178 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5f827a5dca1024f1150f03a25fcc32c3.pdf e41920e1e88d55713b6089842ec476ef PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Macroeconomic Effects of Interest Rate Liberalization: The Case of Turkey Talat ULUSSEVER Department of Finance and Economics, College of Industrial Management King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia talat@kfupm.edu.sa Abstract: This study proposes a financial computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, which represents the salient features of the Turkish economy. By including 15 production sectors and linking the real and financial sub-models through various channels of fund flows, interest rates, commercial bank intermediation, monetary and fiscal policies, we perform a counterfactual simulation using the financial CGE model to explore the potential macroeconomic effects of interest rate liberalization in the Turkish economy. Our results show that interest rate liberalization makes the government and the enterprises suffer a revenue loss, but households slightly and commercial banks notably revenue raise in both the short and long run. In addition, while the real GNP declines in the short run, it increases in the long run after the wage level has been adjusted fully and the employment effect has been eliminated. Keywords: Interest Rate Liberalization, the Turkish Economy, Financial Computable General Equilibrium Introduction It is a well known fact that 1980's witnessed liberalization movements all over the world. In line with this wave, the Turkish economy also launched and implemented the structural adjustment and liberalization program starting at the beginning of 1980 and achieved a notable improvement. The main purpose of this program was to increase the role of market mechanism in the allocation of resource by opening up the economy and reducing the state's role in the economic activities and transforming the distressed financial structure into a market-based system by aiming the commercialization of the banks, creation of more competition, liberalization of interest rate, central bank independence, development of monetary policy framework, liberalization of international trade and capital movement. Prior to 1980 structural adjustment and liberalization program, direct control methods were used in macroeconomic management and resulted in relatively large fluctuations in the economy, the state-owned enterprises became loss-making and relied on subsidized bank loans to keep operating, and the state–owned bank credits were allocated to the state policies rather than market principles. As a result of those economic policies, the Turkish economy had the following facts; • Interest rates control by the state: In contrast with the case of assuming functioning markets, controlled interest rate becomes insensitive to market fluctuations and the allocation of credits become inefficient. • An over-concentrated financial system: The state banks made loans according to the government policy rather than the market principles. Thus, while the state-owned sectors take a larger portion of the bank credits and investment resources, their output growth is slower than that of the non-state sectors. • Bank-enterprises debt problem: Due to the difficult situation of the state-owned enterprises, the objective of the government became to keep the state-owned sector going. Otherwise, the disturbance on the economy and the increase in unemployment could pose a threat to social stability. Thus, of the state-owned banks is deeply affected by the condition of state-owned enterprises. In this study, we focus on the first problem mentioned above and try to see what happens if interest rate is not controlled by the state rather it is determined by the market forces. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to explore the potential macroeconomic effects of interest rate liberalization in the Turkish economy. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, which mirrors the salient features of the Turkish economy with a financial sector, is formulated. In the model, the economy initially adopts a fixed interest rate regime, and then the fixed interest rate regime is liberalized to observe the potential macroeconomic impacts and the effects of freeing interest rate on economic agents. The plan of the paper is as follows: Section 2 provides literature review and data requirements of the model including parameter estimations. Model specifications are explained in detail in section 3. Finally, section 4 offers the simulation results. 1 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Literature Review and Data Requirements of the Model More than two decades applied general equilibrium models, also known as computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, have been used to study the effects of taxes, tariffs and other policies. A number of CGE models have been previously used for the Turkish economy. Those are Dervis, De Melo, and Robinson (1982), Grais, De Melo, and Urata (1986), Lewis and Urata (1983, 1984), and Yeldan (1989, 1990). They worked on a wide range of policy concern over the impact of macro stabilization, trade policy and structural changes on various aspects of the Turkish economy such as poverty, income distribution and economic growth. Besides the studies on poverty, income distribution and economic growth, financial CGE models were also formulated for the Turkish economy to investigate the financial policy issues. Lewis (1994) constructed a financial CGE model to demonstrate that financial liberalization through interest rate reform usually does not increase fixed investment much, since deposit rate increases are often matched by borrowing rate increases. Yeldan’s (1997) model tries to investigate the effects of Turkish financial liberalization reforms on the real economy. Tunc (1998) analyzes the interactions between real and financial sectors of the Turkish economy. There is a consensus among the CGE modelers that the data set that meets those requirements is the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), which provides the most comprehensive and consistent data for creation of any CGE model. In other words, the most important part of the data required in CGE models is attained by constructing the SAM. Incorporation of the financial sector into the CGE model requires a financial SAM for the base year by using various financial data such as balance sheets of monetary institutions, sectoral capital stocks, and sectoral bank loan data. The financial SAM we used in this study is a slightly modified version of Tunc (1998). Every agent’s behavior embodied in the CGE model is reflected by the parameters, especially slope coefficients, and the specification of equations. We mostly used the parameter values estimated by Yeldan (1997). Financial CGE Model for Turkey We assume that production sector produces according to constant returns to scale production function. We further assume that the labor market is neo-classical. Capital stock is sector-specific and fixed in the shortrun. Then, the production function can be written, in general form, as: XDi(Li,Ki,Vji)=min{(1/a0i)VAi(Li,Ki),(V1i/a1i),(Vji/aji)} (1) where (XDi) is output of production sector i, (a0i) is the value-added requirement per unit of sectoral output, (VAi (Li ,Ki)) is value-added, (Li) is labor input by sector in number of persons, and (Ki) is capital stock by sector., (Vji) is the physical quantity of intermediate input from sector j to sector i (i,j=1,2,3,…15), and (aji) represents the fixed input-output coefficients. Value added in each sector is produced using two primary factors of production, labor (L) and capital (K) according to constant returns to scale Cobb-Douglas production function: VAi = αi Liβi * Ki1-βi (2) where (αI) is a constant, which represents the production function shift parameter of gross domestic output, (βi) is production function share parameter of labor, (1-βi) is production function share parameter of capital. In other words, sectoral domestic output (XDi) is determined by Cobb-Douglas production function with labor and capital. XDi = αi * Liβi * Ki1-βi (3) Given the Cobb-Douglas production function and the profit-maximization assumption about the enterprises, the share of each input in the value of output will be equal to the elasticity of output with respect to the input concerned. This relationship is used to obtain the values of βi by substituting the cost (the valueadded) of labor from the input-output table into the labor demand equations. Labor demand (LDi) is derived from the first-order condition of the production function where the value of marginal product is equal to the price of labor. LDi = XDi [(βi*PVi) ⁄ (WL*wfdist)] 2 (4) �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo where (PVi) is value added or net price, (WL) is average wage level, (wfdist) is variable labor market distortion parameter. The parameter of (wfdist) allows for labor market distortions and wages in different sectors to deviate from the average wage. Labor market closure rule applies to the labor supply specifications. We assume that labor wages are free to adjust to maintain full employment given a fixed total labor supply, which is a classical closure. L = Σ LDi (5) However, wages are rigid in the short-run and will only partially adjust, which is a Keynesian closure. The average nominal wage level relies on the change in real GNP and the price inflation, and employment varies negatively with the real wage level. WL=WLt-1*[ ω0+ ω1*(RGNP/RGNPt-1)+ ω2*(1+PINF)] (6) where (WLt-1) is average wage level of last period, (ω0) is constant term of wage equation, (ω1) and (ω2) are parameters of wage equation, (RGNP) is real gross national product, (RGNPt-1) is the real gross national product of last period, and (PINF) is inflation rate. GNP deflator is used for general price index (PLEV) for the economy. Then, PLEV is equal to nominal gross national product or value added in market prices (GNPVA) divided by real gross national product (RGNP). PLEV = GNPVA / RGNP (7) The price inflation rate (PINF) is computed as general price index this year divided by general price index last year minus 1. Given that money is used as the numeraire, price changes are obviously absolute changes (not relative changes as in the real CGE models), and we can examine the price inflation directly from the price level changes. If price level change is negative (positive), we can subtract (add) it from (to) the last year price inflation rate to find this year price inflation rate Household demand for goods (Ci) is a linear expenditure system and equal to the total value of household consumption (CONhh) times households consumption expenditure share (clesi,hh) divided by composite (domestic and imported) good price (PQi); Ci = (Σclesi,hh * CONhh) / PQi (8) The total value of household consumption (CONhh) is determined by household nominal income (YHhh) modified by household income tax (htaxhh) and household savings rate (SAVhh); CONhh = YHhh * (1- htaxhh) * (1-SAVhh) (9) Government demand for final goods is defined through multiplying a set of fixed shares, government expenditure share (glesi), with aggregate real government spending (gexp). Gi = (glesi * gexp * PLEV) / PQi (10) Households income comes from labor earnings (LYhh), the foreign remittance (RMT) and government transfer (GThh,g), price subsidies (SUBhh,g). In addition, households keep financial assets, and receive interest on enterprise bond (IEBh,ep), and bank deposits (IBDhh,b). Yhh=LYhh+RMT*ER+SUBhh,g+IEBh,ep+IBDhh,b+GThh,g (11) Households pay part of their total income (Yhh) as income tax at the rate of (thh) to the government. Thh = thh*Yhh saving. (12) The leftover will be the household’s net income. That net income is divided between consumption and The total amount of household savings depends on the total income as well as the savings rate (shh), which has positive relation with the average real rate of return of investment. shh = khh (irchh – infr) (13) 3 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo where (khh) is a parameter that measures the responsiveness of the household savings rate to a change in the average real rate of return, (irchh) is a composite interest rate determined as a weighted average rate of return of financial assets-treasury bonds, enterprise bonds and time deposits, and (infr) is price inflation. After netting the price inflation out, we reach the real rate of investment return (irchh – infr). Households now decide how much they will save or consume by considering the rates of return of various investment opportunities. The total amount of savings in the current period is obtained by multiplying the savings rate with the total net income. Then it is allocated among different savings options: money demand for transactions and other purposes (MDhh), financial assets; enterprise bonds (EBhh), time deposits (TDhh), and housing investment, computed as a fixed share (househh) of the savings. Shh = shh Yhh = MDhh + EBhh + TDhh + househh (14) The household demand for money is a transaction-based interest-elastic money demand function. MDhh = λhh* Yhh*(1 + ir – infr)-η (15) where (λhh) is money transaction demand factor, (ir) is interest rate, and (η) is interest elasticity of money demand. The function gives the current period stock of money demanded by household, (MDhh). Money demand consists of currency and demand deposits. Currency deposits (CDhh) and demand deposits (DDhh) take up fixed proportions of the total money demand. CDhh = cshh * MDhh DDhh = (1 - cshh )* MDhh (16) (17) where (cshh) is proportion of money held as currency by households. By subtracting the last period’s stocks of currency and demand deposits from the current stocks, we get the changes in currency and demand deposits. ΔCDhh = CDhh - CDhh, t-1 ΔDDhh = DDhh - DDhh, t-1 (18) (19) If we sum both up, we get the change in money demand (ΔMDhh) that is part of the household savings. ΔMDhh = ΔCDhh + ΔDDhh (20) Income of enterprises mainly comes from participation in the production of goods and services (XDi*PXi). In addition, enterprises own deposits and treasury bonds so that they get interest on enterprise deposits (IBDep,b), interest on treasury bonds (ITBep,g). Enterprises get the transfer from government (GTep,g) as well. On the other hand, enterprises spend on the provision of goods and services (epegs) and fixed investment (epefi). Moreover, since enterprises borrow funds from other economic institutions through bank loans and issuing of enterprise bonds, they have to pay interest to households (IEBh,ep) and commercial banks (IBLb,ep). Thus, the income equation of enterprises will become as follows; Yep = (XDi*PXi) + IBDep,b + ITBep,g + GTep,g + SUBep,g - (epegs+epefi)*PL – IEBh,ep – IBLb,ep (21) Enterprises pay income tax (Tep) to the government with the proportion of their income. Tep = tep * (Yep - δKep) (22) where (tep) enterprise income tax rate, (δ) is capital depreciation rate, and (Kep) is capital stock of enterprises. Deducting the income tax of enterprises from enterprises income, the remaining part will be the enterprise savings (Sep). Sep = sep* (1- tep) * Yep (23) where (sep) is enterprise savings rate. Enterprise savings generally support part of the expenditures. If the sources together cannot cover all the expenditures, enterprises have to borrow from other economic institutions. In other words, if there is 4 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo negative savings, which means the total expenditure is greater than the total sources, this gap constitutes the credit requirement of enterprises. A positive credit requirement indicates that enterprises need to borrow through borrowing banks loans, and issuing enterprise bonds. The government enters the model through its revenue, expenditure and deficit activities. The government revenue (GR) is comprised of mainly a variety of taxes: tariffs (TF), household income taxes (Thh), enterprise income taxes (Tep), indirect taxes (Tind), and interest payments of government deposits in central bank (IGDg,cb). GR = TF + Thh + Tep + Tind + IGDg,cb (24) Among the government expenditures, the two largest items are the spending on the provision of public goods and services (gegs) and fixed investment (gefi). Both are fixed in real values. Moreover, the governments spends on interest of foreign borrowing (IFBrow,g), interest of treasury bonds to enterprises (ITBep,g), transfers to enterprises (GTep,g), and households (GThh,g), subsidies to the money loosing enterprises (SUBep,g) and price subsidies on consumption goods to households (SUBhh,g). GE = (gegs+gefi)*PL + IFBrow,g*EXR + ITBep,g + GTep,g + GThh,g + SUBep,g + SUBhh,g outflow. (25) where (PL) is price level, (EXR) is exchange rate, and (cosg) is government share of current capital When the government’s total expenditure exceeds its revenue the government has to find extra fund (government borrowing) to finance its deficit. The government fiscal deficit (GFD) equals its expenditure minus its income. GFD = (gegs+gefi)*PL + IPFBrow,g*ER + ITBep,g + GTep,g + GThh,g + SUBftcg + SUBep,g + SUBhh,g + (26) TF-Thh - Tep - Tind - IGDg,cb When the government faces a deficit, there are three ways to finance it. First, the government can borrow from the central bank. ΔCBCg,cb = µ2 * GFD + ΔGD (27) where (ΔCBCg,cb) is the change in central bank credits to government, (µ2) is the share of deficit financed by central bank credit, and (ΔGD) is change in government deposits. This method is the easiest way to finance government deficit. Yet, this method increases the money stock and jeopardizes the money control function of the central bank. Second, government can issue the treasury bond. ΔTSTB = µ1 * GFD (28) where (ΔTSTB) is the change in supply of treasury bonds, (µ1) is the share of deficit financed by treasury bonds. Third, the government can borrow from the foreigners. This method might increase the national debt to the foreigners and affects negatively the balance of payments. Since we impose the government deficit, we will explicitly incorporate the decision of financing deficit into model using two-policy parameters µ1 and µ2 that represents the share of government deficit financed by treasury bonds and by central bank loans respectively. The remaining part, equal to (1- µ1 – µ2), will be financed by foreigners. Incorporating the banking sector into the model is one of the most important characteristics of financial CGE models. The banking sector of the model represents the functions of the central bank and the commercial banks. The central bank is the authority of monetary policy. The commercial banks are the financial intermediaries. They channel the savings of households and enterprises in the form of bank deposits to borrowers as loan. Since the commercial banks lend out bank loans and put reserves into the central bank, the income equation of commercial banks is little bit different from other sectors. The commercial banks receive interest on bank loans from enterprises (IBLb,ep), interest on treasury bonds from government sector (ITBb,g), and interest on bank reserves from the central bank (IBRb,cb). If it is the case, they can get foreign trade earn a profit on trade (bπftc). Then, the income equation of commercial banks becomes; Yb = (IBLb,ep) + ITBb,g+ IBRb,cb+ bπftc (29) 5 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo On the expenditure side, the commercial banks pay interest on bank deposits to household (IBDhh,b) and enterprises (IBDep,b). Since commercial banks borrow from the central bank, they pay interest on central bank loans (ICBcb,b). Eb = IBDhh,b + IBDep,b + ICBcb,b (30) The equation below shows the financial intermediation function of the commercial banks. The savings of households and enterprises in the form of bank deposits are channeled to borrowers as loans. ΔBL = ΔDDh + ΔDDep + ΔTDhh + ΔTDep - ΔBR (31) This equation simply says that the changes in total bank loans (ΔBL) is equal to the changes in total demand deposits of households (ΔDDhh) and enterprises (ΔDDep) plus the changes in total time deposits of households and enterprises (ΔTDhh) + (ΔTDep) minus the changes in total bank reserves (ΔBR). The commercial banks have to reserve a certain portion of their deposits in the central bank account. The equation below indicates that the total reserves of commercial banks (BR) deposited in the central bank account is equal to the total stock of demand deposits (DDhh + DDep) and total stock of time deposits (TDhh + TDep) with the ratio of reserve to commercial banks (rrb). BR = rrb (DDhh + DDep + TDhh + TDep) (32) To see authority of monetary policy function of the central bank clearly, we should introduce money base equations. Change in money base (ΔMB) is used to measure the money supply and defined as the household currency demand (ΔCDhh) and enterprise currency demand (ΔCDep) plus the total bank reserves (ΔBR). ΔMB = ΔCDhh +ΔCDep + ΔBR (33) It is obvious that if the money multiplier is constant, money supply will be affected by the change in the money base in the same direction. That means the central bank credits to the government is an injection of money into the economy, and this injection will expand money base. Simulation Results1 In the simulation result table below, we show nominal and real changes in the macroeconomic and financial variables as a result of freeing the interest rate. Since the central bank credit to enterprises and commercial banks stays at the original level as in the baseline situation, the simulation results show the pure effects of interest rate liberalization. Thus, there is no shift in monetary policy and what we see is a pure effect of interest rate liberalization. As it is seen from the simulation results, the price level drops by 1.33% in the short run and 1.95% in the long run. Notice that a drop in the price level does not mean there is no inflation. The price level of the base run is normalized to one, and the inflation rate is 60.3% initially. To see the price inflation level, we should examine the item "price inflation rate" in the macro and financial variable tables. This fall in the price level at the same time means that the inflation rate has gone down by about two-percentage point, from 60.3% to 58.97% in the short run and to 58.35% in the long run. For the other nominal variables shown in the tables, the change in the price level is a point of reference to compare with to get some ideas about the change in real values. Throughout all discussions we will check the changes in the real values of variables when they are necessary. In this case, as an example, the price level decreases by 1.33 % in the short run and thus for any nominal variable its value decreases by less than 1.33% in the short run, there is actually an increase in the real value. A drop in the price level proposes that the real wage level has risen, and thus, employment in the short run has fallen by 0.9% or unemployment increased by 171 thousands (by assumption only the short run has employment effect). A result of the drop in employment is that the real GNP decreases by about 0.3% in the short run. However, the story changes in the long run after the wage level has been adjusted fully and the employment effect has been eliminated. As seen in the table 1, in the long run, the real GNP increases slightly by 0.2%. From this simulation result, it can be concluded that interest rate liberalization, in fact, has slightly 1 Simulation results were obtained by using Generalized Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) program. 6 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo improved, even if it is very small, the efficiency of the economy. Given that the capital stock is fixed, the increase in real GNP or production efficiency has to come from the reallocation of labor among sectors. In both the short and the long run, the nominal interest rate goes up even though the general price level falls, and the combined effect of the two gives rise to a jump in the real rate of interest by more than threepercentage point from 2.4% to 5.63% in the short run and to 5.45% in the long run. It should be remembered that freeing the interest rate allows the loanable funds market to reach the equilibrium and rationing of credit funds is no longer needed. Indeed, the leap in the real rate of interest is one of the mechanisms working towards equilibrating the financial and loans markets. The nominal total income of households falls by 0.95% in the short run and 1.03% in the long run. Yet, by taking the change in the general price level into account, the real income has actually risen in both the short and long run. Total nominal households income as a percentage of the GNP rises slightly from 85.6% to 86.25% in the short run and to 86.3% in the long run. Theoretically speaking, the saving behavior of households is expected to change due to the rise in the real interest rate. In line with the theory, our simulation results show that the nominal gross saving of households goes up even though the price level has fallen, and the result is an increase in the real savings around 4.7%, as indicated by the increase of savings as a percentage of the GNP, from 19.3% to 20.2% in both the short run and the long run. Furthermore, households compress their real consumption and lower their demand deposits. Money holdings decreased by 3.3% and 4.6% in the short run and long run respectively while time deposits increased by 9.1% and 9.74% in the short run and long run respectively. Thus, the households build up their time deposits directly as well as converting their money holdings into the interest earning deposits. Regarding the fiscal condition, government revenue drops in both the short and the long run. The nominal revenue decreases by 2.3% in the short run and 2.03% in the long run. Since the percentage of government revenue fall is larger than the price level change in both the short and the long run, government revenue decreases with not only nominal terms but also real terms. This real revenue decrease is also reflected in the decrease of government revenue measured as a percentage of the GNP from 21.1% to 20.95% in the short run and to 21.03% in the long- run. On the other hand, government expenses decrease by 0.4% in the short run and 0.2% in the long. Those expenses decreases are less than the price level change in both the short and the long run. Combining effect is that budget deficit or government borrowing requirement increases by 7.42% in the short run and 7.17% in the long run. The results show interesting outcome for enterprises. While the liberalization leads to more fixed investment, it hurts enterprises by lowering their net income for 2.19% in short run and 2.04% in the long run. That means real net income decreases in both the short and long run. The reduction in net income is largely due to the increased interest payments on the stock of enterprise loans. On the other hand, real fixed and total investment rises in the short and long run. In order to support a higher level of fixed investment, enterprises have to increase their borrowing in the current period — enterprise bonds issued goes up by 2.3% in the short run and 2.5% in the long run, and domestic bank loans goes up by 2.5% in the short run and 2.9% in the long run. The most fascinating results were obtained in the banking system comparing to households and enterprises. The increased credit demand of enterprises causes 2.5% increase in short run and 2.9% in the long run in the amount of bank loans to enterprises made in the current period. Besides, the increasing real interest rate coupled with the impact on household saving behavior causes the amount of demand deposits made in the current period to decline by 2.6% in the short run and 2.2% in the long run. On the other hand, in line with theory, increasing real interest rate causes the amount of time deposits to go up by 6.02% in the short run and 6.87% in the long run. Furthermore, a higher nominal interest rate means that interest payments received and paid by banks rush forward drastically. Thus, the total income of commercial banks rises substantially by 25.4% in the short run and 23.7% in the long run. On the other hand, the total bank expenses jump by 13.5% in the short run and 9.5% in the long run. To summarize, the following remarks can be concluded: 1. The simulation results show that while the government and the enterprises suffer a revenue loss, households slightly and commercial banks substantially gain from freeing the interest rate. This differential impact on the incomes of economic agents depends to a large extent on the initial distribution of financial assets and liabilities. 2. When interest rate is liberalized, we observe the income transfers from borrowers to lenders, and thus lenders tend to gain but borrowers to lose. Since main borrowers are enterprises and government, their net incomes decrease in he short and long run. 3. However, real net income of enterprises is getting better from the short run to the long run. While price level decrease from the short run to the long run is 0.62%, the decrease in net total income of enterprises is just 0.15%. Speaking with real terms enterprises are getting better from the short run to the long run even if their real net income is decreasing in both the short and long run. This situation would be explained by the increasing productivity of enterprises in the long run after interest rate liberalization takes place. 7 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 4. 5. 6. 7. The simulation results of interest rate liberalization indicate that the fixed interest rate system before liberalization is putting a squeeze on especially the banking sector by protecting the benefits of and maintain the status quo in other institutions. When the long run is compared to the short run, we see an increase, even if very small, in the long run real GNP while we have a decrease in the short run. Another important observation is the increase in the government-borrowing requirement as a percentage of the GNP in both the short and the long run. This result is similar to the context of enterprise. Since government is also borrower, increasing real interest rate is increasing government borrowing. The long run results suggest that some adverse effects associated with freeing the interest rate are reversed when a full adjustment is reached. Government and enterprises enjoy with low interest rate under fixed interest rate regime, while freeing the interest rate make household slightly and banking sector substantially better. Simulation Results INTEREST RATE LIBERALIZATION MACRO AND FINANCIAL VARIABLES (Billion TL) Price Level Price Inflation Rate (%) Nominal Interest Rate (%) Real Interest Rate (%) Employment (thousand) Wage Level (million TL/year) Real GNP Nominal GNP Government Revenues Revenues as % of GNP Expenditures Expenditures as % of GNP Deficit Deficit as % of GNP Households Total Nominal Income Total Nom. Inc. as % of GNP Total Real Income Total Savings Savings as % of GNP Nominal Consumption Nom. Cons. as % of GNP Real Consumption Demand Deposit Time Deposit Enterprises Net Total Income Working Capital Total Investment Real Fixed Investment Demand for Credit • Enterprise Bond Issued • Bank Loans Borrowed Commercial Banks Total Income Total Expenses Bank Loans to Enterprises Total Bank Loans Total Deposits • Demand Deposits • Time Deposits 8 Short run Long run Base 1.0000 60.30% 62.70% 2.40% 18,539 5,768 395,042 395,042 Value 0.9867 58.97% 64.60% 5.63% 18,368 5,701 393,840 388,602 %� -1.33% -2.21% 5.58% 135% -0.9% -1.16% -0.3% -1.63% Value 0.9805 58.35% 63.80% 5.45% 18,539 5,680 395,848 388,129 %� -1.95% -3.23% 3.99% 127% 0.0% -1.53% 0.2% -1.75% 83,317 21.1 % 103,867 26.3 % 20,550 5.2 % 81,396 20.95% 103,470 26.6% 22,074 5.68% -2.3% -0.71% -0.4% 1.14% 7.42% 9.2% 81,629 21.03% 103,652 26.7% 22,023 5.67% -2.03% -0.33% -0.2% 1.52% 7.17% 9.04% 338,379 85.6 % 338,379 76,173 19.3 % 262,206 66.4% 262,206 5,261 29,640 335,173 86.25% 339,691 78,565 20.2% 257,608 66.3% 261,080 5,086 32,345 -0.95% 0.76% 0.39% 3.3% 4.7% -1.75% -0.15% -0.43% -3.3% 9.1% 334,893 86.3% 341,553 78,451 20.2% 256,442 66.1% 261,542 5,017 32,527 -1.03% 0.82% 0.94% 3.1% 4.7% -2.2% -0.45% -0.25% -4.6% 9.74% 229,194 1,363 68,564 65,888 38,766 6,273 32,493 224,153 1,323 69,389 66,553 39734 6,419 33,315 -2.19% -2.93% 1.2% 1.0% 2.5% 2.3% 2.5% 224,521 1,329 69,658 66,994 39,860 6,431 33,429 -2.04% -2.49% 1.6% 1.68% 2.8% 2.5% 2.9% 44,308 39,179 32,493 76,261 93,928 29,295 64,633 55,560 44,485 33,315 77,176 97,066 28,536 68,530 25.4% 13.5% 2.5% 1.2% 3.3% -2.6% 6.02% 54,821 42,917 33,429 77,325 97821 28,647 69,074 23.7% 9.5% 2.9% 1.4% 4.1% -2.2% 6.87% �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo References Atiyas, I. and H. Ersel, (1994). The Impact of Financial Reform: the Turkish Experience, Chapter 13, in Financial Reform: Theory and Evidence, ed. by Atiyas, I., G. Caprio, and J. Hanson, Cambridge University Press. Bourguignon, F., Branson, W. H., and De Melo, J. (1992). Adjustment and Income Distribution; A Micro-Macro Model for Counterfactual Analysis, Journal of Development Economics 38, pp. 17-39. Bourguignon, F., De Melo, J., and Suwa, A. (1991). Modeling the Effects of Adjustment Programs on Income Distribution, World Development 19, pp. 1527-1544. Bourguignon, F., and Morrison, C. (1992). Adjustment and Equity in Developing Countries, Paris, OECD. Demirguc-Kunt, A. and Detragiache, E. Financial Liberalization and Financial Fragility, IMF/WP/83. Dervis, K., De Melo, J., and Robinson, S. (1982). A General Equilibrium Analysis of the Causes of a Foreign Exchange Crisis: The case of Turkey, Weltwirtschaftliches Archive Review of World Economics, 118, pp. 259-280. Fargeix, A., and Sadoulet, E. (1994). A Financial Computable General Equilibrium Model for the Analysis of Stabilization Programs, In Applied General Equilibrium and Economic Development, Present Achievements and Future Trends, edited by Jean Mercenier and T.N. Srinivasan, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Fiscal Statistics, (1998). The Undersecretariat of Treasury, Prime Ministry, Republic of Turkey. Grais, W., De Melo, J., and Urata, S., (1986). A General Equilibrium Estimation of Reduction in Tariff and Quantitative Restriction in Turkey in 1978, In T.N. Srinivasan and J. Whalley (Eds.), General Equilibrium Trade Policy Modeling, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press. Karadag, M., and Westaway, T., (1999). A SAM-Based Computable General Equilibrium Model of the Turkish Economy, Loughborough University, Economic Research Paper No: 99/18. Lewis, J. D., and Urata, S. (1983). Turkey: Recent Economic Performance and Medium-Term Prospect, 1978-1990, World Bank Staff Working papers, 602, Washington. Lewis, J. D., and Urata, S. (1984). Anatomy of a Balance of Payment Crisis: Application of a General Equilibrium Model to Turkey, 1978-1980, Economic Modelling, 1, pp. 281-303. Lewis, J. D. (1994). Macroeconomic Stabilization and Adjustment Policies in a General Equilibrium Model with Financial markets, In Applied General Equilibrium and Economic Development, Present Achievements and Future Trends, edited by Jean Mercenier and T.N. Srinivasan. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. Shantayanan, D., Lewis, D., J., and Robinson, S., (1994). Getting the Model Right: The General Equilibrium Approach to Adjustment Policy, International Food Policy Research Institute, Draft Manuscript. Sherman, R. (1991). Macroeconomics, Financial Variables, and Computable General Equilibrium Models, World Development, Volume 19, No. 11, pp. 1509-1525. Shoven, J. B., and Whalley, J., (1992). Applying General Equilibrium, Cambridge University press, Cambridge. State Institute of Statistics (SIS) (1990). Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey Results, Ankara, Turkey. Tunc, G. I. (1998). A Financial Computable General Equilibrium Model for Turkey: Policy Analysis with 1990 Data, METU Studies in Development, 25(1), pp. 173-213. Yeldan, E. (1989). Structural Adjustment and Trade in Turkey: Investigating the Alternatives ‘Beyond export-Led Growth, Journal of Policy Modelling, 11, pp. 273-296. Yeldan, E. (1990). A General Equilibrium Investigation of the Optimal of Turkish Structural Adjustment, 1979-1983, METU Studies in Development, 17, pp. 25-71. Yeldan, E. (1997). Financial Liberalization and Fiscal Repression in Turkey: Policy Analysis in a CGE Model with Financial Markets, Journal of Policy Modeling, 19(1), pp. 79-117. 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1 Title A name given to the resource Macroeconomic Effects of Interest Rate Liberalization: The Case of Turkey Author Author ULUSSEVER , Talat Abstract A summary of the resource. This study proposes a financial computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, which represents the salient features of the Turkish economy. By including 15 production sectors and linking the real and financial sub-models through various channels of fund flows, interest rates, commercial bank intermediation, monetary and fiscal policies, we perform a counterfactual simulation using the financial CGE model to explore the potential macroeconomic effects of interest rate liberalization in the Turkish economy. Our results show that interest rate liberalization makes the government and the enterprises suffer a revenue loss, but households slightly and commercial banks notably revenue raise in both the short and long run. In addition, while the real GNP declines in the short run, it increases in the long run after the wage level has been adjusted fully and the employment effect has been eliminated. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 960 Title A name given to the resource Maddening Loneliness of “The Man in White Coat” and “Like Life” Author Author Sagiroglu, Rana Abstract A summary of the resource. Oğuz Atay, regarded as one of the first surrealist authors of Turkish literature, is the pioneer creator of modernist novels of Turkey. He brings a marginal point of view and style in 1970’s, he started to write his works under the light of unusual fiction-style features. In his short story collection “Korkuyu Beklerken”, the most impressive short story “Beyaz Mantolu Adam” (The Man in White Coat) is the one to settle the reader’s mind for the first reading. He is so prosperous and effective about what he wants to deliver to the reader that the main character becomes the focus point although he never utters even a sentence throughout the story. Oğuz Atay consciously creates his main character in this way because his main aim is to reveal the loneliness of modern man in this crowded and noisy world. He highlights chief themes such as: displacement, uncertainty, skepticism, incongruity, independence and more. Lorrie Moore, a still-living and best-loved author of her generation, collected her short stories in 2008, and one of the most fabulous short stories “Like Life” forces the reader to think on ordinary lives of ordinary people. Her characters in the short story are the ones who seem to have organized and regular lives, but when analyzed in detail, their being incomplete, deficient and unfulfilled are discovered. The characters carry anxiety and doubts inside their souls, and that causes them to be isolated and unhappy. Moore emerges to awaken the reader to point out what they are that makes them unhappy and strange. Limited third person point of view as her stylistic choice contributes to the text and the reader to evoke characters’ inner lives. The main themes used in the story are loneliness, never quite belonging, absenteeism, mode of undefined, and so on. The aim of this study to compare these widely used themes such as loneliness, isolation, alienation, incongruity in two different short stories by different writers as well as different cultures. The authors’ sex difference also will enrich and contribute to the analysis of these literary works. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8422930bcab6dab1f79e71921155dd5d.docx c0a6163cbbbf5dc44c06b2f5f8ef2fcd https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9735184b26fb9b97a5a38d2c78d81774.pdf 7db67a276b9947831eec2f760e944e07 PDF Text Text MAHMUT RAGIP GAZİMİHAL’İN VARLIK DERGİSİNDE YAYINLADIĞI YAZILAR ÜZERİNE Metin ÖZARSLAN Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Türk Halkbilimi Bölümü, Ankara / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Mahmut Ragıp, Varlık dergisi müzik, edebiyat, kültür, sanat. ÖZET Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal 1921 yılında Berlin’de başladığı müzik çalışmalarını İsai Barmas ve Walter Detlefz’le sürdürmüştür. Prof. C. Sachs ve Prof. Von Horn Boster gibi müzikologlarla tanışmış, müzik çalışmalarına Paris’te devam ettiği yıllarda Le Monde Musical Societe Française de Musicologie gibi yayın organlarında yayınlar yapmış ve 1932’den itibaren Ankara Musiki Muallim Mektebi’nde ve başka eğitim kurumlarında 1961 yılına kadar kesintisiz hoca olarak çalışmıştır. Bu bildiri Türkiye’nin ilk müzikologlarından sayılan ve yaklaşık 40 yıllık yazı hayatına malik olan müzik adamı, eğitimci ve araştırmacı Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal’in Varlık dergisinde muhtelif konularda yazdığı yazılarına hasredilmiştir. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2294 Title A name given to the resource MAHMUT RAGIP GAZİMİHAL’İN VARLIK DERGİSİNDE YAYINLADIĞI YAZILAR ÜZERİNE Author Author ÖZARSLAN, Metin Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mahmut Ragıp, Varlık dergisi müzik, edebiyat, kültür, sanat. ÖZET Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal 1921 yılında Berlin’de başladığı müzik çalışmalarını İsai Barmas ve Walter Detlefz’le sürdürmüştür. Prof. C. Sachs ve Prof. Von Horn Boster gibi müzikologlarla tanışmış, müzik çalışmalarına Paris’te devam ettiği yıllarda Le Monde Musical Societe Française de Musicologie gibi yayın organlarında yayınlar yapmış ve 1932’den itibaren Ankara Musiki Muallim Mektebi’nde ve başka eğitim kurumlarında 1961 yılına kadar kesintisiz hoca olarak çalışmıştır. Bu bildiri Türkiye’nin ilk müzikologlarından sayılan ve yaklaşık 40 yıllık yazı hayatına malik olan müzik adamı, eğitimci ve araştırmacı Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal’in Varlık dergisinde muhtelif konularda yazdığı yazılarına hasredilmiştir. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/02f290660d51a78b0d8aa98d3943fdc0.pdf 456b331905ddb7a9e16d75dfb01d51e2 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Main Policies and Challenges of the European Union Hamidullah Bayram International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina hamidullahbayram@gmail.com h.bayram@hotmail.fr This paper documents the reality of the European Union focusing some main policies and debates as challenges. It will set light to understand better which terms or policies of the EU means what. It will be examined what kinds of main problems there are in the EU mentioning Russia case, and difficulties between public government and central structure of the EU, based on division as religious and regional as well as linguistic, etc. The paper has various approximations to define these main cases and plans within the EU. The structure of the paper is as follows; 1. Policies mentions about to become unique region in the world, competition and cohesion policy, to divide the governance between central and subunits as National and European Parliament, and to conduct the common values into the EU. 2. Challenges will give information about democratic and knowledge deficit within EU, unexpected crises and its effects on the enlargement process of the EU, opacity of the low and high politics, and relations with Russia. Keywords: European Union, Policies, Challenges, Relations With Russia, Governmental Structure. 145 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1542 Title A name given to the resource Main Policies and Challenges of the European Union Author Author BAYRAM, Hamidullah Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper documents the reality of the European Union focusing some main policies and debates as challenges. It will set light to understand better which terms or policies of the EU means what. It will be examined what kinds of main problems there are in the EU mentioning Russia case, and difficulties between public government and central structure of the EU, based on division as religious and regional as well as linguistic, etc. The paper has various approximations to define these main cases and plans within the EU. The structure of the paper is as follows; 1. Policies mentions about to become unique region in the world, competition and cohesion policy, to divide the governance between central and subunits as National and European Parliament, and to conduct the common values into the EU. 2. Challenges will give information about democratic and knowledge deficit within EU, unexpected crises and its effects on the enlargement process of the EU, opacity of the low and high politics, and relations with Russia. Keywords: European Union, Policies, Challenges, Relations With Russia, Governmental Structure. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e141394cb82f0e8d14daa476f588d644.pdf 596a617dea328fef560967d2a240f6c8 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Makbûl-i Ârif and a Different Perspective on Language Learning Hüseyin GÖNEL International Burch University, Sarajevo hgonel@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: Language Learning is a subject that has been popular through the ages. Therefore, a number of methods and techniques were developed and applied on this subject. Today, these studies are still continuing. Referring to the dictionaries is one of these methods. Even in Ottoman society, there were dictionaries written in verse to serve this aim. Dictionaries called Subha-i Sıbyan, which enabled primary school students to memorize the words and keep them in mind easily, were widely used. Sıbha-i Sıbyan Dictionaries aimed at teaching especially Arabic and Persian. There were also other dictionaries in verse which were designed to teach different languages too. Mehmet Hevai Üsküfi's work Makbul-i Arif dedicated to Sultan Murad the 4th. is known as the first Bosnian-Turkish dictionary in verse. This dictionary introduces a different perspective in language learning. As it is easier to memorize and keep in mind, poetry has been more effective in language learning compared to prose. In this study, Makbul-i Arif is introduced as an example for the use of dictionaries in verse in language learning. Key words: Verse dictionary, language education, Makbûl-i Arif Introduction Today, in our rapidly globalized world, it has become usual to come across different languages and cultures frequently. There is no doubt that there were those kinds of encounters in the past, too. In terms of cultural differences, language factor is one of the most important of those. Therefore, the initial communication between those different societies has been made possible by language. So, the scholars have been working on different methods of language learning and teaching through the ages. The methods designed and applied on language learning and teaching are comprehensive enough to compile a separate work of art (Demircan, 2005). Even though the methods applied on language learning are plenty and various, some of them have permanent validity. Those are; learning by association, exemplification, narration, learning in context and by dictionary. The word-centered methods are especially used widely in language learning. In this method, it is important that the words are easy to keep in mind. One of the widely used methods is learning by association. The method based on the association of the subsequently used words according to their meanings and pronunciations that enables to keep them in mind. In the other method, a little story is made up based on the word. For example; testimony is an English word and means a statement under oath. The method is applied as follows; Temel commits a murder and was brought to the court. When the judge asks "How did you do that?" he says "kestimoni" (I cut him). The similarity between the sounds testimony and kestimoni reminds the word. The word can be remembered in this way. There are many dictionaries (Bademcioğlu, 2009) prepared based on those mimi-stories. This idea has been reflected on the preparation of dictionaries. Generally, in the classical dictionaries, the word is given and the word class and origin follow it. That is followed by the real and metaphorical meaning. Then an example sentence is given. Extra uses affixes are added if necessary. Compound words, adjective and adverb and verb phrases, prepositions and metaphors etc... (Parlatır, 2009; TDK, 2005; Redhouse, 2008). The Tradition of Verse dictionary Divan-ı Lügati’t-Türk, designed to show the richness of Turkish vocabulary and to teach Turkish to Arabs, is known as the first Turkish example in case of language learning. This work was followed by many dictionaries and dictionary-like works. By means of the example we introduce in this study, it is useful to mention the tradition of dictionary in verse in language teaching. As it is known, Diwan Literature is mainly based on verse. The poets of the age found the verse more useful than prose. About this, 16th century poetry and verse scholar Lami's 323 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo “Nesrdür gerçi dehre sermâye Dürr-i nazmun-durur velî pâye” words and the expression “Nesir raiyyet gibidir ve nazım padişahtır” in Kabusnâme are clear enough to explain this (Üzgör, 1990:136; Okuyucu, 2006:74). Because of preference of verse in Diwan Literature many works were written in verse. Dictionaries in verse****** were the production of this approach. The means of harmony such as metre and rhyme served to keep the words in mind as well as making the work enjoyable to read. The preparation of dictionaries in verse aimed at contributing language learning. The old society was a culturally rich and multi-lingual society. Arabic, Persian and Turkish were the leading languages. Arabic was taught in schools and medreses under the influence of religion. The people dealing with poetry and literature used Persian. The common language used in public was Turkish. The other languages were spoken in their local regions. For example; Bosnian in Bosna, Albanian in Albania. Here, it is useful to mention another tradition in this respect. Independent works in which some complicated contexts were explained were called "Şerh". The writer who believes he comprehends the subject better than others explains the concepts in this work profoundly. These works are divided into two sections: Grammar Serhs and Tasavvufi Serhs. The concept about language learning is related to Gramar Şerhs. The word's original and metaphorical meanings are given in these şerhs, the examples of different uses are also added when necessary. The reader both learns the word and the rules of grammar. Although generally written in prose, there are also some şerhs written in verse. The first examples of dictionaries in verse are in Arab and Persian Literatures. The first examples in Anatolian region are Arabic-Persian††††††. Those were followed by Arabic-Turkish dictionaries‡‡‡‡‡‡. Some of the dictinaries in verse were written in three languages; Arabic-Persian-Turkish§§§§§§. There were also dictionaries in verse written in Bosnian-Turkish, Armenian-Turkish, French-Turkish*******. The work of art that will be introduced in this article is Makbul-i Arif which was written by Mehmed Hevai Uskufi in 1631 and dedicated to Sultan Murad III. During the era which started in 1463 with Fatih Sultan Mehmed's invasion of Istanbul, Turkish culture was intensely reflected in Bosna-Hersek. Many notions of social life were restructured in Bosna-Hersek, which ****** “For more information on Verse Dictionaries, refer to Agâh Sırrı Levend, Divan Edebiyatı Kelimeler ve Remizler Mazmunlar ve Mefhumlar, Đstanbul 1984, s. 636,637; Ahmet Hilmi Đmamoğlu, “Farsça-Türkçe Manzum Sözlükler ve Şahidi’nin Sözlüğü, Atatürk Üniversitesi (Unpublished PhD. dissertation), Erzurum; Adnan Karaismailoğlu, “Manzum Sözlüklerimizden Tuhfe-i Remzî”, Millî Kültür, S. 7, Ankara 1990, s. 60,61.; Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Ansiklopedisi, “Manzum Lügatler” C. VI, Đstanbul 1986, s.144; Yusuf Öz, Tarih Boyunca Türkçe-Farsça Sözlükler, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Unpublished PhD. dissertation), Ankara 1996, s. 52-74; H. Harun Duman, “Tuhaf Bir Lügat: Miftâh-ı Lisân”, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, S. 54, Đstanbul 1988, s. 82-88.; Yusuf Öz, Tuhfe-i Şâhidî Şerhleri, Konya 1999, s.121; Ahmet Kartal, “Ahmet Remzî’nin ‘Tuhfe-i Remzî’ Đsimli Eseri” Bilge, S. 28, Ankara 2000, s. 159-161; Adnan Karaismailoğlu, Klâsik Dönem Türk Şiiri Đncelemeleri, Ankara 2001, s.178-182; Ahmet Kartal, Ahmet Remzî Efendi Tuhfe-i Remzî (Đnceleme-Transkribe Metin- Đndeks- Sözlük), Ankara 2001, s. 3-28.; Ali Temizel, Ahmedî’nin Farsça Eserleri Tenkidli Metin-Đnceleme-Tercüme ve Đndeks, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Unpublished PhD. dissertation), Ankara 2002, s. 107-276. (Kırbıyık, 2002)” †††††† “These dictionaries are Zühretü’l-Edeb’i, written by Şükrüllâh b.Şemsüddîn Ahmed b. Seyfüddîn Zekeriyâ in H. 640/ M. 1242-3, Nasîbü’l-Fıtyân ve Nesîbü’t-Tıbyân, written by Hüsameddin Hasan b. Abdülmü’min el-Hoyî, Silkü’lCevâhir, prepared in H. 757/ M. 1356, by Abdülhamîd el-Engürî, Mirkatü’l-Edeb, versed by Germiyanlı Ahmedî between H. 761-779/ M.1360-1377, and Ukûdu’l-Cevâhir, by Ahmed-i Dâî (after H. 824/ M.1421) (Kırbıyık, 2002)”. ‡‡‡‡‡‡ “First Arabic-Turkish verse dictionary is Lügat -i Ferişteoğlu, written by Abdüllatîf Đbn-i Melek in H. 795/ M. 1392. Şemsi’s Cevâhirü’l Kelimât, Şeyh Ahmed’s Nazmu’l-Leâl published in 1051/1635, Âsım’s (date of birth 1755/date of death 1819) Tuhfe-i Âsım, completed in H. 1213/ M. 1798, Vehbî’s Nuhbe-i Vehbî, written in H. 1214/ M.1799, and Mehmed Fevzî’s (date of death: 1903) Tuhfe-i Fevzî, and Hüsâm b. Hasan el-Konevî’s Tuhfe-i Hüsâmî, written in H. 802/ M. 13991400 (?), are considered to be the first samples of Persian-Turkish verse dictionaries in Anatolia. Besides these works, there are many other works available such as, Đbrahim Dede’sTuhfe-i Şâhidî (date of publication: H. 921 /M. 1515), Lâmi’î Çelebi’s Lügat-i Manzûme (date of publication: H. 933 / before M. 1527), Sünbülzâde Vehbî’s Tuhfe-i Vehbî (date of publication: H. 1197 /M. 1782), Süleyman Dürrî’s Güher-rîz (date of publication: H. 1263 /M. 1867), and Ahmed Remzî Akyürek’s Tuhfe-i Remzî (date of publication: H. 1343/ M. 1924 ). (Kırbıyık, 2002)” §§§§§§ “For example; U’cubetü’l-Garâyib, written by Bahâüddin Đbn Abdurrahmân-ı Magalkaravî (date of publication: H. 827/ M. 1424), Lügat-i Abdülkerîm, written by Abdülkerîm (date of publication: H. 1002/ M. 1594), Menâzimü’l-Cevâhir, by Hâkî Mustafa Üsküdarî (date of publication: H.1042 /M. 1632-3), and Hasan Aynî’s Nazmu’lCevâhir’ (date of publication: H. 1236/ M. 1821) (Kırbıyık, 2002).” ******* “These works are; Bosnalı Üsküfî’s Boşnakça-Türkçe Makbûl-i Ârif (date of publication: H. 1041/M. 1631), Refi’î Kalayî (date of death: 1821)’s Ermenice Lügati, Ahmed Fevzî (date of death: 1881)’s Rumca-Türkçe Tuhfetü’l-Uşşâk, and Yusuf Hâlis (dateof death: 1882)’s Fransızca- Türkçe Miftâh-ı Lisân (date of publication: H. 1266/ M. 1850) (Kırbıyık, 2002).” 324 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo became an important center of Government. Therefore, literary works emerged in 15th century. In Bosnia, Literary movement was developed in two branches. One branch was represented by the poets who wrote in Turkish with Arabic alphabet, the other was represented by the poets who wrote in Bosnian with Arabic alphabet. The second party developed the literature called Alhamiyado. Sabina Dizdarevič states that Makbul-i Arif is considered to be the first example of the Literature called Alhamiyado (Okumuş, 2009:824-825). Muhammed Hevâî Üsküfî and Makbûl-i Ârif The poet who used Havai and Uskufi nicknames was born in Dobirnya village near Donya Tuzla, a district of Zvornic province, in 1601. He was the son of a Zvornic governer. He served in Ottoman Palace for 20 years. He died in 1651. The poet who knew Arabic and Persian was influenced by Tuhfe-i Şahidi of Sahidi Đbrahim Dede, who had written a Persian-Turkish dictionary before him. It has the exception of being the first and only verse dictionary written in Bosnian and Turkish. The work is also known as “Potur Şahidi” (Okumuş, 2009). The poet was thinking of creating a work, and he was in search of a style never thought or used before. However, good or bad all the words were exhausted in the world. While thinking, he decided to write a Bosnian dictionary because although a number of works had been created so far, there was no Bosnian-Turkish dictionary written in verse (Hevai, 3a-3b; Korkut, 1942: 386). So, he made up his mind on the type of work he would write. However, aruz metre were used in Diwan Literature. Aruz was mainly the metre of Arap poetry. Persions tried to write their poetry with this metre for centuries. Persian language was adjusted to the Persian aruz with the introduction of new aruz types. Turkish poets experienced the same difficulty. They complained that Turkish was not convenient for aruz style until they started to use it successfully (Đpekten, 2008: 131-141). The same process was experienced in case of Bosnian too. Mehmed Hevai explains this case in today’s terms: “Just as Bosnian people are huge, their language is huge, too. To adopt this language into aruz is as difficult as pulling an iron bow” (Hevai, 4a-5a; Korkut, 1942: 387). However, the poet manages that and completes his work using a simple and fluent language. The work consists of an introduction and 13 stanzas. At the end of each stanza, there is a mülemma couplet consisting of one line Bosnian and one line Turkish. At the end of each section, a metre is given with takti couplet. The context is active and the described Turkish and Bosnian words are given the same number.††††††† The work was published in Sarajevo in 1942 by Derviş M. Korkut. Publication is in three types: Latin, Ottoman and Bosnian alphabets (Korkut, 1942: 371-408). It was also published in 2001 by Fehim Nametak (Nametak, 2001). The dictionary is a word-centered dictionary. About 650 thousand words were explained (Okumuş, 2009:836). Names and adjectives are the majority in the dictionary. There are also short sample sentences. A lot of words from colloquial language were used. The poet claimed that he wrote the dictionary for Bosnian villagers. Therefore, the words related to farming are the majority. In addition, there are also words related to shopping, days and numbers that are used in daily language. There is a line in the form of a sentence at the end of each poem. In this respect, it reminds the mini-dictionaries of today designed for travelers. It is useful for expressing oneself at a beginner level in a strange country. To give the reader an idea, the first, 9th, and 13th sections of Makbul-i Arif were given below: Part I: 1 Bog Tanrı jedno bir-dir hem jedini vahdetî Duša cân-dır čovik adam dirlugi-dir životi 2 Hem ferişte ‘anđel oldu göklere de nebesi Raj cennet rajnik oldu demek cennetî 3 Moma kız-dır prah toz-dur trag iz-dir put yol Zâhide hem sop derler sam-sid-dir halvetî 4 Visoko-dur yüksek olan alçak olan nizko Hem sokol-dur şâhin adı uçtu demek poleti ††††††† For more information on the work, refer to Sait OKUMUŞ (2009) Muhammed Hevâî Üsküfî ve TürkçeBoşnakça Manzum Sözlüğü Makbûl-i Arif, Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 4/4 Summer. 325 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 5 Glava baş-tır zub diş-dir hem dudağa usna der Nos burun dil jezik-dır bre sendir more ti 6 Usta ağız rame omuz hem kulağa uha der Čelo alın kaş obrv’ sen güzelsin lipo ti 7 Hem ayaga noga derler, dize derler kolino Padişaha car derler, carina-dır devleti [R-6294:2] 8 Gümüşe hem srebro derler zlato der hem altına Güzele hem lipo derler sana benzer kano ti 9 Hem tüfeğe puška derler sablja derler kılıca Luk yay-dır sırık kopje dahi sen vur udri ti 10 At konj-dur mazga katır magare der eşeğe Zob yem-dir sino otluk al sen de uzmi ti 11 Kuća evdir žena avrat muž derler kocaya Dahi kurda vuk der, vučija-dır heybeti 12 Konuğa hem gost derler most köprü mast yağ Hem bıçaga nož derler meso dahi bil eti 13 Praz erkek koç ovan-dır hem ulište-dir kovan Sir penir-dir med bal-dır medovin’-dir şerbeti 14 List yaprak trud tutarak çakmak adı ognjilo Hem sübhî-dir božnik hem baya derler bogati 15 Prst parmak ruka el-dir dahy prsten-dir yüzük Uš bit-dir pire buha pire otu paprat 16 Led buz-dur su voda-dır dih adı Crkvina Sol tuz-dur rič söz-dür susa sen de muči ti 17 Tazı hrt-tır vižle zagar kučka derler kancığa Miš sıçan-dır pas köpek-dir zločest-dir nekbetî 18 Uči, piši, radi vrlo da ne budeš zločest Oku, yaz ve pekçe çalış, olmayasın nekbetî 19 Fâ’ilâtün fâ’ilâtün fâ’ilâtün fâ’ilât Sana benzer hûb yok-tur nite nije nitko kani ti [6a-8a] Part IX: 1 Đdi yürü! Hodi! Gele! sid’! otur! Ustani! Dur! ti donesi sen getir! 2 Lasno demek oldu kolay, mučno güç Tara osovin’, june tosun, hem kotor 3 De ağıla, buzağıya de tele Ovca koyun, yuvlanan top kotur 4 Tikva kabak, vino şarap, hem čaša De kadehe, sarhoşa hem pjan denir 326 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 5 Yak! Užeži! hem çıraya de luč Şimdi sada, doć’ će oti ol gelir 6 Vatra, oganj ateşe de, plamen De yalına, ugljen-dir hem kölmür 7 Yarasa hem kašbaba-dyr klin çivi Muha sinek, kelebeğe der lepur 8 Bahçeye hem vrtlo denir, luk soğan Frenge yakın bir şehre de Kotor 9 Vrba söğüt, ardıca hem liska der Tez hitnik, hem trpennik ne sabur 10 Erteye hem sutra denir, dün jučer Hul’ja san, dahi dikil (i)stobor 11 Haşhaşa mak, ripa de şalgama Hem çınara dahi denildi javor 12 B(a)radva nacak, hem kesere tesla der Testereye pila denir, šator 13 De çadıra, hem koliba çerga-dır Mantara, bil dahi, denildi pečur 14 Hem govedar oldu çoban, taş kamen Köye selo, köylüye dendi potur 15 (I)tkogodi dobro čini, naći će Her kişi-kim eylik eder, ol bulur 16 Müfte’ilün müfte’ilün fâ’ilün Halikunâ ya’lemu mâ fi’s-sudûr [16b-18b] Part XIII: 1 Bir, iki, üç, jedno, (i)dvi, hem tri Dahi dörde dediler četiri 2 Pet beş-tir, šest altı, hem yedi Bil, sedam-dır hem sekiz osam dedi 3 De deved ile desed dahi on ile dokuz Dvadesed oldu yirmi, hem otuz 4 Tridesed, dahi bil, četridesed Kırk, elli petdesed-dir, šestdesed 5 Altmış ve yetmiş dahi sedamdesed Oldu seksen hem osamdesed 6 Hem devedesed doksan oldu, (i)sto yüz Dahi (i)dvi stotine ikiyüz 7 Oldu (i)tri stotine üçyüz De četiri (i)stotine dörtyüz 327 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 8 Dahi pet stotina beşyüz Var kıyas et gayrılın, anlaya söz 9 Bin dahi hiljad-dır, hoş anla sen Hem desed hiljada onbin, dinle sen 10 Dahi izbroj! Say! Demek-dir, dahi loj Don yağıdır, ol bizim-dir dedi moj 11 Hem pretil-dir semiz olan, kopriva Oldu ısırgan, dahi yüzmek-dir pliva 12 Dahi dövene der bosanca (i)stupa Serhatta bir su var adı Kupa 13 Brk bıyık, dahi (i)brada sakal Ode gitti, ostan’! sen-de kal 14 Rak (y)engeç, žaba-dır hem kurbağa Derler (i)žbanj ağaç olan ibriğa 15 Kotlinica oldu tem bil tencere Badža komin, pozorac-dır pencere 16 Hem makaš-dır cüce, zindan tavnica Dahi tan yıldızına de danica 17 Tan yerine dedi zor, magla hem De duman dažd, yağmur brika hem 18 Puh ve kuskun, sedlo eğer, hem kolan Oldu poprug, prdljaj! var dolan! 19 Hem dilenci oldu p(o)rosjak, hem sužanj Bil, esir-dir, bir şehir adı Lužan 20 Kozle oğlak, jagnje kuzu, jelina Geyiğe der, yeni gelin gelina 21 Pametan hem akıla der, mahnito Şaşkın olan, şunu kaldır! digni to! 22 Soyu sopu güzel olan plemenit Dahi evlenmek dediler oženit 23 Đsterim ben hoću, neću istemem Đšći! Đste! ja ne marim hislemem 24 Tatlı şaraba dediler dahi mast Hem yemek yer misin? Hoć’ jist’? 25 De fakire siromah, hem lahana Oldu kupus, (i)zdila der sahana 26 Hem çanak kim olsa ağaç kutao Der elem(e)ye adına hem vitao 27 Desno sağ-dır dahi livo oldu sol 328 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Hem lahana turşu suyu-dur rasol 28 Igla iğne, hem konac der ipliğe Veze nakış (i)svila der ipeğe Fâ’ilâtün fâ’ilâtün fâ’ilün 29 Şöyle bilsin nükte sencân-i kelâm Oldu bin kırk-birde bu nüsha tamam [22a-25b] In fact, the method of learning through poetry was very popular in the past.‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ The dictionaries, called Sıbha-i Sıbyan, were taught at school in primary level. These works were designed to enable little children to memorize the Arabian and Persian words easily. This method is widely used in our time as well. However, there are slight differences. For example, some songs are taught in nurseries and kinder gardens. The information is easy to keep in mind by the help of the songs. Once adopted into our own language, the tradition of dictionary in verse will be an effective method of language teaching. Recommendations The work can be useful to teach Turkish to Bosnian, Bosnian to Turkish once it is adapted to our day. In this regard, after examining the editions, a comparative version might be published. It can be used in language teaching after the necessary adaptations. In reference to this work, poems and songs can be produced to be used in language teaching. References Bademcioğlu, Şinasi (2009) Kurgusal Sözlük, Kelime Ezberleten 12 Tekrarlı, Alfa Yayınları, Đstanbul Demircan, Ömer (2005) Yabancı Dil Öğretim Yöntemleri, Der Yayınları, Đstanbul. Derviš, M.Korkut (1942) Makbûl-i Arif (Potur-Šâhidija), Sarajevo. Türkçe Sözlük (2005) (Haz. Komisyon),Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Mehmed Hevâî Üsküfî, Makbûl-i Ârif (Potur Şâhidî), Gazi Hüsrev Bey Kütüphanesi, R-2865. Mehmed Hevâî Üsküfî, Makbûl-i Ârif (Potur Şâhidî), Gazi Hüsrev Bey Kütüphanesi, R-6294. Mehmed Hevâî Üsküfî (2001) Maqbûl-i Arif (Potur Sahidiya), (Haz. Fehim NAMETAK), Tuzla Derviş Susiç Kütüphanesi Yayınları. Parlatır, Đsmail (2009) Osmanlıca Türkçesi Sözlüğü, Yargı Yayınları, Ankara. Redhouse Đngilizce-Türkçe / Türkçe-Đngilizce Mini Sözlüğü, 2008. Üzgör, Tahir (1990) Türkçe Divan Dibaceleri, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara. Okuyucu, Cihan (2006) Divan Edebiyatı Estetiği, L&M yayınları, Đstanbul. Kırbıyık, Mehmet (2002) Miftah-ı Lisan Adlı Manzum Fransızca-Türkçe Sözlük Üzerine, Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı11, s.184-200. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Tuhfe-i Vehbî, written by Đbrahim Şâhidî Dede, has 60 editions (Kırbıyık, 2002:183). 329 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Okumuş, Sait (2009) Muhammed Hevâî Üsküfî ve Türkçe-Boşnakça Manzum Sözlüğü Makbûl-i Arif, Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 4/4 Summer, s. 823-844. Đpekten, Haluk (2008) Eski Türk Edebiyatı Nazım Şekilleri ve Aruz, Dergah Yayınları, Đstanbul. Kılıç, Atabey (2006) Manzum Sözlüklerimizden Sübhâ-i Sıbyân Şerhi “Hediyyetü’l-ihvân” Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 1/1 Summer, s.13-23. 330 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 714 Title A name given to the resource Makbûl-i Ârif and a Different Perspective on Language Learning Author Author GÖNEL, Hüseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. Language Learning is a subject that has been popular through the ages. Therefore, a number of methods and techniques were developed and applied on this subject. Today, these studies are still continuing. Referring to the dictionaries is one of these methods. Even in Ottoman society, there were dictionaries written in verse to serve this aim. Dictionaries called Subha-i Sıbyan, which enabled primary school students to memorize the words and keep them in mind easily, were widely used. Sıbha-i Sıbyan Dictionaries aimed at teaching especially Arabic and Persian. There were also other dictionaries in verse which were designed to teach different languages too. Mehmet Hevai Üsküfi's work Makbul-i Arif dedicated to Sultan Murad the 4th. is known as the first Bosnian-Turkish dictionary in verse. This dictionary introduces a different perspective in language learning. As it is easier to memorize and keep in mind, poetry has been more effective in language learning compared to prose. In this study, Makbul-i Arif is introduced as an example for the use of dictionaries in verse in language learning. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/41c84b18d4a567db540599e6a9a71b5c.pdf 81a5f2b6e9c12e58a805d3b8a036fa5d PDF Text Text MAKING STUDENTS MORE ACTIVE IN LEARNING THE PASSIVE Iva Čupić & Martina Klanjčić Dag Hammarskjöld University College of International Relations and Diplomacy, Croatia Article History: Submitted: 15.06.2015 Accepted: 27.06.2015 Abstract Why are students of English so reluctant to use the passive voice? The answer to this question may lie in the fact that students find it artificial, even pretentious, partly because it really does tend to be overtly wordy and cumbersome. Moreover, a point often overlooked is that the Croatian language “favours” the active structure as more natural both in informal and formal discourse, which is why students often find it difficult to adopt the passive voice as characteristic of the English language. Also, both for learners of English and native speakers of the language, the passive structure may be felt as contrary to the more common subjectverb-object (or S-O-V) order of syntactic constituents in the transitive sentence, employed profusely in the majority of Indo-European languages. Nonetheless, not only is it expected of the students to appreciate the passive, but also to use it competently. A great deal of academic English courses focus on formal communication; which makes the passive of key importance to understanding the type of language prevalent in EAP. This type of discourse is essential to studying English at university level, in the authors’ case ESP in the field of international relations and diplomacy, where study materials abound with passive structures. The aim of the paper is to show that the passive is fairly simple and easy both to understand and apply in independent production since it follows a set of formulaic instructions with little or no exceptions to the rule. It will look into examples of texts such as newspaper articles, legislation, professional literature, etc., and provide various activities used as a springboard for the acquisition of passive structures. Key words: passive voice, formal discourse, activities in EAP, ESP 1 �1. Introduction Students’ opinions on the passive predominantly point to the fact that they either avoid to use it (unconsciously) or, if they do use it, they do so tentatively because of perceived complexity and awkwardness, whereby the passive is rendered almost inappropriate. It is also interesting to note that, before the term “passive voice” is introduced, the students use the structure relatively confidently and with few mistakes. So, on the unconscious level, students feel competent to use it because they grow accustomed to it over the course of time, and it simply “sounds right”, as they often put it. Once the passive structure is given a “name”, however, they become self-conscious and alarmed, referring to it as something extremely difficult and horrible. Among other things, when asked to describe how they perceive the passive voice, they call it “the language of Yoda”, “the language of poetry”, “unnatural”, “sophisticated and academic”, etc. Even though not all of these attributes can be classified as negative or derogatory, it is rather obvious that the students perceive the passive as difficult, demanding and complex, perhaps even too complex to be used consciously. In order to understand the underlying causes of this obvious disinclination, the passive voice needs to be looked at as both the grammatical structure and what is being communicated. 2. What makes the passive voice so difficult to learn? On the communicative or pragmatic level, the perceived pretentiousness of the passive has made it unfashionable – it sounds more learned, more complex, “sophisticated and academic”. More profoundly, it is often perceived as artificial (“used only in poetry”, according to the students) or even cumbersome and convoluted due to its so-called “reverse order”. The “conventional” subject-verb-object (or S-O-V) sentence structure, where the object is identified as the patient, accounts for a large majority of world languages.[7][10] This compels the conclusion that the S-V-O word order, in which the initial place in the sentence is conventionally occupied by the agent, is more commonly used, more natural, direct, clear and concise, so its communicative function is more emphasized, more openly directed toward the listener or the reader, or the receiver of communication. All this leads to the fact that students avoid using passive structures, especially in spoken communication, where the active voice is constantly gaining ground. On the surface level, the passive is simply wordier, because in order to form it, we have to employ the auxiliary verb to be, literally adding to its “wordiness/verboseness”. Grammatically, it requires skill and adept knowledge of several distinct grammatical 2 �categories: verb tenses, verb forms (the base form, the –s, the –ing, the past and the past participle), grammatical function of sentence constituents (the verb and its arguments; the subject, the object), agreement, verb transitivity and finally the voice, i.e. the recognition of whether the subject acts or is acted upon. [2][5] Confusions mostly abound among students about certain features of the passive voice. For instance, the passive voice may, as we all know, be used in various tenses. Students, however, perceive the passive verb structure as tense switching, not being able to differentiate between verb tense (grammatical category used to express the present, the past and the future) and verb voice (grammatical category used to express the relationship between the verb and its arguments – the subject and the object). Another compelling argument “against” the passive is derived from our students’ mother tongue, Croatian. Since all the observations made throughout this paper are based on experiences from the Croatian ESP classroom, it may be deserving of consideration to mention briefly the status of the passive voice in the students’ native language. One of the reasons for the predominance of the active voice in Croatian is the normative status of the passive; it has been described as an undesirable imposition or import from Germanic languages, which only adds to its rigidity and austerity. By the same token, due to the negative normativization of the passive, found in many prominent language reference books, the passive is often overlooked and neglected in a number of functional styles or subsystems of the Croatian language, except perhaps in publicist/newspaper style, scientific and the poetic functional style. Passivity in the Croatian language is more often expressed or signalled by other grammatical categories (various paraphrases) than by means of syntactic transformation, i.e. passivization. According to generative grammar, the passive sentence is derived from the active sentence via rules of transformation. The active sentence is considered to be the core, underlying structure (the deep structure – pure representation of relations within a sentence), while the passive sentence is the surface form derived from the common deep structure (surface structure – one of the final syntactic forms of a sentence, as it exists after the deep structure has been modified syntactically). This is why it is often considered that the two types of utterances are not of equal value. [1] [3] On the other hand, the Croatian language can “afford” not to use the passive voice as often as some other languages, notably Germanic languages such as English. In comparison to the English language, the Croatian language abounds in various paraphrastic models (considering it is a flective language, which means that grammatical relations are conveyed by means of morphemes, it is rather superior in the flexibility of word order), whereas English, 3 �being an analytic language (in which various grammatical relations are expressed by means of syntax), lacks similar possibilities or techniques to vary the sentence perspective. The S-V-O pattern needs to be observed more consistently, which means that the passive voice serves not merely as voice but also as a useful construction that allows for the highlighting of patients (objects) in cases when agents (subjects) are inert or redundant. [3] Hundreds of African opponents of apartheid refuse to receive food ... demanding a fair trial or to be released (Cro. = that they release them) [3] Majority of the prisoners have never been brought to trial (Cro. = they have never brought the majority of the prisoners to trial) [3] 3. Why is the passive voice necessary for students of EAP? After considering all the “negative” aspects of the passive voice and almost arriving at the conclusion that it has become obsolete, why is it still necessary for students to acquire it and use it competently? First of all, even though the use of the passive seems to be resisted from many sides, it is beyond question that it has an innate capability to turn an utterance into a more impersonal, detached and thus more formal statement by removing the agent (subject) of the action from the sentence, which is a requirement in technical, scientific and academic writing. While the active is considered more direct, succinct and authoritative, it may sometimes be problematic if one’s priority is to sound as polite as possible and avoid condescension (e.g. You must address the ambassadors as Mr./Madam Ambassador.). It is also a prerequisite in EAP, notably diplomatic etiquette; code of conduct, protocolary situations and in this particular case of ESP in international relations and diplomacy. Furthermore, the syntactic features of the passive are rather simple and straightforward in that the rules are elementary and unambiguous: it is just a different way of showing who is doing the action in a sentence and who is receiving it. The object (patient) of the active sentence becomes the subject (agent) of the passive one, and then the verb assumes the passive shape (auxiliary to be and past participle of the main verb), followed by an optional remark on the object (or the subject of the passive sentence), and indicated prepositionally (by). Why is learning the passive essential for students of international relations and diplomacy? For competent users of foreign languages – future diplomats – the passive is an everyday tool, both in comprehension and production, especially in formal discourse. Formal discourse is the primary medium of language instruction in this specific field of ESP/EAP, 4 �which draws heavily upon international currents affairs as a springboard for the acquisition of structures of professional language usage. The study programme of international relations and diplomacy centres upon materials which abound with such structures (newspaper articles, legislation, and professional literature). Additionally, as part of their academic training, students learn how to write essays and papers, and are not infrequently instructed to use the passive instead of personal pronouns (I or we) to avoid sounding self-absorbed or egotistic, in which case the passive helps exhibit a more professional and impartial note, allowing the writer to omit personal involvement in an inconspicuous manner. This also allows the language instructor to address the sentence from two different levels, the active and the passive, so as to broaden the students’ understanding of syntax. Ultimately, their future job/profession will also mostly involve formal communication (gathering information, giving speeches, briefing the media, conducting meetings, handling formal correspondence), which employs a great deal of passive structures. And finally, it cannot be left out of account that the language of politics, law and the media often exploits passive structures to avoid responsibility, to pacify the reader or the overall situation or to eliminate unwanted information. 4. Facilitating the students’ acquisition of passive structures The aim of this paper is to show that teaching and learning the passive does not have to be dreadful, terrifying or exhausting. In order to involve students and make them more interested and positive about learning the passive, many different activities can be devised which will help overcome the prejudice about the passive and engage them more actively. The three activities presented in this paper are structured in such a way that the students will find them both interesting and appeasing. By highlighting the interdisciplinary approach to this grammatical issue, the activities manage to “conceal” that the primary goal is the acquisition of the passive. Instead, the students are presented with activities which draw on history, geography and international current affairs, making them concentrate on the content and not the structures they need to acquire. a) Activity 1 – The Unknown about the Known In the first exercise, entitled The Unknown about the Known, students are presented with three historical figures and little known facts about their lives (the materials are always related to topics covered in other courses – e.g. The History of Western Civilization and World 5 �War II). Students are divided into groups and they need to decide which fact refers to which person. Once they have matched the facts with the people, they are required to write their answers using passive sentences (the passive structure has been explained beforehand). The answers are then checked with the language instructor. The unusual and unknown facts contribute to the activity being engaging; the activity can also be transformed into a competition, which provides an element of fun. Activity 1:  in 1899 (hold) POW in South Africa as a newspaper correspondent [9] 1) WINSTON CHURCHILL 2) BENITO MUSSOLINI 3) JOSEPH STALIN  at the age of 12 (strike) by a horse-drawn carriage and his arm (damage) permanently  arm (reconstruct) by extensive surgery, leaving it shorter and stiffened at the elbow [6]  at age 10 (expel) from a religious boarding school for stabbing a classmate in the hand [11] Answers: In 1899 Winston Churchill was held POW in South Africa as a newspaper correspondent. At the age of 12, Joseph Stalin was stricken by a horse-drawn carriage and his arm was damaged permanently. The arm was reconstructed by extensive surgery, leaving it shorter and stiffened at the elbow. At the age of 10 Benito Mussolini was expelled from a religious boarding school for stabbing a classmate in the hand. 6 �b) Activity 2 – The IO (International organization) quiz In the second activity, The IO Quiz, students are divided into groups and are given materials with information on different international organizations (the activity can be used for countries as well). The students’ task is to write questions about the organizations in order to check the knowledge of the other group(s). All the questions and answers given need to be in the passive. The activity serves two purposes – it checks the knowledge of various international organizations and of passive structures. The students are awarded points for correct questions, as well as answers. The activity in the form of a quiz makes it more interesting and motivates the students to score as many points as possible. This particular activity is all the more convenient because, as part of their course, the first year students give presentations on international organizations and countries of their choice, which only makes them more actively engaged and more competitive. Activity 2: The United Nations: 1 founded in 1945; 2 mission and work of the United Nations guided by the purposes and principles in its founding Charter; 3 the UN divided into five branches; 4 programmes and funds financed through voluntary contributions; 5 states admitted in the UN by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council; 6 currently made up of 193 Member States. [8] Answers: When was the UN founded? – It was founded... How are UN programmes and funds financed? – They are financed... How are states admitted in the UN? – They are admitted... c) Activity 3 – What’s in the News? The final activity makes use of the fact that the passive is often employed in news stories and news articles, which are used as authentic course materials. Students are given the title of the article that will be dealt with in the lecture, e.g. Nepal government criticized for blocking earthquake aid to remote area.[4] 7 �Firstly, students put the headline into its full form (Nepal government is criticized for ...).Before being given the full article the students try to guess what it is about, and are required to write their guesses using passive forms. After going through the answers, the students are given the article to check who was the closest to the topic of the article. Finally, the students read the article carefully trying to find all the passive forms. If there is sufficient time at the end of this activity, the students can turn the passive sentences into their active counterparts as an additional exercise. Nepal government criticized for blocking earthquake aid to remote areas ‘They are not suffering so they do not care. They are just out to get the foreign money for themselves’, said Rashmita Shastra, a health worker in a village in Sindhulpalchowk district, 50 miles from Kathmandu, which had to receive a shipment of aid that was eventually blocked by authorities because it was ‘unofficial’. The village, where seven people died and which has been almost entirely destroyed, has not yet been visited by any government official or politician, though one aid agency managed to distribute some tarpaulins and rice late last week. Even villagers in accessible locations beside roads only 30 miles from Kathmandu told the Observer they had yet to be contacted. Hundreds of helicopter flights have also been paid for by private individuals, religious foundations or businesses. It is unclear whether these will be allowed to continue. Officials said private initiatives would be permitted if they were coordinated with local administrators. [4] 5. Conclusion Even though there is an ongoing tendency toward using the active voice, the passive voice is an essential grammatical category, especially in the specific case of ESP in international relations and diplomacy. Despite the perceived complexity and awkwardness of the passive, due to which the students tend to avoid it, at least on the conscious level, the syntactic features and formation rules of the passive are rather straightforward and can be acquired quite easily. In order to deal with the students’ prejudice that the passive needs to be avoided, a number of activities can be devised that might appeal to students’ genuine interest in social sciences (notably political science, history, geography, etc.) and help “conceal” the inner aim of such activities, the acquisition of the passive. References: 8 �Barić, E. et al. (1999). Hrvatski jezični savjetnik, Zagreb: Institut za hrvatski jezik ijezikoslovlje:Pergamena:Školske novine Carter, R.; McCarthy, M.; Mark, G. and O'Keeffe, A. (2011). English Grammar Today,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Ham, Sanda (1990). Pasiv i norma.Jezik, Časopis za kulturu hrvatskoga književnog jezika,3, 65-96 Nepal government criticised for blocking earthquake aid to remote areas (May 2, 2015). The Guardian. Retrieved from: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/02/nepal- government-criticised-blocking-earthquake-aid-remote-areas Silić, J.; Pranjković, I. (2007). Gramatika hrvatskog jezika, Zagreb: Školska knjiga Stalin Facts: 10 little known facts (November 18, 2010). Retrieved February 1, 2015, from:http://www.military-history.org/articles/stalin-facts-10-little-known-facts.htm Subject-verb-object (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2015, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object United Nations. (n.d.) Retrieved January 17, 2015, from: http://www.un.org/en/index.html Winston Churchill Facts: 10 little-known facts (Nov 16, 2010). Retrieved February 1, 2015, from: http://www.military-history.org/articles/winston-churchill-facts-10-little-known- facts.htm Word order (n.d.) Retrieved February 1, 2015, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_order 9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini (October 25, 2012). Retrieved February 1, 2015, from: http://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-mussolini 9 �Iva Čupić, born June 20, 1984 in Zagreb, studied at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, obtaining a master’s degree in English and Croatian languages and literatures. She taught English at the Accredited Private Classical High School, Zagreb, and is currently teaching English for Specific Purposes at the Dag Hammarskjöld University College of International Relations and Diplomacy, Zagreb. She has work experience in text editing and proof-reading (Mate Ltd., publishing, Međunarodne studije, scientific magazine of the Center for International Studies, Zagreb). Fields of interest: teaching English as a foreign language, English for Academic and Specific Purposes, contrastive analysis of the English and Croatian languages, translation. Martina Klanjčić, born September 29, 1977 in Zagreb, studied at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, where she earned a master’s degree in English language and literature. Her work experience includes teaching English as a foreign language at the first accredited school for foreign languages in Zagreb, which included English courses in general and business English. She is currently teaching English to first-year students of International Relations and Diplomacy at the Dag Hammarskjöld University College of International Relations and Diplomacy in Zagreb. Fields of interest: teaching English as a second language, teaching English for specific purposes, translation. 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2891 Title A name given to the resource MAKING STUDENTS MORE ACTIVE IN LEARNING THE PASSIVE Author Author Čupić, Iva Klanjčić, Martina Abstract A summary of the resource. Why are students of English so reluctant to use the passive voice? The answer to this question may lie in the fact that students find it artificial, even pretentious, partly because it really does tend to be overtly wordy and cumbersome. Moreover, a point often overlooked is that the Croatian language “favours” the active structure as more natural both in informal and formal discourse, which is why students often find it difficult to adopt the passive voice as characteristic of the English language. Also, both for learners of English and native speakers of the language, the passive structure may be felt as contrary to the more common subject-verb-object (or S-O-V) order of syntactic constituents in the transitive sentence, employed profusely in the majority of Indo-European languages. Nonetheless, not only is it expected of the students to appreciate the passive, but also to use it competently. A great deal of academic English courses focus on formal communication; which makes the passive of key importance to understanding the type of language prevalent in EAP. This type of discourse is essential to studying English at university level, in the authors’ case ESP in the field of international relations and diplomacy, where study materials abound with passive structures. The aim of the paper is to show that the passive is fairly simple and easy both to understand and apply in independent production since it follows a set of formulaic instructions with little or no exceptions to the rule. It will look into examples of texts such as newspaper articles, legislation, professional literature, etc., and provide various activities used as a springboard for the acquisition of passive structures. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-07 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b9a3a7b0e8cdb1fcf2060f9eca07123f.pdf 82135538f5580a3c6c1e699e89ac7858 PDF Text Text Management Information System (MIS), Operational Risk and Concept of Economic Capital Nađa Dreca International University of Sarajevo Bosnia And Herzegovina nadja_n88@hotmail.com Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explain management information system and its relationship with operational risk and level of economic capital. Today, use of the information technology represents one of the most important ways to achieve organizational success. Effective use of the information technology would lead to the improvement in operational efficiency and greater business management. It would be explained through the application of management information system in banking sector. We will discuss the use as well as the risk that bank is exposed to by using these operations. Information systems have very significant role in banks. Application of information technology affects efficiency of banking operations. With the expansion of e-banking and other electronic banking products and service, banks become more exposed to risk in their daily operations, with the increase possibility of operational risk and different forms of frauds. This is descriptive and theoretical research, mostly based on literature review and findings from different sources. The aim of study is to clarify concept of Management Information Systems (MIS) and show influence of MIS in banking. It plays an important role in decision making process, mostly about protection against potential losses and serves as good management tool. This paper contributes to theoretical literature about Management Information Systems in banking, operational risk, and explanation of Basel Standards and better understanding of Concept of Economic Capital. Economic capital represents amount that serves as coverage for operational risk, with the aim to protect bank from unexpected operational losses. Keywords: Management Information System, Banking, Operational Risk, Basel Accords, Economic Capital. 130 �130 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/033f84d7f708dd0ceab5cd6c0098c564.docx 62008c7679a56d0edf7793fcec7db3aa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2593 Title A name given to the resource Management Information System (MIS), Operational Risk and Concept of Economic Capital Author Author DRECA, Nađa Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this paper is to explain management information system and its relationship with operational risk and level of economic capital. Today, use of the information technology represents one of the most important ways to achieve organizational success. Effective use of the information technology would lead to the improvement in operational efficiency and greater business management. It would be explained through the application of management information system in banking sector. We will discuss the use as well as the risk that bank is exposed to by using these operations. Information systems have very significant role in banks. Application of information technology affects efficiency of banking operations. With the expansion of e-banking and other electronic banking products and service, banks become more exposed to risk in their daily operations, with the increase possibility of operational risk and different forms of frauds. This is descriptive and theoretical research, mostly based on literature review and findings from different sources. The aim of study is to clarify concept of Management Information Systems (MIS) and show influence of MIS in banking. It plays an important role in decision making process, mostly about protection against potential losses and serves as good management tool. This paper contributes to theoretical literature about Management Information Systems in banking, operational risk, and explanation of Basel Standards and better understanding of Concept of Economic Capital. Economic capital represents amount that serves as coverage for operational risk, with the aim to protect bank from unexpected operational losses. Keywords: Management Information System, Banking, Operational Risk, Basel Accords, Economic Capital.   Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6a16144a3948b7589acef77e87739d7d.pdf 92bf2173dda40bf1ecbbde3973856c20 PDF Text Text Management of Urban Water Sources and Use and Sustainability of Wastewater Đsmail Hakkı Kalyoncu University of Selcuk, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticultural Science, Konya, Turkey kalyon@selcuk.edu.tr Hasan Kalyoncu University of Süleyman Demirel, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, Isparta, Turkey hasankalyoncu@gmail.com Abstract: The usage of fresh water supplies on the surface of globe is serviced for human in two forms to be ground and surface water. 75%, 15% and 10% of that water has been used for agriculture, industry and living, respectively. Geographical structure and climate conditions of region have determined the usage of water. While some regions having so much rain and surface water, some regions have not got enough groundwater because of the distinctive properties of those regions. The service of groundwater for usage is more expensive and risky. The unplanned activities in the closed basins can also increase the risks on the usage of groundwater sources. Beside the importance of water services for cities, the case of the wastewater is also so important. The wastewater of the cities located in closed basin also creates some environmental problems as well as some bigger economical problems. The increase in the amount of waste water has been an important problem as population increases nowadays. Sustainable projects on the economical and lack of these sources of groundwater have stamina importance. It can be suggested that the waterworks of city must be reconstructed in two waterworks one of which is to deliver water for drink and another one must deliver water for use. At this stage, the wastewater must be refined and distilled for reuse for some other resound such as especially water agriculture, etc. The distilled water must also be delivered into fields through suitable pipes for agricultural usage. Therefore, the economical, planned and sustainable water usage will be provided. Keywords: Urban water sources, wastewater, sustainability Introduction Nowadays, providing drinking water and that for usage for cities serviced is quite difficult because of the existence of healthy water sources and water sources being nearer to the crowded places. In some years, the problems of suffering for water can become very important struggling problem. Beside the water has a vital importance for livings, it is also important for some sectors of industry. But, the sources have an arbitrary distribution in location and time, and humanistic and natural activities use up, consume and suppress the natural water sources. The sustainable management of the water sources have became an important issue for demands continuously increasing. In spite of the increase of the knowledge of people about how to use the water, economic criteria and political approaches have intent to use water strategies in all manners. Suppressions on the usage of water sources increase pollution with increasing especially urbanization, increase of population and standard of living, competition for water and, therefore, these become prominent and stronger with changes on the climate and natural conditions (Anonymous, 2010a). The water sources are face to face with very important global problems today. The dearth of water becomes more pronounced and world wide problem; inundation happens in many places on the world; the quality of water becomes worse and worse in time in almost all countries in the world and these problems cause many problems such as economic and social. The most important one of these problems is that the sustainability of life on the ecosystems is being threaded. These problems have introduced that some new approaches are needed on the development and that control and management of water sources are needed. At this stage, the issue becomes the subject of meeting, programmes, conferences and some commissions. In spite of the importance of water as a natural source is globally stated, the problems of “lack and pollution of water” is increasing gradually in Turkey 861 �as it is in the world. It must be well realised that as a source the problem of lack and pollution of water is based on the bad policies and management of water sources in Turkey as it is in the world (Anonymous, 2010b). In some countries, there exist some programs to decrease the loss of water on the urban waterworks and this program also try to re-determine the areas where water being used but some more efforts are needed to get access. For the management of water sources, the approaches have focused on river basin rather than centre, and compact projects have mostly been followed by all people (Anonymous, 2010a). A large amount of the water in Turkey has been polluted or is under the risk of pollution because of fast increase in population, urbanization and industrialization etc. For different ideas (irrigation, agricultural usage etc.), many large watery lands have been dried or are under the risk of being dried. On the other hand, many changes have been made in river basins but the ecological effects of them have not been discussed enough in Turkey. As a result, water sources due to sustainability can be subjected to bad results of these. Continuous observation (living sources in water, pollution, environmental quality, general hydraulic, irritation, water sources, ground water, well problems, providing and purification of water) of water sources and protection taken necessary under collected data due to either preservation or provide the effective sustainability are a human duty for future generations (Anonymous, 2010c). There is no successful organisation on the usage and management of water sources. Neither official nor between offices or reiteration and authority complications between offices or problems on the laws and regulations related to protection and usage of water sources make this issue more complicated. Defects of coordination damps the developments on the sustainability of such an important issue (Anonymous, 2010d). The industrial systems to increase the production of ground or surface water must be enhanced because of the fast urbanization necessities of social-economical development beside the increases on the need of irrigation as a result of the increases on the food because of increase on the population. Development of economic potential related to the fresh and groundwater sources in parallel to the principles of the sustainable development by taking care of the environmental effects is also important to prove development on the sustainability of economic development. For the policies on the management of sustainable water can be applied, the legal and official structures on the production and consumption of water are directly related to coordination between corporations, participator authority, truthfully sharing, education, culture, research and development and suitable choice of technologies. On the other hand, the sectoral weights and sectoral powers of the multinational water companies on the determination of water policies are increased by time as a result of global water politics developed on the management of water services. These processes on which the scenarios of changes in the climate, it is needed that international policies on the water management must be discussed by considering due to the our national benefits and public realities. Beside this, some new corporations, institutions and management policies on the management of the water sources and water services may appear in the process of the entering into the European Union must be investigated by considering the our public and national benefits. At present, a process is going on that international politics and the management of our rivers going through boundaries is being concentrated. Weakening of national control on the water sources and planning put some limitation on the development of these sources which must be considered, investigated and some policies must be produced (Anonymous, 2010b). The construction of industrial systems for decontamination and reuse of the wastewater in urban areas must be constructed. Instead of more decontamination system to be constructed, effective usage of enough number of them must be provided and salvation of such problems must be carried out. Decontamination of wastewater and the usage of decontaminated water for city needs must be provided. Water usage, management and economical and sustainable usage of purified water by stopping the leakages of waterworks will be provided. Urban Water Sources and Their Management 10 %, 15 % and 75 % of 40 billion m3 water used up in a year in Turkey has been used in industry, as drinking water and for irritation in agriculture, respectively. Therefore, the agricultural irrigation must be most important and has to have priority from all others. It is possible that 30-40 %of water used at the present by taking the precautions (Anonymous, 2009e; Kalyoncu et al. 2009a; Kalyoncu et al. 2009b). The situation in the case of foundation, management and usage of water source shows the same problems beside this general situation of the water. Clean water must not unnecessarily be wasted and polluted. Drinking water others used some other reasons must be separated from each other. The water obtained by purification of wastewater must be used in green lands, industry and irrigation of agriculture of urban and if it is possible these needs must not be got from clean water. Clean drinking water must only be used for drinking needs, waterworks for cities must be separated from the water pipe nets of that used for other reasons. Therefore, the problems on providing water for cities from clean/fresh ground or surface water sources will be decreased and clean water will be continued to be used. In this case, the effective use in the real part and sustainability of the clean water sources will be kept. Clean water usage will be left for future generations without bad pollution. Besides, that water will provide healthy water for urban kept alive for years (Anonymous, 2010f). The waste and leakage of water must be minimized by checking often and maintaining water working system. The social opinion must also be constructed on this point. It is believed that 30-40 % of water used for urban will 862 �be saved by preventing loss and leakages. The regulations must be re-arranged for groundwater to be used effectively and efficiently. When regulation and organisations are made about groundwater more expensive and high risky, everybody must be more careful. Instead of conserving the water, it must be used in effectively and efficiently by taking benefits of scientific programs, and sustainability must be put on. The regulations in law must be done for management of natural sources due to the individual basin. In order to solve the problem of the water in our country, it must be taken into account that the solution must be looked on the basis of dynamics, researchers and scientific or political offices and programs in country. Because of authorization coincidence, complication and insufficient coordination, the water is not managed by only one office or regulation in Turkey, the water sources are not efficiently used. The problem is made bigger and bigger in time rather than producing solution. Some local organizations and local management must be considered, employed and the solution must be fastened by defeating authorization complexity in water policy and management. Existing water sources must be enhanced and saved in the quality and amount of water. Government must put a strong discussion platform and develop information flow rate from related public offices, Universities and industrial unions. Some project and some programs must be carried out about the efficient usage of water in agriculture, industry and buildings. The problems mentioned above about water policy especially being not one office to organize all have shown some problems especially on applications. This case causes some applications to appear in the quantity and quality of the water. It is not possible to say that the water is managed efficiently in Turkey. The management of water must be in integrity with other organisations. Because of increasing pollution and limited sources, it is necessary that some research and development units must be constructed in this subject. Coordination experience of public offices and societies in Turkey are very poor about the management of water and water sources. Especially, these problems on the areas of management of water and water sources can clearly be seen. For the solution of this problem, a strong coordination between all relevant public offices or civilian societies must be regulated and the water management must be carried out by only one office. Therefore, there must be only one public office and officer powered and in charge of water management in Turkey and coordination must be organized with other offices dealing with water (Anonymous, 2009d; Anonymous, 2009g; Anonymous, 2009h; Anonymous, 2009ı; Kalyoncu et al., 2009a; Kalyoncu et al., 2009b). The Use and Sustainability of Wastewaters The damages given by very fast and unplanned urbanization to the ecological balance is increasing day by day. The industrial areas located around cities and prodigality consumption by people living in cities badly affect environment. Only applications of natural and organic agriculture carried out on the urban agricultural applications provide the ecological systems to be conserved and sustained. Especially, recycling of urban organic wastes by compost method provides a large benefit. Beside this, the effective usage of unused agricultural areas around cities for the reason of urban agriculture will give benefit of usage these areas for some advantages and make around more beautiful from the environmental point of view. Transforming urban agriculture into “Ecological Agriculture” is very important concept because of a series of reasons. The some health and environmental risks caused by closeness of urban agricultural applications to the cities and drinking water sources must be minimized. Changing to the ecological urban agriculture will remove the risk of pollutions on the soil, water and products which are polluted in traditional agriculture because of some hormones, chemicals and some other damaging artificial materials being used (Anonymous, 2010f). The usage of wastewater by purification is most important issue on the management of wastewater. The waste water purified in cities must be used for irrigation and some other needs apart from as drinking water. This will ensure that the fresh-drinking water will not be used and wasted for such ideas. The usage of such purified water for the reasons as mentioned will make the usage of groundwater and the usage of freshwater for such reason will barely or completely be stopped. Because of that, the pureed water will be transferred into the application areas through some suitable pipes of water, the losses and dissipations of water will be minimised. Controllability and sustainability will be provided. The use of the waste water in cities can be kept using some agricultural applications. The solution of this problem and effective usage of these sources can only be possible if authorities pay enough attention to this problem and effort more energy on that in nationwide (Anonymous, 2010f). Results and Suggestions All policies about the management of water must be on the basis that all people have right to reach and use water sources for public benefits. The right of getting clean water free of charge must be guaranteed for everybody. In order to conserve water richness and relieve water problem for the future, the necessary systems, equipments and methods must be developed. In this point, a view of point must be presented and put forward. 863 �Ownership, management and control of water sources must be held by public authorities and must be kept away from effects of global authorities. They have not certainly to be denationalized. The management and control of water must be kept far from political effects, must be regulated in parallel to that what suits national benefits. National water policy must be regulated and applied including some rivers or river basins which flow along the some parts of border of country. Water and environmental issues must seriously be considered in either legislation or execution. A national water policy must be regulated considering the future of water in short and long terms. An environment and water law relating on the usage and conservation of the water sources must be regulated. An authority putting coordination must be considered rather than a single authority relating water policy. Water and water sources are not an area of only one dimension and profession. The solution to problems appeared for some reasons must be made easier by making related authorities obeying related ministry and eliminating the loopholes in the law. The ministry in charge of agriculture and villages controlling the usage of 75 % of water in country must be put also in charge of management of water nationwide. The number of office and organization authorized on the conservation and usage of water sources must be reduced and coordination between them must be organized. Inventory, usage, consumption and scripts of ground and surface waters in Turkey must be carried out regarding public and participant view of point. Pollution of water by wastewater, solid wastes, agricultural additives and usage of hormones must be prevented and some obligatory regulation must be applied. Especially, the situation and usage of the groundwater must be made to have a sustainable solution. Inventory work on the number of groundwater sources, their properties, capacities, etc. must be presented together with local planning. In some cases, rather than forbid groundwater, the usage of them must be regulated according to most effective and scientific usage due to local properties of region. References Anonymous, (2010a). http://www.greenfacts.org/tr/water-resources/water-resources-foldout-tr.pdf Anonymous, (2010b). http://www.imo.org.tr/supolitikalari Anonymous, (2010c). http://www.sempozyum.gen.tr/menu2.aspid=209 Anonymous, (2010d) http://www.belediyebulteni.com/su-kaynaklari yonetimi_haberi_ 14474.html Anonymous, (2009e). http://www.argeportal.com/haberler/38-makale-ve-raporlar/402-su-acil-ar-ge-istiyor.html Anonymous, (2010f). http://www.kenttarimi.org/nedir.htm Anonymous, (2009g). http://www.e-kutuphane.imo.org.tr/pdf/10962.pdf Anonymous, (2009h). http://www.ekolojistler.org/2007-su-raporu-cevre-muhendisleri-odasi.html Anonymous, (2009ı). http://alternatifsuforumu.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=34 Kalyoncu, Đ. H., Ersoy, N. & Yılmaz, M., (2009a). In the Scope of Global Climate Change Authorization and Responsibility Areas of Usages of Wather Sources. International Conference on Lakes and Nutrient Loads, 24-25 April, s. 450-455, AUT, Tiran, Albania. Kalyoncu, Đ. H., Kalyoncu, H., & Aydın, M., (2009b). Planning of Ground Water Basins Against Agricultural Pollution and Construction of Sustainable Living Areas. International Conference on Lakes and Nutrient Loads, 24-25 April, s. 299304, AUT, Tiran, Albania. 864 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 639 Title A name given to the resource Management of Urban Water Sources and Use and Sustainability of Wastewater Author Author Kalyoncu, İsmail Hakkı Kalyoncu, Hasan Abstract A summary of the resource. The usage of fresh water supplies on the surface of globe is serviced for human in two forms to be ground and surface water. 75%, 15% and 10% of that water has been used for agriculture, industry and living, respectively. Geographical structure and climate conditions of region have determined the usage of water. While some regions having so much rain and surface water, some regions have not got enough groundwater because of the distinctive properties of those regions. The service of groundwater for usage is more expensive and risky. The unplanned activities in the closed basins can also increase the risks on the usage of groundwater sources. Beside the importance of water services for cities, the case of the wastewater is also so important. The wastewater of the cities located in closed basin also creates some environmental problems as well as some bigger economical problems. The increase in the amount of waste water has been an important problem as population increases nowadays. Sustainable projects on the economical and lack of these sources of groundwater have stamina importance. It can be suggested that the waterworks of city must be reconstructed in two waterworks one of which is to deliver water for drink and another one must deliver water for use. At this stage, the wastewater must be refined and distilled for reuse for some other resound such as especially water agriculture, etc. The distilled water must also be delivered into fields through suitable pipes for agricultural usage. Therefore, the economical, planned and sustainable water usage will be provided. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 801 Title A name given to the resource Managements' Willingness to Support IT Usage While Learning Second Language and Its Influence on Students' Learning Methodology at Universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author CICKUSIC, Emir OBRALIĆ, Merdžana Abstract A summary of the resource. It is widely believed that learning second language at all educational levels, especially at the university level, can be made more successful with the Managements' Support Informational Technology (IT) Usage While Learning Second Language. IT usage has the potential to change and improve the students’ learning methodology and enhance learning outcomes. Therefore, this paper aims to examine and measure managements' willingness to support IT usage while learning second language and its Influence on students' learning methodology at universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research is empirical. The survey study was conducted among 150 students of private and public university in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The respondents were students from 18 to 30, male and female students learning second language. The survey conducted questions related to students’ perceptions and behaviours regarding managements' willingness to support IT usage, usefulness, intentions to use IT while learning second language and influence on their learning methodology. The participants’ responses were collected, encoded, entered into the computer file and analyzed using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program. Findings from the research provide a basis for further research that would address current limitations and extend research to other adoption issues in varying tasks, contexts and participants. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 928 Title A name given to the resource Managements' Willingness to Support IT Usage While Learning Second Language and Its Influence on Students' Learning Methodology at Universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author CICKUSIC, Emir OBRALIĆ, Merdžana Abstract A summary of the resource. It is widely believed that learning second language at all educational levels, especially at the university level, can be made more successful with the Managements' Support Informational Technology (IT) Usage While Learning Second Language. IT usage has the potential to change and improve the students’ learning methodology and enhance learning outcomes. Therefore, this paper aims to examine and measure managements' willingness to support IT usage while learning second language and its Influence on students' learning methodology at universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research is empirical. The survey study was conducted among 150 students of private and public university in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The respondents were students from 18 to 30, male and female students learning second language. The survey conducted questions related to students’ perceptions and behaviours regarding managements' willingness to support IT usage, usefulness, intentions to use IT while learning second language and influence on their learning methodology. The participants’ responses were collected, encoded, entered into the computer file and analyzed using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program. Findings from the research provide a basis for further research that would address current limitations and extend research to other adoption issues in varying tasks, contexts and participants. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics