160 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/242c458f58e53291fc7685a4851fd809.docx 23581a084f634350b8e2bb67a2468db0 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8cf583f3122c9bd80294519ec631cbe1.pdf a2a6a7771d4c577922e963774d16d077 PDF Text Text dr. sc. Alena Huseinbegović, docentica Pravni fakultet Univerziteta „Džemal Bijedić“ u Mostaru IZVRŠENJE RADI PREDAJE DJETETA Autorica u radu analizira zakonske odredbe o izvršenju radi predaje djeteta koje su propisane u porodičnom i izvršnom zakonodavstvu Bosne i Hercegovine. U skladu s najboljim interesom djeteta, kao jedne od najvažnijih i najosjetljivijih društvenih skupina, autorica ističe kritičke opservacije na važeća zakonska rješenja ovog delikatnog sredstva izvršenja i predlaže odgovarajuća rješenja de lege ferenda. Ključne riječi: najbolji interes djeteta, izvršni postupak, sudski izvršioci, organ starateljstva 1. Uvodna razmatranja Izvršni postupak (engl. execution procedure, enforcement procedure, njem. Exekutionsverfahren, zwangswollstreckungsverfahren, fr. execution forcee) predstavlja niz pravno reguliranih i funkcionalno koordiniranih radnji suda, stranaka1 i drugih subjekata toga postupka koje imaju za cilj prinudno ostvarenje potraživanja tražioca izvršenja.2 Pružanje zaštite povrijeđenim ili ugroženim subjektivnim građanskim pravima putem izvršnog postupka dolazi do izražaja u onom slučaju kada je u jednom prethodnom kognicijskom postupku (parničnom, krivičnom, upravnom itd.) na nesumnjiv način kvalificiranom ispravom utvrđeno određeno potraživanje, a dužnik (izvršenik) ne želi da dobrovoljno postupi prema nalogu sadržanom u izvršnoj, odnosno vjerodostojnoj ispravi. U tom slučaju, država koja je zabranila samovlasno ostvarivanje prava, ima zadatak kroz izvršni postupak prinudnim putem ostvariti obećanu pravnu zaštitu, odnosno tražilac izvršenja treba zahtijevati od izvršnog suda da provede postupak izvršenja, tj. da prinudnim putem faktično stanje dovede u skladu sa pravnim. 3 1 Stranke u izvršnom postupku su: tražilac izvršenja i izvršenik. Prema čl. 2. Zakona o izvršnom postupku Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine („Službene novine FBiH, broj 32/03, 52/03, 33/06, 39/06, 39/09 – u daljem tekstu: ZIPFBiH) tražilac izvršenja je osoba koja je pokrenula postupak radi izvršenja nekog potraživanja, te lice u čiju je korist taj postupak pokrenut po službenoj dužnosti, a izvršenik je osoba protiv koje se potraživanje ostvaruje. Izvršenje se određuje i na prijedlog i u korist osobe koja u izvršnoj ispravi nije označena kao tražilac izvršenja ako ona javnom ili ovjerenom privatnom ispravom dokaže da je potraživanje na nju preneseno ili da je na nju na drugi način prešlo. Izvršenje se određuje i protiv treće osobe koja u izvršnoj ispravi nije označena kao izvršenik ako tražilac izvršenja javnom ili prema zakonu ovjerenom privatnom ispravom dokaže da je ta osoba na zakonit način preuzela dug iz izvršne isprave ili je taj dug prema zakonu obavezna da izmiri (ZIPFBiH, čl. 30). 2 Tako: Triva, S., Belajec, V., Dika, M., Sudsko izvršno pravo, Opći dio, drugo izmijenjeno i dopunjeno izdanje, Informator, Zagreb, 1984, str. 6. 3 Detaljnije: Stanković G., „Predmet izvršnog postupka“, Pravni život, broj 12/2004, str. 5. 170 �Značaj izvršnog postupka manifestira se u činjenici da se na taj način obezbjeđuje ustavnost i zakonitost, te funkcionisanje pravnog sistema u najširem smislu. Neefikasan i spor izvršni postupak doprinosi pojedinačnom nezadovoljstvu zbog nemogućnosti realizacije i zaštite određenog prava, a u širem smislu dovodi do opšte krize pravnog sistema zbog njegove neefikasnosti i nefunkcioniranja, tako da je neophodno da se postupak izvršenja na osnovu izvršnih4, odnosno vjerodostojnih isprava5 sprovede najbrže i najjednostavnije.6 S obzirom na prirodu izvršnog potraživanja, postoje dva načina provođenja izvršenja: izvršenje radi naplate novčanog potraživanja i izvršenje radi ostvarenja nenovčanog potraživanja. Izvršenje radi predaje djeteta je sredstvo izvršenja radi ostvarenja nenovčanog potraživanja tražioca izvršenja.7 Ako je pravosnažnom sudskom odlukom o razvodu braka (ili odlukom donesenom u drugim slučajevima) određeno da se dijete preda roditelju ili drugoj osobi ili organizaciji kojoj je dijete povjereno na čuvanje i vaspitanje, i da je to u njegovom najboljem interesu, tada je izuzetno važno da takva odluka bude i promptno provedena. Ako roditelj ili druga osoba koja je sudskom odlukom obavezna predati dijete ne izvrši tu obavezu dobrovoljno, moguće je provesti postupak izvršenja radi prisilne predaje djeteta.8 Kod provođenja ovog izvršenja u praksi često dolazi do Postupati (procedere) znači kontinuirano ići naprijed, napredovati, nastavljati započeti posao, pristupati realiziranju nekog zadatka. Tako i termin postupak (processus, procedure, procedura) znači način vođenja nekog posla, napredak. Vidi: Triva, S., Dika, M., Građansko parnično procesno pravo, sedmo izmijenjeno i dopunjeno izdanje, Narodne novine, Zagreb, 2004, str. 4. 4 Prema čl. 23. st. 1. ZIPFBiH-a izvršne isprave su: izvršna odluka sudova i izvršno sudsko poravnanje; izvršna odluka donesena u upravnom postupku i poravnanje u upravnom postupku ako glasi na ispunjenje novčane obaveze, ukoliko zakonom nije drukčije određeno; izvršna notarska isprava i druga isprava koja je zakonom određena kao izvršna isprava. Pod prednje navedenim izvršnim ispravama, smatra se svaka takva isprava donesena u Bosni i Hercegovini (ZIPFBiH, čl. 23. st. 2). 5 Prema čl. 29. st. 2. ZIPFBiH-a vjerodostojne isprave su: mjenica i ček s protestom i povratnim računom ako su potrebni za zasnivanje potraživanja i računi ili izvodi iz poslovnih knjiga za cijenu komunalnih usluga isporuke vode, toplotne energije i odvoz smeća. 6 Šarkić, N., Građanski izvršni postupak, Komentar Zakona o izvršnom postupku sa sudskom praksom i obrascima, Fakultet za poslovno pravo, Beograd, 2005, str. 16. 7 Prema odredbama ZIPFBiH-a radi ostvarenja nenovčanog potraživanja tražioca izvršenja, kao sredstva izvršenja određena su: sudski penali; izvršenje radi predaje i isporuke pokretnih stvari; izvršenje radi ispražnjenja i predaje nepokretne stvari; izvršenje radi ostvarenja potraživanja na radnju, trpljenje ili nečinjenje; izvršenje radi vraćanja zaposlenog na rad, odnosno službu; izvršenje diobom stvari i ostvarenje potraživanja na davanje izjave volje i upisivanje u javne registre. U odredbama Zakona o izvršnom postupku Republike Srpske pored prednje nabrojanih, kao sredstvo izvršenja predviđeno je i izvršenje radi predaje djeteta, što predstavlja najznačajniju razliku između odredaba zakona o izvršnom postupku dvaju entiteta u Bosni i Hercegovini. 8 U literaturi se ističe da naziv ovog sredstva izvršenja (predaja djeteta) terminološki ne odgovara situacijama koje se dešavaju u praksi. Naime, termin „predaja djeteta“ upućuje na radnju koja se dobrovoljno izvršava, a u praksi se izvršenje oduzimanjem i predajom djeteta redovno ostvaruje primjenom sile, a nerijetko i uz učešće i asistenciju organa unutrašnjih poslova. Iz navedenih razloga, u pravnoj nauci i praksi se ističu mišljenja i zahtjevi da se ovo sredstvo izvršenja, prilikom buduće reforme izvršne procedure nazove „oduzimanje djeteta“, jer se ustvari dijete faktički oduzima i predaje drugom roditelju, trećoj osobi ili organizaciji na staranje i vaspitanje. Tako: Palačković, D., Predaja ili oduzimanje deteta, Novi zakon o izvršnom postupku, Zbornik radova, 171 �teškoća koje mogu biti posljedica nepovoljnih objektivnih okolnosti konkretnog slučaja, mada su često posljedica dilema o pravilnom načinu postupanja i pripadajućim ovlaštenjima i dužnostima subjekata koji učestvuju u provođenju izvršenja.9 U Bosni i Hercegovini odredbe o izvršenju radi predaje djeteta sadržane su u Porodičnom zakonu Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine,10 Zakonu o izvršnom postupku Republike Srpske11 i Zakonu o izvršnom postupku Brčko Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine.12 Vidimo da u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine, za razliku od rješenja u Republici Srpskoj i Brčko Distriktu Bosne i Hercegovine, odredbe o izvršenju radi predaje djeteta nisu regulirane u okviru ZIPFBiH, zbog toga što je ta oblast uređena u okviru važećeg PZFBiH, kako bi se na jednom mjestu regulirala sva pitanja koja se tiču porodičnih odnosa. Međutim, obzirom da je riječ o odredbama koje obrađuju postupak prinudnog sudskog izvršenja radi predaje djeteta, smatramo da bi ovu oblast trebalo regulirati u okviru odredaba ZIPFBiH, jer je riječ o sistemskom zakonu koji treba da sadrži sve odredbe koje se odnose na sudsko prinudno izvršenje. Imajući u vidu da su odredbe o izvršenju radi predaje djeteta u zakonima Bosne i Hercegovine obrađene na donekle drugačiji način, u nastavku rada detaljno ćemo analizirati odredbe PZFBiH, te ukazati na drugačija rješenja u ZIPRS i ZIPBDBiH, odnosno dati kritički osvrt na navedena zakonska rješenja. 2. Izvršenje radi predaje djeteta prema odredbama PZFBiH – drugačija rješenja u odredbama ZIPRS/ZIPBDBiH 2. 1. Mjesna nadležnost Prema čl. 361. st. 1. PZFBiH-a za odlučivanje o prijedlogu za izvršenje radi predaje djeteta roditelju sa kojim će ono živjeti mjesno je nadležan, osim suda koji je opće mjesno nadležan za stranku protiv koje se provodi izvršenje, i sud koji je opće mjesno nadležan za stranku koja zahtijeva izvršenje, te sud na čijem se području dijete zatekne. Sud na čijem području se dijete zatekne po službenoj dužnosti će, ili na zahtjev stranke, preduzeti provođenje izvršenja predajom djeteta (PZFBiH, čl. 361. st. 2).13 Sud nadležan za odlučivanje o Niš, 2001, str. 188. Navedeno prema: Ignjatović, M., „Postupak za predaju deteta“, Pravni život, broj 12/2004, str. 191. 9 Stokić, M., „Neki problemi u provedbi ovrhe radi predaje djeteta“, Informator, br. 6158/2013., str. 11. 10 „Službene novine Federacije BiH“, broj 35/05, 41/05 (u daljem tekstu PZFBiH). 11 „Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske, broj 59/03, 85/03, 64/05, 118/07, 29/10, 57/12 ( u daljem tekstu ZIPRS). 12 „Službeni glasnik Brčko Distrikta BiH“, broj 8/00, 1/01, 5/02 i 8/03 (u daljem tekstu ZIP BDBIH). 13 U literaturi se ističe da po logici stvari za provođenje prinudne predaje djeteta može biti nadležan samo onaj sud na čijoj se teritoriji dijete zatekne. Međutim, nije jasno zašto zakonodavac insistra na mjesnoj nadležnosti ovog suda u svakom slučaju, npr. kod izvršne radnje izricanja novčane kazne kao sredstva prinude na predaju djeteta. Ističe se da bi se ova situacija mogla prevazići jedino na način da se izvršenje novčane kazne, pa tako i mjesna nadležnost suda za 172 �prijedlogu za izvršenje, može odlučiti da se preduzimanje određenih radnji radi predaje djeteta roditelju sa kojim će živjeti povjeri sudu koji nije nadležan za provođenje izvršenja (PZFBiH, čl. 361. st. 3). U odnosu na prednja zakonska rješenja, odredba čl. 226. st. 1. ZIPRS-a koja se odnosi na mjesnu nadležnost suda, proširena je utoliko što propisuje da će nadležan sud odlučivati o predaji djeteta ne samo roditelju sa kojim će dijete živjeti, nego i drugoj osobi, odnosno organizaciji kojoj je dijete povjereno na staranje i vaspitanje, što je svakao potpunije i preciznije rješenje jer se prema odredbama PZFBiH-a dijete može povijeriti i ovim licima na odgoj i staranje. U tom smislu, potrebno je de lege ferenda dopuniti zakonski tekst koji regulira ovu materiju u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine. Razliku između PZFBiH-a i ZIPRS-a se sastoji i u tome što od tri alternativno određene nadležnosti suda za odlučivanje o prijedlogu za izvršenje radi predaje djeteta u PZFBiH-a, odredbe o mjesnoj nadležnosti u ZIPRS-a ne propisuju nadležnost suda koji je opće mjesno nadležan za stranku protiv koje se provodi izvršenje. Odredbe ZIPBDBiH-a koje se odnose na postupak predaje i oduzimanja djeteta ne propisuju mjesnu nadležnost suda. Vidimo da je u odredbama PZFBiH-a i ZIPRS-a zakonodavac propisao izberivu mjesnu nadležnost suda koji treba da donese odluku o izvršenju radi prinudne predaje djeteta, a sve u cilju jednostavnijeg pokretanja izvršnog postupka. U pogledu mjesne nadležnosti suda koja je određena kao „opšta mjesna nadležnost za stranku koja zahtijeva izvršenje“, u literaturi se ističe da je ovakva formulacija neadekvatna i može da izazove niz nedoumica, s obzirom da ista nije definirana u odredbama zakona o parničnog postupka, koji se na osnovu čl. 21. ZIPRS/ZIPFBiH-a supsidijarno primjenjuje u izvršnom postupku, a nije definirana ni u odredbama zakona o izvršnom postupku. Naime, u odredbi čl. 28. ZPPFBiH-a određena je samo „opća mjesna nadležnost za tuženog“, pri čemu se u čl. 29. ZPPFBiH definiše i šta se podrazumijeva pod tim pojmom, dok se u odredbama čl. 34. i 36. ZPPFBiH-a spominje „mjesna nadležnost parničnog suda prema prebivalištu, odnosno boravištu tužioca“, a ne „opća mjesna nadležnost za tužioca“.14 U tom smislu, a analogno prednje navedenim odredbama čl. 34. i 36. ZPPFBiH-a, smatramo da je de lege ferenda, umjesto formulacije „opća mjesna nadležnost za stranku koja zahtijeva izvršenje“ jasnije i preciznije propisati „mjesna nadležnost prema prebivalištu, boravištu, odnosno sjedištu tražioca izvršenja“. 2. 2. Postupak provođenja izvršenja provođenje tih radnji, vrši shodno primjenom odredbi čl. 207, a u vezi s čl. 209. ZIPFBiH. Vidi: Zaćiragić, F., Izvršenje radi ostvarenja nenovčanog potraživanja, te Prijelazne i završne odredbe, rad objavljen u: Daupović, A., Obradović, R., Povlakić, M., Zaćiragić, F., Živanović, M., Komentar Zakona o izvršnom postupku u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine i Republici Srpskoj, Zajednički projekat Vijeća Evrope i Evropske komisije, Sarajevo, 2005, str. 666 - 667. (u daljem tekstu: Zaćiragić i drugi). 14 Ibidem, str. 667. 173 �Za razliku od drugih sredstava izvršenja, gdje se prije svega štiti interes tražioca izvršenja čije potraživanje se ostvaruje u izvršnom postupku, zakonodavac je propisao da se prinudno izvršenje odluke o predaji djeteta sprovodi na specifičan način, prvenstveno vodeći računa o potrebi da se u najvećoj mjeri zaštiti interes djeteta (PZFBiH, čl. 365). Prinuda koju treba primijeniti u postupku izvršenja radi predaje djeteta treba biti umjerena i prilagođena okolnostima slučaja, odnosno traumatičan izvršni postupak u kojem se dijete prisilno oduzima od jednog roditelja i predaje drugom, odnosno trećoj osobi ili organizaciji nije u skladu s najboljim interesom djeteta i može prouzrokovati niz negativnih posljedica na psihičko stanje djeteta. Međutim, cijeneći karakteristike svakog slučaja pojedinačno, može se reći da će nekada i takvo prisilno oduzimanje djeteta biti u njegovom interesu, ukoliko bi ostanak kod izvršenika ugrozio njegov fizički ili psihički integritet, odnosno mogućnost njegovog normalnog razvoja. Naime, nemogućnost ili odugovlačenje provođenja izvršenja odluke koju je sud donio u prethodnom postupku, a kojom je utvrđeno s kojim roditeljem je u djetetovom najboljem interesu da živi, prije svega pogađa dobrobit i prava samog djeteta.15 Prema odredbi čl. 362. st. 1. PZFBiH-a izvršni sud će odrediti i provesti izvršenje radi predaje djeteta na osnovu odluke suda o tome sa kojim će roditeljem dijete živjeti, bez obzira na to je li tom odlukom naložena predaja djeteta. Ako u odluci suda stranci protiv koje se provodi izvršni postupak nije naložena predaja djeteta, ovu naredbu izreći će izvršni sud u rješenju o izvršenju, kojim će naložiti da se dijete preda u roku od 24 sata (PZFBiH, čl. 362. st. 2). Rješenjem o izvršenju može se naložiti predaja djeteta osobi na koju se odnosi izvršna isprava, osobi o čijoj volji zavisi predaja djeteta, i svakoj drugoj osobi kod koje se dijete nalazi u času donošenja rješenja (PZFBiH, čl. 363. st. 1). U rješenju o izvršenju izreći će se da je dijete dužna predati i svaka druga osoba kod koje se dijete zatekne u času provođenja izvršenja (PZFBiH, čl. 363. st. 2). Prijedlog za izvršenje može podnijeti roditelj sa kojim će dijete živjeti, te organ starateljstva ako se roditelj sa kojim će dijete živjeti ne protivi pokretanju izvršnog postupka (PZFBiH, čl. 364. st. 1. i 2). Prema čl. 366. PZFBiH-a sud će, nakon što ocijeni sve okolnosti slučaja, odrediti izvršenje oduzimanjem dijeteta ili izricanjem i provođenjem novčanih ili zatvorskih kazni protiv osobe koja protivno nalogu suda odbija predati dijete ili preduzima radnje s ciljem njegova skrivanja ili onemogućavanja provođenja odluke. Ako se svrha izvršenja nije mogla provesti jednim od sredstava 15 Vidi: Stokić., op. cit., str. 12; Tako i: Zaćiragić i drugi, op. cit., str. 668. „Poražavajuća je činjenica da u sukobu koji postoji, po pravilu, između roditelja, interes deteta postaje drugorazredna, ako ne i trećerazredna stvar, o kojoj oni, koji po prirodi stvari treba da najviše vode računa, najmanje brinu o dobrobiti deteta. Vođeni isključivo „ličnim“ razlozima, kao što su netrpeljivost, sujeta, mržnja, pa čak i osveta bračnih partnera promašenog braka ili zbog razvedenog braka, supružnici zaboravljaju na činjenicu da takvo njihovo ponašanje može imati nesagledive posljedice po psihu njihove dece. Zbog ovakvih, nažalost, vrlo čestih situacija, javlja se potreba za primenom pravila izvršne procedure“. Ignjatović, op. cit., str. 191. 174 �izvršenja, sud može odrediti drugo predviđeno sredstvo izvršenja, a može se odrediti i provesti protiv osobe kod koje se dijete nalazi, te osobe od čije volje zavisi predaja djeteta. Prema čl. 367. PZFBiH-a u prijedlogu za izvršenje radi predaje djeteta roditelju sa kojim će živjeti ne mora biti naznačeno sredstvo izvršenja, a ako je naznačeno, sud nije vezan prijedlogom stranaka. Kada je rješenjem o izvršenju naloženo da se dijete preda u roku od 24 sata, odluka o izvršenju mora se predati stranci od koje treba oduzeti dijete, i to prilikom preduzimanja prve izvršne radnje. Ako ta stranka ne bude prisutna pri oduzimanju djeteta, odluka će joj se dostaviti naknadno (PZFBiH, čl. 368. st. 1). Odsutnost osobe kojoj treba oduzeti dijete ne sprečava provođenje izvršnih radnji. Ako se izvršenje provodi protiv osobe na koju se ne odnosi odluka o izvršenju, toj osobi će se predati rješenje o izvršenju i zapisnik o oduzimanju djeteta. Ako se izvršenje provodi protiv navedene osobe ili osobe koja nije prisutna izvršnim radnjama, te će se radnje provesti u prisustvu dviju punoljetnih osoba (PZFBiH, čl. 368. st. 2., 3. i 4). Za razliku od navedenih zakonskih rješenja, prema odredbama ZIPRS-a sud će rješenjem o izvršenju izvršeniku ostaviti rok od tri dana od dana dostavljanja rješenja da dobrovoljno preda dijete roditelju ili drugoj osobi, odnosno organizaciji kojoj je dijete povjereno na čuvanje i vaspitanje, pod prijetnjom izvršenja novčane kazne.16 Ako se postupak izvršenja nije mogao provesti izricanjem i izvršenjem odluke o novčanoj kazni, 17 izvršenje će se provesti oduzimanjem djeteta od osobe kod koje se dijete nalazi i predajom djeteta roditelju, odnosno drugoj osobi ili organizaciji kojoj je dijete povjereno na čuvanje i vaspitanje (ZIPRS, čl. 227. st. 2. i 4). U pravnoj teoriji i praksi ističe se da prednje zakonsko rješenje neće dovesti do efikasnog provođenja postupka izvršenja iz više razloga. Naime, postavlja se pitanje: da li je opravdano propisivanje novog paricionog roka od tri dana za dobrovoljnu predaju djeteta, posebno ako je „originalni“ paricioni rok iz izvršne isprave već bezuspiješno 16 Isto rješenje je predviđeno i u čl. 233. st. 1. ZIPBDBiH-a. Prema čl. 227. st. 2. ZIPRS novčana kazna se izriče i njeno izvršenje provodi prema zakonskim odredbama o izvršenju radnje koju može izvršiti samo izvršenik. Tako prema čl. 209. ZIPRS/ZIPFBiH ako radnju može obaviti samo izvršenik sud će rješenjem o izvršenju izvršeniku odrediti primjeren rok za ispunjenje obaveze. Rješenjem o izvršenju sud će istovremeno zaprijetiti izvršeniku, a i odgovornom licu u izvršeniku pravnom licu da će im izricati novčane kazne u skladu sa čl. 17. ZIPRS/ZIPFBIH ako u određenom roku ne ispuni obavezu. Ako izvršenik u određenom roku ne ispuni obavezu, sud će, na prijedlog tražioca izvršenja, postupiti prema odredbama čl. 17. ZIPRS/ZIPFBiH. Izvršenik koji je ispunio svoju obavezu u predviđenom roku, dužan je bez odlaganja o tome obavijestiti sud i priložiti nesumljive dokaze o tome. (ovjerena pisana izjava tražioca izvršenja o tome da je radnja obavljena, zapisnik sudskog izvršioca o obavljenoj radnji, nalaz i mišljenje sudskog vještaka da je radnja obavljena). U protivnom smatrat će se da radnja nije obavljena. Ako radnja koju može obaviti samo izvršenik ne zavisi isključivo o njegovoj volji (npr. stvaranje određenog umjetničkog djela) tražilac izvršenja nema pravo da od izvršenika traži da u određenom roku ispuni obavezu, već samo nadoknadu štete. Povezanim tumačenjem odredaba čl. 209. i 17. ZIPRS/ZIPFBiH može se zaključiti da kod izvršenja radi predaje djeteta, izvršni sud u rješenju o izvršenju može samo zaprijetiti izricanjem novčanih kazni u skladu sa čl. 17. ZIPRS/ZIPFBiH, analogno rješenju iz čl. 209. ZIPRS/ZIPFBiH, a da tek naknadno, ako izvršenik ne postupi po nalogu suda, posebnim rješenjem može izreći konkretnu novčanu kaznu. Detaljnije: Zaćiragić i drugi, op. cit., str. 669. 17 175 �protekao. Smatra se da novi rok predstavlja nepotrebno gubljenje vremena, a izvršeniku se ostavlja mogućnost da učini sve što može da spriječi predaju djeteta (npr. skrivanje djeteta). Osim toga, u cilju provođenja postupka predaje djeteta izvršni sud naprije mora da odredi izvršenje putem novčanog kažnjavanja izvršenika, pa tek onda izvršenje prisilnim oduzimanjem djeteta, ako se izvršenje nije moglo provesti izricanjem i izvršenjem odluke o novčanoj kazni (ZIPRS, čl. 227. st. 4). Prema čl. 17. ZIPRS/ZIPFBiH maksimalni novčani iznos koji se može izreći fizičkoj osobi je 5000 KM, s tim da se kazna može ponovo izricati ako izvršenik ne postupi po ponovljenom nalogu suda ili nastavi da postupa protivno zabrani. S obzirom da u odredbama ZIPRS-a nije precizno određeno koliko puta sud mora kazniti izvršenika da bi utvrdio da je takav načina kažnjavanja neefikasan,18 otvara se dilema koje su to situacije u kojima postoji nemogućnost izvršenja putem izricanja i izvršenja odluke o novčanoj kazni (v. čl. 227. st. 4. ZIPRS). Pored toga, opravdano se postavlja pitanje na koji način novčana kazna može utjecati na efikasno provođenje izvršnog postupka radi predaje djeteta, ako je izvršenik u takvoj materijalnoj situaciji (izvršenik nema nikakve imovine ili je ona vrlo mala) da jednostavno ne postoji mogućnost prinudne naplate novčane kazne. Svakako ne treba zanemariti ni činjenicu da je dijete najvrjednije što pojedinac može da ima, tako da bi izvršenje novčane kazne imalo utjecaja na vrlo mali broj izvršenika. U literaturi se ističe da bi sud, u svakom konkretnom slučaju, po službenoj dužnosti trebao utvrditi u kojem momentu treba da odustane od izvršenja putem izricanja novčanih kazni i odredi izvršenje koje se treba provesti prisilnim oduzimanjem djeteta, vodeći računa o najboljem interesu djeteta, pravima tražioca izvršenja, te okončanju izvršnog postupka u realnom vremenu.19 Postupak izvršenja provode sudski izvršioci u periodu od 7:00 do 19:00 sati (ZIPFBiH, čl. 42. st. 1). U cilju efikasnog provođenja postupka oduzimanja i predaje djeteta, sud može zaključkom odrediti da se izvršenje provede i neradnim danom i noću (v. čl. 42. st. 2. ZIPFBiH), u prostorijama izvršenika, ili na drugom mjestu gdje se dijete nalazi (vrtić, škola itd). Prema čl. 227. st. 5. ZIPFBiH-a sud će u provođenju izvršnih radnji zatražiti pomoć organa starateljstva, dok prema odredbama čl. 368. st. 5. PZFBiH i čl. 235. st. 5. ZIPBDBiH sud može pozvati organ starateljstva da bude prisutan provođenju izvršenja. Opravdano se postavlja pitanje: zašto je po odredbama PZFBiH i ZIPBDBIH ostavljena samo mogućnost, a ne obaveza suda da u postupku provođenja izvršenja pozove i organ starateljstva. Organ starateljstva, posebno psiholozi i socijalni radnici, ima dragocjenu ulogu od samog početka postupka predaje djeteta, od faze posredovanja radi dobrovoljne predaje djeteta, do utjecaja na rad sudskih izvršitelja i neposredne psihološke pomoći djetetu u fazi prisilnog oduzimanja i predaje djeteta roditelju, odnosno trećoj osobi ili 18 Prema Zakonu o izvršnom postupku iz 1978. godine („Službeno list SFRJ, broj 20/78, 6/82, 74/87) novčana kazna se maksimalno mogla izreći u desetorostrukom iznosu prvobitno izrečene kazne, nakon čega se, ukoliko bi izvršenik i dalje postupao suprotno svojoj obavezi, izvršni postupak morao obustaviti. 19 Tako i detaljnije: Zaćiragić i drugi, op. cit., str. 670-671 176 �organizaciji.20 Osim toga, prema odredbi čl. 44. ZIPFBiH sudski izvršilac je ovlašten da udalji osobu koja ometa izvršenje, a prema okolnostima slučaja i da zatraži pomoć nadležnog organa policije. Dakle, za uspješno provođenje izvršenja radi predaje djeteta potreban je specifičan pristup, temeljita priprema, preduzimanje svih potrebnih radnji radi izbjegavanja prisilnog postupanja, te cjelovito, kontinuirano i komplementarno djelovanje organa starateljstva, policije, i ostalih tjela značajnih za zaštitu djece kao najvažnijeg stuba društva, a sve kako bi se postupak izvršenja proveo na način koji je najmanje traumatičan za dijete. 2. 3. Nastavak izvršenja Prema čl. 228. ZIPRS i čl. 237. ZIPBDBiH sud će, na prijedlog stranke kojoj je dijete povjereno, nastaviti izvršenje po istom rješenju o izvršenju, ako se dijete u roku od 60 dana od dana predaje ponovo zatekne kod osobe od koje je oduzeto.21 Dakle, ako tražilac izvršenja prijedlog podnese u navedenom roku, sud će donijeti rješenje o nastavljanju izvršenja koje je okončano predajom djeteta tražiocu izvršenja. To znači da tražilac izvršenja neće imati obavezu da kroz parnični postupak pribavlja novu izvršnu ispravu na osnovu koje bi zahtijevao predaju djeteta, niti obavezu pokretanja novog izvršnog postupka. U pravnoj teoriji se postavlja pitanje: koja su prava tražioca izvršenja u slučaju prekoračenja roka od 60 dana za podnošenje prijedloga za predaju djeteta? Smatra se da bi tražilac izvršenja imao mogućnost da pokrene novi izvršni postupak na osnovu ranije izvršne isprave, s obzirom da obaveza postupanja po odluci suda ne zastarijeva deset godina od njene pravosnažnosti, bez obzira koliko puta se traži prinudno ostvarenje te obaveze.22 3. Zaključna razmatranja Nakon što sudska odluka kojom je odlučeno s kojom osobom dijete treba živjeti postane izvršna (ako je pravosnažna i ako je protekao rok za dobrovoljno ispunjenje obaveze), roditelj sa kojim će dijete živjeti, kao i druga osoba ili organizacija kojoj je dijete povjereno na staranje i vaspitanje, mogu pokrenuti sudski izvršni postupak radi prinudne predaje djeteta. 20 Konkretizacija uloge organa starateljstva u postupku zaštite prava djeteta, a posebno u sudskom izvršnom postupku otvara pitanje imenovanja specijalnog zastupnika djeteta u postupku predaje djeteta. Specijalni zastupnik bi donekle preuzeo ulogu organa starateljstva, pošto je izvjesno da sadašnji organ starateljstva nije u mogućnosti u potpunosti odgovoriti mnogobrojnim zadacima koji mu se stavljaju u nadležnost. Ukoliko bi to bio poseban organ, a ne fizičko lice, kao staratelj djeteta za poseban slučaj, on bi se oblikovao boljom organizovanošću, specijalnim znanjem, te stručnim i socijalnim metodama rada koji bi se primijenjivali u postupku predaje djeteta. Uvođenje specijalnog zakonskog zastupnika djeteta, kao posebne institucije, bilo bi u skladu sa međunarodnim dokumentima o pravima djeteta (Konvencija OUN-a o pravima djeteta itd). Detaljnije: Ignjatović, op. cit., str. 193. 21 Navedeno zakonsko rješenje nije sadržano u odredbama PZFBiH. 22 Tako i detaljnije: Zaćiragić i drugi, op. cit., str. 674. 177 �Zakonske odredbe o izvršenju radi predaje djeteta su nepotpune i neprecizne, radi čega se de lege ferenda predlažu izmjene propisa. 1. U Federaciji BiH odredbe o izvršenju radi predaje djeteta trebaju biti propisane u okviru ZIPFBiH-a, jer je riječ o sistemskom zakonu koji treba da sadrži sve odredbe koje se odnose na sudsko prinudno izvršenje. 2. U Federaciji BiH zakonske odredbe koje se odnose na mjesnu nadležnost suda kod prinudne predaje djeteta treba proširiti na način da propisuju da će nadležni sud odlučivati o predaju djeteta ne samo roditelju sa kojim će dijete živjeti, nego i drugoj osobi i organizaciji kojoj je dijete povjereno na staranje i vaspitanje, jer se prema odredbama PZ FBiH dijete može povjeriti i ovim osobama. 3. Umjesto formulacije „opća mjesna nadležnost za stranku koja zahtijeva izvršenje“, u razmatranu odredbu treba unijeti jasniju i precizniju formulaciju „mjesna nadležnost prema prebivalištu, boravištu, odnosno sjedištu tražioca izvršenja“. Postupak provođenja izvršenja radi predaje djeteta otvara više problemskih pitanja, u pogledu kojih su u pravnoj nauci i praksi data različita mišljenja i prijedlozi. 1. Tako se postavlja pitanje da li je u odredbama ZIPRS opravdano propisivanje novog paricionog roka od tri dana za dobrovoljnu predaju djeteta, ako je „originalan“ paricioni rok iz izvršne isprave već bezuspješno protekao? 2. Osim toga, obzirom da u odredbama ZIPRS nije precizno određeno koliko puta sud mora novčano kazniti izvršenika da bi se utvrdilo da je takav način kažnjavanja neefikasan, otvara se dilema: koje su to situacije u kojima postoji nemogućnost izvršenja putem izricanja i izvršenja odluke o novčanoj kazni, kako bi se moglo pristupiti prinudnom oduzimanju djeteta? 3. Sljedeće problemsko pitanje je: na koji način novčana kazna može utjecati na efikasno provođenje izvršnog postupka radi predaje djeteta, ako je izvršenik u takvoj materijalnoj situaciji da jednostavno ne postoji mogućnost prinudne naplate novčane kazne? 4. Imajući u vidu ulogu organa starateljstva u postupku predaje djeteta, postavlja se pitanje zašto je odredbama PZFBiH i ZIPBDBiH ostavljena samo mogućnost, a ne i propisana obaveza suda da u postupku provođenja izvršenja pozove i organ starateljstva? 5. Problemsko pitanje koje se, također, postavlja je: koja su prava tražioca izvršenja u slučaju prekoračenja roka od 60 dana za podnošenje prijedloga za predaju djeteta, ako se dijete ponovo zatekne kod osobe od koje je oduzeto ? Kako bi se postupak predaje djeteta proveo efikasno i na način koji je najmanje traumatičan za dijete, neophodno je provesti cjelovito, kontinuirano i komplementarno djelovanje organa starateljstva, policije i drugih tijela. Alena Huseinbegović, Assistant professor Law Faculty of University Džemal Bijedić Mostar 178 �CHILD SURRENDER EXECUTION Summary: In this paper the author analyzes the statutory provisions on child surrender execution laid down in the family and executive legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In accordance with the best interest of the child, as one of the most important and most vulnerable social groups, the author emphasizes the critical opservations about the current legal regulation of this delicate execution measure and suggests appropriate solutions de lege ferenda. Key words: best interest of the child, execution, bailifs, guardianship authority 179 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3043 Title A name given to the resource IZVRŠENJE RADI PREDAJE DJETETA Author Author HUSEINBEGOVIĆ, Alena Abstract A summary of the resource. Autorica u radu analizira zakonske odredbe o izvršenju radi predaje djeteta koje su propisane u porodičnom i izvršnom zakonodavstvu Bosne i Hercegovine. U skladu s najboljim interesom djeteta, kao jedne od najvažnijih i najosjetljivijih društvenih skupina, autorica ističe kritičke opservacije na važeća zakonska rješenja ovog delikatnog sredstva izvršenja i predlaže odgovarajuća rješenja de lege ferenda. Ključne riječi: najbolji interes djeteta, izvršni postupak, sudski izvršioci, organ starateljstva Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Law faculty of University Džemal Bijedić Mostar Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3394 Title A name given to the resource J. M. COETZEE’S W A I T I N G F O R T H E B A RB A RI A N S : A POSTMODERN APPROACH TO THE IMAGES OF THE CONTEMPORARY POSTCOLONIAL REALIT Author Author NJEGIĆ, Davor Abstract A summary of the resource. In this paper, I discuss J. M. Coetzee's novel Waiting for the Barbarians within the framework of postcolonial reality, but also try to show that it transcends that very postcolonial reality becoming, in this sense, a universal and general reality, applicable in many contexts. The colonial context of the novel is presented in the contemporary light of world powers. Another important focus of this paper is on the postmodern features of the novel and the second part of this paper dicusses this theme in detail. It will be observed how the human body can serve as a text which can be interpreted in many ways. The main protagonist of Waiting for the Barbarians, the Magistrate, tries to construct narratives from various sources: from the body of the “barbaric” girl, archeological slips, his own torture, etc. History also becomes another riddle to be solved, another narrative to be interpreted and recreated. The allegorical form of the novel featuring many postmodern characteristics makes Waiting for the Barbarians a novel that can transcend continents and that can be placed in various contexts. This paper will try to point some of them in order to defend the thesis on the universality of the reality portrayed in Coetzee’s novel where, among others, history is only one text which can be manipulated and presented in a appropriate narrative according to those who (re)create it. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/95e3ac039237b29f0e77f16115d9c9f5.pdf 93945772b26a4ea140cb9e471d604411 PDF Text Text JAPANESE CASE MARKER DE IN COPULAR SENTENCES: ESSIVE OR LOCATIVE? Simone dalla Chiesa University of Milano, Italy Article History: Submitted: 10.06.2015 Accepted: 22.06.2015 Abstract In this paper I will discuss two constructions of the Japanese verb aru ‘be’. In one construction, aru occurs with a copular complement marked by the particle de, obtaining a sentence-ending pattern known as N-dearu. In the other construction, aru expresses the happening of a dynamic event and may occur with a de-marked locative adjunct encoding the physical place of the event. By analyzing these two constructions I will single out a ‘predicative’ function of the case marker de, and show that when functioning as a support item in nominal predications and in other copular sentences, aru retains its original nature as a locational verb and consequently assigns a locative-like grammatical case (marked with de) to the second argument of its clause. In this instance of strong localism, a grammatical split of the locative marker de happens so that de ends up marking a number of different surface cases. In the conclusion I will propose that the particle de in predicative function should be acknowledged to be an ‘Essive’ case marker. Key words: Japanese, Case marking, Locative, Essive, copula. Abbreviations ACC Accusative AND adnominal COMP complementizer CONT contrast COP copula GEN Genitive NEG negative NOM Nominative NOMIN nominalizer �POL polite PROG progressive TOP topic VOL volitive 1. Introduction In this paper I will analyze the Japanese sentence pattern: (1) Bun-wa oto-no renzoku-de sentence-TOP sound-GEN sequence-de aru. be ‘A sentence is a sequence of sounds.’ in which the verb aru behaves as a copular verb ‘be’ and the particle de marks the predicative argument. The sentence-ending pattern so obtained is commonly known as N-dearu. But the particle de is also used to encode the Locative: (2) Siken-wa ikkai-no kyoositu-de aru. exam-TOP 1st_floor-GEN classroom-de be ‘The exam is in a 1st floor classroom.’ so that, by comparing and distinguishing these two functions of de, I will argue here that the former, ‘predicative’de, should be considered to be an Essive surface casemarker. To do so, I will introduce the verb aru and the constructions in which aru and the particle de co-occur, then I will introduce and briefly discuss the several functions of de, and lastly I will draw my conclusions. The Japanese language The Japanese language has a SV/AOV syntax; with verbs inflecting for politeness, negative, tense, aspect and mood by means of suffixed morphemes (mostly left unglossed in the present paper). Grammatical functions are expressed by postpositional case markers (I will also leave de unglossed). The nominative marker ga is often replaced by the topic marker wa, with the shift of the subject to sentence-first position. Sentences with no subject are interpreted as impersonal or as having a 1st person subject. 2. The verb aru and the ‘copula’ da �Aru is a lexical verb with no voice, irregular negative inflection and irregular potential form – just as many ‘be’ verbs across the world. It can head three types of sentences. First, as the support verb in locational sentences (locative constructions with inanimate subjects, in both a locative proper and an existential reading;whole-part constructions and possessive sentences. Muromatsu, 1997; Iida, 2007; Creissels, 2014b), aru assigns dative case to its locational complement. These dative constructions will not be discussed here. Second, aru may predicate the occurrence of a dynamic eventuality, admitting a delocative phrase to express the physical location of the event. As such, it can be replaced by a verb like okoru ‘happen’: (3) Kazi-wa koko-de {atta/okotta}. fire-TOP this_place-de {was/happened} ‘The firewas here.’ (4) Koko-de kazi-ga {atta/okotta}. this_place-de fire-TOP {was/happened} ‘There was a fire here.’ A topicalized subject must occur in sentence-first position. In (3), then, the word order is rigid, the de-phrase is rhematic and cannot be omitted. Otherwise, short-, medium- and long-distance scrambling is relatively free in Japanese. One simple instance of it is shown in (4). Third, aru supports nominal and nominal-adjectival predications, like (1) and (5)-(6), and all other non-locational copular sentences (identificational, equational, specificational sentences, as classified in Mikkelsen, 2011 after Higgins, 1979), like the identificational (7): (5) Wagahai-wa neko-de aru. I-TOP cat-de be ‘I am a cat.’ (6) Yoru-ga sizuka-de aru. night-NOM quiet-de be ‘The nights are quiet.’ (7) Zibun-wa Onoda-de ari-masu. self-TOP Onoda-de be-POL ‘Name’s Onoda, sir.’ �Here again aru behaves as a two-place verb assigning a locative-like de case to its second argument. Unlike the eventive construction above, in these copular sentences aru cannot be replaced by another verb (but see (22)-(23) below) and the NP-de element must always be the phrase in the closest proximity to the verb: (8) *Neko-de wagahai-ga aru. cat-de I-NOM be On this basis, the dominant approach to Japanese copularization (Bloch, 1946; Makino 1968; Wenk, 1973; Mills 1977; Narahara, 2002; also Pustet, 2005; Stassen, 1997) considers de and aru to form the “uncontracted” variant-dearu of the copula da, bound to the preceding nominal: (9) Wagahai-wa neko-da. I-TOP cat-COP ‘I'm a cat.’ Da is part of a complex paradigm of forms which I will gloss COPthroughout this paper (despite my discontent with the traditional approach). Dearu, the supposedly “uncontracted” form of da, occurs for markedness only, namely in writing, occasionally in formal speech, in the negative as in (10), and for the insertion of focus markers as in (11): (10) Inu-de nai wagahai-wa… dog-de be.NEG I-TOP ‘I, who am not a dog,…’ (11) Yoru-ga sizuka-de-mo aru. night-NOM quiet-de-‘even’ be ‘The nights are even quiet.’ Under the dominant approach, the predicative function of de is dismissed as uninteresting and irrelevant (cf. Teramura, 1982: 171), and not considered in valence dictionaries (such as the Nihongo kihondoosiyoohooziten, 1989). However, an alternate, “minority” approach also exists (based on Tokieda, 1950; adopted by and summarized in Nishiyama, 1999; see also Daniels, 1973: 267; Sawada, 2008), which analyzes -dearu as being composed by •a verbal element aru defined as the ‘semantically vacuous’ or Dummy copula; plus •the morpheme de, defined as the ‘semantically contentful’ or Predicative copula(Nishiyama, 1999: 187-188). Still, the grammatical nature or the meaning of the morpheme de is not discussed. Here I am going to take this analysis several steps further and deal directly with de. �3. The marker de On the basis of the broad taxonomic criteria outlined by Narrog (2009) and of the current classification of de (based on Iori, 2000; Iwasaki, 1995; Martin 1975; Makino and Tsutsui, 1986; Morioka and Takubo, 1987; Narita, 1993; Nishiyama, 1998; Nitta, 1982; Sugai, 1997; Teramura, 1982), I distinguish three typical usages of this particle. In one function, de is the marker of the Instrumental case. This and other instrument-related functions will be not discussed here. Another function of de is that of marking the Locative, as mentioned above. Examples of Locative-de are (3)-(4) above,(24) and (27) below, and the following: (12) Pāti-wa shokudoo-de yaru. party-TOP cafeteria-de do ‘We’ll have the party in the cafeteria.’ In the spatial domain, de encodes the physical place where the subject is located during the whole event (Sugai, 1997). De implies continuity in the temporal domain as well, strongly suggesting that some relevant process took place until the moment specified by the temporal adjunct. (Iwasaki, 1995): (13) Gakkai-wa asita-de owaru. conference-top tomorrow-de finish ‘The conference will end tomorrow.’ More abstractly, de can also express manner: (14) Moo_supiido-de hasiru. crazy_speed-de run ‘Running at a breakneck speed’. so that, in their quest for the single underlying meaning of each particle, driven by a principle of iconicity, Japanese scholars have concluded that de encodes the general background of the event in all of its uses (see for instance Sugai, 1997). This connects with the third main function of de, that of encoding non-referential roles and functions: (15) Kodomo-wa hadasi-de {hasiru/aru}. child-TOP bare_feet-de {run/are} ‘The children {run/are}barefooted.’ �In (15), with the action verb hasiru ‘run’, the de-phrase encodes a subject-oriented depictive. However, as shown, with copular verb aru that same de-phrase realizes the predicative argument. This also happens with object-oriented depictives: (16) Ken-ga sakana-o Ken-NOM fish-ACC nama-de taberu. uncooked_condition-de eat ‘Ken eats his fish raw.’ (17) Ken-no sakana-wa nama-de Ken-GEN fish-TOP aru. uncooked_condition-de be ‘Ken’s fish is raw.’ In (16), the marker de cannot be replaced with any other particle or expression with similar functions (the polite gerundive -desite of the ‘dummy copula’, functive -tosite). The same obviously holds for (17), where de marks the predicative argument. Marker de may also express the functive, a type of depictive defined as «the expression of the [temporary] role or function in which a participant appears» (Creissels, 2014: 607): (18) Kono ningyoo-o gakkoo-no this school-GEN homework-de doll-ACC syukudai-de tukutta. made ‘I made this doll as an assignment from school.’ (19) Kono ningyoo-wa gakkoo-no this school-GEN homework-de doll-TOP syukudai-de atta. was ‘This doll was an assignment from school.’ In (18), the de-phrase encodes an object-controlled functive, and again can double as a predicative argument, as in (19). More problematic is the encoding with de of a subjectcontrolled functive: (20) ??Isya-de hatarak-oo-to omou-no-desu doctor-de work-VOL-COMP think-NOMIN-COP.POL ga,… but ‘I think I’m going to work as a physician, but…’ (http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1077822085) The de-phrase in (20) (which can also occur in isya-de aru ‘I am a doctor’) is not accepted by my informants. Particle -tosite should be used instead. However, several tokens of similar de-phrases are retrievable from the Internet, and this might be proof of a new trend in the Japanese language. The following de-phrases are not functives, as they do not encode a temporary ‘role’, yet they express temporary conditions and can be considered to be depictives: �(21) {Hitori/kazoku/minna}-de kita. {one_person/family/everybody}-de came ‘I camealone / with my family / we came all together.’ With a proper subject, all de-phrases as in (21) can realize predicative arguments (as in {hitori/kazoku/minna}-deatta). (22) Titi-wa katyoo-de {owatta/atta}. my_father-TOP section_chief-de {ended/was} ‘My father {ended as /was} a chief of a section.’ (23) Imooto-wa dokusin-de {toosita/atta}. younger_sister-TOP single-de {passed/was} ‘My sister {remained/was} single.’ In (22)-(23) the de-phrases cannot be omitted, must occur immediately before the verb, and are therefore predicative arguments. Indeed, verbs owaru ‘end’ and toosu ‘pass’ can be replaced by aru, the only difference being aspectual. Lastly, de realizes the copular complement, as in the identificational sentence (7) above. 4. The behavior of de As shown in (24), several de-phrases may co-occur, provided they do not encode the same function. For instance, sentences with two locative or subject-oriented depictive dephrases as (25)-(26) are ungrammatical: (24) Daidokoro-de hadaka-de sakana-o te-de nama-de tabeta. kitchen-de naked_body-de fish-ACC hand-de uncooked_condition-de S-DEPICTIVE INSTRUMENTAL O-DEPICTIVE ate LOCATIVE ‘I atemy fish raw, with my hands, naked in the kitchen.’ (25) *Niwa-de taiikukan-de kodomo-ga asondeiru. garden-de gym-de children-NOM play:PROG ‘There are children playing in the garden in the gym.’ (26) *Hadasi-de syatu-nasi-de hasiru. bare_feet-de shirt-without-de run ‘Running barefooted shirtless.’ �This proves that when the particle de is used in the locative, instrumental or depictive function, it actually marks distinct surface cases.The co-occurrence of a subject- and of an object-oriented depictive as in (24)is due to the fact that, as secondary predications, depictives are linked to different arguments in deep structure. Actually, however, two (or more) case markers in the same function can co-occur under certain markedness conditions: (27) Niwa-de-demo taiikukan-de-demo doko-de-demo garden-de-‘even’ gym-de-‘even’ kodomo-ga where-de-‘even’ children-NOM asondeiru. play:PROG ‘There are children playing everywhere, even in the garden and even in the gym.’ (28) Hadasi-de-demo syatu-nasi-de-demo hasiru. bare_feet-de-‘even’ shirt-without-de-‘even’ run ‘Running barefooted, shirtless even.’ Demo in (27)-(28) is one of several ‘pragmatic’ focus particles which can be encliticized to any oblique case marker (except for genitive no). As mentioned above and shown in (11), some of these particles (sae/saemo ‘even’, mo ‘too’, sika ‘anything but’, contrastive wa) can even occur between a de-phrase and aru: (29) Zibun-ga tukutta syoosetu-de-wa ari-masu ga... self-NOM made be-POL novel-de-CONT but ‘It’s just a novel I wrote…’ (30) S.J.Guurudo-wa rippa-na sakka-de-sae S.J.Gould-TOP writer-de-‘even’ was wonderful-COP.ADN atta. ‘S.J.Gould was even a wonderful writer.’ No infixation mechanism exists in Japanese, so that the insertion of light morphemic material between de and the verb obtains from anordinary encliticization of the focus marker. Therefore, dearu is not a single ‘copula’, and de behaves like any other oblique case marker. 5. Discussion and Conclusion From the above treatment of N-de aru sentences I can conclude that aru is a ‘be’ verb which has no meaning, performs linking and feature carrying functions, and corresponds to the notion of a copula as a dummy element. In so doing, however, aru retains its original nature as a locational verb and consequently assigns a locative-like grammatical case (marked with de) to the second argument of its clause. Thus, aru encodes the condition, state or class in which entities are located as if they were located in physical space, and this both in matrix clauses and in secondary predications. Such a behavior of aru can be seen as a strong �example of localism, and may be considered an instance of locational takeover of the nominal encoding (after Stassen 1997: 57). On the other hand, the co-occurrence of locative, ‘predicative’ and instrumental de-phrases shows that de is actually split into a number of different surface case markers, or, in other words, that the Locative de neutralizes several grammatical functions. One is the predicative function, in which de shows the same behavior as all other oblique case markers. The few syntactical constraints a predicative de-phrase is subjected to are caused by its relation to the verb, not by a peculiar nature of the marker de itself. The need then arises for a specific label to be applied to the case marker de in apredicative function. This case marker cannot obviously be labeled ‘Locative’. I am not inclined to propose the label ‘Predicative’, though, because the locative coda of existential sentences is also considered a predicate but its oblique case is referred to as ‘Locative’ rather than ‘Predicative’. My choice falls on the term ‘Essive’. First, de has several features in common with the Essive case in Uralic (and in Caucasian: Creissels, 2010) languages. Whereas the Uralic Essive denotes a temporary state of being and only occurs in secondary predications (features not shared by de), it is probably of spatial origin, is used in both the spatial and temporal domains, and is often interpreted as manner (deGroot, 2010), not unlike the Japanese de. Second, de has instrumental functions, and this is analogous with the predicative function of the Russian Instrumental case, which is also is defined ‘essive’. Third, to my knowledge, the term ‘essive’ is used to refer to the functions of de in at least two sources, Martin (1975: 42) and Narrog (2009: 594), albeit for unstated reasons. References Bloch, B. (1946). Studies in colloquial Japanese: I. Inflection. Journal of the American Oriental Society,66(2), 97-109. Creissels, D. (2010).The essive form of nouns in Akhvakh and other Caucasian languages. 43rd Annual meeting of the SLE, Vilnius, September 2010. Creissels, D. (2014a). Existential predication in typological perspective. 46th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea, 1-60. Creissels, D. (2014b). Functive phrases in typological and diachronic perspective”. Studies in Language, 38(3), 605-647. Daniels, F.J. (1973). Does modern Japanese have a copula? Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 36(2), 261-270. �deGroot, C. (2010). Uralic essive. 14th International Morphology Meeting, Workshop ‘Uralic case’, Budapest 2010. Higgins, R.F. (1979). The Pseudo-cleft Construction in English. New York: Garland. Iida, T. (2007). Towards a semantics of Japanese existential sentences. In M. Okada (Ed.), Essays in the Foundations of Logical and Phenomenological Studies(pp. 67-96), Tokyo: Keio University. Iori, I., Takahasi, S., Nakanisi, K., & Yamada, T. (2000). Syokyuu o osieru hito no tame no nihongobunpoohandobukku. Tokyo: 3E Network. Iwasaki, T. (1995). Ni to de: Toki o arawasu kakuzyosi. In T. Miyazima,& Y. Nitta (Eds.). Nihongoruigihyōgen no bunpō (zyoo). Tanbun hen (pp. 74-82) Tokyo: Kurosio. Makino, S. (1968). Japanese ‘be’. In J.W.M. Verhaar (Ed.). The Verb “Be” and Its Synonyms: Philosophical and Grammatical Studies (3) (pp. 1-19). Dordrecht: Reidel. Makino, S., & Tsutsui, M. (1986). A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar. Tokyo: The Japan Times. Martin, S.E. (1975). A Reference Grammar of Japanese. Rutland, Tokyo: Tuttle. Mikkelsen, L. (2011). Copular clauses. In K. vonHeusinger, C. Maienborn,& P. Portner (Eds.). Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning, Volume 2 (pp. 1805-1829). Berlin: deGruyter. Mills, D.O. (1977). Teaching the Japanese copula. The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 12(1), 7-20. Morioka, T., & Takubo, Y. (1987). Nihongobunpoo seruhumasutaa siriizu 2. Kakuzyosi. Tokyo: Kurosio. Muromatsu, K. (1997). Two types of existentials: Evidence from Japanese. Lingua, 101, 245-269. Narahara, T. (2002). The Japanese Copula: Forms and Functions. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. Narita, S. (1993). Bunpookaku to hukusikaku. In Y. Nitta (Ed.). Nihongo no kaku o megutte (pp. 67-94).Tokyo: Kurosio. Narrog, H. (2009). Varieties of instrumental. In A. Malchukov, & A. Spencer (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Case (pp. 593-600). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nihongo kihondoosiyoohooziten. (1989). Tokyo: Taisyuukan. Nishiyama, K. (1999). Adjectives and the copulas in Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 8, 183–222. �Nitta, Y. (1982). Zyosirui kakusetu. In Nihongokyooiku gakkai, Nihongokyooikuziten. Syukusatuban (pp. 392-417), Tokyo: Taisyuukan. Pustet, R. (2005). Copulas: Universals in the Categorization of the Lexicon. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sawada, T. (2008). Da-deletion: Classification of clause-final elements in Japanese. Nanzan Linguistics: Special Issue, 3(2), 139–163. Stassen, L. (1997). Intransitive Predication. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Sugai, K. (1997). Kakuzyosi 'de' no imitokusei ni kansuru ikkoosatu. Nagoya daigaku bungakubu kenkyuuronsyuu, 127, pp. 23-40. Teramura, H. (1982). Nihongo no sintakusu to imi I. Tokyo: Kurosio. Tokieda, M. (1950). Nihon bunpoo. Koogohen. Tokyo: Iwanami. Wenck, G. (1973). The Japanese copula: A dummy? Linguistics: An Interdisciplinar Journal in the Language Sciences, 15(100), 77-86. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2902 Title A name given to the resource JAPANESE CASE MARKER DE IN COPULAR SENTENCES: ESSIVE OR LOCATIVE? Author Author dalla Chiesa, Simone Abstract A summary of the resource. In this paper I will discuss two constructions of the Japanese verb aru ‘be’. In one construction, aru occurs with a copular complement marked by the particle de, obtaining a sentence-ending pattern known as N-dearu. In the other construction, aru expresses the happening of a dynamic event and may occur with a de-marked locative adjunct encoding the physical place of the event. By analyzing these two constructions I will single out a ‘predicative’ function of the case marker de, and show that when functioning as a support item in nominal predications and in other copular sentences, aru retains its original nature as a locational verb and consequently assigns a locative-like grammatical case (marked with de) to the second argument of its clause. In this instance of strong localism, a grammatical split of the locative marker de happens so that de ends up marking a number of different surface cases. In the conclusion I will propose that the particle de in predicative function should be acknowledged to be an ‘Essive’ case marker. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-07 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/77a6b8061fd3b8e1f9f649f36af34637.pdf ca2938cbcddb6293fed208b1770a35d9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3298 Title A name given to the resource Jecoss, Volume 6, Issue 1 Author Author Teoman, Duman, Editor Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6117bbae4e53e8465b2bbf893ba47bc6.pdf 1c61e4f6395d48b9a56a8f761b131ca1 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Jezik SMS poruka - novi zajedniĦki jezik Maria Teresa Albano Odsjek za Italijanski jezik i knjiņevnost Filozofski Fakultet NikńiĤ, Crna Gora t_albano@hotmail.com Abstract: SMS poruke su postale jedan od najdominantnijih sredstava komunikacije u Ħitavom svijetu. Za lingviste predstavljaju poseban jeziĦki ―varijetet― sa specifiĦnim pravilnostima u razliĦitim vidovima jeziĦke upotrebe. Kroz kratki istorijat o nastanku SMS poruka, u nańem radu pokuńaĤemo da tumaĦimo specifiĦnost jezika SMS tekstualnih poruka, analizirajuĤi, prije svega, skraĤenice koje se u italijanskom jeziku najĦeńĤe koriste prilikom njihovog pisanja, kao i uticaj koji SMS poruke imaju na sam jezik. SMS jezik nije novi jezik, ali je sigurno jezik s daleko vińe moguĤnosti i promjena od onog kojeg uĦimo u ńkoli i kao takav, razvijajuĤi kreativnost, dozvoljava nam da se igramo jezikom i rijeĦima, pa Ħak i izmińljamo nove rijeĦi. KljuĦne rijeĦi: skraĤenice, akronim, sms - poruke, emotikoni. Uvod U posljednjih nekoliko decenija svijet je prolazio kroz proces razvoja raznih tehnologija, koji je i dalje u toku i koji je izazvao i nastavlja da izaziva sve veĤe promjene na svim nivoima. Od radija, preko televizije i kompjutera, sve do Interneta, naĦin na koji komuniciramo, i dakle na koji priĦamo, uznemiren je mnogim novim sredstvama komunikacije koja su nam omoguĤila da se probiju mnoge barijere vezane za vrijeme i prostor. Mobilni telefon je, na primjer, izazvao prevrat u nańem svakodnevnom ņivotu prenosom velikog dijela ljudske interakcije u neki drugi prostor i omoguĤio da se komunicira u svako doba i na bilo kojem mjestu. SMS je sastavni dio nas i nańeg svakodnevnog ņivota i postao je ―prirodni ― model razmjene podataka. SkraĤenicom SMS (Short Message Service) se definińe usluga koja omoguĤava da se pońalje kratka poruka sa jednog mobilnog telefona na mali ekran drugog. SMS poruke prvi put su se pojavile poĦetkom devedesetih, ali samo kod nekoliko operatora u svijetu. Prvi SMS poslat je 3. decembra 1992. godine, preko Vodafone mreņe u Velikoj Britaniji i glasio je ―Happy Christmas‖ (http://nonciclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/SMS, 13.04.2011. h. 19.24). Dok je na poĦetku to bila izrazito komplikovana usluga i veĤina ljudi ih uopńte nije koristila, zbog naĦina na koji su se razvijale, SMS poruke su postale pravi druńtveni fenomen koji je neizostavni dio moderne komunikacije, u skladu s unapreħenjem tehnologiije. Upotreba SMS poruka je sada postavljena kao novi oblik komunikacije i, kao takva, podstiĦe razvoj specifiĦnih jezika i novih odnosa izmeħu ljudi i duboko utiĦe na tradicionalni jezik, obogaĤujuĤi ga novim izrazima. U pitanju je ponovo izmińljen jezik, proizvod kreativnosti mladih ljudi koji komuniciraju putem telefona i Ħije porijeklo odraņava dinamizam vremena u kojem ņivimo. SMS predstavlja alternativni vid komunikacije a njegova glavna karakteristika je telegrafski stil koji upuĤuje na ograniĦeni i ńifrovani kod koji, izgleda da svakodnevno nameĤe svoj identitet, posebno u svijetu mladih. Uostalom, same karakteristike telefona zahtijevaju od korisnika da promijeni jezik: saņetost i neposrednost, kao i potrebu da se brzo privuĦe paņnju sagovornika, Ħine nemoguĤim upotrebu jezika kakav smo uĦili u ńkoli. SMS poruke se priliĦno razlikuju u sadrņaju, ali s obzirom na njihovu neformalnu upotrebu mogu izraziti zahtjeve, saopńtenje kratkih liĦnih vijesti koje sadrņi najvińe jednostavne informacije vezane za odreħeni kontekst, kao i ispoljavanje emocija i naravno odgovore na tuħe poruke. Najvaņnija karakteristika SMS-a je moņda lakoĤa kojom se upotrebljava ova vrsta pisanja, bez ikakve paņnje na najosnovnija gramatiĦka i sintaktiĦka pravila, koristeĤi jezik na pola puta izmeħu govornog i pisanog. U pitanju je drugaĦiji i nezavisni oblik jezika, koji polako zauzima svoje konvencije razvijajuĤi posebne karakteristike, razliĦite od drugih i najobiĦnijih oblika komunikacije. Tom procesu stvaranja novog jezika, doprinose i druga digitalna sredstva kao ńto su e-mail poruke, social network, blogovi, video igre, itd. koje sve ujedinjuje vrlo jednostavan, koncizan i efikasan jezik. ĥuveni italijanski lingvista, profesor Valerio Giacalone, jezik SMS-a smatra ―jezikom za mlade, koji pored toga ńto je gramatiĦki pogreńan, ne predviħa druga pravila, osim brzine pisanja‖ (http://www.zanichellibenvenuti.it, 13.04.2011, h.18.05). Glavni cilj ovog rada je da opińemo aspekte novog jezika kratkih tekstualnih poruka, Ħija je najvaņnija karakteristika upotreba mjeńovitog komunikativnog koda, hibridnog stila izmeħu pisanog i govornog jezika. Konkretno, 805 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo analizirali smo jeziĦke komponente tekstualnih poruka u odnosu na savremeni prototip upotrijebljen kako u pismenoj tako i u usmenoj formi. Posebnu paņnju smo posvetili jeziĦkim promjenama koje sve vińe karakterińu italijanski jezik SMS-a. Osnovni uzorak za realizaciju ovog rada predstavlja korpus poruka prikupljenih u periodu od januara do juna 2010. godine, a korisnici su uglavnom prijatelji i poznanici razliĦitog uzrasta. Pošto je standardnim SMS porukama mogude poslati poruke ograničene dužine, ono što zapravo karakteriše SMS jezik je njegova sažetost. Novi jezik se ističe kratkodom, kovanjem novih riječi, čestom upotrebom žargona i skradenica, ponavljanjem istih glasova za isticanjem emocionalnih stanja, izostavljanjem interpunkcijskih znakova. Ljudi razvijaju kreativnost prilikom pisanja, otkrivaju nove naĦine kako se izraziti i uspijevaju da sa ńto manje rijeĦi kaņu ono ńto je bitno. Osnovna karakteristika jezika SMS-a jeste odstupanje od normi i modela pisanih tekstova pa i izmjeńanost segmenata tekstova u kojima vlada govorna jeziĦka struktura a isto tako i pravila pisanog jezika. Glavne karakteristike jezika SMS-a Jezik koji se pojavljuje u SMS-porukama je rezultat ogromnog uticaja ńirenja i korińĤenja novih tehnologija na italijanskom jeziku i predstavlja neke posebne osobine. Jezik SMS-a, u stvari, Ħesto koristi privremeni hibridni oblik koji je posebno sklon niskom nivou u izboru rijeĦi, ponekad koristeĤi svakodnevne izraze Ħak i vulgarne koji svjedoĦe o velikom uticaju govora u pisanju. Iako je komunikacija putem SMS-poruka privremena, svakako ima svoja pravila, odreħeni kod i Ħak sopstveni rijeĦnik i raspolaņe odreħenim rijeĦima ili znakovima koji Ĥe na efikasan i razumljiv naĦin izraziti sadrņaj same poruke. Jezik preslikava druńtveno ponańanje, rijeĦi gube morfolońku vrijednost i postaju niz slova koja formiraju novo znaĦenje. Jezik SMS-poruka je, dakle, novi vid komunikacije, sklon pojednostavljenju i simulaciji govora, kako u pogledu jeziĦke funkcije, tako i u pogledu komunikativne svrhe. Razmjena SMS-poruka, koja podrazumjeva prije svega zanemarivanje pisanja, naroĦito pravopisa i interpunkcije, ponavlja brzi ritam dijaloga posebno meħu mladima. Jedna od karakteristiĦnih odlika ovog jezika je neformalnost pa u velikoj mjeri koristi podkodove i markirane oblike u odnosu na standard; oblik je promjenljiv, ali je i dalje pod snaņnim uticajem broja slova na raspolaganju za poruku. U nańoj analizi, utvrdili smo sljedeĤe karakteristike koje se mogu naĤi u italijanskom jeziku SMS-a: 1. Izbjegavanje znakova interpunkcije. Osim taĦke i tri taĦke koje zadovoljavaju potrebu telegrafskog stila i reprodukuju duge pauze tipiĦne u usmenom izraņavanju, najĦesĤi upotrebljeni znak interpunkcije je znak uzvika, ponekad u kombinaciji sa znakom pitanja da bi se naglasio vid dijalońke i emfatiĦne razmjene. Npr: Ciao come stai quando ci vediamo stasera!? 2. Prisustvo ortografksih i gramatiĦkih grešaka odnosno ukidanje akcenta i apostrofa. Npr.: Sono u po stanca > Sono un po‘ stanca. Npr.: Compri tu il pane? Lai gia comprato? >Lo hai già comprato? 3. Ukidanje razmaka izmeħu rijeĦi, odnosno stalno smjenjivanje velikih i malih slova. Npr.: CIAOcara!ANDIAMOaPRENDEREunGELATO! Npr.: MiDispMaNnPssVenir > Mi dispiace ma non posso venire; 4. Upotreba slovnih skradenica, odnosno akronima. Zbog ograničenog broja znakova i prostora, vrlo često, kako bi se u svega par slova izjavila jasna i tačno određena misao za koju bi inače trebalo znatno više pisanja, “sijeku” se riječi eliminacijom vokala ili konsonanata: Npr.: Sai k tvb? > Sai che ti voglio bene Npr.: cmq >comunque; 806 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Npr.: nn > non; Npr.: Cvd > come volevasi dimostrare Npr.: Tvtb > ti voglio tanto bene Npr.: Tat > ti amo tanto Npr.: Dmn ser ape? > Domani sera, aperitivo? Npr.: Grz del msg cia > Grazie del messaggio, ciao Npr.: Cm mai nn esci stas? > Come mai non esci stasera? Npr.: Kmm xke h bsgn d drt 1 csa > Chiamami perché ho bisogno di dirti una cosa Ono ńto je zanimljivo je da osim upotrebe slova k i dvostruke upotrebe slova n, Ħesto se koristi slovo x koji ima dvostruku ulogu jer moņe da zamjenjuje kako predlog per, tako i duplo s: Npr.: Cmq. la prox sett sn tt x te > Comunque la prossima settimana sono tutto per te Npr.: xche nn mi h tel? > Perché non mi hai telefonato? Npr.: sxo > spero 5. Uklanjanje Ħlana i predloga ili upotreba samo poĦetnih slova nekih rijeĦi. Npr.: C.A> Cara amica Npr.: T.M > Tesoro mio 6. Upotreba glagola koji Ħine razgovor aktuelnim: Ħesto se koriste oblici glagola prezenta i gramatiĦke strukture "―stare + gerund‖ ili ―stare per + infinitiv‖. Npr.: Sto leggendo in biblio> sto leggendo in biblioteca; Npr.: al 3 vado in fac > alle tre vado in facoltà; 7. Upotreba brojeva i znakova koji zamjenjuju Ħitav skup slova. Npr.: Se c6 c ved il 6 7mbre > Se ci sei ci vediamo il sei settembre Npr.: 8bre >Ottobre; Npr.: 3NO > treno Npr.: 6 3menda > sei tremenda Npr.: hai r8 > hai rotto Npr.: 80 vgl d vdrt > ho tanta voglia di vederti Npr.: st + o – bn > sto pi÷ o meno bene 8. Upotreba skraĤenica odnosno pozajmljenica iz nekih drugih jezika kao što su engleski, španski ili francuski ili mješavina italijanskog sa skraĤenicama drugog jezika. Npr.: kiss, kiss > baci Npr.: 4u > for you 807 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Npr.: 4se > forse Npr.: plz > please Npr.: OMG= Oh My God! Npr.: bjur > buongiorno Npr.: hola> salve U posljednjem sluĦaju, pońto se slovo 'H' u ńpanskom obiĦno ne izgovara, SMS jezik ga izostavlja pa se vrlo Ħesto moņe naĤi rijeĦ Ola. 9. Pribjegavanje skupu grafiĦkih obmana. Za prenos u malom prostoru mnogih informacija kao i emocija, korisnik SMS poruka ima ograniĦeni izbor. Za izraņavanje nijansi koje su u govornom jeziku povjerene prozodiji ili mimici SMS-poruke koriste grafiĦke moguĤnosti da bi zamjenile i simulirale karakteristiĦne osobine usmene komunikacije.U tom pogledu Ħesta je upotreba velikog broja znakova, takozvanih ―emotikona‖ (emotion icon, emotivne ikone), koji najĦeńĤe predstavljaju izraze lica, kao ńto je osmjeh :-) :-( , strah : -0 , itd. Da smo postali zavisni o elektronskoj abecedi i simbolima pokazuje i korińĤenje znaka „ludog a‖ odnosno @ koje ponekad zamjenjuje predlog at odnosno a, a ponekad oznaĦava popularan smijeńak u tekstu. Npr.: Dmn sn @ RM > Domani sono a Roma Npr.: nn sono @ casa > Non sono a casa Sve vińe se koristi i znak & umjesto slova e, koji se moņe ―zakaĦiti‖ na prethodnu ili sljedeĤu rijeĦ ńtedeĤi dva razmaka. Npr.: scrivi&riposati > scrivi e riposati 10. Upotreba onomatopeja. Najpopularnije onomatopeje u tekstovima SMS-poruka su izvuĤene sa jezika stripova pa nalazimo sigh, gulp, sob, gasp, ah ah, itd. u cilju imitacije neverbalnog govora. Sintaksa SintaksiĦki izbori jezika SMS-a u velikoj mjeri zavise od svrhe poruke: u takozvanim informativnim SMS-ovima preovladava sintetiĦki stil, poput telegrama, sa kratkim reĦenicama i ograniĦenom interpunkcijom, dok u sadrņaju emocionalnih SMS - poruka preovlaħuje ponavljanja i redundancija. U skladu sa karakteristikama savremenog govora, radije, umjesto hipotakse, odnosno upotrebe podreħene reĦenice, SMS-poruke upotrijebljavaju parataksu, odnosno naporedne reĦenice. Kao ńto smo veĤ rekli, jezik SMS-a preferira upotrebu indikativa prezenta na uńtrb konjunktiva i kondicionala odnosno potencijala. Sve ĦeńĤi su i pragmatiĦni veznici ili tekstualni elementi koji ukazuju na odnos izmeħu dijelova teksta, sliĦnih veznicima upotrijebljenim u pisanoj formi (allora, dunque, comunque, quindi). U tekstovima SMS- poruka rijetko postoji objańnjenje prostornog konteksta iz kojeg se odvija komunikacija. Ali, uprkos tome, Ħesto se pojavljuju implicitni odnosno deiktiĦki izrazi koji se odnose na odreħeni prostorni kontekst (qui, là ). Isto se moņe reĤi i za pokazatelje vremena koji se pojavljuju u porukama (oggi, domani, stasera, adesso i sliĦno). Sve to je definitivno povezano sa Ħinjenicom da oni koji razmjenuju SMS-ove posjeduju zajedniĦke informacije u odnosu na kontekst Npr.: ke tempo fa lass÷? Qua ieri sole. Leksika Sa leksiĦke strane rijeĦnik je jako ograniĦen. Upotreba nekoliko stereotipnih oblika i prekomjerno prihvatanje anglo – ameriĦkih rijeĦi zajedno sa italijanskim proizvode Ħesto bizarne hibride. Npr.: LUV U > Love you 808 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo U SMS porukama mogu se naĤi takoħe ņargonski termini Npr.: Raga, ci vdm Lune>, Ragazzi, ci vediamo lunedí i hiperboliĦni izrazi tipiĦni za leksiku mladih, kao ńto je mitico (tipiĦan izraz crtanog filma Simpson), grande ili sveprisutni glagol beccarsi, odnosno „incontrarsi/vedersi. Npr.: Ci becchiamo stasera > Ci incontriamo stasera. Svaka SMS-poruka pońtuje neku odreħenu ńemu tako da obiĦno poĦinje sa odreħenom formulom koja je, s obzirom na neformalnosti komunikacije, uglavnom pozdrav Ciao ili rijeĦi ekvivalentne vrijednosti, kao ehilà, ehi koja Ĥe privuĤi paņnju primaoca. Rijetko se spominje ime primaoca nakon pozdrava veĤ se Ħesto zamjenjuje nadimcima ili hipokoristicima, (caro, bello, piccola). Kao zakljuĦak se rijetko koristi potpis, odnosno ime pońiljaoca, veĤ opet pozdravne formule kao ci sentiamo, ci vediamo, a dopo, a domani ili najĦeńĤe kiss, smack, baci, itd. ZakljuĦak Fenomen ńirenja globalne komunikacije koja „putuje― preko kompjutera i mobilnih telefona sa svim sofisticiranim tehnikama, zahtjeva paņljivo praĤenje uticaja koji moņe da ima na nań pisani i govorni jezik a i na komunikaciju u ńirem smislu. Rad je imao namjeru da istakne da li se i u kojoj mjeri u jeziku SMS-a koji spada u domen pisanog jezika javljaju elementi karakteristiĦni za govorni jezik. VeĤi dio ovog rada je posveĤen gramatiĦkim, morfo-sintaksiĦkim i semantiĦkim karakteristikama jezika SMS-a, imajuĤi u vidu Ħinjenicu da je SMS danas praktiĦni naĦin komunikacije jer imamo sve manje vremena, pa teņimo k tome da komunikacija bude brņa. SMS-poruke nisu vińe prvilegija mlaħe generacije koja je u poĦetku bila gotovo njihov iskljuĦivi korisnik, veĤ je to zaista univerzalni jezik koji ne poznaje geografske granice ni jeziĦke barijere i zapravo postaje najbolji pokazatelj mahnitosti vremena u kojem ņivimo. Efikasnost na uńtrb formalnosti - pravilo je moderne komunikacije koje veĤini ljudi odgovara. Razumijevanje mobilnog rjeĦnika danas je gotovo nuņna potreba, jer osim ńto nam ńtedi vrijeme, nekako je opńteprihvaĤeno da jezik SMS-a svi razumiju. Novi jezik telefona karakterińe ukidanje interpunkcije, predloga, rijeĦi kao i prisustvo skraĤenica i znakova. U stvari je, sintetiĦki karakter i telegrafski jezik SMS-a na neki naĦin samo povrńinski efekat, jer rijetko se eliminińu kljuĦne rijeĦi ili sama struktura informacije, veĤ samo posljednja slova ( ch > k, non > nn, comunque > cmq, qualcuno >qno). Bez obzira na ponavljanje odreħenih elemenata koji su uńli u opńtu upotrebu (x, ke, ki ... itd.), taj poseban jezik je u stalnom razvoju s originalnim primjerima kao ńto su jednostavne skraĤenice (cmq, lune, lez, h, fig ) ili rijeĦi vezane za ―fonetsku‖ transkripciju (orekkie , KE , KI , Kase , koja se odnosi i na dijalekat, vekio,) kao i simboli (x, c, c6, &, h), kombinacija simbola ( xke k ) ili hibridne forme (3no, recuxare). Zanimljivo je primijetiti takoħe jaku tendenciju kontaminacije koja se ogleda u upotrebi oblika standarnog jezika sa dijalekatskim oblicima, skraĤenicama, ņargonom, rijeĦima stranog porijekla. References Bazzanella C. (a cura di), Sul dialogo. Contesti e forme di interazione verbale, Milano, Guerini Studio, 2002, pp. 9-34. Bazzanella C., I segnali discorsivi, in Renzi – Salvi – Cardinaletti (a cura di), Tipi di frase, deissi, formazione delle parole, Bologna, il Mulino, 2001, vol. III, pp. 225-257. Berruto G., Le varietà del repertorio, in A.A.Sobrero (ed.), Introduzione all‘Italiano contemporaneo. La variazione e gli usi, Bari, Laterza, 1993, pg.12. Berretta M., Il parlato italiano contemporaneo, in L. Serianni/P.Trifone (edd.), Storia della lingua italiana, vol.2:Scritto e parlato, Torino, Einaudi, 1994. Bocci V., Ragazzi nella rete: chi sono, e come comunicano: tutti alle prese con tv, videogiochi, internet, e-mail, telefonini, chat, sms e mms, Leumann (TO), Elledici, 2007, pp. 3-26. Canobbio S., Dalla ―lingua dei giovani‖ alla ―comunicazione giovanile‖: appunti per un aggiornamento, in F. Fusco – C. Marcato, Forme della comunicazione giovanile, Roma, ―il Calamo‖, 2005, pp. 33-50. Cortellazzo M. A., «6 proprio 3mendo»: dalla lettera ai messaggini in codice. Oralità, concisione, assenza di sintassi: Le caratteristiche di una scrittura «allegra», in «Il Corriere della Sera», Milano, 19/08/2000, p. 29. 809 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Cosenza G., I messaggi SMS, in C. Bazzanella (a cura di), Sul dialogo. Contesti e forme di interazione verbale, Milano, 2002, pp. 193-207. De MautoT., Gli sms hanno cambiato il nostro modo di comunicare?, in M. Costanzo (a cura di), Scrivimi subito: per dire tutto, dirlo bene e dirlo subito, Milano, Mondadori, 2004, pp. 15-21. M.A.K. Halliday, Lingua parlata e lingua scritta, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1992, pg.166- 167. Pistolesi E., Il parlato spedito. L‘italiano di chat, e-mail e SMS, Padova, Esedra, 2004, pp. 187-245. Radtke E., Varietà giovanili, in A.A.Sobrero (ed.), Introduzione all‘Italiano contemporaneo. La variazione e gli usi, Bari, Laterza, 1993TAVANI L. - SALA S. ( a cura di), Un progetto @gile: ascoltare i giovani via sms, Roma, Aracne, 2005, pp. 199-205. Sitografija http://www.gianluigizarantonello.it http://www.openstarts.units.it http://nonciclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/SMS http://www.zanichellibenvenuti.it 810 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 118 Title A name given to the resource Jezik SMS poruka - novi zajedniĦki jezik Author Author Albano, Maria Teresa Abstract A summary of the resource. SMS poruke su postale jedan od najdominantnijih sredstava komunikacije u Ħitavom svijetu. Za lingviste predstavljaju poseban jeziĦki ―varijetet― sa specifiĦnim pravilnostima u razliĦitim vidovima jeziĦke upotrebe. Kroz kratki istorijat o nastanku SMS poruka, u nańem radu pokuńaĤemo da tumaĦimo specifiĦnost jezika SMS - tekstualnih poruka, analizirajuĤi, prije svega, skraĤenice koje se u italijanskom jeziku najĦeńĤe koriste prilikom njihovog pisanja, kao i uticaj koji SMS poruke imaju na sam jezik. SMS jezik nije novi jezik, ali je sigurno jezik s daleko vińe moguĤnosti i promjena od onog kojeg uĦimo u ńkoli i kao takav, razvijajuĤi kreativnost, dozvoljava nam da se igramo jezikom i rijeĦima, pa Ħak i izmińljamo nove rijeĦi. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ab28b9daf7964bb83f6191cc0e3d9eb7.pdf 1f367623c7b003e3d709671ddd6b4c0d PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo John Ashbery‘s Poetry: A Postmodern approach Masoumeh Rahimi Scientific society of English Language, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr Branch, Bushehr, Iran. Rahimimasoumeh20@gmail.com Abstract:Postmodernism has had its influences on different literary genres such as fiction, drama, and poetry. Truly, fiction has been the center of attention in many critical studies. But the manifestations of the movement can also be traced in poetry. John Ashbery is one of the contemporary poets whose poetry is best regarded as the postmodernist poetry. His works have been characterized by a free-moving and disjunctive syntax, experiments with linguistic elements, integrated humor and prosaic features. In his poems, the human mind and its workings are evident. He experimented radically with different elements of poetry such as linguistic and semantic aspects. Nowadays he appears to have been to the second half of twentieth century what Eliot was to the first: the most universally acknowledged of poets writing in English. The present essay elaborates on Ashbery looking back at poetic tradition while absorbing current techniques of combining present and past, centrality and marginality, and placing reader and writer side by side. Key Words: Postmodernism, poetry, John Ashbery, experimentation, centrality, Marginality Ashbery rank among the excellent postmodernist poets. His creative record of publication, beginning in 1956 and include twenty volumes of poetry, strongly corresponds with the arrival, rise, and climax of the postmodernist mode in North America. In addition, the moves in that long poetic occupation seem to parallel, when they do not actually predict, shifts in postmodernism across a range of cultural practices. Ashbery‘s early poetry, peaking in The Tennis Court Oath (1962), shows the first stage of postmodernism. Ashbery as an avant-garde writer and a key member of the so-called ‗New York School‘ of poetry occupy a controversial status in American poetry. Once he was a part of a marginalized opposition to the central poetic mode, and later turned into one of the most respected contemporary American poets, and he has influenced many other writers. His poetry is often felt to be meaningless. John Ashbery‘s works successfully display the poets‘ approaches to contemporary literature. A postmodern approach is mainly exemplified in Ashbery‘s poetry he has reworked past ideas and traditions of the former modernist period, resulting in his contemporary styles of writing that he is famous for. He historically attributed to the early appearance of postmodernism with the introduction of the New York School of Poets. Ashbery has borrowed from much of modern theory, often challenge these ideals, such as the rejection of subjectivity for an objective poetic voice. Professor Jeffrey T. Nealon in his analysis of postmodern literature, states, ‗Postmodern text destroys the language of the past to allow others to feed on its innovations and further open up the system to the possibility of thinking differently.‘ In fact modernist works of art and literature put emphasis to a subjective approach that demonstrates deeper meanings; a new postmodernist approach saw a contradicting method that was both objective and disloyal of the formerly established and traditional conventions. However, the postmodern movement demonstrated that it borrowed elements from modernism. For example, when an objective view was introduced in literature, it should be noted that this development could not have occurred without the influence of subjectivity as explored throughout the modernist period. This suggests that the existence of postmodernism lies in its ability to ‗work within the framework of the past,‘ but by doing so, ‗it must use the same language and acknowledge its tradition as representation.‘ Consequently, it can be argued that postmodernism is basically a representation of the old ideas demonstrated during the modernist period. John Ashbery employs the form of the dramatic monologue in his poem, Ashbery‘s poem is much like one continuous stream of thought with primarily long and complex lines. In order to lighten the tone of the poem ‗to escape the solemnity of the time, Ashbery noticed a need to ‗embrace popular culture.‘ He achieved this through his use of the ‗pop-cultural‘ character, Daffy Duck. This decision effectively enabled him to undertake the subject of historical and social change, but in a exclusively comedic manner. The first line of Daffy Duck in Hollywood illustrates Ashbery‘s ‗ability to be simultaneously silly and suggestive‘ when the narrative voice of Daffy Duck reveals, ‗Something strange is creeping across me‘ (1). This dramatic opening line immediately engages the reader and draws them in with such poetic force, encouraging them to continue reading. However, lines such as ‗He promised he‘d get me out of this one, / That mean old cartoonist!‘ (1011) remind the reader that when reading Ashbery‘s work, one must take him ‗both seriously and ironically at once.‘ 849 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Ashbery‘s Late Echo represents the idea of a ambiguous title. Laughing Gravy is another title that provides no insight into the central theme of the poem, and appears to perhaps have no relation to the poem at all. A poem usually helps the reader to understand the title, it means usually summarizes the poem and reveal the poet‘s intentions in using this particular title. Of course, there is no such thing as a late echo, for as an echo is a repetition of a sound, it is essentially already late. Late Echo, which in fact, does not appear to display a key theme, nor does it reflect a particular thought. Some of Ashbery‘s poetry for example Late Echo illustrates the concept of referential uncertainty. Paul Hoover‘s in his introduction summarize the whole of postmodern poetry by listing its common and important issues he states: ―Postmodernism decenters authority and embraces pluralism. It encourages a ‗panoptic‘ or many-sided point of view. Postmodernism prefers ‗empty words‘ to the ‗transcendental signified,‘the actual to the metaphysical. In general, it follows a constructionist rather than an expressionist theory of composition. Method and intuition replace intention.‖ The readers see the repetition of words or sounds throughout the poem, but this idea does not hold any truth. Ashbery‘s opening lines, ‗Alone with our madness and favourite flower / We see that there is nothing left to write about‘ (1-2) also characterize referential uncertainty, for the reader, are left thinking whose ‗madness‘ (1) is being referred to here. Ashbery employs disorderly and unpredictable number of lines in his stanzas for example in Laughing Gravy which emphasizes the postmodern idea that poetry should not submit to any rules, but should undermine the concept of order. While the first stanza has three lines, the second has four, and the third and final one features just two lines. The poem presents itself as a stream of consciousness with apparently casual thoughts spread together to form a poem. To from the insight, ‗All these people coming in…‘ (4) to the next immediate thought, ‗The last time we necked / I noticed this lobe on your ear‘ (5-6), only highlights that the piece is contemporary. The uncertainty of the poet‘s thoughts constructs the narrative of Laughing Gravy and support the postmodern approach in its rejection to stick to specific or deeper meaning/interpretations. The use of parody, another poetic device, creates a satirical sense of foreboding early on in the first stanza when ‗the air sang Johnny, / Remember Me‘ (7-8). The lyrics to this love song demonstrate a comic warning to the reader of the tragedy that will occur in the seventh stanza: the woman‘s death. This reference to popular culture and the title of a pop song from the 1960s more illustrates the increasing regularity of popular culture in contemporary writing, which effectively combined high culture with popular culture, influencing and creating an updated pop culture. When Ashbery‘s publishing career began in the 1950s, his poetry was marginalized. At the beginning of the 1960s, a poem was generally expected to appear ―self-contained, coherent, and unified: that it present, indirectly to be sure, a paradox, oblique truth, or special insight‖, and in such a poem the speaker had to be someone separate from the author, but still a particular ―persona‖ (Perloff 1996: 107). The separation of the author and the speaker, in particular, is a New Critical principle. Many Poets were famous practitioners of this style of writing that was connected to Modernism in ―economy, wit, irony, impersonality, scrupulous handling of form‖, but hardly made use of such characteristics as ―extreme ellipsis, fragmentation, and discontinuity‖ Ashbery‘s work was characterized by avant-gardism and experimentation from the beginning. This was the atmosphere in which such works as Some Trees (1956) and The Tennis Court Oath (1962) were written, and the early work also established Ashbery‘s reputation as a ‗difficult‘ poet. The late 1950s also saw the rise of another mode of poetry which took its motivation from the New Critical rule of separating the speaker and the poet. This mode has been termed ‗confessional‘ poetry, which has its premise the poet‘s direct speech and naturalness of emotions. The convention is that the poet is the speaker. The poet becomes, in Breslin‘s words, ―a representative victim‖ who reflects on his or her self and predominantly negative feelings and experiences, and the reader‘s role is to empathize and to begin a reflection of his or her own experience (Breslin 1987: 42-43). A confessional poem is, then, meaningful in terms of one person‘s self, past and present, and the poem ultimately aims at revealing something about this one person. Breslin (1987: 218) states, Ashbery‘s poetry resists the ―earnestness about ‗experience‘‖ that succeeds in most of the poetry up until the 1980s, which partly explains why Ashbery‘s work became so highly praised at the time. This is also related to the confessional poetry of the 1960s, which was discussed earlier. While confessional poetry was partly a reaction to the New Critical mode of reading, it soon became established, and as Terrell Scott Herring (2002: 415) comments, it ―exemplified the irony and paradox structuring the ideal New Critical poem‖ because the relationship between ―public and private‖ was so clearly an issue. Therefore, confessional poetry provided good material for New Critical study (Herring 2002: 415). The practice was, then, ultimately close to New Criticism, even though a confessional poem might have been more open in terms of structure than earlier New Critical poems. Both of these poetic tendencies emphasize the centrality of the single voice and one identity or person whose presence provides the meaning of the insights or emotions presented in the poem. One feature of Language poetry is the challenge their work present to the idea of a unified voice and how that relates to Ashbery, but the centrality of experimentation for their poetics is useful to remember, as one approaches their work. Confessional poetry reduces in importance after that decade, but the centrality of ―earnestness‖ goes beyond it. A poem like ‗Litany‘, on the other 850 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo hand, foregrounds the nature of the self as a pronominal position, as a linguistically created starting point, rather than attempting to posit an illusion of a sincere subjective presence, and forces readers to consider the judgments they make on the basis of the pronouns for example about who is speaking and about the attitudes and tones of an utterance. The experiences and statements that are presented are thus placed not as essentially authentic and ‗earnest‘, but rather as examinations of how such experiences and points of view are expressed. Subjectivity is related to how ideas originate from a certain perspective or a mind that provides their organization and meaning. Identity and personality, on the other hand, are the property of ‗person‘. An identity entails characteristics that distinguish the person from all other persons. Personality and identity can be related to ‗characters‘ in a literary text, whereas subjectivity can simply be understood as a ―vantage point‖. In any case, pronominal relations like the centrality of the I in a poem encourage readers to perceive poems as the expression of a single speaker or subjectivity. Ashbery‘s poetry bears a relation to postmodernism because of the fragmentariness and the spreading of a unified subject. In postmodernist literature, single identities and particular personalities are no longer understood to be central, as Charles Russell sees, because ―individual subjects, voices, texts, or codes‖ always function within ―collective discourse‖ and larger societal structures (Russell 1985: 246-247). According to Russell (1985: 247) in postmodernism ―we are found to be constructs of discrete elements of social discourse‖. The languages and discourses that we use are central rather than individual personality, as the language that a person speaks is finally what defines him/her. Ashbery‘s poetry has always concerned with the chance of multiple voices and the spreading of a subjective position. However, because there is in most poems and I, his poems may come out subjective or private. Ashbery is often called a ‗solipsist‘, and his texts are repeatedly described as ‗meditations‘ on or around vague subjects. For example Harold Bloom ([1982] 1983: 271-273) says that Ashbery‘s poetry is essentially concerned with ―solitude‖. All in all, there are multiple meanings, polyphony of voices, and the poems also take the reader‘s position into account. In order to understand a ―vantage point‖ for a poem, several related concepts can be found: voice and speaker, self, subject and subjectivity, identity and personality. The reader try to create a voice or a speaker that brings together the totality of the text and charges the language with his or her presence and meaning, thus it serves as a point of reference. As observed in relation to ‗No Way of Knowing‘, normally upon encountering the pronoun I in a poem, one would expect to be able to create a regular voice that is obvious in the pronoun, but Ashbery‘s poetry presents a challenge to this expectation. His own, oft-cited account of his use of pronouns that he presented in an interview with the New York Quarterly is revealing: The personal pronouns in my work very often seem to be like variables in an equation.―You‖ can be myself or it can be another person, someone whom I‘m addressing, and so can ―he‖ and ―she‖ for that matter and ―we;‖… we are somehow all aspects of a consciousness giving rise to the poem and the fact of addressing someone, myself or someone else, is what‘s the important thing at that particular moment rather than the particular person involved. I guess I don‘t have a very strong sense of my own identity and I find it very easy to move from one person in the sense of a pronoun to another and this again helps to produce a kind of polyphony in my poetry which I again feel is a means toward greater naturalism. (Ashbery in Packard (ed.) 1987: 8990; my ellipsis) Ashbery‘s poems present steady interaction between unclearly defined and vague positions they are mostly clear only through pronouns. Usually the poems include the pronoun I, which marks a speaker, but a continuous presence or a persona is difficult to identify on the level of the whole text. Both the I and you are unclear and changing. ‗Person‘ in Ashbery‘s poems is evident only in fragments of different discourses and present only in ―the fact of addressing someone‖. Address is, then, also important for Ashbery‘s polyphony. The Tennis Court Oath has sometimes been rejected by critics as a point in Ashbery‘s career where he is merely experimenting while trying to develop a more ―mature‖ style. Mona van Duyn wrote that the ―state of continuous expectation, a continuous frustration of expectation‖ that the poems create does not really even correspond to her understanding of the kinds of effects poetry should offer (van Duyn 1962: 394).While this is also a matter of personal taste, van Duyn‘s comment illustrates a unwillingness to even consider what this different conception of poetry requires, and confirms to how a certain conception of poetry may prevail in the mind of one person or a group of people. It is, then, easy to understand why in the beginning of his career Ashbery was a marginal poet. In conclusion, the works of John Ashbery successfully demonstrate the poets‘ approaches to contemporary literature. He employs past ideas and traditions of the previous modernist period, the result is his contemporary styles of writing that he is famous for. He employs postmodern approach on his poetries. In facrt, Ashbery has borrowed from much of modern theory, often challenges these ideals, such as the rejection of subjectivity for an objective poetic voice. 851 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Ashbery, John. ―Laughing Gravy,‖ Wakefulness: Poems.New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1998. ----------. ―Some Trees‖. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1956. ----------. ―The Tennis Court Oath‖. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan Univ. Press, 1962. ASHTON, JENNIFER. From Modernism to postmodernism , American Poetry and Theory in the Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Breslin, Paul. The Psycho-Political Muse: American Poetry since the Fifties. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987. BLASING, MUTLU KONUK .Politics and Form in Postmodern Poetry O'Hara, Bishop, Ashbery, and Merrill. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Brian, McHale. How (Not) to Read Postmodernist Long Poems: The Case of Ashbery‘s ―The Skaters‖. Volume 21. Duke University Press: 2000. Goring, Paul, Hawthorn, Jeremy, Mitchell, Domhnall. Studying Literature: The Essential Companion. London: Hodder Arnold, 2001. Bloom, Harold. Agon: Towards a Theory of Revisionism. New York: Oxford University Press, [1982] 1983. Herd, David. John Ashbery and American Poetry, Manchester: University Press, 2000. Herring, Terrell Scott. Frank O‘Hara‘s open closet. PMLA, 2002 117: 414-427. Hoover, Paul. Introduction, Postmodern American Poetry: A Norton Anthology. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1994. Perloff, Marjorie. Whose new American poetry? Anthologizing in the nineties. Diacritics 26 (3-4): 1996. 104-123 Perkins , David. A History of Modern Poetry: Modernism and After. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987. Siltanen, Elina. Forms of polyphonic communication in John Ashbery‘s poetry. Pro Gradu Thesis, English philology Department of English University of Turku, 2008. Russell, Charles. Poets, Prophets, and Revolutionaries: The Literary Avantgarde from Rimbaud through Postmodernism. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1985. : 246-247 Van, Duyn Mona. Ways to meaning. Poetry. 1962.100: 390-395. 852 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 123 Title A name given to the resource John Ashbery‘s Poetry: A Postmodern approach Author Author Rahimi, Masoumeh Abstract A summary of the resource. Postmodernism has had its influences on different literary genres such as fiction, drama, and poetry. Truly, fiction has been the center of attention in many critical studies. But the manifestations of the movement can also be traced in poetry. John Ashbery is one of the contemporary poets whose poetry is best regarded as the postmodernist poetry. His works have been characterized by a free-moving and disjunctive syntax, experiments with linguistic elements, integrated humor and prosaic features. In his poems, the human mind and its workings are evident. He experimented radically with different elements of poetry such as linguistic and semantic aspects. Nowadays he appears to have been to the second half of twentieth century what Eliot was to the first: the most universally acknowledged of poets writing in English. The present essay elaborates on Ashbery looking back at poetic tradition while absorbing current techniques of combining present and past, centrality and marginality, and placing reader and writer side by side. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/303c359d9e802f707ed7a4604d7b8de1.docx 72eb203742df6630302effd00b801afe https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/26f5d5873a929715bb523f3d3f7d627a.pdf 4e05c35f77402268d983f22989c45032 PDF Text Text John Ashbery’s Poetry: a Postmodern Approach Masoumeh Rahimi Islamic Azad University/ Bushehr, Iran Key words: Postmodernism, poetry, John Ashbery, experimentation, centrality, Marginality ABSTRACT This paper intends to discuss the poetry of the American poet, John Ashbery (b. 1927) in terms of postmodernist movement in poetry. Postmodernism which began in the sixties had its influences in different aspects of culture. It has had its influences on different literary genres such as fiction, drama, and poetry. Truly, fiction has been the center of attention in many critical studies. But the manifestations of the movement can also be traced in poetry. John Ashbury is one of the contemporary poets whose poetry is best regarded as the postmodernist poetry. His works has been characterized by a free-moving and disjunctive syntax, experiments with linguistic elements, integrated humor and prosaic features. In his poems, the human mind and its workings are evident. He experimented radically with different elements of poetry such as linguistic and semantic aspects. Nowadays he appears to have been to the second half of twentieth century what Eliot was to the first: the most universally acknowledged of poets writing in English. The present essay elaborates on Ashbery looking back at poetic tradition while absorbing current techniques of combining present and past, centrality and marginality, and placing reader and writer side by side. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1871 Title A name given to the resource John Ashbery’s Poetry: a Postmodern Approach Author Author RAHIMI, Masoumeh Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Postmodernism, poetry, John Ashbery, experimentation, centrality, Marginality ABSTRACT This paper intends to discuss the poetry of the American poet, John Ashbery (b. 1927) in terms of postmodernist movement in poetry. Postmodernism which began in the sixties had its influences in different aspects of culture. It has had its influences on different literary genres such as fiction, drama, and poetry. Truly, fiction has been the center of attention in many critical studies. But the manifestations of the movement can also be traced in poetry. John Ashbury is one of the contemporary poets whose poetry is best regarded as the postmodernist poetry. His works has been characterized by a free-moving and disjunctive syntax, experiments with linguistic elements, integrated humor and prosaic features. In his poems, the human mind and its workings are evident. He experimented radically with different elements of poetry such as linguistic and semantic aspects. Nowadays he appears to have been to the second half of twentieth century what Eliot was to the first: the most universally acknowledged of poets writing in English. The present essay elaborates on Ashbery looking back at poetic tradition while absorbing current techniques of combining present and past, centrality and marginality, and placing reader and writer side by side. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2768 Title A name given to the resource Journal of Science and Technology Author Author IBU, JST Abstract A summary of the resource. Volume 2, Number 1, 2014 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233 - 0054 T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3b85c7b1de31e7930acdc43cd0baeac5.pdf 5d39367dac77e92f96efd63d8abea581 PDF Text Text Volume : 2 Number : 1 Year : 2014 CONTENTS Editorial Nejdet Doğru 7 Assesment of Coal Import Prices and Import Years in Turkey Suheyla Yerel Kandemir 9 15 Parasitic Diseases of Trout and Their Controls in Sustainable Development of Aquculture: Nemathelminthes Erol Tokşen, Caner Şirin & Mehmet Arif Zoral 27 Culture Techniques of Tilapia for Sustainable Aquaculture Yusuf Güner, Müge Aliye Hekimoğlu, Gülçin Akcan, Sırma Yavuz & Fatih Güleç 37 Farming of Pangasius for Sustainable Aquaculture Müge Aliye Hekimoglu, Yusuf Güner, Sırma Yavuz, Gülçin Akcan, Fatih Güleç 47 Landfill Gas to Energy in Turkey: Current and Future Ahmet Yucekaya 55 Several Internal Myxozoan Parasites on Cultured Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax and Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurata in Mediterranean Region Caner Şirin & Erol Tokşen 65 Microalgae And Their Cultivation System To Produce Biodiesel Edis Koru & Gözde Gölgem Delice 73 A Study on Micropropagation as a Tool for Sustainable Utilization of Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) Genotypes Bekir San, Adnan Nurhan Yıldırım, Fatma Yıldırım & Fevzi Mustafa Ecevıt 85 Achievement of Green Manufacturing using Alternative Types of Cooling in Machining Processes Sonja Jozić, Luka Celent & Dražen Bajić 95 General Tool Conditions for Green Machining Recep Yigit & Erdal Celik 107 Innovation and Research&Development Perspective of SMEs in Turkey Ahmet Gayretli, Yelda Akçin, Hacer Arıol & Serkan Çaşka 117 Security Of Wi-Fi Networks Durmuş Ali Avcı & Kemal Hajdarević 133 Concept of Environment, Health and Energy Systems in Turkey Mustafa Alparslan,Saniye Türk Çulha, Fatih Aksoy & Hasan Barış Özalp 145 Energy efficiency measures in power utilities on the track of an efficient and low-carbon Europe in 2030 - Case study of EPBiH Anes Kazagic & Mustafa Music 155 Microalgae for Renewable Energy: Biodiesel Production and other Practies Fatih Aksoy, Edis Koru & Mustafa Alparslan 167 Comparative analysis of harmonic distortions from variable frequency induction motor drives Miglena Hristova, Vyara Ruseva & Dimo Dimov 175 Power Quality Analysis before and after the connection of Biogas Power Plant Mala Branjevina Srete Nikolovski, Goran Knežević, Zvonimir Klaić, Krešimir Fekete & Dražen Mandžukić 185 Evaluation on Security of Energy Supply for Macedonia Suat Abdurahman & A. Beril Tuğrul 195 Is Bosnia and Herzegovina on a Sustainable Energy Development Path? Zihnija Hasovic & Ejup Ganic 205 Wind and Solar Energy Potential Assessment in B&H Based on Real Measurements and Studies Ajla Merzić , Elma Redžić, Alma Ademović & Mustafa Musić 217 A practical way to analyze Wind Turbine data: Wind Power Data Reader Bekir Güler & Ahmet Nayir 229 Paper Submission Guide 237 Volume: 2 / Number: 1 / Year: 2014 MQL Machining – Oil on Water Droplet System Sabahudin Ekinović, Edin Begović & Aldin Lušija IBU JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLGY IBU JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IBU JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Volume : 1 Number : 1 Year : 2011 Volume : 2 Number :1 ISSN 2233:- 0054 Year : 2014 ISSN : 2233 - 0054 June 2011 June 2014 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2767 Title A name given to the resource Journal of Science and Technology - COVER Author Author IBU, JST Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233 - 0054 T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9359958a0129e39e2ac88e966d49ad84.pdf 5fa83d9f6893b14d6c3033acef81695c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/288e5803d05b64025ebcff2d8420c86b.pdf d226ebab267d1cc70f29b2963de30215 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Volume 67 Number 2 2016 Fall 2018 Refereed Articles 55 Role ofofthe State in Financial Sector Development and Growth: Stocks Performance Moving Average Investment Timing Strategy inAchieving UK Stock Pro-Poor Market: Individual versusEvidence Portfoliosfrom Bosnia and Herzegovina Muhammad Ishfaq Ahmad, Wang Ghohui, Mudassar Amra Babajić and Meldina Kokorović Jukan Hasan, Anika Sattar, Muneeb Ahmad and Ramiz Ur Rehman 27 Trade liberalization and product structure: The case of Western Balkans 22 LabourEdward MarketMolendowski Transition Differences Natives and Immigrants in EU Economies and Łukaszbetween Klimczak Valerija Botrić 43 Key Success Factors for Sustainable Strategic Information Systems 56 Internal Migration Social Identity Construction: Implications for Prejudice and Stigma in Albanian Planning andand Information Technology Infrastructure Post-socialist Society Zana Pekmez Merita H. Meçe Journal of Economic and Social Studies JECOSS Journal of Economic and Social Studies JECOSS 57 Trends and Challenges of Female Unemployment in the Republic of Macedonia: 81 Determinants of the Financing Obstacles Faced by SMEs: An Empirical Study of Emerging Economies A Regional Comparative Study Mirgul Nizaeva and Ali Coşkun Remzije Rakipi and Shpressa Syla 109 List of Reviewers for this Issue Volume 67 Number 22 Number Number 2 Number 129 List of Reviewers fot this Issue 81 Investigating the Drivers of Choice Behavior in Tourism: Corporate Image, Perceived Risk and Trust Interactions through Reputation Management Mesut Bozkurt and Emrah Özkul Volume 67 100 Bilateral Intra-Industry Trade in Country Characteristics Context: The Case Study of Trade of Bosnia 79 and Herzegovina Public Procurement System in Service for Strengthening the Market Economy with Croatia in Bosnia and Herzegovina Snježana Brkić Merim Kasumović, Sanela Meholjić-Kalajdžić and Harun Meholjić Fall 2016 2018 Print ISSN: 1986 - 8499 Online ISSN: 1986 - 8502 Fall 2016 Fall 2018 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3767 Title A name given to the resource Journal of Economic and Social and Studies, Volume 7(2). Author Author Journal of Economic and Social Studies, Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Keywords Keywords. Book PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory