163 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1bdac1141590d77aa9fb9c3e138990b1.pdf cd68de2069efed2be7ff0eb7734e575e PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The New Perspectives in Turkish Foreign Policy Regarding With The West After The Cold War Bülent Uğrasız Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey bulent.ugrasiz@deu.edu.tr At beginning of the 21st century, Turkey’s approach to the West has also entered new period. Recent year’s Turkish society has changed enormously. Turkish foreign policy horizons have expanded, and Turkey has developed a more active and sovereignty centered approach to nearby regions and with allies. As a part West, European Union has changed, too. European Union has moved decidedly ambivalent stance to a more integrationist approach in its relations with Turkey. NATO which is a key institutional link for Turkey to the West has heightened Turkey’s value to the Alliance. The EU is developing foreign and defense policies at the same time independently from NATO. In such case, the role of Turkey remains uncertain. Turkey’s geopolitical importance is very clear for the West. Especially the US and Turkey have developed a common agenda for relations in the period of post-Cold world. Taking care of this background, this study explores the changing parameters in Turkish-Western relations and also looks at the new perspectives in strategic cooperation of Turkish-European-the U.S. triangle. I will also analyze the future relations of Turkey with EU. Keywords: Foreign Policy, the West, European Union, the Future of Turkey in the West 70 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1568 Title A name given to the resource The New Perspectives in Turkish Foreign Policy Regarding With The West After The Cold War Author Author UGRASIZ, Bulent Abstract A summary of the resource. At beginning of the 21st century, Turkey’s approach to the West has also entered new period. Recent year’s Turkish society has changed enormously. Turkish foreign policy horizons have expanded, and Turkey has developed a more active and sovereignty centered approach to nearby regions and with allies. As a part West, European Union has changed, too. European Union has moved decidedly ambivalent stance to a more integrationist approach in its relations with Turkey. NATO which is a key institutional link for Turkey to the West has heightened Turkey’s value to the Alliance. The EU is developing foreign and defense policies at the same time independently from NATO. In such case, the role of Turkey remains uncertain. Turkey’s geopolitical importance is very clear for the West. Especially the US and Turkey have developed a common agenda for relations in the period of post-Cold world. Taking care of this background, this study explores the changing parameters in Turkish-Western relations and also looks at the new perspectives in strategic cooperation of Turkish-European-the U.S. triangle. I will also analyze the future relations of Turkey with EU. Keywords: Foreign Policy, the West, European Union, the Future of Turkey in the West Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5e1b169a6834ba4e7c18b71fe9879525.pdf 3ffc4d676d2477b33bfe3665f6470f54 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Economic Crises and Its Impacts on International Road Transportation Sector between European Union and Turkey Ulviyye Aydın Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey ulaydin91@hotmail.com In 2008, when the ratification process of the Lisbon Treaty had been continuing, the global financial crises had been perceived as an AngloSaxon recession early on, however it increased the problems significantly, which EU countries were already faced. So, serious problems arise in such countries, like UK, Ireland and Spain, where the share of financial services in national incomes was sufficiently high. As a result of global crises, loss of consumer confidence and decrease in the world trade volume forced also German economy-one of the biggest exporters of the world. The new members of EU, who realized its largest enlargement in 2004, have been affected negatively by the crises. The EU members, who were unprepared to crises, under the effects of lack of final decisions about the coordination of economic and financial policies in EU agreements, could not perform well in common “struggle” against crises. Although coordination provided by the actions of some EU member states leaders prevented the conclusion of crises with a disaster, but this could not stop low growth rates and high unemployment. All these negative developments deeply affected every sector of the EU economy, a logistics sector also, which has a key role to play in increasing the competitiveness of European industry in both the services and manufacturing sectors with about 7 million employments (in freight logistics). On the other hand, an economic crisis in the EU decreased its trade volume with Turkey. The EU is the Turkey’s first trade partner. But the reduction of the domestic demand in the EU naturally lowered the level of trade between them. Turkey’s import rate from the EU decreased from 40,8% in 2007 to 39,3% in 2010. Also in this period Turkey’s export to the EU declined from 56,8 % to 46,3%. These developments in foreign trade decreased a volume of international road freight transportation between the EU and Turkey also. Additionally, the EU’s protective policies such as permit and visa limitations narrows the trade strongly. 269 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The purpose of this paper is to describe the main reasons of negative changes in international road transportation sector between the European Union and Turkey in the light of economic crises and make suggestions to develop the bilateral sectoral relations on behalf of increasing trade and elimination of crisis’s impacts. The Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges’ and the International Road Transport Union’s data about the quantity of permits and TIR carnets will be used for evaluation of transport volumes between the EU and Turkey. Keywords: Enlargement, European Union, International Road Transportation, Global Economic Crises, Logistics, Permit, Trade, Turkey. 270 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1601 Title A name given to the resource Economic Crises and Its Impacts on International Road Transportation Sector between European Union and Turkey Author Author ULVIYYE, Aydin Abstract A summary of the resource. In 2008, when the ratification process of the Lisbon Treaty had been continuing, the global financial crises had been perceived as an Anglo- Saxon recession early on, however it increased the problems significantly, which EU countries were already faced. So, serious problems arise in such countries, like UK, Ireland and Spain, where the share of financial services in national incomes was sufficiently high. As a result of global crises, loss of consumer confidence and decrease in the world trade volume forced also German economy-one of the biggest exporters of the world. The new members of EU, who realized its largest enlargement in 2004, have been affected negatively by the crises. The EU members, who were unprepared to crises, under the effects of lack of final decisions about the coordination of economic and financial policies in EU agreements, could not perform well in common “struggle” against crises. Although coordination provided by the actions of some EU member states leaders prevented the conclusion of crises with a disaster, but this could not stop low growth rates and high unemployment. All these negative developments deeply affected every sector of the EU economy, a logistics sector also, which has a key role to play in increasing the competitiveness of European industry in both the services and manufacturing sectors with about 7 million employments (in freight logistics). On the other hand, an economic crisis in the EU decreased its trade volume with Turkey. The EU is the Turkey’s first trade partner. But the reduction of the domestic demand in the EU naturally lowered the level of trade between them. Turkey’s import rate from the EU decreased from 40,8% in 2007 to 39,3% in 2010. Also in this period Turkey’s export to the EU declined from 56,8 % to 46,3%. These developments in foreign trade decreased a volume of international road freight transportation between the EU and Turkey also. Additionally, the EU’s protective policies such as permit and visa limitations narrows the trade strongly. The purpose of this paper is to describe the main reasons of negative changes in international road transportation sector between the European Union and Turkey in the light of economic crises and make suggestions to develop the bilateral sectoral relations on behalf of increasing trade and elimination of crisis’s impacts. The Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges’ and the International Road Transport Union’s data about the quantity of permits and TIR carnets will be used for evaluation of transport volumes between the EU and Turkey. Keywords: Enlargement, European Union, International Road Transportation, Global Economic Crises, Logistics, Permit, Trade, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/46779c1629917c54daedd4e4c8af1de9.pdf 50f437bb3550b3a817b488904d1afc19 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Influence of Local Governments over the Transformation in Inspection Understanding of Turkey on Tutorship Inspection Feyzullah Ünal Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey funal@dumlupinar.edu.tr Selami Erdoğan Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey erdogans274@mynet.com The expansion in the functions and activities of public administration in last years led to the administration more systematic and convenient with the scientific rules. However, the expansion and frequency for the functions and activities of the administration brought about inertia in bureaucracy, red taping and corruption and the complaints of the governed about the activities of the administration. All these developments led to invent, develop and use the contemporary inspection methods and techniques. Local governments are the governmental administrative units which are investable and complementary parameters of the public administration together with the central government in almost all countries. During the historical progress, the local governments has been transformed into the essential institutions in executing the local services by providing the productivity and effectiveness and enhancing the democratic possibilities. Local governments are the closer and at the lower level administrative bodies. The power and the functionality of local administration is directly relevant with the level democracy in any given society. In analysing the legal and structural transformation of public administrative inspection in last years of Turkey, it can be seen that the important problems are still remaining under the inspection of administration for the tutorship. In this presentation, the influence of the transformation emerged in the understanding of inspection in the public administration over the tutorship inspection of local administration has been elaborated and offered some new solutions for the problems which may arise during this process. Keywords: Public Administration, Local Administration, Inspection, Tutorship Inspection, Local Autonomy. 122 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/837e2f19997a945fa0e6012e4386a281.docx 5f045942c8ce36b8399e3657e607fb6f https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7e3e259acd850185d41ea1163c5db700.pdf 6dec10440d79766924f60320ccfa2040 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Influence of Local Governments over the Transformation in Inspection Understanding of Turkey on Tutorship Inspection Feyzullah Unal Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey funal@dumlupinar.edu.tr Selami Erdoğan Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey erdogans274@mynet.com Abstract The expansion in the functions and activities of public administration in last years led to the administration more systematic and convenient with the scientific rules. However, the expansion and frequency for the functions and activities of the administration brought about inertia in bureaucracy, red taping and corruption and the complaints of the governed about the activities of the administration. All these developments led to invent, develop and use the contemporary inspection methods and techniques. Local governments are the governmental administrative units which are investable and complementary parameters of the public administration together with the central government in almost all countries. During the historical progress, the local governments has been transformed into the essential institutions in executing the local services by providing the productivity and effectiveness and enhancing the democratic possibilities. Local governments are the closer and at the lower level administrative bodies. The power and the functionality of local administration is directly relevant with the level democracy in any given society. In analyzing the legal and structural transformation of public administrative inspection in last years of Turkey, it can be seen that the important problems are still remaining under the inspection of administration for the tutorship. In this presentation, the influence of the transformation emerged in the understanding of inspection in the public administration over the tutorship inspection of local administration has been elaborated and offered some new solutions for the problems which may arise during this process. Keywords: Public administration, local administration, inspection, tutorship inspection, local autonomy Introduction In the discipline of public administration, the changing process has been initiated in 1980s and prolonged until now has influenced deeply the understanding of public administration in Turkey as various countries and led to the legal and structural transformation. The most important step in this changing the novelties suffered the control mechanisms and its implementations. The old fashioned inspection in classical public administration contains the punishment of the personal who committed the mistake was replaced by the understanding of inspection consist of preventive approach to take precaution before 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo creating the mistakes and faults and depending upon the guidance function for employees and result and process-based parameters. Local governments as the main parameter of the public administration are governing bodies which has the separate entity and autonomy as well as public entity. Central government attempts to control and take under provision the local governments in order to prevent the abasement of the authorities given by the central government contrary to the legal rules and the common interests, unity and the integration of the state and create the harmony and coordination in the state services. Local governments are bound to be supervised by the central government because it is the direct representative of the central government. Nevertheless, overcontrol and excessive surveillance of the local governments may lead to prevent the development of the potential governance capacity of the local governments. However, the guardianship inspection of the central government over the local governments can be hampered by the convenient balance between the local autonomy and benefits expected from the inspection. The regulations concerned with the guardianship inspection over the local governments put in an appearance in Constitution and the laws. The extents, aims and the constrains of the guardianship inspection should not be directed into the propriety control because of the ambiguity of the legal framework. However, the guardianship inspection of local governments may give harm their local autonomies. For this reason, this surveillance should be in minimum level and in accordance with the legal framework. In this presentation, the influence of the transformation within the understanding of the control over the guardianship inspection of the local authorities and how this transformation led to some legal and structural changings and existing problems and their ways of solution concerned with this transformation will be subjected into the detailed analysis. Transformational Analysis of the Inspection Understanding in Turkey New public administration understanding emerged as a reaction and alternative of traditional and classical approach turned into the paradigm which is prevalent, transforming, directing and interpreting the changings in the activities, structure of the economic and executive system in 1980s (Bilgiç, 2003:36). This paradigm transformation in the discipline of the public administration since 1980s became effective in Turkey and implemented into the legal regulations in 2000s. This transformation suffered in the scope of the public administration reflected into the inspection mechanism with the peculiarities of focusing on the factual trues and convenience with the legal regulations, adequacy on the new requirement and conditions and referring the contemporary inspection techniques and mechanisms. In this context, Public Fiscal Management and Inspection Code with 5018 number entered into force in 2003 separates the inspection as the internal and external control. In accordance with this Code, the internal control can be operated by the internal auditor and internal control has been defined as the guidance, independent and objective security building activities as well as inspecting the public administration to be governed in accordance with the principles of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity (Article 63). 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The external control is the providence of the supreme court of public accounts after spending the expenditure and its aim is the elaboration of the fiscal activities, decisions and transactions of the government within the framework of political accountability of the public administrations in accordance with the targets and plans determined bu the legal regulations (Art 68). The aim of inspection in the local government codes (Provincial Special Administration and Municipalities) is to help the presentation of the mistakes in the activities and transactions of the local governments and provide the improvement of the employees and organizations and ultimately make the government and control system more reliable coherent. In accordance with these targets, other aims of the inspection for the local governments are to analyze the services which have been realized impartially and within the framework of performance criteria and quality standards and to report the obtained results for the concerned people (Provincial Special Administration and Municipalities Codes Art. 37 and Obligation Law Art. 54). One thing to bear in mind here is to overemphasizing the guidance function of the inspection and to focus on the human-based understanding of the control mechanism. The Aim, Extent and Constrain of the Guardianship Inspection Guardianship inspection is the inspection of the local governments by the other governmental institutions excluding the local authorities within the limits of the rules and laws (Gözübüyük 1976: 158). Guardianship inspection is realized by the executive body, institution and office authorized by the legal sources and this control has been limited with the constrains determined by the law. Guardianship inspection is implemented in order to provide the harmony in public services and secure the common interests of the state over the activities, transactions, bodies and employees of the local authorities (Arslan, 1990:508-510; Gürsoy, 1987:8-9; Aktan, 1976:4). Impliedly, Guardianship inspection is a kind of guarantee for the people benefited from the public services as well as the central governments and local authorities. The reasons of the guardianship inspection implemented by the central government over the local authorities have been determined in 127 Article of 1982 Constitution. According to the Constitution, the central government has the authority of guardianship inspection in order to “provide the social interest” and “duly satisfaction of local necessities”. It means that the Constitution allows for the guardianship inspection and the inspection for the compliance with laws. This constitutional regulation has become the source and legitimacy ground of the strong guardianship inspection over the local governments (Eryılmaz, 1997:29; Geray, 1993:31; Çoker, 1992:6). European Autonomy Charter of Local Governments which Turkey signed by putting some reservations includes the regulations pertaining with the guardianship inspection over the local authorities. 8th Article of the Charter is directly relevant with the nature, extent and way of implementation for the guardianship inspection. According to the Charter, the executive governmental inspection of the local authorities can be implemented just only in situations determined in the law and just only aims to provide the compliance with the principles of the Constitution (Keleş, 1995:14). European Autonomy Charter of Local Governments which Turkey signed by putting some reservations is principally limited with the inspection for the compliance with the law in respect of executive guardianship (Yeter, 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 1996:6; Gönül: 1993:33). The task, duty, responsibility of the direct local authorities is constrained with the inspection for the compliance with the law. Implementation Ways of Guardianship Inspection In this kind of guardianship inspection, the inspector people and bodies are openly determined and the scope of inspection is regulated with laws. A public servant or a public institution or a body can be demonstrated as the guardianship post (Tezcan, 1995:268). Turning over of the guardianship inspection is not possible and this authority cannot be used by other bodies and institutions. The guardianship inspection is a kind of inspection committed by the institutions placed in the central government or their representative in local places or back country. In this context, President of the Republic, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Ministry of Internal Affairs, other ministries, State Supervisory Council, Prime Ministry and Ministry of Finance Committee of Inspection, Ministry of Labor and Social Security, court of State and Court of Accounts and other relevant institutions and organizations and their representatives in back country have the authority of the inspection (Bozoğlu, 1996:18; Başsoy, 1993:300). However, the guardianship inspection over the provincial special administrations, municipalities, and relevant institutions or local government unions has been realized and some into enforcement by the local authorities as the representatives of Ministry of Internal Affairs and within the back country. The central government has under the subjection of the continuous inspection in order to provide the compliance of all local authority transactions in accordance with the common methods of the state. The guardianship inspection over the local governments principally provides balance between de facto and de jure. This inspection can be implemented against the negative activities such as the ignorance, negligence and mistakes of the public servants (Onar, 1966:633). The activities of provincial special administrations and the authority of the guardianship inspection can be implemented just only the public servants who are not elected (Coşkun, 1976:32). The elected public servants are frequently inspected by the usual transactions such as the promotion, employee personal rights, annual leave, discipline investigation, suspension, dismissing. The Problems in Guardianship Inspection and Ways of Solution The inspection of local authorities by means of the administrative methods is really important in protecting the local autonomies, inducing the improvement of these institutions, guiding their activities and preventing the potential and possible mistakes. The excessive and gross implementation of the administrative inspection has the danger of the distortion in autonomy of the local governments. On the other hand, the inadequacy of the inspection may lead to hinder for the targeted aims. Unfortunately, the inspection of the local governments has many problems in Turkey. The administrative guardianship inspection over the local governments has been removed for the sake of their budget and employees, but it is rarely argued that the assembly resolutions can revoke these inspection in necessary circumstances (Güler, 2004:31). However, even though the administrative guardianship inspection over the local 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo governments was not totally removed, it was partially palliated in many respects. The most important problem in this matter is that much inspection council was abolished and many institutions were dissolved. As a result of these removals, we can witness a great gap in inspecting the search, investigation, analysis of the mentioned institutions. Especially the Council of Accounts overtaken the mission of external audit cannot function to inspect the local governments with more than three thousand units in accordance with the legal compliance, performance criteria and fiscal dimension (Akdoğan, 2004:28; Uluğ, 2004:114-118). The central government has the authority of guardianship inspection in order to “provide the social interest” and “duly satisfaction of local necessities”. It means that the Constitution allows for the guardianship inspection and the inspection for the compliance with laws. Nevertheless, it has the potential danger to shift the guardianship inspection into the discretionary and expediency inspection. Consequently, this kind of ambivalent and ambiguous statements can lead to misunderstanding and abasement. Therefore, the guardianship inspection should be limited with the compliance with the law and the constrains of the determined targets, aims and extents. Conclusion The inspection of the local government could not be effective and influential in Turkey because there is deprivation of the targets, performance criteria, the principles of the compliance with the law for many years. However, we can mention about the overlapping and repetition of the inspections because many institutions and bodies overtaken the mission of inspection as a discrepancy of functions and conflict situations. In some cases, the local authorities could not have their tasks because they were subjected of excessive inspection and lessening of their power as a result of lack of confidence. On the other hand, the corruption and extravagance and wastage have been prevalent in administrative affairs because of the lack of inspection in different levels of administration. As a result of the latest regulations, and amendments concerned with the local governments in Turkey, many missions, services and powers of the central government were delegated into the local authorities. However the local governments with their new and increased authorities could not achieved to satisfy the expectations of the local people. For this reason, the inspection of these bodies has become inevitable to be restrict inspected in effective and efficient ways. The old fashioned inspection in classical public administration contains the punishment of the personal who committed the mistake was replaced by the understanding of inspection consist of preventive approach to take precaution before creating the mistakes and faults and depending upon the guidance function for employees and result and process-based parameters. This transformation suffered in the scope of the public administration reflected into the inspection mechanism with the peculiarities of focusing on the factual trues and convenience with the legal regulations, adequacy on the new requirement and conditions and referring the contemporary inspection techniques and mechanisms. The regulations concerned with the guardianship inspection over the local governments put in an appearance in Constitution and the laws. The extents, aims and the constrains of the 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo guardianship inspection should not be directed into the propriety control because of the ambiguity of the legal framework. However, the guardianship inspection of local governments may give harm their local autonomies. For this reason, this surveillance should be in minimum level and in accordance with the legal framework. References Aktan, Tahir (1976), “Mahalli İdarelerde Vesayet Denetimi”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 3, Eylül, s.3-24. Arslan, Süleyman (1990), “İdari Vesayet Denetimi ve Türkiye Uygulamasından Ortaya Çıkan Sorunlar”, I. Ulusal İdare Hukuku Kongresi, II. Kitap, Kamu Yönetimi, Danıştay Yayını, Ankara. Başsoy, Ahmet (1993), “Yerel Yönetimler ve Yargı İlişkileri”, II. Ulusal İdare Hukuku Kongresi, İdari Yargının Dünyada Bugünkü Yeri, Ankara, 10-14 Mayıs, s.298304. Bilgiç, Veysel (2003), “Yeni Kamu Yönetimi Anlayışı” Kamu Yönetiminde Çağdaş Yaklaşımlar, Edt: Asım Balcı, Namık Kemal Öztürk, Ahmet Nohutçu, Bayram Coşkun, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara. Bozoğlu, Osman (1996), “Belediyelerimiz nasıl denetleniyor? -1-”, Yerel Yönetim ve Denetim Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, Şubat, s.17-19. Coşkun, Sabri (1976), İdarenin İdari Denetiminde İdari(Yönetsel) Vesayet, y.y., Ankara. Çoker, Ziya (1992), “Anayasa ve Yerel Yönetimler”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 5, Eylül , s.3-9. Eryilmaz, Bilal (1997), Yerel Yönetimlerin Yeniden Yapılanması, Birleşik Yayıncılık, İstanbul. Geray, Cevat (1993), KAYA Yazanağı Açısından Yönetimin Taşra Birimlerinin ve Yerel Yönetimlerin Yeniden Düzenlenmesi: Kamu Yönetiminde Yeniden Düzenleme, Kamu Yönetimi Uzmanları Derneği Yayını, Yayın No 1, Ankara. Gönül, Mustafa (1993), Anayasa Kuralları ve Anayasa Yargısı Açısından Yerel Yönetimlerde Yeniden Yapılanma: Yerel Yönetimlerde Reform, Kamu Yönetimi Uzmanları Derneği Yayını, Yayın No 2, Anakara. Gözübüyük, Şeref (1976), Kamu Yönetimi Hukuku, TODAİE Yayını, Yayın No 151, Sevinç Matbaası, Ankara. Güler, Birgül Ayman (2004), “Yerel Yönetim Taslakları Üzerine Değerlendirme” Türk-İş, Ocak-Şubat, Sayı 359, s.28-35. Gürsoy, Bedri (1987), “Demokratik Bir Toplumda İdari Vesayet Üzerine Bir Deneme”, Türk İdare Dergisi, Yıl 59, Sayı 377, Aralık, s.1-30. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Keleş, Ruşen (1995), “Yerel Yönetimler Özerklik Şartı Karşısında Avrupa ve Türkiye”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, Cilt 4, Sayı 6, Kasım, s.3-19. Onar, Sıddık Sami (1966), İdare Hukukunun Umumi Esasları, Cilt: I,II,III, 3. bs., İsmail Akgün Matbaası, İstanbul. Tezcan, Durmuş (1995), “Türk İdare Hukuku Açısından Yerel Yönetimler ve Denetimi”, Kamu Yönetimi Disiplini Sempozyumu, Cilt 1, TODAİE, Ankara, s.257-271 Uluğ, Feyzi (2004), “Kamu Yönetimi Temel Kanunu Tasarısı Işığında Kamu Denetim Sisteminde Yeniden Yapılanma”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt 37, Sayı 2, Haziran, s.97-122. Yeter, Enis (1996), “Avrupa Yerel Yönetimler Özerklik Şartı Karşısında Türkiye: Anayasa ve İlgili Yasalarda Durum”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, Ocak, s.3-13. 3 Temmuz 2005 tarih ve 25874 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan 5393 sayılı “Belediye Kanunu” 4 Mart 2005 tarih ve 25745 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan 5302 sayılı “İl Özel İdaresi Kanunu” 24.12.2003 tarih ve 25326 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan 5018 sayılı “Kamu Mali Yönetimi ve Kontrol Kanunu” 7 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1565 Title A name given to the resource The Influence of Local Governments over the Transformation in Inspection Understanding of Turkey on Tutorship Inspection Author Author UNAL, Feyzullah ERDOGAN, Selami Abstract A summary of the resource. The expansion in the functions and activities of public administration in last years led to the administration more systematic and convenient with the scientific rules. However, the expansion and frequency for the functions and activities of the administration brought about inertia in bureaucracy, red taping and corruption and the complaints of the governed about the activities of the administration. All these developments led to invent, develop and use the contemporary inspection methods and techniques. Local governments are the governmental administrative units which are investable and complementary parameters of the public administration together with the central government in almost all countries. During the historical progress, the local governments has been transformed into the essential institutions in executing the local services by providing the productivity and effectiveness and enhancing the democratic possibilities. Local governments are the closer and at the lower level administrative bodies. The power and the functionality of local administration is directly relevant with the level democracy in any given society. In analysing the legal and structural transformation of public administrative inspection in last years of Turkey, it can be seen that the important problems are still remaining under the inspection of administration for the tutorship. In this presentation, the influence of the transformation emerged in the understanding of inspection in the public administration over the tutorship inspection of local administration has been elaborated and offered some new solutions for the problems which may arise during this process. Keywords: Public Administration, Local Administration, Inspection, Tutorship Inspection, Local Autonomy. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4f22ca891f718d4d755b30064d06cc54.pdf 5799be9e57a6c740e73d7b3530dab340 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Point of View from the Perspective of an Accountant to Independent Auditing with the New Turkish Commercial Code Güler F. Ünal Uyar Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey gulerferhan@hotmail.com Halit Görmez Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey Bülent Kınay Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey In 01 July 2012, the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Law (no 6102) led to significant changes, especially in the field of independent auditing. These changes include the determination of the persons or organizations for independent audit companies and auditors. These regulations with the other regulations in the new Turkish Commercial Law, will mostly affect Professional groups. For this reason, 29 females, 64 males, including 93 public accountants registered in the Chamber of Certified Public Accountants of Antalya asked for expectations by a survey about the new Turkish Commercial Law. In the first part of the questionnaire includes demographic data such as age, education and gender, the second part includes multiple-choice questions concerning the audit process, the last part includes five-point Likert scale questions about how professionals will be affected. The results were analyzed by SPSS package program. Keywords: New Turkish Commercial Law, Independent Auditing, Accountants. 132 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1545 Title A name given to the resource Point of View from the Perspective of an Accountant to Independent Auditing with the New Turkish Commercial Code Author Author UNAL UYAR, Guler F. GORMEZ, Halit BULENT, Kinay Abstract A summary of the resource. In 01 July 2012, the enactment of the Turkish Commercial Law (no 6102) led to significant changes, especially in the field of independent auditing. These changes include the determination of the persons or organizations for independent audit companies and auditors. These regulations with the other regulations in the new Turkish Commercial Law, will mostly affect Professional groups. For this reason, 29 females, 64 males, including 93 public accountants registered in the Chamber of Certified Public Accountants of Antalya asked for expectations by a survey about the new Turkish Commercial Law. In the first part of the questionnaire includes demographic data such as age, education and gender, the second part includes multiple-choice questions concerning the audit process, the last part includes five-point Likert scale questions about how professionals will be affected. The results were analyzed by SPSS package program. Keywords: New Turkish Commercial Law, Independent Auditing, Accountants. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5c3dd88b5c4fca34b1683d0f8bc67e95.pdf 78e66c89f04f22b7fe8ff6be2f534a3b PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Electronic Government and Privacy Abdullah Ural Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey uralabdullah@gmail.com Cihat Çetin Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey cihatcetin@gmail.com Privacy can be defined as areas which are peculiar to an individual not to public or society. The concept of privacy is mentioned with the concepts of confidentiality and security of personal information and private areas. While the governments create electronic tools and environment to watch and make observation to provide the citizens more secure and an environment to live, it might cause an individual’s private area to shrink. Today records of cameras, signals of mobile phones, records of phone calls through mobile phones, IP numbers of computers, e-mail tracking systems, satellite based systems, Google earth applications, GPS applications are the tools that comes to mind at first which can be used to violate privacy. These tools can be easily reached. When these tools are used for observation, they can constrict privacy. Some of the ethical issues that appear are as follows: Does the government open files on citizens? Do individual privacy and freedom not exist? Does watching and recording everything citizens do conform to democracy? As Michael Faucault mentioned knowing means being strong and ruler ship keeps information to hold power. Today not only governments but also private huge corporations gather information and both of them watch citizens. As a result, individuals face social, psychological security and insecurity problems caused by these. Because of this individuals and societies should be informed about these issues and ways to protect individual freedom. Though governments should develop sensitivity to such issues and regulations are needed to be done, it is not enough. In this study, as discussed in democracy theory, we propose that a strong government which is furnished with information might always cause a threat to individual freedom. In addition, contrary to liberal democracy that huge corporations threaten democracy by interfering individuals’ privacy will be examined. We suggest that it is necessary to establish and increase the efficiency of an independent “Information Conservation and Auditing Authority”. Keywords: Electronic Government, Privacy, Information Conservation, Auditing Authority. 5 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6de34d51b9435feb095e896d4325e430.docx ab35eb4a5562ff985c7dec8a9ea774f2 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/72d19f8ca883d0da3faba787a9d3d81e.pdf 1bcb953d63dacc33a27343889b2dd085 PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Electronic Government and Privacy Abdullah Ural Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey uralabdullah@gmail.com CihatÇetin Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey cihatcetin@gmail.com Abstract Privacy can be defined as areas which are peculiar to an individual not to public or society. The concept of privacy is mentioned with the concepts of confidentiality and security of personal information and private areas. While the governments create electronic tools and environment to watch and make observation to provide the citizens more secure and an environment to live, it might cause an individual’s private area to shrink. As Michael Faucault mentioned knowing means being strong and rulership keeps information to hold power. Today not only governments but also private huge corporations gather information and both of them watch citizens. As a result, individuals face social, psychological security and insecurity problems caused by these. Because of this, individuals and societies should be informed about these issues and ways to protect individual freedom. Building of personal databases by the state and private businesses is otherizing the individual with prejudice in many fields, and causing to feel the self weak and helpless. Political alienation which may emerge as a result of this othering may deepen the representation crisis which liberal democracy is in on the contrary to the assumption that e-state would increase participation. Key words: Electronic government, privacy,Invasion of Privacy, liberal democracy Introduction Today records of cameras, signals of mobile phones, records of phone calls through mobile phones, IP numbers of computers, e-mail tracking systems, satellite based systems, google earth applications, GPS applications are the tools that come to mind at first which can be used to violate privacy. These tools can be easily reached. When these tools are used for observation, they can constrict privacy. Some of the ethical issues that appear are as follows: Does the government open files on citizens? Do individual privacy and freedom not exist? Does watching and recording everything citizens do conform to democracy? Though governments should develop sensitivity to such issues and regulations are needed to be done, it is not enough. In this study, as discussed in democracy theory, we propose that a strong government which is furnished with information might always cause a threat to individual freedom. In addition, contrary to liberal democracy that huge corporations threaten democracy by interfering individuals’ privacy will be examined. 1 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Electronic Government For the services provided to citizens, it is beyond any doubt that technology has made it faster and faster, better quality, less expensive, more transparent, more equitable and more reliable. When the public administration is taken into consideration, technology has revealed a new management model by the opportunities it provides.The Internet and web technology oriented applications which brought forward this new understanding in terms of public administration have been conceptualized in different sources in different ways. For instance, Fountain (2001) used the term “virtual state” describing web and Internet based applications in public administration, some writers (Atkinson ve Ulevich, 2000; Garson, 2004; Mullen, 2004) have prefered to use the term “digital state”. In addition to this, the term widely used in the literature is “electronic government”. (Howard, 2001; West, 2004; Evans and Yen, 2006; OECD, 2003; Worldbank, 2008; De Benedictis et al… 2002). With reference to widespread acceptance in litearature, electronic government term has been adopted to conceptualize new management approach in public administration. In the literature, there are many definitions developed on the understanding of electronic government. We are confronted with that some parts of these definitions are narrow sense but some parts of these are wider scoped definitions. Within these, the selected main definitions of e-government can be listed as follows: It is to serve up government information and services to citizens online through the use of the Internet and other digital tools. (West, 2004: 16)It is the use of information and communication technologies particularly the Internet in governmental issues to produce service(Howard, 2001: 6) for citizens and businesses as well. (OECD, 2003: 23). It is the use of information and communication technologies to improve public services and democratic functioning and to secure the support of public policies in public administration which is combined with organizational change and new skills.(United Nations, 2003: 7) We understand with all these definitions in common is that a system in which all information and data are distributed with less cost by quick obtaining, the relationship of goods / services work between individuals and institutions is practised more effectively and productively with the help of online methods (Kösecik ve Karkın, 2004: 119-120), bureaucracy is reduced, the state governance has become more transparent (Erdal, 2004:1), expenditures are diminished, information and communication technologies are used for offering public services as a tool, public administration is restructured on behalf of citizens’satisfaction. Privacy Privacy is closely related to the concept of supervision. The concept of supervision can be discussed in two ways. While supervision, by its first definition, means the enciphered knowledge that can be used for managing human behaviours, it involves, by its second definition, of an authority to watch human behaviours directly. (Gİddens, 2008, p.24) Today, not only governments but also private sectors collect personal information. Also, private sectors conduct a supervision function as governments. Privacy, however, generally means an area that people can stay on their own, that they can think and behave however they wish, that they themselves can decide to when, where, how, and to what extent communicate with others; and the right they have on this area (Yüksel, 2003:182). It is the dependent upon their choice that whether some human 2 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo behaviours should be confidential or open-to-public, and they should be secret to government and other people’s concern. The invasion extent of privacy is higher and more effective in the processes of e-state and the spreading of information and communication technologies. While it is a local region or a street that an individual’s private information may spread through the people’s sayings with the possibility to be forgotten in a short time; this kind of private information will be open to everybody living in the world; a picture, a video or a clip or a piece of writing may be duplicated many times and, in theory, maintain its existence forever in the virtual world (Tataroğlu, 2009, p:96). Invasion of Privacy One of the major problems of today’s democracies is the representation crisis they find themselves in. The rate of participation in elections is very low in many western countries. The citizens’s trust on the representative institutions of democracy and politicians is decreasing gradually. It is discussed whether the e-state, by the help of technological means, would bring solutions to the political alienation by increasing the participation in the democratic processes. Therefore, it is hoped that it will increase the support on the state and its institutions and save the future of democracy. Information and data technologies may present a solution to the represenation crisis of democracy with its role in participation. On the other hand, it may bring many threats in terms of democracy. The activities that are carried out on an electronic spectrum can be recorded, and the personal information can be unveiled, all the activities hidden, and controllable. The information and communication technologies, with their means to watch and to inform, may provide a great power with governments. It leads to an over centralization of the power in bureaucracy. The information technologies, today, support an organization aimed at increasing bureaucratic control mechanisms. Power may transform into a totalitarian identity when it lays a focus on a certain area. This situation brings the threat for the democratic regimes to go dead and governments to show a tendency toward repressive, totalitarian and anti-democratic works. The term “thought police” that Laidler has drawn attention shows the possibility to know the people’s political views from their activities on internet. It is not only possible to find out the political tendencies of people by detecting what sites they have visited on internet, what newspapers they have read, what books they have bought by their credit cards, but also to draw their personal profiles, and determine their illnesses, weak and strong sides. Moreover, these records may be transformed into personal data bases. Besides, the invasion of privacy may stem not only from the states but also from private individuals or companies. In addition to the state institutions, the private institutions that communicate with people for some purposes, service and so forth, mostly make it a precondition, in a commanding position, for the individuals to tell both their personal information and, most importantly, credentials. It can be regarded almost impossible for people’s personal information to be kept secret. It may come to mean that surfing the net or doing something on it, shopping by creadit card, paying highway fines, or even carrying a mobile phone with you, will cause your private information to be unveiled and monitored. 3 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The employers can do some monitoring practices with the intention of decreasing the risks at workplaces. They feel obligated to examine the employers’ internet use, e-mail traffic and phone calls because of some reasons such as performance evaluation, productivity measurement, and safety concerns. These practices mean the invasion of the privacy of employers’ private lives. The privacy violations of companies make it necessary to question the fundamental values of the liberal democracy. Liberalism owes its existence to free market and the individual who set him free and apart of state. Privacy in liberal thought is the field that an individual is set free or, necessarily is set free, comprehends in whatever way he wants, develops himself, and pursues his own goodness. This field must be protected from any kind of intervention. It’s not possible to mention free will, if the individual isn’t able to possess field of privacy or is afraid of being followed or is exposed to different interventions. The foundations of democratic society are based on the existence of public interest in supervision of governments and the privacy right which protects the individual and common life. (Tataroğlu, 2009, S:100) In the same way, the society may cause pressure on the individual but the perception of society for liberal thinkersis evaluated within the context of beliefs, traditions and values. In this case, as the national or international companies are not accepted in state sphere, will they be accepted in the public sphere, or are they units of individual sphere which emerged as a result of free will and free enterprise. No matter what we accept, it is true that companies intervene in individual privacy keeping a kind of “consumer tendency statistics”. The market, which restrains the state from repressing the individual by balancing the state power, may also invade the area of freedom and privacy of the individual whom it protects. The free and autonomous liberal individual who can preserve itself by means of economical power it owns can intervene in other individual’s privacy in order to increase the economical power once more. The Effect of Privacy Invasion on Individuals Privacy invasions may cause changes in individuals’ psychological states and behaviours. Knowing the possibility that governments might use these technologies - even if they do not - may create effects on the thoughts and behaviours of individuals. The selfconfidence of individuals who think that they are constantly under supervision begin to corrode in time. Their personalities depreciate and they may have to behave submissively and in a way that they are told to. The individual who supposes that he can always be monitored – even if they are not – develops a self-control mechanism on his own and starts overseeing himself. Individuals who know that the government owns the technologies to constantly monitor him or her begin to feel that they no longer have privacy and adopt a self-censorship application which will cause them to stay away from behaviours and thoughts that can mean opposition. Naturally, their reference of values may be the choices, ideologies, or the words and behaviours which the government or the people who monitor them will appreciate. (Tataroğlu, 2009, p:111) The negative effects of monitoring on the employees are; demoralization, the constant rise of workloads, using the data for the purpose of punishment, stress, and the illnesses caused by stress according to Yılmaz’s research which he conducted in firms. (Yılmaz, 2005:12). 4 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Conclusion The state of chronic fear and anxiety caused by the individual’s opinion that he/she is monitored all the time may become an obstacle for the individuals to improve and express themselves. Also, a number of instances at present show that recorded personal data cannot be protected. Almost every day, it is heard that data of one of the important websites have been stolen. The governments are primarily responsible for this. Maybe, one of the most fundamental principles of legality of the state is to protect the tangible and intangible assets and honour of the individual. The fact that e-state has the opportunity to be able to reach personal data, store it and process it by means of communication it has may promote the tendencies to abuse this power and use it for repressive and authoritarian purposes. The possibility of electronic totalitarianism should never be ignored. To overcome the problem of invading privacy, it is necessary for the governments to show sensitivity and do the required legislation but it is not enough. The governments constitute legal regulations and enforcements in order to protect the personal data from being used by the third parties and bureaucracy for illegal purposes. However, it is clearly seen that the governments cannot fulfil their responsibilities for privacy. Therefore, efficiency of the politically neutral supervisory and regulatory institutions is required to be increased. The common argument for the ones who think that the government’s monitoring as an electronic eye is not inconvenient is that “the ones who has nothing to hide shouldn’t be afraid of being watched”. This is a very common statement for governing parties throughout the whole world. This approach assumes that monitoring is related to the elements which are regarded as crime by law. However, the monitoring is in progress in much more different fields including physical, financial, familial, and intellectual. Building of personal databases by the state and private businesses is otherizing the individual with prejudice in many fields, and causing to feel the self weak and helpless. Political alienation which may emerge as a result of this othering may deepen the representation crisis which liberal democracy is in on the contrary to the assumption that e-state would increase participation. References Atkinson, Robert D. veUlevich, Jacob. (2000). Digital Government: The Next Step to Reengineering the Federal Government. Progressive Policy Institute Technology & New Economy Project.www.ppionline.org/documents/DigitalGov.pdf, 5. date of access: 12.02.2013. DeBenedictis, Andrea, Howell, Whitney, Figueroa, Robert ve Roy A. Boggs. (2002). EGovernment Defined: An Overview Of The Next Big Information Technology Challenge. Issues in Information Systems. IACIS 3, 130-136. Erdal, Murat (2004). E-Devlet - E-TürkiyeveKurumsalDönüşüm. İstanbul: FilizKitabevi. 5 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Evans, Donna ve Yen, David C. (2006). E-Government: Evolving Relationship Of Citizens and Government, Domestic, And International Development. Government Information Quarterly. 23, 207-235. Fountain, Jane E. (2001).Building The Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change. Washington D.C.: Booking Institutional Press. Gıddens, Anthony. (2008).UlusDevletveŞiddet, (Çev.CumhurAtay), KalkedonYayınları, YerBelirtilmemiş Howard, Mark (2001). E-Government Across the Globe: How Will “e” Change Government?.Government Finance Review,http://www.gfoa.org/downloads /eGovGFRAug01. Date of access: 10.02.2013. Kösecik, MuhammetveKarkın, Naci.(2004). BelediyeYöneticilerininveMeclisÜyelerinin E-devleteBakışıDenizliBelediyesiÖrneği.TürkİdareDergisi, Sayı: 443,119-139. Laidler, Keith. (2008). Surveillance Unlimited: How We'veBecom the Most Watched People on Earth, Iconbooks, Cambridge OECD. (2003). The E-Government Imperative. Paris: OECD Publications Service Solove, Daniel J. (2007).I've Got Nothing to Hide and Other Misunderstanding of Privacy. San Diego Law Review, C:44: 745-772. Tataroğlu,Muhittin.EDevlet'teKullanılanGözetimVeKayıtTeknolojilerininMahremiyetÜzerindeEtkileri. AbantİzzetBaysalÜniversitesiSosyalBilimlerEnstitüsüDergisi Cilt:2009/1 Sayı :18 S:95-119 United Nations. (2003). World Public Sector Report 2003: E-Government at the Crossroads. New York, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Yüksel, Mehmet. (2003). MahremiyetHakkıveSosyo-TarihselGelişimi, AÜ SBF Dergisi, C:58/1:181-213 Yılmaz, Gözde. (2005). ElektronikPerformansİzlemeSistemlerininiÇalışanlarveİşletmelerÜzerindekiEtkile ri. İstanbul TicaretÜniversitesi, SosyalBilimlerDergisi, C: 4/7:1-19. West, Darrell M. (2004). E-Government and the Transformation of Service Delivery and Citizen Attitudes.Public Administration Review, 64/ 1: 15-27 Worldbank.(2008). Definition of E-Government, http://go.worldbank.org/M1JHE0Z280, date of access: 12.02.2013. 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1459 Title A name given to the resource Electronic Government and Privacy Author Author URAL, Abdullah CETIN, Cihat Abstract A summary of the resource. Privacy can be defined as areas which are peculiar to an individual not to public or society. The concept of privacy is mentioned with the concepts of confidentiality and security of personal information and private areas. While the governments create electronic tools and environment to watch and make observation to provide the citizens more secure and an environment to live, it might cause an individual’s private area to shrink. Today records of cameras, signals of mobile phones, records of phone calls through mobile phones, IP numbers of computers, e-mail tracking systems, satellite based systems, Google earth applications, GPS applications are the tools that comes to mind at first which can be used to violate privacy. These tools can be easily reached. When these tools are used for observation, they can constrict privacy. Some of the ethical issues that appear are as follows: Does the government open files on citizens? Do individual privacy and freedom not exist? Does watching and recording everything citizens do conform to democracy? As Michael Faucault mentioned knowing means being strong and ruler ship keeps information to hold power. Today not only governments but also private huge corporations gather information and both of them watch citizens. As a result, individuals face social, psychological security and insecurity problems caused by these. Because of this individuals and societies should be informed about these issues and ways to protect individual freedom. Though governments should develop sensitivity to such issues and regulations are needed to be done, it is not enough. In this study, as discussed in democracy theory, we propose that a strong government which is furnished with information might always cause a threat to individual freedom. In addition, contrary to liberal democracy that huge corporations threaten democracy by interfering individuals’ privacy will be examined. We suggest that it is necessary to establish and increase the efficiency of an independent “Information Conservation and Auditing Authority”. Keywords: Electronic Government, Privacy, Information Conservation, Auditing Authority. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e1c2372aad9d7604ebeca64a10a30b43.pdf 7c87b525d81eeeb9b8b4a9358d2a3aa4 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Socio intercultural Evaluation for Investment Projects in Indigenous Communities Wixarikas José G. Vargas-Hernández University of Guadalajara, Mexico jvargas2006@gmail.com This paper analyses aspects of the problem that occurs in the social evaluation of investment projects for indigenous communities’ Wixarikas (Huichols). A project in this context make particularly complex the evaluation. On the socio-economic perspective with which it is evaluated comes into play the incommensurability of social and intercultural issues that cannot be ignored. It is addressed the questions that have arisen in the development of this type of project and presents a theoretical framework for the methodological proposal of socio-cultural evaluation. Keywords: Social Evaluation of Investment Projects, Socio-Intercultural Evaluation, Indigenous Communities, Wixarikas. 181 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1636 Title A name given to the resource Socio intercultural Evaluation for Investment Projects in Indigenous Communities Wixarikas Author Author VARGAS-HERNANDEZ, Jose G. Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper analyses aspects of the problem that occurs in the social evaluation of investment projects for indigenous communities’ Wixarikas (Huichols). A project in this context make particularly complex the evaluation. On the socio-economic perspective with which it is evaluated comes into play the incommensurability of social and intercultural issues that cannot be ignored. It is addressed the questions that have arisen in the development of this type of project and presents a theoretical framework for the methodological proposal of socio-cultural evaluation. Keywords: Social Evaluation of Investment Projects, Socio-Intercultural Evaluation, Indigenous Communities, Wixarikas. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a32002b90db66c1468500fb55026ffa5.pdf 744ccfd260a914ced5f8edcd35072f33 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Significant Predictors of Employees’ Motivation and Employees’ Job Satisfaction Ljiljan Veselinovid School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ljiljan.veselinovic@efsa.unsa.ba Zijada Rahimid School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina zijada.rahimid@efsa.unsa.ba As Henry Ford noted in his autobiography “business *…+ is not a machine. It is a collection of people who are brought together to do work.” In existing literature it is evident that soft approach of human resources is predominant since researches are more focusing on workers’ satisfaction of the job and different aspects of job satisfactions in various businesses’ environment rather than treating workers the same way as other resources are treated (hard approach). However, job satisfaction is a multifaceted construct. The most conventional aspects of satisfaction are: satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, co-workers, supervision, and the work itself. Some researches examine model where passion and organizational commitment are important predictor of job satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to identify factor structures associated with Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) and Worker Motivation Questionnaire (WMQ) and to develop regression model that will be able to predict level of motivation (measured in hours) and workers satisfaction on the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina. An online questionnaire was distributed to individuals by e-mail (Google Survey Tool). A total of 63 surveys were obtained and analysed. Data screening, assumption testing and sampling adequacy was done according to Field (2005). All relevant tests (such as KMO) provide sufficient information to confirm that factor analysis is the appropriate technique for the sample. First regression model shows that passion affect motivation level (measured in hours) and it accounts for 47% in the variance of the hours 189 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo people are motivated. However, other two independent variables (extrinsic and intrinsic motivation instruments) do not improve significantly model. Another model emerged from the collected data. Organizational commitment (both continuance and affective) seems to be a good predictor of extrinsic satisfaction of the workers. Implication of this is: if managers want to improve workers’ satisfaction of the working environment, they should arouse workers emotions toward organization (affective commitment) and should increase costs of leaving the organization (continuance commitment). Further researches should be focused on discovering factors that could predict motivation level in Bosnian-Herzegovinian environment. As it is already confirmed (in the literature as well as by this research), salary is not an important predictor of worker motivation and satisfaction. While passion seems to be the most important predictor of motivation, it is questionable what facets of passion are and how to measure them properly. Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Organization Commitment, Employees’ Motivation, Regression Model, Bosnia And Herzegovina. 190 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ea5fa93cce16edbe7225b2a752004c01.docx f7c333d7d7d11b6446ba0471cb454062 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/24dd4c0055e58a3b46b9bfc3c3467ca2.pdf ae10051aa71d2093950ece498ba7dea9 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Significant Predictors of Employees’ Motivation and Employees’ Job Satisfaction Ljiljan Veselinovic School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ljiljan.veselinovic@efsa.unsa.ba Zijada Rahimic School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina zijada.rahimic@efsa.unsa.ba Abstract As Henry Ford noted in his autobiography “business […] is not a machine. It is a collection of people who are brought together to do work.” In existing literature it is evident that soft approach of human resources is predominant since researches are more focusing on workers’ satisfaction of the job and different aspects of job satisfactions in various businesses’ environment rather than treating workers the same way as other resources are treated (hard approach). However, job satisfaction is a multi-faceted construct. The most conventional aspects of satisfaction are: satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself. Some researches examine model where passion and organizational commitment are important predictor of job satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to identify factor structures associated with Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, Organizational Commitment Questionnaire and Worker Motivation Questionnaire and to develop regression model that will be able to predict level of motivation (measured in hours) and workers satisfaction on the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina. An online questionnaire was distributed to individuals by e-mail (Google Survey Tool). A total of 63 surveys were obtained and analyzed. Data screening, assumption testing and sampling adequacy was done according to Field (2005). All relevant tests (such as KMO) provide sufficient information to confirm that factor analysis is the appropriate technique for the sample. First regression model shows that passion affect motivation level (measured in hours) and it accounts for 47% in the variance of the hours people are motivated. However, other two independent variables (extrinsic and intrinsic motivation instruments) do not improve significantly model. Another model emerged from the collected data. Organizational commitment (both continuance and affective) seems to be a good predictor of extrinsic satisfaction of the workers. Implication of this is: if managers want to improve workers’ satisfaction of the working environment, they should arouse workers emotions toward organization (affective commitment) and should increase costs of leaving the organization (continuance commitment). Further researches should be focused on discovering factors that could predict motivation level in Bosnian-Herzegovinian environment. As it is already confirmed (in the literature as well as by this research), salary is not an important predictor of worker motivation and satisfaction. While passion seems to be the most important predictor of motivation, it is questionable what facets of passion are and how to measure them properly. Keywords: job satisfaction,organization commitment, employees’ motivation, regression model, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Introduction The purpose of this research is to identify factor structures associated with Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) and Worker Motivation Questionnaire (WMQ) and to develop regression model that will be able to predict level of motivation (measured in hours) and workers satisfaction on the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Literature review is provided in the first section and subsequently detail explanation of methodology, data structure and results. In the last section of this paper conclusion, limitations and further research suggestion are given. This paper aims to contribute to better understanding of different facets of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and worker motivation. This paper also examines relationship between these different constructs. From practical perspective, different organizational climate influences productivity, innovation and employee satisfaction (Rahimić, 2013). Therefore, studying previously mentioned constructs are even more required in order to define organizational guiding principles for local managers. Literature Review Henry Ford noted in his autobiography that “business […] is not a machine. It is a collection of people who are brought together to do work.” (Ford 2008, p.65). In Human Resource Management theory, there are two approaches to managing people (Rahimić 2010, p.20): (1) soft approach and (2) hard approach. Main difference between these two approaches is the way workers are treated, i.e. the same as other resources (hard approach) or workers are the most important part of the business (soft approach). However, it seems that soft approach is predominant in existing literature since researches are more focusing on workers’ satisfaction of the job and different aspects of job satisfactions in various businesses’ environment (Ali Shaikh, Buttho and Maitlo 2012; Westover 2012; Sharma and Bajpai 2011; Ferguson and Cheek 2011; Rogelberg, Allen, Shanock, Scott, Shufflerwang 2010; Wang, Tiksin, Chiang, Huang 2010). Job satisfaction is a multi-faceted construct (Rogelberg et al. 2010, p.150). The most conventional aspects of satisfaction are: satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself (Rogelberg et al. 2010, p.150). In the recent research by Amabile and Kramer (2010)progress was identified as the most important factors of the employees’ workdays, i.e. making headway in doing jobs was bringing significant satisfaction to the employees and motivates them to work even harder. According to this research collaboration, instrumental support, interpersonal support and having important work are other aspects of the workplace that motivates people to work harder and to feel satisfied. Job satisfaction is defined as “…the state in which employees feel the situation of pleasure from his or her job or it is the positive and emotional state of the employee as a result of the appraisal of his or her job and performance” (Ali Shaikh et al. 2012, p.322). Different concepts that are used in existing literature, such as workplace learning, organizational commitment, and workplace performance are related to the job satisfaction. Jang et al. (2010) discuss relationship between these constructs: workplace learning improves workers’ skills and abilities and this in turn enhances job satisfaction and job commitment; job satisfaction improves organizational commitment; while organizational commitment can improve workplace performances. All those constructs lead to higher workers’ 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo productivity. Research conducted by Malhotra et al (2004) indicates that organizational commitment and job satisfaction influence service quality of customer-contact employees in backing call centers. Job satisfaction is “… one of the most commonly researched topics across both management and psychological disciplines with several hundred refereed, published articles in the last decade alone.” (Ferguson and Cheek 2011, p.222). Job satisfaction as a concept could be ignored neither from theoretical perspective nor from practical. From theoretical perspective, there are many different facets of job satisfaction that should be analyzed, while from the practical perspective people spend more time at the workplace than at any other so understanding these facets will help manager in better managing people. Five job facets (satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself) usually “… account for a substantial amount of the variance in overall job satisfaction.” (Rogelberg et al. 2010, p.150). However, Westover et al. (2010) examine model where passion and organizational commitment are important predictor of job satisfaction. Many others models are developed to predict job satisfaction as well. However, specific working environments and different cultural values require testing these models in order to prove its general purpose. Research Design and Methods The purpose of this research is to identify factor structures associated with Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) and Worker Motivation Questionnaire (WMQ) and to develop regression model that will be able to predict level of motivation (measured in hours) and workers satisfaction on the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data was collected by questionnaire based on existing literature. Questionnaire is consisted of following five sections: (1) General information about respondents (age, education, gender, their general satisfaction level). (2) MSQ developed by Weis, England, Dawis and Lofquist (20 questions) (3) OCQ developed by Modwday, Porter and Steers (15 questions) (4) Worker motivation and satisfaction on one particular day. Respondent were asked to choose one particular day, to write what happened on that day, and then to estimate different aspects of job satisfaction and motivation instruments that occurred on that particular day. (5) Average salary (this was the last question showed at separate page with clear information that they are not oblige to answer it; however 43 respondents out of 63 answer to this question as well) MSQ was developed by Weiss, Daswis, England and Lofquist (Wang et al., 2010) and is based on five-point Likert scale. It comes in 100-item long form and a 20-item short form. In general, MSQ is covering almost 20 aspects of job satisfaction, such as “… activity, independence, variety, social status, supervision and moral values.” (Wang et al. 2010, pp.151). Organizational commitment questionnaire (OCQ) was used since it affects job satisfaction the most, according to researches of Westover et al. (2010). Again, five-point Likert scale was used. 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In order to predict job satisfaction and worker motivation, respondents were asked to think of one particular day. Although, this question was not indented to be used in data analysis it is important to collect other data: respondents would be focused on that particular day, and their answers would reflect their reality since they would be forced to think of that day. Respondents were asked to estimate their motivation level, passion level and tasks completed that particular day in percentage (from 0 to 100). Many other facets of workplace that affects job satisfaction and worker motivation were measured on five-point Likert scale. All statistical procedure will be done according to suggestion of Field (2005) and Hair et al. (2010). Variables that are collected from the questionnaire are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Variables defined in the questionnaire Variable AGE GENDER WORKING_HOURS_DAY WORKING_DAYS_PER_WEEK DO_YOU_LIKE_YOUR_WORK SATISFACTION_LEVEL Description and measure Number of years Male or female Working hours during the week Number of working days per week Yes or No General satisfaction level of current work (Ten-point Likert scale) RESOURCES_AVAILABLE Are all required resources available to you? (Tenpoint Likert scale) MSQ_Q1, MSQ_Q2, […], Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire [20 questions] MSQ_Q20 (Five-point Likert scale) OCQ_Q1, OCQ_Q2, […], Organizational Commitment Questionnaire [15 OCQ_Q15 questions] (Five-point Likert scale) TASK_DESCRIPTION Description of one particular day [text/ memo] RM_MOTIVATION_LEVEL Estimation of general motivation level at that particular day (in hours) PASSION How passionate they were in doing that job at that particular day (as percentage) TASK_COMPLETED How much of the work was done at that particular day? (as percentage) RM_Q1, RM_Q2, […], RM_Q8 Question regarding causes of worker motivation that occurred at that particular date [8 questions] (Fivepoint Liker scale) SALARY Their monthly income (average salary) *Note: Description of MSQ_Q1, MSQ_Q2, OCQ_Q1 etc. are provided in exploratory factor analysis’ section Basic descriptive statistics and correlation matrices were used to analyze data. Exploratory factor analyses were used to identify factor structure among question from MSQ, OCQ and WMQ. This method will be employed to find common factors from the three sections, so average scores of the factors will be used. In order to predict job satisfaction and worker motivation, multiple regressions will be used. Data Collection An online questionnaire was distributed to individuals by e-mail (Google Survey Tool). A total of 63 surveys were obtained and analyzed out of 312 that were distributed, which represents response rate of 20%. Female represents 57.1% of the sample, while male 42.9%. All respondents aged between 20 and 40 years. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Salary and text description of one particular day were not required to fill. However, total of 46 respondents provided information regarding their salaries, and almost everyone provided textual description of one particular day. Descriptive statistics regarding age, salary and average working hours are shown in table 2. Table 2: Descriptive statistics – age, salary and average working hours per day N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Age 63 20 40 28.56 4.450 Average salary (BAM) 46 200 4000 1397.55 773.325 Average working 63 5 18 8.74 1.962 hours per day Seventeen surveys had missing values in one variable (salary) since it was not obligate to answer. This lack of data certainly limits the results of regression analysis. However, it did not affect exploratory factor analysis for MSQ, OCQ and MWQ since all other questions were obligate to answer via web online survey. Data for salary that was collected does not predict motivation level and is accounted for 6.9% of the total variance in the motivation level (when salary is independent variable and motivation level is dependent variable), so it was not used. Variable RM_MOTIVATION_LEVEL had 4 missing values because question was misunderstood by respondents (instead of writing number of hours, respondents wrote day of the week). The problem also appeared in expressing the motivation level as percentage since some respondents use scale from 0 to 1, while other from 0 to 100 (although 0 to 100 was specified). All those issues were corrected. There were four outliers detected in the research (case number 8, 43, 56 and 61). Rules for elimination of case was based on standardized residual and if standardized residual is less than -2 or greater than 2 cases were eliminated (number of such outliers was at acceptable level and was less than 7%). Power of regression model is estimated to be 100% (R2 is 0.725; number of predictors 3; sample size 63 and probability level of 0.05). Data Analysis Before running exploratory factor analysis, data screening, assumption testing and sampling adequacy was checked. Preliminary analysis suggested by Field (2005) was followed. All 20 variables from MSQ correlate fairly well except variables MSQ_Q9 and MSQ_Q1. One-tailed significance of Pearson correlation coefficient between variable MSQ_Q5, MSQ_Q8, MSQ_Q18 and all other pairs of variable were not significant. Therefore, these five variables were excluded from the analysis. Variables OCQ_Q4, OCQ_7 and OCQ_13 in OCQ did not have one-tailed significance of Pearson correlation coefficient below 0.05, while variable OCQ_Q3 did not correlate to any other. All variables in MWQ correlate fairly well and one-tailed significance of Pearson correlation coefficient were below 0.05. After elimination of five variables from MSQ, the determinant was greater than the value of 0.0001, so multicollinearity is not a problem of these data anymore. The values of 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo determinants above 0.0001 have been calculated for MWQ as well as for the OCQ after reduction of variables. Other preliminary analysis includes KMO statistics, Bartlett’s test of sphericity and antiimage matrices analysis. KMO value for MSQ was 0.867, so exploratory factor analysis is appropriate technique for these data. All diagonal elements of anti-image matrices had KMO values greater than 0.5. Bartlett’s test is highly significant (p<0.001). KMO values for OCQ and MWQ were also higher than minimum required. Table 3 shows summaries of the KMO statistics and Bartlett’s test of sphericity for the MSQ, OCQ and MWQ data. Table 3: KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Bartlett's Approx. Chi-Square Test of Df Sphericity Sig. MSQ .867 OCQ .860 WMQ .752 531.952 105 .000 486.835 55 .000 355.747 28 .000 Most of the communalities exceed 0.7, while average communality for the MSQ is 0.66. Residuals are computed between observed and reproduced correlations. There are 53 (50.0%) nonredundant residuals with absolute values greater than 0.05. Since this value is not higher than 50%, so no grounds for concern. The number of extracted factors in MSQ was three (Table 4). Cronbach’s  for each subscale of MSQ is around acceptable level, which indicates good reliability. Those three factors accounted for 65.19% of explained variance. First factor is concerned with extrinsic satisfaction. Extrinsic satisfaction refers to the situations when employees consider only the conditions of work (coworkers, pay etc), ie. Satisfaction that comes from outside an individual (for example praise received for doing good job). Factors 2 and 3 are concerned with different aspects of intrinsic satisfaction which comes from inside an individual (employees consider the task that make up the job, job type etc.). Factor 2 is concerned with relationship between one particular employee and others, while factor 3 is more concerned with giving employee certain level of freedom. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 4: Rotated Component Matrix(a. Rotation converged in 6 iterations) for MSQ Extrinsic satisfactio n (1) [19. praise I get for doing a good job] [20. feeling of accomplishment I get from job] [12. the way company policies are put into practice] [13. my pay and the amount of work I do] [6. the competence of my supervisor in making decisions] [17. working conditions] [14. the chances for advancement on this job] [10. the chance to tell other people what to do] [8. my job provides for steady employment] [4. the chance to be somebody in community] [3. the chance to do different things from time to time] [11. do something that makes use of my abilities] [16. try my own methods of doing the job] [15. freedom to use my own judgment] [2. the chance to work alone] Share of variance explained (%) Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items No of Items Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Component Intrinsic satisfaction: relationship (2) Intrinsic satisfaction: level of freedom (3) .893 .827 .810 .716 .651 .646 .574 .763 .689 .660 .608 .600 28.329 .894 .894 7 .859 .833 .635 65.194 .846 .844 3 47.536 .818 .820 5 While in Taiwan and BH same, elements of factor 1 (extrinsic satisfaction) are the same and more important than factor 2 (intrinsic satisfaction). In the US sample, intrinsic satisfaction was more important than extrinsic satisfaction. Comparison between US, Taiwan and BH sample is shown in Table 5. Table 5: Comparison of factor structures of US, Taiwan and BH sample Sample BH Taiwan US Factor 1 19, 20, 12, 13, 6, 17, 14 12, 13, 6,17, 5, 20 1, 2,3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,15, 16,20 Factor 2 10,8,4, 3,11 2,11, 10, 1, 16, 15 5, 6,12, 13, 14,19 Factor 3 16, 15, 2 4, 3,14 17, 18 Factor 4 Factor 5 19, 18 7, 8, 9 Explanation: Factor 1 in BH sample is represented with red color, factor two with blue color and factor 3 with orange color.Variables identified in the Taiwan and US researched are showed in the second and third row, while colors of the factors from the BH sampled remained across the table. As it can be seen, most of the elements that belongs to factor 1 in BH sample, belongs to factor 1 in Taiwan sample, but to factor 2 in US sample. The numbers of extracted factors in OCQ questionnaire is two (Table 6). Wang et al. (2010) borrowed typology from Meyer and Allen (1997), so the same typology was used here. Therefore, factor 1 is concerned with continuance commitment (employees are aware of the costs associated with leaving the organization). Factor 2 explains affective 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo commitment (emotions and attitudes towards organization). Cronbach’s  for each subscale of OCQ is around acceptable level, which indicates good reliability. Table 6: Rotated Component Matrix(Rotation converged in 3 iterations) for OCQ [11.not much gained by sticking with this org (R)] [9.little change cause me to leave (R)] [15.mistake on my part working for this org (R)] [10.glad choosing this organization to work for.] [12.difficult to agree with the policies relating to employees (R)] [8.inspire the very best in me in way of job performance] [14.best of all possible org to work] [1.putting great deal of effort to help this organization] [2.great organization to work for] [6.proud to tell that I am part of this organization] [5.my and the organization’s values are similar] Share of variance explained (%) Cronbach's Alpha Component Continuance Affective commitment (1) commitment (2) .902 .884 .757 -.692 .641 -.603 .775 .769 36.675 .770 Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items .772 No of Items 6 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. .745 .745 .670 69.116 .741 .743 5 MWQ revealed two kinds of instruments that happened at one particular day workers selected (Table 7): intrinsic motivation instruments (factor 1) and extrinsic motivation instruments (factor 2). Cronbach’s  for each subscale of MWQ is around acceptable level, which indicates good reliability (see appendices) 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 7: Rotated Component Matrix (Rotation converged in 3 iterations) for MWQ Component Intrinsic Extrinsic motivation motivation instruments (1) instruments (2) .920 [3. The goals were clear and I know what I was supposed to do] [1. That particular day I had a feeling I was .865 making progress, ie. I was busy all day] [2. I was excited about work that day. I believed .835 I could finish the work that was required.] [4. Deadlines were clearly defined and I had .834 enough time to finish my work] [7. That day I made an excellent collaboration with our colleagues, who helped me (and often do) to overcome obstacles] [8. My colleagues were very accessible to, friendly and helpful] [5. I got recognition for my work doing that particular day] [6. I received a monetary incentives on that day] Share of variance explained (%) 39.129 Cronbach's Alpha .908 Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items .912 No of Items 4 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. .858 .815 .810 .725 74.114 .837 .843 4 Initial regression model (Figure 1) was that motivation level (measured in hours at one particular day) will depend on passion and many different instruments. WMQ factor analysis revealed that there are two groups of motivation instruments: intrinsic and extrinsic. So, following regression model was specified. Figure 1: Regression model 1 Independent variable 1 Passion (PASSION) Independent variable 2 Intrinsic motivation instruments (WMQ_FACTOR1) Dependent variable Motivation level (RM_MOTIVATION_LEVEL) Independent variable 3 Extrinsic motivation instruments (WMQ_FACTOR2) However, only passion is significant predictors of motivation level, as it was already suggested by Westover et al. (2010). Passion alone could explain 47% of the variance in the motivation level. Other two independent variables (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation instruments) do not improve model considerably (change of R2 is 0.01 and 0.02 when WMQ_FACTOR1 and WMQ_FACTOR2 are introduced, respectively). Assumption of independent errors is tenable (Durbin-Watson statistic is close to 2). Multicollinearity is no 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo problem, which can be seen from correlation matrix as well (no Pearson coefficient is above 0.9). However, assumption of homoscedasticity is not met. VIF statistics also shows that there is no multicollinearity, however tolerance statistics is below 0.1 which indicates a serious problem. Therefore, this model will not be analyzed further. Table 8: Model Summaryd Mo del 1 R .6 90 R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics R Square Change F Change df1 df 2 DurbinWatson Sig. F Change .477 .468 1.995 .477 51.940 1 57 .000 .480 .461 2.007 .003 .344 1 56 .560 .481 .452 2.024 .001 .073 1 55 .788 a 2 .6 93 b 3 .6 93 2.110 c a. Predictors: (Constant), PASSION; b. Predictors: (Constant), PASSION, RM_FACTOR1; c. Predictors: (Constant), PASSION, RM_FACTOR1, RM_FACTOR2; d. Dependent Variable: RM_MOTIVATION_LEVEL After collected data has been study in more details, following (new) model was established: Workers’ satisfaction of the working environment could be predicted if we increase intrinsic satisfaction, workers emotions toward organization (affective commitment) and costs of leaving the organization (continuance commitment). Figure 2: Regression model specifications Independent variable 1 Intrinsic satisfaction (MSQ_FACTOR 2) Independent variable 2 Affective commitment (OCQ_FACTOR 2) Dependent variable Extrinsic satisfaction (MSQ_FACTOR 1) Independent variable 3 Continuance commitment (OCQ_FACTOR 1) This model was specified in order to predict level of extrinsic satisfaction of the job (i.e. satisfaction when workers consider only the conditions of work). Extrinsic satisfaction is an average value of the variables that belongs to MSQ Factor 1 (19, 20, 12, 13, 6, 17 and 14). Independent variables are: intrinsic satisfaction, affective commitment and continuance commitment. Intrinsic satisfaction means that workers consider only the type of work they do or the tasks that make up the job (measured by average value of the variables that belongs to MCQ Factor 2 – variables 10, 8, 4, 3, 11). Affective commitment represents attitudes that employees show towards organization (measured by average value of the variables that belongs to OCQ Factor 2 – variables 14, 1, 2, 6, 5). Continuance commitment explains employees’ awareness of the costs associated with leaving the 10 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo organization (measured by average value of the variables that belongs to OCQ Factor 2 – variables 1, 9, 15, 10, 12, 8). All assumptions are met (variable types are quantitative; non-zero variance; no perfect multicollinearity; homoscedasticity; Durbin-Watson test of independent errors). Table 7: Model Summary Mo R del R Adjusted Std. Error Squa R Square of the R F df Estimate Square Chan 1 Change ge re Change Statistics Durbindf2 Sig. Watson F Cha nge 1 .59 8 2 .79 8 3 .357 .347 .73370 .357 a 1 61 .000 1 60 .000 1 59 .000 7 .637 .625 .55590 .280 b .85 33.88 46.26 0 .725 .712 .48752 .088 19.01 2.096 c 2 2 a. Predictors: (Constant), MSQ_FACTOR2; b. Predictors: (Constant), MSQ_FACTOR2, OCQ_FACTOR2; c. Predictors: (Constant), MSQ_FACTOR2, OCQ_FACTOR2, OCQ_FACTOR1; d. Dependent Variable: MSQ_FACTOR1 Intrinsic satisfaction accounts for 35.7% of the variance in extrinsic satisfaction. Affective commitment and intrinsic satisfaction account for 63.7% of the variance in extrinsic satisfaction. Finally, continuance commitment, affective commitment and intrinsic satisfaction account for 72.5% of the variance in extrinsic satisfaction. Adjuster R2 does not change radically so if the sample was derived from the population from which the sample was taken, independent variables would account for almost the same percentage of variance in extrinsic satisfaction. Conclusions, Limitations and Further Research Suggestion Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire analyses different aspects of the job satisfaction. However, two factors could be identified: intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction. Exploratory factor analysis conducted in the US and Taiwan has similar factor structure, but it seems that BH sample structure is more similar to Taiwan than US sample. Organization Commitment Questionnaire discovered two factors: continuance and affective commitment. Worker Motivation Questionnaire discovered two kinds of instruments to improve motivation during day: intrinsic and extrinsic. First regression model shows that passion affect motivation level (measured in hours) and it accounts for 47% in the variance of the hours people are motivated. However, other two independent variables (extrinsic and intrinsic motivation instruments) do not improve significantly model and the model does not meet multiple regression assumptions. Therefore, it was not analyzed. However, another model emerged from the collected data. Intrinsic satisfaction, and organizational commitment (both continuance and affective) seems to be a good predictor of extrinsic satisfaction. Managerial implication of this is: if managers want to improve workers’ satisfaction of the working environment, they should 11 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo increase intrinsic satisfaction, as well as workers emotions toward organization (affective commitment) and should increase costs of leaving the organization (continuance commitment). At shallow view at the data collected could derive conclusion that sample size could be limitation to this research. However, all relevant tests provide sufficient information to confirm that factor analysis is the appropriate technique. According to some researches (Field, 2005, p.640; Guagagnoli and Velicer, 1988) factor with four or more loadings greater than 0.6 is reliable which was the case in this research. Some argues that overall KMO greater than 0.7 is good enough to use exploratory factor analysis. While there is no doubt that data for factor analysis was collected properly (Likert scale), precision of data for regression data for the first model could be improved by conducting in-depth interviews. Further researches should be focused on discovering factors that could predict motivation level in Bosnian-Herzegovinian environment. As it is already confirmed (in the literature as well as by this research), salary is not an important predictor of worker motivation and satisfaction. While passion seems to be the most important predictor of motivation, it is questionable what facets of passion are and how to measure them properly. References Atkinson, Robert D. ve Ulevich, Jacob. (2000). Digital Government: The Next Step to Reengineering the Federal Government. Progressive Policy Institute Technology & New Economy Project.www.ppionline.org/documents/DigitalGov.pdf, 5. date of access: 12.02.2013. Amabile T., Kramer, S. (2010). What Really Motivates Workers?. Harvard Business Review, January-February 2010 Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. Second Edition. SAGE publications. Ferguson, T. D., Cheek, R. (2011). How Important Are Situational Constraints in Understanding Job Satisfaction? International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 2 No. 22; December 2011 Ford, H. (2008). My Life and Work: An Autobiography of Henry Ford. BN Publishing Guadagnoli, E., Velicer, W. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component pattern. Psychological Bulletin, 103/ 265-275 Hair, J. Black, W., Babin, B. Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Seventh edition. Prentice Hall Meyer, J.P., Allen, N.J (1997). Commitment in the workplace – Theory, research, and application. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Neeru Malhotra, Avinandan Mukherjee, (2004) The relative influence of organisational commitment and job satisfaction on service quality of customer- contact employees in banking call centres. Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 18 Iss: 3, pp.162-174 12 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Rahimić, Z. (2010). Menadžment ljudskih resursa. Ekonomski fakultetu u Sarajevu, Sarajevo. Rahimić, Z. (2013). Influence of Organizational Climate on Job Satisfaction in Bosnia and Herzegovina Companies, International Business Research: Vol. 6, No. 3:2013, ISSN 1913-9004 E-ISSN 1913-9012, pp. 129-139 Rogelberg, S.G., Allen, J.A., Shanock, L. Scott, C., Shuffler, M. (2010). Employee Satisfaction with Meetings: A Contemporary Facet of Job Satisfaction. Human Resource Management, March–April 2010, Vol. 49, No. 2, Pp. 149–172 Shaikh, M.A., Bhutto, N.A., Maitlo, Q. (2012). Facets of Job Satisfaction and Its Association with Performance. International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 3 No. 7; April 2012 Sharma, J.P, Bajpai, N. (2011). Salary Satisfaction as an Antecedent of Job Satisfaction: Development of a Regression Model to Determine the Linearity between Salary Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction in a Public and a Private Organization. European Journal of Social Sciences. Volume 18, Number 3 (2011) Wang, J., Tolson, H., Chiang, T., Huang, T. (2010). An exploratory factor analysis of workplace learning, job satisfaction, and organization commitment in small to midsize enterprises in Taiwain. Human Resource Development International. Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2010, 147-163 Westover, J., Westover, A., Westover, L. (2010). Enhancing long-term worker productivity and performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Vol. 59, No. 4., pp.372-387 Westover, J. (2012). Comparative International Differences in Intrinsic and Extrinsic Job Quality Characteristics and Worker Satisfaction, 1989-2005. International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 3 No. 7; April 2012. 13 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1635 Title A name given to the resource Significant Predictors of Employees’ Motivation and Employees’ Job Satisfaction Author Author VESELINOVIĆ, Ljiljan RAHIMIĆ, Zijada Abstract A summary of the resource. As Henry Ford noted in his autobiography “business *…+ is not a machine. It is a collection of people who are brought together to do work.” In existing literature it is evident that soft approach of human resources is predominant since researches are more focusing on workers’ satisfaction of the job and different aspects of job satisfactions in various businesses’ environment rather than treating workers the same way as other resources are treated (hard approach). However, job satisfaction is a multifaceted construct. The most conventional aspects of satisfaction are: satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, co-workers, supervision, and the work itself. Some researches examine model where passion and organizational commitment are important predictor of job satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to identify factor structures associated with Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) and Worker Motivation Questionnaire (WMQ) and to develop regression model that will be able to predict level of motivation (measured in hours) and workers satisfaction on the sample from Bosnia and Herzegovina. An online questionnaire was distributed to individuals by e-mail (Google Survey Tool). A total of 63 surveys were obtained and analysed. Data screening, assumption testing and sampling adequacy was done according to Field (2005). All relevant tests (such as KMO) provide sufficient information to confirm that factor analysis is the appropriate technique for the sample. First regression model shows that passion affect motivation level (measured in hours) and it accounts for 47% in the variance of the hours people are motivated. However, other two independent variables (extrinsic and intrinsic motivation instruments) do not improve significantly model. Another model emerged from the collected data. Organizational commitment (both continuance and affective) seems to be a good predictor of extrinsic satisfaction of the workers. Implication of this is: if managers want to improve workers’ satisfaction of the working environment, they should arouse workers emotions toward organization (affective commitment) and should increase costs of leaving the organization (continuance commitment). Further researches should be focused on discovering factors that could predict motivation level in Bosnian-Herzegovinian environment. As it is already confirmed (in the literature as well as by this research), salary is not an important predictor of worker motivation and satisfaction. While passion seems to be the most important predictor of motivation, it is questionable what facets of passion are and how to measure them properly. Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Organization Commitment, Employees’ Motivation, Regression Model, Bosnia And Herzegovina. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/86e3bd074ef2e48e1c46add14d6598f8.pdf a966850f7d0f5e828fef563b6e24bdce PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo How and Why Corporations Evaluate Sponsored “Sports for Peace” Projects Andrew Webb Faculty of Business Administration, Laval University, Quebec, Canada andrew.webb.1@ulaval.ca André Richelieu Faculty of Business Administration, Laval University, Quebec, Canada andre.richelieu@fsa.ulaval.ca Since the United Nations named 2005 the international year of Sports and Physical education, the field of Sports for Peace research has been attracting ever increasing academic interest. Yet, one of the nd recommendations that resulted from the 2 International Forum on Sport for Peace and Development, that was held at the United Nations office in th th Geneva on 10 and 11 of May 2011, was a call for the strengthening of evaluation tools on the impact of sport and for interdisciplinary research to develop scientific evidence and good practices. However, considering the rich and complex nature of both sports and peace, will first need to identify and then focus on the subtle nuances of how sports may contribute to peace. And since most sports for peace agencies, like the Open Fun Football School that has been operating in Bosnia-Herzegovina since 1998, receive funding from large corporations such as Statoil, Socar and Unicredit, examining the sponsor/sports for peace agency relationship may be a promising avenue for providing more insight on the sports for peace construct. A literature review, that covers four concepts related to how and why corporations evaluate sponsored sports for peace projects, was conducted as a pertinent first step to help identify key ideas that may impact future research. Based on the reviewed literature, and on key peacemaking theory, a conceptual model which crystalizes our understanding of how sports for peace agency relationships may influence peace building was constructed. This model demonstrates that the evaluating of outcomes and impacts of sports for peace projects will be relative and will not only depend on which relationship we study, but also on which point of view we choose to examine the relationship. It also causes us to reflect that these points of view may be influenced by broad reaching discourse on the importance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and on the potential of sports for peace. Finally, we recommend that more research is needed on how and why each stakeholder monitors and 38 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo evaluates the outcomes and impacts of their particular sports for peace relationships, and that focusing specifically on how and why corporations evaluated their sponsored sports for peace projects on the ground may be a promising avenue of research to contribute to the UN’s call for more insight into the sports for peace and development construct. Keywords: Peace, Sport, Sports for Peace, Corporate Social Responsibility. 39 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1482 Title A name given to the resource How and Why Corporations Evaluate Sponsored “Sports for Peace” Projects Author Author WEBB, Andrew RICHELIEU, André Abstract A summary of the resource. Since the United Nations named 2005 the international year of Sports and Physical education, the field of Sports for Peace research has been attracting ever increasing academic interest. Yet, one of the recommendations that resulted from the 2nd International Forum on Sport for Peace and Development, that was held at the United Nations office in Geneva on 10th and 11th of May 2011, was a call for the strengthening of evaluation tools on the impact of sport and for interdisciplinary research to develop scientific evidence and good practices. However, considering the rich and complex nature of both sports and peace, will first need to identify and then focus on the subtle nuances of how sports may contribute to peace. And since most sports for peace agencies, like the Open Fun Football School that has been operating in Bosnia-Herzegovina since 1998, receive funding from large corporations such as Statoil, Socar and Unicredit, examining the sponsor/sports for peace agency relationship may be a promising avenue for providing more insight on the sports for peace construct. A literature review, that covers four concepts related to how and why corporations evaluate sponsored sports for peace projects, was conducted as a pertinent first step to help identify key ideas that may impact future research. Based on the reviewed literature, and on key peacemaking theory, a conceptual model which crystalizes our understanding of how sports for peace agency relationships may influence peace building was constructed. This model demonstrates that the evaluating of outcomes and impacts of sports for peace projects will be relative and will not only depend on which relationship we study, but also on which point of view we choose to examine the relationship. It also causes us to reflect that these points of view may be influenced by broad reaching discourse on the importance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and on the potential of sports for peace. Finally, we recommend that more research is needed on how and why each stakeholder monitors and evaluates the outcomes and impacts of their particular sports for peace relationships, and that focusing specifically on how and why corporations evaluated their sponsored sports for peace projects on the ground may be a promising avenue of research to contribute to the UN’s call for more insight into the sports for peace and development construct. Keywords: Peace, Sport, Sports for Peace, Corporate Social Responsibility. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b88b68f497e347ab26e1104b64d53a66.pdf 820c4c0630fad62a2c7dcb7e16798c85 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Credit Rating Perception Ramazan Yanık Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey ryanik@atauni.edu.tr Murat Serçemeli Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey msercemeli@atauni.edu.tr Reşat Karcıoğlu Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey rkarci@atauni.edu.tr Severe Tremors existing in Country economies caused by global crisis in recent years have brought reactions to the notes determined before crisis period with them for the countries affected considerably from the crises by Credit Rating Agencies. For this reason, harsh criticisms relating that credit rating agencies were influenced from political pressures were expressed. The perception of academicians about this subject is the subject of the study. In the study, the fact that sharp criticisms against rating agencies should be evaluated with the dimension perceived by academics is supported by a study. Keywords: Credit Rating, Crisis, Academics Perceptions. 239 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/93a77755f72ed5b6742bf7403f05c874.docx 49d0f04aee74c85ac143fd20289afed0 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/11c74011e9414599a7f3ac3c427f58c5.pdf cda8cb54753c33b146d5fa1de4275d79 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Credit Rating Perception Ramazan Yanik Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey ryanik@atauni.edu.tr Murat Sercemeli Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey msercemeli@atauni.edu.tr Resat Karcioglu Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey rkarci@atauni.edu.tr Abstract Severe Tremors existing in Country economies caused by global crisis in recent years have brought reactions to the notes determined before crisis period with them for the countries affected considerably from the crises by Credit Rating Agencies. For this reason, harsh criticisms relating that credit rating agencies were influenced from political pressures were expressed. The perception of academicians about this subject is the subject of the study. In the study, the fact that sharp criticisms against rating agencies should be evaluated with the dimension perceived by academics is supported by a study. Keywords: Credit rating, crisis, academics perceptions Introduction As a result of improvement of the relationships between those who demand load and those who provide funds in ABD in 19th century, rating got wider, and in the world today, it has been used by mainly the countries as well as a number of organizations. Credit Graded Organizations are of important place in the realisation of element of investment, detection and arrangements ın the financial markets. In recent years, it becomes a discussion subject about the wideness of global crisis. With the aim of protecting investors on public benefiters of organizations and countries: a) Borrowing tools they exported (shore and stocks) and they’re loads’ main capital and the risk of their gains and interest refunds,b) The risks that will be originated from them own administration and financial structures,c) Measurement of the risks they designed for specially their financial structure, and the operation of their numbering or determination, and these have been called as “Credit Graded”.As follows, some of the Graded organizations and types of Graded have been shown. Fitch Graded Today, the organizations publishing financial statistics developed a mark scale from AAAA to Din the world this organizations has provided knowledge to the more than so countries, and have been pursuing the data the investor’s demanded. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Standard & Poor’s Graded Today, this organizations has 23 branches offices in all over the world, it produces solutions for those, which want to decide true investments. Mood’s Graded John Moody established it in 1300. It published Moody’s Manuel. A number of founds, stocks, treasure, and papers for private organizations offer their contents in it. It graded from AAA to C scale. Findings Table 1 Descriptive Statistics Academic Tittle Ass. Prof. Dr. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Academic Field Accounting/ finance Economics N 29 5 6 % 72,5 12,5 15,0 15 25 37,5 62,5 Table 2 The Field The lecturer tookhis /her academic Title The criteria as to perception The criteria of reality of country marks The criteria of reality of country mark for Turkey After 2008, the criteria of reality country mark for Turkey Independence criteria for country mark Independence criteria of country mark for Turkey After 2008, for Turkey independence criteria of country mark The criteria as to perception The criteria of country marks to reflect the reality The criteria of country marks to reflect reality for Turkey After 2008, the criteria of country marks to reflect reality for Turkey Independence criteria for country marks Independence criteria for country mark For Turkey After 2008, independence criteria of country mark Accounting / Finance Mean Std.Dev . 2,53 1,25 2,20 0,94 2,46 0,99 3,06 2,73 2,73 1,10 1,22 1,10 Economics Mean Std.Dev. 2,60 2,48 2,40 1,22 1,23 1,22 2,56 2,40 2,32 1,23 1,54 1,14 Ass.Prof.Dr. Mean Std.Dev. Academic Title Asc.Prof.Dr. Mean Std.Dev. Prof.Dr. Mean Std.Dev. 2,48 1,21 2,60 1,14 3,00 1,41 2,34 1,11 2,20 1,10 2,66 1,37 2,41 1,05 2,20 1,30 2,66 1,51 2,65 1,23 2,60 1,14 3,33 1,03 2,44 1,27 2,60 1,14 2,83 0,75 2,48 1,21 2,20 1,30 2,66 0,52 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Conclusion and Discussion In the result of responding of the surveys carried out by the lecturers with doctorate working in the department of accounting and finance at Ataturk University; the determination of Country Marks by credit Graded Organizations isn’t perceived as independently and really. The determination of country marks about Turkey after 2008 by Credit Graded Organizations isn’t perceived as independent and really. As regard academic tittles and academic fields; there is no distinction as regards evaluation of independence and reflection of reality. References Akbulak .Y. (2012), Kredi derecelendirmesi veya rating: kavram ve ölçütler, Mali Çözüm Dergisi http:/www.tesam.org.tr/download/krediderecelendirme pdf http:/ www.economitrend.com/kredi-derecelendirme-kurumları and notes 3 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1594 Title A name given to the resource Credit Rating Perception Author Author YANIK, Ramazan SERCEMELI, Murat KARCIOGLU, Resat Abstract A summary of the resource. Severe Tremors existing in Country economies caused by global crisis in recent years have brought reactions to the notes determined before crisis period with them for the countries affected considerably from the crises by Credit Rating Agencies. For this reason, harsh criticisms relating that credit rating agencies were influenced from political pressures were expressed. The perception of academicians about this subject is the subject of the study. In the study, the fact that sharp criticisms against rating agencies should be evaluated with the dimension perceived by academics is supported by a study. Keywords: Credit Rating, Crisis, Academics Perceptions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/77662019a709439afcec0ac975422bd3.pdf 4593897de90cd85baf697caef8cf1c88 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Turkish “Spring”, European “Fall”: A Political-Economic Analysis of Turkey-European Union Relations Hatice Yazgan Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey hyazgan@karatekin.edu.tr Mutlu Yılmaz Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey mutlu.yilmaz@gediz.edu.tr Current stalemate in Turkey-European Union (EU) relations stemming mainly from political issues has taken place by coincidence when both parties namely Turkey and the EU are experiencing peculiar economic circumstances. The EU, on the one hand, has been struggling to restore the effects of debt crisis and on the other hand Turkish economy has been displaying an outstanding economic performance. Turkish economic performance with repercussions in its foreign policy displayed by Turkish economic and political activism in neighboring areas has led to “axis shift” debate in some circles which refers disassociation of Turkey from the “West”. In contrast, the EU, experiencing the deepest economic crisis of ever has also a political turmoil inside and possible scenarios have been discussed for the future of the Union while huge steps are taken which led to more “deepening”. Future of the relations between Turkey and the EU is very much dependent on the future tendencies of both sides which have clues from today’s policies. Combined effect of the EU’s economic/politic deterioration, put it another way “European fall” and Turkish economic performance and foreign policy activism, “Turkish spring” have reinforced the scenarios for the future of the relations. Against this background, this paper aims to analyze the current situation and the future tendencies through the political-economic analysis of the relations. This analysis is two-folded: On the one hand, economic relations of the two-sides will be elaborated by utilizing economic data including basically the foreign trade statistics comparatively analyzed through years and economic interdependency and integration of both sides will be analyzed partly through customs union arrangements and the other common policy areas. On the other hand, political dimension of the relations will be elaborated mainly by analyzing the possible future political scenarios of the EU discussed in European circles. Main argument of this paper is that future of the relations between Turkey and the EU is dependent on the future direction of the EU which should be closely observed by Turkey and although current foreign trade statistics refer different directions other than the EU, Turkey’s economic performance could be leverage for the EU membership given the intertwined nature of political and economic aspects of Turkish accession to the EU. Keywords: Axis Shift, Debt Crisis, European Union, Turkey, Turkish Economy. 154 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1676 Title A name given to the resource Turkish “Spring”, European “Fall”: A Political-Economic Analysis of Turkey-European Union Relations Author Author YAZGAN, Hatice YILMAZ, Mutlu Abstract A summary of the resource. Current stalemate in Turkey-European Union (EU) relations stemming mainly from political issues has taken place by coincidence when both parties namely Turkey and the EU are experiencing peculiar economic circumstances. The EU, on the one hand, has been struggling to restore the effects of debt crisis and on the other hand Turkish economy has been displaying an outstanding economic performance. Turkish economic performance with repercussions in its foreign policy displayed by Turkish economic and political activism in neighboring areas has led to “axis shift” debate in some circles which refers disassociation of Turkey from the “West”. In contrast, the EU, experiencing the deepest economic crisis of ever has also a political turmoil inside and possible scenarios have been discussed for the future of the Union while huge steps are taken which led to more “deepening”. Future of the relations between Turkey and the EU is very much dependent on the future tendencies of both sides which have clues from today’s policies. Combined effect of the EU’s economic/politic deterioration, put it another way “European fall” and Turkish economic performance and foreign policy activism, “Turkish spring” have reinforced the scenarios for the future of the relations. Against this background, this paper aims to analyze the current situation and the future tendencies through the political-economic analysis of the relations. This analysis is two-folded: On the one hand, economic relations of the two-sides will be elaborated by utilizing economic data including basically the foreign trade statistics comparatively analyzed through years and economic interdependency and integration of both sides will be analyzed partly through customs union arrangements and the other common policy areas. On the other hand, political dimension of the relations will be elaborated mainly by analyzing the possible future political scenarios of the EU discussed in European circles. Main argument of this paper is that future of the relations between Turkey and the EU is dependent on the future direction of the EU which should be closely observed by Turkey and although current foreign trade statistics refer different directions other than the EU, Turkey’s economic performance could be leverage for the EU membership given the intertwined nature of political and economic aspects of Turkish accession to the EU. Keywords: Axis Shift, Debt Crisis, European Union, Turkey, Turkish Economy. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564