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https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1ebbc8908fab3f9b128f3cc7f4c13cb4.pdf
474d4d18732e0c911450d9a5a918f713
PDF Text
Text
2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Key Practices and Approaches to Sustainable Tourism Development
Lejla DĠZDAREVĠC
International University Philip Noel Baker
71000 Sarajevo
Bosnia and Herzegovina
lejla.hadzi@emu.edu.tr
Abstract: In recent years, the central stage in tourism world is taken by sustainable
tourism development. One could say that there is nothing left to say about sustainable
tourism development since it has numerous conferences, textbooks and corporate policy
statements. However, there are only few examples of successful sustainable tourism
initiatives that inspire, mainly due to the failure of putting theory into practice. This study
underlines main approaches and practices for more sustainable tourism development
giving attention to environmental protection which can be with little willingness and effort
easily accomplished. Impact of tourism is huge, it is positive and negative how on natural
also on other environments, but it is manageable if the general policy and the aim is
sustainable development. Responsible planning, consensus building, holistic thinking,
encouraging good practices and regulation of negative impacts are just some of crucial
steps toward approaching more sustainable way of tourism development.
Introduction
Surveys done by WTO and many written papers conclude that significant number of the tourism
development plans brought in the past have been implemented partially or have not been implemented at all. What or
who is guilty for this? Maybe the problem is in tourism industry itself or among those responsible for tourism
planning, or it is in approaches used for planning tourism development. However the problem is in place,
implementation is not going well and plans remain on papers and shelves gathering only dust while at same time
development of sustainable tourism fail. Therefore, the question is not whether to plan or not to plan, but how to
plan, which practices to use and what approaches to choose. Tourism planning requires knowledge and rationality
which in practice may not be achievable. Besides that planning for sustainable tourism development assumes
environmental and social protection over pure economic goals. Finally politics is in the center of tourism planning.
Achieving agreement on a rationale, comprehensive, holistic and long-range planning approach to tourism may look
impossible task. However, knowledge, rationality and willingness may find suitable approaches to planning,
implementation and control.
The aim of this paper is to take you back to importance of tourism planning and to address key approaches
and practices, among many, to sustainable tourism development. One could say that there is nothing left to say about
sustainable tourism development since it has numerous conferences, textbooks and corporate policy statements but
when we look for good example of such tourism development there are only few of them. As Getz (1986) argues,
this is mainly because of the failure to put together theory and practice. Almost three decades ago the issue was
evident but still problem is not solved and drawing of rigid ―Master Plans ― is with no hesitation still considered as
main approach to tourism planning mainly in developing countries (Burns 2004). Although tourism planning
recently moved toward application of more sustainable approaches still failures of sustainable development are
superior.
Tourism, Planning and Sustainability
Tourism for long time is a major topic for many academics, researchers, industries, governments and
publics (Coppock 1982; Jenkins 1982; Getz 1986; Davidson 1993; Burns 2004). It is widely accepted that tourism is
one of the largest industries today with rare ability to move millions of people from one place to another on base of
something what is intangible in core. Until know many definitions on tourism have been brought and discussed.
However problem of developing one that best describes tourism phenomena is present. Permanently used term
―tourism industry‖ also received some criticisms, where some authors suggest that tourism cannot be described as an
industry because it does not produce a single, distinct product (Jefferson and Lickorish 1988). As Gilbert (1990)
608
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
argues this difficulty of defining tourism is mainly because of the nature of tourism as a concept and also inputs
involved in satisfying tourist‘s demands and needs and recently interests of host community. Tourism left that issue
behind and until now developed into a truly worldwide activity that goes far beyond political, cultural, geographical,
and ideological boundaries. It is not just another industry but important part of economy foundation in many
countries. Besides that is fastest growing and leading industry at global level and one of the top five exports for
80% of countries (WTO 1998).
Tourism can be viewed, described and measured from different perspectives depending on nature of main
interests, objectives and aims. Decades ago the most important indicators and objectives of tourism were related to
economic growth and employment rate, mainly measuring how much money can bring into a country, how many
people can employ and how much visitors can attract. Still these elements are important indicators in measuring
overall tourism development, but also by time some other essential aspects have been considered as well. Today
significance of tourism is also measured trough impacts which tourism has on people‘s lives, places where they live
and also the way tourism is affected by different forces. It has been argued by Cook, Yale and Marqua (2002, p. 5),
―Tourism is much like the elephant: diverse and sometime hard to describe, but just like the elephant, too big to be
ignored‖. Finally we can say that tourism represents an important element of global economy and today almost every
country in some way is trying to achieve greater development through development of tourism.
As it was mentioned before tourism was widely accepted and used to accomplish quick economic growth
and to increase employment rate which is important element of economical indicators. However, in early 1980s such
tourism development receives many critics because of increasing evidence of negative impacts of tourism (Logar
2010). Tourism planners are asked to employ different approaches to tourism planning in order to regulate tourism
development before essential resources and potentials reach their end. In different destinations unfortunately this
occurred, mainly due to planning approaches used which did not include social, cultural and environmental aspect
(Hall 2000). And this is in fact how the need for more appropriate and more responsible approach to tourism
planning was born. This remains difficult task to solve, although today is possible to find different and quite
adoptable approaches to work out. In following we remind on value and role of planning process.
Planning is a term that is difficult to define because it may be used in relation to individuals or groups,
governments and organizations and can be applied to different levels like regional, national and international. In
addition it is a term widely accepted and used to describe ways and means to achieve future goals and objectives.
However planning means and requires much more. As it was argued by Williams (1998) without planning there is a
risk that activities undertaken will be unregulated, formless or haphazard and likely will lead to a range of negative
economic, social and environmental impacts. This actually best describes the situation with tourism in early 1970s
and 1980s. Also Gunn (1988), argued similarly when he claimed that the lack of planning may cause serious mal
functions and inefficiencies.
It is important to mention that planning in early stages was largely reactive while modern planning in the
late twentieth century was far proactive and future oriented. Furthermore, in early stages focus on the plan as
physical design has probably contributed to the failure to recognize the importance of actions involved in planning
(Gunn, 1988), while main aim of modern planning is to seek for optimal solutions to perceive problems that is
designed to maximize development of benefits, producing predictable outcomes (Williams, 1998). In addition,
planning is an ordered sequence of operations and actions that are designed to realize one siege goal or interrelated
goals. To conclude, making plans and estimates for the future including measurable outcomes is essential and
continuous process that helps, and is necessary activity in today‘s uncertainty.
Previously mentioned brought us to discussion of tourism planning. Nearly three decades ago tourism
planning was summarized in following way: ―to ensure that opportunities are available for tourist to gain enjoyable
and satisfying experience and at the same time to provide a mean of improving the way of life for residents and of
destination area‖ (Matthieson and Wall 1982, p.186). Many researchers agreed upon that planning for tourism is not
an easy task (Boud-Bovy 1982; Gunn 1988; Williams 1998; Spanoudis 1982; Burns 1999) and it is more difficult
than planning for other industries. Tourism planning is not a fixed process, but rather is continuous and dynamic.
Similarly as it is argued by Cook, Yale and Marqua (2000, p. 294) ―tourism planning is continuous process based on
a number of steps to develop and also sustain revenues created by tourism‖. Planners are facing many challenges
when planning for tourism, and mainly in the areas of aims and objectives, coordination and corporation,
compromises, and more so impacts. Since tourism involves so many other industries in its functioning, its benefits
must be integrated with the development of other sectors and its goals set to be sustainable.
In another words approaches to tourism planning should pay attention to the real mechanisms of tourism
development and to its integration into the whole economy. One direction planning has led to the negative tourism
consequences in many countries what was mentioned previously. In addition, where planning process was limited to
the few narrow goals or interests of few people plans failed to bring positive and measurable outcomes. This can be
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
considered as one of the reasons why so many plans couldn‘t be implemented. Still debates and researches are
going on in direction of finding approach for tourism planning which will include broader set of economic, social
and environmental needs without excluding the indigenous values (Haywood 1988). According to Boud-Bovy
(1982), planners should ensure that important factors are integrated into planning sequence and some of them are:
The interdependency between tourism development and overall development of a country
The interdependency between tourism sector and all other participants in tourism development
The interdependency between domestic and foreign tourism.
Thus, it is obvious that need for elaboration of planning approach with ability to integrate all those factors and much
more is very present. Furthermore, stakeholders‘ participation in planning process should be completely accepted
and encouraged.
Evolution of tourism and different political, socioeconomic, technical and environmental factors has created
different approaches to tourism planning which were extensively used. We will mention and give very short
explanation about few of them:
Boosterism
Economic approach
Physical spatial approach
Community oriented approach
Sustainable approach
Boosterism has been planning approach since the emergence of mass tourism focusing on positive and ignoring
negative impacts on economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects (Baidal 2004).
Economic approach is actually continuation of boosterism giving importance to economic issues over
social and environmental ones (Burns 1999). The focus is on tourism as an export industry and its potentials for
economic growth.
Physical spatial approaches appear as opposite to those previously mentioned, focusing mainly on the
environmental issues, with emphasis on preservation of the natural resources.
Community oriented approach focuses on tourism development at local level and greater social involvement
in planning process.
And finally concept of sustainability and sustainable planning approach become incorporated in tourism.
This approach is based on a coherent, holistic perspective, and focusing on the balance between economic growth,
social justice and environmental preservation (Hall, 2000). In the following attention will be on sustainability and
sustainable tourism.
The issue of sustainability is introduced almost twenty or thirty years ago while its roots are found even
centuries ago. However, discussion over sustainable tourism is phenomenon of the 1990s. It is widely accepted that
sustainable in general represents development which meets our needs today without compromising the ability of
people in the future to meet their needs (Swarbrooke 1999). It is obvious that is directed toward future considering
long term perspectives what is hard to find in human decision-making. Besides that it underlines importance and
need of planning and interventions before it is too late. Furthermore, concept of sustainability is including integration
of environmental, people and economic systems. Discussions and debates over this were going on which mainly
influenced emergence of sustainable tourism.
In 1997, Hunter addresses some of essential issues of sustainable development that can be adopted as
important part of sustainable tourism debate and those are:
The role of economic growth in promoting human well-being
The impacts and importance of human population growth
The effective existence of environmental limits to growth
The sustainability of natural resources with human made capital created trough economic growth
and technical innovation
The different interpretation of the criticality of various components of the natural resource base and
, therefore, the potential for substitution
The ability of technologies to decouple economic growth and unwanted environmental side-effects
The meaning of the value attributed to the natural world and the rights of non-human species,
sentient or otherwise
The degree to which a system (ecosystem) perspective should be adopted and the importance of
maintaining the functional integrity of ecosystems
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Apparently, tourism industry begins to accept idea of sustainable tourism, but little of that actually was
applied. Much of that remains on presentation papers, reports and in poorly designed ―Master plans‖ for tourism
development.
Well known elements of sustainability can for sure provide better future how for human and natural environments
also for tourism industry. But it is clear that application of concept somehow find hidden reasons to be pushed in a
side while the center is occupied by economic growth and related indicators.
Finally we can say that incorporation of main principles of sustainable development into tourism may play
key management issues in its development. The study will proceed with new heading under which some of
noteworthy practices and approaches for sustainable tourism development will be presented.
Prospective approaches and practices for sustainable tourism
For quite long period, convincingly, mass tourism was blamed for negative impacts on the social, natural
and economic aspects. In addition arguments have appeared like, reaction to the tourism planning biases, discussion
of limited growth and suggestion of alternative tourism. This brought emergence of alternative forms of tourism and
especially ecotourism as a practical option (Cater 1993).
Burns (1999) in his work presents two basic approaches or so called bipolarities in tourism planning and
concludes that all tourism planning approaches can be placed within two main groups. First is so called ―Tourism
First, basically supply-led approach, focusing on the development of tourism facilities and on the need of production.
Tourism represents consumerism and commodisation, led by globalization where markers drive distribution. Second
approach is ―Development First‖ which is in line with UN‘s National Development concept and supposes to achieve
poverty elimination, development of rural areas creating productive employment. Tourism is perceived as holistic
system with emphasis on distribution and sustainable human development. Additionally, holds the philosophy that
tourism is the part of a whole structure for economic improvement.
As it can bee understood these two approaches represents two opposite sides, containing definite paradoxes
in relation to tourism planning. However, each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. While ―Development
First ―cannot ensure achievement of short-term goals, return on investment and other related issues, ―Tourism First‖
approach cannot satisfy needs of environmental preservation, sustainable use of resources and fair distribution of
benefits.
After all, as result of previously mentioned Burns (2004) presents its work introducing new model for
tourism planning so called ―Third Way‖. The attributes are fairly significant as listed below:
It is more flexible
Less limited with more alternatives for development
More politically and socially adjustable
May help the formation of different civil institutions
Moves beyond many other models
It requires realistic assessment of potential benefits and problems
Besides, application of this approach asks for complete commitment within democratic process giving no
rights without responsibilities. With its remarkable six elements, important factors and prerequisites ―Third Way‖
approach somehow appears as solution for sustainable tourism development especially in developing countries.
However, it is necessary to mention that model has not been tried representing an valuable option, what inspires in
fact. This proves still problematic harmonization between theories and practices. Unfortunately, what is given on
paper remains on paper. More about the model is given in original study written by Burns (2004).
Some benefits of sustainable tourism brought at Globe `90 conference in Vancouver are summarized in
following give us chance to draw adjustable actions toward sustainable tourism development.
Idea of sustainable tourism is based on understanding impacts of tourism on cultural, human and
natural environment. Education with accent on negative and positive impacts of tourism may play
an important role in understanding the main idea of sustainable tourism. Furthermore involvement
of academics and researchers in planning processes and open public discussions may contribute as
well.
Fair distribution of benefits and costs is encouraged by sustainable tourism. Tourism development
should be intergraded into broader national development ensuring involvement of different
stakeholders who will agree on responsibilities. Tourism development must manage to avoid
chances for achievement of monopolistic power and personal interests.
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Sustainable tourism encourages development of domestic industries. Domestic investors and
owners of different enterprises should be encouraged through incentives and preferable conditions
to support the completion of tourism products. How various sectors directly or indirectly influence
tourism industry it is necessary to ensure good cooperation among them.
Tourism generates employment at local level, directly or through other sectors. Thus, local people
should have priorities even cheaper working force can be imported. This may reduce leakages and
contribute to the economy. Finally, seasonally imported workers are not part of long-term
sustainable development.
Tourism is a foreign currency earner for the country and helps the economy. Invisible export is key
power of tourism industry. Inflow of foreign tourists should be encouraged with respect to interests
of host community, cultural aspects and environmental issues like carrying capacity.
Tourism encourages improvement of local infrastructure, transportation and communication.
Developed infrastructure should be primarily there to serve local needs, then needs of tourism,
what ensures greater quality of life at the destination. Governmental involvement is necessary here.
Tourism encourages preservation of existing man-made attraction and development or recreational
facilities. Interest of tourists may help to preserve important historical monuments and sites
previously neglected. Development of various facilities should be encouraged mainly by
governmental help but also domestic investors, ensuring the same right for everyone. Such policies
may reduce tensions between hosts and foreigners.
Tourism helps the local economy to be diverse. Development of supporting tourism sectors should
be done at local level resulting in direct decrease of importing costs. In addition this is way to help
development of rural areas.
Sustainable tourism requires involvement of all stakeholders in the decision-making process. Here
is important to balance the interests of stakeholders and to develop mechanisms to manage
different views on same issues. This can be difficult task due to difficulty to find homogenous
communities but sustainable concept should be held at the center of main objectives and interests.
Sustainable tourism encourages natural protection and proper land use. Here the importance is on
understanding what is to be preserved and what is to be achieved. Clear thinking and good
management are very important which will help to design best ways for land use and methods for
natural preservation.
Sustainable tourism influence cultural aspect in a positive way. Tourism as it is known brings
diverse cultures together. Thus it can be used to help preservation of cultural heritage, traditional
way of life, and even civilizations.
Sustainable tourism is environmentally oriented and serves to protect natural and cultural
resources creating social and economical well being for community. Managing quality of the
natural environment is of great importance for tourism existence. It is the environment that mainly
attracts visitors. Control can be done through regular application of different methods like:
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental auditing etc. Application of different
policies, laws and regulation can also help preservation of cultural heritage.
Sustainable tourism requires monitoring, assessment and management of tourism impacts. In
addition, counters any negative impact. To remain sustainable tourism must be monitored and
controlled by established regulatory institution. Thus development of different institutions is
necessary. Besides, different measures encountering negative impacts of tourism should be
constantly enlarged and improved.
Although one can think that sustainable tourism is impossible dream, sustainability can be managed by
application of different lows and regulations, policies, measures and methods. Trade-offs as well will be necessary in
accomplishing this task.
Conclusion
The aim of this study was to explore the importance of planning process especially in relation to tourism
industry and development. However the main aim was to underline the appropriate approaches and practices to
sustainable tourism development Aims were accomplished through relevant literature review what broaden the
discussion on mentioned issues. Based on this discussion it is possible to draw some general conclusions that can be
understood as recommendations. Firstly, concept of planning should be deeply understood and learned by so called
612
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
―planners‖. This can help to avoid pitfalls in designing plans especially for tourism development. Second, tourism
should be perceived from different perspectives but not only economical in order to forecast the possible social and
environmental changes resulting form tourism development. Third, concept of sustainability should not be used to
hide from view various unsustainable interests, goals, and objectives. In addition, sustainability should be at the
center of human, environmental, social and economical development. Fourth, agreement should be achieved at all
levels and among various stakeholders in order to carry on with tourism development. That is a way of ensuring
broader involvement of local people what is at the same time prerequisite for sustainable development. . Fifth,
appropriate approaches for sustainable development of tourism must be at place, developed according to all
potentials, problems, social, cultural and environmental characteristics of particular destination. This ensures
integration of home-grown values and their respect. Finally, benefits of sustainable tourism development should be
ensured trough carefully designed practices, policies and methods. We like it or not, sustainability represents our
future. It is hoped that this study will at least encourage some promising thoughts or likely brighter future for
sustainable tourism development.
References
Baidal, I.J. (2004). Tourism planning in Spain; evaluation and perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (2), 313-333
Baud-Bovy, M. (1982). New concepts in planning for tourism and recreation. Tourism Management, December
Burns, M.P. (1999). Paradoxes in planning; tourism elitism or brutalism? Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (2), 329-348
Burns, M.P. (2004). Tourism planning; a third way? Annals of Tourism Research. 31 (1), 24-43
Cater, E. (1993). Ecotourism in the third world: problems for sustainable tourism development. Tourism Management, April
Cook, A.R., Yale, J.L. and Marqua, J.J. (2002). Tourism; business of travel. (2 nd ed.). New Jersey, Person Education Inc. USA
Coopock, J.T. (1982). Tourism and conservation. Tourism Management, December
Davidson, R. (1993). Tourism. (2nd ed.). Harlow, Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
Gilbert, D. (1990). Conceptual issues in the management of tourism. Progress in Tourism Recreation and Hospitality, vol.2
Getz, D. (1986). Models in tourism planning; toward integration of theory and practices. Tourism management, March
Gunn, C.A. (1998). Tourism planning, (2 nd ed.). New York, Taylor and Francis
Hall. C.M. (2000). Tourism planning. Pearson Education, Prentice Hall
Huywood, M.K. (1988). Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community. Tourism Management, June
Hunter, C. (1997) Sustainable tourism as a adoptive paradigm. Annals of Tourism Research, 24, 850-67
Jefferson, A. and LIckorish, L. (1988). Marketing tourism-a practical guide. Harlow, Longman
Jenkins, L:C. (1982). The effects of scale in tourism projects in developing counties. Annals of Tourism Research, 9, 229-249
Logar, A. (2010). Sustainable tourism management in Cirkvenica, Croatia , an assessment of policy instruments. Tourism
Management, 31, 125-135
Matthieson, A. and Wall, G. (1982) Tourism; economic, social and environmental impacts. London, Longman
Spanoudis, C. (1982). Trends in tourism planning and development. Tourism Management, December
Swarbrooke, J. (1999).Sustainable tourism management. CAB International, UK
Williams, S. (1998). Tourism geography. London, Rutledge
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
World Tourism Organization (1998). Tourism economic report
614
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Key Practices and Approaches to Sustainable Tourism Development
Author
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DİZDAREVİC, Lejla
Abstract
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In recent years, the central stage in tourism world is taken by sustainable tourism development. One could say that there is nothing left to say about sustainable tourism development since it has numerous conferences, textbooks and corporate policy statements. However, there are only few examples of successful sustainable tourism initiatives that inspire, mainly due to the failure of putting theory into practice. This study underlines main approaches and practices for more sustainable tourism development giving attention to environmental protection which can be with little willingness and effort easily accomplished. Impact of tourism is huge, it is positive and negative how on natural also on other environments, but it is manageable if the general policy and the aim is sustainable development. Responsible planning, consensus building, holistic thinking, encouraging good practices and regulation of negative impacts are just some of crucial steps toward approaching more sustainable way of tourism development.
Date
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2010-06
Keywords
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Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
HB Economic Theory
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https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c674d30bce1a08246fd0b8bccd83f957.pdf
474d4d18732e0c911450d9a5a918f713
PDF Text
Text
2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Key Practices and Approaches to Sustainable Tourism Development
Lejla DĠZDAREVĠC
International University Philip Noel Baker
71000 Sarajevo
Bosnia and Herzegovina
lejla.hadzi@emu.edu.tr
Abstract: In recent years, the central stage in tourism world is taken by sustainable
tourism development. One could say that there is nothing left to say about sustainable
tourism development since it has numerous conferences, textbooks and corporate policy
statements. However, there are only few examples of successful sustainable tourism
initiatives that inspire, mainly due to the failure of putting theory into practice. This study
underlines main approaches and practices for more sustainable tourism development
giving attention to environmental protection which can be with little willingness and effort
easily accomplished. Impact of tourism is huge, it is positive and negative how on natural
also on other environments, but it is manageable if the general policy and the aim is
sustainable development. Responsible planning, consensus building, holistic thinking,
encouraging good practices and regulation of negative impacts are just some of crucial
steps toward approaching more sustainable way of tourism development.
Introduction
Surveys done by WTO and many written papers conclude that significant number of the tourism
development plans brought in the past have been implemented partially or have not been implemented at all. What or
who is guilty for this? Maybe the problem is in tourism industry itself or among those responsible for tourism
planning, or it is in approaches used for planning tourism development. However the problem is in place,
implementation is not going well and plans remain on papers and shelves gathering only dust while at same time
development of sustainable tourism fail. Therefore, the question is not whether to plan or not to plan, but how to
plan, which practices to use and what approaches to choose. Tourism planning requires knowledge and rationality
which in practice may not be achievable. Besides that planning for sustainable tourism development assumes
environmental and social protection over pure economic goals. Finally politics is in the center of tourism planning.
Achieving agreement on a rationale, comprehensive, holistic and long-range planning approach to tourism may look
impossible task. However, knowledge, rationality and willingness may find suitable approaches to planning,
implementation and control.
The aim of this paper is to take you back to importance of tourism planning and to address key approaches
and practices, among many, to sustainable tourism development. One could say that there is nothing left to say about
sustainable tourism development since it has numerous conferences, textbooks and corporate policy statements but
when we look for good example of such tourism development there are only few of them. As Getz (1986) argues,
this is mainly because of the failure to put together theory and practice. Almost three decades ago the issue was
evident but still problem is not solved and drawing of rigid ―Master Plans ― is with no hesitation still considered as
main approach to tourism planning mainly in developing countries (Burns 2004). Although tourism planning
recently moved toward application of more sustainable approaches still failures of sustainable development are
superior.
Tourism, Planning and Sustainability
Tourism for long time is a major topic for many academics, researchers, industries, governments and
publics (Coppock 1982; Jenkins 1982; Getz 1986; Davidson 1993; Burns 2004). It is widely accepted that tourism is
one of the largest industries today with rare ability to move millions of people from one place to another on base of
something what is intangible in core. Until know many definitions on tourism have been brought and discussed.
However problem of developing one that best describes tourism phenomena is present. Permanently used term
―tourism industry‖ also received some criticisms, where some authors suggest that tourism cannot be described as an
industry because it does not produce a single, distinct product (Jefferson and Lickorish 1988). As Gilbert (1990)
608
�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
argues this difficulty of defining tourism is mainly because of the nature of tourism as a concept and also inputs
involved in satisfying tourist‘s demands and needs and recently interests of host community. Tourism left that issue
behind and until now developed into a truly worldwide activity that goes far beyond political, cultural, geographical,
and ideological boundaries. It is not just another industry but important part of economy foundation in many
countries. Besides that is fastest growing and leading industry at global level and one of the top five exports for
80% of countries (WTO 1998).
Tourism can be viewed, described and measured from different perspectives depending on nature of main
interests, objectives and aims. Decades ago the most important indicators and objectives of tourism were related to
economic growth and employment rate, mainly measuring how much money can bring into a country, how many
people can employ and how much visitors can attract. Still these elements are important indicators in measuring
overall tourism development, but also by time some other essential aspects have been considered as well. Today
significance of tourism is also measured trough impacts which tourism has on people‘s lives, places where they live
and also the way tourism is affected by different forces. It has been argued by Cook, Yale and Marqua (2002, p. 5),
―Tourism is much like the elephant: diverse and sometime hard to describe, but just like the elephant, too big to be
ignored‖. Finally we can say that tourism represents an important element of global economy and today almost every
country in some way is trying to achieve greater development through development of tourism.
As it was mentioned before tourism was widely accepted and used to accomplish quick economic growth
and to increase employment rate which is important element of economical indicators. However, in early 1980s such
tourism development receives many critics because of increasing evidence of negative impacts of tourism (Logar
2010). Tourism planners are asked to employ different approaches to tourism planning in order to regulate tourism
development before essential resources and potentials reach their end. In different destinations unfortunately this
occurred, mainly due to planning approaches used which did not include social, cultural and environmental aspect
(Hall 2000). And this is in fact how the need for more appropriate and more responsible approach to tourism
planning was born. This remains difficult task to solve, although today is possible to find different and quite
adoptable approaches to work out. In following we remind on value and role of planning process.
Planning is a term that is difficult to define because it may be used in relation to individuals or groups,
governments and organizations and can be applied to different levels like regional, national and international. In
addition it is a term widely accepted and used to describe ways and means to achieve future goals and objectives.
However planning means and requires much more. As it was argued by Williams (1998) without planning there is a
risk that activities undertaken will be unregulated, formless or haphazard and likely will lead to a range of negative
economic, social and environmental impacts. This actually best describes the situation with tourism in early 1970s
and 1980s. Also Gunn (1988), argued similarly when he claimed that the lack of planning may cause serious mal
functions and inefficiencies.
It is important to mention that planning in early stages was largely reactive while modern planning in the
late twentieth century was far proactive and future oriented. Furthermore, in early stages focus on the plan as
physical design has probably contributed to the failure to recognize the importance of actions involved in planning
(Gunn, 1988), while main aim of modern planning is to seek for optimal solutions to perceive problems that is
designed to maximize development of benefits, producing predictable outcomes (Williams, 1998). In addition,
planning is an ordered sequence of operations and actions that are designed to realize one siege goal or interrelated
goals. To conclude, making plans and estimates for the future including measurable outcomes is essential and
continuous process that helps, and is necessary activity in today‘s uncertainty.
Previously mentioned brought us to discussion of tourism planning. Nearly three decades ago tourism
planning was summarized in following way: ―to ensure that opportunities are available for tourist to gain enjoyable
and satisfying experience and at the same time to provide a mean of improving the way of life for residents and of
destination area‖ (Matthieson and Wall 1982, p.186). Many researchers agreed upon that planning for tourism is not
an easy task (Boud-Bovy 1982; Gunn 1988; Williams 1998; Spanoudis 1982; Burns 1999) and it is more difficult
than planning for other industries. Tourism planning is not a fixed process, but rather is continuous and dynamic.
Similarly as it is argued by Cook, Yale and Marqua (2000, p. 294) ―tourism planning is continuous process based on
a number of steps to develop and also sustain revenues created by tourism‖. Planners are facing many challenges
when planning for tourism, and mainly in the areas of aims and objectives, coordination and corporation,
compromises, and more so impacts. Since tourism involves so many other industries in its functioning, its benefits
must be integrated with the development of other sectors and its goals set to be sustainable.
In another words approaches to tourism planning should pay attention to the real mechanisms of tourism
development and to its integration into the whole economy. One direction planning has led to the negative tourism
consequences in many countries what was mentioned previously. In addition, where planning process was limited to
the few narrow goals or interests of few people plans failed to bring positive and measurable outcomes. This can be
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considered as one of the reasons why so many plans couldn‘t be implemented. Still debates and researches are
going on in direction of finding approach for tourism planning which will include broader set of economic, social
and environmental needs without excluding the indigenous values (Haywood 1988). According to Boud-Bovy
(1982), planners should ensure that important factors are integrated into planning sequence and some of them are:
The interdependency between tourism development and overall development of a country
The interdependency between tourism sector and all other participants in tourism development
The interdependency between domestic and foreign tourism.
Thus, it is obvious that need for elaboration of planning approach with ability to integrate all those factors and much
more is very present. Furthermore, stakeholders‘ participation in planning process should be completely accepted
and encouraged.
Evolution of tourism and different political, socioeconomic, technical and environmental factors has created
different approaches to tourism planning which were extensively used. We will mention and give very short
explanation about few of them:
Boosterism
Economic approach
Physical spatial approach
Community oriented approach
Sustainable approach
Boosterism has been planning approach since the emergence of mass tourism focusing on positive and ignoring
negative impacts on economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects (Baidal 2004).
Economic approach is actually continuation of boosterism giving importance to economic issues over
social and environmental ones (Burns 1999). The focus is on tourism as an export industry and its potentials for
economic growth.
Physical spatial approaches appear as opposite to those previously mentioned, focusing mainly on the
environmental issues, with emphasis on preservation of the natural resources.
Community oriented approach focuses on tourism development at local level and greater social involvement
in planning process.
And finally concept of sustainability and sustainable planning approach become incorporated in tourism.
This approach is based on a coherent, holistic perspective, and focusing on the balance between economic growth,
social justice and environmental preservation (Hall, 2000). In the following attention will be on sustainability and
sustainable tourism.
The issue of sustainability is introduced almost twenty or thirty years ago while its roots are found even
centuries ago. However, discussion over sustainable tourism is phenomenon of the 1990s. It is widely accepted that
sustainable in general represents development which meets our needs today without compromising the ability of
people in the future to meet their needs (Swarbrooke 1999). It is obvious that is directed toward future considering
long term perspectives what is hard to find in human decision-making. Besides that it underlines importance and
need of planning and interventions before it is too late. Furthermore, concept of sustainability is including integration
of environmental, people and economic systems. Discussions and debates over this were going on which mainly
influenced emergence of sustainable tourism.
In 1997, Hunter addresses some of essential issues of sustainable development that can be adopted as
important part of sustainable tourism debate and those are:
The role of economic growth in promoting human well-being
The impacts and importance of human population growth
The effective existence of environmental limits to growth
The sustainability of natural resources with human made capital created trough economic growth
and technical innovation
The different interpretation of the criticality of various components of the natural resource base and
, therefore, the potential for substitution
The ability of technologies to decouple economic growth and unwanted environmental side-effects
The meaning of the value attributed to the natural world and the rights of non-human species,
sentient or otherwise
The degree to which a system (ecosystem) perspective should be adopted and the importance of
maintaining the functional integrity of ecosystems
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Apparently, tourism industry begins to accept idea of sustainable tourism, but little of that actually was
applied. Much of that remains on presentation papers, reports and in poorly designed ―Master plans‖ for tourism
development.
Well known elements of sustainability can for sure provide better future how for human and natural environments
also for tourism industry. But it is clear that application of concept somehow find hidden reasons to be pushed in a
side while the center is occupied by economic growth and related indicators.
Finally we can say that incorporation of main principles of sustainable development into tourism may play
key management issues in its development. The study will proceed with new heading under which some of
noteworthy practices and approaches for sustainable tourism development will be presented.
Prospective approaches and practices for sustainable tourism
For quite long period, convincingly, mass tourism was blamed for negative impacts on the social, natural
and economic aspects. In addition arguments have appeared like, reaction to the tourism planning biases, discussion
of limited growth and suggestion of alternative tourism. This brought emergence of alternative forms of tourism and
especially ecotourism as a practical option (Cater 1993).
Burns (1999) in his work presents two basic approaches or so called bipolarities in tourism planning and
concludes that all tourism planning approaches can be placed within two main groups. First is so called ―Tourism
First, basically supply-led approach, focusing on the development of tourism facilities and on the need of production.
Tourism represents consumerism and commodisation, led by globalization where markers drive distribution. Second
approach is ―Development First‖ which is in line with UN‘s National Development concept and supposes to achieve
poverty elimination, development of rural areas creating productive employment. Tourism is perceived as holistic
system with emphasis on distribution and sustainable human development. Additionally, holds the philosophy that
tourism is the part of a whole structure for economic improvement.
As it can bee understood these two approaches represents two opposite sides, containing definite paradoxes
in relation to tourism planning. However, each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. While ―Development
First ―cannot ensure achievement of short-term goals, return on investment and other related issues, ―Tourism First‖
approach cannot satisfy needs of environmental preservation, sustainable use of resources and fair distribution of
benefits.
After all, as result of previously mentioned Burns (2004) presents its work introducing new model for
tourism planning so called ―Third Way‖. The attributes are fairly significant as listed below:
It is more flexible
Less limited with more alternatives for development
More politically and socially adjustable
May help the formation of different civil institutions
Moves beyond many other models
It requires realistic assessment of potential benefits and problems
Besides, application of this approach asks for complete commitment within democratic process giving no
rights without responsibilities. With its remarkable six elements, important factors and prerequisites ―Third Way‖
approach somehow appears as solution for sustainable tourism development especially in developing countries.
However, it is necessary to mention that model has not been tried representing an valuable option, what inspires in
fact. This proves still problematic harmonization between theories and practices. Unfortunately, what is given on
paper remains on paper. More about the model is given in original study written by Burns (2004).
Some benefits of sustainable tourism brought at Globe `90 conference in Vancouver are summarized in
following give us chance to draw adjustable actions toward sustainable tourism development.
Idea of sustainable tourism is based on understanding impacts of tourism on cultural, human and
natural environment. Education with accent on negative and positive impacts of tourism may play
an important role in understanding the main idea of sustainable tourism. Furthermore involvement
of academics and researchers in planning processes and open public discussions may contribute as
well.
Fair distribution of benefits and costs is encouraged by sustainable tourism. Tourism development
should be intergraded into broader national development ensuring involvement of different
stakeholders who will agree on responsibilities. Tourism development must manage to avoid
chances for achievement of monopolistic power and personal interests.
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Sustainable tourism encourages development of domestic industries. Domestic investors and
owners of different enterprises should be encouraged through incentives and preferable conditions
to support the completion of tourism products. How various sectors directly or indirectly influence
tourism industry it is necessary to ensure good cooperation among them.
Tourism generates employment at local level, directly or through other sectors. Thus, local people
should have priorities even cheaper working force can be imported. This may reduce leakages and
contribute to the economy. Finally, seasonally imported workers are not part of long-term
sustainable development.
Tourism is a foreign currency earner for the country and helps the economy. Invisible export is key
power of tourism industry. Inflow of foreign tourists should be encouraged with respect to interests
of host community, cultural aspects and environmental issues like carrying capacity.
Tourism encourages improvement of local infrastructure, transportation and communication.
Developed infrastructure should be primarily there to serve local needs, then needs of tourism,
what ensures greater quality of life at the destination. Governmental involvement is necessary here.
Tourism encourages preservation of existing man-made attraction and development or recreational
facilities. Interest of tourists may help to preserve important historical monuments and sites
previously neglected. Development of various facilities should be encouraged mainly by
governmental help but also domestic investors, ensuring the same right for everyone. Such policies
may reduce tensions between hosts and foreigners.
Tourism helps the local economy to be diverse. Development of supporting tourism sectors should
be done at local level resulting in direct decrease of importing costs. In addition this is way to help
development of rural areas.
Sustainable tourism requires involvement of all stakeholders in the decision-making process. Here
is important to balance the interests of stakeholders and to develop mechanisms to manage
different views on same issues. This can be difficult task due to difficulty to find homogenous
communities but sustainable concept should be held at the center of main objectives and interests.
Sustainable tourism encourages natural protection and proper land use. Here the importance is on
understanding what is to be preserved and what is to be achieved. Clear thinking and good
management are very important which will help to design best ways for land use and methods for
natural preservation.
Sustainable tourism influence cultural aspect in a positive way. Tourism as it is known brings
diverse cultures together. Thus it can be used to help preservation of cultural heritage, traditional
way of life, and even civilizations.
Sustainable tourism is environmentally oriented and serves to protect natural and cultural
resources creating social and economical well being for community. Managing quality of the
natural environment is of great importance for tourism existence. It is the environment that mainly
attracts visitors. Control can be done through regular application of different methods like:
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental auditing etc. Application of different
policies, laws and regulation can also help preservation of cultural heritage.
Sustainable tourism requires monitoring, assessment and management of tourism impacts. In
addition, counters any negative impact. To remain sustainable tourism must be monitored and
controlled by established regulatory institution. Thus development of different institutions is
necessary. Besides, different measures encountering negative impacts of tourism should be
constantly enlarged and improved.
Although one can think that sustainable tourism is impossible dream, sustainability can be managed by
application of different lows and regulations, policies, measures and methods. Trade-offs as well will be necessary in
accomplishing this task.
Conclusion
The aim of this study was to explore the importance of planning process especially in relation to tourism
industry and development. However the main aim was to underline the appropriate approaches and practices to
sustainable tourism development Aims were accomplished through relevant literature review what broaden the
discussion on mentioned issues. Based on this discussion it is possible to draw some general conclusions that can be
understood as recommendations. Firstly, concept of planning should be deeply understood and learned by so called
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―planners‖. This can help to avoid pitfalls in designing plans especially for tourism development. Second, tourism
should be perceived from different perspectives but not only economical in order to forecast the possible social and
environmental changes resulting form tourism development. Third, concept of sustainability should not be used to
hide from view various unsustainable interests, goals, and objectives. In addition, sustainability should be at the
center of human, environmental, social and economical development. Fourth, agreement should be achieved at all
levels and among various stakeholders in order to carry on with tourism development. That is a way of ensuring
broader involvement of local people what is at the same time prerequisite for sustainable development. . Fifth,
appropriate approaches for sustainable development of tourism must be at place, developed according to all
potentials, problems, social, cultural and environmental characteristics of particular destination. This ensures
integration of home-grown values and their respect. Finally, benefits of sustainable tourism development should be
ensured trough carefully designed practices, policies and methods. We like it or not, sustainability represents our
future. It is hoped that this study will at least encourage some promising thoughts or likely brighter future for
sustainable tourism development.
References
Baidal, I.J. (2004). Tourism planning in Spain; evaluation and perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (2), 313-333
Baud-Bovy, M. (1982). New concepts in planning for tourism and recreation. Tourism Management, December
Burns, M.P. (1999). Paradoxes in planning; tourism elitism or brutalism? Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (2), 329-348
Burns, M.P. (2004). Tourism planning; a third way? Annals of Tourism Research. 31 (1), 24-43
Cater, E. (1993). Ecotourism in the third world: problems for sustainable tourism development. Tourism Management, April
Cook, A.R., Yale, J.L. and Marqua, J.J. (2002). Tourism; business of travel. (2 nd ed.). New Jersey, Person Education Inc. USA
Coopock, J.T. (1982). Tourism and conservation. Tourism Management, December
Davidson, R. (1993). Tourism. (2nd ed.). Harlow, Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
Gilbert, D. (1990). Conceptual issues in the management of tourism. Progress in Tourism Recreation and Hospitality, vol.2
Getz, D. (1986). Models in tourism planning; toward integration of theory and practices. Tourism management, March
Gunn, C.A. (1998). Tourism planning, (2 nd ed.). New York, Taylor and Francis
Hall. C.M. (2000). Tourism planning. Pearson Education, Prentice Hall
Huywood, M.K. (1988). Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community. Tourism Management, June
Hunter, C. (1997) Sustainable tourism as a adoptive paradigm. Annals of Tourism Research, 24, 850-67
Jefferson, A. and LIckorish, L. (1988). Marketing tourism-a practical guide. Harlow, Longman
Jenkins, L:C. (1982). The effects of scale in tourism projects in developing counties. Annals of Tourism Research, 9, 229-249
Logar, A. (2010). Sustainable tourism management in Cirkvenica, Croatia , an assessment of policy instruments. Tourism
Management, 31, 125-135
Matthieson, A. and Wall, G. (1982) Tourism; economic, social and environmental impacts. London, Longman
Spanoudis, C. (1982). Trends in tourism planning and development. Tourism Management, December
Swarbrooke, J. (1999).Sustainable tourism management. CAB International, UK
Williams, S. (1998). Tourism geography. London, Rutledge
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World Tourism Organization (1998). Tourism economic report
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�
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291
Title
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Key Practices and Approaches to Sustainable Tourism Development
Author
Author
DİZDAREVİC, Lejla
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
In recent years, the central stage in tourism world is taken by sustainable tourism development. One could say that there is nothing left to say about sustainable tourism development since it has numerous conferences, textbooks and corporate policy statements. However, there are only few examples of successful sustainable tourism initiatives that inspire, mainly due to the failure of putting theory into practice. This study underlines main approaches and practices for more sustainable tourism development giving attention to environmental protection which can be with little willingness and effort easily accomplished. Impact of tourism is huge, it is positive and negative how on natural also on other environments, but it is manageable if the general policy and the aim is sustainable development. Responsible planning, consensus building, holistic thinking, encouraging good practices and regulation of negative impacts are just some of crucial steps toward approaching more sustainable way of tourism development.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
HB Economic Theory
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https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f221edcc49bff50d3ec6a898bd985147.pdf
c2dcf0e220515a14038cf3d180d4bf36
PDF Text
Text
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
Key Success Factors for Sustainable
Strategic Information Systems
Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure
Zana Pekmez
University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Economics
Bosnia & Herzegovina
zana_pekmez@hotmail.com
Abstract: Paper intends to provide an expert view on the approach to
transformation of business processes toward business sustainability, or
sustainable business processes, with a focus on ecological thinking.
Furthermore, it highlights the argument that approach to corporate
sustainability is interdisciplinary process spanning from the fields of
sociology to applied technological innovation and advances in the
IT/IS sphere of influence. Through a review of an amalgam of very
recent literature, a versatile business model is recommended bridging
together most effective strategic information system planning (SISP)
tools for building a sustainable business processes to be deployed in
practice. This article intends to help high and middle management
extend the notion of sustainable development to their every-day
managerial activities while protecting the organization well-accepted
business principles.
Keywords: Corporate
sustainability; Business process
management (BPM); Information
Systems (IS); Information
Technology (IT) infrastructure,
Green IT and IS
JEL Classification: M15 – IT
Management
Article History
Submitted: 21 March 2016
Resubmitted: 13 July 2016
Accepted: 5 September 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECO
SS166110
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Introduction
Information systems (IS) and Information Technology (IT) have in many significant
ways contributed to the sustainability cause in the past decades as an instrument to
raise awareness about ecological thinking, communicate and distribute information,
increase productivity and optimize the use of natural resources, as well as reduce
travel and transportation (Huang, 2009). However, all these deeds do not excuse
these technological systems and constructs from continuing to stand up for the
environment advocating and supporting sustainable business practices and systems.
Powerful and wide-spread technology and significant role of information systems in
our everyday lives are all reasons why IT and IS should be at the forefront of the
battle for sustainability.
For almost four decades it has been a greatest challenge for IT&IS professionals and
business executives to align the overall business strategy with IS&IT development
planning and investments. This goal became even more ambitious when executives
faced the need to reconcile the corporate IS&IT planning with green strategies and
sustainable and ecological thinking. The reality is that the use of IT and IS systems
significantly impact the environment at every stage of its life and use cycle:
consumption of raw materials, energy and water in the production phase and
furthermore the consumption of electricity by use of computer, servers, displays and
other hardware. Furthermore, waste of computer components has becoming a
tremendous problem due to its toxic content (Murugesan, 2008).
Green IS&IT strategy should encompass all the above mentioned stages of IT&IS
system life, and at the same time be aligned with corporate business strategy. To
achieve this goal companies, need a holistic, systematic and well-planned strategy,
deep-seated in the principles of sustainable and ecological thinking toward
addressing comprehensive set of environmental concerns. Reconciling the traditional
companies’ objectives, such as profits, costs and competitive advantage with
environmental and sustainability targets is by far greatest challenge of all, however
the following text will demonstrate that there are common factors which inevitably
lead in the same direction.
Corporate Sustainability and IT&IS Infrastructure
In the past two decades the fight for sustainability has expanded from regulators and
government agencies to corporate world. Following the ecological thinking
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�Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems
Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure
principles, aware business executives have formed an organization – World Business
Council for Sustainable Development which has grown in 2000 to count 150
international companies (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002). However, the locus of their
fight for sustainability has been mainly dominated by „eco-efficiency“, e.g. energy
saving strategies, recycling, utilization of sustainable products, which have for sure
colored most of the companies’ green (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002, 131).
Furthermore, companies have mostly focused on consumption of energy by the
datacenters and extensive physical hardware machines and servers. According to the
analyst from Gartner Research, IT departments of fairly large companies spend
about 5% of their total budget on energy costs, however the IT's „dirty secret “is that
more energy is consumed during the production and shipping process of hardware
(PCs, servers etc.) than during its actual usage (cited in Saran, 2007).
Progressively standards for achieving sustainable business practices are becoming
more demanding. Besides the efficient use of resources and energy, companies
should take into consideration the entire life-cycle of products and therefore
reconsider many aspects of doing business to maintain the recognition of being
compliant to sustainability standards. The decision to incorporate practices such as,
life cycle analysis, environmental auditing and reporting, outsourcing decisions and
choice of suppliers depending on their commitment to environment, are becoming a
crucial element of companies’ strategy and competitiveness (Elkington, 1994, pp.
91).
Environmental policies and guidelines have been primarily the task of government
agencies and regulatory to be imposed on the corporates. In this arrangement, the
corporate world has adopted by inertia a very reactive role, in addition to the
obligation of compliance. However, due to a very dynamic and changing market
conditions, companies require an innovative and unique business practices which
will add value to the entire business model and products and thus grant these
companies a competitive advantage in its respective industry (El- Gayar and Fritz,
2006). A competitive advantage could be measured by an additional value added to
products, better cost-management practices, a robust and efficient information
system and IT infrastructure.
During last decade, many companies have discovered that incorporating
sustainability into its overall long-term business strategy would possible grant them
all the above, namely: additional value to products, better cost management and
efficiency of IS&IT infrastructure. Achievement or retention of competitive
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�Zana Pekmez
advantage in its respective industry and stable stream of income are much valued
end-results of incorporating sustainability issues as important features of business
processes and overall business goals.
The following table summarizes some of the key success factors critical to achieve
sustainable and versatile operating model. All these factors summarized below stem
from various disciplines.
Table 1: Summary of Key Factors
IT INFRASTRUCTURE
STRATEGIC IS PLANNING
Virtualization and cloud computing –
consumes less energy; prevents the need
for a data centers and prevents the need
for extensive cooling systems.
CIO&COO awareness – Nexus between
Operations and IT toward sustainable
business practices
Using virtualization software to divide
servers into multiple machines
BPM – a holistic management practices of
measuring and re-designing the processes
–transformation.
Replacing the old equipment with new
energy efficient one – EPEAT and
ENERGY STAR certified systems (LCD
monitors instead of CRT technology)
LEAN methodology – elimination of all
kinds of waste.
Deployment of optimization systems
Remote workers – less office space, less
heat, less power, less commuting.
Power management – activate the power
management features on servers and
devices; system settings to hibernate and
shut down.
Video-conferencing – with employees,
customers and suppliers.
Using thin-client computers
Eco –metrics –measuring the use of energy
& the levels of emission.
Recycle IT equipment properly: not
carefully recycling practices are for
companies’
serious
financial
and
information security liability.
Corporate environmental
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�Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems
Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure
Use of renewable energy
Selecting a supplier according to their
commitment to the environment (IS
Value Chain)
Use Green IT Standards – Epeat
(www.epeat.net), the Energy Star 4.0
standard and the RoHS Directive
(www.rhos.gov.uk)
Eliminate printing and use of paper.
Source: Table is compiled by the author from various sources listed at the reference list.
Building the Theory of Corporate Sustainability
Business Process Management (BPM) approach
An approach to transformation and innovation in business practices is an
interdisciplinary process with business-related and people-related content and issues
concerning design and architecture. To measure the efficiency and effectiveness of
processes in terms of the general behavior and practices, a maturity models have been
introduced to the fields of Business Process Management (BPM) and Software
engineering. These models guide organizations toward prioritizing activities and
designing the roadmaps. De Bruin and Rosemann (2007) and Rosemann and vom
Brocke (2010) developed a concept of BPM maturity model which contains six
crucial components for successful and effective business management namely:
strategic alignment of corporate goals, corporate governance, overall methods,
information technology, people and culture (cited in Pernici, Aiello, vom Brocke,
Donnellan, Gelenbe and Kretsis, 2012, 284). Thus, in order to get the most accurate
diagnosis of companies processes to fix them and achieve better and more efficient
business practices interdisciplinary approach as an amalgam of different fields of
studies and perspectives are most needed.
Since corporate sustainability is entire company's target/goal affecting all of the
business practices and departments – from hygiene maintenance, operation
processing and high level executive decision making – the most encompassing way to
address this issue is through the Business Process Management (BPM). This
phenomenon has been revolving throughout the decades and is very flexible to
changes and innovation thus manager should use it as a tool to diagnose inefficiency
and tailor the processes that will be highly efficient (supporting the main business
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�Zana Pekmez
goals) and highly sustainable (supporting the environment)- all at the same time.
Seidel, vom Brocke and Recker (2011) emphasize that only through the employment
of business process change and BPM methodology (process analysis, process
performance measurement and process improvement) the altering capability and
function of IS and the subsequently the role of IT, will be fully effective in
transforming the business toward sustainable practices.
Coinciding roles of IS and IT in making of sustainable business
It is important at the very beginning to make a distinction between IS and IT
systems as both are integral tools to sustainable business, however they differ in terms
of ways of contribution to the cause, for example: IT is a set of products, mostly
hardware, that processes, transmits and stores the data and promotes sustainability
with a focus on energy saving, reducing the equipment waste and optimizing
utilization. On the other hand, IS (information systems) is an amalgam of
organizational goals and strategies brought to life through information system and
software to achieve sustainable business practices (Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008).
For example, Pernici, Aiello, vom Brocke, Donnellan, Gelenbe and Kretsis (2012)
discussed the process of IS engineering with the focus on energy efficiency pointing
out that application could be more or less efficient depending in the infrastructure in
which it is running (different platform would require different levels of energy).
Therefore, it is crucial to discuss the existing theories on the role of the hardware
components (IT) in the building process of sustainable business model.
On the role of Information technology
In IT processes consumption of power by data centers and hardware have been
popular topics; however, the power usage by networks has not been mentioned that
often in the context of sustainable IT infrastructure. The fact is that networks
consume more energy than data centers and this trend will be constantly increasing.
Thus it is of crucial importance to consider the organization of business practices
and systematization of human resources in regard to information processing and
information sharing (Pernici, Aiello, vom Brocke, Donnellan, Gelenbe and Kretsis,
2012).
Huang (2009) defined the sustainable IT development as a set of principles that
takes into account at the same time and with equal importance the business goals
and the environment. He proposes a new theoretical approach for the lifecycle
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analysis of IT equipment with an explicit focus on the sustainability and he calls it
„sustainable system development lifecycle “(SSDLC). SSDLC includes six stages:
sustainable planning, sustainable analysis, sustainable design, sustainable
implementation, sustainable maintenance and sustainable disposal (Huang, 2009).
At each of these stages environmental requirements should be in focus: energyefficient equipment and power-management software should be used in the planning
and design stages; system testing for energy consumption, proper installation, proper
system migration during testing and implementation and proper maintenance to
ensure that system if working in the most efficient state to extend its endurance and
detect any inefficiencies in time. In addition, effective and sustainable disposal of the
equipment is a final, however, most important stage that has been in most cases
neglected. (Huang, 2009). This theory of SSDLC should be guiding principles for
all IS&IT and business executives in the process of transformation and changeover
to sustainable business practices.
A more dynamic theory approach through the classification of degrees of effects of
IT infrastructure on the environment has been developed by Hilty at al. (2006) and
Kohler and Erdmann (2004) isolating three types of effects: first-order, second-order
and third-order. (Cited in Dedrick, 2010, pp. 175). First-order effect is direct
impact on the environment from IT hardware and equipment through the entire
product lifecycle - from production to disposal. Second-order effects are impacts on
the subsidiary processes such as transportation and industry and third- order effects
are more complicated constructs whose effects have a power to change people's
lifestyle and the economy, such as an example of home-business built on ecommerce platform (Dedrick, 2010).
Information systems
Even though their means of contribution to the sustainable corporate practices
differ, a well-designed IS shall not be successful without efficient hardware
components and in the long run such business model will not be sustainable in every
aspect of its functional performance and end-result. The overview of the following
theories will demonstrate the operational interdependence of IS and IT in the
process of reaching long-term sustainable business-model.
Besides the Real Theory of Management, that represents the gold-standard
guidelines for competitive and successful business practices, new theories have been
emerging with a focus on ecological thinking and sustainability that besides the
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obvious fight for the environment, still guards the traditional profit-making and
competitiveness mantra: such theories revolve mainly around the ideas of ecoefficiency, eco-effectiveness, life-cycle analysis, Lean & Green methodologies etc. (ElGayar and Fritz, 2006).
Hart (cited in Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008, pp. 7) identifies three major
sustainability goals, namely: pollution prevention, sustainable product utilization
and clean technologies. On the level of firm or organization there are many means
by which IS and IT could effectively contribute to all three mentioned goals, such as;
using virtualization instead of physical servers (to prevent pollution), recycling
computer (sustainable product utilization) and video conferencing or SharePoint for
clean technology (Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008). Among these three frameworks
of integrating sustainability into SISP, Boudreau, Chen & Huber (2008) also
mention the key concepts of strategic alignment of business processes by using IS to
achieve „aggregation, adaptation and arbitrage “, as well as the principles of
ecological thinking („eco-efficiency, eco-equity and eco-effectiveness “) as drives
toward sustainability of business practices trough the IS/IT deployment (Boudreau,
Chen & Huber, 2008, pp.16).
Furthermore, Dyllick and Hockerts (2002) recognized the need to contribute to
building a systematic theory of corporate sustainability and they introduced the
model approach of six criteria defining three cases for sustainability, namely the
business case, the natural case and the societal case. In most firms’ executives follow
solely the principles of eco-efficiency in order to achieve positive net value
(economic value) in contributing to environment. Dyllick and Hockerts (2002) add
to this business case yet another important criterion, namely the socio-efficiency as a
new concept that correlates the firm's value to social impact suggesting that when
designing a business case besides the eco-efficiency, socio-efficiency should also be
used as a guiding principle. In addition to business case, two authors presented the
natural case for corporate sustainability driven by the concept of eco-effectiveness
and the societal case defined by socio-effectiveness and ecological equity. (Dyllick
and Hockerts, 2002).
Belief-action-outcome (BAO) & Energy Informatics
Nigel P. Melville (2010) adds to the theory of corporate sustainability by analyzing
the role of IS and innovation through the prism of two new disciplines, namely
behavioral science and design science. A micro-macro model, called belief-action50
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
�Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems
Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure
outcome (BAO), has been developed with an intention to research sustainability
issues on diverse levels of granularity and through the different theories and
constructs since the field of IS applies many theories among which are some from its
own field and many are from different disciplines such as behavioral studies,
psychology, sociology, economics etc. (Melville, 2010).
Watson, Boudreau and Chen (2010) contributed to theoretical background by
demonstrating a new conceptual framework – Energy Informatics. It is a solutionoriented interdisciplinary idea on how IS should contribute to sustainability with a
focus on reducing energy consumption. In other words, energy informatics is a
concept that models the relationship between energy and information using the tools
from management science, design science and policy formation. It also important to
mention that their interpretation and understanding of ecological goals is driven by
above mentioned Dyllicks and Hockerts (2002) theories of eco-efficiency, eco-equity
and eco-effectiveness. (Watson, Boudreau and Chen, 2010). Besides developing
groundwork for a new theory, Watson, Boudreau and Chen (2010) underlined a
several fronts where IS scholars and business executives should practice energy
informatics, namely: research (9 core research questions have been proposed),
teaching, Journals (by migration to electronic format and by actively publishing
issues in sustainable IS) and through IS Association (Watson, Boudreau and Chen,
2010).
Competitive advantage: “undeniable” fallout of sustainable business practices
Translating its business practices and infrastructure to ecological and sustainable
processes most practitioners and executives identify with high costs and low returns,
however sustainability has become a global goal and most of organizational and firms
had recognized sustainability issues as critical by incorporating it in its overall longterm business strategy. Those companies that have not done this yet are exposed to
high risk of competitive disadvantage for many reasons: costumers worldwide are
more environmental consciousness and prefer to buy products with green labels.
Furthermore, elimination of many forms of waste (waste of resources, time, and
energy) will ultimately lead to lower costs, higher profitability and returns
(Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008). Practitioners warn that also the outsourcing
decision should include, as a grading criterion, vendor’s commitment to sustainable
business practice. Companies will be ultimately more.
Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016
51
�Zana Pekmez
motivated to comply with the sustainable standards due to the increased disclosure
from companies in relation to their ecological profiles which will directly impact
label, image and ratings in their respective industries.
Commoditization leading to sustainability
Making economic value of goods and services eventually will lead to reducing
overheads and transactions costs, however according to Editor in Chief of Computer
Weekly Bryan Glick, such commoditization could be a fertile ground for innovation.
Consequently, innovation boosts competitive advantage and cost advantage if it
channeled in the right direction toward sustainable development. As an example of
services being commoditized for greater good, Glick mentions “cloud services” –
large and expensive to maintain IT infrastructure (storage, processors and physical
servers) is now replaced by 1GB archive disk space for a one US cent on monthly
basis. Thus, cloud computing directly eliminates investing heavily in expensive IT
infrastructure which enables firms from very beginning to save on large capital costs
which further reduces the barriers for market entry for many firms. (Sako, 2012).
Conclusion
There are many approaches to corporate sustainability and environmentally sound
business practices, but the question remains how are we to select the business model
that will be committed to the environment, profitable and affordable at the same
time. The most recent literature on SISP declares this to be a scientific question
suggesting that academic research will eventually reveal a manual for the
practitioners on how to bring together the costs and benefits of corporate
environmental initiatives and transformations (Dedrick, 2010).
Current literature mostly agrees that the competitive advantage from new IT
technologies and IS innovations will be assured once these are accompanied with
other factors such as corporate governance focused on creativity and exploiting new
opportunities introduced by competitive top and middle management. (Del Giudice
and Straub, 2011)
In the meantime, practitioners should keep in mind some of the key approaches to
corporate sustainability highlighted in this paper. Most importantly, in designing a
sustainable business model one should focus on interdisciplinary approach bringing
52
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
�Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems
Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure
together sociological, psychological, economical, technological and financial
components to construct efficient and lean processes with minimal waste.
References
Anandarajan M., & Lippert K.S. (2006). Competing Mistresses? Academic vs.
Practitioners Perceptions of Systems Analysis. Journal of Computer Information
Systems, Special Issue 2006, 114-126.
Bansal, P., & Roth, K. (2000). Why Companies go Green: A Model of Ecological
Responsiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (4), 717-736.
Boudreau, M.-C., Chen, A.J. & Huber, M. (2008). Green IS: Building
Sustainable Business Practices in Watson R.T. (Ed.), Global Text Projects,
Athens, GA, 247-261.
Byrd, A.T, Lewis, R.B., & Bradley, V.R. (2006). IS Infrastructure: The Influence
of the senior IT leadership and Strategic Information Systems Planning. Journal of
Computer Information Systems, Fall 2006, 101-113.
Cone, E. (2006). The Greening of the CIO, CIO Insight, 31-38.
de Bruin, T., and M. Rosemann (2007). Using the Delphi Technique to Identify
BPM Capability Areas. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 18th Australasian
Conference on Information Systems (ACIS 2007), Toowoomba, Australia.
Del Giudice, M., & Straub, D. (2011). IT and Entrepreneurism: An On-Again,
Off-Again Love Affair or a Marriage? MIS Quarterly, 35 (4), 5.
DiRamio, D. (2009, January). 10 Tips to Green IT. Communications News, 32.
Drucker, F.P. (2006, February). What Executives Should Remember? Harvard
Business Review, 144-152.
Dyllick, T., & Hockerts, K. (2002). Beyond the business case for corporate
sustainability. Business Strategy and the Environment, 11, 130-141.
Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016
53
�Zana Pekmez
El-Gayar, F.O., & Fritz, D.B. (2006). Environmental management information
systems (EMIS) for sustainable development: A Conceptual Overview.
Communications of AIS, 17 (34), 2-49.
Elkington, J. (1994). Towards the Sustainable Corporation: Win-Win-Win
Business Strategies for Sustainable Development. California Management Review,
Winter 1994, 90-100.
Forester Research (2008). The Down of Green IT services.
Gladwin, N.T., Kennelly J.J., & Krause T.-S. (1995). Sifting Paradigms for
Sustainable Development: Implications for Management Theory and Research.
Academy of Management Review, 20 (4), 874-907.
Glick, B. (2012, September/October). Among the uncertainty of the cloud sits a
platform for innovation. Computer Weekly, 14.
Hart, S.L. (1997). Beyond greening: Strategies for sustainable world. Harvard
Business Review, 75 (1), 66-76.
Hasan, H. M., Ghose, A. K., & Spedding, T. A. (2009). IS solution for the global
environmental challenge: An Australian initiative. Paper presented at the
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems:
AMCIS2009, San Francisco, California, 1-7.
Hilty, L.M., et al. (2006). The Relevance of Information and Communication
Technologies for Environmental Sustainability—A Prospective Simulation Study.
Environmental Modelling& Software, 21 (11), 1618–1629.
Kohler, A., & Erdmann, L. (2004). Expected Environmental Impacts of Pervasive
Computing. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 10 (5), 831–852.
Huang, H.A. (2009, Summer). A Model for Environmentally Sustainable
Information Systems Development. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 114121.
Melville, P.N. (2010). Information systems innovation for Environmental
Sustainability. MIS Quarterly, 34 (1), 1-21.
54
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
�Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems
Planning and Information Technology Infrastructure
Murugesan, S. (2008, January/February). Harnessing Green IT: Principles and
Practices. IT Professionals, 24-33.
Newkirk, E.H., & Lederer, L.A. (2007, spring). The Effectiveness of Strategic
Information Systems Planning for Technical Resources, Personnel Resources,
and Data Security in Environments of Heterogeneity and Hostility. Journal of
Computer Information Systems, 34-44.
Pernici, B., Aiello, M., vom Brocke, J., Donnellan, B., Gelenbe, E., & Kretsis,
M. (2012). What IS Can do for Environmental Sustainability: A Report form
CAiSE’11 Panel on Green and Sustainable IS. Communications of the AIS, 30
(18), 275-292.
Piccoli, G., & Ives, B. (2005). Review: IT-Dependent Strategies Initiatives and
Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature.
MIS Quarterly, 29 (4), 747-776.
Rosemann, M., & vom Brocke, J. (2011). The Six Core Elements of BPM in
vom Brocke, J., and M. Rosemann (Eds.). Handbook on Business Process
Management, vol. 1, New York, NY: Springer.
Sage, P.A. (1999). Sustainable Development: Issues in Information,
Knowledge, and Systems Management. Information, Knowledge and Systems
Management, 1, 185-223.
Sako, M. (2012, July). Technology Strategy and Management Business Models
for Strategy and Innovation. Communications of the ACM, 55 (7), 23.
Saran, C. (2007). Green IT goes beyond the datacenter. Computer Weekly, 10.
Seidel, S., vom Brocke, J., & Recker, J. (2011). Call for Action: Investigating
the Role of Business Process Management in Green IS. Paper presented at the
Proceedings of SIG Green Workshop. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information
Systems, 11(4). Retrieved from: http://sprouts.aisnet.org/11-4
Watson, T.R., Boudreau, M., & Chen J.A. (2010). Information Systems and
Environmentally Sustainable Development: Energy Informatics and New
Directions for the IS Community. MIS Quarterly, 34 (1), 23-38.
Volume 6 | Number 2 | Fall 2016
55
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Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic IS Planning and IT Infrastructure
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Abstract: Paper is intended to provide an expert view on the approach to transformation of business processes toward business sustainability, or sustainable business processes, with a focus on ecological thinking. Furthermore, it highlights the argument that approach to corporate sustainability is interdisciplinary process spanning from the fields of sociology to applied technological innovation and advances in the IT/IS sphere of influence. Through a review of an amalgam of very recent literature a versatile business model is recommended bridging together most effective strategic information system planning (SISP) tools for building a sustainable business processes to be deployed in practice. An article is intended to help high and middle management extend the notion of sustainable development to their every-day managerial activities while protecting the organization well-accepted business principles. Keywords: Corporate sustainability, BPM, IS, IT infrastructure, Green IT and IS
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https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c620a4b4caa21af829aa5e745840776b.pdf
fa872ef74f3b7d77f05e48d7128bb506
PDF Text
Text
Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic IS Planning
and IT Infrastructure
Mr. Sci Zana Pekmez
University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Economics
Bosnia & Herzegovina
zana_pekmez@hotmail.com
Abstract: Paper is intended to provide an expert view on the approach to transformation of business
processes toward business sustainability, or sustainable business processes, with a focus on ecological
thinking. Furthermore, it highlights the argument that approach to corporate sustainability is
interdisciplinary process spanning from the fields of sociology to applied technological innovation and
advances in the IT/IS sphere of influence. Through a review of an amalgam of very recent literature a
versatile business model is recommended bridging together most effective strategic information system
planning (SISP) tools for building a sustainable business processes to be deployed in practice. An article
is intended to help high and middle management extend the notion of sustainable development to their
every-day managerial activities while protecting the organization well-accepted business principles.
Keywords: Corporate sustainability, BPM, IS, IT infrastructure, Green IT and IS
JEL classification: M15 – IT Management
�Introduction
Information systems (IS) and Information Technology (IT) has in many significant ways
contributed to the sustainability cause in the past decades as an instrument to raise awareness
about ecological thinking, communicate and distribute information, increase productivity and
optimize the use of natural resources, and reduce travel and transportation (Huang, 2009).
However, all these deeds do not excuse these technological systems and constructs from
continuing to stand up for the environment advocating and supporting sustainable business
practices and systems. Powerful and wide-spread technology and significant role of information
systems in our everyday lives are all reasons why IT and IS should be at the forefront of the
battle for sustainability.
For almost four decades it has been a greatest challenge for IT&IS professionals and
business executives to align the overall business strategy with IS&IT development planning
and investments. This goal became even more ambitious when executives faced the need to
reconcile the corporate IS&IT planning with green strategies and sustainable and ecological
thinking. The reality is that the use of IT and IS systems significantly impact the environment
at every stage of its life and use cycle: consumption of raw materials, energy and water in the
production phase and furthermore the consumption of electricity by use of computer, servers,
displays and other hardware. Furthermore, waste of computer components has becoming a
tremendous problem due to its toxic content (Murugesan, 2008).
Green IS&IT strategy should encompass all the above mentioned stages of IT&IS
system life, and at the same time be aligned with corporate business strategy. To achieve this
goal companies, need a holistic, systematic and well-planned strategy, deep-seated in the
principles of sustainable and ecological thinking toward addressing comprehensive set of
environmental concerns. Reconciling the traditional companies’ objectives, such as profits,
costs and competitive advantage with environmental and sustainability targets is by far greatest
challenge of all, however the following text will demonstrate that there are common factors
which inevitably lead in the same direction.
Corporate Sustainability and IT&IS Infrastructure
In the past two decades the fight for sustainability has expended from regulators and
government agencies to corporate world. Following the ecological thinking principles, aware
business executives have formed an organization – World Business Council for Sustainable
Development which has grown in 2000 to count 150 international companies (Dyllick and
Hockerts, 2002). However, the locus of their fight for sustainability has been mainly dominated
by „eco-efficiency “, e.g. energy saving strategies, recycling, utilization of sustainable
products, which have for sure colored most of the companies’ green (Dyllick and Hockerts,
2002, 131). Furthermore, companies have mostly focused on consumption of energy by the
datacenters and extensive physical hardware machines and servers. According to analyst from
Gartner Research, IT departments of fairly large companies spend about 5% of their total
budget on energy costs, however the IT's „dirty secret “i s that more energy is
�consumed during the production and shipping process of hardware (PCs, servers etc.) than
during its actual usage (cited in Saran, 2007).
Progressively standards for achieving sustainable business practices are becoming
more demanding – besides the efficient use of resources and energy, companies should take
into consideration the entire life-cycle of products and therefore reconsider many aspects of
doing business in order to maintain the recognition of being compliant to sustainability
standards. The decision to incorporate practices such as, life cycle analysis, environmental
auditing and reporting, outsourcing decisions and choice of suppliers depending on their
commitment to environment, are becoming a crucial element of companies’ strategy and
competitiveness (Elkington, 1994, pp. 91).
Environmental policies and guidelines have been primarily the task of government
agencies and regulatory to be imposed on the corporates. In this arrangement the corporate
world has adopted by inertia a very reactive role, in addition to the obligation of compliance.
However, due to a very dynamic and changing market conditions, companies require an
innovative and unique business practices which will add value to the entire business model and
products and thus grant these companies a competitive advantage in its respective industry (ElGayar and Fritz, 2006). A competitive advantage could be measured by an additional value
added to products, better cost-management practices, a robust and efficient information system
and IT infrastructure. During last decade many companies have discovered that incorporating
sustainability into its overall long-term business strategy would possible grant them all the
above, namely: additional value to products, better cost management and efficiency of IS&IT
infrastructure. Achievement or retention of competitive advantage in its respective industry and
stable stream of income should be the end-results.
Building the Theory of Corporate Sustainability
Business Process Management (BPM) approach
An approach to transformation and innovation in business practices is an interdisciplinary
process with business-related and people-related content and issues concerning design and
architecture. To measure the efficiency and effectiveness of processes in terms of the general
behavior and practices, a maturity models have been introduced to the fields of Business
Process Management (BPM) and Software engineering. These models guide organizations
toward prioritizing activities and designing the roadmaps. De Bruin and Rosemann (2007) and
Rosemann and vom Brocke (2010) developed a concept of BPM maturity model which contains
six crucial components for successful and effective business management namely: strategic
alignment of corporate goals, corporate governance, overall methods, information technology,
people and culture (cited in Pernici, Aiello, vom Brocke, Donnellan, Gelenbe and Kretsis, 2012,
284). Thus, in order to get the most accurate diagnosis of companies processes to fix them and
achieve better and more efficient business practices interdisciplinary approach as an amalgam
of different fields of studies and perspectives are most needed.
Since corporate sustainability is entire company's target/goal affecting all of the business
practices and departments – from hygiene maintenance, operation
�processing and high level executive decision making – the most encompassing way to address
this issue is through the Business Process Management (BPM). This phenomenon has been
revolving throughout the decades and is very flexible to changes and innovation thus manager
should use it as a tool to diagnose inefficiency and tailor the processes that will be highly
efficient (supporting the main business goals) and highly sustainable (supporting the
environment)- all at the same time. Seidel, vom Brocke and Recker (2011) emphasize that only
through the employment of business process change and BPM methodology (process analysis,
process performance measurement and process improvement) the altering capability and
function of IS and the subsequently the role of IT, will be fully effective in transforming the
business toward sustainable practices.
Coinciding roles of IS and IT in making of sustainable business
It is important at the very beginning to make a distinction between IS and IT systems as both
are integral tools to sustainable business, however they differ in terms of ways of contribution
to the cause, for example: IT is a set of products, mostly hardware, that processes, transmits
and stores the data and promotes sustainability with a focus on energy saving, reducing the
equipment waste and optimizing utilization. On the other hand, IS (information systems) is an
amalgam of organizational goals and strategies brought to life through information system and
software to achieve sustainable business practices (Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008). For
example, Pernici, Aiello, vom Brocke, Donnellan, Gelenbe and Kretsis (2012) discussed the
process of IS engineering with the focus on energy efficiency pointing out that application could
be more or less efficient depending in the infrastructure in which it is running (different
platform would require different levels of energy). Therefore, it is crucial to discuss the existing
theories on the role of the hardware components (IT) in the building process of sustainable
business model.
On the role of Information technology
In IT processes consumption of power by data centers and hardware have been popular topics;
however, the power usage by networks has not been mentioned that often in the context of
sustainable IT infrastructure. The fact is that networks consume more energy than data centers
and this trend will be constantly increasing. Thus it is of crucial importance to consider the
organization of business practices and systematization of human resources in regard to
information processing and information sharing (Pernici, Aiello, vom Brocke, Donnellan,
Gelenbe and Kretsis, 2012).
Huang (2009) defined the sustainable IT development as a set of principles that takes
into account at the same time and with equal importance the business goals and the
environment. He proposes a new theoretical approach for the lifecycle analysis of IT equipment
with an explicit focus on the sustainability and he calls it „sustainable system development
lifecycle “(SSDLC). SSDLC includes six stages: sustainable planning, sustainable analysis,
sustainable design, sustainable implementation, sustainable maintenance and sustainable
disposal (Huang, 2009). At each of these stages environmental requirements should be in focus:
energy- efficient equipment and power-management software should be used in the planning
and design stages; system testing for energy consumption, proper installation, proper system
migration during testing and implementation and proper
�maintenance to ensure that system if working in the most efficient state to extend its endurance
and detect any inefficiencies in time. In addition, effective and sustainable disposal of the
equipment is a final, however, most important stage that has been in most cases neglected.
(Huang, 2009). This theory of SSDLC should be guiding principles for all IS&IT and business
executives in the process of transformation and changeover to sustainable business practices.
A more dynamic theory approach through the classification of degrees of effects of IT
infrastructure on the environment has been developed by Hilty at al. (2006) and Kohler and
Erdmann (2004) isolating three types of effects: first-order, second-order and third-order.
(Cited in Dedrick, 2010, pp. 175). First-order effect is direct impact on the environment from
IT hardware and equipment through the entire product lifecycle - from production to disposal.
Second-order effects are impacts on the subsidiary processes such as transportation and industry
and third- order effects are more complicated constructs whose effects have a power to change
people's lifestyle and the economy, such as an example of home-business built on e-commerce
platform (Dedrick, 2010).
Information systems
Even though their means of contribution to the sustainable corporate practices differ, a
well-designed IS shall not be successful without efficient hardware components and in the long
run such business model will not be sustainable in every aspect of its functional performance
and end-result. The overview of the following theories will demonstrate the operational
interdependence of IS and IT in the process of reaching long-term sustainable business-model.
Besides the Real Theory of Management, that represents the gold-standard guidelines
for competitive and successful business practices, new theories have been emerging with a
focus on ecological thinking and sustainability that besides the obvious fight for the
environment, still guards the traditional profit-making and competitiveness mantra: such
theories revolve mainly around the ideas of eco- efficiency, eco-effectiveness, life-cycle
analysis, Lean & Green methodologies etc. (El- Gayar and Fritz, 2006).
Hart (cited in Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008, pp. 7) identifies three major sustainability
goals, namely: pollution prevention, sustainable product utilization and clean technologies. On
the level of firm or organization there are many means by which IS and IT could effectively
contribute to all three mentioned goals, such as; using virtualization instead of physical servers
(to prevent pollution), recycling computer (sustainable product utilization) and video
conferencing or SharePoint for clean technology (Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008). Among
these three frameworks of integrating sustainability into SISP, Boudreau, Chen & Huber (2008)
also mention the key concepts of strategic alignment of business processes by using IS to
achieve „aggregation, adaptation and arbitrage “, as well as the principles of ecological
thinking („eco-efficiency, eco-equity and eco-effectiveness “) as drives toward sustainability
of business practices trough the IS/IT deployment (Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008, pp.16).
Furthermore, Dyllick and Hockerts (2002) recognized the need to contribute to building
a systematic theory of corporate sustainability and they introduced the model approach of six
criteria defining three cases for sustainability, namely the business case, the natural case and
the societal case. In most firms’ executives follow solely the principles of eco-efficiency in
order to achieve positive net value
�(economic value) in contributing to environment. Dyllick and Hockerts (2002) add to this
business case yet another important criterion, namely the socio-efficiency as a new concept that
correlates the firm's value to social impact suggesting that when designing a business case
besides the eco-efficiency, socio-efficiency should also be used as a guiding principle. In
addition to business case, two authors presented the natural case for corporate sustainability
driven by the concept of eco-effectiveness and the societal case defined by socio-effectiveness
and ecological equity. (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002).
Belief-action-outcome (BAO) & Energy Informatics
Nigel P. Melville (2010) adds to the theory of corporate sustainability by analyzing the role of
IS and innovation through the prism of two new disciplines, namely behavioral science and
design science. A micro-macro model, called belief-action-outcome (BAO), has been
developed with an intention to research sustainability issues on diverse levels of granularity
and through the different theories and constructs since the field of IS applies many theories
among which are some from its own field and many are from different disciplines such as
behavioral studies, psychology, sociology, economics etc. (Melville, 2010).
Watson, Boudreau and Chen (2010) contributed to theoretical background by
demonstrating a new conceptual framework – Energy Informatics. It is a solution- oriented
interdisciplinary idea on how IS should contribute to sustainability with a focus on reducing
energy consumption. In other words, energy informatics is a concept that models the
relationship between energy and information using the tools from management science, design
science and policy formation. It also important to mention that their interpretation and
understanding of ecological goals is driven by above mentioned Dyllicks and Hockerts (2002)
theories of eco-efficiency, eco-equity and eco-effectiveness. (Watson, Boudreau and Chen,
2010). Besides developing groundwork for a new theory, Watson, Boudreau and Chen (2010)
underlined a several fronts where IS scholars and business executives should practice energy
informatics, namely: research (9 core research questions have been proposed), teaching,
Journals (by migration to electronic format and by actively publishing issues in sustainable IS)
and through IS Association (Watson, Boudreau and Chen, 2010).
Competitive advantage: “undeniable” fallout of sustainable business practices
Translating its business practices and infrastructure to ecological and sustainable
processes most practitioners and executives identify with high costs and low returns, however
sustainability has become a global goal and most of organizational and firms had recognized
sustainability issues as critical by incorporating it in its overall long-term business strategy.
Those companies that have not done this yet are exposed to high risk of competitive
disadvantage for many reasons: costumers worldwide are more environmental consciousness
and prefer to buy products with green labels. Furthermore, elimination of many forms of waste
(waste of resources, time, and energy) will ultimately lead to lower costs, higher profitability
and returns (Boudreau, Chen & Huber, 2008). Practitioners warn that also the outsourcing
decision should include, as a grading criterion, vendor’s commitment to sustainable business
practice. Companies will be ultimately more
�motivated to comply with the sustainable standards due to the increased disclosure from
companies in relation to their ecological profiles which will directly impact label, image and
ratings in their respective industries.
Commoditization leading to sustainability
Making economic value of goods and services eventually will lead to reducing overheads and
transactions costs, however according to Editor in Chief of Computer Weekly Bryan Glick, such
commoditization could be a fertile ground for innovation. Consequently, innovation boosts
competitive advantage and cost advantage if it channeled in the right direction toward
sustainable development. As an example of services being commoditized for greater good,
Glick mentions “cloud services” – large and expensive to maintain IT infrastructure (storage,
processors and physical servers) is now replaced by 1GB archive disk space for a one US cent
on monthly basis. Thus, cloud computing directly eliminates investing heavily in expensive IT
infrastructure which enables firms from very beginning to save on large capital costs which
further reduces the barriers for market entry for many firms. (Sako, 2012).
Conclusion
There are many approaches to corporate sustainability and environmentally sound business
practices, but the questions still remain how are we to select the business model that will be
committed to the environment, profitable and affordable at the same time. The most recent
literature on SISP declares this to be a scientific question suggesting that academic research
will eventually reveal a manual for the practitioners on how to bring together the costs and
benefits of corporate environmental initiatives and transformations (Dedrick, 2010).
Literatures mostly agree that the competitive advantage from new IT technologies and
IS innovations will be assured once these are accompanied with other factors such as corporate
governance which is very focused on creativity and exploiting new opportunities along with
very competitive top and middle management. (Del Giudice and Straub, 2011)
In the meantime, practitioners should keep in mind some of the key approaches to
corporate sustainability highlighted in this paper. Most importantly, in designing a sustainable
business model one should focus on interdisciplinary approach bringing together sociological,
psychological, economical, technological and financial components to construct efficient and
lean processes with minimal waste. In the following table are summarized some of the key
factors, or in other words, key ingredients which are allowed to be used in the process of making
sustainable and versatile corporate processes. All these factors summarized below stem from
various disciplines.
�Table 1: Summary of Key Factors
IT INFRASTRUCTURE
STRATEGIC IS PLANNING
Virtualization and cloud computing – CIO&COO awareness – Nexus between
consumes less energy; prevents the need for a Operations and IT toward sustainable business
data centers and prevents the need for practices
extensive cooling systems.
Using virtualization software to divide servers BPM – a holistic management practices of
into multiple machines
measuring and re-designing the processes –
transformation.
Replacing the old equipment with new energy LEAN methodology – elimination of all kinds
efficient one – EPEAT and ENERGY STAR of waste.
certified systems (LCD monitors instead of Deployment of optimization systems Remote
CRT technology)
workers – less office space, less heat, less
power, less commuting.
Power management – activate the power Video-conferencing – with employees,
management features on servers and devices; customers and suppliers.
system settings to hibernate and shut down.
Using thin-client computers
Eco –metrics –measuring the use of energy &
the levels of emission.
Recycle IT equipment properly: not carefully Corporate environmental reporting
recycling practices are for companies’ serious
financial and information security liability.
Shared service centers
Use of renewable energy
Selecting a supplier according to their
commitment to the environment (IS Value
Chain)
Use Green IT Standards – Epeat Completely eliminate printing and use of
(www.epeat.net), the Energy Star 4.0 standard paper
and the RoHS Directive (www.rhos.gov.uk)
Source: Table compiled by the author from various sources listed at the reference list.
�References
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Boudreau, M.-C., Chen, A.J. & Huber, M. (2008). Green IS: Building Sustainable Business Practices in Watson
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Byrd, A.T, Lewis, R.B., & Bradley, V.R. (2006). IS Infrastructure: The Influence of the senior IT leadership and
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Cone, E. (2006). The Greening of the CIO, CIO Insight, 31-38.
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Toowoomba, Australia.
Del Giudice, M., & Straub, D. (2011). IT and Entrepreneurism: An On-Again, Off-Again Love Affair or a Marriage?
MIS Quarterly, 35 (4), 5.
DiRamio, D. (2009, January). 10 Tips to Green IT. Communications News, 32.
Drucker, F.P. (2006, February). What Executives Should Remember? Harvard Business Review, 144-152.
Dyllick, T., & Hockerts, K. (2002). Beyond the business case for corporate sustainability. Business Strategy and the
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El-Gayar, F.O., & Fritz, D.B. (2006). Environmental management information systems (EMIS) for sustainable
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Gladwin, N.T., Kennelly J.J., & Krause T.-S. (1995). Sifting Paradigms for Sustainable Development: Implications
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Hasan, H. M., Ghose, A. K., & Spedding, T. A. (2009). IS solution for the global environmental challenge: An
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Systems: AMCIS2009, San Francisco, California, 1-7.
Hilty, L.M., et al. (2006). The Relevance of Information and Communication Technologies for Environmental
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Huang, H.A. (2009, Summer). A Model for Environmentally Sustainable Information Systems Development.
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Melville, P.N. (2010). Information systems innovation for Environmental Sustainability. MIS Quarterly, 34 (1), 121.
Murugesan, S. (2008, January/February). Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices. IT Professionals, 24-33.
�Newkirk, E.H., & Lederer, L.A. (2007, spring). The Effectiveness of Strategic Information Systems
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Rosemann (Eds.). Handbook on Business Process Management, vol. 1, New York, NY: Springer.
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Seidel, S., vom Brocke, J., & Recker, J. (2011). Call for Action: Investigating the Role of Business
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�
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Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic IS Planning and IT Infrastructure
Author
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Pekmez, Zana
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Abstract: Paper is intended to provide an expert view on the approach to transformation of business processes toward business sustainability, or sustainable business processes, with a focus on ecological thinking. Furthermore, it highlights the argument that approach to corporate sustainability is interdisciplinary process spanning from the fields of sociology to applied technological innovation and advances in the IT/IS sphere of influence. Through a review of an amalgam of very recent literature a versatile business model is recommended bridging together most effective strategic information system planning (SISP) tools for building a sustainable business processes to be deployed in practice. An article is intended to help high and middle management extend the notion of sustainable development to their every-day managerial activities while protecting the organization well-accepted business principles. Keywords: Corporate sustainability, BPM, IS, IT infrastructure, Green IT and IS
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International Burch University
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2016
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PeerReviewed
H Social Sciences (General)
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KIBRIS RUM KESİMİ TARİH DERS KİTAPLARINDA “TÜRK” VE “TÜRKİYE”
İMAJI
Nuri KÖSTÜKLÜ
Konya N.E. Üniversitesi, A.Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi, Konya / Türkiye
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kıbrıs Meselesi, Rum Ders Kitapları, Türk ve Türkiye İmajı, Enosis.
ÖZET
Bilindiği üzere günümüz Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin en önemli dış politika meselelerinden
biri de “Kıbrıs Meselesi”dir. 1877- 1878 Osmanlı- Rus Savaşı’nın siyasî sonuçlarından olarak,
Kıbrıs’ın idaresinin İngilizlere geçmesiyle birlikte, Türkler açısından günümüze kadar sürecek
bir “Kıbrıs Meselesi” de başlamış bulunuyordu. Balkan Savaşları ve arkasından I. Dünya
Savaşı’nın getirdiği şartlar Kıbrıs Türkleri’nin problemlerini gittikçe artırdı. 1958 Zürih ve 1959
Londra Antlaşmaları çerçevesinde kurulan Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti de barış ve huzur ortamını
getiremediği gibi, Ada Türkleri’ne yönelik baskı ve sindirme harekâtı, dozunu artırarak devam
etti. Ada’nın Yunanistan’a ilhakı anlamına gelen “Enosis”i gerçekleştirme harekâtı, garantör ülke
olarak Türkiye tarafından 1974 Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtıyla önlendi. Bu tarihten itibaren Kıbrıs
Türkleri barış ve huzur ortamına kavuşmaya başladı. Bu barış ve huzur ortamında Ada’daki
Türkler, siyasî erklerini de ispat ederek KKTC adıyla kendi devletlerini kurarak medenî dünyada
insanca ve hür olarak yaşama ve tanınma mücadelesi içine girdiler. Ancak, “Enosis” idealini
hiçbir zaman zihinlerinden silemeyen Kıbrıs Rumları, Adanın tümünü temsil ettiği iddiasıyla,
kalıcı bir barışın tesisine katkı sağlamaktan uzak durmaktadır. Bugün Kıbrıs Türkleri hür ve eşit
şartlarda Adada var olmanın mücadelesi içindedirler. Her iki toplum arasında eşitlik ve dostluk
duygularının gelişmesi şüphesiz eğitim sisteminde “öteki” kavramına bakışla yakından
alâkalıdır. Bu açıdan ders kitaplarında ve özellikle “tarih ders kitapları”nda her iki toplumun
birbirine bakışı, gelecekte kurulması düşünülen kalıcı barışın tesisi açısından önem
arzetmektedir. Bu düşüncelerden hareketle, bu bildiride, Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi tarih ders
kitaplarında “Türk” ve “Türkiye” imajı, tespit edilmiştir. Sözkonusu tarih ders kitaplarında halen
okutulmakta olan Lise kitapları esas alınırken, yeri geldiğinde ilköğretim kitapları da dikkate
alınmıştır. Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi eğitimi, Yunanistan eğitim sisteminin bir parçası olduğundan,
Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi ders kitaplarında ortaya konan “Türk” imajı, bir bakıma Yunanistan ders
kitaplarındaki “Türk” kavramı hakkında da önemli ipuçları verecektir. Dolayısıyla Ada
Rumlarındaki “Türk” ve “Türkiye” imajı tespit edilirken, Balkan barışı açısından fevkalâde
önem arz eden “Yunanistan’ın Türk dünyasına bakışı” da kısmen anlaşılmış olacaktır.
�
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4b0f2ff6c263666c457e77dd112e0b94
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1
KIBRIS RUM KESİMİ TARİH DERS KİTAPLARINDA “TÜRK” VE “TÜRKİYE”
İMAJI
Nuri KÖSTÜKLÜ1
Özet
Bilindiği üzere günümüz Türkiye Cumhuriyeti‟nin en önemli dış politika
meselelerinden biri de “Kıbrıs Meselesi”dir. 1877- 1878 Osmanlı- Rus Savaşı‟nın siyasî
sonuçlarından olarak, Kıbrıs‟ın idaresinin İngilizlere geçmesiyle birlikte, Türkler açısından
günümüze kadar sürecek bir “Kıbrıs Meselesi” de başlamış bulunuyordu. Balkan Savaşları ve
arkasından I. Dünya Savaşı‟nın getirdiği şartlar Kıbrıs Türkleri‟nin problemlerini gittikçe
artırdı. 1958 Zürih ve 1959 Londra Antlaşmaları çerçevesinde kurulan Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti de
barış ve huzur ortamını getiremediği gibi, Ada Türkleri‟ne yönelik baskı ve sindirme harekâtı,
dozunu artırarak devam etti. Ada‟nın Yunanistan‟a ilhakı anlamına gelen “Enosis”i
gerçekleştirme harekâtı, garantör ülke olarak Türkiye tarafından 1974 Kıbrıs Barış
Harekâtıyla önlendi. Bu tarihten itibaren Kıbrıs Türkleri barış ve huzur ortamına kavuşmaya
başladı. Bu barış ve huzur ortamında Ada‟daki Türkler, siyasî erklerini de ispat ederek KKTC
adıyla kendi devletlerini kurarak medenî dünyada insanca ve hür olarak yaşama ve tanınma
mücadelesi içine girdiler. Ancak, “Enosis” idealini hiçbir zaman zihinlerinden silemeyen
Kıbrıs Rumları, Adanın tümünü temsil ettiği iddiasıyla, kalıcı bir barışın tesisine katkı
sağlamaktan uzak durmaktadır. Bugün Kıbrıs Türkleri hür ve eşit şartlarda Adada var olmanın
mücadelesi içindedirler. Her iki toplum arasında eşitlik ve dostluk duygularının gelişmesi
şüphesiz eğitim sisteminde “öteki” kavramına bakışla yakından alâkalıdır. Bu açıdan ders
kitaplarında ve özellikle “tarih ders kitapları”nda her iki toplumun birbirine bakışı, gelecekte
kurulması düşünülen kalıcı barışın tesisi açısından önem arzetmektedir. Bu düşüncelerden
hareketle, bu bildiride, Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi tarih ders kitaplarında “Türk” ve “Türkiye” imajı,
tespit edilmiştir. Sözkonusu tarih ders kitaplarında halen okutulmakta olan Lise kitapları esas
alınırken, yeri geldiğinde ilköğretim kitapları da dikkate alınmıştır. Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi
eğitimi, Yunanistan eğitim sisteminin bir parçası olduğundan, Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi ders
kitaplarında ortaya konan “Türk” imajı, bir bakıma Yunanistan ders kitaplarındaki “Türk”
kavramı hakkında da önemli ipuçları verecektir. Dolayısıyla Ada Rumlarındaki “Türk” ve
“Türkiye” imajı tespit edilirken, Balkan barışı açısından fevkalâde önem arz eden
“Yunanistan‟ın Türk dünyasına bakışı” da kısmen anlaşılmış olacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kıbrıs Meselesi, Rum Ders Kitapları, Türk ve Türkiye İmajı, Enosis.
THE IMAGE OF “TURK” AND “TURKIYE” IN HISTORY COURSE BOOKS IN
SOUTHERN GREEK CYPRUS
Abstract
As it is known, one of the foreign affair priorities of Turkish Republic is the problem of
cuprus. A “Cyprus problem” that started with British protectorate as a political result of 18771878 Ottoman-Rusia War has continued up to now. The conditions caused by Balkan Wars
and World War I. just afterwards increased the problems of Cupriot Turks day by day. The
Republic of Cyprus, founded in the frame of 1958 Zurih and 1959 London treaties brought no
1
Prof. Dr., Konya N.E.
Üniversitesi, A.Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi, nkostuklu@gmail.com
�2
peace atmosphere, and the withchunt conducted against the Turks in Cyprus went on
increasing day by day. The activities of implementing “Enosis,” which means to incorporate
the Cyprus into Greece, was warded off by Turkey as a guarantor state through Cyprus Peace
Operation. The Cypriot Turks hence started to gain atmosphere of peace. Proving their
political power by founding their own state, the Turks on the Island started a new struggle of
experiencing a humanly independent life and being recognised; however, with the claim that
they reprsented the whole island, the Cypriot Greeks have never been able to wipe out the
ideal of “Enosis” and hence are still far from contribution to enacting permanent peace. The
Cypriot Turks are campaignig for leading an independent and equal life.
Developing the sence of equality and friendship between the two societies is closeley
related with viewing the concept of “the other” in the system of education. Therefore, the
views of two societies about each other recorded in the the course books, especially the
history books are important with regard to the intended permanent peace. With regard this
thought, the image of “Turk” and “Turkiye” in the history books of Cypriot Greeks will be
determined in this paper. Virtually the course books for high school are intended in this paper,
but the books prepared for the primary schools will also be handled when occasion arises. As
the education in the Greek Cyprus is a part of education in Greece, the image of “Turk”
introduced in Greek Cyprus will give us important clues about the image of “Turk”
introduced in the course books in Greece. Therefore, the view of Greeks about Turkish world,
which has an importance with regard to the peace in Balkan peninsula, will partly be
understood through determining the image of “Turk” and “Turkiye” in the minds of Greeks
on the Island.
Key Words: “Cyprus Problem.” “Greek Coursebooks,” “the Image of Turk and
Turkiye,” “Enosis”
I- GİRİŞ
Bilindiği üzere günümüz Türkiye Cumhuriyeti‟nin en önemli dış politika
meselelerinden biri de “Kıbrıs Meselesi”dir. 1877- 1878 Osmanlı- Rus Savaşı‟nın siyasî
sonuçlarından olarak, Kıbrıs‟ın idaresinin İngilizlere geçmesiyle birlikte, Türkler açısından
günümüze kadar sürecek bir “Kıbrıs Meselesi” de başlamış bulunuyordu. Balkan Savaşları ve
arkasından I. Dünya Savaşı‟nın getirdiği şartlar Kıbrıs Türkleri‟nin problemlerini gittikçe
artırdı. 1958 Zürih ve 1959 Londra Antlaşmaları çerçevesinde kurulan Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti de
barış ve huzur ortamını getiremediği gibi, Ada Türkleri‟ne
yönelik baskı ve sindirme
harekatı, dozunu artırarak devam etti. Ada‟nın Yunanistan‟a ilhakı anlamına gelen “Enosis”i
gerçekleştirme darbesinin sonuçları, garantör ülke olarak Türkiye tarafından 1974 Kıbrıs
Barış Harekâtıyla önlendi. Bu tarihten itibaren Kıbrıs Türkleri barış ve huzur ortamına
kavuşmaya başladı. Bu barış ve huzur ortamında Ada‟daki Türkler, siyasî erklerini de ispat
ederek KKTC adıyla kendi devletlerini kurarak medenî dünyada insanca ve hür olarak
yaşama ve tanınma mücadelesi içine girdiler. Ancak, “Enosis” idealini hiçbir zaman
zihinlerinden silemeyen Kıbrıs Rumları, Adanın tümünü temsil ettiği iddiasıyla, kalıcı bir
�3
barışın tesisine katkı sağlamaktan uzak durmaktadır. Bugün Kıbrıs Türkleri hür ve eşit
şartlarda Adada var olmanın mücadelesi içindedirler.
Her iki toplum arasında eşitlik ve dostluk duygularının gelişmesi şüphesiz eğitim
sisteminde “öteki” kavramına bakışla yakından alâkalıdır. Bu açıdan ders kitaplarında ve
özellikle “tarih ders kitapları”nda her iki toplumun birbirine bakışı, gelecekte kurulması
düşünülen kalıcı barışın tesisi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu düşüncelerden hareketle, bu
araştırmada, Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi tarih ders kitaplarında “Türk” ve “Türkiye” imajı, tespit
edilecektir. Sözkonusu tarih ders kitaplarından halen okutulmakta olan Lise kitapları esas
alınırken, yeri geldiğinde ilköğretim kitapları da dikkate alınacaktır. Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi
eğitimi, Yunanistan eğitim sisteminin bir parçası olduğundan, Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi ders
kitaplarında ortaya konan “Türk” imajı, bir bakıma Yunanistan ders kitaplarındaki “Türk”
kavramı hakkında da bazı önemli ipuçları verecektir. Dolayısıyla Ada Rumlarındaki “Türk”
ve “Türkiye” imajı tespit edilirken, Balkan barışı açısından fevkalâde önem arzeden
“Yunanistan‟ın Türk dünyasına bakışı” da kısmen anlaşılmış olacaktır.
II- RUM TARİH DERS KİTAPLARINDA “TÜRK” VE “TÜRKİYE” İMAJI
Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi tarafından kullanılan tarih ders kitaplarının genel çerçevesi ve
temel ilkeleri, Yunanistan tarihindeki baskın modelden türetilmiştir (Papadakis,2008). Bizim
burada esas itibarıyla ele aldığımız lise tarih ders kitapları ve gerektiğinde müracaat ettiğimiz
ilköğretim ders kitaplarında tarihe yaklaşımda, kronolojik olarak Yunanistan‟la aynı modelin
uygulandığını söyleyebiliriz. Halen, Rum Kesimi ortaöğretiminde yaygınca okutulan tarih
ders kitapları; Neolitik Dönem’den Roma Dönemine Kıbrıs Tarihi, Bizans Dönemi Kıbrıs
Tarihi, Βizans Kaynaklarıyla Kıbrıs’ın Öğretilmesi, Kıbrıs Tarihi Ortaçağ – Modern Dönem
1192 – 1974, isimlerini taşımaktadır2. Türk hakimiyet dönemi ve Türklerle ilgili konu ve
değerlendirmelerin bulunduğu “Kıbrıs Tarihi, Ortaçağ – Modern Dönem 1192 – 1974” adlı
2
Bu kitapların tam künyesi şöyledir;
1-Αγγελικη Πανηελιδοσ (Angelıki Pandelıdou)– Καλλιοπη Πρωηοπαπα (Kalıopı Protopapa), Ιζηορια Της
Κσπροσ Απο Τη Νεολιθικη Μετρι Και Τη Ρωμαικη Δποτη (Neolitik Dönem‟den Roma Dönemine Kıbrıs
Tarihi), yeni baskı, Lefkoşa,2011
2-Χρηζηος Αργσροσ (Chrıstos Argırou), Γιδαζκονηας ηη Βσζανηινη Κσπρο μεζα απο ηις πηγες, (Βizans
Kaynaklarıyla Kıbrıs‟ın Öğretilmesi), Ι.Baskı, Lefkoşa 2011.
3-Αγγελικη Πανηελιδοσ (Angelıki Pandelıdou)– Κωνζηανηια Χαηζηκωζηη (Konstantıa Hadzıkostı) , Ιζηορια ηης
Κσπροσ Βσζανηινη Περιοδος (Bizans Dönemi Kıbrıs Tarihi), yeni baskı, Lefkoşa, 2011
4- Αγγελικη Πανηελιδοσ (Angelıki Pandelıdou)– Κωνζηανηια Χαηζηκωζηη (Konstantıa Hadzıkostı), Ιζηορια
ηης Κσπροσ Μεζαιωνικη – Νεοηερη (1192 - 1974) (Kıbrıs Tarihi, Ortaçağ – Modern dönem 1192 - 1974), yeni
baskı, Lefkoşa, 2011;
İsteğimiz üzerine bu kitapları temin edip tarafıma gönderen Sayın Harid Fedai Bey‟e çok teşekkür ediyorum.
�4
tarih ders kitabı (Kıbrıs Tarihi,2011)3, -diğer bazı tarih kitaplarına da göz atmakla birliktebizim araştırmamızda mercek altına aldığımız temel kitap durumundadır. Sözkonusu tarih
kitabında, “Venedik Egemenliği- Tarihsel Olaylar ve Dış Politika” başlığını taşıyan s.63‟ten
itibaren yaklaşık 260 sayfada Türk hakimiyetini ve Türkleri
ilgilendiren konular
bulunmaktadır.
Türk hakimiyetinden itibaren Kıbrıs Rum tarihi ele alınırken, önce kronolojik olarak
olaylar genel hatlarıyla verilmiş ve daha sonra değişik sayfalarda Türk hakimiyeti farklı konu
ve alanlarda irdelenmiştir. Sözkonusu kitaptaki kronolojik akışı şu 5 Ana dönem mantığında
toplamak mümkündür; 1-Kıbrıs‟ın Türk hakimiyetine geçişi, 2- 17. ve 18. yy. olaylarıAyaklanmalar, 3- 19.yy. gelişmeleri (Yunan İsyanı- Tanzimat Dönemi ve İngiliz hakimiyetine
geçiş), 4- Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti dönemi, 5- 1974 Kıbrıs Barış Harekatı ve sonrası. Burada
ancak bir bildirinin sınırları çerçevesinde bahsedilen kronolojik gelişmelerde Türk kavramına
nasıl bakıldığını ele almakla yetineceğiz. Bir bildiri sınırları dışına taşan böyle kapsamlı bir
konu ileride tarafımızdan daha ayrıntılı olarak analiz edilecektir.
Şimdi, kronolojik akış içinde verilen konulara ve değerlendirmelere bakmak istiyoruz.
1-Kıbrıs’ın Türk Hakimiyetine Geçişi,
Fetih öncesinde Osmanlı‟nın durumu
şu cümlelerle ele alınmaktadır; “16.yy. ilk
yarısında Sultan Selim (1520- 1566) döneminde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu zorla elde edilen
kazançlar nedeniyle görkemli hale geldi. İmparatorluğun sınırları Tuna‟ya kadar genişlemiş,
I. Selim döneminde (1512- 1520) Afrika‟nın kapısı açılmış ve buralar fethedilerek halk
yağma edilmiştir” (Kıbrıs Tarihi, 2011:105). Osmanlı Devleti‟nce Kıbrıs‟ın fethi bilinen
ansiklopedik bilgiler çerçevesinde verilirken; “1570 yılında Türk hücumunun başlamasıyla
Adalar ve Yunanistan‟ın gerek nüfusu ve gerekse mesafe sebebiyle kayıtsız kaldığı”ndan
“Venedik‟in de Mısır ve Mora sorunlarıyla uğraştığından… neticede onur kırıcı bir antlaşma
imzalayarak” (Kıbrıs Tarihi, 2011:64). Kıbrıs‟ın Türkler‟in eline geçtiği ifade edilmektedir.
Bütün bu ifade ve yaklaşımlardan Kıbrıs‟ın daha ilk fethi sırasındaki Türkler hakkında
“zorba”, “yağmacı” şeklinde bir niteleme yapıldığı görülüyor.
Bilindiği üzere 9 Eylül 1570‟de Lefkoşa ve 11 aylık bir kuşatmadan sonra da 1
Ağustos 1571 tarihinde Mağusa Osmanlı hakimiyetine geçmiş oldu(OİK, 2000:12 vd). Bu
gelişmeler ders kitaplarına şöyle yansımıştır; “9 Eylül 1570 yılında şehir (Lefkoşa) elden
düşmüş, Türk egemenliğine girmiştir. Türk bayrağı duvarlara çekilmiş ve cami inşa
3
Bu kitabın Yunanca‟dan tercümesinde bize katkı sağlayan, öğrencim Mustafa Kıran‟a teşekkür ediyorum. Dış
kapak için bkz., Resim:1
�5
edilmiştir… şehirde yağma ve katliam başladı” (Kıbrıs Tarihi, 2011:67,69). “Mağusa
savunmasında 1 Ağustos 1571‟de tüm gıda ve cephaneler tükendi. Bitkin savunmacılar beyaz
bayrak yükseltip teslim olmayı teklif ettiler. Teslim şartlarına göre Mağusa teslim oldu.
Türkler teslim şartlarına uygun davranacakları hakkındaki yeminlerine rağmen, korkunç
işkenceler, katliam, yağma ve vahşet uyguladılar...İşgal sırasında Lefkoşa ve Mağusa‟dan
her hafta yağma ve bolluk içinde doldurulan gemilerle Sultan‟a hediyeler gönderildi…
Yunanlı denilen Mary Senato‟ya
göre teslim olan tutuklu esirler o dönem yaygın olan
sistemle bir gemiye doldurulmuş ve barutla patlatılmıştır” (Kıbrıs Tarihi, 2011:72,69). Lise
ders kitabında bu ifadeler yer alırken ilkokul düzeyindeki bir ders kitabında “Türkler’in
Lefkoşa’yı Fethi” başlıklı bölümde şöyle denilmektedir; “Türkler‟in bir gün Kıbrıs‟ı ele
geçirmeye çalışacağı apaçıktı. Sultan‟ın devleti öyle genişliyordu ki, minik Kıbrıs vahşi bir
aslanın pençesinde güçsüz bir fare gibiydi” (Polydorou, 1991: 69).
Bu ifadelerden de açıkça anlaşılacağı üzere, Rumlara göre, Osmanlı ile Türk aynı
kavramdır. Türk bayrağı ve cami, Türk fethinin veya Türklerin ilk akla gelen
simgelerindendir. Tabii
bunların ötesinde Türkler, “yağmacı”, “katliam yapan”,
“işkenceci”, “sözünde durmayan”, “vahşi”
bir millet olarak sunulmaktadır. Türklere
yönelik böyle bir yaklaşımın ve ifadelerin konuyla ilgili hemen bütün tarih ders kitaplarında
sıkça geçtiğini rahatlıkla söyleyebiliriz. Pek çok tarih kitabında, bir “Helen (Ellinas)”ı kazığa
oturtmuş bir “Türk”ü yansıtan resim örneğinde (YAP,2005:105,Resim:2), Türkler, “kana
susamış”, “düşmanca” ve “barbar” bir halk olarak gösterilmektedir. Enteresandır, bazı
Avrupa ülkelerinin
tarih ders kitaplarında da karikatür ve minyatür şeklinde benzer
canlandırmaları görebiliyoruz. Mesela incelediğimiz ilkokul seviyesindeki bir İngiliz tarih
ders kitabında “Osmanlı cezalandırmasını gösteren bir minyatür” olarak “kazığa oturtulmuş
ve kancaya geçirilmiş insan” figürleri yer almaktadır (Köstüklü, 2006:136,139, Resim:3).
Buraya kadar verdiğimiz Rum tarih ders kitaplarındaki örnekler,
Kıbrıs‟ta Türk
idaresinin inşa dönemi olarak da görebileceğimiz 16.yy. son çeyreğinde, Kıbrıs‟ta Türk
idaresi veya Türk kavramının nasıl algılandığı hususunda bize bir fikir vermektedir. Şimdi 17.
ve 18. yüzyıldaki gelişmelerin ders kitaplarına nasıl yansıdığına bakmak istiyoruz.
2- 17. ve 18. yy. da Kıbrısta Türk İdaresine Bakış
Ders kitaplarında 17. ve 18.yüzyılın; isyanlarla, zorunlu İslamlaştırma, kötü yönetim,
tabii afetler ve ağır vergilerle geçtiği hususunun sıkça vurgulandığını görüyoruz. Birkaç örnek
vermek gerekirse; Lise tarih ders kitabında şöyle denilmektedir; “17.yüzyılın ilk on yılında
Başpiskopos Kristodulas zamanında önemli isyanlar oldu. Victor Zempetou liderli bu isyan
�6
ve Savoy Dukes isyanı bastırılmış ve böylece Türkler daha sert adımlar atmışlar, birçok
Kıbrıslı zorunlu İslama geçmek durumunda kalmıştır…bir başka isyancı Vogiatzioglou ve
çok sayıdaki destekçisi tutuklandı ve öldürüldü” (Kıbrıs Tarihi, 2011:108). Buradaki
ifadelerde, kamu nizamını, asayişi bozma anlamına gelen “isyan”a karşı, mevcut otorite
Osmanlı idaresinin aldığı tedbirler “sert adımlar” olarak neredeyse kınanıyor ve Türklerin
Kıbrıslıları zorla İslamlaştırdığı vurgusu yapılıyor. Zorla İslamlaştırma (Exislamismoi)
konusu hemen bütün ders kitaplarında yer alan bir vurgu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Hatta
bazı Tarih ders kitaplarında Kıbrıslı Türklerin ve Anadolu‟dan Kıbrıs‟a sürgün edilen
Türklerin bile aslen “Helen” kökenli olduklarının ayrıntılı biçimde ele alındığını görüyoruz
(Papadakis,2008: 10).
18.yy. için yapılan bir başka değerlendirmede; “18.yüzyılda Kıbrıslılarda tam bir
gerileyiş ve yoksulluk ortaya çıktı. Doğal afetler, deprem, kuraklık, çekirgeler ve salgın
hastalıklar ile kötü yönetim, keyfi hareketler, ağır vergilendirme ve ilgi eksikliği nedenleri,
adaları gelişme ve servet kaynakları açısından kötü duruma düşürdü” (Kıbrıs Tarihi,
2011:108) denilmektedir. Bu ifadelerin neredeyse aynısının, esas aldığımız Lise tarih ders
kitabının değişik sayfalarında ve başka tarih kitaplarında da sıkça tekrarlandığını görüyoruz.
Tabii ki burada, Türkler “kötü idareci” olarak değişik kavramlarla nitelendirilirken, aynı
cümlede afetlerle birlikte zikredilmesi, sanki tabii afetlerin de sorumlusu Türk idaresi imiş
gibi gizli bir
ithamı da beraberinde getirmiş bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Kıbrıs‟ın “adalar”
kelimesiyle diğer adalarla birlikte anılması, Yunanistan‟a aidiyet bir başka ifade ile “enosis”
düşüncesinin vurgulanması anlamını taşımaktadır. Aslında bu düşünce pek çok tarih ders
kitabında aleni olarak da ifade edilmektedir. Mesela; kapağında bir dizi antik sütunun
resmedildiği ve Kıbrıslı Rumların Kıbrıs tarihi konusunda
ilkokul düzeyindeki başlıca ders
kitabı olarak kullandığı Istoria tis Kyprou (Lefkoşa, 1991) adlı kitabın kapağında ve metnin
değişik yerlerinde “Kıbrıs şimdi ve her zaman sadece Yunandır ve Yunan olmuştur” mesajı
verilmektedir (Papadakis, 2008:6).
Ders kitaplarına yansıyan 18.yy. önemli isyanlarından birisi de Kıbrıs Muhassılı
Silahtar Çil Osman‟a karşı 1764‟te baş gösteren ayaklanmadır. Çil Osman‟ın bazı yanlış
davranışları arkasında Osmanlı idaresine ağır ithamların yer aldığı cümlelerin sonunda,
isyanın bastırılması şöyle değerlendirilmektedir; “Türk askeri nerede bir ayaklanma varsa
bastırmak için sakinlerini öldürdü. Arazi baskı ve cinayetlerle yönetildi. Kıbrıs bu dönem
mağara adamı şeklinde hırsız ve katil olarak karakterize edilebilir” (Kıbrıs Tarihi, 2011:
111). Bu ifadelerde açıkça görüleceği üzere, kamu nizamını sağlamakla mükellef mevcut
�7
otorite yani Osmanlı Devleti‟nin ayaklanmayı bastırması kınanarak,
Türkler, “mağara
adamı” yani “barbar” , “hırsız” ve “katil” olarak nitelendirilmektedir.
17. ve 18. yüzyılda Kıbrıs‟ta bu gelişmeler olurken, 19.yy. Kıbrıs‟ta Osmanlı yönetimi
açısından daha zor ve çalkantıların yaşandığı bir dönem olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
3- 19. Yüzyılda Kıbrıs’taki Gelişmeler
Bilindiği üzere, 1821 Yunan isyanı, Mısır Meselesi, Tanzimat ve Islahat Fermanları
ve 93 Harbi, 19.yy.‟da Osmanlı Devleti‟nin yaşadığı önemli olaylar arasındadır. Bu
olaylardan, Yunan isyanı, Tanzimat‟ın getirdikleri ve 93 Harbinin siyasi sonuçları, Kıbrıs
tarihi veya Kıbrıs‟ta Türk idaresi açısından önemli sonuçları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu
durum, Rum tarih ders kitaplarına da önemli ölçüde yansımıştır. Özellikle Yunan isyanı
sırasında Kıbrıs‟taki Rumlar‟ın bunu fırsat bilerek mevcut otoriteye karşı ayaklanmaları ders
kitaplarına şöyle yansımıştır; “ isyanın temel nedeni ağalardır. Türkler Lefkoşa‟da çoğunluk
oldular…tüm adada nüfusları arttı… ağır vergiler Lefkoşa‟daki protestoları artırdı…o zaman
kalabalık Türkler şehri (Lefkoşa) talan edip yaktılar…şehirdeki isyancılar alınırken istismar
ve yağmalamalara karşı başpiskopos rüşvet vaat ederek kurtarmış… o zamanki idareci ve
başpiskopos Kıbrıs milli şehidi kabul edilmiştir…önemli
Kıbrıs‟taki ayaklanmaları bastırmada çok
ölümlerin
bir sonuç olarak Türklerin
olması
nedeniyle
görüşmeler
yapılmıştır… Yunanistan‟da devrimin patlak vermesi başarılı başpiskopos Cyprian,
Chrysanthos dönemiyle çatıştı ve sürgün edildiler. Kıbrıs‟ta devrime hazırlanmak ve bilgi
edinmek için uzmanlar getirilerek şirketler kuruldu ama Kıbrıs devriminde aktif olamadılar…
bu sıralarda Kıbrıs valisi olan Küçük Mehmet, devrime (isyana) ait deliller buldu. Sultan,
isyanı bastırmak için Küçük Mehmet‟e maddi teşvik ve yardım gönderdi. Küçük Mehmet
başpiskopos ve piskoposlar üzerine özel katliamlarla devrimi etkisizleştirdi…9 Temmuz
1821‟de büyük katliam başladı. Önce Başpiskopos ve piskopos Paphos‟da Chrysanthos,
Kition‟da Meletios ve Girne‟de Lawrance idan edilir. 9 Temmuz‟da başlayan olaylardaki
kahraman Kıbrıs Başpiskoposuna şair Vasilis Michaelides (Dokuz Temmuz 1821) adlı şiirini
ithaf etti… 9 Temmuz‟daki idam kemikleri 1930‟da Yunanlar (Rumlar) tarafından
Lefkoşa‟daki Faneromenis Kilisesine yerleştirildi….1821 yılında kan vergisi ödenmiş,
Kıbrıs‟ı yükseltme yarışı başlamış, hatta isyancılara maddi ve manevi destek için teklifler
gelmiştir ” (Kıbrıs Tarihi, 2011:112-113,115-121).
Bu ve benzeri ifadeleri değerlendirdiğimizde; daha önceki isyanlarda da gördüğümüz
üzere, aynı yaklaşım tarzı sergilenerek, mevcut otorite Osmanlı Devleti‟nin isyanı bastırması
kınanıyor, isyanda başı çektikleri ve rol aldıkları için idam edilen bazı din adamları ve
�8
özellikle başpiskopos “Kıbrıs milli şehidi” ilan ediliyor. Bir yasal hak ve görev olarak isyanı
bastıran Türkler, talan eden, yakan, yıkan, rüşvet alan olarak vasıflandırılıyor veya
suçlanıyor. Halbu ki, 1821 Yunan isyanı sırasında Sultan II. Mahmud defalarca gönderdiği
fermanlarda; Osmanlı Devleti‟nin durumundan ve şimdiye kadar gayr-i Müslimlere karşı âdil
ve hoşgörülü davranışından bahisle, diğer Rumlar‟ın isyancılara katılmamasını, isyancılarla
işbirliği yapanların cezalandırılacağını, isyana teşebbüs etmeyen kendi halinde işiyle-gücüyle
meşgul olan Rumların ise her türlü saldırıdan korunacağını bildiriyordu (Köstüklü,1993:2738). İsyan‟ın bastırılması “büyük katliam” olarak vurgulanarak Türklere “kâtil”
nitelemesinin yapılması dikkat çekiyor. Tabi burada önemli bir husus da cezalandırılan
suçluların kemiklerinin 1930‟da Rumlar tarafından güney Lefkoşa‟daki Faneromenis
Kilisesi‟ne yerleştirilmesi ve her yıl 25 Mart‟ta İsyanın yıldönümü kutlamalarının yapılması
Türklere yönelik kin duygularının yeni nesillere taşınması bakımından ayrı bir anlam
taşımaktadır. Her yıl yapılan bu kutlamalardan bir örnek vermek gerekirse; Rum Meclis
Başkanı Yannakis Omiru 25 Mart 2012‟de yıldönümü sebebiyle yaptığı konuşmada, “25
Mart‟ın Kıbrıs Hellenizmi için de ebedi bir ilham kaynağı olduğunu… Kıbrıs Hellenizmi için
mücadeleye devam edeceklerini” (Kıbrıs Postası,2012) ısrarla vurgulamıştır. Başta Rum
Yönetimi Başkanı, Meclis Başkanı ve diğer üst düzey yetkililerin katıldığı törenlerde ortaya
konan tutum ve iradenin mevcut ders kitaplarında da yer alması Adadaki her iki toplumun eşit
ve barış içinde birlikte yaşama arzusunu ve zeminini baltalamaktadır.
Ders kitaplarına yansıyan 19. yy. önemli olayları arasında Tanzimat ve Islahat
Fermanlarıyla gelen reformlar ve Rumların bu reformlar çerçevesinde Türklere bakışı
konuları gelmektedir. Bu reformlar Lise tarih kitabında; “Sultan Avrupalılar arasında,
Hristiyanların idaresinin demokratik ilkelere dayandığı izlenimini vermek için yanıltıcı
reformlar yapmak zorunda kaldı” (Kıbrıs Tarihi,2011:129) ifadeleriyle değerlendirilirken,
Türkler‟in samimi olmadığı ve yanıltan ve aldatan bir karaktere sahip olduğu vurgusu
yapılmaktadır. Tabii bu ifadeler Tanzimat‟ın getirdiği bazı alanlardaki hürriyet ortamını ve
hakları suistimal ederek Osmanlı yönetimine karşı oluşacak Rum isyanlarının sözde haklı
zeminini oluşturmaya yönelik görünmektedir. Nitekim ileriki sayfalarda; “önceki reformlar
uygulanmadığı gibi, birçok güç sahibi uygulamayı önledi ve hatta Türkleri kışkırttı” (Kıbrıs
Tarihi,2011:130) ifadeleriyle problem yaratanların Türkler olduğu vurgulanmaktadır.
Tanzimat döneminden başlayıp 93 Harbine giden süreçte, Kıbrıs‟ta mevcut yasal
otorite Osmanlı Devleti aleyhine
Rum faaliyetleri devam etti. Bu dönemdeki olaylar ders
kitabına şöyle yansıtılmıştır; “son elli yılda en fazla dramatik olaylar Türk egemenliğinde
oldu. Üç kez olan ayaklanma ve toplumsal protestolar münasebetiyle Osmanlı yetkilileri
�9
baskıcı ve ağır vergilendirme yoluna gitti. İlk ayaklanma lideri Nicholas Theseus‟ın ve
Larnaka‟nın direnci kırıldı. Buna paralel olarak bölgede Hristiyan ve Müslüman çiftçiler arttı.
Türk imam gönderildi. Bu da isyana sebep olmuş adaya sevk edilen Türk askerleri bu isyanı
bastırmıştır” (Kıbrıs Tarihi,2011:122). Bu ifadelerde de görüleceği üzere, Türkler baskıcı ve
ağır vergiler alan bir toplum olarak sunuluyor.
Bilindiği üzere, 1877-78 Osmanlı- Rus Savaşı, nam-ı diğer 93 Harbi sonrasında
oluşan siyasi durumla Osmanlı Devleti 12 Temmuz 1878 İstanbul Antlaşması ile İngilizlerin
Kıbrıs‟a çıkmasına müsaade etti ve bu tarihten itibaren tapusu Osmanlı‟da kalmak kaydıyla
Kıbrıs‟ın yönetimi İngilizler‟e geçmiş oldu. Kıbrıs‟ta Osmanlı idaresinin son bulması, Rum
ders kitaplarında “Kıbrıs Helenizmi Türk işgalinden kurtuldu” (Kıbrıs Tarihi,2011:146)
şeklinde değerlendirilmiştir. Rumlar‟ın böyle bir değerlendirmeyi, İngiliz yönetimine geçişten
sonra kısa sürede Enosisi gerçekleştirebilecekleri ümidiyle yaptıklarını anlıyoruz. Nitekim
1865‟te Kıbrıs Başpiskoposu seçilen Sophronius‟un, İngilizlerin ilk Kıbrıs Genel Valisi Sir
Garnet Wolseley‟i ziyareti sırasında söylediği sözler ders kitaplarına alınmıştır; Başpiskopos
şöyle demektedir; “ „Biz hükümet değişikliğini kabul ediyoruz, biz İngiltere‟nin Kıbrıs‟a
yardımcı olacağına inanıyoruz, çünkü İyon adaları olarak fiziken anne (anavatan)
Yunanistan‟a bağlıyız‟. Başpiskopos Sophronius Lefkoşa‟da bir resepsiyonda yaptığı
konuşmada da halkın çoğunluğunun Kıbrıs‟ta özgürlük ve adalet beklentisi içinde olduğunu
dile getirdi” (Kıbrıs Tarihi,2011:147). Bütün bu ifadeler, Türkler‟e Enosis’i engelleyen
işgalciler olarak bakıldığını göstermektedir.
1878‟de Türk idaresi sona erip, İngiliz yönetiminin kurulmasıyla birlikte Kıbrıs‟ta
Türkler için zor günler başladı. Bu zorluklar içinde, 1960‟ta bir ümit olabilir düşüncesiyle
Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti kuruldu. Ancak 1960 sonrası gelişmeler de Türkler açısından çeşitli
sıkıntı ve problemleri beraberinde getirdi. Ne gariptir ki, Kıbrıs Rum ders kitaplarında bu
dönem farklı bir şekilde yansıtılmıştır.
4- Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Dönemi’nde Türkler’e Bakış
Ders kitaplarını konu edinen ve bir Rum tarafından yapılan bir araştırmada, Rumlar‟ın
1960‟lı yılları ders kitaplarına nasıl yansıttıkları ve bu dönemde Türklere ve Türkiye‟ye nasıl
baktıkları hususu şöyle dile getirilmektedir;
1960‟lı yıllarda, etnik gruplar arası şiddetin yaşandığı dönem kısaca ve sadece Kıbrıslı
Rumlar‟ın bakış açısından aktarılmaktadır. Kıbrıslı Türkler olayları kışkırtan “isyancı
Türkler” olarak anılmakta ve çatışmalardan sorumlu tutulmaktadır. Bu dönem “Türklerin”
(Türkiye‟nin ve Kıbrıslı Türklerin) “Helenlere” saldırılarda bulunduğu bir dönem olarak
�10
sunulmakta, Kıbrıslı Türklerin yaşadığı ızdıraplar o dönemde Kıbrıslı Rumların acılarından
çok daha fazla olmasına rağmen “Helen” ızdırabının daha şiddetli olduğu, Türk savaş
uçaklarının “uygar nüfus (yani Kıbrıslı Rumlar) arasında felaket ve ölüm” yaydığı bir dönem
olarak gösterilmektedir. ..İlkokul ders kitaplarında 1960- 1974 yılları şöyle aktarılmaktadır:
“Cumhuriyetin kurulduğu 1960 yılından 1974‟e kadar Kıbrıs bütün sektörlerde görülmemiş
düzeyde kalkındı. Nüfusun tamamı çalışıyordu ve halkın yaşamı gitgide daha da iyileşti”. Bu
ifade 1960‟lı yılların büyük bölümünde yoksulluk ve korku içinde, tecrit edilmiş bir hayat
süren, beşte biri yerinden edilmiş Kıbrıslı Türklerin hayat şartlarını görmezden gelmektedir.
Aynı dönemdeki Kıbrıslı Türk yönetiminin bölünmeci bir politika izlediği ifade edilirken,
Kıbrıslı Rumların Yunanistanla birleşme konusundaki ısrarcılığı ve bunun sonucunda 1967
yılında parlamentoda oybirliğiyle birleşme kararı alındığı konusuna tek bir kitapta ve çok
kısaca değinilmektedir (Papadakis, 2008:9-10).
Bu satırların yazarı Papadakis‟in haklı değerlendirmeleri karşısında bize herhangi bir
söz düşmemektedir. Şimdi, 1974 Kıbrıs Harekâtı ve sonraki gelişmelerin ders kitaplarında
nasıl değerlendirildiğine bakmak istiyoruz;
5- 1974 Kıbrıs Harekatı ve Sonrası
Araştırmamızın ağırlığını oluşturan Lise tarih ders kitabının 294. sayfasında Darbe ve
İşgal başlığı altında,
Türkiye‟nin 1974 Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı ve sonrasında Kıbrıs‟taki
gelişmeler özetle şöyle ele alınmaktadır;
“Başbakan Bülent Ecevit‟in Kıbrıs‟ta, İngiliz- Türk beraberliğinde olası bir müdahale
için üçüncü garantör güç olarak İngiltere‟yi ikna çalışmaları yaptıktan sonra, işgalcilerin
başbakanı, Atilla ordularını Kıbrıslı Türklerin garanti ve korunması için Kıbrıs‟a sevketti ve
20 Temmuz 1974 Cumartesi şafakla Türk işgali Girne kıyılarında başladı…Türk kuvvetleri
iki aşamada Kıbrıs‟a taşındı. İlk aşama 22 Temmuza kadar sürdü. Türkler işgalin bu ilk
aşamasında tamamen savunmasız ve darbe nedeniyle dağınık Kıbrıs‟ta Girne‟yi
fethetti…Girne- Lefkoşa yolu kontrol altına alınacaktı. Atina, Kıbrıs’a karşı işlenen suç ve
aynı zamanda cunta ihaneti ağırlığı altında çöktü… Sampson darbe hükümeti ve
Yunanistan‟daki cuntanın çöküşü ile birlikte Kıbrıs yüzünden Türk- Yunan savaşı olasılığı
karşısında BM‟nin aktif olmasında Amerikan faktörü etkili oldu… Türkler sürekli ateşkes
ihlali yaptı. Cenevre Konferansı bittikten sonra 14 Ağustos 1974‟te Kıbrıs‟a karşı yeni bir
saldırı başlattı ve Kıbrıs topraklarının % 36.4‟ünün silah zoruyla ele geçirilmesi, yayılmacı
amaçlarını tamamlayan Türkiye‟nin gerçek niyetini ortaya çıkardı. …İşgalin bir sonucu olarak
binlerce Kıbrıslı Rum, kendi ülkelerinde mülteci oldular. Ada topraklarının s%36.4‟ünün
�11
işgali, Kıbrıs ekonomisi için en ciddi darbe oldu…Yine belirtmek gerekir ki, askerî,
ekonomik, idarî ve siyasi işgal için Türkiye‟nin güçlü varlığı (modern ekipmanlar ile yaklaşık
40 bin asker) 1974‟ten buyana Kıbrıs‟ta mevcut olageldi. Adanın demografik karakterini
değiştirmeyi hedefleyen askerlerin İşgal altındaki Kıbrıs‟tan derhal çekilmesi istendi.
…Sahte Kıbrıs Türk Devleti, tek taraflı irade beyanı, bölücülük ve yasadışı olarak BM
tarafından kınandı (15 Kasım 1983)…” (Kıbrıs Tarihi,2011:294-303).
Özetle verdiğimiz bu ifadelerde; Enosis‟i gerçekleştirmek için yapılan darbenin
sonuçlarını önlemek, Kıbrıs Türklerinin can güvenliği ve geleceğini korumak için tamamen
uluslar arası antlaşmalardan doğan yasal bir hakkı kullanan ve bununla da yükümlü olan
Türkiye, ağır ifadelerle kınanmakta ve suçlanmaktadır. Yukarıdaki metinde yer alan suçlayıcı
ifadeler ders kitabının ilgili sayfalarında sıkça tekrarlanmaktadır. Görüleceği üzere, mazlum
Ada Türkleri ve garantör devlet Türkiye; işgalci, yayılmacı, zorba, Kıbrısa karşı suç işleyen
bir millet ve devlet olarak görülüyor. Türk ordusu, Atilla orduları, işgalci, ateşkes ihlali
yapan, hukuku hiçe sayan bir kuvvet olarak nitelenmektedir. Öteyandan, Kıbrıs Türkleri ve
KKTC; sahte, tek taraflı ilan edilen, bölücü ve yasadışı olarak ilan edilmiş bulunmaktadır.
III- SONUÇ
Buraya kadar 5 ana dönem olarak ele aldığımız ve Kıbrıs tarihi açısından önemli
görülen kronolojik olaylarda, “Türk” ve “Türkiye” kavramının, Rum tarih ders kitaplarına ne
şekilde yansıdığına bakmaya çalıştık.
Metinlerde de açıkça görüldüğü üzere, “Türk” kavramına karşı olumsuz yaklaşımlar,
en ağır ve hakaret içeren kelime ve kavramlarla dile getirilerek, Kıbrıs adasının Rumlarla
birlikte eşit haklara sahip sakinleri olarak insanca yaşamak isteyen Kıbrıslı Türkler
ve
Türkiye dozu en yüksek seviyede kelime ve kavramlarla tezyif ve tahkir edilmektedir. Böyle
bir anlayış ve eğitim sürecine muhatap olan Kıbrıs Rumlarının ve özellikle okul öğrencilerinin
Türklere ve Türkiye‟ye bakışı da tabii olarak bu çerçevede oluşacaktır.
Halbu ki, Tarih öğretimini konu alan 2001 yılı Avrupa Konseyi Önerisinde “öteki‟ni
dışlamayan, düşmanlığı körüklemeyen, uzlaşmacı, ideolojik yönlendirmelere alet edilmeyen”
bir tarih eğitim programı tavsiye edilip Rum kesimi de bu öneriyi onaylamış bulunmaktadır.
Ancak, yukarıdan beri ortaya konduğu üzere, mevcut Rum tarih ders kitaplarında söz konusu
ilkelere uyulmadığı hatta tam tersi bir yaklaşım olduğu görülmektedir. Rum Kesimi tarih ders
kitaplarındaki bu tablo, Adada
Türk- Rum her iki toplumun insanca, barış ve huzur içinde
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birlikte yaşama zemini ve arzusunun oluşmasında tarih ders kitaplarının rolünün bir kez daha
hatırlanması gerçeğini ortaya çıkarmış bulunmaktadır.
Bibliyografya
John Child- Paul Shister- David Taylor, Understanding History I, London 1991, p.124
Kıbrıs Postası, (2012), “Osmanlı‟ya İsyan Kutlamaları”, Kıbrıs Postası, 26 Mart 2012;
http://www.kibrispostasi.com/print.php?news=76153 (erişim tarihi: 11. 02. 2013)
Kıbrıs Tarihi (2011), Αγγελικη Πανηελιδοσ (Angelıki Pandelıdou)–
Κωνζηανηια Χαηζηκωζηη
(Konstantıa Hadzıkostı), Ιζηορια ηης Κσπροσ Μεζαιωνικη – Νεοηερη (1192 - 1974) (Kıbrıs Tarihi,
Ortaçağ – Modern dönem 1192 - 1974), yeni baskı, Lefkoşa
Köstüklü,N.(2006), Sosyal Bilimler ve Tarih Öğretimi, Konya, s.136, 139
Köstüklü, N., (1993), 1820- 1836 Yıllarında Hamid Sancağı ve Türkiye, Selçuk Üniv. Eğitim Fak.
Yay., Konya , s.27- 38.
OİK: (2000);Osmanlı İdaresinde Kıbrıs, Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü yay.,
Ankara, s.12 vd.
- Papadakis, Y., (2008), “Bölünmüş Kıbrısta Tarih Eğitimi” , PRIO Raporu 2/2008, Oslo 2008,
(http://www.prio.no/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/ReportHistory%20Education%20Trk_WEB.pdf; erişim
tarihi: 02. 01. 2013)
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Polydorou, A. (1991), Istoria tis Kyprou (Kıbrıs Tarihi), Lefkoşa, s.69.
YAP(2005) (Ypiresia Anaptyxis Programmaton), Istoria tis Kyprou, Gymnasio (Kıbrıs Tarihi-Lise)
Lefkoşa, s. 105;
Resim 1: Kıbrıs Tarihi, Ortaçağ – Modern Dönem 1192 - 1974,
yeni baskı, Lefkoşa,2011.
�14
Resim 2: Istoria tis Kyprou, Gymnasio,
(Lefkoşa, 2005), s. 105.
Resim 3: Understanding History I, (London, 1991), p.124
�15
�
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2025
Title
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KIBRIS RUM KESİMİ TARİH DERS KİTAPLARINDA “TÜRK” VE “TÜRKİYE” İMAJI
Author
Author
KÖSTÜKLÜ, Nuri
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kıbrıs Meselesi, Rum Ders Kitapları, Türk ve Türkiye İmajı, Enosis. ÖZET Bilindiği üzere günümüz Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin en önemli dış politika meselelerinden biri de “Kıbrıs Meselesi”dir. 1877- 1878 Osmanlı- Rus Savaşı’nın siyasî sonuçlarından olarak, Kıbrıs’ın idaresinin İngilizlere geçmesiyle birlikte, Türkler açısından günümüze kadar sürecek bir “Kıbrıs Meselesi” de başlamış bulunuyordu. Balkan Savaşları ve arkasından I. Dünya Savaşı’nın getirdiği şartlar Kıbrıs Türkleri’nin problemlerini gittikçe artırdı. 1958 Zürih ve 1959 Londra Antlaşmaları çerçevesinde kurulan Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti de barış ve huzur ortamını getiremediği gibi, Ada Türkleri’ne yönelik baskı ve sindirme harekâtı, dozunu artırarak devam etti. Ada’nın Yunanistan’a ilhakı anlamına gelen “Enosis”i gerçekleştirme harekâtı, garantör ülke olarak Türkiye tarafından 1974 Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtıyla önlendi. Bu tarihten itibaren Kıbrıs Türkleri barış ve huzur ortamına kavuşmaya başladı. Bu barış ve huzur ortamında Ada’daki Türkler, siyasî erklerini de ispat ederek KKTC adıyla kendi devletlerini kurarak medenî dünyada insanca ve hür olarak yaşama ve tanınma mücadelesi içine girdiler. Ancak, “Enosis” idealini hiçbir zaman zihinlerinden silemeyen Kıbrıs Rumları, Adanın tümünü temsil ettiği iddiasıyla, kalıcı bir barışın tesisine katkı sağlamaktan uzak durmaktadır. Bugün Kıbrıs Türkleri hür ve eşit şartlarda Adada var olmanın mücadelesi içindedirler. Her iki toplum arasında eşitlik ve dostluk duygularının gelişmesi şüphesiz eğitim sisteminde “öteki” kavramına bakışla yakından alâkalıdır. Bu açıdan ders kitaplarında ve özellikle “tarih ders kitapları”nda her iki toplumun birbirine bakışı, gelecekte kurulması düşünülen kalıcı barışın tesisi açısından önem arzetmektedir. Bu düşüncelerden hareketle, bu bildiride, Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi tarih ders kitaplarında “Türk” ve “Türkiye” imajı, tespit edilmiştir. Sözkonusu tarih ders kitaplarında halen okutulmakta olan Lise kitapları esas alınırken, yeri geldiğinde ilköğretim kitapları da dikkate alınmıştır. Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi eğitimi, Yunanistan eğitim sisteminin bir parçası olduğundan, Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi ders kitaplarında ortaya konan “Türk” imajı, bir bakıma Yunanistan ders kitaplarındaki “Türk” kavramı hakkında da önemli ipuçları verecektir. Dolayısıyla Ada Rumlarındaki “Türk” ve “Türkiye” imajı tespit edilirken, Balkan barışı açısından fevkalâde önem arz eden “Yunanistan’ın Türk dünyasına bakışı” da kısmen anlaşılmış olacaktır.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
International Burch University
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2013-05-17
Keywords
Keywords.
Article
PeerReviewed
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
ISSN 2203-4548
-
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5f67c5b19d71278e30a4bbcf8926bbc1.pdf
bb6f696d7a8a075ab6decfb0ad0b5590
PDF Text
Text
BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014
justifying its existence. Literature plays an important role because of its ability
to influence a large number of people in the creation of the ideological
baggage. Nihal Atsız’ ideas; the myths and symbols he presented or created
have shaped and completed the Turkish rightist nationalist ideology. This
paper focuses on the image of the Turk, the concepts of enemy, and state in
Atsız’ novels of Bozkurtlar Diriliyor, Bozkurtların Ölümü and Deli Kurt.
KİLİSLİ ZİHNÎ DİVANI’NDAKİ KERBELA MESİYELERİ
Hasan ŞENER
Fırat Üniversitesi, Elazığ / Türkiye
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kilisli Zihnî, Kerbelâ, Mersiye.
ÖZET
Kilisli Zihni, 19. Yüzyılda Kilis’te yaşamış son dönem klasik Türk edebiyatı
şairlerindendir. Asıl adı, Mehmet’tir. Babası Çermik müftüsü Abdullah
Efendi’dir. Vasfi Mahir Kocatürk, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihinde onun 19.yy.da
Tanzimat’tan sonra, İstanbul dışında yetişmiş en güçlü şahsiyetlerden birisi
olduğunu söyler. Bir Nakşibendi tekkesi olan Kilis’teki Baytazoğlu tekkesine
bağlı olup, Abdullah Sermest Efendi’ye intisap etmiştir. Abdullah Sermest
Efendi ve Hacı Abdünnafi Efendi, onun çok sevdiği ve saydığı
kimselerdendir. Abdullah Sermest Efendi’nin ölümü üzerine Zihni Efendi,
büyük bir boşluğa düşmüş ve 1889 Birecik’e göçmüş ve 1893 yılında vefat
etmiştir. Zihni Efendi, edebi üslubu itibariyle güçlü bir şairdir. Üslubu; sade,
fikirleri açıktır. Rint- Meşrep bir kişiliği vardır. İslam tarihinin en hazîn
olaylarından biri Kerbelâ hadisesidir. Kerbelâ’da Hz. Peygamber’in torunu
Hz. Hüseyin’in ve ailesinin elîm bir şekilde şehit edilmesi, İslam âlemini
derinden etkilemiştir. Türk edebiyatında birçok şair bu olay karşısındaki
hislerini dile getirmek için mersiyeler kaleme almıştır. Hz. Hüseyin’in
Kerbela’da şehit edilmesine duyduğu derin üzüntüyü mersiye yazarak dile
getiren şairlerden biri de, yukarıda hakkında kısaca bilgi verdiğimiz, XIX.
yüzyıl divan şairlerinden Kilisli Zihnî’dir. Bildirimizde, Kilisli Zihnî
153
�BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ - UTEK 2014
hakkında kısaca bilgi verildikten sonra onun Kerbelâ mersiyeleri şekil ve
muhteva özellikleri açısından incelenecektir.
SEZAİ KARAKOÇ’UN ŞİİRLERİNDE TOPRAK UNSURU
Ayşe A.DİNÇ
International Burch University / Bosna Hersek
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sezai Karakoç, şiir, tabiat, toprak unsuru.
ÖZET
Sezai Karakoç, 1950’lerden itibaren dȃhil olduğu şiir dünyamızda şairliği ve
mütefekkir kimliği ile kendine has bir yer edinmiştir. Karakoç’un diriliş
düşüncesi Allah’a inanma etrafında örgülenmiş ve Karakoç şiirini bu temel
üzerinde yükseltmiştir. Kelimeyi güçlü bir silah gibi kullanarak kurduğu
şiirlerinde her kelime ayrı bir öneme sahiptir.
Bu bağlamda Karakoç’un şiirlerinde yer alan toprak ve toprakla ilgili
kelimeler belli bir dünya görüşünün ifadesidir. Sezai Karakoç’un şiirlerinde
tabiata ait unsurlara sıkça rastlamak mümkündür. Karakoç, yoğun bir şekilde
eleştirisini yaptığı modernizmin karşısına tabiîliği, tabiatla iç içe olma
durumunu koyar. Modernizmin karşısında yenilmiş, kendini ve aslını
kaybetmiş olan insan ancak tabiatla yeniden buluştuğu, onunla iç içe olduğu
zaman gerçek kimliğine geri dönebilecek ve olması gereken yerde
durabilecektir. Kȃinatı meydana getiren dört ana unsurdan biri olan toprak ise
Karakoç’un şiirine zaman zaman insanın aslını temsil eden bir öz yahut da
tabiîliğe ait bir unsur olarak doğal ortamdaki haliyle yansımıştır. Bu çalışmada
Sezai Karakoç’un şiirlerinde yer alan toprak unsuru incelenmiş ve şiirin iç
realitesi etrafında oluşturduğu anlam dünyası bakımından irdelenmiştir.
154
�
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2676
Title
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KİLİSLİ ZİHNÎ DİVANI’NDAKİ KERBELA MESİYELERİ
Author
Author
ŞENER, Hasan
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Kilisli Zihni, 19. Yüzyılda Kilis’te yaşamış son dönem klasik Türk edebiyatı şairlerindendir. Asıl adı, Mehmet’tir. Babası Çermik müftüsü Abdullah Efendi’dir. Vasfi Mahir Kocatürk, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihinde onun 19.yy.da Tanzimat’tan sonra, İstanbul dışında yetişmiş en güçlü şahsiyetlerden birisi olduğunu söyler. Bir Nakşibendi tekkesi olan Kilis’teki Baytazoğlu tekkesine bağlı olup, Abdullah Sermest Efendi’ye intisap etmiştir. Abdullah Sermest Efendi ve Hacı Abdünnafi Efendi, onun çok sevdiği ve saydığı kimselerdendir. Abdullah Sermest Efendi’nin ölümü üzerine Zihni Efendi, büyük bir boşluğa düşmüş ve 1889 Birecik’e göçmüş ve 1893 yılında vefat etmiştir. Zihni Efendi, edebi üslubu itibariyle güçlü bir şairdir. Üslubu; sade, fikirleri açıktır. Rint- Meşrep bir kişiliği vardır. İslam tarihinin en hazîn olaylarından biri Kerbelâ hadisesidir. Kerbelâ’da Hz. Peygamber’in torunu Hz. Hüseyin’in ve ailesinin elîm bir şekilde şehit edilmesi, İslam âlemini derinden etkilemiştir. Türk edebiyatında birçok şair bu olay karşısındaki hislerini dile getirmek için mersiyeler kaleme almıştır. Hz. Hüseyin’in Kerbela’da şehit edilmesine duyduğu derin üzüntüyü mersiye yazarak dile getiren şairlerden biri de, yukarıda hakkında kısaca bilgi verdiğimiz, XIX. yüzyıl divan şairlerinden Kilisli Zihnî’dir. Bildirimizde, Kilisli Zihnî hakkında kısaca bilgi verildikten sonra onun Kerbelâ mersiyeleri şekil ve muhteva özellikleri açısından incelenecektir.
Publisher
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International Burch University
Date
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2014-05-23
Keywords
Keywords.
Article
PeerReviewed
Identifier
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ISSN 2303-582X
P Philology. Linguistics,PA Classical philology,PI Oriental languages and literatures,PN Literature (General)
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3411
Title
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KINSHIP LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH,CROATIAN AND BOSNIAN
Author
Author
Dupanović, Edin
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
This paper presents three small corpora of kinship terms borrowed into three languages: English, Croatian and Bosnian. In all three cases, kinship terms were borrowed from the languages of the respective conquerors. The English language borrowed kinship terms almost exclusively from French after the Norman Conquest; Croatian loanwords in this semantic field came mostly from Italian, German and Hungarian; while most of the borrowed kinship terms in Bosnian came from the Turkish language. On the one hand, words are, in most cases, borrowed from other cultures along with new commodities, ideas or concepts; but on the other hand, the existence of kinship is universal to the humankind. There are simply no human societies without some form of kinship. Out of this apparent paradox a question arises – why borrow words for the already existing concepts. By using methods of anthropological linguistics and examples from the kinship corpora, this paper argues that language borrowing is a far more complex phenomenon than it appears at first glance. Language borrowing is not just about language itself, but about both culture and language as its vehicle. This paper reveals some of the intricacies in connections between kinship systems and accompanying terms, having to do with their stability, change, and other factors. Thus, it improves our understanding of interdependences between the language change processes and culture in its anthropological sense. Keywords: kinship terminology, loanwords, English, Croatian, Bosnian
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2014
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
PE English
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https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b509216c07c9b12be1d343694b555bce.docx
2e510480708c48cad7fa02f828b406fd
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3be86437af9db7cf79e33572bf393ea0.pdf
303df9a4778c160a5e3dcd17c35c667f
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Text
KIRGIZ TÜRKÇESİNDE İŞİTME DUYU FİİLLERİ
Kıyal Kamchybekova ABDİRAİM
Dicle Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Çağdaş Türk Lehçeleri ve Edebiyatları, Diyarbakır /
Türkiye
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kırgız Türkçesi, duyu fiilleri, algılama, tat duyu fiilleri.
ÖZET
Zihnî bir sürecin başlangıcını oluşturan duyu fiillerinin, mantık ve ruh bilimleri için
önemli olduğu kadar dilbilimi için de önemli ve ciddî rol oynadığı son zamanlarda ortaya
çıkmaktadır. Buna rağmen Türkoloji alanında disiplinler arası bir konu olan duyu fiilleri yeterli
oranda incelenmemiştir. Bu çalışmada duyu fiillerinin bir türü olan işitme duyu fiilleri sözcüksel
anlambilim açısından ele alınmış ve Kırgız Türkçesi sözlüklerinden tespit edilen işitme duyu
fiilleri örneklendirmelerle değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca işitme duyu fiillerinin anlamsal özellikleri
ve türleri üzerinde durulmaya çalışılmıştır.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
2027
Title
A name given to the resource
KIRGIZ TÜRKÇESİNDE İŞİTME DUYU FİİLLERİ
Author
Author
ABDİRAİM, Kıyal Kamchybekova
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kırgız Türkçesi, duyu fiilleri, algılama, tat duyu fiilleri. ÖZET Zihnî bir sürecin başlangıcını oluşturan duyu fiillerinin, mantık ve ruh bilimleri için önemli olduğu kadar dilbilimi için de önemli ve ciddî rol oynadığı son zamanlarda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Buna rağmen Türkoloji alanında disiplinler arası bir konu olan duyu fiilleri yeterli oranda incelenmemiştir. Bu çalışmada duyu fiillerinin bir türü olan işitme duyu fiilleri sözcüksel anlambilim açısından ele alınmış ve Kırgız Türkçesi sözlüklerinden tespit edilen işitme duyu fiilleri örneklendirmelerle değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca işitme duyu fiillerinin anlamsal özellikleri ve türleri üzerinde durulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
International Burch University
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2013-05-17
Keywords
Keywords.
Article
PeerReviewed
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
ISSN 2203-4548
-
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0a26170f1ae3a4367310a4e4ee8d410d.docx
e505585c24d4b68c0970bb1f273e01f5
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/746e9d023b3213bd18a07810ea1206c3.pdf
55f66f4b26028090b8304d1728aa0c6f
PDF Text
Text
KIRGIZCA’DA VE TÜRKÇE’DE EKLERİN DUYGU DEĞERİ FONKSİYONLARI
Ayşen KOCA
Uluslararası Atatürk Alatoo Üniversitesi, Türkoloji Bölümü, Bişkek / Kırgızistan
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekler, duygu değeri, morfolojik unsurlar.
ÖZET
Duygu değeri bir mana kategorisidir. Türkçe’de ve Kırgızca’da duygu değeri
oluşturmada morfolojik unsurlardan istifade edilmektedir. Eklerle sağlanan duygu değeri hem
yazınsal metinlerde hem de günlük hayatta aktif kullanılmaktadır. Türki dillerden Kırgızca ve
Türkçe’de eklerle sağlanan duygu değeri izleklerinde hem dilsel hem de psiko-sosyolojik pek
çok ortak yön mevcuttur. Bu yazının amacı, duygu değeri oluşturmada Kırgızca ve Türkçe’deki
eklerin tesbitinin yapılması, örneklerle duygu değerine dair izleklerin belirlenmesi ve duygu
değeri açısından iki dildeki benzerliklerin ve farlılıkların ortaya koyulmasından ibarettir.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
2028
Title
A name given to the resource
KIRGIZCA’DA VE TÜRKÇE’DE EKLERİN DUYGU DEĞERİ FONKSİYONLARI
Author
Author
KOCA, Ayşen
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekler, duygu değeri, morfolojik unsurlar. ÖZET Duygu değeri bir mana kategorisidir. Türkçe’de ve Kırgızca’da duygu değeri oluşturmada morfolojik unsurlardan istifade edilmektedir. Eklerle sağlanan duygu değeri hem yazınsal metinlerde hem de günlük hayatta aktif kullanılmaktadır. Türki dillerden Kırgızca ve Türkçe’de eklerle sağlanan duygu değeri izleklerinde hem dilsel hem de psiko-sosyolojik pek çok ortak yön mevcuttur. Bu yazının amacı, duygu değeri oluşturmada Kırgızca ve Türkçe’deki eklerin tesbitinin yapılması, örneklerle duygu değerine dair izleklerin belirlenmesi ve duygu değeri açısından iki dildeki benzerliklerin ve farlılıkların ortaya koyulmasından ibarettir.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
International Burch University
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2013-05-17
Keywords
Keywords.
Article
PeerReviewed
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
ISSN 2203-4548
-
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2c5d415ba1c8af9c218086b155b13ba9.docx
8aab8376800df968fd278f9f20f1cc71
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7757f185ca3e35aca10278a7d9e514da.pdf
0e37c72ef639c20c0297a256df3cced2
PDF Text
Text
KIRIM TATAR DİLBİLGİSİ HAKKINDA BİRKAÇ SÖZ
Gulnara ADCİMAMBETOVA
Kırım Mühendislik Pedagoji Üniversitesi, Kırımtatar ve Türk Filoloji Fakultesi, SimferopolKırım / Ukrayna
Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk dilleri, Kırım Tatar dili, Kırım Tatar.
ÖZET
Sorunun Formülasyonu. Uzun yıllar boyunca (sürgün yılları) Kırım Tatar filoloji alanında
araştırma çalışmaları gerçekleşmedi. Bugün Farklı yönlerde araştırma gerçekleşiyor. Buna
rağmen, dil incelemesi ile ilgili birçok sorun keşfedilmemiş kalıyor. Bunlardan biri ise önkoşulu
dilbilgilerinin durumunun hem senkroni hem art zamanlı açıdan incelemesine ihtiyacı olan farklı
zamanlarda yazılmış Kırım Tatar dilinin dilbilgilerinin incelemesi. İş bu makalenin amacı farklı
dönemlerde yayınlanmış Kırım Tatar dilinin temel dilbilgilerinin açıklamasıdır. Dil incelemesi
dilbilgisi derledikçe gerçekleşiyordu. Çağdaş Türk dilbilimi dillerin ezici çoğunluğu dilbilgisi
yapısının monografik açıklamaları bakımından büyük deneyim kazandı. Etraflı olmayan olsa da
ama karşılaştırmalı tarihsel niteliğinin sahibi olan Türkoloji eserleri ile sunulmuş (O. Betlingk,
W.Radloff, W. Bang, M. Räsänen, vb gibi) önemli araştırmaları var. Somut Türk dillerinin
tarihsel araştırmaları başlandı. Türkologların dilbilimcilerin ezici çoğunluğu somut Türk
dillerinin yapısının açıklanması, onların kelime, dilbilgisi ve fonolojik yapısı ile meşguldü. Türk
dillerinin yapısının özelliği ile ilgili bilgi edinme gelişmeleri için dilbilgisi araştırmalarında Türk
dilbilgisinin çoğu olaylarının özünü ve tabiatını ortaya koyan ve gösteren P.L. Melioranskiy,
A.N. Samoyloviç, V.A. Gordlevskiy, N.K. Dmitriyev Türkologları Dilbilimcileri okuluna
önemli ölçüde borçluyuz. Sunulan çalışmada Türk dillerinin temel dilbilgileri ve Kırım Tatar
dilinin dilbilgisi incelenilmiş ve açıklanmıştır.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
2029
Title
A name given to the resource
KIRIM TATAR DİLBİLGİSİ HAKKINDA BİRKAÇ SÖZ
Author
Author
ADCİMAMBETOVA, Gulnara
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk dilleri, Kırım Tatar dili, Kırım Tatar. ÖZET Sorunun Formülasyonu. Uzun yıllar boyunca (sürgün yılları) Kırım Tatar filoloji alanında araştırma çalışmaları gerçekleşmedi. Bugün Farklı yönlerde araştırma gerçekleşiyor. Buna rağmen, dil incelemesi ile ilgili birçok sorun keşfedilmemiş kalıyor. Bunlardan biri ise önkoşulu dilbilgilerinin durumunun hem senkroni hem art zamanlı açıdan incelemesine ihtiyacı olan farklı zamanlarda yazılmış Kırım Tatar dilinin dilbilgilerinin incelemesi. İş bu makalenin amacı farklı dönemlerde yayınlanmış Kırım Tatar dilinin temel dilbilgilerinin açıklamasıdır. Dil incelemesi dilbilgisi derledikçe gerçekleşiyordu. Çağdaş Türk dilbilimi dillerin ezici çoğunluğu dilbilgisi yapısının monografik açıklamaları bakımından büyük deneyim kazandı. Etraflı olmayan olsa da ama karşılaştırmalı tarihsel niteliğinin sahibi olan Türkoloji eserleri ile sunulmuş (O. Betlingk, W.Radloff, W. Bang, M. Räsänen, vb gibi) önemli araştırmaları var. Somut Türk dillerinin tarihsel araştırmaları başlandı. Türkologların dilbilimcilerin ezici çoğunluğu somut Türk dillerinin yapısının açıklanması, onların kelime, dilbilgisi ve fonolojik yapısı ile meşguldü. Türk dillerinin yapısının özelliği ile ilgili bilgi edinme gelişmeleri için dilbilgisi araştırmalarında Türk dilbilgisinin çoğu olaylarının özünü ve tabiatını ortaya koyan ve gösteren P.L. Melioranskiy, A.N. Samoyloviç, V.A. Gordlevskiy, N.K. Dmitriyev Türkologları Dilbilimcileri okuluna önemli ölçüde borçluyuz. Sunulan çalışmada Türk dillerinin temel dilbilgileri ve Kırım Tatar dilinin dilbilgisi incelenilmiş ve açıklanmıştır.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
International Burch University
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2013-05-17
Keywords
Keywords.
Article
PeerReviewed
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
ISSN 2203-4548