186 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/81a7b777d50eb4e903f8a5851590bea0.pdf aefc06428a0987eaf1fb84f89e94c2e1 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Modal and Modality Notion of Complex Predicate in German and Bosnian Languages Assistant Professor Dr. Memnuna Hasanica Department of German Language and Literature Faculty of Education in Zenica University of Zenica memnunahasanica@gmail.com Amela ģurkoviĤ, MA acurkovic@web.de Abstrat: The aim of the paper is to highlight by contrastive approach broad issues of indicative and modal categories in German as target language and in Bosnian language. A number of examples of complex predicates in both languages were presented with the method of contrastive analysis with emphasis on the modality. It was found that the Bosnian auxiliary verbs are not always able to credibly convey all the nuances of meaning of German auxiliary verbs that are used to express modal and modality notion in general. In addition, other language categories in Bosnian language contribute to express modal and modality notion such as adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, subordinate clause or some other syntactic structures. It was also important to show the comparison and the use of the verb tense and the mood in German and Bosnian. Auxiliary modal verbs used to express modality in German usually stand in present tense and past tense, while in Bosnian language such verbs stand mainly in present tense and perfect tense. When it comes to the mood, indicative and subjunctive are most frequently used in German and indicative and ―potencijal‖ verb form (for the expression of will) in Bosnian language. Key Words: modality, mode, modus, desire, intention, necessity ... Introduction The present paper presents a research of categories of modality and the modality of complex predicates in German and Bosnian language. It is a complex case study, which raises the question of a clear definition of these categories at the level of specific languages, and on the general linguistic level. In relation to this, bringing together modal categories with categories of modality proved to be a necessary starting point. In the linguistic literature so far, the verb and the linguistic issues around the verb certainly play a very important role. It is not surprising that, despite all efforts that are invested in that sense, it has been difficult to come up with definite solutions in some segments of research of the function of the verb, and of the verb linkages and relationships within the structure of these languages. Theoretical explanation of the posed question we will try to shed light on previous research to the suggested topic and will try to find an answer to the so far unresolved or partially posed questions. As the verbs make up about a quarter of German vocabulary and as the verb is the structural center of the sentence, which determines the number and type of constituents, the study the verbal categories according to their use in a given language always plays a special role in linguistic studies. Overview of research of modal and modality concepts How the concepts of probability, possibility, necessity, belief, etc. are expressed and adopted in human language, are just some of the questions that are posed in terms of their analysis and explanations. Understanding and description of the mode and modality in Bosnian language are treated pretty vague and sporadic, while in German it is not the case. For understanding of mode and modalitiy it is the most important to identify the locus of modal power and significance of categorical terms. The categories that are bordering with the modal concept include verbal mood, desire, intention, attitude, etc. We could say that the types of modality can be expressed in several ways including: - the possible contents of the statement with regard to the relationship of the speaker towards reality; - objectivity and subjectivity of modalizator; - modality in a broad sense (intentional modality); - modality of credibility and voluntary modality; - basic modal models, constitutive and facultative modal facilities; 883 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo - relation of modality towards other syntactic constituents, and modal arguably, perhaps, probably, etc.) particles (possibly, The concept of mode and modality is studied not only in linguistics but also in scientific disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, logic, mathematics and semiotics. The shared experience of these disciplines provides, one the one hand, consideration of multiple aspects of modalities from different angles of observation, while, on the other side, it is also possible to find nonuniform definitions of modality in general. In philosophy one talks about ontological modality – manner and type of activity (e.g. Detsch 1994). In traditional logic modality means a degree of determining a statement i.e. the importance of observing opportunities, necessities or realities (Drosdowski 1978: 1804, Kondakow 1983: 342). Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914) transferred the concept of modality from the logic to semiotics. The modality is here marked by the truth content of the sign, whereby three truth values are to be differentiated: existence, (logical) necessity and (hypothetical) possibility (Hodge-Kress 1988: 26). Frege (1986) sees these categories as a bridge between logic and mathematics in the philosophy of language. He developes a formal language as a series of symbols (Symbolketten) as an instrument for the strict axiomatic construction of arithmetics and he does not interpret them only as a favorite formula for each sequence of random figures (Druckfiguren) but as important signs and as testimonies for objects. Studies on the relationship between formal language and appropriate subject areas leads Frege to the development of semantics as an important interpretation of the language sign. Helbig / Busch (2000) distinguish between two types of modality: the subjective and objective modality. They characterize modality mainly as a way to exercise the relationship between the subject of the sentence and the action that is expressed by inifinitive. The most important meanings of this so-called objective modality are possibility, necessity, permit, ban, intention, desire. The difference between objective and the so called subjektive modality is visible. The subjective modality expresses the way in which the speaker refers to the process between the subject and the action expressed by infinitive clause in the sentence and in particular the way in which the speaker refers to the assessment of the reality of this process (persuasion, assumption, claim of a third party, etc.) (2000: 57). According to U. Engel (1996) modality indicates the relationship between the expressed action, on the one hand, and the subject of a sentence or a speaker, on the other hand. The "Great Dictionary of German Language― (Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache) refers to the term of modality as different language form of the speaker's expression of his statement or the statement that leads to reality or realization. Aim and method of contrastive analysis The aim of the paper is to highlight by contrastive approach broad issues of indicative and modal categories in German as target language and in Bosnian language. Modal and modality categories overlap in the functions of a complex verbal predicate in both languages as much as close linguistic and linguistic-stylistic categories also overlap in the two languages. Sentence as a meaningful unit has a notion of modality - it is used to pass the information about when the action takes place (past, present, future), and the information on whether the content of the sentence is real or unreal, desired or required. Modality is expressed by tenses and mood. The starting assumption is that the systems of modal verbs develop as systems only in languages that do not have the verbal aspect (such as the German language) or in languages in which the the verbal aspect is present only superficially. German language is used here as the source language, but in cases when it is absolutely necessary the source language will be the Bosnian language. The results of contrastive analysis are presented from the point of view of German towards the Bosnian language. The results of contrastive analysis should primarily serve to those who speak Bosnian as their mother tongue, as well as those who learn German as a foreign language. When mastering and learning German as a foreign language one tries to avoid interference with the native language when using the target language at the morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic level. Since the areas of interference should serve primarily to didactic purposes, it seems that presenting the results to the native language speaker from the German to Bosnian language is particularly useful and important, especially when the learning process of teaching German as a foreign language has a clear goal that the one who learns German language should be able to actively use the foreign language which is in this case German. We will, therefore, try to find appropriate translation equivalents in Bosnian language by using contrastive method for German verb lexemes within morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic structures in Bosnian 884 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo language. We made general remarks based on concrete examples in the given corpus, i.e. by contrastive analysis with a translation and an explanation of the lexically modified applicability in a new language use. Predicate in German U njemaĦkom jeziku predikati mogu biti sastavljeni samo od jedne rijeĦi (Vollverb-punoznaĦni glagol) ali je ĦeńĤe rijeĦ o sloņenim sastavnim glagolskim dijelovima, ali i neverbalnim elementima. P r e d i c a t e / simple predicate (consists of one word) / \ a) has one element b) has two elements (as addition to verbs verbs with separate prefix) \ complex predicate (consists of several words) / \ c) homogeneous d) heterogeneous (only verb forms) (also composed of non-verbal components, e.g. nouns) Most complex predicates and simple two-element predicates are discontinuous (diskontinuierlich) (im Gegensatz zu kontinuierlich - versus continuous ones), i.e. parts of the predicate are separated from other parts of the sentence, e.g. Hans hat gestern Gemùse eingekauft (= discontinuous predicate), weil er heute fùr seine Freunde kochen will. (= continuous predicate). a) Simple predicates – consisting of one element Er liest ein Buch On čita knjigu. b) Simple predicates – consisting of two elements Der Besuch kommt heute um 3 Uhr am Bahnhof an. Posjeta dolazi danas u 3 sata na ņeljezniĦku stanicu. c) Complex predicates-homogeneous  Auxiliary verb (haben, sein, werden) + infinite verb form Ich habe das Buch gelesen. Čitao sam knjigu.  Modal verb + infinitive (können, dürfen, mögen, müssen, wollen, sollen)  Modality verbs + zu + infinitive Modifying verbs are: e.g. beginnen, versuchen, scheinen, drohen, pflegen, belieben, verstehen... Der schiefe Turm droht einzustürzen. Kosi toranj prijeti da će se srušiti. d) Complex predicates – heterogeneous - formal refleksive verb The formal reflexive verb refers to verbs with a reflexive pronoun that is semantically empty, i.e. it has no meaning. Reflexive pronoun belongs to the verb. E.g. Er schämt sich On se stidi. - Finite form + noun Der Bauer fährt Traktor. 885 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Seljak vozi traktor. - Finite form + adjective Die Kundin schlug den Bankräuber bewusstlos. Muńterija je udarila pljaĦkańa banke tako da je ostao bez svijesti. (In Bosnian language the equivalent is not an adjective but a subordinate clause). - Finite verb form + preposition + noun (= Funktionsverbgefüge, FVG) Er hat Angst vor einer Schlange. On se boji zmije. - Phrasal idiomatic expressions Sie gab ihm einen Korb Dala mu je korpu (Phrasal expression dati nekome korpu means to refuse someone's invitation). Modal verbs in German and in Bosnian languages do not have their own lexical meaning. Semantic category of modal verbs includes concepts of necessity and possibility, and of obligations and permission in the full sense of their value, as well as the meaning of their dynamic ability. Modal verbs can according to the structure of the statement be extrinsic modifiers of the proposition (i.e. operators) or intrinsic parts of the proposition. Central prototypical exponents of the basic, epistemic meaning in German and Bosnian languages are modal verbs morati and moći, whereas the verbs trebati, smjeti, htjeti and umjeti can be called epistemic peripheral modal verbs. Modal verbs express only a circumstance in connection with the activity in question. They express an attitude toward the activity. In German these verbs are: können, müssen, mögen, dürfen, wollen, sollen. The structure da + infinitive is used mainly in the function of the complementizer with these verbs. E.g. Ich muss lernen = Moram da učim / Moram učiti. The present can be replaced by infinitive only if agents are identical. The examples that follow represent an illustration of a strong epistemic judgment, i.e. the speaker expresses the highest possible degree of positive commitment to the truth of the proposition which can be expressed by modal verbs: - Es muss drin der Unterschied sein. (M.H.) Mora da je u tome razlika. (M.H.) - Ich muss eilig gehandelt haben. (M.H.) Mora da sam prenaglio. (M.H.) - Das muss gefährlich sein. (M.H.) To mora da je opasno. (M.H.) For this use of the verb müssen-morati is in terms of syntax characteristic the impersonality (the person is recognized in the verb form of the predicate with the da clause) as well as the preposition in relation to the subject (extrinsic). The postposition and the use of finite forms of the verb morati would represent a feature of deontic use (intrinsic). Increase of epistemic distance (weakening of epistemic judgment) is reflected by adding another modal mood – ‗potencijal‘. - Unsere Studenten müssten mehr lernen. (M.H.) Nańi studenti bi morali vińe učiti. (M.H.) The verb können – moći and the verb müssen-morati are seen as the central epistemic modal verbs in German and Bosnian languages, because in their semantic meaning they contain logical notion of possibility (but also of permissions), and they refer to the term of dynamic possibility i.e. ability and skill to do something. The verb sollen-trebati belongs to modal verbs expressing a weaker deontic modality. It expresses mainly the need or moral obligation. The verb trebati also expresses a weaker epistemic modality. - Das soll deine Sache sein. (M.H.) 886 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo - To treba da je tvoja stvar. (M.H.) - Das sollten sie noch vorige Woche erledigen. (M.H.) Trebalo je da oni to urade joń prońle sedmice. (M.H.) The verb dürfen – smjeti have primarily deontic meaning (seeking and giving) of permission. - Darf ich bei dir bis 22 Uhr bleiben? (M.H.) Smijem li ostati kod tebe do 22 h? (M.H.) Verbs wollen-htjeti i können-umjeti are peripheral modal verbs and they express the will (want to htjeti) and ability (be able to - umjeti). The German verb können may, therefore, have multiple meanings moći, znati, umjeti. - Das Kind kann gehen. (M.H.) Dijete umije da hoda. (M.H.) Thus, when we say that a child learned to walk - hodati, it is a skill expressed in the verb könnnen, the child knows how to walk zna hodati, the child has mastered the skill of walking. Phase verbs + complementizer Phase verbs are those that transmit information at the stage of performing action. These are the verbs such as početi, nastaviti, završiti (begin, continue, finish). The structure da + prezent or infinitive occurs here as well as complementizer (e.g. počeo je prevoditi he began to translate), but also a deverbal noun (e.g. završio je prevoĎenje or završio je sa prevoĎenjem – he finished the translation or he was finished with the translation). Such predicate can sometimes be reduced to the main verb (for example, počeo je da pliva – proplivao je), which is the very proof that the phase verb and its complementizer make a unified predicate in the Bosnian language. Short graphic presentation of complex predicates in German language The following diagrams present the dependence structure of the given predicates and, at the same time, show how the individual elements are shifted in order to realize the acceptable sequence. Since the dependency grammar starts from the rule that words are linked to larger groups based on hierarchical dependencies, then there is one word in all the groups, which represents the core of the group, the center of the group, while the other words in that group are syntactically dependent on it. The occurrence of one word as the core assumes or excludes the occurrence of some other word. (1) Kinder, sowas habt ihr sicher noch gar nicht gesehen. habt a(p)f--------------------| ↓ gesehen habt (2) Wann ist das Haus gebaut worden? Weißt du, wann das Haus gebaut worden ist? ist a(p)f----------------------| ↓ worden a(p)p---------↓ | ↓ ↓ gebaut worden ist (3) Das Buch musste noch gestern Abend gelesen worden sein? musste m(i)f----------------------------887 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo | ↓ sein a(p)i--------------↓ | ↓ ↓ worden a(p)p----↓ ↓ | ↓ ↓ ↓ gelesen worden sein musste (4) In schweigsamer Misstimmung war die Mahlzeit zu Ende geführt? war a(p)f----------------------| ↓ gefùhrt fv(pp)p---------↓ | ↓ ↓ zu Ende gefùhrt war (5) Drinnen, im Saal herrschte Aufbruch. herrschte fv(NP)f--------------------| ↓ Aufbruch herrschte (6) Gotthold, du wirst es schaffen können, glaube mir. Weißt du Gotthold, dass du es wirst schaffen können? --------------wirst a(i)f---------------------↓ | ↓ ↓ kônnen m(i)i-------------------↓ ↓ | ↓ wirst schaffen kônnen The complex verbal predicate is, therefore, a complex syntactic structure, which occurs by joining auxiliary verb in the personal verb form and the main verb in the infinitive form. In such structure the personal verb form carries the grammatical meaning, while the main verb is the lexical complement. The complex verb predicate can be included in a group of compound predicates, but it is commonly classified in grammars as a special type of predicate. Auxiliary verbs within the complex verb predicate belong to two lexical-semantic groups of verbs modal and modifying verbs in German and modal and phase verbs in Bosnian language. Modal verbs express different nuances of modality: mogućnost, htijenje, ţelju, nuţnost, potrebu, namjeru (possibility, will, desire, necessity, need, intention) etc. Such verbs in German are: können, mögen, müssen, dürfen, wollen and sollen and in Bosnian language: morati, ţeljeti, smjeti, trebati, umjeti, znati, namjeravati, nastojati, pokušati, usuditi se etc. Phase verbs in Bosnian language mark different phases of the process indicated by the main verb, and the most common are: početi, stati, nastaviti, produţiti, prestati, prekinuti, etc. Examples of predicates with modal, modality and phase verbs: 1a) Der Konsul musste diese Ida in Schtz nehmen. 1b) Konzul morade uzeti Idu u zańtitu. 2a) Unsere Tony soll sich ein Beispiel daran nehmen. 2b) Nańa Toni bi se mogla ugledati na tebe. 3a) Am unteren Tischschende begann es aufzuflammern. 3b) Na dnu stola poĦe gorjeti. 4a) Frau Buddenbrook kann nicht mehr diese Frau ertragen. 4b) Gospoħa Budenbrok ne moţe vińe da podnese tu ņenu. 888 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Additional main verb within the complex verb predicate can also have the present form. Such verbs are then linked with modal/phase verbs with the help of a particle < da > and are complementary with the subject of the sentence. E.g.: 5a) Wir haben furchtbar gelacht, fing er an, zu plappern. 5b) Strańno smo se smejali, poĦe on da brblja. Modal verbs occur with infinitive in German language, whereas the modality verbs occur mostly with infinitive structure with zu, although there are also verbs without zu. In Bosnian language there are verb and non-verb predicates. Non-verb predicates are called nominal, and in German they are called "predicatives" which do not belong to the class of predicates. This makes a big difference between the two contrasted languages. Predicate of modal verbs in Bosnian language Independent part of the sentence which opens up a place in the sentence by itself is called predicate. Predicate is a direct holder of predicativity and as such it makes the grammatical core of the sentence. This is why the holder of the grammatical meaning of the predicate is the verb meaning in its personal form. Personal verb form represents an essential constituent of the predicate. The predicate also has a lexical meaning. The lexical meaning of the predicate can be characterized by a verbal and non-verbal lexeme. According to their structure the verbal predicates can be simple and complex. Simple predicate consists of main verbs. Simple verb predicates consist of a main verb lexeme that is the holder of the grammatical and the lexical meaning of the predicate. Complex verb predicates are composed of two verb lexemes – an auxiliary one, which holds the grammatical meaning, and the main verb lexeme that holds the lexical meaning of the predicate. Auxiliary verbs within the complex predicate belong to two lexical-semantic groups of verbs such as: modal and phase verbs + main verb (verb that carries the meaning of the sentence). Therefore, all complex verbal predicates in Bosnian language can have the following structural form: modal / phase + main verb Modal verbs in Bosnian language are: morati, moći, htjeti, smjeti, trebati, and the modality verbs are: umjeti, ţeljeti, namjeravati, smjerati. Htio sam mu pomoći. (M.H.) Prije petka moram se vratiti u Zenicu. (M.H.) Ona mora sama prevesti ovaj tekst na njemaĦki jezik. (M.H.) Phase verbs in Bosnian language are most often the following verbs: početi, stati, nastaviti, produţiti, prestati, prekinuti.... Počeli smo primjenjivati Bolonjski proces. (M.H.) Tek poslije podne je prestala padati kińa. (M.H.) Depending on whether the lexical meaning of the predicate is marked with verbal or non-verbal lexemes, all predicates in Bosnian language can be divided into verbal and non-verbal predicates. It is customary that non-verbal predicates in Bosnian language are called nominal predicates. The complex verb predicate is determined by syntactic relations and it is not affected by the word order in a sentence. Parts of the complex predicate can be separated by other words. If we look at them from the aspect of word order, these parts are independent words, while on the syntactical level those parts represent only one word and thus make single unit. Semantic modification of modal verbs Modal verbs express different nuances of modality: mogućnost, htijenje, ţelju, nuţnost, namjeru, potrebu (possibility, will, desire, necessity, intention, need). The German modal verbs können, mögen, mussen, dürfen, wollen, sollen require an infinitive verb as a complement that carries the meaning (main verb) in the sentence, which has the obligatory position at the end of the sentence and is used without zu. It is possible to connect these verbs with infinitive I and infinitive II: 889 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo (6a) Wir mùssen eine Stunde warten. (6b) Moramo Ħekati jedan sat. (Notwendigkeit – nuņnost, potreba) (necessity, need) (7a) Wir mùssen eine Stunde gewartet haben. (7b) Mora da smo Ħekali jedan sat. (Vermutung - pretpostavka) (assumption) The above example is a strong illustration of epistemic judgment, that is the speaker presents his highest possible degree of positive commitment to a true proposition that can be expressed by the modal verb. It is also possible to illustrate with the following examples: (8a) Ich muss voreilig gehandelt haben. (8b) Mora da sam prenaglio. (9a) Es muss etwas geschehen sein. (9b) Mora da se neńto dogodilo. (Behauptung - tvrdnja) (claim) (10a) Das muss etwas Neues sein. (10b) Pa to mora da je neńto novo. For this use of the modal verb morati (must) in terms of syntax is characteristic that it is impersonal (a person is recognized through the verb form of predicate with da-clause) and that it has a preposition in relation to the subject (extrinsic). The postposition and use of finite forms of the verb morati (must) would represent a feature of deontic use (intrinsic). (11a) Unsere durften siegen. (11b) Nańi bi morali pobijediti. Increase of epistemic distance (weakening of epistemic judgment) is expressed by potential verb form (for the expression of will in Bosnian language). (12a) Zu Weihnachten durften die Kinder aufbleiben. (12b) Za BoņiĤ su djeca smjela ostati budna. (Erlaubnis - dozvola) (permission) (13a) Wegen der Ansteckungsgefahr durften wir den Patienten nicht besuchen. (13b) Zbog opasnosti od zaraze mi nismo smjeli posjetiti pacijenta. (Môglichkeit - moguĤnost) (possibility) In this case, the meaning of the modal verb dürfen with the negation does not always show the zabranu (Verbot) (ban), which is the most common form, but the mogućnost (Möglichkeit) (possibility) as in this case. (14a) Man kann heute in der See schwimmen, es ist nicht sturmisch. (Môglichkeit - moguĤnost) (possibility) (14b) Danas se moņe kupati u moru, nema oluje. Nuances of the use of the modal verb können with infinitve as the complement indicate different nuances of possibilities that are determined by objective conditions in terms of reason, cause, consequence, relationship cause - performance, ability, permission, such as: (15a) Die alte Frau kann noch ohne Brille die Zeitung lesen. (Fähigkeit - sposobnost) (ability) (15b) Stara gospoħa joń moņe Ħitati novine bez naoĦala. Thus, the verb können means a possibility that the subject can realize by himself with the help of his physical or spiritual ability. (16a) Ich môchte einmal die Insel Rùgen kennen lernen. (Wunsch, Wille - ņelja, volja) (desire, will) (16b) Ņelim upoznati osrvo Rùgen. 890 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo In this version the verb mögen is primarily used in past subjunctive to indicate the present (whereas it would be possible to use only the German modal verb wollen to indicate the past). The verb mögen differs from the verb wollen in the way that wollen expresses a decisive enforceable will, while the verb mögen expresses only a weak desire. (17a) Die Schùler sollen die Schlùsselwôrter im Text unterstreichen. (Forderung - zahtjev) (request) (17b) UĦenici treba da podvuku kljuĦne rijeĦi u tekstu. There are, of course, different instances of the request, such as command, obligation, plan, provision, recommendation, etc. (18a) Das Ehepaar will eine touristische Busreise durch Italien unternehmen. (Absicht, Wille, Wunsch - namjera, volja, ņelja) (intention, will, desire) (18b) BraĦni par ņeli napraviti turistiĦko putovanje autobsom kroz Italiju. In some cases, the verb wollen expresses rather desire than the will or intention primarily to indicate the past. For example: (19a) Ich wollte immer einmal Island kennen lernen. (19b) Oduvijek sam ņelio bar jednom upoznati Island. (20a) Ich will hier warten, bis du kommst. (21b) Ja Ĥu ovdje Ħekati dok ne doħeń. (Zukunft - buduĤnost) (future) The modal verb wollen to indicate the future is different from the auxiliary verb werden in the way that it weakens the basic meaning of intent, will. Semantic modification of the modality of auxiliary verbs In addition to modal verbs, the other verbs can also occasionally have a modifying meaning. Such modifying verbs are also auxiliary verbs haben and sein that in such cases are used in German language with the infinitive construction with zu. Auxiliary verb sein + infinitive with zu means more often the possibility, but sometimes also the necessity. (21a) Die Arbeit ist in drei Tagen kaum zu schaffen. (Môglichkeit – moguĤnost) (possibility) (21b) Rad se jedva moņe obaviti za tri dana. (22a) Die Arbeit ist unbedingt in drei Tagen zu schaffen. (Notwendigkeit – nuņnost) (necessity) (22b) Rad se svakako mora obaviti za tri dana. Auxiliary verb haben + infinitive with zu means more often the necessity but sometimes also the possibility. One can determine which meaning is present in the sentence only from the context. The possibility is marked mainly through negation words. While the auxiliary verb sein + infinitive with zu usually has a passive meaning, the structure of the auxiliary verb haben + inifinitive with zu has an active meaning, whereby the subject usually presents a person. (23a) Ich habe mit dir zu reden. (23b) Ja moram razgovarati sa tobom. (Notwendigkeit - nuņnost) (necessity) 24a) Was hast du zu berichten? (24b) Ńta moņeń izvijestiti? (Môglichkeit - moguĤnost) (possibility) Examples in Bosnian language show the common use of a complementary predicate verb in the infinitive form, which in German corresponds to infinitive structure with zu. 891 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Semantic modification of modality verbs In addition to modal and auxiliary verbs there are also some other verbs that can occasionally have the modality meaning. Such verbs are called modality verbs (Modalitätsverben) and they must be used with the infinitive with zu. According to U. Engel (1996) there are the following modality verby in German language: anheben, anstehen, belieben, bleiben (it is also possible to use the pure infinitive), drohen, gedenken, geruhen, sich (ge)trauen, pflegen, scheinen, stehen, umhin können, sich unterstehen, sich vermessen, vermögen, versprechen, verstehen, wissen. According to Dņ. JahiĤ/S. HaliloviĤ/I. PaliĤ (2000: 364 ff) the phase verbs in Bosnian language characterize different phases of the process indicated by the main verb, and the most common are: početi, stati, nastaviti, produţiti, prestati, prekinuti ... The subject of the modality verb and the subject of the main verb present the same category. Such identity of the subject is the reason why the subject of the complex modality predicate is mentioned only once. (25a) Die Ehe schien sein Befinden nicht gùnstig beeinflusst zu haben. (25b) Izgledalo je da brak nije povoljno uticao na njegovo zdravlje. (26a) Jemand braucht nur geboren zu werden, um ein Auserlesender und Edler zu sein. (26b) Neko treba samo da se rodi pa da bude izabranik i plemiĤ. (27a) Er hatte es gekauft, er schien seinen Ehrgeiz darein gesetzt zu haben... (27b) Kupio ju je, izgledalo je da se kapricirao da je kupi.... Complement main verb as a part of a complex verbal predicate can also have the form of the present tense with da - clause. In that case it is connected with a modal- phase verb by the conjunction da and it stays in grammatical congruence with the subject. Conclusion Based on performed analysis of the two observed languages it could be concluded that the verb in the personal verb form is the holder of grammatical meaning of the predicate in both languages and that the personal verb form represents the essential constituent of the predicate. Besides the grammatical meaning the predicate is also characterized by the lexical meaning. The lexical meaning of predicates in both languages can be characterized with both verb and nonverb lexeme. In such a construction a personal verb form is the holder of the grammatical meaning and the main verb represents the lexical complement. Auxiliary verbs within complex predicates belong to the lexical - semantic groups such as modal, modality and phase verbs plus the main verb that represents the holder of the meaning in a sentence. When it comes to contrastive analysis of German auxiliary verbs with Bosnian auxiliary verbs it can be determined that Bosnian auxiliary verbs are not always able to credibly convey all the nuances of meaning and the nuances of meaning of German auxiliary verb that are used to express modal and modality notion in general. In doing so, contribute to the Bosnian language and other language resources such as adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, subordinate clause, or some other syntactic structures. In addition, other language categories in Bosnian language contribute to express modal and modality notion such as adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, subordinate clause or some other syntactic structures. It was also important to show the comparison and the use of the verb tense and the mood in German and Bosnian. Auxiliary modal verbs used to express modality in German usually stand in present tense and past tense, while in Bosnian language such verbs stand mainly in present tense and perfect tense. When it comes to the mood, indicative and subjunctive are most frequently used in German and indicative and ―potencijal‖ verb form (for the expression of will) in Bosnian language. Explanation of abbreviations in graphic presentation: 892 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo a (i) auxiliary verb a comes with infinitive i and appears in the finite form a (p) auxiliary verb a comes with participle p and appears in the finite form a (p) auxiliary verb a comes with participle p and appears in the infinite form a (p) auxiliary verb a comes with participle p and appears in the participle form fv (NP) functional verbal expression fv comes with the noun phrase NP and appears in the finite form fv (pp) functional verbal expression fv comes with prepositional phrase pp and appears as participle m (i) modal verb m comes with infinitive i and appears in the finite form m (i) modal verb m comes with infinitive i and appears in the infinite form i. f f. f f i i p p f f p p f f i References Albert Busch/Oliver Stenschke (2008): Germanistische LInguistik, 2. Auflage, Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH + Co.KG, Tùbingen Augustin, Irina: Probleme mit deutschen Modalverben; Dissertation (http://www.opus.ub.unibayreut.de/volltexte/2007/283/pdf/Dissertation_Augustin.pdf) BariĤ,E./LonĦariĤ,M./MaliĤ,D./PaveńiĤ,S./Peti,M./ZeĦeviĤ,V./Znika,M (1979): PriruĦna gramatika hrvatskoga knjiņevnog jezika: Zagreb 893 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Bertelsmann (1999): Grammatik der deutschen Sprache, Mùnchen Duden 4 (2005): Die Grammatik, Mannheim Engel, Ulrich (1996): Deutsche Grammatik, 3, korrigierte Auflage Hasanica, Memnuna (2009): Akcionalnost i tvorbeni modeli glagola u njemaĦkom i b/h/s jeziku, Univerzitet u Zenici, Pedagońki fakultet u Zenici Helbig, G./Buscha, J. (2000): Leitfaden der deutschan Grammatik, Langenscheidt KG, Berlin und Mùnchen Helbig, G./ Buscha, J. (2001): Deutsche Grammatik. Ein Handbuch fùr den Ausländerunterricht. Berlin, Mùnchen, Wien, Zùrich, New York: Langenscheidt. JahiĤ Dņ., HaliloviĤ S., PaliĤ I. (2000): Gramatika bosanskog jezika; 1. izdanje, Zenica, Dom ńtampe Karin Pittner / Judith Bermann (2004), Narrstudienbùcher, Tùbingen KarabaliĤ Vladimir / Leonard Pon (2008): Syntax der Satzglieder im Deutschen, Osijek Katja Kessel / Sandra Reimann (2005): Basiswissen Deutsche Gegenwartssprache, A. Francke Verlag Tùbingen und Basel PetroviĤ, Velimir (1995) Einfùhrung ind die Syntax des Deutschen―, Osijek StevanoviĤ, M. (1989): Savremeni srpskohrvatski jezik II, NauĦna knjiga Beograd VukoviĤ, J. (1967): Sintaksa glagola, Zavod za izdavanje udņbenika Sarajevo ZiliĤ, Erminka (2002) : Syntax der deutschen Gegenwartssprache―, Dom ńtampe Zenica Sources Katja Kessel / Sandra Reimann (2005): Basiswissen Deutsche Gegenwartssprache, A. Francke Verlag Tùbingen und Basel .Mann, Thomas (1960): „Buddenbrocks―; Verfall einer Familie; S.Fischer Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt am Main Mann, Thomas (1961): „Buddenbrocks―-knjiga druga, preveli: O.DavidoviĤ i P. OgnjanoviĤ; IzdavaĦko preduzeĤe Svjetlost Sarajevo 894 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 551 Title A name given to the resource Modal and Modality Notion of Complex Predicate in German and Bosnian Languages Author Author Hasanica, Memnuna Ćurković, Amela Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of the paper is to highlight by contrastive approach broad issues of indicative and modal categories in German as target language and in Bosnian language. A number of examples of complex predicates in both languages were presented with the method of contrastive analysis with emphasis on the modality. It was found that the Bosnian auxiliary verbs are not always able to credibly convey all the nuances of meaning of German auxiliary verbs that are used to express modal and modality notion in general. In addition, other language categories in Bosnian language contribute to express modal and modality notion such as adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, subordinate clause or some other syntactic structures. It was also important to show the comparison and the use of the verb tense and the mood in German and Bosnian. Auxiliary modal verbs used to express modality in German usually stand in present tense and past tense, while in Bosnian language such verbs stand mainly in present tense and perfect tense. When it comes to the mood, indicative and subjunctive are most frequently used in German and indicative and ―potencijal‖ verb form (for the expression of will) in Bosnian language. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 981 Title A name given to the resource Modal Particles as a Translation Problem. Contrastive Analysis of German Modal Particle ja Author Author Mesic, Sanela Abstract A summary of the resource. Modal particles are considered as a translating problem, especially when it comes to translation in a language whit a lesser extent of modal particles. The most important thing in the process of translation is to transfer the meaning of an utterance using the adequate language resources of the language being translated into. There are few absolute equivalents in two different languages. I presume that two utterances in two different languages are equivalent if they have the same semantic-pragmatic function without having the same formal-syntactic structure. It is unnecessary to translate each modal particle. Such a translation could be considered as an unnatural one. In order to transfer such a subtle distinction from the German language into some other language we often have to use the method of paraphrasing. The issues observed in this paper are related to the transfer of modality in general, as well as to the translation of the modal particles. Modal particles express an epistemic modality. My intention in this paper is to expose, on the examples of the German particle ja, in what extent the epistemic modality remains within the Bosnian translation. The observed examples are excerpted from five German literary works and their equivalent Bosnian translations. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/92ae89ad7a41ba9c5ec9a5571ee571f8.pdf bf338fbd29dfcc0e55ec2cf5e3c1ed98 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF LUNG CANCER Author Author Lamija Šetić Abstract A summary of the resource. Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally, with early detection being critical to increasing survival rates. The primary goal of this project is to design and implement a machine learning classification model capable of accurately identifying lung cancer based on patient data. This work utilizes a publicly available dataset which includes features such as age, gender, air pollution levels, smoking habits, and other relevant health indicators. The methodology involves preprocessing the dataset to handle missing values, normalize input features, and encode categorical variables. Various classification algorithms were explored, including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Gradient Boosting, to determine the most effective model. Model performance was evaluated using standard metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score through cross-validation techniques to ensure robustness. Initial results indicate that ensemble methods, particularly Random Forest and Gradient Boosting, significantly outperform other models, achieving an accuracy of over 96%. These findings suggest that machine learning techniques can play a crucial role in assisting medical professionals with early diagnosis, thereby contributing to timely treatment and improved patient outcomes. In conclusion, this project demonstrates the effectiveness of supervised machine learning algorithms in medical data analysis and highlights the potential of data-driven solutions for real-world health challenges. Future improvements may involve integrating additional medical features and deploying the model in a web-based diagnostic tool for practical use. Keywords Keywords. senior design project, lung cancer classification, machine learning, Random Forest, early diagnosis Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 812 Title A name given to the resource Model of Development of Independent Study Skills during English Classes at Upper-Secondary School Author Author Dagnija , Deimante-Hartmane Abstract A summary of the resource. In today’s rapidly changing society need for the skills of independent learning is obvious. The implementation of the model of independent English learning skills is possible in a student-centered study process when teachers and students are aware of the process of knowledge construction and students are responsible for their learning. Access to IT plays an important role. Research carried out in upper-secondary schools shows that students are more willing to take responsibility than teachers are ready to give an opportunity to students to study independently. Moreover, teachers have not thought about integrating acquisition of independent learning skills in their lessons. Students can improve their independent learning skills if teachers apply a systemic approach in the development of students’ independent study skills. They should be acquired during classes at school but they are to be developed by students in outside class activities. If the student gets into routine of connecting the study process in class with his/her activities outside class, he/she gets used to independent studies. (Bluma,2006;145). In order to apply a systemic approach in helping students acquire independent study skills, a model of development of independent English study skills has been created based on the results of the action research carried out by the author. The initial stage starts with self-assessment, then students set their goals, choose the most appropriate learning strategies and evaluate their success. The teacher acts like a mentor and facilitator giving advice and helping in linking the learning process at school with learning activities outside class. The research shows that students with developed independent learning skills have higher proficiency in English. D.Little states that when the focus of learning is a foreign language, autonomous learners within the limits of their abilities become confident communicators (2000;43) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fe0a571bda260ea897b1eabcb9031213.pdf 688f29dfde044363f7a0b6302c6a5596 PDF Text Text MODEL OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS AMONG STUDENTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Azra Pašić Mesihović University of Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina azra.pasic@efsa.unsa.ba Munira Šestić University of Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina munira.sestic@efsa.unsa.ba Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine entrepreneurial intentions among business students in state universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Theoretic base for The Model of Entrepreneurial Intentions in this research is Theory of planned behavior, developed by Ajzen (1991.). TPB explains that Attitude towards behaviour, Perceived Social Norms and Perceived Behavioral Control are three motivational factors that constitute the construct which explains entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial intentions are considered to be the single most influencing predictor for performing entrepreneurial behaviour. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS 19.0 statistical program, using standard descriptives for general information about the demographic characteristics of the sample. After performing Factor analysis, four different factors emerged which represented four main constructs od the model. Cronbach Alpha was 0.8 and showed adequate reliability in the questionnaire. Parametric statistics was used in the analysis, because Kolmogorov-Smirnow test was not significant (p value was grater than 0.05)We used correlation analysis and regression analysis to confirm the hypothesis. Keywords: entrepreneurial intentions, students, Theory of planned behaviour 1. INTRODUCTION The importance of entrepreneurship to society has been identified and discussed since at least the fifteenth century (Schumpeter, 1912), and that discussion remains topical (Maresch et al., 2015; Kirchhoff et al., 2013; Grichnik and Harms, 2007). Process of entrepreneurship is a very complex activity, and for bringing more lights on it, it requires a multidisciplinary aproach. Who is an entrepreneur, why is he/she different from the rest of the population? What are the motives for becomming entrepreneur? These are some of the question which always cause debates. Organizational emergence is usually considered as a key outcome of entrepreneurship (Shirokova et al, 2015; Aldrich, 1999; Gartner, 1985; Katz & Gartner, 1988; Shane & Delmar, 2004). Entrepreneurial activity is intentional, resulting from motivation and cognition (Frese, 2009; Kautonen, Van Gelderen, & Tornikoski, 2013; Kolvereid & Isaksen, 2006; Krueger, 2005). Starting point for every racional and important action is intention. Social psychology scholars define intentions as cognitive states immediately prior to the decision to act (Theory of Planned Behavior: Ajzen, 1991; Theory of reasoned action: Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). Entrereneurial intentions are the single most important predictor of one’s later entrepreneurial behaviour. But not all intentions ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 291 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) are transformed in the planned behaviuor. But this obvious gap between intention to behave and behaviour will be part of another research. Picture 1: Entrepreneurial intention model EIM Entrepreneurial intention is defined as the conscious state of mind that precedes action and directs attention towards a goal, such as starting a new business (Linan et al., 2016; Fayolle et al., 2014). Several models (Shapero & Sokol, 1982., Moore, 1986.; Scott & Twomey, 1988.; Herron & Sapienza, 1992.; Naffzinger et al., 1994.; Krueger i Brazeal, 1994.; Baum et al., 2001.; Bandura, 2006.) have been used to explain EI – although these have not been as influential as the Ajzen’s (1991) Theory of Planned Behaviour (Linan et al., 2016; Kautonen et al., 2013; Griffiths et al., 2009; Van Gelderen et al., 2008). Unlike other EI models, the TPB offers a coherent and generally applicable and replicable theoretical framework. TPB recognizes three key elements which directly influences on intention to become an entrepreneur. The attitude towards the behaviour or personal attraction PA refers to the attractiveness of the proposed behaviour or degree to which the individual holds a positive or negative personal valuation about being an entrepreneur (Ajzen, 1991, 2002; Kolvereid 1996). Subjective norms or social norms measure the perceived social pressure from family, friends or significant others (Ajzen, 1991) to perform the entrepreneurial behaviour. It refers to the perception that ‘reference people’ may or may not approve of the decision to become an entrepreneur (Ajzen 2001). The third motivational factor is Perceived behavioral control PBC and it describes the perceived easiness or difficulty of becoming an entrepreneur (Ajzen 1991). Some researchers have considered this concept confusing for interpretation and they used self-efficacy instead of PBC (Moriano et al., 2012; van Gelderen et al., 2008., Kvereid & Isaksen, 2007.; Krueger et al., 2000.), but Ajzen (2002) specifies that it is a wider construct, since it encompasses self-efficacy and perceived controllability of the behaviour. Entrepreneurship becomes more and more attractive for people who are about to make their first career choice, as this perspective allows participation in the labor market while keeping personal freedom (Shirokova et al, 2015; Martinez, Mora, & Vila, 2007). Special form of a entrepreneurship is student entrepreneurship, which has the early start-up activities during the studies. According to latest published GEM Report for Bosnia and Herzegovina (2012) relatively small number of young people started their own business (5.9%), and between them there are more male entrepreneur. Students’ involvement in entrepreneurial activity depends on their career plans and attitude toward self-employment, which are contingent on various factors (Shirokova et al, 2015). 292 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation In this research we are going to examine intentions among students to start and run thair own bussines. What are the driving factor(s) who pull/push students in entrepreneurship? According to Theory of planned behaviour three main hypothesis are formed: H1: Personal attraction has positive influence on Entrepreneurial intentions. H2: Social norms have positive influence on Entrepreneurial intentions. H3: Perceived behavioral control has positive influence on Entrepreneurial intentions. This paper will follow the IMRaD structure. After Introduction, in the second part (Methods) the answer to when, where, and how was the study done will be given. Results will present what did the study find, and was the tested hypothesis true. And finally in the last section it will be discussed what might the answer imply and why does it matter, how does it fit in with what other researchers have found and what are the perspectives for future research. 2. METHODS & RESULTS In this research, The Model of Entrepreneurial Intentions (MEI), based on Theory of planned behaviour was tested on the sample of business students from School of Economics and Business Sarajevo. The measurement point was in the school year 2015./16., when 91 students (freshmen) who passed Entrepreneurship course were asked to participate in a survey. Questionnare used in this research was developed by Autio et al. 2001. Students were asked to give answeres on 20 questions (which were measuring PA, SN, PBC and EI). Scale used in this questionnaire was five point Likert type. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS 17.0 statistical program. After performing Factor analysis (KMO and Bartlett’s Test were significant), five different factors emerged. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 293 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Extraction method used for this research was Principal axis factoring and oblique rotation. Criterias for obtaining factors were: Keiser’s rule(≤ 1) and point of inflection on screeplot. Table 1: KMO and Bartlett’s Test Three questions were problematic (after rotation they were in a wrong factor, they were not measuring what they were supose to), and they were dropped out. In the structure matrix we can see the final version of items, where rotation converged after 9 iterations (using Oblimin with Kaiser normalization). Factor 1 is representing the questions which measure the construct PBC. Factor 2 represents PA positive, Factor 3 SN, Factor 4 PA negative and finally Factor 5 represents construct EI. Table 3: Structure Matrix 294 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring. Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization. a. Rotation converged in 9 iterations. Standard descriptives for general information about the demographic characteristics of sample were done. In the sample 71.4% were female participantes and most of them (46.2) were 20-21 years old. Five variables listed in the table down were computed relying on the results from dimension reduction technique. Questions which were measuring the same construct were computed. In the correlation and regression analysis these five variables will be used. For analyzing data parametric statistics was used (series of T-tests and ANOVA). After analyzing results of the samples, one statistically significant difference appeared. Male students have significantly higher entrepreneurial intentions than female group of students ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 295 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Tabela 8: Difference in EI between male and female students In the reliability analysis we measured consistency of a questionnaire. Cronbach coefficient Alpha is 0.866 showed that it is reliable. Table 4: Cronbach’s Alpha(α) We used correlation and regression to test the hypothesis 1, 2 and 3. Correlation analysis showed significant moderate and high correlation coefficients. Only correlation between PApos i PAneg was very week and not significant. Table 9: Correlation matrix **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). For the regression analysis it is important to underline that dependent variable is Entrepreneurial intentions EI, and four independent variables are Perceived behavioral control PBC, Personal attraction negative PAneg, Social norms SN, Personal attraction positive PApos. According to Ajzen’s TPB these four predictors directly and positively influence dependent variable EI. After running regression analysis on this sample of 91 student all four independent variables togather explain 32,0% of entrepreneurial intention variance. The method used in the analysis was Forced entry or Enter (all predictors were forced into model simultaneously). We inspected values of variance inflation factor VIF (it si very close to 1) and concluded that there is no multicolinearity (which we could have guessed after observing value of correlation coefficients). In the sense of statistical significance, only predictor PBC is statisticaly significant (p=0.001). 296 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation In the hierarchical model predictors are selected based on past work or from other research. Known predictors are entered in model fist in order of their importance in predicting outcome. In this case we respected the outcome of Factor analysis where factor 1 alone explained the most of variance (3,67%). This factor is represented by PBC. Table 10: Model Summaryb with coefficientsa Predictors: (Constant), Personal_attraction_positive, negative, Social_norms, Perceived_behavioral_control b. Dependent Variable: Entrepreneurial_intentions a. Personal_attraction_ In the hierarchical model building first variable PBC explained 27.4% variance of EI, PApos explained additionally 2.3%, SN explained additionally 0.4%, PApos explained additionally 2%. Only PBC predictor was at satisticaly significant level (SigΔF=0.000) . Table 11: Hierarchical model building Predictors: (Constant), Perceived_behavioral_control Predictors: (Constant), Perceived_behavioral_control, negative c. Predictors: (Constant), Perceived_behavioral_control, negative, Social_norms a. b. Personal_attraction_ Personal_attraction_ ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 297 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Predictors: (Constant), Perceived_behavioral_control, negative, Social_norms, Personal_attraction_positive e. Dependent Variable: Entrepreneurial_intentions d. Personal_attraction_ We use standardized reziduals (z-scores) which are residuals divided by an estimate of their standard deviation. We know that 95% z-scores should lie between -1.96 and +1.96 (assumption of normal distribution). Since there is no value grater than absolute 3.29, we conclude that there is no reason to worry about outliers. However on the normal P-P plot and on the histogram we can see some deviation marked with arrow, it is not perfectly normally distributed. Outliers outside three standars deviations were excluded. Missing values were excluded listwise. In general, missing values are closely examined and no pattern or frequency arose. This is the example of missing completely at random. One observation was excluded becuse the student gave all 1s to all the questions (we believe that it was very malicious behaviour, but not true answers to given questions). The regression analysis in the sample generally supports Hypothesis 3. Students who have higher self-efficacy (PBC) have higher entrepreneurial intentions. Hypothesis 1 and 2 did not find any support in this research. ŷ = 0.39x1 + 0.16x2 + 0.16x3 + 0.04x4 with standardized regression coefficients 3. DISCUSSION The research about entrepreneurial intentions among business students in SEBS pointed out few very important findings, which are coherent with other simillar studies. Perceived behavioral control (very close concept to self-efficacy) is a beliefe that a person is capable of starting and running a succesful business. This is the main predictor which influences formation of entrepreneurial intentions. This construct alone explains 27.4% of variance (of Entrepreneurial intentions) in this researh. Social norms have very little influence on young people (in this sample), and it is explained with locus of control. Individuals who have high internal locus of control believe that they are responsable for outcomes and their life, they keep things 298 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation under control. In the other hand individuals with high external lokus of control believe that other people influences and direct their life. Entrepreneurs typically have high internal locus of control, and they do not wait for the approval from the others to star bussines. Social norms explain 0.4% of variance EI (this contribution was not statistically significant). Personal attraction was divided in two categories (positive and negative aspects). This was done because Factor analysis did not put corresponding questions in one factor, but in two. There was an option to drop out two questions and in that case 4 factors would emerged. But, please note that this analysis was mostly done for the demonstration purpose (exam) and there is a strict rule that for this assignment we need at least 5 variables. However, statisticaly those two predictors PApos i PNneg explained respectively 2.3% and 2% of variance EI (this contribution was not statistically significant). This construct measured attitudes towords entrepreneurship and we can conslude that those attitudes do not impact highly enough on EI among students. This may be explained withe the fact that those are student freshmen and that they will develop stronger pro/contra attitudes towords entrepreneurship in the cours of their studies. Certainly intense education and practice will have positive effect on ther overall knowledge and attitudes. Highest level of propensity to act, or highest level of entrepreneurial intentions is in general among last year students who are actively considering all career options because they will soon step out in the labour market. Gap between entrepreneurial intentions and behaviour (start-up activity) is than smallest. Therefor, simillar research should be undertaken among those students. The sample should include engeneering and other studies to have a fully representative sample. In the course of analysis some other techniques might be used (ex. factor scores for later analysis). In the Factor analysis all the other methods were run, but the most logical and best results gave the ones we used (oblique). When it comes to normality PApos showed moderate asimetry (negative one). Even after transformation (reflection and log 10 or square root) normal distribution was not achieved. That is why variables were not transformed at all. Kolmogorow-Smirnow and Shapiro-Wilk test were significant for two variables. They are sensitive in general, so we relied on normal distribution observed on histogram. And finally for more significance, we sholud enlarge the sample. 4. LITERATURE • • • Rueda, S., Moriano, J.A., Linan, F. (2015). Validating a theory of planned behaviour questionnaire to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Shaping and Growing Entrepreneurship, str. 60-78 Shirokova, G., et al. (2015). Exploring the intention-behavior link in student entrepreneurship: Moderating effects of individual and environmental characteristics, European Management Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. emj.2015.12.007 Thorgren, S., et al. (2015). Hybrid entrepreneurs’ second-step choice: The nonlinear relationship between age and intention to enter full-time entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing Insights http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2015.12.001 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 299 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) • • • • • • Maresch, D., et al., (2015). The impact of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of students in science and engineering versus business studies university programs, Technological Forecasting and Social Change http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.006 Hilary Glasman-deal (2009). Science Research Writing: A Guide for Non-Native Speakers of English. Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1848163102 Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 4, str.665–683. Ajzen, I. i Fishbein, M. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research. Reading: Addison-Wesley. Autio, E., Keeley, R. H., Klofsten, M., Parker, G. G. C. i Hay, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2, str. 145-160. Costello, A. and Osborne, J. (2005). Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most From Your Analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation. ISSN 1531-7714 300 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3317 Title A name given to the resource MODEL OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS AMONG STUDENTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Author Author Pasic Mesihovic, Azra Sestic, Munira Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine entrepreneurial intentions among business students in state universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Theoretic base for The Model of Entrepreneurial Intentions in this research is Theory of planned behavior, developed by Ajzen (1991.). TPB explains that Attitude towards behaviour, Perceived Social Norms and Perceived Behavioral Control are three motivational factors that constitute the construct which explains entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial intentions are considered to be the single most influencing predictor for performing entrepreneurial behaviour. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS 19.0 statistical program, using standard descriptives for general information about the demographic characteristics of the sample. After performing Factor analysis, four different factors emerged which represented four main constructs od the model. Cronbach Alpha was 0.8 and showed adequate reliability in the questionnaire. Parametric statistics was used in the analysis, because Kolmogorov-Smirnow test was not significant (p value was grater than 0.05)We used correlation analysis and regression analysis to confirm the hypothesis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c384f6d9aaebba9c94c965ef03baccaa.pdf bbbbbc2606dc9021b2af09484d98a326 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Model Of Kayseri In Enterpreneurship Emin Karataş1, Mustafa Gülmez2, Hasan Erdoğan3 1Akdeniz Univercity Social Sciences Institut Department of Econometrics Antalya/Turkey 2Akdeniz Univercity School of Tourism &Hotel Management Antalya/Turkey 3 Akdeniz Univercity Ayşe Sak school of Applied Sciences Antalya/Turkey E-mails: emin@ebitech.com, mgulmez@akdeniz.edu.tr Akhism: an organized brotherhood in Anatolia related to trade guilds. Abstract Kayseri, is a historical Anatolian city, has been attracting the attention with its rapid economic growth in recent years. In the past, the region of Kayseri was known as the centre of Akhism.3 Today, the ancient values and philanthropy as well as entrepreneurial spirit and commercial intelligence have an important role on its rapid development. Nowadays, because of the request of commercial activities that come from the past, and the high entrepreneurial spirit; Kayseri with its basic model, is seen as an exemplary city to other provinces in Turkey. Emphasizing the increasing ratio of entrepreneurial activities in Turkey, this article describes the entrepreneurial characteristics of Kayseri, and also describes the presence of an exemplary model of Kayseri as a factor of entrepreneurship. The model features, and its acquisitions will be expressed. A sustainable model of Kayseri in the culture of entrepreneurship and the reflections of this model will be discussed. Making use of the surveys conducted on entrepreneurship, the features and the differences of entrepreneurs of Kayseri will be emphasized. Finally the results of the survey made by us about Kayseri and entrepreneurship will be interpreted by comparing the range of indicators with other provinces. Keywords: the model of Kayseri in industry, commerce and entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs of Kayseri, culture of entrepreneurship 1. INTRODUCTION Entrepreneurship is the core mechanism of economic growth and sustainable development. Entrepreneurship introduces the society with new resources, and new technologies and thus earned to previously unused or less used resources to the economy and the increase in production occurs. Restructured company or a brand-new company in a country increase the volume of employment and as a result of all these records, it makes a positive impetus 3 Akhism: an organized brotherhood in Anatolia related to trade guilds. 126 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo to economic development. By examined levels of international development, resource allocation in the backward countries are not as good as the developed countries, as an efficient resource allocation requires successful entrepreneurs who may develop it, and may transfer information from other countries. So countries have successful entrepreneurs are more advantageous than other countries. (Ulusoy et al., 2007) Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity rate (TEA), can be defined as Entrepreneurship performance, is continuously increasing in Turkey. Also this ratio reached to 11% in 2011, is the Europe's highest level of entrepreneurship. With 7% of the EU average level of entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship in European Union countries could not yet the desired size, and lags far behind of Turkey and the United States. (GEM, 2012) Turkey, with the increase of conscious entrepreneurs and the increasing economic growth ratio due to the biggest increase of loans and supports that given to entrepreneurs since 2005 indicates that entrepreneurial performance of Turkey has also increased a very large proportion since 2000. Nowadays, Turkey begins to represent the entrepreneurial spirit of Europe. While entrepreneurial activities were very few amounts in the early 2000s, behind this great leap in 10 years, it is said to spread the effect of the spirit of entrepreneurship in some Anatolian cities to other cities and it leads to increase in the number of entrepreneurial, conscious individuals. In short, we must emphasize that the number of entrepreneurs has increased and established enterprises in the market and the economy gained continuity in Turkey. Among the most important reasons for Turkey to acquire a break through in entrepreneurship, the widespread entrepreneurial culture is shown. Having this culture since time immemorial, some Anatolian cities such as Kayseri set an example to other cities. Kayseri, pulling head to the nation with this kind of expansion of entrepreneurial activities, leads Turkey to quickly become the European leader in entrepreneurship. Urban development model and this entrepreneurial culture of Kayseri form the basis of our research. Entrepreneurs can be described as a person who invests his capital in order to produce goods and services by taking the risk into profit or loss. In general, we can easily say that Kayseri citizens have the spirit of entrepreneurship because of working perseverance that coming from family traditions and aiming to invest money into various sectors by getting the risks instead of saving money up. In addition, when the entrepreneurial spirit scores are calculated by provinces, Kayseri with 7.9 score is over on the average of Turkey’s 6.2. Kayseri plays the role of a pioneer with some factors such as; planned development, the expectation of future economic, industrial potential, the trade potential, entrepreneurial spirit, and competitiveness of firms in Turkey. One can easily interpret from the table that the reasons such as, lacking of agricultural potential, low labor costs and seeming to be a very attractive city for investors, cause Kayseri citizens give the more importance to commerce and industry sector developments and make investments to produce new lines of business. 127 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Due to lack of suitable land for agriculture and livestock, Kayseri keeps back in plant and livestock production value of the order of values than Turkey indicators. This leads Kayseri citizens’ to turn out another line of business and commerce. In export rankings, Kayseri is one of the foreground cities in Anatolia, which indicates the importance of industry and production for the city. Moreover, being in the background in consumption shows the widespread saving culture. Having much more opened/closed companies, SME investment incentive certificates, cash loan usage, patent and trademark applications, and industrial design registration and taking the front place of the rankings of ISO first 500 companies shows how Kayseri has the high level of entrepreneurship. Kayseri is a city that prides itself with entrepreneurs. In the 2011 rankings of Forbes 100, there were 17 rich people from Kayseri. Anyone living in Turkey and even strangers has always expressed entrepreneurial culture in Kayseri. (Tercan, 2011: 22) 2. MODEL OF KAYSERİ IN ENTREPRENEOURSHIP: CONSTITUTION AND ITS FEATURES Latterly, Kayseri has been one of the most spoken cities in Turkey with its huge entrepreneurial investments and city planning developments. City has a great influence on Turkish economy and politics. Representing the conservative but also accommodating face of Anatolia and with fast growing economy and using equity capital for investments without any subsidy from the government, the city also attract attention of the foreign investors. In Kayseri Report, that has been prepared by Open Society Foundation, world’s one of the leading non-governmental organization (ngo), and European Stability Institute (ESI) which based in Austria, the researchers named the city as “Islamic Calvinists” by comparing the economic performance of the city with the work ethics of the Protestants. (Özcan, 2005) Although the economic growth in Kayseri made climax in last 20 years, we have to indicate that it has a 50 years background. We can say that “Mercantile intelligence, diligence and high power of production” are some of the reasons that helped this development but maybe the most important ones are the individual specialities of the society with old traditions and ancient values. Today, the economical growth which is based on “entrepreneurship, saving and charity” shows us the absolute development of Anatolia. We can search out that using a model from the past experiences helped out the development of the city. (Özcan, 2005) There is a historical background of the city's trade tendency. Kayseri’s geography had been the center of commerce and urbanization last 1500 years. “Yabanlu Bazaar” which is the first known commercial purpose fair in the world, is one of the indicators of this tendency. Entrepreneurial spirit of Kayseri, has known to hold the remaining commercial heritage of the Greeks and Armenians, and moved it even further. "The most well-thought-of human is that producing” philosophy has been adopted here. (Özcan, 2005) One of the important features that should be underlined in the economic success of Kayseri is the tradition of Akhism. Akhism is the name of an economic Anatolian struggle between 128 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Turkish trade guilds against the Byzantines which for many years lived on this land and hold the commercial life in their hands, at the first years when Turks began to settle in Anatolia. A strong economic life is required in order to become permanent on the lands obtained from the wars. Ahi Evran who first established this business called Akhism, assumed leadership of this business. Stated, that people brought the first quality standard on production, after centuries we can say this development here, has carried the traces of this culture. (Özcan, 2005). Today's entrepreneurs in Kayseri can be described as “modern Akhis”. Kayseri’s this modern Akhis offer a powerful proposal model for the future of Turkey with respect to their forces of production, business morality, remaining from the public, charity, strong ties with each other, and the dominant cultural and religious values. 2.1. SUSTAINABILITY OF THE MODEL It is possible to mention about sustainability of this basic sample development model in the long term. Prepared according to the answers given by 100 businessmen from Kayseri, a sustainability model for Kayseri with subjective criteria was transferred to the findings below: (Yerlikhan, 2011: 134) Sustainability Index score; 6.87, taking 2nd place in cities ranking. Economic Performance score; 6.54, taking 4th place in cities ranking. Social Performance score; 7.40, taking 1st place in cities ranking. Kayseri is an extremely well developing city in the eyes of the business world. It is obvious that Kayseri is a business-oriented city. Kayseri’s business people indicate that the reaching point of the sustainability of Kayseri is not fully reflected to the quality of Kayseri life. Kayseri business expects a jump in the economy and increase in the number of young entrepreneurs in future. 3. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND APPLICATION OF MODEL In the light of all the data and explanations mentioned above, we get the following hypothesizes that their accuracy can be demonstrated with some applications: 1. Business intelligence, diligence, and the high level of production are specific characters of Kayseri citizens, and this is usually acquired from family. 2. Kayseri’s entrepreneurial potentials are higher than other provinces. 3. Susceptibility to trade is an important factor on entrepreneurial potentials in Kayseri and predisposition to this trade for entrepreneurs comes from usually family (especially in the profession of the father being a merchant and industrialist). 4. Investment is seemed to be a civic duty in Kayseri, by the awareness of that, forprofit investments are located. 129 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.1. RESEARCH RESULTS OF KAYSERİ MODEL To compare Kayseri citizens and non-Kayseri citizens and in order to identify some of the distinct features Kayseri’s entrepreneurs; a basic multiple-choice survey especially in the southern provinces, is made and SPSS statistical package program was used for the analysis and assessment of results. Using SPSS software on the survey data, the frequency distribution, mean, percentages and t tests were used. Some demographic information about the entrepreneurs participating in the survey is summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Some Demographic Characteristics of Participants Homeland f % Distribution of Father Profession f % Kayseri 42 70 Farmer 6 6 Out of Kayseri (others) 18 30 Worker 13 36 Total 60 100 Officer 15 35 Education f % Merchant 12 16 Primary 4 6 Industrialist 8 7 Secondary 19 32 Other 6 10 University 37 62 Total 60 100 Total 60 100 According to Table 1, 70% of research participants are from Kayseri, and 30% from out of Kayseri. Looking at the education, as high as 62% portion of entrepreneurial participants graduated university. Also, the vast majority of participants’ father professions are workers (36%) and employees (35%). Table 2. Reasons for entrepreneurial investment Birthplace 130 Kayseri Out of Kayseri Reasons for entrepreneurial investment % % Family support 60 40 Predisposition to trade (Experience) 67 33 Perseverance to work 77 23 Other 57 43 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As can be seen from Table 2, Kayseri’s perseverance to work, comparing to those outside of Kayseri is very high. This data supports the 1st hypothesis. Table 3. Forms of Setting up entrepreneurs’ business Birthplace Kayseri Out of Kayseri How did you set up your business? % % By working as a apprentice, monitorial or master 75 25 Father job 67 33 By education 67 33 Doing partnership 77 23 According to Table 3, the majority of entrepreneurs in Kayseri, starting their business by working as apprentice, monitorial, or master, they trained in this way, and formed a partnership while setting up their own business. A previous study (Esen, 1999: 104) also showed the similar results, that Kayseri had the maximum number of trade entrepreneurs by grown in the bottom. From this perspective, the apprentice-master concept is seemed to be an indicator of work ethic in Kayseri also effective on sustainability of the model. Table 4. Distribution of Investment Ideas for Entrepreneurs between Kayseri citizens and non Kayseri citizens Birthplace Kayseri Out of Kayseri Thoughts on Investment and Employment % % Investment is a virtue 62 38 Investment is a civic duty of every citizen 80 20 Investment is profitable 72 28 Other 50 50 As shown in Table 4, the majority of participants in Kayseri (80%) are aware that investment is a civic duty. Difference is significant from those observed in non Kayseri citizens. This confirms our 4th hypothesis. T-test 131 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo T-test was used to determine whether or not there exist differences between two independent groups (with Kayseri’s citizens, and those out of Kayseri) in terms of entrepreneurship expressions (variables). T-test (distribution) which is useful especially when the observation size is below 30, its symmetric structure forms a bell curve (Altunışık et al., 2002: 158). On the assessing of t-test primarily variances are checked whether they are different or not, for that 'Levene' test results were examined. T-test results are in the following table (Table 5). Table 5: t Test Results for Entrepreneurial Variables Regarding the Differences between the Groups Entrepreneurial Expressions Birthplace N Meana St. Dev.a t test Kayseri 42 1. In my city, many people know how to set up and manage to a business that may grow faster. Out of Kays. 18 3,71 1,01 Supported 2,72 1,31 t= 3,157 Kayseri 42 2. In my city, to establish a new business is perceived as an appropriate method to become rich. Out of Kays. 18 3,73 1,30 Not Supported 3,77 1,11 t= -0,112 Kayseri 42 3. In my city, the physical infrastructure (roads, communication tools, waste expenses) are properly Out of Kays. 18 organized for new and emerging companies. 4,02 1,09 Supported 2,88 1,27 t= 3,502 42 3,90 1,14 Supported Out of Kays. 18 3,22 1,16 t= 2,106 42 3,33 1,18 Supported Out of Kays. 18 2,27 0,95 t= 3,341 Kayseri 4. In my city, many people can evaluate new business opportunities without losing any time. 5. For young people, the possibility of making their own affairs in my city is higher than the possibility of working for someone else. p* 0,003 0,911 0,001 0,04 Kayseri 0,001 a: Scale range (Likert Scale) - 5: Strongly Agree,- 1: Strongly Disagree *p<0,05 According to t-test in Table 5, those can be said briefly: about entrepreneurship; with respect to 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th expressions, the significant difference are observed between Kayseri’s entrepreneurs and out of Kayseri entrepreneurs. Only 2nd statement no difference was observed. The 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th statements are basically about entrepreneurship, and their mean for Kayseri is higher than other provinces. This is a clear indication that Kayseri’s entrepreneurship potential is higher than other provinces. This confirms our 2nd hypothesis. Moreover, as can be seen from the 3rd expression related especially infrastructure, Kayseri has a very good infrastructure for entrepreneurs thus supports the creation of a sample entrepreneurial culture structure in our model with the high level of infrastructure services. 4.CONCLUSION 132 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The majority of entrepreneurs in Kayseri make commercial investments, detecting the awareness of the investment as a civic duty. The present study result that we have also supports the earlier research findings on this issue. (Esen 1999:148). Adem Esen et al's study, reported that 67.5% of Kayseri's entrepreneurs, take the awareness of that as a civic duty. Today, we can observe an increase in our study that, this ratio has reached a value as high as 80%. This shows the model of entrepreneurship in Kayseri is adopting by more and more people every day and shows the continuity of this culture. Kayseri's entrepreneurs catch up with the kernel. They started their business as an apprenticeship then by working hard, they improve themselves and up in their job, and then they started to become a partner in that business, so that companies today have formed multimember liability partnerships. Whose father’s profession is trader or industrialist is considerable amount. Today, Kayseri is a city that prides with its diligence, and entrepreneurial activities. Kayseri also is a model city with continuous improvements. REFERENCES Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Yıldırım, E. & Bayraktaroğlu S. (2002). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, Geliştirilmiş 2. Baskı, Sakarya Kitabevi: Sakarya. Esen A. & Çonkar K. (1999). Orta Anadolu Girişimcilerinin Sosyo-Ekonomik Özellikleri, İşletmecilik Anlayışları ve Beklentileri Araştırması, No: 18, 104-149, Konya. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), Last Accessed on 15 02, 2012 from http://www.gemconsortium.org Özcan Z. (2005). “Akla ve paraya ihtiyacı olmayan şehir: Kayseri”, Aksiyon Dergisi, Last Accessed on 19 04, 2012 from http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-13192-34-akla-veparaya-ihtiyaci-olmayan-sehir-kayseri.html Tercan M. (2011). Girişimcilik ve Kayseri, Kayseri Ticaret Odası Dergisi, No: 8. Ulusoy F., Karaköse B. & Güngör İ. (2007). Yönçiz “Girişimcilik Projesi”TRO405.02/LDI/149, Last Accessed on 17 03, 2012 from http://www.kayserito.org.tr/media/girisimcilik02.pdf Yerlikhan M. (2011). “Sürdürülebilirlik Araştırması”, Kayseri Ticaret Odası Dergisi, No: 8. 133 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1106 Title A name given to the resource Model Of Kayseri In Enterpreneurship Author Author Emin, Karataş Abstract A summary of the resource. Kayseri, is a historical Anatolian city, has been attracting the attention with its rapid economic growth in recent years. In the past, the region of Kayseri was known as the centre of Akhism.3 Today, the ancient values and philanthropy as well as entrepreneurial spirit and commercial intelligence have an important role on its rapid development. Nowadays, because of the request of commercial activities that come from the past, and the high entrepreneurial spirit; Kayseri with its basic model, is seen as an exemplary city to other provinces in Turkey. Emphasizing the increasing ratio of entrepreneurial activities in Turkey, this article describes the entrepreneurial characteristics of Kayseri, and also describes the presence of an exemplary model of Kayseri as a factor of entrepreneurship. The model features, and its acquisitions will be expressed. A sustainable model of Kayseri in the culture of entrepreneurship and the reflections of this model will be discussed. Making use of the surveys conducted on entrepreneurship, the features and the differences of entrepreneurs of Kayseri will be emphasized. Finally the results of the survey made by us about Kayseri and entrepreneurship will be interpreted by comparing the range of indicators with other provinces. Keywords: the model of Kayseri in industry, commerce and entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs of Kayseri, culture of entrepreneurship Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34f777993d17d5dc4312ade5ab7dddd3.doc 1e0c85d815315e233d989e061b020538 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cb205d25f900aa869be73ecdf2bdda99.pdf 32cb98ab7130fd88b7237e4bfba14556 PDF Text Text BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Model Organism in Genetics: Induction of Ectopic Eyes by Targeted Expression of the Eyeless Gene in Drosophila Melanogaster Armin Fejzic International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly, is organism which is one of best and oldest organisms used in genetics researches, actually whole genetic is based on Drosophila experiments. Reasons why Drosophila is the most used organism in genetic are: they are very cheap, short generation time (two weeks) and the most important, results on them are transferable to human because of 287 known human disease genes, and 197 have homologs in Drosophila melanogaster to human. The main idea of experiment performed by Georg Halder and his colleagues is that they wanted to prove that gene for eyeless, ey, is master control gene for eye morphogenesis. In this experiment GAL4 system activator was used to target ey expression to imaginal discs other than normally expressed eye discs and GAL4 was regulated by a promoter region, and upstream activating sequence UAS. They wanted to express eyeless gene, ey, on Drosophila melanogaster head, wings, legs and antenna. Ectopic eyes were induced, but also they were functional. Using electron microscope they observed that ommatidia of ectopic eyes were full complement to the different types of cells structures. On antennal ectopic eyes they distinguished cornea, pseudo cone, cone cells, primary, secondary and tertiary pigment cells and photoreceptors. The neuronal differentiation of photoreceptors by ELAV antibodies, and clusters of photoreceptor cells were clearly detected at ectopic sites in imaginal discs and with this analysis they proved that ectopic eyes are functional. This experiment was really important for understanding genetics, because they proved that ey is master control gene for eye morphogenesis, and that is almost universal for all organisms. But ey doesn’t control initial steps of morphogenesis but it is necessary for later steps. | 59 �1st International Annual Student Symposium Ey gene also have influence in developing of nervous system, because null mutations are lethal for Drosophila melanogaster, and loss of eye structure don’t cause lethality. Tumor Suppressor Protein 53 at Chromosome 17 Hasan Emin Balkaya International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT Nowadays when we say genetics there is a very popular type of sickness that comes in our minds, Cancer. There are Tumor cells which cause cancer. In this symposium I would like to introduce Protein 53 at chromosome 17 also known as Tumor suppressor gene. This gene regulates the Cell cycle in multicellular organisms, they are so called as guardians of the cells because the regulation of the cells prevents the cell to complete its cycle perfectly and not end up as a tumor (Cancer cell). In this topic I will give details about Protein 53`s relation with the genes, its nomenclature, structure, function and many more things about itself. 60 | � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1427 Title A name given to the resource Model Organism in Genetics: Induction of Ectopic Eyes by Targeted Expression of the Eyeless Gene in Drosophila Melanogaster Author Author FEJZIC, Armin Abstract A summary of the resource. Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly, is organism which is one of best and oldest organisms used in genetics researches, actually whole genetic is based on Drosophila experiments. Reasons why Drosophila is the most used organism in genetic are: they are very cheap, short generation time (two weeks) and the most important, results on them are transferable to human because of 287 known human disease genes, and 197 have homologs in Drosophila melanogaster to human. The main idea of experiment performed by Georg Halder and his colleagues is that they wanted to prove that gene for eyeless, ey, is master control gene for eye morphogenesis. In this experiment GAL4 system activator was used to target ey expression to imaginal discs other than normally expressed eye discs and GAL4 was regulated by a promoter region, and upstream activating sequence UAS. They wanted to express eyeless gene, ey, on Drosophila melanogaster head, wings, legs and antenna. Ectopic eyes were induced, but also they were functional. Using electron microscope they observed that ommatidia of ectopic eyes were full complement to the different types of cells structures. On antennal ectopic eyes they distinguished cornea, pseudo cone, cone cells, primary, secondary and tertiary pigment cells and photoreceptors. The neuronal differentiation of photoreceptors by ELAV antibodies, and clusters of photoreceptor cells were clearly detected at ectopic sites in imaginal discs and with this analysis they proved that ectopic eyes are functional. This experiment was really important for understanding genetics, because they proved that ey is master control gene for eye morphogenesis, and that is almost universal for all organisms. But ey doesn’t control initial steps of morphogenesis but it is necessary for later steps. Ey gene also have influence in developing of nervous system, because null mutations are lethal for Drosophila melanogaster, and loss of eye structure don’t cause lethality. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/85f697198325b26be8d16225f151016f.pdf 0f85c0a92f2ed19b35fb5267154269ec PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Modeling and Adoption of Social Media Marketing in Small and Medium Firms in North-Eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina Amir Čočid International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina adriano_amir1990@hotmail.com Teoman Duman International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina tduman@ibu.edu.ba The purpose of this study is to research whether the market in Bosnia, with the focus on north-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina region poses enough capacity, and whether social media marketing could be adopted as an efficient way of advertising and promoting goods. It is obvious that Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the poorest country in Europe, and firms in country believes in traditional marketing. There is small precentage of firms, that is raising by year, that are trying to develop an efficient way of promoting their goods by social networks, and small percentage that are getting in touch with social media marketing for the first time in any possible way. Researcher chooses survey method to be the main research tool. Model which will be used for adoption will be consisted of 5 stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption (or rejection). Researcher found that brand awareness, website traffic, customer satisfaction, positioning a brand, and youth population, as a variable for research, all play roles in the adoption process of social media. At the end through theoretical framework and results gained, study will help to identify which organization will or can adopt social media marketing as an improved way of their company. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Social Media, Adoption, Model, Company 37 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/33b151becaa5af105f1af8a47b35bb6d.docx 523cafb4d1ee9030840a7d5d92bffb32 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cea02ee81b36abc90bafa1dd95509d21.pdf d2eacea5f87ae57d40a789d0fd9fa35e PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Modeling andAdoptionofSocial MediaMarketing in Small andMediumFirms in North-EasternBosniaand Herzegovina AmirČočić InternationalBurchUniversity,Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina acocic@outlook.com TeomanDuman InternationalBurchUniversity,Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina tduman@ibu.edu.ba Abstract ThepurposeofthisstudyistoresearchwhetherthemarketinBosnia,withthefocus onnortheasternBosniaandHerzegovinaregionposesenoughcapacity,andwhethersocial mediamarketingcouldbeadoptedasanefficientway ofadvertisingandpromotinggoods.Itis obviousthatBosniaandHerzegovinaisoneofthepoorestcountriesinEurope,andfirmsin country believeintraditionalmarketing.Thereissmallpercentageoffirms that is rising by year, that are trying to develop an efficient way of promoting their goods by social networksand smallpercentagethataregetting intouchwithsocialmediamarketing forthefirsttimeinany possibleway.Researcherchoosessurvey methodtobethemainresearchtool.Modelwhichwill be usedforadoptionwillbe consistedof 5stages:awareness,interest,evaluation,trial,and adoption(orrejection).Researcherfoundthatbrandawareness,website traffic,customer satisfaction, positioning abrand,andyouth population, as avariableforresearch,allplayroles in theadoptionprocessofsocialmedia.Attheendthroughtheoreticalframeworkandresults gained,studywillhelptoidentifywhichorganizationwillorcanadoptsocialmediamarketi ng as an improved wayof their company. Keywords:BosniaandHerzegovina, Social media, Adoption, Model, Company Introduction Have you had a goodconversation lately?What do you remember about it?Who you enjoy having conversation with? Conversationsrequire people, andthe purposeof socialmediaistoempower andenable conversationsdigitally(ChrisBrogan,2010). Considering therecentrecession,firmstriedto developanewcost-effectivemarketing strategy.Strategywasallaboutsocialmedia,phenomena withremarkableadvantagesinbusinessarea.Socialmedia referstoonlinecommunitiesthatare participatory,conversational,andfluid.Thesecommunities enable members toproduce,publish, control,critique,rank,andinteractwithonlinecontent(Tracy L.Tuten,2008).Socialmedia marketing offers the onelargestchanceforentrepreneurs, smallbusinesses,mediumcompanies, andlargecorporationstobuildtheir 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo brandsandtheirbusinesses.The “social” in“Social Web” impliesmore thantechnology,more thanthenetworkswhere peoplepostphotosandreview books: It‟s less about the “what” and more about “how, why, and among whom” that distinguishesthe SocialWebfromearlier,transactionalonlinetechnologies(DaveEvans&Jake McKee, 2010) Duetoitsparticularly costreducingaffects,it‟sconsideredthatithasbecomethemostpreferred marketingdriveramongbusinessenvironmentundereconomic turmoil.For thisreason,firms havepreferredtoemploysocialmediaasthebestway toreachtheircustomersaftertheglobal recession,astherecenteconomiccrisis.Researchesabouttheissuealsoshowthatbothsmall andbigfirmshaveallocatedmoreresourcestosocialmedia(A.KazımKirtiş,FilizKarahan, 2011). PandemicofthesocialmediaandnetworksbasedonWeb2.0didn‟tmisstheWestern Balkans, orthecountriesintransition,primarilyBosniaandHerzegovina,which,considering the population,canboastthatevery thirdinhabitantisregisteredontheplanetary popularFacebook. YouTube,MySpace,Twitter,Hi5andothersocialnetworks(media)alsohave their supporters, anditisnotunusualthatone person hasmore profiles(accounts)onseveralsocialmediaatthe same time(Sejn Husejnefendic, MirzaMehmedovic, 2011). Atthebeginning ofthisstudy,relevantliteraturesincludingarticles,booksandinternetwere reviewed.Basedonthatliterature review,researcherdevelopedamodeloffive stagesincluding awareness,interest,evaluation,trialandadoption(orrejection). Thosestageswillbetested throughresultsfromsurvey.Survey isconsistedofthreeparts:identificationofthesocialmedia use innortheastern BiH,perceptionsof the employeesonthe effectofsocialmedia andthe demographicspart.Itisconsistedof18questions.Parttwoconsistfrom5 questionsthatinclude variableschosenintheresearchfor finaloutcome andpossibleadoptionof socialmedia.Those variables are already mentioned in abstract section, brand awareness, brand positioning, customer satisfaction,and websitetrafficandyouthpopulationeffect.Finally, dataanalysiswill beprovided based on researchframework,thenfindings andconclusions at the end. Literature Review Ultimately, everything social media enables is a new form ofword ofmouth. And word of mouth trumpsmostotherformsofcommunicationininfluenceonmany purchasedecisionsand opinions.Forbrands,socialmediaisanimperativeway toembrace,inanyway they can,the power of word ofmouth(JohnH. Bell,2009).Amajor dilemma inthe use of socialmediais where t o positionitintheorganization.Doesitbelongtomarketing?Customerservice?Oris thisastrategicissue?Mostmodelsforimplementationofsocialmediaarestep by stepmodels. Forresterresearchhasdevelopedmethodtocarefully setupsocialmediainanorganization. Forrester(POST)modelisfour-stepapproachtothesocialstrategywhichrepresentspeople, objectives,strategyandtechnology.It'stimetostopdoingsocialbecauseit'scool.It'stimeto start doing it because it's effective (Josh Bernoff, 2007). How canorganizationsdevelopeffective,ratherthanjust„shiny‟,socialmediaideas?Inresponsetothe demandsofplanning and evaluating social media campaigns Leo Ryan developed a framework for managing this. KUDOSistheacronymthatrepresentsknowledgeable,useful,desirable,open,and sharable. LonSafkoandDavidBrake(2009)describethe(ACCESS)modelintheirbookTheSocial MediaBible–tactics,strategiesandtoolsforbusinesssuccess.The modelcanbedescribedasa guidelineforsetting upandimplementingaSocialMediaStrategy.ThemnemonicACCESS 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo standsforAudience,Concept,Competition,Execution,SocialMediaand SalesViability.OASIS framework isalsoone more interesting,whichstandsfor defineyourobjectives,knowyour audience,developastrategy,plan the implementationandthinkaboutsustainment(Patrick Mason,2008). Indiscussionsaboutnewmedia, you willoftenhear thedivisionofmedia opportunitiesasPaid, Owned,andEarnedmedia (P.O.E.M.).Brian Solis(2011)studiedthe various categorizationofmediafromafew perspectives,1)thatof traditionalcontentcreation, owners, budgets,andmetrics,2) how socialnetworks cater toconsumptionandsharing,3) how progressivebusinessesareapproaching contentstrategiesinsocialmediaandhowthey're rethinking departments,intentions,metricsandbudgets,and4)alsohowmediaopportunitiesare packagedandsoldby eachnetworkandwho'sbuyingthemandwhy.Hefoundthatmediaisnot limitedintothreegroups,butinstedcategorizedintofivekey segments:Paid,Promoted,Owned, Shared and Earned. Forthisstudy,the frameworkforexploring firm‟sacceptanceofthesocialmediaistheAdoption Process.Itisoftenassumedthattheconsumerorinthiscasefirmororganizationmoves through fivestagesinarriving atadecisiontopurchaseorrejectaproposal. Thosefivestagesare awareness,interest,evaluation,trialandadoption(or rejection). Researcherreviewedall frameworksandbenefitfromthem.Yet,heused5differentvariableswhichcouldpossiblygive a finalstepanswerfornortheasternfirm‟susageofsocialmedia marketing.Variables are respectively BrandAwareness,BrandPositioning,CustomerSatisfaction,WebsiteTrafficand Youth Population. Research Method Researcherwillusesurveymethodtoexploreadoptionofsocialmediamarketing innortheastern BosniaandHerzegovina.Survey methodischosenbecauseofnovelty ofsocialmediamarketing infirms,inBosniaandHerzegovina.Purposeofthestudy istogetsomeinsightsaboutusageof socialmedia infirms,andtofind outemployeesbasic perceptionsaboutuse of socialmedia in this specificregion. Surveyisconsistedofthreeparts,1)identificationofthesocialmediauseinnortheasternBiH, 2) perceptions of the employees on the effect of social media (brand awareness, brand positioning,customer satisfaction,website trafficandyouthpopulation),3) demographicsand company specificquestions.Survey has18questions,10ofthemareopen-endedquestions,3of themare multiplechoicequestions,and5of themareclosedquestions,formeduponLikertscale withendpoints1-strongly disagreeto5-stronglyagree.Survey isdistributedpersonally by the researcher,totheemployeesoftheseveralfirmsinthenortheasternBiHregion.Survey is anonymous. Sample collected are206 correct answered surveys. Afterdataiscollected,itisenteredintotheSPSS(softwarepackageusedfor and analyzed. statisticalanalysis) GeneralFindings Thissectionwill provide statisticaloverviewinthetermsofusage ofsocialmedia,type of benefitsfromsocialmedia, perceptionsof theemployeesonthe socialmedia usage andthe demographicspartinpercentage.Thesurvey participantsatthebeginningareaskedtwological 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo questions,whethertheirfirmusesocialmedia,andwhethertheypersonally usesocialmedia. Fromthesample of 206employeesfromdifferentfirmsacrossnortheasternregionof Bosnia and Herzegovina, when they are asked: “Does your firm use social media?”, 64.1% of the participantsansweredpositiveand35.9%answerednegative.Andwhenthey areasked:“Doyou personally usesocialmedia?”,74.8%answeredpositivelyandjust25.2answeredwithnegative outcome. Whenthoseparticipantswithpositiveansweronthequestionwhethertheirfirmusesocial media,neededtoansweronthetwomorequestions:“Howlongdoesyourcompany usesocial media?”,45.5% answeredthattheirfirmusingsocialmediaforoneorlessthanoneyear.49.2% answeredthattheirfirmusing socialmediaabouttwoyears,andjust5.3%answeredthattheir firmusing socialmedia foraboutthreeyears. Secondquestionwas:“Approximately,howmuch hours doesemployeesspend usingsocialmediain oneweek?”, andthe participantsanswered by following ratio,36.4%answeredtheiremployeesusing05hourssocialmedia,49.2%answered theiremployeesusing 510hours,and14.4%answeredfor10-20hoursusageofsocialmediafor their employees. Oneofthemostimportantquestionofthesurvey forthoseemployeeswhosefirmusing social media was:“Didyourfirmhadbenefitsfromsocialmedia”,andtheratiowas,27.3%answered thattheir firmhadsignificantbenefitfromsocialmedia,67.4% answeredtheir firmhadbenefit andonly 5,3%answeredtheirfirmdidnothavebenefitfromsocialmedia.Resultsshowsthat employeesagreefirmscouldhavefurther benefit,butthey arequiteunsureaboutsignificant improvement in marketingbyhelp of social media. Goaloftheparttwoofthesurvey wastoidentify employee‟sperceptionsabout5variables mentionedbefore intheresearchmethodsection.“Usingsocialmedia throughsocialnetworks hassignificantly improvedbrandawareness”,60.7%participantsansweredtheyagreewiththe statement,14.6%answeredbystronglyagree,19.9%wasnotsureaboutitandonly4.9% disagreewiththestatement.“Useofsocialmediagivesanadvantageinpositioning brandon market over thecompetitors”, 27.2%participantsstronglyagree, 47.6% agreewith thestatement, 20.9%wasunsure,andonly 4.4%participantsdisagreewiththestatement.“Useofsocialmedia allowsfirmtolistencustomersmorefrequently”,49.0%participantsagreewiththestatement, just 3.9% have answered stronglyagree, 37.9% are unsure about the statement, and 9.2% participantsdisagree withthestatement.“Usingsocialmedia throughsocialnetworks,blogs, youtubeandother socialnetworksincreaseswebsite traffic”,47.6% participants agreewiththe statement,andjust4.4%oftheemployeesstrongly agreed,34.5%wasunsure,13,1%ofthe participantsdisagreeand0.5%didanswerasstrongly disagree.“Youthpopulationusingsocial mediathroughsocialnetworkscouldfreely talkabouttheirideas,withusingtheirpureyouth creativity andinthatway helpfirminachievingandapproachingnewideas”,50%ofthe participantsdidagreeaboutthestatement,just3.4%participantsstrongly agree,29.1%ofthe participantswere unsure aboutthe statement,and16.5% didanswerwithdisagree onthe statement, 1%of theparticipants answered stronglydisagree. Whenwetakeasummary fromparttwoofsurvey,ingeneralemployeesagreethatsocialmedia improve brandawarenessandbrandpositioningoverthecompetitors,butwhenitcomesto customersatisfaction,websitetrafficandyouthpopulationeffect,specificin-surveyquestion, employeeshavedifferentopinions. About50%agreeorstrongly agreeithasbenefitsonthese 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo threevariables,butagainthereislotofemployeesthatare social mediabased on thosethreevariables. notsureaboutefficientbenefitfrom Part threegives us demographicsandcompanyspecificquestions. 61.7% of theparticipants were male and38.3%were female employees.Whenitcomestoagestructure,themostcommon age groupwas26-33with32.5% of the employees,then 34-40with28.2%,then4150with14.6%, andthenrespectively50+with12.6%andyoungestagegroupoftheemployees1825had12.1%. Education part provide following results,Employeeswiththefinished High Schoolwas themostcommontoanswersurvey with56.3%,thenCollegegroupwith40.3%,andthen respectively Phd with 1.5%, Master and Elementary with 1% of the participants. Type of businesssectionhadfollowing results,themostsurveyedemployeesworkatthewholesalersor retailerswith38.3%,thenby thedescendingpercentagegoestourism15.5%,“Other”than6 businessofferedinthesurvey with17.0%,construction12.1%,catering8.3%,agriculture4.9% andhealthandsocialwork 3.9%.Andthelastquestionwasannualturnover of thefirm;results are following, 500.0001.000.000KM 38.3%, 100.000-500.000KM 34.5%, 13.1% 3.000.000+KM, 1.000.0003.000.000KM 12.1%and 0-100.000KM with 1.9%. Intheconclusionpartresearcherwillusetheresultsfromsurvey process. totestthe5stagesofadoption Conclusions The purpose of this studywas to identifyuse of social media and the perceptions of the employeesinthe firms of northeasternBiH regionon the effectof socialmedia. However, the sampleofthesurveyedemployeesisrathersmalltorepresenthugefactorinadoptionprocess, but it will provide someuseful insights forfurtherresearch. Depending ontheresultsfromsurvey,64.1%ofthefirmusessocialmediainonewayoranother andthe74.8%oftheemployeespersonallyusessocialmedia,whichrepresentsevery third participants use social media. First stageofadoption process,awareness represents whether firms are awareofthesocialmediaeffectonthemodernworld.Our resultsshowsthatfirmsare using socialmediaabout49.2%for10-20hoursaweekand36.4%for0-5hoursaweek.Adding to that,employeesperceivedsocialmediawhichrepresentshuge factorinidentifyingbrand awareness.Accordingtothoseresults,firsstageawarenessisobviously representedinthefirms of this certain region. Intereststageaccordingtotheresultsfromsurvey isincreasingandbecomingmoreadopted. Resultsshowthatthreeyearsagoonly 5.3%ofthefirmsusedsocialmedia,andthenextyear additional49.2% ofthefirmsstarted usingsocialmedia.Inthe lastyear,another45.5%added social mediato their firms as awayof marketing. Awarenessandintereststageprovideplatformforevaluationstagewhichcouldimmediately takeustotheendoftheprocess byrejection,dependingontheresults.Inthisstudy thatwasnot the case.Evaluationstage ismorecomplexthatthe firsttwodescribed.Whenparticipantsof the survey wereaskedwhethertheirfirmsbenefitfromsocialmedia,theanswerwasvery positive, and27.3%hadopinionthattheircompany benefitsignificantly,andother67.4%answeredtheir firmdidhavebenefit.Accordingtothoseresultsevaluationstageispositively relatedtothe 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo adoption process. Whenitcomestotrialstage,onceagainitneedstobeevaluatedbeforethefinalstageof adoption.According tothefindingsfromsurvey,mostofthefirmsaregettinginthetouchwith thesocialmediainthelasttwoyears.Sotheyareyettofullyadoptit.Wecanapprovethose 84.7%firmssurveyed,whichstartedusing socialmediathroughlasttwoyears,asatrialstageall long.Whenparticipantsareasked:“forwhatpurposesdoesyourfirmusessocialmedia”,the mostoftheanswerswereforpromoting firm.Thenthoughtsarecombinedincustomercare, networkingandcreatingcompany namebutinmuchlessratiothanisanswerforpromotingthe firm.Severalfirmsansweredtheirpurposesforuseofsocialmediaisemploying theworkers. Summingupthefindings,firmsthathavesignificantbenefitfromsocialmediaaccording toall variablescontainedinthesurvey couldadoptsocialmediamarketingasanimprovedway of marketing. Employeesarevery satisfiedwiththebenefitsocialmediaapprovedtotheirfirms,atleastthose whichfirmsareusingsocialmedia.Whenthey areasked:“inwhichway firmhadthemost benefit”,employeeswerevery commonaboutonething,customersarecommunicatingwiththe firmmorefrequentlyandeasier.They werealsopositiveaboutreducingthecost,andimproving overallproductivitywith minimumrequirements. Tosumup,employeesarevery contentwiththesocialmedia effectontheirfirms.According to the findingsonthe brandawarenessandbrandpositioning,mostof the employeesagree social mediahaspositiveeffectonthosevariables.Findingsoncustomersatisfaction,websitetraffic andyouthpopulationeffectare lesspositive,butyetenoughpositive,toapproveadoptionofthe social mediamarketingto the firms. Allstagesarepositivelyrelatedtotheuseofsocialmediamarketing,butyetbecauseofnovelty ofthestudy inthisregion,thesefindingsprovideusefulinsightsforfutureresearch.Model presentedinthestudywillbefurtherdevelopedandimprovedinthefuturestudywhichwill applymorethan oneresearch techniques for moreimportant results. References Brogan,C.(2010).Aboveallelse–People.TacticsandTipstoDevelopYourBusinessOnline,1, 12. Tuten, T.L.(2008). Socialcentricityand theEmergenceof Marketing.SocialMedia Marketing in aWeb 2.0World, 2,20-21. Social-Media Evans, D. &McKee, J. (2010), TheNew Role: SocialInteractions. SocialMedia Marketing,2,30-31. Kirtiş, A.K. &Karahan,F.K. (2011).To beornottobein Social Media Arena as theMost CostEfficient MarketingStrategyafter the Global Rrecession. Procedia Socialand Behavioral Sciences 24, 260–268. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Husejnefendic, Š. H. & Mehmedovic, M.M. (2011). Social Media and MarketingApplication in South-Eastern Bosniaand Herzegovina RegionThePractical Useof Social MediabyNew- portals in South-EasternBosnia and HerzegovinaRegion. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Social Analysis, 1, 2, 177– 193. Bell, J.H. (2009). Time for Brands to Adopt aComprehensive Social MediaStrategy. OgilvyPublicRelationsWorldwide, 3-16. Bernoff, J.B. (2007). The POST Method: A systematic approach to socialstrategy.Groundswell: Winning in aWorld Transformed bySocial Technologies. Safko,L.S.&Brake, D.B. (2009).ACCESSModel.TheSocialMedia Bible – tactics, strategies and tools forbusiness success. Mason, P. (2008, May22). Social Marketing– AnEngagement Framework.Socialmedia404. Retrieved April23, 2013, fromhttp://www.socialmedia404. com/?p=100. Solis, B. (2011).Looking Beyond Paid, Earned, Owned Media: TheBrandsphere Infographic. BrianSolis. Retrieved April23, 2013, fromhttp://www.briansolis.com/2011/08/new- inforgraphic-the-brandsphere-bybrian-solis-and-jess3/. AppendixA – Survey Questions Perceptions ofthe Employees onthe Social Media Effect in the FirminNortheasternBiH FirstPart: 1. Does yourfirmusesocialmedia? -Yes -No 2. Do you personally usesocialmedia? -Yes -No 3. Which types ofsocialmedia does yourfirmuse? -Facebook -Twitter -Linkedin -Youtube -Skype -Google+ Other 4. Howlong does your company usesocialmedia?(numbersrepresents years) -1 2 3 4 5+ 5. Approximately, howmuch hours does employees spend using socialmedia? 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30+ 6. Forwhat purposes does yourfirmuses socialmedia? -Promotingfirm -Creatingfirm name -Networking 7 -Employment -Customer care �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo -Other 7. Didyourfirmhavebenefits fromsocialmedia? -It had significant benefit -It had benefit -Didn‟t havebenefit -It hadnegative effect 8. Inwhat way didfirmhadthe mostbenefits? -Customers easilycommunicate with the firm -Improved overallproductivity -Reducedcosts -Increasewebsitetraffic -Improved reputation ofthe firm SecondPart 9. Using socialmedia throughsocial networkshassignificantly improvedbrand awareness ofthe firm -Stronglydisagree -Disagree -Not sure -Agree -Stronglyagree 10. Useofsocialmedia gives anadvantagein positioning brandonthe markeroverthe competitors -Stronglydisagree -Disagree -Not sure -Agree -Stronglyagree 11. Useofsocialmedia allowsfirms to listencustomersmorefrequently -Stronglydisagree -Disagree -Not sure -Agree -Stronglyagree 12. Using socialmedia throughsocial networks,blogs, youtubeincreases websitetraffic -Stronglydisagree -Disagree -Not sure -Agree -Stronglyagree 13. Youth population usingsocialmedia throughsocial networks, couldfreely talk about their ideas with their pureyouth creativity andinthatway helpfirmin achieving ideas -Stronglydisagree -Disagree -Not sure -Agree -Stronglyagree Third Part 14. Gender -Male -Female 15. Age 18-25 26-33 34-40 41-50 50+ 16. Education -Elementary -High School -College -Master -Phd 17. TypeofBusiness -Wholesalers and retailers -Construction -Agriculture -Catering -Tourism - Heal and social work -Other 18. Annual turnoverofthefirm 0-100.000KM 100.000-500.000KM 3.000.000+KM 500.000-1.000.000KM 1.000.000-3.000.000KM 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1484 Title A name given to the resource Modeling and Adoption of Social Media Marketing in Small and Medium Firms in North-Eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author ČOČIĆ, Amir DUMAN, Teoman Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this study is to research whether the market in Bosnia, with the focus on north-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina region poses enough capacity, and whether social media marketing could be adopted as an efficient way of advertising and promoting goods. It is obvious that Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the poorest country in Europe, and firms in country believes in traditional marketing. There is small precentage of firms, that is raising by year, that are trying to develop an efficient way of promoting their goods by social networks, and small percentage that are getting in touch with social media marketing for the first time in any possible way. Researcher chooses survey method to be the main research tool. Model which will be used for adoption will be consisted of 5 stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption (or rejection). Researcher found that brand awareness, website traffic, customer satisfaction, positioning a brand, and youth population, as a variable for research, all play roles in the adoption process of social media. At the end through theoretical framework and results gained, study will help to identify which organization will or can adopt social media marketing as an improved way of their company. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Social Media, Adoption, Model, Company Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6c2d0da8fddefa6d077abddc957a8d22.docx 9d1f4c889b95032d489bb8373ee9c803 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/39c8696699b0f85dce3a25b84d9bfe44.pdf 70001449ebf21ff6a0b49e421053fe1b PDF Text Text MODELLİNG AND SİMULATİON OF A WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM WİTH IPSEPRO™ SOFTWARE: BİOGAS GENERATİON Emrah Onursal Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey Kamil Ekinci Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey Mustafa Acar Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey Keywords: Biogas, Modelling, IPSEpro, Reactor. ABSTRACT The main objective of this work is to evaluate the steady-state modeling solution for a single stage thermophilic biogas reactor using animal manure as substrate. Thus software package IPSEpro™ from SimTech Simulation Technology, Austria was used. IPSEpro is a highly flexible environment for modeling, simulation, analysis and design of components and processes for energy and chemical engineering. Besides the standart power plant library which includes basic components for power plant simulation like gas turbine, compressor, heat exchanger etc.; a biogas reactor component was built via Model Development Kit (MDK). Biogas reactor includes mechanical mixer with an heat exchanger inside of the reactor. The results of the study include; software efficiency on modeling of a complex biochemical reaction, the amount of generated biogas, reactor energy use per dry matter of substrate added. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2115 Title A name given to the resource MODELLİNG AND SİMULATİON OF A WASTE TO ENERGY SYSTEM WİTH IPSEPRO™ SOFTWARE: BİOGAS GENERATİON Author Author ONURSAL, Emrah EKINCI, Kamil ACAR, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Biogas, Modelling, IPSEpro, Reactor. ABSTRACT The main objective of this work is to evaluate the steady-state modeling solution for a single stage thermophilic biogas reactor using animal manure as substrate. Thus software package IPSEpro™ from SimTech Simulation Technology, Austria was used. IPSEpro is a highly flexible environment for modeling, simulation, analysis and design of components and processes for energy and chemical engineering. Besides the standart power plant library which includes basic components for power plant simulation like gas turbine, compressor, heat exchanger etc.; a biogas reactor component was built via Model Development Kit (MDK). Biogas reactor includes mechanical mixer with an heat exchanger inside of the reactor. The results of the study include; software efficiency on modeling of a complex biochemical reaction, the amount of generated biogas, reactor energy use per dry matter of substrate added. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5110afb2a21002a198a4a6336f157e53.pdf a993b1bda17e85405d607c7ce5cdeb88 PDF Text Text Models of linking recreational tourism and agribusiness thought use of ICT Šemsudin Plojović University of Novi Pazar Serbia Suad Bećirović University of Novi Pazar Serbia Senadin Plojović Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin” Zrenjanin Serbia Enis Ujkanovic University of Novi Pazar Serbia Abstract: Paper is presenting results of project “With better cooperation towards better future” which is supported by University of Novi Pazar and Sanjak business association with focus on segment of project about investigating the possibility of application of information communication technologies in order to increase the visibility of tourism resources and linking individual farmers who can make their agriculture products, food, accommodation and other services available to tourists. This study addresses the issue of linking the tourist offers and offers of organic food from small agriculture households. The project treats the area of South Serbia and northern Montenegro, which is known for the beauty of mountain trails, glacial lakes, large cave systems, fast-flowing rivers and cuisine specialties. The aim of the project is to popularize this potential and its actualization within the tourist industry. This project involves the registration of pedestrian trails, bicycle paths, trails of photo safaris within the google maps system as well as within the specific mobile applications.The essence of the project is the implementation of mobile and other applications and electronic services to improve the lives of small farm households through the improvement of tourist offer, the development of organic production and enabling farmers to sell their products to final customers directly. Keywords: tourist industry, organic products, market positioning Introduction Paper is presenting results of project “With better cooperation towards better future” which is supported by University of Novi Pazar and Sanjak business association. 239 �The focus of this paper is segment of the project about investigating the possibility of application of information communication technologies in order to increase the visibility of tourism resources and linking individual farmers and rural households who can make their agricultural products, food, accommodation and other services available to tourists. This study addresses the issue of linking tourist offers and offers of organic food produced by small agricultural households. The project treats the area of south west Serbia and northern Montenegro, which is known for the beauty of mountain trails, glacial lakes, large cave systems, fast-flowing rivers and cuisine specialties. The aim of the project is to popularize this potential and its actualization within the tourist industry. The project also involves the registration of pedestrian trails, bicycle paths, trails of photo safaris within the google maps system as well as within the specific mobile applications. Scope of the research Starting hypothesis of the research is that there is no valid possibility of linking recreational tourism and agribusiness using ICT. If this starting hypothesis is not confirmed that means that complementary hypothesis is valid and that is: There is at least one possibility of linking recreational tourism and agribusiness using ICT. Authors have translated the idea of linking recreational tourism and agribusiness in adequate and usable model that has been constructed based on the research done in ten municipalities in south west Serbia and northern Montenegro. Research has been done using different research method including observing, interviewing and analysis of the existing solutions in this area. Objective of the work is to find applicable model of linking recreational tourism and agribusiness that can be used as a base for developing adequate software solution. In order to achieve this objective following research tasks had to be conducted: - Analyse business of agricultural households in the research area, collect data on key challenges that agricultural producers face. - Identify potentials for development of recreational tourism, collect data on key challenges that tourist organizations face in developing recreational tourism. - Based on the collected data and their analysis, as well as SWOT and GAP analysis develop model that could improve market position of small agricultural households and at the same time improve tourist potential of the area. In order to fulfil these research tasks authors have used data collection methods already mentioned. In addition to this, for the analysis of the collected data, following methods have been used: comparative method of existing solutions, SWOT analysis of agricultural producers 240 �and SWOT analysis of the tourist potentials as well as GAP analysis of the agricultural households and tourist resources from the aspect of market potential and customer relations. Separate chapter of this paper will cover each of the mentioned tasks. Position of the agricultural households in the area Authors emphasize the fact that this is not a first paper dealing with the analysis of market position of small agricultural households in this area as well in other places around the world. Previous research in this subject are numerus and different authors showed development of agricultural households in the mountain areas from different aspects and tried to indicate the solutions to development of these areas. For this purpose, we will use existing information on position of small agricultural households in the mountain areas in official documents developed by teams hired by European Commission, FAO as well as strategizes for rural development of the individual municipalities. Beside these documents authors use results of the work of Nobel Prize winner Muhamed Yunus that he presented in his book Banker of the Poor. Authors also reference work of Swinned that dealt with the challenges of marketing of small agricultural producers. In the part related to organization of small agricultural households authors, beside their own research, also reference results of Ravindran S.N. as well as Toader M. and Valentina G.R. that in separate papers covered challenges of sustainability of small rural households. In the part related to finances authors reference work of Zender R. that researched alternative sources of financing small agricultural households since classical sources of finance are hard to get or expensive for them. Also, authors relay on their own earlier publications covering individual segments of agribusiness development as well as tourism in the given area. When development of small agricultural households is concerned following local, regional and national stakeholders and factors are most important (Plojovic at all. 2016): - Natural factors (land, insolation, availability of water…) - Demografic factors (population, age, available information...) - Infrastructure factors (road networks, communications, water supply systems, facilities for storage and processing agricultural products...) - Community support (financial and organizational support from the municipality, national and international institutions, availability and willingness of support institutions...) - Legal and economic environment (regulations regarding loans and financing, collateral...) On the other hand, internal most important internal factors of individual agricultural households are (Plojovic at all. 2017.): - Market entry - Availability of financing sources 241 �- Join use of land Infrastructure conditions Personal conditions Position of agricultural household depends on adequate development of these factors. Task related to this part of research is consisted of analysis which factors can be improved the most and which of them contribute most to the market position of the agricultural household. As far as the data on current situation of agricultural households, authors present the information they obtained from the field research and using secondary data. Using method of generalization in some areas, authors used the collected data on sampled households to present the current situation agricultural households in the region. Key challenge that individual agricultural producer face in the mountain areas of the west Balkans is access to markets for their products. If we take export of corn for example, we can see that it is one of the agricultural with the biggest export. However, these products are mostly not produced by the small agricultural producers, but instead it was produced by large agricultural corporations. One of the reasons is that large corporations, using the economy of scale, can afford to pay larger fee to rend the government land. At the same time they also negotiate buying the government land. Market present demands a capacity to be able to interact with the buyers constantly and continuously and inform them on the current offers. That part small agricultural producers can achieve best trough the joint use of resources. Next factor is consolidating of land ownership, and that is mostly true in the mountain areas were land owned by individual producers is very limited and physically divided in different locations (see the attached graph). As we can see, average size of the land owned by individual producers is very small and if we take into account information that this land is usually divided is several locations, not linked to each other that this situation becomes even more severe. Data from the National Statistical Office show that available agricultural land in Serbia is 5,346,597 ha, accounting for 68.9 percent of Serbia's territory (7,759,200 ha). (Ševarlić, 2012, p. 37) The 2012 Census of Agriculture ascertained for the first time in the current public databases on land resources two very disturbing facts: 1. Total agricultural land (3,861,477 ha) is less than half (49.8%) of the total territory of Serbia (7,759,200 ha) and 2. even 424,054 ha or 11.0% of total agricultural land is not utilised, which makes 7.9% of the available agricultural land. (Ševarlić, 2012, p. 248, 249). If we add to this information that number of rural population is in constant decrease at the same time when the land owned by individual producers is decreasing we can see a paradox caused by 242 �the fact that many people that have enharited agricultural land decided not to cultivate it. The bad consequence of this is, as mentioned, that a large percentage of available agricultural land is not cultivated. Aging rural population is one more indicator that shows on bad current situation in rural areas. At an old age, rural population decrease their productivity dramatically. Also, readiness for change and embracing new production methods also decreases with age. There is also lack of motivation for new investment in agricultural production if there is no new generations to continue the work. All this indicates that demographic factors have very large influence on development of agricultural production in rural areas. Potential for Rural Tourism Natural factors used for tourist valorisation are consisting of following elements: Geomorphology characteristics, climate, hydrography, plants and animal world. Initial factor for development of tourism is geographic characteristic of the area. Complex natural tourist values are best valorised by analysing geomorphological, climate, hydrological and biogeographical tourist elements. In the tourist morphological sense the researched area is consisted of following parts: o o o o o City valleys Mountains River valleys High plains Hilly areas. However, in each of these parts there are many tourist potentials that are not know to a wider audience of current and potential customers. Pester plain and Vlahovi, as well as mountains are part of the Dinaria mountain system. Lower areas, river valleys as well as Pobrđa also part of this system. Geomorphology characteristics as touristic value is consisted of complex geological materials, tectonically arranged valleys of river Lim, Uvac, Raska and Ibar as well as smaller valleys connected to them. Geomorphologic objects have special importance for the whole touristic valorisation. Geomorphology of the researched area has mainly mountain characteristics were Pester high plain is in the central part and valleys of river Ibar and Lim in the east and west borders surrounded by mountains Haila, Prokletije, Golija, Radocela, Rogozna, Ninaja, Giljeva, Jodovnik, Zlatar and Mojstirskodraske mountains. 243 �Although, the area is not suitable for communication infrastructure, valleys enable enough space to build roads necessary for development of tourism in this area. Researched area, because of its geographic position is on the transit communications between main regional centres. Based on the number of toursits that visits and/or pass trough this area we can conclude that the region has not used its potential as transitory position to attract more tourist revenue. In this cross-border region, beside City of Novi Pazar, other towns and rural settlements are not established as tourist destinations, if we exclude several spa places and mountain Golija. Croup of closer regions and centres cover West Serbia and Sumadija in the west with the Pomoravlje. Bigger centres are Uzice, Cacak, Kraljevo, Kragujevac and Krusevac. Other regions surrounding the are are Montenegro and Kosovo with centres like Kosovska Mitrovica and Pec. In the near future, role of stronger source of tourists will have East and Central Bosnia and Bosnian Posavina including cetres Sarajevo, Tuzla, Banja Luka, Brcko and others. In the gorup of tourist sources centres further than 300 km are Vojvodina, East and South East Serbia with centers including: Belgrade as the capital, Novi sad, Subotica, Zrenjanin, Pancevo, and in the east and south Zajecar, Negotin, Bor, Nis, Leskovac and Vranje. To all mentioned tourist sources centres more attention needs to be paid in order to promote tourist values and potential of the researched area. The importance of this area, when it comes to recreational tourism can be best illustrated by project Via Dinarica (www.viadinarica.com). For the destinations that covers, the project recived a received a “2014 Travel Awards: Best New Trail” by the Outside Online magazine (https://www.outsideonline.com/1921701/2014-travel-awards-best-new-trail) in 2014, and “Best of the world” destination for 2017 by the National Geographic Magazine (https://viadinarica.com/en/blog/280-national-geographic-traveler-via-dinarica-medu-najboljimsvjetskim-destinacijama-2). 244 �Source: www.viadinarica.com , 20.04.2017. Project Via Dinarica has an objective to map tourist potential along three routes through mountain pass of Dinarica mountains starting from Slovenia all the way trough Albania. Three routes are marked as green, white and blue. Green and white route pass trough area of southwest Serbia and northern Montenegro. It is hard to list all the tourist potential in one paper, but it is very important that they are generally recognized and to work on validating each individual resource. Information collected by the authors about responses from tourists that visited these places show following: o Road infrastructure is in very bad condition. o Accommodation capacities are not distributed well. o Tourist organizations are not focused on recreational tourism o Near tourist attractions there is no safe accommodations and establishing camps. o Mountain paths are not marked well. o There is no adequate cooperation of tourist organizations and local communities. o The mobile networks do not cover all the area o Lack of cooperation between tourist organizations with an aim to create joint tours. These are most commong answers that authors have summarized from many answers that, unfortunately, indicate that actualization of tourist potentials is very low as well as awareness that these potential can be transformed in development potential of the region. 245 �Possibilities of linking recreational tourism and agribusiness The research points to the possibility, that through the development of tourist potentials of recreational tourism, with adequate cooperation, to improve the position of small agricultural households. The basic precondition for successful cooperation is a "win-win" strategy, that is to find a benefit in the cooperation for all sides. And if there is a benefit for a wider social community then a synergistic effect is achieved. The current SWOT analysis of small agricultural households with focus on factors which can influence recreational tourism is given bellow: S Organic production, Natural beauties, Clean air and water, Special features of cuisine products W Poor road infrastructure, Crushed production, Insufficient implementation of measures, The problem of entering the market O The development of new products, Finding market niches, Direct contact with customers agro-technical T Emigration of young people, Dependence on the buyer, Exclusion from strategic documents Media neglect In the SWOT analysis of the position of small agricultural households, many factors are noted: Bad road infrastructure, small scale production, insufficient application of agro-technical measures, the problem of entering the market, and so on. The essence of linking recreational tourism with agribusiness is to minimize the impact of these shortcomings. Reducing the impact of these shortcomings is reflected in the fact that recreational tourists do not request road infrastructure, since the essence of recreational tourism is movement of foot, visits of natural beauties, such customers are looking for products that are specific, special and with less use of biochemical treatments of modern chemistry. This approach, on the other hand, enables the leveraging of the advantages of agricultural households in the mountainous region, which are: organic production, natural beauty, clean air and water, the specificity of food products and many others. It also positively influences Chances, which are the development of new products, finding of markets niche, direct contact with customers. This approach also decreases likelihood of Threats occurring, such as emigration of youth, dependence on customers, exclusion from strategic documents and media neglect. The current SWOT analysis of the offer of recreational tourism with a reference to the factors that can be influenced by linking with small agricultural households is given bellow: 246 �S Organic production, Natural beauties, Clean air and water, Special features of cuisine products W Accommodation capacities not well distributed. Tourist organizations are not oriented towards recreational tourism. There are no safe conditions for lodging and camping near tourist attractions. Mountain trails are not well marked. Adequate cooperation between the tourist organization and the local population not establish. O The development of new products, Finding market niches, Direct contact with customers T Emigration of young people, Exclusion from strategic documents, Media neglect If we consider the improvement of the tourist offer as an improvement in the services that the customer buys, then the improvement of the tourist offer is also an additional benefit for the customer. Adequate linking with agricultural households will greatly contribute to overcoming the shortcomings of the tourist offer. In the part of the accommodation capacities within the rural tourism, accommodation facilities can be created at the tourist site near tourist attractions. The goal of every agricultural household would be to get more customers and they would make an effort to conserve nature with an adequate improvement their offer. If an agricultural household is aiming to sell their products to tourists who are not going to use the accommodation services but want to camp, then the agricultural household has an interest in arranging and protecting camping sites in order to increase the sales of agricultural products. Since the rating of a tourist destination depend on the well-marked trails, then the agricultural holding has an interest in maintaining these markings. A software solution can facilitate exchange of information between tourists and agricultural households. Tourist organizations can be as support to the initiative, but with no need to be part of providing the service. As we have already talked about other factors of SWOT analysis in this paper, it is sufficient to justify the ways of reducing the impact of the weaknesses of the tourist offer The proposed model of connecting recreational tourism and agribusiness Based on the analysis of the current state of small agricultural households and the analysis of the tourist offer, with reference to recreational tourism, the possibilities of linking have been considered. A model of linking recreational tourism and agribusiness with the use of ICT has been created. To create this model following sets of activities are needed: 247 �o activities related to the information system o activities related to tourist offer o activities related to agricultural households The project implies the following activities related to tourist offer: o Work on identification of tourist resources o Valorization of tourist resources o Gap analysis of the current and desired state of exploitation of tourist resources o Mapping tourist resources through integration into Google Maps or similar navigation software o Mapping roads to tourist attractions as well as mapping of the hiking, cycling and photo safari trails The model implies the following activities related to agricultural households: o Identification of households who are ready to offer their agricultural products to tourists o Identification of suitable places for visiting o Mapping of touristic facilities within tourist offers o Preparation and training of agricultural households in order to increase their capacity to include catering services in the framework of their offer The model implies the following activities related to the information system that would support the linkage of tourist offer and supply of agricultural households: o Identification and creation of tourist routes o Presentation of agricultural households on these routes and presentation of the services they provide o Development of internet portal and mobile application that connects tour operators and agricultural households, as well as individuals tourists and agricultural households o Development of a special form of social network that would gather visitors and users of these services o Development of reservation, ordering and billing of products and services electronically. The end result of these activities should be an interactive internet site that is linked to a mobile application. Data on tourist tours, attractions and places to visit are entered by Local Tourist Organizations. This creates awareness of the tourist offer. Using GPS values each location is shown on Google Maps application. Also, each of the tourist routes is presented as a tracking route on Google maps. Each route would have a full description, length, sights, hosts along the route, time to visit and the time needed to get around. 248 �Registration of agricultural households, that is, obtaining a user account for every agricultural household would be done in local tourist organizations. After registering and obtaining the ID number, agricultural hosts would download a mobile app from the Google Play Store and enter their data. Every agricultural household enter general characteristics about their offer: o Positioning on the map o A short film about the household o Products that they offers o Indicative price list Customers - recreational tourists can use either an internet site or a mobile application for tourists. Through the application, they can contact the tourist organization or individual households with their requests. For each request, the household with a confirmation also sends a pro forma invoice. After confirmation of the payment of funds to the household account the tourist services can be provided. In order to be able to further use the site and mobile application, both the household and the guest are obliged to evaluate each other in the system. In this way, the status and reputation of individual households is created. The system is to be maintained by local tourist organization, and would be funded by the fees charged as a percentage to each financial transaction in the system. This would ensure sustainability of the model. The authors also recommend that the agricultural households propose camping sites and build sanitation facilities and showers in the vicinity of those places. Some households might build special capacities for accommodation. Conclusion The research carried out by the authors and the data they collected indicate that linking recreational tourism and agribusiness can contribute to following: - Improving market position of agricultural households - Improving local tourist offer - Impact on local, regional and national factors to devote special attention to small rural households in the mountain areas. This disproves the initial work hypothesis that there is no possibility of linking recreational tourism and agribusiness using ICT. It also confirms complementary hypothesis which is: There is at least one possibility of linking recreational tourism and agribusiness using ICT. 249 �This paper presents an overview of the research conducted by the authors with the aim to point out the unused potentials that can be used to improve the lives of small agricultural producers as well as recreational tourists. In order for this research to achieve its goal, it is necessary to disseminate the results of this research and take appropriate actions based on specific knowledge acquired through the research. This can contribute to improvement of the position of agricultural households, as well as the improvement of the tourist offer and thus contribute to better life of the local population. 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DOI:10.1504/IJGSB.2015.072690 Swinnen J., Agribusiness Investments, Value Chains, and Farmers “Linking (Rich) Consumers to (Poor) Producers”, University of Leuven, CEPS & Stanford University Milano, October 2015 The status and constrains of agricultural sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the country food security situationThe report prepared by Sabahudin Bajramović, National consultant in FAO project TCP/BiH/3302 Toader M., Valentin G. R., Family Farming – Examples for Rural Communities Development 12/2015; 6:89-94. DOI:10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.043 Vladimirovna Bannikova N., Nikolaevich Baydakov A., Sergeevna Vaytsekhovskaya S., Identification of Strategic Alternatives in Agribusiness, Modern Applied Science 12/2015; 9(4). DOI:10.5539/mas.v9n4p344 Yunus, M., Bankar siromašnih – Mikrokrediti i bitka protiv siromaštva u svijetu, Zagreb: Masmedia. Zander R. New Trends in Financing Agricultural Value Chains - Promising practices and Emerging Recommendations for Policy Development, G20 GPFI SME Finance Working Group, Antalya. Turkey; 09/2015 251 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3660 Title A name given to the resource Models of linking recreational tourism and agribusiness thought use of ICT (doi: 10.14706/icesos1723) Author Author PLOJOVIĆ, Šemsudin Becirovic, Suad Plojovic, Senadin Ujkanovic, Enes Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Paper is presenting results of project “With better cooperation towards better future” which is supported by University of Novi Pazar and Sanjak business association with focus on segment of project about investigating the possibility of application of information communication technologies in order to increase the visibility of tourism resources and linking individual farmers who can make their agriculture products, food, accommodation and other services available to tourists. This study addresses the issue of linking the tourist offers and offers of organic food from small agriculture households. The project treats the area of South Serbia and northern Montenegro, which is known for the beauty of mountain trails, glacial lakes, large cave systems, fast-flowing rivers and cuisine specialties. The aim of the project is to popularize this potential and its actualization within the tourist industry. This project involves the registration of pedestrian trails, bicycle paths, trails of photo safaris within the google maps system as well as within the specific mobile applications.The essence of the project is the implementation of mobile and other applications and electronic services to improve the lives of small farm households through the improvement of tourist offer, the development of organic production and enabling farmers to sell their products to final customers directly. Keywords: tourist industry, organic products, market positioning Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General)