered at the central level.  The study was designed as a qualitative study. Both groups contained twenty teachers. Their views were collected through semi-structured interview forms. The data were analyzed with content analysis.</text>
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                    <text>Aliya İzzetbegoviç’i Türk Basınında Okumak
Seçil Özay
Marmara University/ Istanbul, Turkey
Key words:Aliya İzzetbegoviç, War of Bosnia Herzegovina, Turkish Press, Yugoslavia, Discourse Analysis
ABSTRACT
Yugoslavya’nın dağılmasının ardından Bosna-Hersek’in bağımsızlığı ve yeniden inşası aşamasında Aliya
İzzetbegoviç, önemli bir siyasi aktör olarak öne çıkmaktadır. İzzetbegoviç, 1992-1995 yılları arasında süren
Müslüman Boşnaklar başta olmak üzere bölgede yaşayan tüm dini ve etknik grupların olumsuz etkilendiği iç savaş
sırasında ve sonrasında Bosna Hersek’te birleştirici bir etki yaratarak Müslüman nüfusun bölgede varlığını
korumasına ve sürdürmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Bu katkı Osmanlı Devleti’nin ortak mirası dolayısıyla Türkiye ile
kurulan ilişkiler açısından da önem arzetmektedir.
İlgili dönemde Bosna’da yaşanan “dram” ve Aliya İzzetbegoviç, Türk kamuoyu tarafından da takip edilmiştir.
Çalışmada Türk basınında Aliya İzzet Begoviç ile ilgili yazılar incelenerek nasıl bir söylem oluşturulduğu
tartışılacaktır. Bu amaçla ilgili dönemde tirajı yüksek kitle gazetesi olan Hürriyet, milli ve muhafazakar bir yayın
çizgisine sahip Türkiye ve sol eğilimli Cumhuriyet gazetelerinde konuyla ilgili haber ve yorumlarla Türk
kamuoyunda yaratılan Aliya İzzetbegoviç algısı sorgulanacaktır. Aliya İzzetbegoviç’in
1991 yılında
Cumhurbaşkanı seçilmesinin ardından savaşın sonunda 1996 seçimlerine kadar geçen altı yıllık sürede söz konusu
gazetelerdeki içerikler söylem analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilerek Türk kamuoyunda yaratılan Aliya izzetbegoviç
algısı ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır.

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                <text>Key words:Aliya İzzetbegoviç, War of Bosnia Herzegovina, Turkish Press, Yugoslavia, Discourse Analysis  ABSTRACT Yugoslavya’nın dağılmasının ardından Bosna-Hersek’in bağımsızlığı ve yeniden inşası aşamasında Aliya İzzetbegoviç, önemli bir siyasi aktör olarak öne çıkmaktadır. İzzetbegoviç, 1992-1995 yılları arasında süren Müslüman Boşnaklar başta olmak üzere bölgede yaşayan tüm dini ve etknik grupların olumsuz etkilendiği iç savaş sırasında ve sonrasında Bosna Hersek’te birleştirici bir etki yaratarak Müslüman nüfusun bölgede varlığını korumasına ve sürdürmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Bu katkı Osmanlı Devleti’nin ortak mirası dolayısıyla Türkiye ile kurulan ilişkiler açısından da önem arzetmektedir. İlgili dönemde Bosna’da yaşanan “dram” ve Aliya İzzetbegoviç, Türk kamuoyu tarafından da takip edilmiştir.  Çalışmada Türk basınında Aliya İzzet Begoviç ile ilgili yazılar incelenerek nasıl bir söylem oluşturulduğu tartışılacaktır. Bu amaçla ilgili dönemde tirajı yüksek kitle gazetesi olan Hürriyet, milli ve muhafazakar bir yayın çizgisine sahip Türkiye ve sol eğilimli Cumhuriyet gazetelerinde konuyla ilgili haber ve yorumlarla Türk kamuoyunda yaratılan Aliya İzzetbegoviç algısı sorgulanacaktır. Aliya İzzetbegoviç’in 1991 yılında Cumhurbaşkanı seçilmesinin ardından savaşın sonunda 1996 seçimlerine kadar geçen altı yıllık sürede söz konusu gazetelerdeki içerikler söylem analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilerek Türk kamuoyunda yaratılan Aliya izzetbegoviç algısı ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır.</text>
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                    <text>Türkçe Öğrenen Yabancıların Yazılı anlatım Becerilerine Metindilbilimsel Bir Bakış
Erdal Özcan
Sakarya University/ Sakarya, Turkey
Key words: writing, foreign language teaching, Turkish education, cohesion, conjunction
ABSTRACT
Bağdaşıklık” (coherence) ve “bağlılık” (cohesion) metindilbilim araştırmaları ile birlikte metin incelemede sıklıkla
kullanılan iki terimdir. Bağdaşıklık, metnin içeriğinin genel yapısı ile ilgiliyken; bağlılık, metin içi yapıların
cümlecikler içinde birbirleriyle olan ilişkileriyle ilgilidir ve her iki terim de bir metinde olması gereken farklı ancak
birbirleriyle ilişkili olan özellikleri anlatmaktadır (Koçbaş-Akar, 2007, akt. Erdağı, 2008:14). Halliday ve Hasan
(1976), bağlılığı metin yüzeyindeki ilişkileri düzenleyen bir unsur olarak tanımlamışlardır. Başka bir deyişle
bağlılık; bir dilsel yapının, yorumlanabilmesi için diğer yapılarla olan ilişkisidir. En basit tanımla bağlılık “bir arada
tutma” anlamına gelmektedir (Beaugrande &amp; Dressler, 1981; Halliday &amp; Hasan, 1976; akt. Akıncı, 2007).
Erdağı’na göre bir metnin yüzey yapısındaki dilsel birimler birbirlerine dilbilgisel kurallar çerçevesinde ardıl bir
biçimde bağlıdırlar ve bu ise, metindeki dilsel, dilbilgisel uyum, yani bütünlüktür (Erdağı, 2008:14). Türkçe öğrenen
yabancı öğrencilerin yazılı performansla oluşturdukları metinlerin iletişim amacına hizmet edebilmesi ve tutarlı
olabilmesi, oluşturdukları metinlerin bağlılık özelliğine sahip olmasına bağlıdır. Yabancılara Türkçe dersi
bağlamında öğrencilerin metin bağlılığı ile ilgili sorunlar yaşandığı bilinmektedir (Çotuksöken, 1983) Bu çalışma,
yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen ve farklı coğrafyalardan gelen öğrencilerin sözcükleri, cümleleri bir araya
getirerek bir yazılı metin oluştururken sıralama ve yan tümce bağlaçlarını ne sıklıkta ve hangi tercihle kullanma
eğiliminde olduklarını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Zira bağlaçlar, bağlama işlevleriden gelen özellik
dolayısıyla, cümleler arasında konu ve anlatım bütünlüğünü sağlar.
Bu bağlamda Sakarya Üniversitesi bünyesindeki TÖMER’de A2/B1 seviyesinde eğitim gören Bosna-Hersek,
Makedonya, Sırbistan ve Bulgaristan gibi Balkan ülkelerinden gelen öğrencilerin sözlü metinlerindeki bağlılık
özelliği ile eşdeğer seviyedeki Türkmenistan, Azerbaycan gibi Türkî Cumhuriyetlerden gelen öğrencilerin ürettikleri
yazılı metinlerindeki bağlılık özellikleri karşılaştırmalı bir bakış açısı ile incelenmiştir. Çalışma nitel araştırma olup
alan araştırması yöntemine dayanmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında öğrencilere yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde
kullanılan bir kısa film izlettirilmiş akabinde ise öğrencilere filmin konusu ile ilgili 150 sözcüklük bir yazılı anlatım
çalışması yaptırılmıştır.
Çalışma sonuçları değişik coğrafyalardan gelen öğrencilerin, metin bağlılığını oluşturan unsurlardan “sıralama” ve
“yan tümce” bağlaçlarını farklı sıklıkta kullandıklarını ortaya koymuştur

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                <text>OZCAN, Erdal </text>
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                <text>Key words: writing, foreign language teaching, Turkish education, cohesion, conjunction  ABSTRACT  Bağdaşıklık” (coherence) ve “bağlılık” (cohesion) metindilbilim araştırmaları ile birlikte metin incelemede sıklıkla kullanılan iki terimdir. Bağdaşıklık, metnin içeriğinin genel yapısı ile ilgiliyken; bağlılık, metin içi yapıların cümlecikler içinde birbirleriyle olan ilişkileriyle ilgilidir ve her iki terim de bir metinde olması gereken farklı ancak birbirleriyle ilişkili olan özellikleri anlatmaktadır (Koçbaş-Akar, 2007, akt. Erdağı, 2008:14). Halliday ve Hasan (1976), bağlılığı metin yüzeyindeki ilişkileri düzenleyen bir unsur olarak tanımlamışlardır. Başka bir deyişle bağlılık; bir dilsel yapının, yorumlanabilmesi için diğer yapılarla olan ilişkisidir. En basit tanımla bağlılık “bir arada tutma” anlamına gelmektedir (Beaugrande &amp; Dressler, 1981; Halliday &amp; Hasan, 1976; akt. Akıncı, 2007). Erdağı’na göre bir metnin yüzey yapısındaki dilsel birimler birbirlerine dilbilgisel kurallar çerçevesinde ardıl bir biçimde bağlıdırlar ve bu ise, metindeki dilsel, dilbilgisel uyum, yani bütünlüktür (Erdağı, 2008:14). Türkçe öğrenen yabancı öğrencilerin yazılı performansla oluşturdukları metinlerin iletişim amacına hizmet edebilmesi ve tutarlı olabilmesi, oluşturdukları metinlerin bağlılık özelliğine sahip olmasına bağlıdır. Yabancılara Türkçe dersi bağlamında öğrencilerin metin bağlılığı ile ilgili sorunlar yaşandığı bilinmektedir (Çotuksöken, 1983) Bu çalışma, yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen ve farklı coğrafyalardan gelen öğrencilerin sözcükleri, cümleleri bir araya getirerek bir yazılı metin oluştururken sıralama ve yan tümce bağlaçlarını ne sıklıkta ve hangi tercihle kullanma eğiliminde olduklarını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Zira bağlaçlar, bağlama işlevleriden gelen özellik dolayısıyla, cümleler arasında konu ve anlatım bütünlüğünü sağlar.  Bu bağlamda Sakarya Üniversitesi bünyesindeki TÖMER’de A2/B1 seviyesinde eğitim gören Bosna-Hersek, Makedonya, Sırbistan ve Bulgaristan gibi Balkan ülkelerinden gelen öğrencilerin sözlü metinlerindeki bağlılık özelliği ile eşdeğer seviyedeki Türkmenistan, Azerbaycan gibi Türkî Cumhuriyetlerden gelen öğrencilerin ürettikleri yazılı metinlerindeki bağlılık özellikleri karşılaştırmalı bir bakış açısı ile incelenmiştir. Çalışma nitel araştırma olup alan araştırması yöntemine dayanmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında öğrencilere yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde kullanılan bir kısa film izlettirilmiş akabinde ise öğrencilere filmin konusu ile ilgili 150 sözcüklük bir yazılı anlatım çalışması yaptırılmıştır.  Çalışma sonuçları değişik coğrafyalardan gelen öğrencilerin, metin bağlılığını oluşturan unsurlardan “sıralama” ve “yan tümce” bağlaçlarını farklı sıklıkta kullandıklarını ortaya koymuştur</text>
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                    <text>Effects of Computer Use on Motivation in EFL Learning Skills
Esin Özdemir
Bülent Ecevit University/ Zonguldak, Turkey
Key words: Motivation, computer assisted language learning (CALL), grammer, listening, reading
ABSTRACT
In English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms, the use of computer networks have introduced unprecedented
opportunities for language learners to access and use multimedia materials and to communicate within and beyond
the classroom. Over the past 20 years with the application of technology in language classrooms, learners have been
expected to be more motivated in a web-based computer assisted language learning program, and improve their
comprehensive language ability. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of computer assisted language
learning (CALL) on motivation of EFL learners in English language learning classrooms. As one of the examples of
qualitative study, this paper is a case study and it was used to ascertain four aspects of motivation which were selfconfidence, attention, relevancy with the objectives and satisfaction of EFL learners from the points of grammer,
listening and reading skills. The data for this study was collected with the interviews of a sample group including 4
learners of EFL at a University in Black Sea Region. In this qualitative study, with a tape recorder each student was
interviewed about the aspects of motivation, and the data was transcribed and coded. At the end of the study it was
found that for listening skills the students had a positive attitude toward using computers, but for grammer skills and
reading skills they had a negative attitude from the aspects of self-confidence, attention, relavancy with the
objectives and satisfaction. Finally, some practical recommendations were noted.

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                <text>Key words: Motivation, computer assisted language learning (CALL), grammer, listening, reading  ABSTRACT  In English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms, the use of computer networks have introduced unprecedented opportunities for language learners to access and use multimedia materials and to communicate within and beyond the classroom. Over the past 20 years with the application of technology in language classrooms, learners have been expected to be more motivated in a web-based computer assisted language learning program, and improve their comprehensive language ability. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of computer assisted language learning (CALL) on motivation of EFL learners in English language learning classrooms. As one of the examples of qualitative study, this paper is a case study and it was used to ascertain four aspects of motivation which were self-confidence, attention, relevancy with the objectives and satisfaction of EFL learners from the points of grammer, listening and reading skills. The data for this study was collected with the interviews of a sample group including 4 learners of EFL at a University in Black Sea Region. In this qualitative study, with a tape recorder each student was interviewed about the aspects of motivation, and the data was transcribed and coded. At the end of the study it was found that for listening skills the students had a positive attitude toward using computers, but for grammer skills and reading skills they had a negative attitude from the aspects of self-confidence, attention, relavancy with the objectives and satisfaction. Finally, some practical recommendations were noted.</text>
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                    <text>Teaching Science Vocabulary to Esl Learners
Mehmet Özdemir &amp; Çağrı Tuğrul Mart
Ishik University/ Iraq
ABSTRACT
Without gaining knowledge of science vocabulary, understanding of scientific concepts can be difficult. Though,
learning science vocabulary is a field of discomfort, and a difficult task for ESL learners, a student's understanding
of vocabulary is essential in science classes. Through giving effective instructions that facilitate learning science
vocabulary, learners can improve their vocabulary knowledge for a better comprehension of scientific texts. This
article suggests some useful strategies to enhance learners’ science vocabulary.

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                <text>Without gaining knowledge of science vocabulary, understanding of scientific concepts can be difficult. Though, learning science vocabulary is a field of discomfort, and a difficult task for ESL learners, a student's understanding of vocabulary is essential in science classes. Through giving effective instructions that facilitate learning science vocabulary, learners can improve their vocabulary knowledge for a better comprehension of scientific texts. This article suggests some useful strategies to enhance learners’ science vocabulary.</text>
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                    <text>The Opinions of English Language Teachers towards Language Assessment and
Evaluation in Turkey
Tuba Ozturan &amp; Zafer Susoy
Erzincan University/ Erzincan, Turkey
Key words: Assessment, Evaluation, English Language Teachers’ Opinions
ABSTRACT
Assessment is an indispensable part of education and carries importance as well as teaching. Teachers’ believes and
opinions have great impact on assessment and test types. The authors’ aim is to investigate English language
teachers’ opinions towards language assessment and evaluation. In this regard, a questionnaire has been adapted
from the study of Brown (2002) and conducted to 45 language teachers at state universities in Turkey. The
participants are from four different departments: English Language Teaching/Linguistics/Literature/Translation and
Interpretation. Results have been analyzed under four main components of assessment: Improvement, school
accountability, student accountability and irrelevance. In addition, experience of the participants, if they took any
assessment course during bachelor degree and/or master/PhD degree cycle education or not have been analyzed. The
results of the study are as follows: It has been found that the teachers graduated from English Language Teaching
department show great tendency towards assessment improvement component; the teachers graduated from
Linguistics department show great tendency towards both student accountability and irrelevance; the teachers
graduated from Translation and Interpretation show great tendency towards school accountability. In terms of
experience, the English Language Teachers who have experience 0-2 year/s and 5-15 years show positive
correlation with assessment and evaluation. Taking a course based on assessment and evaluation during 1st and/or
2nd cycle/s education affects the results.

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                <text>Key words: Assessment, Evaluation, English Language Teachers’ Opinions  ABSTRACT  Assessment is an indispensable part of education and carries importance as well as teaching. Teachers’ believes and opinions have great impact on assessment and test types. The authors’ aim is to investigate English language teachers’ opinions towards language assessment and evaluation. In this regard, a questionnaire has been adapted from the study of Brown (2002) and conducted to 45 language teachers at state universities in Turkey. The participants are from four different departments: English Language Teaching/Linguistics/Literature/Translation and Interpretation. Results have been analyzed under four main components of assessment: Improvement, school accountability, student accountability and irrelevance. In addition, experience of the participants, if they took any assessment course during bachelor degree and/or master/PhD degree cycle education or not have been analyzed. The results of the study are as follows: It has been found that the teachers graduated from English Language Teaching department show great tendency towards assessment improvement component; the teachers graduated from Linguistics department show great tendency towards both student accountability and irrelevance; the teachers graduated from Translation and Interpretation show great tendency towards school accountability. In terms of experience, the English Language Teachers who have experience 0-2 year/s and 5-15 years show positive correlation with assessment and evaluation. Taking a course based on assessment and evaluation during 1st and/or 2nd cycle/s education affects the results.</text>
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                    <text>The Factor of Beliefs About Language Learning in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Isak Ozturk
International Burch University/ Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Key words:Language learning beloefs; language learning strategies; motivation, attitude;personality
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to study the factor of the Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) and to
investigate a sample of 200 Bosnian remote high school EFL learners’ language learning beliefs, their learning
strategies, and the relationship between learners’ beliefs and their use of strategies and compare them with the EFL
learners in the downtown city schools. This study will also examine the influence of learning variables such as
aptitude, attitudes, motivation, anxiety, personality on learner beliefs and strategies. Data will be collected by using
questionnaire; the Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) by Elaine Horwitz, the University of Texas
at Austin. The findings will help teachers to have some pedagogical implications to increase students’ level of
motivation in an English language classroom. For example teachers can set goals for students in learning English,
provide required materials regarding language learning, and inspire students to learn. These findings may also help
students to improve their level of English and encourage them to study harder. Horwitz (1988) suggests that better
understanding of students' beliefs of language learning may allow language teachers to better understand students'
expectations and satisfactions with their language class. Once students are able to face their beliefs, they may
understand their weakness and try to solve the problem.

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                <text>Key words:Language learning beloefs; language learning strategies; motivation, attitude;personality  ABSTRACT  The aim of this paper is to study the factor of the Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) and to investigate a sample of 200 Bosnian remote high school EFL learners’ language learning beliefs, their learning strategies, and the relationship between learners’ beliefs and their use of strategies and compare them with the EFL learners in the downtown city schools. This study will also examine the influence of learning variables such as aptitude, attitudes, motivation, anxiety, personality on learner beliefs and strategies. Data will be collected by using questionnaire; the Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) by Elaine Horwitz, the University of Texas at Austin. The findings will help teachers to have some pedagogical implications to increase students’ level of motivation in an English language classroom. For example teachers can set goals for students in learning English, provide required materials regarding language learning, and inspire students to learn. These findings may also help students to improve their level of English and encourage them to study harder. Horwitz (1988) suggests that better understanding of students' beliefs of language learning may allow language teachers to better understand students' expectations and satisfactions with their language class. Once students are able to face their beliefs, they may understand their weakness and try to solve the problem.</text>
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                    <text>"Paralyzed in Winesburg, Ohio, or Grotesques in Dublin" Defining the Structure of
Epicleti
M.Kubra Ozturk &amp; Eldin Milak
International Burch University/ Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Key words: epicleti, epiphany, short story, James Joyce, Sherwood Anderson
ABSTRACT
In a letter to Constantine Curran, in July 1904, James Joyce wrote: „I am writing a series of epicleti – ten – for a
paper ... I call the series Dubliners.“ The term epicleti has been interpreted as a misspelled form of “epiclesis”, the
process of transubstantiation as defined by the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church. This went hand in hand with
Joyce’s interpretation of the role of an artist as „a priest of eternal imagination, transmuting the daily bread of
experience into the radiant body of everliving life”. Wolfhard Steppe convincingly argued that epicleti was a
misreading of Joyce’s handwriting and that in fact the word written is epiclets, but the notion of epiclesis still
remains a valuable way of interpreting the works of James Joyce, and McDermott, in a study of Joyce and Raymond
Carver, has argued that epicleti itself can be considered a genre of short story. Taking this perspective, the main
focus of the paper is to define the very structure of epicleti by systematically examining each of the genre’s key
features, including the notion of transubstantiation and epiphany, as well as setting and characters traits. To have a
variation of samples, we will use a frequently pointed out similarity between Dubliners (1914) and Winesburg, Ohio
(1919) written by Sherwood Anderson. A number of scholars, including Zlotnick and Curry, examined this relation,
focusing mainly on the comparison of the works and/or disbanding the possibility of imitation, respectively. Studies
such as these offer a useful framework, but do not go in depth with the notion of an epicleti, and what it means for a
story to be regarded as one. Using the comparison we aim to isolate the main elements of the structure, examining at
the same time the place of a single structure within the frame of the whole collection, defining a genre of short story
writing which can be usefully called epicleti

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MILAK, Eldin </text>
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                <text>Key words: epicleti, epiphany, short story, James Joyce, Sherwood Anderson  ABSTRACT  In a letter to Constantine Curran, in July 1904, James Joyce wrote: „I am writing a series of epicleti – ten – for a paper ... I call the series Dubliners.“ The term epicleti has been interpreted as a misspelled form of “epiclesis”, the process of transubstantiation as defined by the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church. This went hand in hand with Joyce’s interpretation of the role of an artist as „a priest of eternal imagination, transmuting the daily bread of experience into the radiant body of everliving life”. Wolfhard Steppe convincingly argued that epicleti was a misreading of Joyce’s handwriting and that in fact the word written is epiclets, but the notion of epiclesis still remains a valuable way of interpreting the works of James Joyce, and McDermott, in a study of Joyce and Raymond Carver, has argued that epicleti itself can be considered a genre of short story. Taking this perspective, the main focus of the paper is to define the very structure of epicleti by systematically examining each of the genre’s key features, including the notion of transubstantiation and epiphany, as well as setting and characters traits. To have a variation of samples, we will use a frequently pointed out similarity between Dubliners (1914) and Winesburg, Ohio (1919) written by Sherwood Anderson. A number of scholars, including Zlotnick and Curry, examined this relation, focusing mainly on the comparison of the works and/or disbanding the possibility of imitation, respectively. Studies such as these offer a useful framework, but do not go in depth with the notion of an epicleti, and what it means for a story to be regarded as one. Using the comparison we aim to isolate the main elements of the structure, examining at the same time the place of a single structure within the frame of the whole collection, defining a genre of short story writing which can be usefully called epicleti</text>
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                    <text>Elt as a Tool to Bridge Cross-Cultural Gaps
Omer Serdar Ozturk
The South East European University/Tetovo, Macedonia
Key words: inter-cultural gap, cultural awareness, cross-cultural barriers, ELT and culture, sociolinguistics
ABSTRACT
This paper is a part of an ongoing research, namely “AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFL LEARNERS IN A
MULTICULTURAL ELT ENVIRONMENT: THE CASE OF A PRIVATE SCHOOL IN MACEDONIA”. In this
part of the study I tried to answer the question, “Can we use ELT to bridge cross-cultural gaps?”
My premises are;
-Language and culture are reciprocally inextricable. Language is the biggest conveyor of culture. Learning a
language is learning that culture. This can be evidenced that members of similar cultures learn each other’s language
more easily than members of remote cultures.
-English has long been a lingua franca in many parts of the world. The status English language gained today makes
it unavoidable in school curricula worldwide.
-Our virtually shrinking world faces problems among its various ethnic groups. Misconceptions, prejudices, or
stereotypes are prevalent in today’s multicultural world.
-One aspect of school education is to help solve the problems of society.
Following this thought sequence I asked the research question: Can ELT be used to facilitate its learners to
overcome cultural barriers? Can we use ELT to bridge cross-cultural gaps?
To explore the question, in the beginning of the academic year 2012-2013, I first added an extra line into the aims
section of my annual plan as; “to develop better cross cultural understanding among students.” To achieve this, I
planned to use various cross-cultural materials in my classes. Our course-book “Solutions” has been a great help as
it has a lot of direct culture related topics. As the implementation of the plan, we studied culture, its aspects and
elements like music, food, clothes, reactions and gestures in various instances. As a final stage I conducted a
questionnaire to test the change in their perception of the “other.” The analysis of the questionnaire gave
encouraging results. Students developed more acceptance towards other cultures.

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                <text>Key words: inter-cultural gap, cultural awareness, cross-cultural barriers, ELT and culture, sociolinguistics  ABSTRACT  This paper is a part of an ongoing research, namely “AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFL LEARNERS IN A MULTICULTURAL ELT ENVIRONMENT: THE CASE OF A PRIVATE SCHOOL IN MACEDONIA”. In this part of the study I tried to answer the question, “Can we use ELT to bridge cross-cultural gaps?”  My premises are;  -Language and culture are reciprocally inextricable. Language is the biggest conveyor of culture. Learning a language is learning that culture. This can be evidenced that members of similar cultures learn each other’s language more easily than members of remote cultures.  -English has long been a lingua franca in many parts of the world. The status English language gained today makes it unavoidable in school curricula worldwide.  -Our virtually shrinking world faces problems among its various ethnic groups. Misconceptions, prejudices, or stereotypes are prevalent in today’s multicultural world.  -One aspect of school education is to help solve the problems of society.  Following this thought sequence I asked the research question: Can ELT be used to facilitate its learners to overcome cultural barriers? Can we use ELT to bridge cross-cultural gaps?  To explore the question, in the beginning of the academic year 2012-2013, I first added an extra line into the aims section of my annual plan as; “to develop better cross cultural understanding among students.” To achieve this, I planned to use various cross-cultural materials in my classes. Our course-book “Solutions” has been a great help as it has a lot of direct culture related topics. As the implementation of the plan, we studied culture, its aspects and elements like music, food, clothes, reactions and gestures in various instances. As a final stage I conducted a questionnaire to test the change in their perception of the “other.” The analysis of the questionnaire gave encouraging results. Students developed more acceptance towards other cultures.</text>
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                    <text>The Development of Reading Awareness of Students: A Research on the Role of School
Libraries in Students Reading Skills and the Relationship of Students and Literature
Books
Isaak Papadopoulos &amp; Varvara Peiou
Ellinika Ekpaideftiria/ Greece
Key Words: Reading Awarness, Books, School Libraries, Survey, Influence
ABSTRACT
This paper is a comprehensive analysis of the current situation and the relationship of children with reading extracurricular books. It is true that younger students are not interested in reading at school and extracurricular books
while it is an undeniable fact that the school and society have a significant impact in this situation. This paper
continues with detailed proposals for both teachers and their views on the development of reading awareness of
students through creative and constructive activities for that reason. These are activities that can be implemented
booth by teachers and the parents of the students. In the search for the attitudes of then teachers towards books and
reading books from students survey questionnaire was carried out to teachers in three cities of greece and the results
are an important assistant and proof agent of the current relationship of students and books and these results are
described and analyzed. The last part of this paper underlines the importance of the activities that can help student
develop their reading language skill and the general linguistic skills either in the mother tongue or in the
second/foreign language. It is in the hands of the teachers to implement this useful guide and make their students
love the language learning process.

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PEIOU, Varvara </text>
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                <text>Key Words: Reading Awarness, Books, School Libraries, Survey, Influence  ABSTRACT  This paper is a comprehensive analysis of the current situation and the relationship of children with reading extra-curricular books. It is true that younger students are not interested in reading at school and extracurricular books while it is an undeniable fact that the school and society have a significant impact in this situation. This paper continues with detailed proposals for both teachers and their views on the development of reading awareness of students through creative and constructive activities for that reason. These are activities that can be implemented booth by teachers and the parents of the students. In the search for the attitudes of then teachers towards books and reading books from students survey questionnaire was carried out to teachers in three cities of greece and the results are an important assistant and proof agent of the current relationship of students and books and these results are described and analyzed. The last part of this paper underlines the importance of the activities that can help student develop their reading language skill and the general linguistic skills either in the mother tongue or in the second/foreign language. It is in the hands of the teachers to implement this useful guide and make their students love the language learning process.</text>
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