177 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7b62d03ad1b195537beda04ada264763.pdf aeec77581d498b2e5df4e44f0b888a4b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Local Venue & Event Discovery System Author Author Hajrudin Imamović Abstract A summary of the resource. In the presence of modern marketing & information systems, it becomes almost a necessity to have a cohesive online environment for transferring and getting information about a certain topic. Almost all people use the internet (specifically the world wide web) to gain access to information relative to their needs. Of course, the big topics such as education, medicine, politics and e-commerce make up a large amount of online information systems, serving as an alternative to old-fashioned paper-based education methods (books, prints, scripts…), medicine documentation (health-records, doctor analysis, medical tests…), legal documents (warranties, document prints…) and so on and so forth. The old methods of physical data storage and access have been replaced by modern online systems, allowing people not only to gain access remotely but to reduce the total amount of space used up by the information (from rooms filled with documents to rooms filled with terabytes of storage). This information system concept, referred to as IT system, is one of the key-points in making the below described application. Another key-point to the development of this app relates to the importance of marketing and social events on the effect of tourism. Many big cities today live off of the money created from tourism. Whether we like it or not, foreign people like to spend time in our cities and are more inclined to spend their money on as many events and traditions as they possibly can in the short amount of time they have. Sarajevo is no exception, as it has long stood as the “Jerusalem of Europe”, bringing in tourists from all over the world. Hence, It would be important to inform the tourists of the main attractions and places to spend their valuable time at. Those two key-points make up the bulk of the idea behind this application: Create an online information system for tourists and locals to discover new events and places to spend their time at. Not only would it serve as a convenient tool to have at everyday disposal, but it would also allow for marketing and discovering lesser known events and places all in one place, along with many other useful features, ensuring everyone stays up to date with the current situation in Sarajevo. Keywords Keywords. SpotlightSarajevo, Events, Spots, Information, Internet, Leisure, Sarajevo, Tourists discovery system sdp https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3a613a66000789d00689ed8bc11591dd.docx 6d30e71a620012af41d3f12d79f96d83 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/24371d5f097ac84f4589cf6d6b0f708e.pdf be9be0c6beb639b18dcd5b3d825b3058 PDF Text Text LONG-TERM FORECASTING OF ENERGY, ELECTRICITY AND ACTIVE POWER DEMAND – BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CASE STUDY Samir Avdaković Electric power company, Elektroprivreda, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina s.avdakovic@elektroprivreda.ba Elvisa Bećirović Electric power company, Elektroprivreda, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina e.becirovic@elektroprivreda.ba Nedzad Hasanspahić Electric power company, Elektroprivreda, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina n.hasanspahic@elektroprivreda.ba Mustafa Musić Electric power company, Elektroprivreda, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ajla Merzić Electric power company, Elektroprivreda, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Almir Tuhčić Electric power company, Elektroprivreda, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina a.tuhcic@elektroprivreda.ba Jasmina Karadža Electric power company, Elektroprivreda, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina j.karadza@elektroprivreda.ba Damir Pešut Electric power company, Elektroprivreda, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina dpesut@eihp.hr Alenka Kinderman Lončarević Electric power company, Elektroprivreda, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina akinderman@eihp.hr Keywords: Forecasting; MAED; Energy; Electricity; Active Power. ABSTRACT Accurate forecast of electricity consumption is important for every electric power company because it determines the dynamics and characteristics of future construction of power facilities. Speaking in the long term, if the forecasts were too low or high, it could cause a number of adverse events leading electricity companies in the generation deficit or complex financial problems due to excessive investment in generating facilities that are not fully utilized. This �paper presents the results of the forecast energy demand, electricity and active power of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) system, using the Model for Analysis of Energy Demand (MAED) methodology. Modelling of base year is done on the basis of available statistical data and trends in individual sectors upon trends in other European countries. Results were compared with forecasts that were prepared by other methods in other time periods. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2054 Title A name given to the resource LONG-TERM FORECASTING OF ENERGY, ELECTRICITY AND ACTIVE POWER DEMAND – BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CASE STUDY Author Author AVDAKOVIC, Samir BECIROVIC, Elvisa HASANSPAHIC, Nedzad MUSIC, Mustafa MERZIC, Ajla TUHCIC, Almir KARADZA, Jasmina PESUT, Damir KINDERMAN LONCAREVIC, Alenka Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Forecasting; MAED; Energy; Electricity; Active Power. ABSTRACT Accurate forecast of electricity consumption is important for every electric power company because it determines the dynamics and characteristics of future construction of power facilities. Speaking in the long term, if the forecasts were too low or high, it could cause a number of adverse events leading electricity companies in the generation deficit or complex financial problems due to excessive investment in generating facilities that are not fully utilized. This paper presents the results of the forecast energy demand, electricity and active power of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) system, using the Model for Analysis of Energy Demand (MAED) methodology. Modelling of base year is done on the basis of available statistical data and trends in individual sectors upon trends in other European countries. Results were compared with forecasts that were prepared by other methods in other time periods. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d27b4f4392dce74befa7b910ef5ffb08.pdf 3b2bcef44cf00901522b46d5fbc3c39b PDF Text Text LOVE AND HATRED IN TWO LANGUAGES: CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS Ivana Grabar & Ekaterina Kostina & Marijana Kolednjak University North, Croatia & Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Russia Article History: Submitted: 11.06.2015 Accepted: 27.06.2015 Abstract: Living in a world that has become a 'global village' makes different nations seem very similar we dress in a very similar way, we listen to the similar music, we sometimes even use the same words. But how similar are we when it comes to understanding another person’s culture and values related to some of the general notions, such as love and hatred? The authors of this paper come from two countries that speak Slavic languages and are in many ways similar: Russia and Croatia. This similarity initiated a cross-cultural research described further in the paper. The authors have compared the meanings of two opposite notions (a value and an anti-value) - love and hatred - with regard to the meaning and importance they have in these two countries and how they are used in their respective languages. The definitions of the value love were collected from various available dictionaries in different areas and then analyzed as semantic components. Then the same procedure was conducted with the anti-value hatred. Since these semantic components are used in sentences/phrases in Russian and Croatian in various ways, their comparison has been made. Furthermore, students of two universities (one Russian and one Croatian) filled in a questionnaire regarding the meaning these notions have for them. The purpose of the questionnaire was to help the authors find out whether there are similarities/differences in how these two notions are perceived in their respective countries and languages and whether their meanings and importance for the culture differ. The obtained results will offer some insight into the Russian and Croatian languages when compared on the linguistic and cultural level with regard to a value and an anti-value. Key words: (anti)values, (cross-) culture, language, love and hatred, semantic components. �1. Introduction As one of the consequences of globalization, people tend to be similar – there are no big differences between people throughout the world with regard to what theywear, what kind of music they listen to, what topics they talk about. But how similar are we when it comes to understanding another person’s culture and values related to some of the general notions, such as love and hatred? In philosophy, culture is seen as something that members of a social group share (Prinz, 2011). Since groups and therefore cultures differ, culture strives to the universality of human development, which makes it designed for and subject to changes and transformations. Being aware of differences among various cultures helps us understand how people behave and for what reason. In order to understand the nature of a culture, we need to contrast it with other cultures; therefore, the dialogue of cultures is needed. This cross-cultural interaction enables us to understand people that belong to a culture different from our own. By understanding the culture, we are able to communicate more effectively. Even though the similarities among cultures are usually obvious, we sometimes have problems when communicating since those differentiating characteristics become obvious only when unexpected problems in communication appear. Cultural diversity can be overlooked: according to Lewis (2006), romantic love is seen differently in France and Finland, and the English notion of revenge bears little similarity to the Sicilian. In cultural studies, cultural communication is seen as the way of cultural synthesis, i.e. creative acquisition of everything valuable presented in one’s own culture and in others (Y.V. Bromley, 1974; S. I. Ryzhakova S. A. Arutyunov, 2004). Since communication is the core of language learning, integrating culture in language education has been a never-ending topic of discussion among language teachers, especially when it is perceived as the consequence of globalization and therefore the necessity of understanding other cultures (Lange & Paige, 2003). It is of crucial importance in today’s pluralistic world to overcome ethnocentrism. In order to do this, inter-disciplinary and cross-disciplinary integration is required for understanding reality. One of the key concepts of philosophy today is the term cross-culturalness. D.B. Zilberman (1996) and M.T. Stepanyants(1996) define it as a dialogue or pluralism of cultures. From the �philosophical point of view, cross-culturalness contributes to a more precise understanding of the cultural identity of a specific human society. The task that modern philosophy has is to reach the level of the planetary community. When doing this, cross-cultural and universal values need to be taken into consideration. While trying to understand universal values, one should bear in mind a variety of unique cultures of the peoples inhabiting our planet. The significance of human values should be realized by people living in different cultures. This enables those wholive in a multinational, multicultural society interact by being guided by the cross-cultural pluralist prerequisites. Therefore, people should learn to understand foreign values and to transfer this knowledge and this valuable experience of dealing with other cultures from generation to generation. This interaction between cultures then serves as the basis for understanding the world. Within the framework of intercultural dialogue a person faces many problems connected with the adequate transfer of sense when dealing with people representing different cultures and possessing different universal values. Universal values represent a set of essential values that bind the individual to society and contribute to the unity of man and the world. They have been created alongside the development of the human civilization.However, for the moment there is no unambiguous wording of the concept "universal values".In philosophical studies they distinguish cultural values (freedom, creativity, love, communication, activity), moral values (the point of life and happiness, goodness, duty, responsibility, conscience, honor, dignity), aesthetic values (the beautiful, the sublime), religious values (faith), scientific (the truth), political values (peace, justice, democracy), legal values (law and order). In the modern era of global change the values of kindness and tolerance have become particularly important. Value orientations of a personality explain many of today's events in the world. Therefore, in order to establish a successful dialogue between cultures, the authors of this paper believe that comparative cross-cultural studies of the values of different nations are needed. With this in mind, it was intriguing to find out whether there is any difference (or similarity) between two nationalities, Russian and Croatian, regarding the attitude towards two notions: a value love and its anti-value hatred. Since these two represent a cultural value and its anti-value which are probably the most universal of all, the authors expected there would not be many differences in �the attitude towards love and hatred between these two nations. However, they were intrigued to see whether the definitions of these two notions have a different importance when cross-cultural comparison is made. In addition, they wanted to investigate whether these notions are perceived in the same way between students studying programs in different scientific fields. The background for this interest comes from the years of experience in teaching but also in the scientific evidence – there has been evidence that the brains of science and humanities students differ (Takeuchi, et al., 2014). 2. Methodology The study was conducted in the winter semester of the academic year 2014/2015. The participants of the research were 142 Russian and Croatian students of two universities: Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University (NSPU) in Russia and University North (UNIN) in Croatia (Figure 1). There were 66 male and 78 female students (Figure 2) of approximately the same age– the average age of participants was20. The students of these two universities study programs belonging to three scientific fields: humanities, technical sciences and social sciences, with the Russian students belonging to humanities and the Croatian to technical and social sciences (Figure 3). Croatian 29% 71% 46% 54% Russian Figure 1.Nationality of participants Male Female Figure 2. Gender of participants Technical sciences 29% 27% 44% Social sciences Humanities Figure 3. Scientific field that participants belong to �Definitions of a value love and its anti-value hatred were collected from different Russian and Croatian sources: monolingual dictionaries and encyclopedias from the fields of philosophy, psychology, theology, and general encyclopedia. The authors translated the explanations of the obtained semantic components into English and after a thorough comparison, 16 definitions of love and 7 definitions of hatred were singled out from all the used sources. These definitions were then used as statements of a questionnaire which was given to the participants. They were asked to choose a number on a Likert scale from 1 to 5, where number 1 was equal to ‘I strongly disagree’ and 5 to ‘I strongly agree’. The data was collected during the regular lessons at the universities (English language and Philosophy) and was later analyzed by using the software SPSS. Chi-square test has been conducted, with p<0.01. 3. Results and discussion When analyzing the results, the authors wanted to see whether there were any statements that students preferred or opted for more frequently or they chose higher values. Therefore, the frequencies of the statements have been calculated. According to the analyzed results, the students marked three statements describing love with the dominant value of 5 – love as a complex emotion; love as a state of caring (giving and sacrificing for another person); and love as a desire to be present in the life of the other person (Table 1). Table 1. Frequencies of definitions of love LOVE – definition N Mo state of dependence on another person 3 state of longing for another person 4 complex emotion 5 state of caring (giving and sacrificing for another person) 5 force that causes reconciliation condition of reflection by presenting the loss of oneself 144 4 3 active influence 4 intention (act of will) 4 inclination towards good 4 form of sociability (relations based on natural biological sexual drive) 4 �ambivalence of attitudes 3 cardinal virtue (chastity) 3 self-giving (the act of complete giving) 4 emotionally positive attitude to an object in the center of the vital needs 3 feeling physiologically determined by sexual needs 4 desire to be present in the life of the other person 5 With regard to hatred, two definitions were marked with the highest value by the majority of students: hatred as a deep emotional attitude characterized by feeling of anger, and hatred as a deep emotional attitude characterized by feeling of hostility (Table 2). The other definitions were marked by most of the students with value 3 (I neither agree nor disagree). Table 2. Frequencies of definitions of hatred HATRED - definition N Mo deep emotional attitude characterized by feeling of anger 5 deep emotional attitude characterized by feeling of hostility 5 deep emotional attitude characterized by feeling of disgust 3 deep emotional attitude characterized by feeling of desire to cause the object pain 3 or harm deep emotional attitude characterized by feeling of repulsion deep emotional attitude characterized by persecution and harassment of the 144 3 3 object of hatred aspiration to cause pain and feel the satisfaction that results from an unpleasant 3 situation in which the object of hatred is These results show that when it comes to the notion of love, the students have agreed or strongly agreed with the definitions they were offered with. As it regards hatred, they were less ready to agree with the statements – most of them were indifferent to them. However, they seem to associate hatred mostly with feelings of anger and hostility. �When we look at the statements that most of the students strongly agreed with (Figures 4 and 5), we see that the definition of love as the state of caring can be chosen as the definition that most of the students agree with. On the other hand, the definition of hatred is not as ‘clear-cut’ – the values that the students have chosen show more similarity. However, we noticed that they relate hatred mostly to the feeling of anger. 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 strongly disagree disagree neither agree nor disagree agree complex emotion state of caring desire to be present in the life of the other person strongly agree Figure 4.Frequencies of definitions of love marked with the highest value by the majority of the students 60 50 strongly disagree 40 disagree 30 neither agree nor disagree 20 agree 10 strongly agree 0 deep emotional attitude deep emotional attitude characterized by feeling of characterized by feeling of anger hostility Figure 5.Frequencies of definitions of hatred marked with the highest value by the majority of the students �In order to find out whether there are any statistically significant differences regarding the nationality and the field of study in relation to the statements, we looked at all the statements (definitions of love and of hatred). The obtained data has been analyzed using the SPSS software –a chi-square test has been conducted and we opted for the p<0.01 since this allows only a 1% chance that the deviation is due to chance alone. The results showed statistically significant difference with regard to nationality for only two of the statements: love as an emotionally positive attitude to an object in the center of the vital needs and hatred as aspiration to cause pain and feel the satisfaction that results from an unpleasant situation in which the object of hatred is. Table 3 shows the statistical significance of results of dependence of love as an emotionally positive attitude to an object in the center of the vital needs with regard to nationality. It can be seen that majority of Croatians opted for value 3 and Russians for value 4. Moreover, only 19% of Russians opted for 3 compared to 51% of Croatians. Only 8.8% of Croatians opted for value 5 compared to 31% of Russians. It has to be mentioned that the mode value for this definition was equal to 3 – the reason for that might be the fact that the opinion of Croatians prevailed maybe because there were more Croatians than Russian students. �Table 3.Love as an emotionally positive attitude to an object in the center of the vital needs with regard to nationality Love as an emotionally positive attitude to an object in the center of the vital needs with regard to nationality Nationality Croatia n 1 2 3 4 5 Total Count 4 8 52 29 9 102 % within 3,9% 7,8% 51,0% 28,4% 8,8% 100,0% 80,0% 61,5% 86,7% 65,9% 40,9% 70,8% % of Total 2,8% 70,8% Count 1 Nationality % within attitude Russian % within 5,6% 36,1% 20,1% 6,3% 5 8 15 13 42 2,4% 11,9% 19,0% 35,7% 31,0% 100,0% 20,0% 38,5% 13,3% 34,1% 59,1% 29,2% Nationality % within attitude Total % of Total ,7% 3,5% Count 5 13 % within 3,5% 5,6% 10,4% 9,0% 60 44 22 29,2% 144 9,0% 41,7% 30,6% 15,3% 100,0% 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0% Nationality % within attitude % % of Total 3,5% % % % % 9,0% 41,7% 30,6% 15,3% 100,0% Table 4 shows the results of dependence of nationality and hatred as aspiration to cause pain and feel the satisfaction that results from an unpleasant situation in which the object of hatred is. Again, most of the Croatians opted for value 3 and Russians for value 4. �Table 4.Hatred as aspiration to cause pain and feel the satisfaction that results from an unpleasant situation in which the object of hatred finds him/her Hatred as aspiration to cause pain and feel the satisfaction that results from an unpleasant situation in which the object of hatred is Nationality Croatia n 1 2 3 4 5 Total 17 16 40 10 18 101 39,6% 9,9% 17,8% 100,0% 65,4% 69,6% 85,1% 40,0% 81,8% 70,6% 11,9% 11,2% 28,0% 7,0% 12,6% 70,6% 7 15 4 42 16,7% 35,7% 9,5% 100,0% 34,6% 30,4% 14,9% 60,0% 18,2% 29,4% % of Total 6,3% 4,9% 4,9% 10,5% 2,8% 29,4% Count 26 23 47 25 22 143 32,9% 17,5% 15,4% 100,0% Count % within Nationality 16,8% 15,8% % within painsatisfaction % of Total Russia n Count 9 7 % within Nationality 21,4% 16,7% % within painsatisfaction Total % within Nationality 18,2% 16,1% % within painsatisfaction % of Total 100,0 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% % 18,2% 16,1% 32,9% 17,5% 15,4% 100,0% There was no statistically significant difference in the choice of the statements regarding the scientific field, neither for love nor hatred. 4. Conclusion The present world shows an amazing variety of cultures, both in terms of values and in terms of practices. Culture is a collective phenomenon since it is at least partly shared with people who �live or lived within the same social environment. It consists of the unwritten rules of the social game. Culture is learned, not innate. On the other hand, values are implicit: they belong to the invisible software of our minds. Additionally, values are the deepest manifestations of culture. Hence, the core of culture is formed by values. Values are broad tendencies to prefer certain states of affairs over others. Talking about our own values is difficult, because it implies questioning our motives, emotions, and taboos. Our own culture is to us like the air we breathe, while another culture is like water – it takes special skills to be able to survive in both elements (Hofstede G., Hofstede G. J., Minkov M, 2010). Although students in this survey are from two different countries and are students of different fields of study, the final results show a similarity between the attitude of the Russian and Croatian students regarding the definitions of love and hatred. An interesting fact that speaks in favor of the similarity between these two cultures is that the authors, when trying to find the definitions of these (anti)-values, had problems with finding the definitions of hatred – there are different descriptions of love and only several of hatred. That is the reason why there are sixteen definitions of love and only seven of hatred. The authors explain this discrepancy with the fact that there are different relations that we describe as love (love towards our friends, siblings, spouse, etc.) whereas hatred is less complicated to describe it. Moreover, the perception of love and hatred is very similar in these two cultures (nationalities) and in the fields of science. Therefore, this shows that love and hatred are universal values – values perceived in a similar way. These results confirm the (null) hypothesis that there are no differences between nationalities or scientific fields when it comes to the level of agreement with the statements/definitions of love and hatred. Minor statistically significant differences were obtained with the aforementioned two statements. Therefore, we could conclude that we ARE talking about universal values. However, we should be aware that the research described in this paper has its limitations with regard to the number of respondents – the majority of respondents are Croatian and the Croatian opinion prevailed as the opinion of majority. Consequently, the authors suggest conducting the same research with more participants from more cultures/nationalities. The data would give an insight into the perception of love and hatred as universal values from various points of view, i.e. points of view of various nationalities. �References: Bromley, Y.V. (1974). Races and Peoples: Contemporary Ethnic and Racial Problems. Central Books Ltd. Hofstede G., Hofstede G. J., Minkov M. (2010). Cultures and Organization.Software of the Mind.Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival. New York: McGraw Hill. Lange, D. L., & Paige, R. M. (2003). Culture as the Core: Perspectives on Culture in Second Language Learning. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing. Lewis, R. D. (2006). When Cultures Collide: Leading Across Cultures. Boston, MA: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Prinz, J. (2011). Culture and Cognitive Science. Retrieved from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/culture-cogsci/ Stepanyants,M.T.(1996). The east and the west, the 7th philosophical conference held in Honolulu, Hawaii, United-States, January 1995, Voprosy filosofii, (3), pp. 143-150 Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Sekiguchi, A., Nouchi, R., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., Kawashima, R. (2014). Brain structures in the sciences and humanities. Brain structure & function. Zilberman, D.B. (1996). Tradition as communication - translation of values and written language, Voprosyfilosofii, (4), pp. 76-105. Ryzhakova,S. I.,Arutyunov,S. A. (2004). Kulturnaiaantropologiia.Ves’ Mir. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2913 Title A name given to the resource LOVE AND HATRED IN TWO LANGUAGES: CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS Author Author Grabar, Ivana Kostina, Ekatarina Kolednjak, Marijana Abstract A summary of the resource. Living in a world that has become a 'global village' makes different nations seem very similar - we dress in a very similar way, we listen to the similar music, we sometimes even use the same words. But how similar are we when it comes to understanding another person’s culture and values related to some of the general notions, such as love and hatred? The authors of this paper come from two countries that speak Slavic languages and are in many ways similar: Russia and Croatia. This similarity initiated a cross-cultural research described further in the paper. The authors have compared the meanings of two opposite notions (a value and an anti-value) - love and hatred - with regard to the meaning and importance they have in these two countries and how they are used in their respective languages. The definitions of the value love were collected from various available dictionaries in different areas and then analyzed as semantic components. Then the same procedure was conducted with the anti-value hatred. Since these semantic components are used in sentences/phrases in Russian and Croatian in various ways, their comparison has been made. Furthermore, students of two universities (one Russian and one Croatian) filled in a questionnaire regarding the meaning these notions have for them. The purpose of the questionnaire was to help the authors find out whether there are similarities/differences in how these two notions are perceived in their respective countries and languages and whether their meanings and importance for the culture differ. The obtained results will offer some insight into the Russian and Croatian languages when compared on the linguistic and cultural level with regard to a value and an anti-value. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-09 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1d9974681b6c9bffe870a484904e374d.pdf c4affc5a26cd0d0ad6ebcdb353c7fdfb PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 LOW COST AND PORTABLE HEARTBEAT RATE MEASUREMENT FROM THE FINGER Bahadır Cömert, Ayhan İstanbullu, Uğur Turhal Department of Computer Engineering, Balıkesir University baha_c.84@hotmail.com, iayhan@balikesir.edu.tr, ugurturhal@balikesir.edu.tr ABSTRACT In this study, portable and low cost heart beat rate measurement device has been designed with using PIC 16F877. It measures heart beat rates from finger using optical sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on a text based LCD. The finger tip probe has been selected from commercial products. The device works with 1 x 9V battery. Also it measures ambient temperature and humidity in addition to heart beat. The measurement accuracy is acceptable. The hardware that has been designed in this study is available for checking the pulse with education purpose. The hardware can be improved adding wireless data transfer devices in telemedicine applications. The device has the advantage that it can be used by nonprofessional people at home to measure the heart rate easily and safely. This paper report describes how to build a digital heart-rate monitor using a PIC 16F877 microcontroller (MCU). The heart beat rate per minute is displayed on an LCD. Keywords: biomedical instrumentation, heart rate measurement, bio electronic, PIC 16F877 197 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS I. INTRODUCTION The heart is a strong pump which pumps between 5-35 litre blood to the body with changing speed between 60-80 beats per minute and approximately 9000 litres in a day. The regular control and the measurement of heart beat per minute (bpm) of an organ , active in body like this, are quite important. One of the mostly used and certain methods for measuring the heart rate is electro-cardiogram (ECG). ECG is an expensive device and it is not economical for heart rate measurement. There are also some devices like wrist whatches which are low-cost. These devices can give certain results but although they are low-cost, their price is very high which makes them uneconomic. There are many measurement methods valid for this. However, the use of digital sensors in measurements makes having much certain and correct results possible. In fact, these measurement sensors have started to being placed in smart phones in modern day. However, this technology is getting more expensive as it is getting smaller. Sport is in every step of life. Mostly, athletes have lower heart rates than people who move relatively less. While the heart rates of older children are about 90, the heart rates of babies are about 120. The heart rate gradually increases while doing exercises and it returns slowly to the rest value after exercises. The revealing rate, when the pulse is normal, is the indicator of how healthy the person is. The values below the normal heart rate are usually signs of bradycardia; and the values above the normal heart rate are signs of tachycardia. However, the sport can cause a heart attack when it is done unconsciously. The heart attack was the second illness is stated 722,130 between 2000-2011. These results prove the importance of regular cardiac rhythm control [10]. When the literature is reviewed for the studies made about this issue, it is possible to see some other low cost more developed studies or like the present one. In their study Hashem and his colleagues combine analogue and digital signal processing techniques to keep the device simple and to efficiently suppress the disturbance in signals. Their experimental studies show that the heart rate can be filtered and digitized so that it is possible to calculate the accurate pulse rate. In Laghrouche’s study, arterial oxygen saturation in the patient’s blood signal is measured with an optical sensor and converted to digital data using a microcontroller system. Then the digital data are sent to a receiver where it is in 433 MHz FM-FSK transmitter. At the receiver, the digital data are reconverted to analog signal to be monitored and recorded on the PC. In Mamun’s study, a measurement circuit is developed by using a low cost ATmega8 microcontroller system from ATMEL. This measurement circuit can be easily used by families, hospitals, clinics and sports centre. In Toral and his colleagues’ study, pulse, SpO2 and temperature signals are conveyed to computer and displayed with LabVIEW program. In this study, wireless communication technologies are not used. The aim of this study is to design a low-cost and portable cardiac rhythm measuring instrument and to make a critical measurement real. The designed device is working with 1x9V the ambient temperature and moisture. The design circuit and graphics (software program) about the device are shared in this study. 198 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 II. THE PULSE OXIMETRY DEVICE The pulse oximetre are devices that measure the oxygenation of blood passing through tissue bed which is between photodedector and light source that give out red and infrared light with special probes placed on finger or ear. The block diagram of mentioned device is shown in Figure 1. Actually, the device consist of infrared transmitter LED and infrared receiver photodiode. The transmitter-sensors is fixed to finger of the subject. ( Figure 2) Figure 1: Block diagram of the measurement device Figure 2: Transmitter-sensors is fixed to finger of the subject The LED sends infrared light to the finger. Photo-transistor detects this ray and measures the change in blood amount from finger artery. This signal as pulse, then is increased, filtered and sent to the low-cost microcontroller to analyze and show. The microcontroller counts the number of pulses in certain intervals and therefore, the heart rate of the subject is obtained. This input is collected for a while and averaged to see the heart rate accurately. The calculated heart rate is displayed on LCD as beats per minute. The circuit diagram of measurement device is shown in Figure 3 and printed circuit diagram is shown in Figure 4 and sample measurement results are shown in Figures 5-6-7. Figure 3: Circuit diagram of measurement device 199 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Figure 4: Printed circuit diagram Figure 5: Sample measurement results Figure 6: Sample measurement results Figure 7: Sample measurement results 200 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 III. THE STRUCTURE AND OPERATION OF CIRCUIT The circuit basically consist of two functional amplifiers, a low-pass filter, a microcontroller and an LCD. During the studies, it is determined to use low-pass filter in the circuit to filter the high frequency noise coming from surroundings. The corner frequency of amplifier is chosen as 1.6 Hz. The output of amplifier is connected to one of the digital inputs of PIC16F877 version microcontroller via R4 resistance and RV1 trimpot. In order to decrease the cost of circuit, the microcontroller is worked from 4 MHz resonator. The output ports of microcontroller are connected to the LCD. The circuit starts when it is pressed on push-button switch working with 9V battery. When the structure of circuit is analysed; C5 (47 uF) capacitor functions as filter. R7 (10K) resistance is a current limiting resistor that prevents the high current that will follow on D1 (IR LED) diode. D1 and D2 diodes in the circuit diagram consist of IR Led Transmitter and photodiode receiver which form the internal structure of device called pulse oximeter. After the pulse oximeter is fixed to the index finger, a signal is sent to zener diode by D1 (IR) transmitter as to pressure of blood flowing through fingertip. This signal sent to the zener diode starts to sway smoothly. D2 (Photodiode) receiver diode receives the signal sent by D1 (IR) transmitter diode and voltage is formed upon the amount of signal. This voltage is enhanced with maximum lucrative LM358N (U5:A) op-amp. A signal is obtained in response to the voltage enhanced by op-opamp.This signal is filtered from low pass filter consisting of R6 resistance and C6 capacitor. After that, oscillation is decreased to minimum and is implemented to the output of LM358N (U5:B) op-amp and the analogue input of microcontroller (MCU). The implemented voltage is calibrated with RV1 trimpot. And this calibrated voltage is transformed into an understandable numerical value with software program and then it is conveyed to LCD screen via PORTB that is the output of microcontroller. In addition to the pulse number, ambient temperature and moisture are also conveyed to the LCD screen after being measured with the SHT11 heat and moisture sensor connected to the PORTD output of MCU. This pulse oximeter device is low-cost and its accuracy rating is not high enough, so it is quite important to place the finger’s plump point properly into the device’s slot. IV. THE SOFTWARE OF CIRCUIT IN COMPUTER LANGUAGE The software is developed by using popular C basic compiler and CCS-C is used as program description language. In Figure 8 below, the program listing of microcontroller is given. When it is mentioned about the written program; at the beginning of the program, variables used in program are referred. RB0-RB7 and RD0-RD1 pins of PORT B are used as outputs. RA2 pin of PORT A is set as input port. The Program starts when the key, which works with 9V battery, is on and after the pulse oximeter is fixed to fingertip. As the analogue-digital converter pin of microcontroller, RA2 pin transforms the voltage that is transmitted from finger into a numerical value. After that, the pulse value measured from finger is transmitted to for loop and a sample of pulse value is obtained in every 50 ms. And this process is repeated 30 times. The reason for this repetition is to reach the truest pulse value by obtaining many samples. These 30 samples are averaged and divided by 60. The numerical value of voltage coming from fingertip as a result of measurements is multiplied by 2, because the response of this voltage gives the real pulse value. And this is the reason for dividing the average by 60. If the device is not fixed to finger or the pulse value is lower than 50 or higher than 140, pulse value will not be displayed and “WRONG MEASUREMENT” will be displayed as a warning. And lastly; with the measure pulse value, ambient temperature and moisture are also displayed on LCD screen. 201 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ Program Software #include <16F877A.h> #device adc=10 #FUSES XT,PROTECT #use delay(clock=4MHz) #include <Port-B-LCD.c> #include <sht11.c> float restemp, truehumid; float olcum; int1 a; int8 say; long ort; void main() { setup_adc_ports(ALL_ANALOG); setup_adc(ADC_clock_div_32); setup_psp(PSP_DISABLED); setup_spi(SPI_SS_DISABLED); setup_timer_0(RTCC_INTERNAL| RTCC_DIV_1); setup_timer_1(T1_DISABLED); setup_timer_2(T2_DISABLED,0,1); setup_comparator(NC_NC_NC_NC); setup_vref(FALSE); lcd_hazirla(); output_low(pin_b4); set_adc_channel(2); delay_ms(1); sht_init(); while(TRUE) { ort=0; for (say=0;say<30;say++) { olcum=read_adc(); ort=ort+olcum; delay_ms(50) } sht_rd (restemp, truehumid); olcum=ort/60; imlec(1,1); if(olcum>50&&olcum<140) { printf(lcd_veri,"NABIZ=%2.0f " ,olcum); } else { a++;if (a==0) printf(lcd_veri,"HATALI OLCUM!"); if (a==1) printf(lcd_veri,"............."); } imlec(2,1); printf(lcd_veri,"T=%3.1f%cC", restemp,223); imlec(2,10); printf(lcd_veri,"Rh=%2.0f%% ", truehumid); } 202 | P a g e PROCEEDINGS �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 V. CONCLUSION In order to measure the heart rate, low-cost and microcontroller based device is described. The device has an advantage that it can be used by any people who is not professional and it makes it possible to measure the heart rate safely and easily. The device can be developed in some areas as shown below:  Voice can be added to the device and therefore; voice output will be possible during the pulse.  The highest and lowest heart rate numbers can be displayed after a while.  Serial output can be added to the device and therefore; heart beats can be sent to the PC for online and offline analysis. Warnings or abnormalities (as too high or too low heart beats) can be shown on the LCD or with a LED or with a bell. REFERENCES [1] Forerunner 201/301 User Guide, web site: http://www.grmin.com [2] Pulsar heart rate monitors, web site:http://www.heartratemonitor.co.uk [3] Cosy Communications web site: http://cosycommunications.com [4] Johnston, W.S., Mendelson, Y. (2004). Extracting breathing rate information from a wearable reflectance pulse oximeter sensor. In Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society - IEMBS '04 : 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE. Vol. 2, 5388-5391. [5] Paradiso, R, Loriga, G., Taccini, N. (2005). A wearable health care system based on knitted integrated sensors. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 9, 337-344. [6] D. Ibrahim and K. Buruncuk, "Heart Rate Measurement from the Finger Using a Low- Cost Microcontroller," Near East University, Faculty Of Engineering, TRN, 2005. [7] S. Kara, et al., "Low-cost compact ECG with graphic LCD and phonocardiogram system design," Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 30, pp. 205-209, 2006. [8] V. Jayasree, et al., "Design and Development Of a Simple Hardware Setup for Sensing Blood Volume Pulse and a PIC Microcontroller Based Heart Rate Meter," in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, 2006. ICBPE 2006. International Conference on, 2006, pp. 256-258. [9] M. Laghrouche , S. Haddab, S. Lotmani, K. Mekdoud, S. Ameur, " Low-Cost Embedded Oximeter," Mouloud MAMMERI University, LAMPA Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Po Box 17 RP 15000. [10]https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Gesundheit/Todesursachen/Tabellen/Sterbefaell eInsgesamt.html. 203 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Bahadır Cömert was born in Samsun, Turkey in 1984. He graduated in 2011 from Departmen of Electronic-Computer Science Education, Electronic and Communication Teaching in Marmara University in İstanbul. He is having his post graduate in Balıkesir University in Turkey. His current research interests include the investigation of information technologies to support electronic and electronic engineering education, medical instrumentation and medical informatic. Ayhan Istanbullu was born in Kutahya, Turkey in 1972. He was awarded his Ph.D. degree in 2003 from Gazi University in Turkey. Between 2001 and 2006 he was an instructor at the University of Mugla, Turkey in the Department of Electronic and Computer Science Education. He is currently an Associated Professor in the Computer Engineering Department of Balikesir University, Turkey. His current research interests include the investigation of information technologies to support electronic and computer engineering education, medical instrumentation and medical informatic. Uğur TURHAL was born in Trabzon, Turkey in 1988. He was graduated with Bachelor’s degree from Marmara University in 2011. He is a graduate student in the Computer Engineering Department of Yalova University, Turkey. Also, He is working as a computer specialist at Balikesir University, Turkey. Interested areas are; Bioinformatics, Signal Processing, Microarray Datasets, Cancer Dieseases 204 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2528 Title A name given to the resource LOW COST AND PORTABLE HEARTBEAT RATE MEASUREMENT FROM THE FINGER Author Author COMERT, Bahadir ISTANBULLU, Ayhan TURHAL, Ugur Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, portable and low cost heart beat rate measurement device has been designed with using PIC 16F877. It measures heart beat rates from finger using optical sensors and the rate is then averaged and displayed on a text based LCD. The finger tip probe has been selected from commercial products. The device works with 1 x 9V battery. Also it measures ambient temperature and humidity in addition to heart beat. The measurement accuracy is acceptable. The hardware that has been designed in this study is available for checking the pulse with education purpose. The hardware can be improved adding wireless data transfer devices in telemedicine applications. The device has the advantage that it can be used by nonprofessional people at home to measure the heart rate easily and safely. This paper report describes how to build a digital heart-rate monitor using a PIC 16F877 microcontroller (MCU). The heart beat rate per minute is displayed on an LCD. Keywords: biomedical instrumentation, heart rate measurement, bio electronic, PIC 16F877 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f96b7b064bf4940a4b37a7ce6c47e801.pdf cbcd3ecf07fed56c51f60901669aec0f PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Maastricht Treaty in the Shaping and Development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy Snezana Bardarova University Goce Delcev-Stip, Republic of Macedonia snezana.bardarova@ugd.edu.mk Mimoza Serafimovska University Goce Delcev-Stip, Republic of Macedonia mimoza.serafimovska@ugd.edu.mk Tanja Angelkova University Goce Delcev-Stip, Republic of Macedonia tanja.angelkova@ugd.edu.mk For the European Union, in whose framework still dominates the European Community, it discusses how to deliver (great project) European unification, which started on the ground ruined Europe after World War II, in 50 years of the last century. Motivated by the idea that the association of European countries is a far better alternative to the previous mutually confronted Europe, a project called (European Union) in the following decades led to the emergence of a new, unprecedented work on European soil-European Union. European Union, in its present form is the product of more than 50 years of evolution of European integration, which today despite initial six Western European countries including the former main rivals Germany and France includes 27 member countries of the Union, as well as many other countries with candidate status for membership in the European Union. Seen in the development context, the Union is not a preconceived model of the association of European countries, but is the product of a complex multiple decade-long process of integration in which different actors are involved. Within this process, depending on the achieved level of integration, the Union received a different shape. In its present form and name as the European Union it occurs even in the early nineties of the last century, long before it passed through small-scale forms of integration. More decades of European integration is based on the desire of European countries for the mutual integration, based on the firmly expressed mutual interest. The motives for each integrating a variety of security to purely economic and political, more or less pronounced in each Member State of the European Union. Of the many factors that have influenced the emergence and development of the European Communities 260 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo and their transformation into today's Union to distinguish political and security interests of Member States. Hardly any integration project has had such a long initial period as foreign and security policy of the failure of the European Defense Community, 1954, to the Treaties of Maastricht (1992), Amsterdam (1999) and Nice (2000). Due to political constraints on the sovereignty and political interests of the Union, by the end of the Cold War efforts on building security and defense policy were unsuccessful. Excessive force was Europe's dependence on NATO and U.S. nuclear protection. Keywords: Security, Integration, EU Policy, Countries, Agreements. 261 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d0f1101655630e74ba077c1270743536.docx 46c172452f00c9255f31d1c23c5c904d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/525744cf007502631a2ff097c62e1409.pdf 331954cf12bda2fc3877b75e211e33dd PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Maastricht Treaty in the Shaping and Development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy Snezana Bardarova University Goce Delcev-Stip, Republic of Macedonia snezana.bardarova@ugd.edu.mk Mimoza Serafimovska University Goce Delcev-Stip, Republic of Macedonia mimoza.serafimovska@ugd.edu.mk Tanja Angelkova University Goce Delcev-Stip, Republic of Macedonia tanja.angelkova@ugd.edu.mk Abstract For the European Union, in whose framework still dominates the European Community, it discusses how to deliver (great project) European unification, which started on the ground ruined Europe after World War II, in 50 years of the last century. Motivated by the idea that the association of European countries is a far better alternative to the previous mutually confronted Europe, a project called (European Union) in the following decades led to the emergence of a new, unprecedented work on European soil-European Union. European Union, in its present form is the product of more than 50 years of evolution of European integration, which today despite initial six Western European countries including the former main rivals Germany and France includes 27 member countries of the Union, as well as many other countries with candidate status for membership in the European Union. Seen in the development context, the Union is not a preconceived model of the association of European countries, but is the product of a complex multiple decade-long process of integration in which different actors are involved. Within this process, depending on the achieved level of integration, the Union received a different shape. In its present form and name as the European Union it occurs even in the early nineties of the last century, long before it passed through small-scale forms of integration. More decades of European integration is based on the desire of European countries for the mutual integration, based on the firmly expressed mutual interest. The motives for each integrating a variety of security to purely economic and political, more or less pronounced in each Member State of the European Union. Of the many factors that have influenced the emergence and development of the European Communities and their transformation into today's Union to distinguish political and security interests of Member States. Hardly any integration project has had such a long initial period as foreign and security policy of the failure of the European Defense Community, 1954, to the Treaties of Maastricht (1992), Amsterdam (1999) and Nice (2000). Due to political constraints on the sovereignty and political interests of the Union, by the end of the Cold War efforts on building security and defense policy were unsuccessful. Excessive force was Europe's dependence on NATO and U.S. nuclear protection. Keywords: Security,Integration, EUPolicy,Countries, Agreements. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Introduction European Union through its decades of development going through multiple forms first appears as a form of closer integration in two major industrial sectors-sectors of coal and steel through the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), established in Paris on April 18, 1951, and March 25, 1957 in Rome, European integration expands Atomic Energy sector within the European Atomic Energy Community (EUROATOM) and the same year was upgraded with a more extensive form of economic integration within the European Economic Community ( EEC). Today's European Union is made up of three separate towers which includes: 1. European Community 2. Common Foreign and Security Policy 3. Cooperation in the field of justice and home affairs. Momentum for integration through the creation of three communities in the 50's is the result of a desire to terminate recurrent habit of bloody conflicts between states, as a feature of European politics in the past, which culminated in the Second World War. In this sense, the political-military elites were forced to seek a new over-national European political structure in which the realization of the national interest was no longer left to be a concern only individual states, in European history proved to be a painful and extremely destructive.1 For a longer period of duration of the so-called. Cold War in Europe, the initiative and initial assistance from the United States through so-called. Marshall Plan, the integration within the European Communities had a function to create a political and security umbrella for the western European democracies in terms of the former East European liner headed by the former USSR, as a block of integrated members of equivalent traditions and related internal systems. Security dimension of European integration continues after the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the USSR, aimed at meeting the new challenges and achieving new goals, so that security feature is introduced in the structure of today's European Union as an important segment of the second pillar EU Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU. Chronology-development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU by the Maastricht Treaty 1948, March - UK, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg sign Brussels Treaty for mutual defense; April 1949 - The United States, Canada, and ten Western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty; May 1952 - founding member of the ECSC sign the Treaty on European defense community with a view to establishing a common European army, but in August 1954 the French National Assembly did not approve the contract signed and the project fails; December 1954 - on the basis of the Brussels Treaty established Western European Union that includes Italy and West Germany. West Germany entered NATO; December 1969 - The Hague Summit, the Heads of State or Government of the Member 1 Stephen Weatherill, “Law and Integration in the European Union” , Claredon Press Oxford, 1995 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo States of the Communities borrow foreign ministers to study ways to boost European political integration; October 1970 - Foreign Ministers of the Member States of the Communities adopt the Luxembourg report that establishes European political cooperation within which ministers meet every six months to coordinate their positions on international issues and to agree on common stock and assists the Committee of Directors General for Political Affairs (Political Committee); July 1973 - Ministers winning Copenhagen report which promotes the European political cooperation EPS (ministerial meetings at least four times a year, meeting the needs of the Political Committee who help European correspondents and working groups, the Commission contribution stances sessions ); October 1981 - Adoption of London report that provides a mechanism for consultation in crisis (which can be three Foreign Ministers to convene an urgent meeting within 48 hours), in meetings with representatives tretti states, the chair can be accompanied the previous and the next chairman, and the Commission is fully associated to the European political cooperation-EPS; October 1984 - reactivation of the Western European Union WEU (Ministers of Foreign Affairs and of Defence states that founded the WEU agreed to meet on a regular basis); February 1986 - signature of the Single European Act-EEA in which that special title 3 is devoted to European Political Cooperation EPS within which can be considered the political and economic aspects of security in order to achieve compliance PSU with external Relations of the European Community; February 1992 - signature of the Maastricht Treaty that the European political cooperation EPS is replaced by the Common Foreign and Security Policy - CFSP. Council of Ministers decides on common positions and joint actions, the implementation of which, once you reach a qualified majority. The Commission has the right of initiative, the WEU and the EU may require to implement the decisions which have defense implications; October 1997 - Signing of the Treaty of Amsterdam introduced several reforms established a Common Foreign and Security Policy - CFSP (qualified majority is required for the implementation of joint strategies determined by the European Council, the Member States may refrain from voting, set up a High Representative for CFSP, which replaces the functioningthreesome, who also chairs the session for policy planning and early warning. Brief Overview of the History and Development of Foreign and Security Policy Security Policy of the European Union dates back to before the creation of the European unification. After two world wars in the first place was the creation of a European structure of peace through integration. The first step was the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (Paris 04/18/1951), the industries of France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries (Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg) associated with the production and use of coal and steel as a basic raw material arms that are considered as important for leading the war, placed under a high authority. Buoyed by the success of the European Community for Coal and Steel, senior representatives of the Member States undertake to 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo find forms and methods of deepening and widening integration. Despite initiatives to expand the integration processes have emerged and suggestions for the creation of a military-political union. After the Second World War, Europe ruined lost its leading position in the world and the USSR and the United States because of the military power that manifested in the war and his contribution to the victory over fascism first broke out as a military, political and economic forces. After acknowledging the situation in Europe, the U.S. Secretary of State, offers U.S. aid to the reconstruction and development of Europe, and June 5, 1947 has been accepted for Reconstruction and Development program of Europe known as the Marshall Plan. April 4, 1949 in Washington was established North Atlantic Treaty which was formed a military alliance of the U.S., Canada, UK, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Portugal. After three years of the Agreement joined Greece and Turkey, and in 1955 joined Germany and Spain. The creation of the North Atlantic or the NATO alliance, led to a new phase in relations between states separated from Europe and the world. Well firstly ensuring peace countries of Europe and the world is taking place within the UN. Afterwards projects European defense community (ЕОЗ) and European Political Community (EPO) that fail due to loss of votes in the French National Assembly. In 1953, the French government presented a draft agreement for the establishment of a European defense community with a common army and defense minister. Draft for approval by Parliament of the ECSC, was ratified by more countries members but not the country that proposed the draft, France. Suffered a similar fate and creating draft European political community, or European Union. This Union according to the concept of the proposers should be not only one of the communities, but also the beginning of a real federalization of Europe and she should be sorted ECSC and the European Defense Community. The reasons for the failure of these initiatives are extremely radical and zealots were offering solutions of which were not in line with the realities of what was then Europe. Namely European countries were not ready for such a radical supranational step. Maastricht Treaty on Eueopean Union - Legal Basis for Establishing the European Common Foreign and Security Policy The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1990/1991) radically changed the security and political environment and reduce European dependence on American protection. Experiences with the new regional conflicts contribute to setting up an independent European security policy agenda that integrated policy. By the Treaty of Maastricht common foreign and security policy, under the title of European political cooperation, and after it was renamed the European Common Foreign and Security Policy. The name defines its main goal-saving EU foreign policy interests, independence, security and defense policy, ensuring peace, the strengthening of democracy, rule of law, human rights and freedoms, political dialogue, sending peacekeeping forces separation and resolution of crises military hot spots in Europe and in the world. Its activity is particularly increased after the disintegration of the USSR, the Yugoslav Federation and other countries of the Middle East with the process of independence and the creation of independent states, followed by military conflicts. European Union by sending peacekeeping and humanitarian missions and rapid reaction forces neutralized further escalation and spread of hostilities and endeavor to secure peace through political dialogue. Intergovernmental Conference, held in Maastricht on 9 and 10:12 1991 finished by then major reform of the Treaties of Rome. The idea of the European Union has been realized with the Treaty establishing the European Union of 7 February 1992: Community by a predominantly economically integrated institution that is based on political cooperation, 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo then develops in the Union, with the new EU agreement covering the Common Foreign and Security Policy - CFSP and cooperation in the field of justice and home affairs-DSS. EU countries agree on the introduction of the CFSP as the second pillar of the European Union, with the prospect that it grows into a common defense policy. The Treaty of Maastricht certain basic guidelines and determinations through established permanent cooperation between EU Member States in the field of CFSP and important and sensitive issues is no unanimity on positions taken and decisions and taking joint actions especially in defense and security purposes. In the EU Treaty pays great attention to foreign and security policy, which is one of the pillars of the EU. Founding treaties of the European Economic Community, the right to conduct foreign and security policy was kept in the exclusive competence of the Member States. In such circumstances, the exercise of foreign policy cooperation was provided on the basis of political consensus. Thus went political cooperation in the sphere of foreign policy, having no legal basis and support in the founding treaties. But, with the Single European Act-EEA since 1986, built a new part, under title: Provisions for European cooperation in the field of foreign policy, in chl.30. Member States of the European Union are obliged to strive for joint formation and realization of European foreign policy, i.e undertakes to define and implement a European foreign policy. To this end they undertake on any matter of foreign policy, which is a common interest to be informed and consulted in order to ensure their mutual influence in resolving issues through their joint impact of harmonization and approximation of their views and taking joint measures.2 Legally relevant process on the common foreign and security policy is heading 5 of the Treaty on European Union, which includes provisions that, in addition to external governing and security policy, and that members of J. 1 to J. 11th Article J. 1 formulates the basic obligations of the Union and its members in the process of defining and achieving the common foreign and security policy, whose main objectives are: - Protection of common values, fundamental interests and independence of the Union; - Strengthening the security of the Union and its members in all forms; - Protecting and maintaining peace and strengthening international security in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations-United Nations and the principles of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Helsinki and objectives of the Paris Charter; - Promotion of international cooperation; - Development and strengthening of democracy and the rule of law and the principle of the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.3 The means for achieving these goals are defined in Article J. 2 аnd J. 3 as two types of joint cooperation activities and joint actions. Namely, with these members, the objectives of foreign and security policy is left to the European Council and the Council. The European Council defines the principles and basic guidelines for conducting the common foreign and security policy, i.e it unanimously decides the issues will be the subject of joint action and unanimous decision-making in relation to the objectives and the required duration, resources, implementation procedure and conditions of common stock. Based on the basic guidelines of the European Council, the Council shall adopt the necessary decisions for the definition and implementation of the CFSP. European Council unanimously adopts decisions on matters subject to joint activity, taking into account the 2 3 Art. 30 , point1 and point2 of the Single European Act (EEA) Art. J 1, point 1 and point 2 of Treaty on European Union 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Union's unity and action. Given the opportunity for the eventual implementation of the decisions relating to common foreign shares with a qualified majority. Legal commitment of the Member States of the Union with decisions for the implementation of joint actions in the process of formulation and implementation of individual national foreign policies4, in order to prevent undermining the effectiveness and coherence of harmonized positions with unexpected unilateral actions of individual members. Member States have the option of unilaterally taking foreign policy decisions in emergencies, provided that compliance with the general objectives of the common stock and informing partners about the nature of the assumed act, as well as the opportunity to review the quality of appropriate joint action in case drastic change of circumstances that have influenced its definition5 and the possibility of adopting special solutions for certain Member States of the Union encountered serious problems in the implementation process shared mandated activities6. Council meeting may be convened at the request of a Member State or the Commission, and in emergencies, the President of the Council may convene a session on its own initiative or at the initiative of the Commission or a Member State, within 48 hours or in the shorter term. Committee on Political Affairs, Political Affairs composed of directors constantly monitor international activities in the field of CFSP, participate in defining attitudes by giving opinions and suggestions to the Council, and the care and implementation determined policy, respecting the powers of the president Commission7. The EU policy in the field of common foreign and security policy is defined in: common positions and solutions to common stock. In general position determines the relationship of the EU to a particular question and the steps that you take the European Union and the Member States to resolve by defining the general position of the Council, Member States shall harmonize national policies with the general position. Very efficient tool to influence European Union international relations and the politics of other countries, represent solutions for common activities8. Decisions on joint activities oblige the Member States, as for building custom views and activity. From the foregoing, it appears that as well as within the process of European foreign policy co-EPS, and within the process of European common foreign and security policy, the subject of the institute (joint action) is not an entity, a whole (EU), but its constituent Member States of the Union. The same applies in respect of the holders of (joint positions)9. The Member States are obliged to inform and consult each other in relation to the relevant foreign policy issues. Common position formulated in the meetings of the European Council, which is responsible for deciding whether to accede to define common positions10. The State Party Council is responsible for implementing the common foreign and security policy. The Treaty on European Union specified obligations arising from the common foreign and security policy shall be binding on the Member States of the Union: mutually informed and to inform the Council on any matter that is of common interest to foreign and security policy to coordinate all activities in international organizations and at international 4 Art. J. 2 point 4 of Treaty on European Union Art. J. 3 point 3 of Treaty on European Union 6 Art. J. 3 point 7 of Treaty on European Union 7 Art. J. 8 of Treaty on European Union 8 Art. J. 3 point 4 of Treaty on European Union 9 Art. J.2 of Treaty on European Union 10 European Council common foreign policy stances determines unanimously, with the exception of procedural issues as cases involving art.J. 3 point 2 of the TEU. 5 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo conferences, so they are obliged to act in concert to protect the positions and interests of the European Union, if there are changes in the foreign policy conditions or problems related to the implementation of certain measures arising from EU joint actions and the Member States should adopt measures derogating from the decisions of the EU Member State is obliged to inform the Council that after analysis accepts adequate solution, all member states are required to actively support the EU's foreign and security policy, to refrain from any actions that contradict the interests of the Union or likely to weaken their effectiveness as a unifying force in international relations11. An important novelty introduced by the Treaty on European Union is the act of inclusion security - security aspects of foreign policy, intending it to lead to the creation of a single European defense policy, which over time could lead to a common European defense12. Joint defense system with the Agreement does not regulate, but only logs as perspective. Real structure, on which the Union could rely on a common defense policy, would be WEU WEU, which until then existed only in documents without any real activities. In time signing EU Treaty, WEU members (Member States of the European Communities: Germany, France, UK, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and Luxembourg. Other three countries: Greece, Denmark and Ireland members European Communities aren’t members to the Western Union, which was a formal obstacle to the inclusion of the Western European Union in the structures of the European Communities. Here is the reason that in the Declaration on Western European Union adopted by the Treaty on European Union, the nine member states of the European Communities and the Western European Union, addressed only to those that are members of the European Communities to join Western Union or to gain status monitors. Another problem represents Turkey, Norway and Iceland, who were members of the Western European Union but not in the European Communities. Exit was found in resending these three countries to the status of associate members. Were performed and organizational changes in Western European Union and thus began the transformation of the Western European Union in the defense component of the European Union. However Agreement distinguishes between so-called defense issues so called issues with simple, less important security implications. Latter as painful in terms of individual defensive reliability of each of the Member States are the basis for the formulation of common positions. First and after the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty, remain sphere of exclusive jurisdiction of each country. Incidentally, joint actions produce implications for the field of defense and security are subject to explanation and implementation of the Western European Union13. Treaty refers to the necessary cooperation of the Western European Union and NATO14, i.e substantial consistency European common foreign and security policy with the obligations arising from the North Atlantic Treaty. Enabling WEU WEU in the structure of the European 11 Аrt. J. 1, J. 2, J. 3 and J. 5 of Treaty on European Union Art. J.4 of Treaty on European Union 13 The WEU was established by the Brussels Treaty, signed on 17.03.1948 by the UK, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg, in order to remove the sense of insecurity Western states security plan before the military expansion of the SSSR (Robertson A.H, Constitutional Developments in the Council of Europe, 1964 pp.111). Brussels Treaty in 1954 was modified and became the legal basis of the so-called Western European Union, designed under its own kappa cover and the Federal Republic of Germany ( R.G.H. “Western Union: political origins”, The World Today, no. 4/1949, pp.170-183; Robertson A. “The creation of the Western European Union” ). Western Union remained of marginal importance to the organization in 1984 when the national parliaments of the Member States of the European Community adopted the draft agreement for the revival of the Western European Union as a European defense forum. 14 NATO was formed as a defensive organization of a regional type of 04.04.1949 by the States Parties to the Brussels Treaty, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Portugal and the United States (Beugel E. H.op.cit.pp.253 et.seq). 12 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Union, do not come to the termination of already close links with NATO. Treaty on European Union, because the EU has not got its own defense- policy instruments, Western Union has been declared an integral part of the development of the European Union. This is an opportunity for the EU to submit a request to the WEU to prepare and implement decisions and actions of the EU concerning security policy, i.e related defense. Council, in accordance with the institutes of the Western European Union was authorized to determine the necessary practical measures for implementation of the identified tasks15. WEU remains an independent international organization, whose cooperation with the European Union is governed by the Declaration on Western European Union, which is one articles of the Treaty on European Union. According to the Declaration, the WEU will be developed as the defense component of the European Union and as a means to strengthen the European leverage Atlantic alliance16. purpose of creating optimal conditions for cooperation and coordination of activities between the European Union and the Western Union, the WEU headquarters from London was transferred to Brussels, where the headquarters of the Commission, more remedial authorities and administration of the European Union. Article J. 5 of the Treaty on European Union establishes the normative basis of the diplomatic representation of the Union as a whole vis-à-vis the outside world. Namely responsible for representing the Union in foreign policy relations in general is the chairman of the Union. The general principle applies to the representation of the Union in international organizations and international conferences. Only exception to this are the international conferences which all states. In such situations, the present member states have an obligation to inform the absent member states. The latter principle applies in relation to the work of the United Nations Security Council. The permanent members are obligated to provide defense of the positions and interests of the Union, without prejudice relative to its responsibility under the Charter of the United Nations. Cooperation of the diplomatic and consular missions of the Member States of the Union with the missions of the Commission of the European Communities as well as the cooperation of the diplomatic missions of the individual Member States, in general and international conferences was legally sanctioned and within the process of European foreign policy cooperation EPS, and the Treaty on European Union introduced an additional opportunity for the establishment of joint missions that share common facilities. The institutional structure of the European common foreign and security policy is completely identical to that established in the framework of the European foreign policy cooperation. CFSP institutional hierarchy has four levels. At its peak the European Council, which provides directives and is the highest level of decision-making in case of insurmountable differences in the opinions of the lower bodies, he initiated the joint strategy and the reform proposals and is acting as spokesperson common positions in relation to the outer world and defines the principles and formulate general guidelines. Council decisions on defining and implementing the common foreign and security policy and ensures consistency in the Union's activities. Political Committee-PBPK is the official organ of the servicing of the European Common Foreign and Security Policy, COREPER is a regular authority for the preparation of the Council's work. As regards the other bodies, the Commission of the European Communities shall have the right initiatives for CFSP and 15 Art. J. 4 point 2of Treaty of European Union Point.2 of Declaration on Western European Union, adopted by the ten member states of the European Union and the Western European Union. 16 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo retains the old status, and the European Parliament has the authority to hold annual debates about the progress in the process of European foreign and security policy, making recommendations European Council and the responsibility for answering questions asked by the European Council, as well as reports already agreed CFSP positions and has the ability to influence through rights to give consent for all important agreements European Union with third countries. Treaty of Amsterdam for Reform of the European Union - Modification of the CFSPEstablished By the Maastricht Treaty Amsterdam Treaty to reform the European Union contains a unique title 5 composed of members of J. 1 to J. 18 whose totality completely replaces title 5 of the Maastricht Treaty. Most of the members contained in Maastricht 2 i.e Amsterdam Treaty are identical with those included in Maastricht 1 i.e Maastricht treaty. So changes that brings the Amsterdam Treaty in the field of CFSP process is neither broad in scope, nor deep its radicalism. Totality changes you can enter the Amsterdam Treaty can be divided into several groups: Despite the common positions and joint action is introduced and institute a common strategy of the Member States of the Union. Common strategies sets Council European Council proposal, in areas in which the Member States have very important common interests. Common strategies to define their own objectives, duration and the means must be made available by the Union and its members; - In the sphere of application of the common shares, the agreement provides a legal obligation for Member States to address the Council and to inform about the difficulties which come in the process of their implementation and the Council an obligation to consider the problems and seek appropriate solutions will not be detrimental to the achievement of the objectives of the common shares, i.e their performance; - For the first time in the sphere of foreign policy, announced an opportunity for majority decision-making in the Council, through abstention from voting to appropriate state officials is not an obstacle to conquer foreign policy decisions. If it comes to refraining from voting, it must be done with the presentation of a formal declaration calling for treaty article which allows such an opportunity. Well, so the decision does not oblige restrained Member State, but it must be accepted that despite the fact that no decision was taken unanimously, however obliges the Union as a whole, i.e obliges States to act in accordance with the principle of mutual solidarity, not to interfere with the implementation of the decision by the Union. But if the number of abstention votes of more than one-third of the vote, the decision cannot be made. Determined that the qualified majority voting is possible in the following situations: adopting joint actions, common positions or other decisions based on a common strategy; adoption decisions for the implementation of joint actions or common positions, with the exception of decisions that open military or defense implications; adoption decisions regarding procedural matters by a majority vote. - Treaty of Amsterdam provides novelty enhanced cooperation between the WEU which gives more weight as an integral part of the development of the Union and the European Union, which remains a separate organization. Enhanced co-operation should be made in support of the Western European Union addressed to the European Union in the framing of the defense aspects of CFSP and conversely, the European Union will accordingly encourage the establishment of closer institutional relations with the WEU with ambitions to integrate the WEU into the European Union, if the European Council decided in this direction. Innovations is an opportunity for "ad hoc" joint participation of all member states, regardless of the fact whether they are both members of the Western European Union or not, in certain military actions with limited effect. Namely things interventions in 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Western European Union called tasks Petersburg, although the Amsterdam Treaty does not use this term but by name lists: humanitarian and rescue actions, peacekeeping operations imposing peace in crisis situations and actions establish peace. - A special group of novelties include the establishment of new bodies process the common foreign and security policy of the European Union. It works for EU High Representative responsible for issues of foreign and security policy with the rank of Secretary General of the Council of the EU Council authorized to assist the Union in matters of foreign and security policy, especially in the process of formulating preparation and implementation of policy decisions and, where appropriate, to act on behalf of the Council at the request of the Chairman of the Union through conducting political dialogue with the treat by a separate analytical unit for planning and forecast international situation. Conclusion The analysis of the normative model of the European common foreign and security policy established by the Maastricht Treaty, as amended by the Amsterdam and accompanying agreements, leads to the conclusion that it was designed in an important political moment, with huge ambitions for radical step forward in the field of political integration of Western Europe, when overwhelmed feeling that something drastic must be done in order to be overcome current stage of European foreign policy cooperation. In the middle of the reform debates that came to the fore in the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Amsterdam, were under the comprehensive authority of the CFSP, more efficient decision-making structures and greater transparency of the external representation of the EU Member States. The European Union is developing a unique institution in the world which covers an entire range of possibilities for civilian and military interventions in the event of crises. With that she is on the road to more operational foreign and security policy, which would be better projected external stability and contribute to international security. Common foreign and security policy has reached a significant level of differentiation and maturity. Well, if there is a general will of the participating governments and if we keep up the momentum ENBP, then Member States in a position targeted, timely and operationally to respond to international challenges. References Bendevski, T. (2001). “The Law of European Union”. Peterson, J., &Shackleton, M. (2006). “The Institutions of the European Union” Vajdenfeld, W., & Vesels, W. (2002). “Europe from A to Z “. Weatherill, S. (1995). “Law and Integration in the European Union”. Wilkinson, P. (2010). “International Relations: A Brief Insight”. Web pages http://www.eurotreaties.com/maastrichtext.html 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1625 Title A name given to the resource Maastricht Treaty in the Shaping and Development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy Author Author BARDAROVA, Snezana SERAFIMOVSKA, Mimoza ANGELKOVA, Tanja Abstract A summary of the resource. For the European Union, in whose framework still dominates the European Community, it discusses how to deliver (great project) European unification, which started on the ground ruined Europe after World War II, in 50 years of the last century. Motivated by the idea that the association of European countries is a far better alternative to the previous mutually confronted Europe, a project called (European Union) in the following decades led to the emergence of a new, unprecedented work on European soil-European Union. European Union, in its present form is the product of more than 50 years of evolution of European integration, which today despite initial six Western European countries including the former main rivals Germany and France includes 27 member countries of the Union, as well as many other countries with candidate status for membership in the European Union. Seen in the development context, the Union is not a preconceived model of the association of European countries, but is the product of a complex multiple decade-long process of integration in which different actors are involved. Within this process, depending on the achieved level of integration, the Union received a different shape. In its present form and name as the European Union it occurs even in the early nineties of the last century, long before it passed through small-scale forms of integration. More decades of European integration is based on the desire of European countries for the mutual integration, based on the firmly expressed mutual interest. The motives for each integrating a variety of security to purely economic and political, more or less pronounced in each Member State of the European Union. Of the many factors that have influenced the emergence and development of the European Communitiesand their transformation into today's Union to distinguish political and security interests of Member States. Hardly any integration project has had such a long initial period as foreign and security policy of the failure of the European Defense Community, 1954, to the Treaties of Maastricht (1992), Amsterdam (1999) and Nice (2000). Due to political constraints on the sovereignty and political interests of the Union, by the end of the Cold War efforts on building security and defense policy were unsuccessful. Excessive force was Europe's dependence on NATO and U.S. nuclear protection. Keywords: Security, Integration, EU Policy, Countries, Agreements. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6b2e464890bd658d55b645c2200671f3.pdf 368e8f19562326e2eedc5b353024065f PDF Text Text Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020215 Machine Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis Naida Nalo1, Jasmin Kevrić1 1 International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina naida.nalo@stu.ibu.edu.ba jasmin.kevric@ibu.edu.ba Abstract— This paper represents an overview of Machine Learning techniques used in Autism Spectrum Disorder - ASD diagnosis. ASD is detected based on behavioral screening which is time consuming and can only be taken by a medical professional. The idea is to find a smaller number of features that are still able to equally well provide satisfying results and not lose the accuracy, sensitivity nor specificity. Some of the algorithms mostly used in recent studies were Artificial Neural Network ANN and Alternating Decision Trees - ADTrees. The researches usually use WEKA software package for applying the algorithm and obtaining results. Keywords—Machine Learning, Autism Spectrum Disorder, diagnosis, features, ANN, ADTree, WEKA. 1. Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is defined as a developmental disorder that reflects in difficulty to communicate and interact with people, to have minimal interests and to generate pattern like behaviors. There are three separate conditions that are combined into the Autism Spectrum Disorder and those are: Autistic disorder, Asperger’s syndrome and Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Even though ASD can be a lifelong disorder, an early diagnosis and proper treatment can help improve communications skills and overall ability to function. However, the diagnosis sometimes takes a lot of time, which prolongs the appropriate treatment [1]. Two widely used clinical diagnosis tools for diagnosing autism are The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) [2] and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) [3]. ADI-R consists of ninety-three questions that are to be answered by a clinician. This process can take up to two and a half hours to conduct. The ADOS contains four modules, that can be used to test children and adults, according to behavioral and language levels of the person to be tested. This tool uses an algorithm that results with a diagnosis based on the scores of responses. Each module has its own scores [4]. It has become of great importance to find a faster but reliable method of diagnosing ASD, since the earliest treatment gives a greater chance for improvement. �This paper gives insight on the studies conducted in the past on the subject of Machine Learning in ASD diagnosis. A brief review on differences between two versions of Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV [5] and DSM-5 [6]) is made. 2. Literature review The ADI-R is one of two most widely used instruments for behavioral diagnosis of ASD [7]. It is structured in a form of an exam containing ninety-three questions and can be applied to individuals from the age of eighteen months and above. The questions are answered by a trained professional but still take up to two and a half hours to finish. And additionally, the gap between the initial screening and the resulting diagnosis can be around thirteen months, depending on the socioeconomic status of the family [8]. This introduces an additional delay in the early treatment crucial for proper development of the person, especially children. In [9], it was proposed to create an exam that can be conducted in minutes, rather than hours and receive satisfying results. Machine learning was used to select the right amount of questions, out of initial ninety-three, that would be able to classify the person in either autism or non-spectrum class. In total, fifteen algorithms were tested, and the one that performed the best with the given data was found to be the Alternating Decision Tree (ADTree). This classification algorithm managed to successfully classify all individuals diagnosed with ASD using only eight questions, that were previously tested with a complete set of ninety-three questions of ADI-R and misclassified only one. However, this research was proved to be unreliable by [10]. This paper brought to attention the importance of understanding both the computational and clinical area before giving any conclusions. The research conducted in [9], was limited by the imbalance of data as well as excluding a big part of it due to missing values. This resulted in only a two-class diagnosis, when originally it should have been three. The middle class, which is the most difficult to identify, that was removed was the ASD Spectrum, leaving only the ASD and Nonspectrum cases. A recommendation from [10] is to use the Unweighted Average Recall – UAR, which is a measure of performance that works better for such unbalanced data and that was used in this paper, when they tried to replicate the work done in [9]. Their results were algorithm dependent and if another algorithm was to be applied to the same data, the number of features would vary. Another important issue that was discussed in [4] were the differences between results of DSM-IV and the new DSM-5. From [4] we learn that although both of the screening methods abovementioned have shown good sensitivity, specificity and high reliability in experiments, the majority of those studies were based on the DSM-IV rather than the new criteria for diagnosing ASD, the DSM-5. Several studies that were mentioned in [4] had conflicting results when using the two different versions of the manual. This introduces the need to reevaluate the current tools for diagnosis, and to adjust them to the new criteria of diagnosing ASD. �Combining all the research and experiments from the past, and critically analyzing the results, suggestions and advices for the future projects are provided in [11]. The author highlights that none of the screening tools currently in use, have incorporated the machine learning algorithm for diagnosing ASD from the recent studies. Along with the problem of unbalanced data, the overlap of ASD, ADHD and Asperger Syndrome as well as different forms of ASD, represents another obstacle in diagnosing, mentioned in [11]. Most studies simplified the classification process by removing these classes and leaving just the ‘Severe Autism’ and ‘Nonspectrum’ as a possible outcome. This of course leads to unreliable classifiers with questionable sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. 3. Problem formulation For the purpose of this project, in total three datasets have been downloaded from UCI Machine Learning Repository [12]. They deal with data related to ASD screening of three different sets of population: toddlers, adolescents and adults. The data was collected through an application in a form of a quiz [13]. The data sets consist of twenty questions, out of which ten are behavioral features, while the other ten are individual characteristics. The application offers four modules representing the age category for individuals from the age: 12-36 months, 4-11 years, 12-16 years and 17 years and older. Ten questions, that differed depending on the age of the individual, from the application are provided in Table 1, in Appendix 1. Description of the data set is provided in Table 2. Table 2. Data set characteristics ASD Screening Data MODULE CHILDREN ADOLESCENTS ADULTS Number of instances 292 104 704 Number of attributes 21 Missing values Yes The first module is based on current parent-assisted ASD screening tool, the Quantitative Checklist for Autism Toddlers (Q-CHAT), while the remaining three are based on appropriate versions of Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), which are considered to be good candidates of diagnosing and were somewhat referred to as a ‘red flag’. These screening tools were discussed in [4], where it has been noted that the ten questions can only be used for acknowledging if additional clinical testing is required and is not a definite diagnosis. An analysis that studied these tools is [14]. Next step of this paper will be to investigate the dataset and determine the best way to make the most of it. �4. Machine learning methods Seven algorithms that were chosen for the process of attribute selection with their brief description are provided in this chapter. Bayes Net’s function is to learn the Bayesian networks. This algorithm assumes nominal attributes and no missing values. Search process is done using K2 or TAN algorithm. More sophisticated search methods, used for search, are built on genetic algorithm, hill-climbing, simulated annealing, etc. Search speed can additionally be enhanced by ADTrees [15]. Simple Logistic is an algorithm that builds regression models and fits them with use of LogitBoost and simple regression functions as base learners. Number of iterations are calculated using cross-validation, supporting attribute selection [15]. Decision Stump’s function is to build one-level decision trees for sets with a categorical or numeric value. Missing values in this algorithm are dealt with by seeing them as a separate value and creating a third branch from the stump [15]. J48 is an algorithm that creates a pruned or unpruned C4.5 decision tree. C4.5 This algorithm produces a classifier in a form of a decision tree, which can be either a leaf or a decision node. A leaf indicates a class, a decision node specifies a test with one branch and a subtree for every possible outcome of the test [16]. Logistic Model Tree, or LMT, combines two most popular methods of classification: linear logistic regression and tree induction. This algorithm results in not only classification but also in explicit probability estimates of the class. Another advantage of LMT is that it results in a single tree which makes it easier to interpret [17]. Random Forest is an algorithm that combines tree predictors. Each tree is dependent on values of a random vector, which is sampled independently and with same distribution for all trees of the forest. Generalization error of this algorithm depends on strength of individual trees of thee forest and their correlation. As the number of trees grows, the generalizatioon error converges to the limit [18]. REPTree algorithm represents a fast decision tree learner. This algorithm uses information regarding gain or variance and prunes it with reduced-error pruning to build a ecision or regression tree. Values for numeric attributes are only sorted once, which optimized its speed [15]. 5. Results Classification procedure of this research paper was split in two main parts. First part was applying a 10-fold cross-validation to all attributes and all three datasets. Cross-validation of n-folds splits the original dataset into n parts where n-1 parts are used as a train test, while the nth part is used as a test set [19]. Another method used in this part was applying a percentage split of three different values: 50%, 70% and 90%. Percentage split separates the original dataset into train and test according to the chosen percentage. �Both methods were tested using sixteen algorithms, giving in total 64 results for each dataset. The second part of classification involved attribute selection. Algorithms chosen for this part resulted from the first part, since only those that gave 100% accuracy for all three datasets were again used in attribute selection part. A more detailed 10-fold cross-validation results and algorithm performance are presented in Table 3, and the results of percentage-split and algorithm performance is shown in Table 4. Table 3. 10-fold cross-validation accuracy results Method Cross-validation 10 Algorithm Dataset Bayes Child Adolescent Adult BayesNet 100% 100% 100% NaiveBayes 98.9726% 98.0769% 97.017% MultinomialText 51.7123% 60.5769% 73.1534% BayesUpdateable 98.9726% 98.0769% 97.017% Logistic 95.2055% 95.1923% 97.017% MultilayerPerceptron 99,6575% 89.4231% 100% SimpleLogistic 100% 100% 100% SMO 100% 89.4231% 100% 88.3562% 90.3846% 94.8864% DecisionStump 100% 100% 100% HoeffdingTree 100% 99.0385% 99.858% J48 100% 100% 100% LMT 100% 100% 100% RandomForest 100% 100% 100% RandomTree 93.1507% 80.7692% 96.1648% REPTree 100% 100% 100% Functions Lazy IBk Trees �Table 4. Percentage split accuracy Method Percentage Split (50%-50%, 70%-30%, 90%-10%) Algorithm Dataset Bayes Child Adolescent BayesNet 100% 100% 100% NaiveBayes 98.6% 96.5% 96.5% MultinomialText 51.36 % 55.68 % 41.37 % BayesUpdateable 98.6% 96.5% 96.5% Logistic 93.1% 89.7% 93.1% MultilayerPerceptr on 97.2% 97.7% 100% SimpleLogistic 100% 100% SMO 96.5% 100% 98.07 % 61.53 % 98.07 % 100% 100% Adult 100 % 100 % 54.83 % 50% 100% 100 % 100% 98.01 % 74.14 % 98.01 % 100% 100% 98.5% 97% 74.88 % 98.57 % 97.14 % 80% Functions 84.61 % 94.23 % 87.09 % 93.54 % 90% 96.59 % 94.78 % 95.71 % 80% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100 % 100% 100% 100% 95.4% 100% 92.3% 93.54 % 80% 100% 100% 100% 89.04 % 89.7% 86.2% 88.46 % 90.32 % 100 % 95.73 % 94.31 % 94.28 % DecisionStump 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% HoeffdingTree 98.6% 100% 100% 98.07 % 100% 100% 100% 100% J48 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% LMT 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% RandomForest 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% RandomTree 93.8% 94.3% 82.7% 67.3% 74.19 % 100% 90.99 % 100% REPTree 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Lazy IBk Trees 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % Algorithms used for the second part of classifying process of this research paper were chosen according to the percentage of accuracy of Table 3. Out of four Bayes algorithms, only BayesNet gave 100%, SimpleLogistic is the only one out of four Function algorithms that proved the best, and lastly, Tree algorithms shown good results with DecisionStump, J48, LMT, RandomForest and REPTree performing in 100% accuracy for all three datasets. These seven algorithms were used in attribute selection part of classification. All three datasets originally had 21 attributes, and the previous two methods mentioned above included all attributes in the process. Attribute selection method [20] is a process of selecting the most relevant attributes and by doing so, reducing the processing time. �In total, five attribute evaluators have been used in attribute selection process. Those were: ClassifierAttributeEval, CorrelationAttributeEval, ReliefAttributeEval, CfsSubsetEval and WrapperSubsetEval. In a combination of these evaluators, three search methods were used: BestFirst, GreedyStepwise and Ranker [15]. ClassifierAttributeEval evaluates the worth of an attribute with use of a user-specified classifier [21]. CorrelationAttributeEval evaluates the worth of an attribute by measuring the correlation between the attribute and the class [21]. ReliefFAttributeEval sampling of instances happens randomly, and the neighboring instances of the same or different class is checked on [15]. CfsSubsetEval evaluates the worth of a subset of attributes by considering the individual predictive ability of each attribute along with the degree of redundancy between them. Missing values can be seen as a separate value or, with proportion to their frequency, its counts can be distributed among other values [15]. WrapperSubsetEval evaluates attribute sets by using a learning scheme. Cross-validation estimates the accuracy of the learning scheme for a set of attributes [15] . ClassifierAttributeEval, CorrelationAttEval and ReliefAttributeEval required Ranker as a search method. In all three datasets, number of attributes chosen for the Ranker was five. CfsSubsetEval and WrapperSubsetEval work using either BestFirst or GreedySetpwise search method. Combining the evaluators with search methods, we obtained 56 results for each dataset. After the attribute selection was performed on the complete set of 21 attributes, all evaluators resulted with 100% accuracy, regardless of the algorithm used. The attributes of all three datasets are presented in Table 5. Table 5. Attributes by number with description Attribute Description 1 - 10 Score of 10 questions 11 Age (number) 12 Gender (male or female) 13 Ethnicity (list provided) 14 Born with jaundice 15 Autism in family 16 Country of residence 17 Used app before 18 Result of app (automated calculation) 19 Age description (toddler, child, adolescent, adult) 20 Relation (who is completing the test) 21 Class ASD/NoASD Attribute that was present in all three datasets and that showed extremely high correlation was the 18th attribute. This attribute represents the score of ten questions of the application [13]. Therefore, a new approach was used. The 18th attribute was removed completely, and the process of selection was repeated for all three datasets. Results of selection are shown in Table 6, 7 and 8, in Appendix 2. Results of accuracy are shown in Table 9, 10 and 11, in Appendix 3. �The lowest performance for child, adolescent and adult dataset was achieved by DecisionStump, resulting in 78.082%, 70.192% and 82.822% respectively, as can be observed from the results. The lowest number of attributes selected is 1, and the highest is 14. However, the best results required less than that. The algorithms that showed best performance for child dataset were SimpleLogistic and LMT. These algorithms, with applied CfsSubsetEvaluator, resulted in accuracy of 98.973%, and used 10 attributes. BayesNet showed best results, with applied ClassifierAttributeEvaluator, it performed in 90.385% accuracy for adolescent dataset and used only 5 attributes. Simple Logistic successfully classified the adult dataset, with impressive accuracy of 99.432% and used 11 attributes in the process. 6. Conclusion The conclusion is split into two parts, one regarding actions taken to review already written papers and discuss their results, and second which deals with actions taken to derive our own conclusion through processing datasets. This research paper involved three datasets: child, adolescent and adult, with each having 21 attributes. Original datasets were processed using two methods for splitting the dataset into train and test and used sixteen algorithms for both. The obtained results from the first test helped choose algorithms for the second part of testing which involved attribute selection. According to the results, seven algorithms stood out. Attribute selection was performed on all three datasets using seven evaluators. All results had 100% accuracy, despite using different number of attributes. This leaded to another approach which included removing the 18th attribute and reapplying the selection process. Number of attributes for best performances were dependent on the dataset and therefore are different. One should keep in mind that classification process using five attributes can only be used as an indicator of whether further medical testing should be conducted. The main lesson learned, reading papers written so far on this topic, is that integrating ML in ASD diagnosis and its screening tools is a much harder process than it seems. Finding the appropriate number of features and managing to reduce the time of diagnosis depends on many parameters. Many experiments, in an attempt to reduce the time required for the diagnosis process, have discarded some important issues for the sake of simplicity. Their initially admiring results could not be taken for granted, due to misbalanced data and questionable reliability. The algorithm should not be dependent on data. The issue of distinguishing between ASD and PDD related disorders (ADHD, Asperger Syndrome) represents a big obstacle for proper diagnosis of ASD. The algorithm should be provided with a similar number of all possible outcomes in order to learn to better distinguish between categories. The need to reevaluate the current diagnosis tools and adjust them to fit the new criteria from DSM-5 arises. �APPENDIX 1 Table 1. Questions from the ASDQuiz application [13] 13-36 months TODDLER 4-11 years – CHILD 12-16 years – ADOLESCENT 17 & older – ADULT 1. Does your child look at you when you call his/her name? He/she often notices small sounds when other do not? He/she notices patterns in things all the time? I often notice small sounds when others do not? 2. How easy is it for you to get eye contact with your child? 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Does your child point to indicate that he/she wants something (e.g. toy out of reach)? Does your child point to share interest with you? (e.g. pointing at an interesting sight) Does your child pretend? (e.g. care for dolls, talk on a toy phone) Does your child follow where you are looking? If you or someone else in the family is visibly upset, does your child show signs of wanting to comfort you/them? (e.g. gives a hug) He/she usually concentrates more on the whole picture rather than the small details? In a social group, he/she can easily keep track of several different people’s conversation? He/she finds it easy to go back and forth between different activities? He/she usually concentrates more on the whole picture rather than the small details? In a social group, he/she can easily keep track of several different people’s conversation? If there is an interruption, he/she can switch back to what he/she was doing very quickly? I usually concentrate more on the whole picture, rather than the small details? I find it easy to do more than one thing at once? If there is an interruption, I can switch back to what I was doing easily? He/she doesn’t know how to keep a conversation going with his/her peers? He/she frequently finds that he/she doesn’t know how to keep a conversation going? I find it easy to read between the lines when someone is talking to me? He/she is good at social chit-chat? He/she is good at social chit-chat? I know how to tell if someone listening to me is getting bored? When he/she reads a story, he/she finds it hard to work out the character’s intentions or feelings? When he/she was younger, he/she used to enjoy playing games involving pretending with other children? When I’m reading the story, I find it difficult to work out the character’s intentions? Would you describe your child’s first words as: typical, unusual, the child doesn’t speak? When he/she was on preschool, he/she used to enjoy playing games involving pretending with other children? She/he finds it difficult to imagine what it would be like to be someone else? I like to collect information about categories of things (e.g. types of car, types of bird, types of train, types of plants, etc.) 9. Does your child use simple gestures (e.g. waves goodbye)? He/she finds it difficult to work out what someone is thinking or feeling just by looking at their face? He/she finds social situations easy? I find it easy to work out what someone is thinking just by looking at their face 10. Does your child stare at nothing with no apparent purpose? He/she finds it hard to make new friends? He/she finds it hard to make new friends? I find it difficult to work out people’s intentions? 8. �APPENDIX 2 Table 6. Attribute selection results - child dataset Algorithm s vs. selected attributes BayesNet SimpleLo gistic DecisionS tump J48 ClassifierAttrib uteEval CorrelationAttrib uteEval 4,9,8,10,1 4,9,10,8,6 ReliefAttribu teEval 4,1,10,8,9 CfsSubset Eval (BF & Greedy) 1-10 LMT RandomF orest REPTree WrapperSubs etEval (BF Wrappe r, Greedy 1-10,17 3,4,6,7,10,12, 16 4,10 4,6,10,1 2,16 4 4 1,3,4,5,7,8,10 4,10 ,14 4,6,10,12,16 15,7,8,9,10,15, 4,10 17 1,4,8,10 4,10 Table 7. Attribute selection results - adolescent dataset Algorithm s vs. selected attributes ClassifierAttrib uteEval CorrelationAttrib uteEval ReliefAttribu teEval CfsSubset Eval (BF & Greedy) BayesNet SimpleLo gistic DecisionS tump J48 LMT RandomF orest REPTree 5,4,3,10,6 WrapperSubs etEval (BF Greedy 1,2,3,4,5,7,10 ,12 1,3,4,5,1 0,12 3,4,5,10,14 5,4,10,3,6 5,4,10,3,6 5,3,10,4,8 3,4,5,6,7,8, 10,17 5 2,5,9,14 3,4,5,10,14 5,4,3,10,6 15,7,8,10,17 5,4,10,3,6 2,3,5,8 4,5,7,10 Table 8 Attribute selection results - adult dataset Algorithm s vs. selected attributes BayesNet SimpleLog istic DecisionSt ump J48 LMT RandomFo rest REPTree ClassifierAttribu teEval CorrelationAttrib uteEval ReliefAttribut eEval CfsSubset Eval (BF & Greedy) 9,6,16,19,7 WrapperSubs etEval (BF Greed y 1-10,15,16 1,3,5,6,9,12,1 1,3,5, 5 6,9 9 9,6,8,7,19 9,6,5,4,3 5,9,6,4,7 1-10,16 1-5,710,16,15 1,3,5,6,9,12,1 5 9 1,5,9 1,3,5, 6,9 1-10,12,15,18,19 1,2,3,5,6,7,9,15 �APPENDIX 3 Table 9. Attribute selection accuracy - child dataset Attribute evaluator ClassifierAttribu teEval CorrelationAttE val ReliefAttributeE val CfsSubsetEval WrapperSubsetE val (BF) WrapperSubsetE val (Greedy) Bayes Net 86.644 % 84.932 % 85.616 % 95.206 % 91.438 % 82.192 % SimpleLog istic DecisionSt ump J48 LMT 78.082% 85.95 9% 84.93 2% 83.90 4% 91.43 8% 85.27 4% 82.19 2% 85.95 9% 84.58 9% 87.32 9% 98.97 3% 95.89 0% 83.90 4% 86.301% 84.589% 88.014% 98.973% 95.890% 82.192% RandomF orest 85.274% 81.849% 85.274% 93.151% 89.384% 84.247% REPT ree 85.616 % 85.959 % 83.219 % 83.562 % 84.589 % 83.562 % Table 10. Attribute selection accuracy - adolescent dataset Attribute evaluator ClassifierAttribu teEval CorrelationAttE val ReliefAttributeE val Bayes Net CfsSubsetEval 87.5% WrapperSubsetE val (BF) WrapperSubsetE val (Greedy) 88.462 % 77.885 % 90.385 % 89.423 % 82.692 % SimpleLog istic DecisionSt ump 89.423% 70.192% J48 80.76 9% 81.731% 89.423% 86.539% 68.269% 78.846% 84.61 5% 72.11 5% 71.15 4% LMT 89.42 3% 81.73 1% 88.46 2% 85.57 7% 78.84 6% RandomF orest REPT ree 86.539% 75% 85.577% 83.654% 86.539% 78.846% 76.923 % 68.269 % 72.115 % 71.154 % Table 11. Attribute selection accuracy - adult dataset Attribute evaluator ClassifierAttribu teEval CorrelationAttE val ReliefAttributeE val CfsSubsetEval WrapperSubsetE val (BF) WrapperSubsetE val (Greedy) Bayes Net 90.341 % 91.051 % 90.767 % 96.307 % 95.313 % 92.046 % SimpleLog istic DecisionSt ump 89.347% 90.909% 84.517% 90.625% 99.432% 95.881% 82.822% 93.04% J48 LMT 88.21 % 89.35 7% 90.90 9% 90.62 5% 99.00 6% 95.02 8% 93.89 2% 89.06 3% 92.04 6% 89.34 7% 89.06 3% RandomF orest REPT ree 89.347% 87.5% 91.761% 90.057% 91.193% 94.46% 91.761% 90.199 % 89.205 % 86.364 % 89.063 % 89.921 % �7. References [1] National Institute of Mental Health, Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism- spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml [2] Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. 1994. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659–685 [3] Lord, C, Risi, S, Lambrecht, L et al, 2000. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism J Autism Dev Disord. 2000; 30:205–223.7. [4] F. Thabtah, 2017. Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening: Machine Learning Approach and DSM-5 Fulfillment, ICMHI '17, May 20-22, 2017, Taichung City, Taiwan © 2017 Association for Computing Machinery. ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5224-6/17/05 [5] American Psychiatric Association 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorder (4th edn), Text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association [6] American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association [7] C. Lord et al., 1994. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A Revised Version of a Diagnostic Interview for Caregivers of Individuals with Possible Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 24, No. 5, 1994 [8] L. D. Wiggins, J. Baio, C. Rice, 2006, Examination of the Time Between First Evaluation and First Autism Spectrum Diagnosis in a Population-based Sample, Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Vol. 27, No.2, April 2006. [9] Wall DP, Dally R, Luyster R, Jung J-Y, DeLuca TF (2012) Use of Artificial Intelligence to Shorten the Behavioral Diagnosis of Autism. PLoS ONE 7(8): e43855. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043855 [10] D. Bone, M. S. Goodwin, M. P. Black, et al, 2014. Applying Machine Learning to Facilitate Autism Diagnostics: Pifalls and Promises, Springer Science + Business Media New York 2014 [11] F. Thabtah (2018): Machine learning in autistic spectrum disorder behavioral research: A review and ways forward, Informatics for Health and Social Care, DOI: 10.1080/17538157.2017.1399132 [12] UCI Machine Learning Repository, Available at: https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/index.php [13] Thabtah, F. (2017). ASDTests. A mobile app for ASD screening. www.asdtests.com [14] C.Allison, B. Auyeung, S. Baron-Cohen, 2012, Toward Brief “Red Flags” for Autism Screening: The Short Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Short Quantitative Checklist in 1000 Cases and 3000 Controls, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.11.003 [15] I.H. Witten, E. Frank (2005), Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, Elsevier [16] J. Ross Quinlan, C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning, Avilable at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00993309 [17] University of Waikato, Logistic at:https://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/publications/2005/LMT.pdf Model Trees, Available �[18] L. Breiman (2001), Random Forests, Available at: https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~breiman/randomforest2001.pdf [19] Towards Data Science, Cross-Validation in Machine Learning, K-Fold Cross Validation, Available at: https://towardsdatascience.com/cross-validation-in-machine-learning-72924a69872f [20] Machine Learning Mastery, An Introduction to Feature Selection, Available https://machinelearningmastery.com/an-introduction-to-feature-selection/ [21] Weka – Version 3.8.3, Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis, ClassifierAttributeEval at: � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Machine Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis Author Author Naida Nalo, Jasmin Kevrić Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper represents an overview of Machine Learning techniques used in Autism Spectrum Disorder - ASD diagnosis. ASD is detected based on behavioral screening which is time consuming and can only be taken by a medical professional. The idea is to find a smaller number of features that are still able to equally well provide satisfying results and not lose the accuracy, sensitivity nor specificity. Some of the algorithms mostly used in recent studies were Artificial Neural Network - ANN and Alternating Decision Trees - ADTrees. The researches usually use WEKA software package for applying the algorithm and obtaining results. Keywords Keywords. Machine Learning, Autism Spectrum Disorder, diagnosis, features, ANN, ADTree, WEKA. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January, 2020 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/531fa16c726b30a5aec6b709913003ea.pdf cc737be78b1a723001dcdbfa17c548fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Machine Learning-Based Gene Clustering on Brain Cancer Using K-Means and Hierarchical Clustering Methods Author Author Fatih Yilmaz, Samed Jukić Abstract A summary of the resource. K-means and hierarchical clustering algorithms are employed to cluster genes according to the gene expression to determine the harming level of the genes in brain cancer. The gene expression data with a control group from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were used. The optimal cluster number for each clustering technique was obtained using the elbow method and dendrogram for K-means and hierarchical clustering methods respectively. We identified the ideal number of clusters as three and further classified them into seven groups. We observed that the second cluster contains over half the genes in healthy people and the cluster distribution of a healthy patient and a patient who died six months after being diagnosed with brain cancer is similar. Further analysis indicated that of all the time spent by patients after being diagnosed with brain cancer, group 0 has the highest percentage in one month after the diagnosis, while group -2 has the lowest percentage. Most genes shift their clusters when Kmeans and hierarchical clustering techniques we compared with the genes from the control and disease groups. The result of the measure of dissimilarity between the genes expression patterns indicates that the K-means technique outperforms the hierarchical technique with a higher rate of change in the cluster. Keywords Keywords. Brain cancer, gene clustering, hierarchical clustering, K-means clustering, machine learning. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706/JONSAE2021325 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Language A language of the resource English language Type The nature or genre of the resource Original research https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9d874f7a36c28321575471028120260c.pdf c190c7a95038ef00a84daaabc66c0d62 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Master's Theses Description An account of the resource IT Master's Thesis collection features master's theses authored by graduate students in the Department of Information Technology. Each thesis reflects a significant research effort, combining theoretical knowledge with practical application to address complex challenges in the IT domain. These works demonstrate students’ advanced understanding of information systems, software engineering, data science, cybersecurity, and emerging technologies. The theses serve as a testament to the students' capability to conduct independent research, propose innovative solutions, and contribute to the advancement of the IT field. Subject The topic of the resource IT Master's Thesis Language A language of the resource English Language Author Author IT Department Master’s Students Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Machine Learning-Driven Prediction of Heart Strokes Author Author Selma Vreto Vatrić Abstract A summary of the resource. <div style="text-align:justify;">Heart strokes remain one of the leading health risks in the world today. Timely prediction can significantly improve patient outcomes and healthcare resource allocation. This study aims to harness machine learning techniques to develop efficient predictive models for the early detection of heart strokes. <br />Research is based on a dataset created by combining different (five) datasets. The dataset encompasses patient demographics, clinical measurements, and historical medical records. The analysis focused on five machine learning models: Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine. <br />The goal was not only to test different algorithms, but also to understand how data preparation, feature selection, and model choice impact the final results. The models were trained and tested on both the original dataset and an extended version, where new features were added by combining existing ones. <br />The results showed that models such as Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, and KNN performed better when applied to the original data. The Decision Tree model achieved an accuracy of 87.8% and an F1 score of 0.881, while Logistic Regression and K-Nearest Neighbors each attained F1 scores of 0.850 and 0.849, respectively. On the other hand, Random Forest and SVM showed significant improvements with the extended dataset. Random Forest performed the best overall, with an F1 score of 0.920 and an accuracy of 91.6% with enhanced results. <br />SVM also benefited from enhanced results, improving its F1 score from 0.892 to 0.879, which highlights how specific models can leverage additional features for improved generalization. <br />This tool could help detect risks earlier, allowing for timely interventions and prevention, thereby reducing the burden of strokes on healthcare systems and improving patient care. Limitations include data quality and availability, as well as potential bias in healthcare records.</div> Keywords Keywords. heart stroke prediction, machine learning, Decision Tree Classifier (DTC), Random Forest Classifier (RFC), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), data, dataset data dataset Decision Tree Classifier (DTC) heart stroke prediction K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Logistic Regression (LR) machine learning master’s thesis Random Forest Classifier (RFC) Support Vector Machine (SVM) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bea9c905b084372e0db5e751df0113f6.docx 47d287830c08df57bf62a4bf278ed826 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a3e8a001647d161f8a42da5c9a05f130.pdf 19d5fceccda21b8dde4ca1fa450f3f09 PDF Text Text Macroeconomic Determinants of Nonperforming Loans in Albanian Banking System UrmatRyskulov Epoka University Albania uryskulov@epoka.edu.al RiadaBerhani Epoka University Albania riadaberhani@gmail.com Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the impact of macroeconomic factors in the amount of nonperforming loans in Albanian banking sectors by using multi regression analysis model from 2003 to 2012. This paper studies the relationship between the amount of non-performing loans and six important macroeconomic factors which are: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate, inflation rate, money supply (M2) annual growth rate, interest rate, unemployment rate and exchange rate. The multi regression analysis suggests that all variables have a negative impact in the non-performing loan level except inflation and exchanges rates. Moreover the time forecasting analysis predicts an increase in NPL level in Albanian Banking System. Keywords: Albania, Banking System, Macroeconomics, NPL, Credit risk. 64 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2499 Title A name given to the resource Macroeconomic Determinants of Nonperforming Loans in Albanian Banking System Author Author RYSKULOV, Urmat BERHANI, Riada Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of macroeconomic factors in the amount of nonperforming loans in Albanian banking sectors by using multi regression analysis model from 2003 to 2012. This paper studies the relationship between the amount of non-performing loans and six important macroeconomic factors which are: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate, inflation rate, money supply (M2) annual growth rate, interest rate, unemployment rate and exchange rate. The multi regression analysis suggests that all variables have a negative impact in the non-performing loan level except inflation and exchanges rates. Moreover the time forecasting analysis predicts an increase in NPL level in Albanian Banking System. Keywords: Albania, Banking System, Macroeconomics, NPL, Credit risk. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f967d3b24ffc69c1eac2badc691dfef4.pdf 194545d27cd5d8001587e0fed92f5540 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ERGENEKON, S. (1996), Tasarruf Eğilimini Etkileyen Sosyolojik Faktörler, PhD Thesis, Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences , İstanbul İBNİ MACE, (1986), Taharet, Kütübü Sitte, Akçağ Yayınları, İstanbul ŞAMİL İSLAM ANSİKLOPEDİSİ, (1998), “İsraf”, Şamil Yayınları, İstanbul Meaning of The QURAN, http://www.kuranikerim.com/english/m_indexe.htm YAZIR, E.H.( 1992), Hak Dini Kur’an Dini, Zehraveyn Yayınları, İstanbul TİRMİZİ, (1986), Kıyame, Kütübü Sitte, Akçağ Yayınları, İstanbul Macroeconomic determinants of Sustainable Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina Emil Knezović, Uğur Ergun International Burch University, Faculty of Management, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: kinez88@hotmail.com Abstract The origin of term sustainable development comes from forestry and it means the extent of cutting and putting the new trees on the planet. Synonymous for it is sustainability and it refers to ability to endure as much longer as it is possible. This paper shows the degree of correlation between sustainable development in Bosnia and Herzegovina and five macroeconomic determinants: unemployment, export, import, average salaries and CPI as a measure for inflation. The paper provides information about importance of economy in this process and it explains all variables that are used. It is based on the period of five consecutive years (2007-2011). Research for all of five variables was conducted on monthly basis for this period, so in total it provides 58 data (January and February of 2007 are excluded) for each variable. Next thing that this paper shows is the current position of the country in terms of its development. The paper represents a combination of basic research (provides a lot of useful information about the topic) and quantitative research (shows numerical results that are gotten by the analysis of the problem). Unemployment, as one of the biggest and growing problems in the country, is dependent variable and paper tries to prove relationships among this variable and the others. Results in the paper are obtained through descriptive analysis. The paper provides data about causes for high unemployment in our country and it shows how much impact each variables mentioned above have or does it have at all. Finally, paper shows on what country should put more emphasize in order to improve its current position and to be able to compete with more developed countries. 324 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords: sustainable development, unemployment, export, import, salary, inflation, CPI, economy, GDP 1. INTRODUCTION Actions done should not affect people that are inhabited there. Sustainable development represents holding the balance among consumption, savings and regeneration of all our resources. Sustainable development is a process of change and it has to start from each individual and it continues by transmitting it to each area of our lives. One quotation describes, in the best way, change that sustainable development influences. It says: “Insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting different result”.36 As starting point of process, known as sustainable development, it refers to year 1970, when World leading countries made an agreement to allocate 0.7% of their total gross national income in order to help those countries which are struggling. In 1992 at conference in Rio de Janeiro sustainable development became a leading term in field of politics about environment. Sustainable development implies four ways of consolidation (use of resources, investments, technical development and institutional changes). During the process the understanding of sustainable development has been spread to two fields more: economic and social. All three are making so called “magic triangle” of sustainable development. Today, UN represents the leading international organization that deals with it. It was founded in 1945, right after the Second World War in order to harmonize the situation and to make “relationships” among countries. It represents an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace.37 Today, this organization is consisted of 193 countries members. This paper defines basic terms related with sustainable development, explains data used in the research and provides the results on five consecutive years. The aim of the paper is to examine and analyze macroeconomic determinants of sustainable development in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Bosnia and Herzegovina is positioned on the Balkan Peninsula with total area of 51 172 square kilometers and estimated population of 4.5 million people. Country is bordered with Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro. Capital city is Sarajevo. 2.1 History First recorded appearance of name Bosnia has happened in 10th century in a geo-political handbook of Byzantine emperor Constantine VII. Since ninth century Bosnia was an independent country and it was governed by Bans. Independency was kept on until 1463, when last Bosnian Ban was removed and Ottoman Empire conquered this region. In 1878 36 Albert Einstein, (attributed) US (German-born) physicist (1879 - 1955), http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/26032.html 37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations 325 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Bosnia became a part of Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1914 Gavrilo Princip, a member of youth movement called “Young Bosnia”, assassinated Austro-Hungarian heir Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. This event was, as most of historians say, an event that started the First World War. After the end of the War, in 1918 Bosnia becomes a part of country called country of Slovenians, Croats and Serbs, which was renamed in 1929 in Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After Second World War Kingdom Yugoslavia became Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and was operating under that name until October 1991. In that year Bosnian people vote for sovereignty and in February of 1992 for independency. In May 22 of 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina became a member of UN. Dayton agreement in November of 1995 marked the end of four years war in the country. Bosnia and Herzegovina is consisted out of two administrative units: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. The special status in the country has region of Brcko-District and it is not part of neither of those two units. 2.2 Politics and Political structure Based on its state organization, Bosnia and Herzegovina represents unique state structure in the world. Legislative power is given to bicameral Parliament consisted of House of Representatives and House of People. At the top we have presidency that is made out of three members. Each of them elected based on his ethnic characteristics. So, one is representative of Bosniaks, one is representative of Serbs and one is representative of Croats. Council of ministers represents central government and is consisted out of six ministers with positions in fields of external affairs, international trade and economy, civil affairs and communication, human rights and refugees, European integration, and finally treasury. On the state level we have established several agencies whose primary occupation is to create reports about sustainable development. 2.3 Sustainable Development As a part of Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina was specialized in raw and energy production. Additionally, most of military production was done in the country. It was hugely due to huge amount of resources that were available especially for hydro and energy production. Among that, Bosnia and Herzegovina was and still is rich by coal and metal. Highly intensive production and exploitation of these resources were not what Sustainable development policies imply. It was totally opposite since there was imbalanced relationship between economy and ecology. In time when idea of Sustainable Development was formed and developed in Rio de Janeiro, Bosnia and Herzegovina was going through war. When in 1997 Rio 5 conference was done, this country was occupied by its own reconstruction and could not participate in developing the process of sustainable development. However, later on through several international programs, Bosnia and Herzegovina succeed to join the process of sustainable development and participated in forming MAP – Mediterranean Action Plan. 2.4 Economy Since the end of the war, Bosnia and Herzegovina had two main issues. One was to rebuild its infrastructure that was totally destroyed during the four years of war. The second one was to change the “style” of economy. Before, in this country is so called central economy, where most of institutions were government owned and now they had to privatize them. The main 326 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo help for rebuilding were FDI. Total FDI in period from 1994 to 2011 is around 8 billion of BAM, where the “best” year of FDI in Bosnia and Herzegovina was 2007 where this country total around 2.4 billion of dollars. This year represent 30% of all FDI since 1994. Among the main investors (2010 estimated) we have Austria (1.88 billion of BAM), Serbia (1.72 billion of BAM), Croatia (1.35 billion of BAM) and Slovenia (1.07 billion of BAM). When it comes to sector investments were mainly done in manufacturing where main companies of steel production faced joint venture. In the second place of FDI we have banking services which results in many foreign banks in our countries. In this sector we have highest investments from Dubai, Croatia and Austria. Economy in Bosnia and Herzegovina has faced the wall in last few years after continues growth in period before it. As whole world faces today, this country also feels the consequences of global crisis. The 2009 was the worst year where it GDP felt for 3%. However, this country started to recovering and in the last two years has increasing GDP. 3. DATA USED 3.1 Unemployment Based on International Labor Organization we define the unemployment as situation in which people without job could not find one in past four weeks. Another definition adds that unemployment represents a situation in which qualified worker, who are willing to work in current conditions can not find the job. This problem is presented in each country in the world and all governments are dealing with it. Among the reasons we can find: labor costs, low investments from companies, political reasons, low qualifications, personal behavior, job dissatisfaction, national policies, new technologies, economic crisis and discrimination. Having in mind the current structure of labor market economists differentiate three main types of unemployment; structural (the gap between availability of jobs and demand for the workers), frictional unemployment (when people change their jobs or they move on to the other regions or countries) and cyclical unemployment (there is generally low number of available jobs in the market). In order to measure unemployment economists use unemployment rate. Several international organizations are dealing by comparisons of unemployment among the countries. Among them we have Eurostat, OECD and ILCP. Based on the latest information Bosnia and Herzegovina takes 188th place among 200 ranked countries. This data shows that Bosnia is dealing with big issues regarding unemployment and that big part of its labor force is unemployed. 3.2 Trade Trade is term that we use every day. It represents a situation in which good or service change its owner. In order to earn money trade must happen and place where it happens is called market. We can identify two types of trade in economy: domestic trade and international trade. Domestic trade represents the situation where all transactions are done within a country. On the other hand, international trade represents situation in which two or more countries made transactions among themselves. Import happens in situation when a domestic country buys goods and services from foreign one. In most cases two main reasons stand for doing import. One is that domestic company can import products that have higher quality and/or lower price than the ones that are produced within the country. On the other hand some services such as computer equipment, for example Apple is not produced in Bosnia and 327 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Herzegovina, and so the only way to have it on the market is to import it. Export refers to opposite situation. It happens when goods and services are produced at home and sold in other country. As for import several reasons stand for export too. Among them there are possibilities to earn higher profit, because export gives ability to company to produce and sell more. 3.3 Inflation Inflation represents the degree by which price level of goods and services has raised in certain period. At the same time value of money has decreased, since for the same money buyer can buy less now. Inflation can result in real decrease of money value, which results in uncertainties in future. This is seen as negative effect of inflation. On the other hand inflation can give authorities and government possibility to adjust nominal rates and to call promotes investments in nonmonetary areas. However inflation is normal from time to time and in some cases shows how economy is doing. Inflation may be divided into cost push inflation (companies decide to increase their prices because their costs have increased) or demand pull inflation (demand for certain product increases so much that it is far more above the supply of that product). Formula for CPI is new price / old price x 100. 3.4 Salary Salary represents a payment from company, organization or other legal entity to an employee on a periodical basis. Salary is important to economy since it provides finance to population so they can spend and move money around. Based on the contract terms between employer and employee we may distinguish salary by time (workers are paid for the time they work in their companies), salary by work (company pays its worker regarding the work done such as time spent on work and quality of finished work) or salary by results (workers are paid based on quantity they have produced). Economy ranges workforce based on its income. The main part of household income is its salaries and that why today there are several categories or salary grades. Those often called “levels of salaries” distinguish employees and importance of position they occupy. Same as in other areas of economy there has to be levels of income so economy could produce different products that have different prices and etc. Beside national or in modern time, global economic reasons, salary provides information to individuals so they can be able to see their current position. 4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Unemployment has varied in the period of five years. As already mentioned unemployment may be the reason of several factors. As we can see from the chart one the left, unemployment was decreasing until 2009. It is assumed that world crisis from 2008 stroke. 328 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2009, and it results in increase of 5.98% of unemployment rate in 3 years. Analysis of 58 data for each variable on 5 year basis shows the following: Descriptive Statistics N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Unemployment 58 66761.00 469967.00 536728.00 511660.1552 17367.22390 Import 58 824155.00 719309.00 1543464.00 1205184.3793 171683.70156 Export 58 346719.00 385687.00 732406.00 562313.4310 90477.96194 Inflation 58 3.30 -1.20 2.10 .2931 .60491 Salaries 58 203.00 625.00 828.00 764.9483 59.53693 Valid N (listwise) 58 Standard deviation for unemployment shows that most of the data is somewhere around the mean. When it comes to trade, import counts for 69,900,694.00 of BAM (68.19%), while export counts for only 32,614,179.00 of BAM (31.81%). This shows that in almost five year (January and February of 2007 excluded) Bosnia and Herzegovina made trade deficit of 37,286,515.00 of BAM. Inflation in 58 months totaled to 17% which means that if people could buy certain things for 100 BAM in February of 2007 in December of 2011 they had to paid 117 BAM. Average salaries increased from 625 BAM to 828 BAM or for 32.48%. It increased until 2009 and from that point it has almost a flat curve. In December of 2011 Bosnia and Herzegovina counted 536,728.00 of unemployed people or 43.83% of its total workforce. Even if this number of unemployed people is the record for five years the percentage of unemployed people is not the biggest one (44.74% in March 2007). Beside unemployment standard deviation is low only in salary while higher standard deviation we have in import and export and extremely high in inflation which means that results varying hugely from the mean. 5. CONCLUSION The aim of this paper was to examine five determinants of economic sustainable development of Bosnia and Herzegovina and to see how they impact situation. From the results we could see that the main reason for unemployment, among the variables mentioned, is trade. Huge trade deficit is among the leading reason why this country stagnates in sustainable development. In order to operate with profit, company s revenue has to exceed the expenses. Same goes for economy; if there is no positive outcomes out of trade, in that case country cannot operate positive. However, it is important to increase export, because based on several economic theories it increases employment. On the other hand, economic researches show that relationship among unemployment and import is strongly negative, which means that increase in import also increases employment. Reason for that is that there is more consumption, which represents that economy is growing and that more money is available. The upcoming years will be crucial for the country since data shows slight stabilization in the last year. It shows that country started to recover a little bit from the crisis that hit it in the 329 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2009. In 2010 government made a strategic plan with several strategic goals in order to move forward. Among the goals they put macroeconomic stabilization, competiveness, employment, sustainable development and EU integration. In order to succeed government has to implement policies developed in this strategic plan efficiently and has to coordinate among these five goals, because the only way to have results is to implement them in the same time. REFERENCES Agency of statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Last Accessed April 29, 2012, http://bhas.ba/?option=com_saopstenje&cbgodina_saopstenja=2012&pregled=1&lang=ba A. Hodžić (2008). Geo-economic and geopolitical importance of the Balkan region in the expansion of European Union. Center for Security studies. Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Council of Ministers, Directorate for Economic Planning (2010). Development strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency, Last accessed on April https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html 28, 2012, N.L. Dobretsov, A.V. Kanygin, and A.E. Kontorovich, Paper on Economics and Environment as Factors of Sustainable Development of Siberian Mineral Resources Quotations Page, Last Accessed on April 22, 2012, http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/ 26032.html Tutor2u, Last Accessed on April 10, 2012, http://tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2macro-causes-of-inflation.html Wikipedia, Last Accessed April 29, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations The Applicability of Green Economy Policies: Governance Approach and Sustainable Development Fatma Neval Genç, Gülizar Seda Çorak, Murat Yılmaz Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 09900, Nazilli, Aydın, Turkey. E-mails: fatmanevalgenc@gmail.com, seda.corak@adu.edu.tr, muratyilmaz@adu.edu.tr Phone: +90 256 347 70 11 Abstract This report tries to focus on how the “governance” approach can enable “green economy” that develops along with change in the field of energy. As is known, governance approach emerged as a product of public administration paradigm starting to change at 1970s, and is 330 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1342 Title A name given to the resource Macroeconomic determinants of Sustainable Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author Emil, Knezović ERGÜN, Uğur Abstract A summary of the resource. The origin of term sustainable development comes from forestry and it means the extent of cutting and putting the new trees on the planet. Synonymous for it is sustainability and it refers to ability to endure as much longer as it is possible. This paper shows the degree of correlation between sustainable development in Bosnia and Herzegovina and five macroeconomic determinants: unemployment, export, import, average salaries and CPI as a measure for inflation. The paper provides information about importance of economy in this process and it explains all variables that are used. It is based on the period of five consecutive years (2007-2011). Research for all of five variables was conducted on monthly basis for this period, so in total it provides 58 data (January and February of 2007 are excluded) for each variable. Next thing that this paper shows is the current position of the country in terms of its development. The paper represents a combination of basic research (provides a lot of useful information about the topic) and quantitative research (shows numerical results that are gotten by the analysis of the problem). Unemployment, as one of the biggest and growing problems in the country, is dependent variable and paper tries to prove relationships among this variable and the others. Results in the paper are obtained through descriptive analysis. The paper provides data about causes for high unemployment in our country and it shows how much impact each variables mentioned above have or does it have at all. Finally, paper shows on what country should put more emphasize in order to improve its current position and to be able to compete with more developed countries. Keywords: sustainable development, unemployment, export, import, salary, inflation, CPI, economy, GDP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance